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ENCTCLOPjEDIA BRITANNICAj
D I C T I 6 NARY
O F
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Encyclopedia Britannica
BAR
fcarharu% T) ARBARUS (Francis), a noble Venetian, was a
Barbary. fj man 0f great fame in the 15th century, not only for
learning, but likewife for a Ikilful addrefs in the ma¬
nagement of public affairs. He is author of a book De
Re l/xoria, and fome fpeeches.
BARBARUs(Hermolaus), grandfon of the preceding,
one of the moft learned men in the 15th century. The
public employments he was entrufted with early, did
not prevent him from cultivating polite learning with
great application. As he was very Ikilful in the Greek,
he undertook the moft difficult tranflations, and began
with a famous paraphrafe upon Ariftotle. He then
attempted Diofcorides, whofe text he corre&ed, gave
a tranflation of him, and added a commentary. But
' of all his works, there is none which has gained him fo
much reputation as that which he made upon Pliny ;
he corre&ed in him above yoco paffages, and occa-
fionally reftored 300 in Pomponius Mela. Pope In¬
nocent VIII. to whom he was ambaffador, conferred
the patriarchate of Acpiileia upon him. He was fo
imprudent as to accept of it without waiting for the
confent of his fuperiors; though he could not be ig¬
norant that the republic of Venice had made laws to
forbid all the minifters they fent to the court of Rome
to accept any benefice. His fuperiors were inflexible;
and not being able to gain any thing upon them either
by his flattery or his father’s intereft, the father died
of grief, and the fon foon followed him.
Barbarus (Daniel), of the fame family with the
preceding, was patriarch of Aquileia, and famous for
his learning. He was ambaffador from Venice to
England; and was One of theffathers of the council of
Trent, where he a died with great zeal for the intereft
of the pope. He wrote, I. A commentary upon Vi¬
truvius. 2. Catena Grxcorum Patrum in 'quinquagin-
ta Pfnlmos Latine verfa. 3. La Pr attic a deila Per-
Jpsttiva. He died in at 41 years of age.
BARBARY, a kingdom of Africa, including the
ftates of Algiers, Morocco, Tripoli, and Tunis; (fee
thofe articles). This country contain almoft the whole
, of what the Romans poffeffed of the continent of A-
ixtent, &c. frica, excepting Egypt. It ftretches itfelf in length
from call to weft, beginning at the fouthern limits of
Egypt, to the ftraits of Gibraltar full 35 degrees of
longitude ; and from thence to Santa Cruz, the utmoft
Weftem edge of it, about fix more, in all 41 degrees ;
fo that the utmoft length of Barbary from eaft to weft
is computed at above 759 German leagues. On the
fouth, indeed, it is confined within much narrower
bounds, extending no farther than from 27 to 354-de¬
grees of north latitude; fo that its utmoft breadth from
Vol. III. Part I.
BAR
north to fouth, does not exceed ii8 German miles. Barbary.
More particularly, Barbary begins on the weft of the  y—»=
famed mount Atlas, called by the Arabs Ay Du'jcal,
or Al Duacal, inclofing the ancient kingdoms of Suez
and Dela, now provinces of Morocco; thence ftietch-
ing north-eaftward along the Atlantic to the pillars of
Hercules at Cape Finifterre, then along the coaft of the
Mediterranean, it is at laft bounded by the city of A-
lexandria in Egypt. a
Concerning the origin of the name Barbaty, there Wh -ce
are many conjectures; According to fome, the Ro-named*
mans, after they had conquered this large country,
gave it that name out of contempt and diflike to the
barbarous manners of the natives, according to their
cuftom of calling all other people blit themfelves Bar¬
barians. Marmol, on the contrary, derives the word
Barbary from Berber, a name which the Arabs gave
to.its ancient inhabitants, and which they retain to
this day in many parts of the Country, efpecially along
the great ridge of the mountains of Atlas ; and which
name was given them on account of the barrennefs of
their country. According to Leo Africanus, the name
cf Barbary was given by the Arabs on account of the
ft range language of the natives, which appeared to
them more like a mUrmur or grumbling of fome brute
animals than articulate founds. Others, however, de¬
rive it from the Arabic word bar, fignifying a defart,
twice repeated; which was given by one Ifric, or A-
fricus, a king of Arabia, frOrti whom the whole conti¬
nent of Africa is pretended to have taken its name.
According to them, this king being driven out of his
own dominions, and clofely purfued by his enemies, fome
of his retinue called out to him Bar, bar ; that is, Td
the defart. To the defart; from Which the country was
afterwards called Barbary.
Among the Romans this Country was divided into Subjeil to
the provinces of Mauritania, Africa Propria, &c. and the Ro-
they Continued abfolute mafters of it from the time of mans.
Julius Caefar till the year of Chrift 428. At that time
Bonifacius the Roman governor of thefe provinces,
having through the treachery of Etius been forced to ^
revolt, called in to his affiftance Genferic king of the b . Aldus
Vandals, who had been fome time fettled in Spain, calls in ch*
The terms offered, according to Procopius, were, that Vandab.
Genferic ftiould have two thirds, and Bonifacius one
third, of Africa, provided they could maintain them-
felves againftthe Roman power; and to accomplifh this
they were to affift each other to the utmoft.—This pro-
pofal was inftantly complied with ; audGenferic fet fail
from Spain in May 428, with an army of 80,000 men,
according to fome, or only 24,000 according to o-
BAR [ :
Barbary. tTiers, together with their wives, children, and all their
efFefts. In the mean time, however, the EmprefsPla-
cidia having difcovered the true caufe of Bonifacius’s
revolt, wrote a moft kind and obliging letter to him,
in which fhe affured him of her favour and proteftion
for ^he future, exhorting him to return to his duty, and
exert his ufual zeal for the welfare of the empire, by
driving out the Barbarians whom the malice of his
enemies had obliged him to call in for his own fafety
and prefervation.
Endeavours Bonifacius readily complied with this requeft, and
nnfuccefs- offered the Vandals confiderable fums if they would
fully to per-retjre out 0f Africa and return to Spain. But Genfe-
toTreturn1” r‘c> a^rea(^y tnafter of the greateft part of the country,
firft returned a fcoffing anfwer, and then, falling unex-
pe&edly on him, cut moft of his men in pieces, and
obliged Bonifacius himfelf to fly to Hippo, which place
he invefted in May 430. The fiege lafted till the
month of July the following year; when the Vandals
were forced, by a famine that began to rage in their
camp, to drop the enterprize, and retire. Soon after,
Bonifacius having received two reinforcements, one
from Rome, and the other, under the conduft of the
celebrated Afpar, from Conftantinople, a refolution
g was taken by the Roman generals to offer the enemy
Romans battle. The Vandals readily accepting the challenge, a
defeated by bloody engagement enfued, in which the Romans were
kin of the utterly defeated, a prodigious number of them taken,
Vandals. C and the reft obliged to fhelter themfelves among the
rocks and mountains. Afpar, who commanded the
eaftern troops, efcaped with difficulty to Conftanti¬
nople, and Bonifacius was recalled to Italy. Upon
their departure, the Vandals over-ran all Africa, com¬
mitting every where the moft terrible ravages ; which
ftruck the inhabitants of Hippo-with fuch terror, that
they abandoned their city, which was firft plundered,
and then fet on fire by the vi&orious enemy; fo that
Cirtha and Carthage were now the ^only ftrong places
jj poffeffed by the Romans.
Peace con- 1:1435, Genferic, probably being afraid of an at-
cludeJ with taCk by the united forces of the eaftern, and weftern
empires, concluded a peace with the Romans, who
yielded to him part of Numidia, the province of Pro
confularis, and likewife Byzacene; for which, accord¬
ing to Profper, he was to pay a yearly tribute to the
emperor of the eaft. Genferic delivered up his fon
Hunneric by way of hoftage ; but fo great was the
confidence which the Romans placed in this Barbarian,
^ that fome time after they fent him back his fon. Of
this they foon had reafon to repent; for in 439, the
8 Romans being engaged in a war with the Goths in
Gcnferic’s Gaul, Genferic laid hold of that opportunity to feize
treachery. Cp0n t}ie city of Carthage ; by which he confiderably
enlarged his African dominions. Valentinran, the Ro¬
man emperor, however, maintained as long as he lived,
the two Mauritanias, with Tripolitana, Tingitana, and
that part of Numidia where Cirtha flood.
On the taking of Carthage, Genferic made it the
feat of his empire ; and in 440 made a defcent on the
iftand of Sicily, where he ravaged the open country,
and even laid fiege to Palermo. Not being able, how¬
ever, to reduce that place, he foon returned to Africa
with an immenfe booty and a vaft number of captives.
Being now become formidable to both empires, Theo-
dofius emperor of the eaft refolved to afiift Valentinian
] BAR
againft fo powerful an enemy. Accordingly, he fitted Barbary*
out a fleet confifting of x too large fhips; and putting  v■ ■'
on board of it the flower of his army, under the con-
du& of Arcovindas, Anfilus, and Germanus, he or¬
dered them to land in Africa, and, joining the weftern
forces there, to drive Genferic out of the countries he
had feized. But Genferic in the mean time pretending
a defire to be reconciled with both empires, amufed
the Roman general with propofals of peace, till the
feafon for a£lion was over; and, next year, Theodo-
fius being obliged to recall his forces to oppqfe the
Huns, Valentinian found it neceffary to conclude a
peace with the Vandals ; and this he could obtain on
no other terms than yielding to them the quiet pofief-
fion of the countries they had feized.
So powerful was Genferic now become, or rather
fo low was the Roman empire by this time reduced,
that in 455, he took and plundered the city of Rome
itfelf, as is fully related under the article Rome; and,
after his return to Africa, made himfelf mailer of the Makes
remaining countries held by the Romans in that part himfelf ma-
of the world. Hereupon Avitus, who had fucceeded!le1' °I a‘!
Valentinian in the empire, diipatched ambaffadors t0the^"maar
Genfenc, putting him in mind or the treaty he had
concluded with the empire in 442 ; and threatening, if
he did not obferve the articles at that time agreed up¬
on, to make war upon him not only with his- own for¬
ces, but with thofe of his allies tire Vefigoths, who
were ready to pafs over into Africa. To this Genferic
was fo far from paying any regard, that he immediate- I0
ly put to fea with a fleet of 60 fhips; but being at- Defeated
tacked by the Roman Heet under Ricimer, he was ut- by Rltinier
terly defeated, and forced to fly back into Africa : he
returned, however, foon after with a more powerful
fleet, committing great ravages on the coaft of Italy :
but in a fecond expedition he was not attended witkio
good fuccefs ; the Romans falling unexpectedly upon
his men while bufied in plundering the country, put
great numbers of them to the fword, and among the
reft the brother-in-law of Genferic himfelf. Not con¬
tent with this fmall advantage, Majorianus, at that
time emperor, refolved to pafs over into Africa, and
attempt the recovery of that country. For this pur-
pofe he made great preparations ; but his fleet being
furprifed and defeated by the Vandals, through the
treachery, it is faid, of fome of his commanders, the
enterprize mifearried.
Notwithftanding this misfortune, however, Majo¬
rianus perftfted in his refolution ; and would in all like¬
lihood have accomplifhed his purpofe, had not he him¬
felf been murdered foon after by Ricimer. After his
death, Genferic committed what ravages he pleafed in
the poor remains of the weftern empire, and even made
defeents on Peloponnefus and the iflands belonging to ,j
the emperor of Conftantinople. To revenge this affront, Genferic
Leo made vaft preparations for the kivafion of Africa, defeats the
infomuch, that, according to Procopius, he laid outea^eJ,n er,i~
130,000 pounds weight of gold in the equipment of his *
army and navy. The forces employed on this occafion
were fufficient for expelling the Vandals, had they
been much more powerful than they were ; but the
command being given to Bafilifcus a covetous and am¬
bitious man, the fleet was utterly defeated through his
treachery, and all the vaft preparations came to nothing.
By this laft defeat the power of the Vandals in Africa
6 was-
BAR [ 3 ] BAR
Barbary. was fully eftabliilied, and Genferic made himfelf matter time engaged in a war with Parfia, he fent a power- Barbary. ^
v“,—v——' of Sicily, as well as of all the other iflands between ful fleet and army to Africa, under the command of
11 Italy and Africa, without oppofition from the weftern the celebrated general Belifarius, who was for that
the0 Vanda Is emperors, whofe power was entirely taken away in the reafon recalled from Perfia.
founded, year 476. So much was Gilimer, all this time, taken up with
Thus was the Vandalic monarchy in Barbary founded his own pleafures, or with opprdling his fubje&s, that
Barbarity by Genferic, between the years 428 and 468. If we he knew little or nothing of the formidable prepara-
■and tyran- take a view of that prince's government in his newdo-
ny of Gen- minions, it prefents no very agreeable profpeft. Being
fcric.
himfelf an abfolute barbarian in the ftrifteft. fenfe of the
tions that were making againft him. On the arrival of
Belifarius, however, he was conftrained to put himfelf
into.a pofture of defence. The management of his
word, and an utter ftranger to every ufeful art, he did army he committed to his two brothers Gundimer and
not fail t® (how his own prowefs by the deftrudtion of Gelamund, who accordingly attacked the Romans at
all the monuments of Roman greatnefs which were fo
numerous in the country he had conquered. AcCord-
the head of a numerous force. The engagement v
long and bloody; but at laft the Vandals were defeated. Defeat? tha
ingly, inftead of improving his country, he laid it and the two princes flain. Gilimer, grown defperate Van<kls;
wafte, by demolilhing all the ftately ftru&ures both
public and private, and all other valuable and fump-
tuous works with which thofe proud conquerors had
adorned this part of their dominions. So that, what¬
ever monuments the Romans had been at fuch an im-
menfe expence to ereft, in order to eternize their own
at this news, fallied out at the head of his corps de re-<
ferve, with full purpofe to renew the attack with the
utmoft vigour; but by his own indifcretion loft a fair
opportunity of defeating the Romans. For no fooner
did they perceive Gilimer haftening after them at the
head of a frefti army, than they betook themfelves to
glory, the barbarous Vandals were now at no lefs pains- flight; and the greateft part were difperfed in fuch a
to reduce into heaps of ruins. Befldes this kind of manner, that, had the king followed them clofe, they
devaftation, Genferic made his dominions a fcene of muft have been totally cut off. Inftead of this, how-
blood and flaughter, by perfecuting the orthodox
Chi illians; being himfelf, as well as moft of his coun¬
trymen, a zealous Arian ; and for this his long
reign is chiefly remarkable. He died in 477, after a
reign of 60 years ; and was fucceeded by his fon Hun-
neric.
Hunneric a The new king proved yet a greater tyrant than his
bloody ty- father, perfecuting the orthodox with the utmoft fury;
rant. and, during his fhort reign of feven years and an half,
lS deftroyed more of them than Genferic had done in all
His terrible his lifetime. He is faid to have died in the fame man-
death. ner as the herefiarch Arius * ; before which time his
* baeflefh had been rotting upon his bones, and crawling
with worms, fo that he looked more like a dead car-
cafe than a living man. Concerning his fucceffors Gu-
tamund, Thrafamund, and Hilderic, we find nothing
remarkable, except that they fometimes perfecuted,
and fometimes were favourable to, the orthodox ; and
ever, ftumbling unfortunately on the body of one of his
flain brothers, the fight of it made him lofe all thoughts
about the enemy; and inftead of purfuing them, he
fpent part of his time in idle lamentations, and part in
burying the corpfe with fuitable pomp and dignity.
By this means Belifarius had an opportunity of rally¬
ing his men ; which he did fo effedftually, that, coming
unexpectedly upon Gilimer, he eafily gained a new and
complete victory over him. ^
This defeat was followed by the lofs of Carthage, Tates Car-
which the barbarians had been at no pains to put into thage;
a pofture of defence. After which Gilimer, having in
vain endeavoured to obtain affiftance from the Moors and
Goths, was obliged to recal his brother Tzafon from
Sardinia. The meeting between the two brothers was
very mournful; but they foon came to a refolution of
leaking one defperate attempt to regain the loft king¬
dom, or at leaft recover their captives out of the hands
of the enemy. The confequence of this refolution was
another engagement, in which Tzafon was killed with
by his favour for them the laft king was ruined. For,
having unadvifedly publifhed, in the beginning of his
reign, a manifefto, wherein he repealed all the a£ts of 800 of his choiceft men, while the Romans loft no
^ his predeceffors againft the orthodox, a rebellion was more than 50 ; after which Belifarius moving fudden-
Hilderic the immediate confequence. At the head of the mal- ly forward at the head of all his army,, fell upon the
tlepofcd by contents was one Gilimer, or Gildemar, a prince of camp of the Vandals. This Gilimer was no fooner ap-
Gilimer. the blood-royal, who by degrees became fo powerful, prifed of, than, without flaying to give any more order*
as to depofe Hilderic in the feventh year of his reign ; to the reft of his army, he fled towards Numidia in die
after which he caufed the unhappy monarch with all utmoft confternation. His flight was not immediate-
his family to be clofely confined, and was himfelf ly known among his troops; but when it was, fuch an
crowned king of the Vandals at Carthage.
.Gilimer proved a greater tyrant than any that had
univerfal confufion enfued, that they abandoned their
camp to the Romans, who had now' nothing to do but
gone before him. He not only cruelly perfecuted the plunder it.; and not content with this, they malfacred
orthodox, but horribly oppreffed all the reft, fo that
Ty he was held in univerfal abhorrence and deteftation
Belifarius when the Greek emperor Juftinian projehledan invalion
all the men found in it, carrying away the women cap-
tives
Thus a total end was put to the power of the Van- And putt
.v1,64 A- of Africa. This expedition of Juftinian’s is faid to dais in Barbary, and the Romans once more became1,1 rn.i
If a I 1 1 •• r-r r% /- i.   A/o.
frica;
have been occafioned by an apparition of Lastus an
African bifhop, who had been murdered fome time ber
fore, but now commanded the emperor to attempt the
recovery of Africa, and affured him of 'fuccefs. Ac¬
cordingly, this, or fome other motive, prevailed upon
-Jultinianfofar, that, notwithllanding his being at that
mafters of this country. The Vandal inhabitants werethe Vand‘1*
permitted to remain as they were, on condition of ex- chy.
changing the herefy of Arius for the orthodox faith.
As for Gilimer, he fled with the utmoft expedition to
Medamus, a town fituated on the top of the Pappuan
mountain, and ahnoft- inacceffible by reafon of its
A 2 ,height
BAR
[ 4 ]
BAR
Barbary, and ruggednefs. The fiege of this place was lity peaceably till the year of the Hegira 297 or 298, Bartary.
’’ committed to Pharas, an officer of great experience,
who having {hut up all avenues to the town, the un-
during which time they made feveral defcents on the '
ifland of Sicily, and conquered part of it. About this
happy Gilimer was reduced to the greateft {traits for time, however, one Obeidallah rebelled againft the
Gilmer’s want of provifions. Pharas being foon apprifed of the houfe of Aglab, and affiimed the title of khalif of
extreme di-diftrefs he was in, wrote him a moft friendly and pa- Kairwan (the ancient Cyrene, and refidence of the
thetic letter, earneltly exhorting him to put an end to
the diftrefe of himfeif and his friends by a furrender.
This Gilimer declined^ but at the fame time concluded
his anfvver with a moft fubmifiive requeft, that Pharas
Aglabite princes). To give the greater weight to his
pretenfions he alfo took the furname of A1 Mohdi, or
A1 Mahedi, the direflar. According to fome, alfo, he
pretended to be defcended in a right line from Ali Ebn
would fo far pity his great diftrefs as to fend him a loaf Abu Taleb,and Fatema the daughter of Mahomet; for
of bread, a fponge, and a lute. This ftrange requeft which reafon, fay they, the Arabs called him and his
greatly furprifed Pharas ; but at laft it was explained defcendants Fetemites. He likewife encouraged him-
by the meflenger, who told him that the king had not felf and his followers by a traditional prophecy of Ma-
tafted any baked bread fxnce his arrival on that moun- hornet, that at the end of <00 years the fun {hould rife
tain, and earneftly longed to eat a morfel of it before out of the weft. Having at length driven the Agla- Driven out
he died : the fponge he wanted to allay a tumour that bites into Egypt, where they became known by thebyAI Moh-
was fallen on one of his eyes ; and the lute, on which name of Maprehians* he extended his dominions ini' tbefirft
he had learned to play, was to affift him in fetting fome
elegiac verfes he had compofed on the fubjeft of his refidence.
name of Magrebians, he extended his dominions in <pafe^1jtr^
Africa and Sicily, making Kairwan the place of hi*u,ai^1
mirfortunes to a fuitable tune. At this mournful re¬
port Pharas could not refrain from tears, and imme¬
diately difpatched the mefienger with the things he
wanted.
In the 300th year of the Hegira, Habbafah, one His general
of Al Mohdi’s generals, overthrew the khalif A1 Mok- Hafebafeii
tader’s forces in the neighbourhood of Barca, and ,nva‘ies E_
made himfeif mafter of that city. After which he rf*-81^’
Gilimer had fpent near three winter months on the duced Alexandria itfelf; and was making great pro-
fummit of this inhofpitable mountain, his mifery har¬
dening him ft ill more againft the thoughts of furren¬
dering, when a melancholy fcene iu his own family at
once reconciled him to it. This was a bloody ftruggle
between two boys, one of them his filler’s fon, about
a flat bit of dough, laid on the coals ; which the one
feized upon, burning hot as it was, and clapped it in¬
to his mouth ; but the other by dint of blows forced it
out, and eat it from him. This quarrel, which might
have ended fatally had not Gilimer interpofed, made fo of night obliged both generals to found
deep an impreffion upon him, that he immediately dif¬
patched a mcflenger to Pharas, acquainting him that _ o  ^
he was whiling to furrender himfeif and all his eflfe&s and Habbafah 10,000. The latter, however, durft not
grefs in the conqueft of the whole countiy, when Al
Mokhtader difpatched againft him his two generals
Takin and Al Kafem, with an army of 100,000 men.
Habbafah being informed that the khalif’s troops were
in motion, advanced at the head of his anny to give
them battle, and at laft came up with them in an ifland
called by the Arabs Ard Al Khamjin. Here he at¬
tacked them with incredible bravery, notwithftanding
their force was much fuperior to his; but the approach
of night obliged both generals to found a retreat.-—
The a&ion therefore was by no means decifive, tho’ ex¬
tremely bloody, the khalif’s generals having loft 20,000*
upon the conditions he had offered, as foon as be was
affured that they were embraced by Belifarius. Pha¬
ras loft no time to get them ratified and fent back to
him ; after which he was condufted to Belifarius, who
g-ave him a very kind reception. Gilimer was after¬
wards brought before Juftinian in golden chains, whom
renew the fight next morning; but dole off in the night,
and returned home, fo thatAlMukhtaderineffe&gained
a vidlory. In the jozd year of the Hegira, however,
Habbafah returned, poffeffed himfeif of Alexandria a
fecond time, defeated a body of the khalif’s forces,
and killed 7000 of them upon the fpot. What fur-
he befought in the moft fubmiffive manner to fpare his ther progrefs he made at that time we are not cer-
life. This was readily granted by the emperor ; who
eated by alfo allowed him a handfome yearly penfion to live up-
Xindiy
treated
Juftlnian!
tainly told ; but in the 307th year of the Hegira, Abul a5 d(4a{i.
Kafem, fon to the Fatemite khalif Al Mohdi, again fo hi's f.In
on as a private gentleman. But his mind and heart entered Egypt with an army of 100,000 men. At firft A?,ul Ka*
were too mnch unfettled and broken to enjoy the fweets he met with extraordinary fuccefs, and over-ran a con- f=rn*
~ ’ ’ fiderable part of that fine country. He made himfeif
mafter of Alexandria, Al Tayum, Al Baknafa, and the
iile of Al Aftimaryin, penetrating even to Al Jizah,
of a private ftatc ; fo that Gilimer, oppreffed with grief,
died in the year 534, the firft of bis captivity, and five
years after he had been raifed to the throne.
Barbary being thus again reduced under the power where the khalif’s army under the command of Munes
of the Romans, its hiftory falls to be taken notice of was polled in order to oppofe him. In this country
Barbary under that of Rome. In the khalifat of Omar, this r—J * 
lubdued by country was reduced by the Saracens, as we have al-
cens. ready related under the article Arabia. It continued'
he found means to maintain himfeif till the 308th year
of the Hegira. This year, however, he was entirely Who is ut«
defeated by Munes, who made himfeif mafter of all KisJerly de¬
reign of Harun Al Rafliid, who having appointed I- and this blow obliged him to fly to Kairwan with the A
brahim Ebn, Aglab governor of the weftern parts of ftiattered remains of his army, where he remained with-
24 his empire, that prefect took, the opportunity, firft out making any further attempt on Egypt,
principal of affirming greater powers to himfeif-than had been Al Mohdi, reigned 24 years; and was fucceeded by
city of the granted by the khalif, and -then erefting a princi- his fon Abul Kafem abovementioned, who then took
Aglabites pa]Jty altogether independent of the khalifs. The the furname of Al Kayem Mohdi. During his reign
Wn® ‘ race of Aglab continued to enjoy their new principa- we read of nothing remarkable, except the revolt of
one
BAH [ 5 ] BAR
Barbary. one Yezid Ebn Condat, a man of mean extra&ion, far ; but in the mean time, this enterprize did not di- Barbary
*-—  but who, having been raifed to the dignity of chancel- vert A1 Moez from the care of his other conquefts,
RebclH >n ^or» ^)Unci means to raife fuch a ftrong party, that the particularly thofe of Sicily and Sardinia : to the laft ■ ^ f
Yezidh khalif was obliged to fhut himfelf up in the caftle of of which he failed in the year of the Hegira 361, con-
Mohedia. Yezid, being then at the head of a power- tinning a whole year in it, and leaving the care of his
ful army, foon reduced the capital of Kairwan, the African dominions to an experienced officer named
cities of A1 Rtkkada and Tunis, and feveral other Tufef Ben Zetri. He failed thence the following year
forcrefles. He was no lefs fuccefsful in defeating a for Tripoli in Barbary, where he had not flaid long
confiderable number of troops which A1 Kayem had before he received the agreeable news that his general
raifed and fent againft him ; after which he clofely be- had made himfelf mailer of Alexandria. He loft no
fieged the khalif himfelf in the caftle where he had fliut time, but immediately embarked for it, leaving the
himfelf up. The fiege continued feven months ; du- government of his old African dominions in the hands
ring which time the place was reduced to fuch ftraits, of his trufty fervant Yufef abovementioned, and arri- -4
that the khalif muft either have furrendered it or been ving fafely at that port was received with all the demon- And trans-
ftarved, when death put an end to his anxiety in the ftrations of joy. Here he began to lay the foundations feat
j zth year of his reign, and 334th of the Hegira. of his new Egyptian dynally, which was to put a final£le^®n'
Al Manfur A1 Kayem was fucceeded by his fon Ifhmael, who end to the old one of Kairwan after it had continued ,hat coun-
khalif. immediately took upon himfelf the title of AY Manfr. about 65 years. try.
This khalif thought proper to conceal the death of his Al Moez preferved- all his old dominions of Kair-
father till he had made the preparations neceffary for wan or Africa Proper. But the ambition or avarice of
reducing the rebels. In this he was fo fuccefsful, that the governors whom he appointed fuffered them to run
he obliged Yezid to raife the liege of Mohedia the fame quickly to a lhanieful decay ; particularly the new and
year; and in the following gave him two great over- opulent metropolis of Mohedia, on which immenfefums
throws, obliging him to ihut himfelf up in the fertrefs had been lavilhed, as well as labour and care, fo as to
of Kothama, or Cutama, where he befieged him in his render it not only one c£ the richeft and ftatelieft, but
turn. Yezid defended the place a long time with de- one of the ftrongtft, cities in the world: fo that we may
fperate bravery ; but finding the garrifon at lait obliged truly fay, the wealth and fplendor of this once famed,-
to capitulate, he made ftiift to efcape privately. Al though Ihort-lived Hate, took their final leave of it with”
Maniur immediately difpatched a body of forces in pur- the departure of the khalif Ai Moez, feeing the whole
fuit of him ; who overtook, and brought him back in maritime tra£l from the Egyptian confines to the Straits
fetters; but not till after a vigorous defence, in which of Gibraltar hath fince become the neft of the molt
Death of 'Yerid received feveral dangerous wounds, of which he odious pkuical crew that can be imagined.
Yezid. died in prifon. After his death, AL Manfur caufed his Under the article Algiers we have given afhortac**
body to be flayed, and his fkin fluffed and expofed to count of the eredtion of a new kingdom in Barbary by¬
public view. Of Al Manfur’S exploits in Sicily an ac- Textfien; which, however, is there no farther continued
count is given under that article. Nothing farther re- than is neceffary for the proper underftanding the hi-
markable happened in his African dominions; and he ftory of that country. A general hiftory might here
died alter a reign of feven years and 1,6 days, in. the
,2 341ft of the Hegira.
Al Moez Al Manfur was fucceeded by his fon Abu Zammin
Leciiniilah Moad, who affumed the furname of Al Moez Ledinil-
khaiif. He proved a very warlike prince, and maintained
a bloody conteft with Abdalrahman, khalif of Apda-
be given of the whole country of Barbary; but ;
that would neceffarily occafion repetitions under the
articles Morocco, Tripoli, Tunis, &c. we muft
refer to thofe articles for the hiftorical part, as well
as for an account of the climate, inhabitants, &c.
BARBATELLI (-Bernardino), otherwife called
lufia ; for a particular account of which fee the article Pochetti, a painter of hiftory, fruit, animals, and flowei
Spain. Indue 347th year of the Hegira, beginning was borrr at Florence in 1542. He was the difciple
March 25th, 958, Al Moez fent a powerful army to the of Ridolfo Ghirlandaio at Florence; from whole fchcol
wefternextremityof Africa,under the command ofAbul he went to Rome, and ftuditd there with fuch uncom-
Hafan Javvhar, one of his Haves, whom he had advan- mon afliduity, that he was frequently fo abftradled,
ced to the dignity of Vizir. Jawhar firft advanced to and fo ahfolutely engroffed by the objefts of his con-
a city called Tah irt, which he befieged for fome time
ineff-clually. From thence he marched to Fez; and
made the proper difpofitions for attacking that city.
templations, as to forget the neceffary rcfrefhments of
fleep and food. He was excellent in painting every
fpecies of animals, fruit, or flowers; and in thofe fub-
But finding that Ahmed Ebn Beer,, the Emir of the jedls not only imitated, but equalled nature. His
place, was refolved to defend-it to the laft,. he thought touch was free, light, and delicate, and the colouring
proper to abandon the enterprize. However, having of his objedls inexpreffibly true ;. and, liefide Bis merit
tiaverfed all the traft between that capital and the At¬
lantic ocean,, he again fat down before Fez, and took
it by ftorm the following year.
But the greateft atchievement performed by this
khalif was his conqueft of Egypt, and the removal of the
his moil ufual ilyle of painting, the hiftorical fub-
jedls which he dtiigned from faertd or profane authors
were much efteemed and admired. He died in 1612.
BARBE, or Barb. See Barb.
Barbe, in the military art. To fire in barbe,.mean»
khalifat to that country. This conqueft, though long to fire the cannon over the parapet, inftead of firing
projected, he did not attempt till the year of the R:- through the embrafurea; in which cafe, the parapet
gira 35R Having then made all neceffary preparations muft not be above three feet and a half high,
for it, he committed the care of that expedition to a Barbe, or Barbe, is an old word, denoting the
faithful and experienced general called. Giafar, or Jaa- armour of the horfes.ol the ancient knights and foldieus,.
who.
BAR [61 BAR
Barl’e who were accoutred at all points. It is laid to have
•' been an armour of iron and leather, wherewith the neck,
_*ar et‘ , breait, and (boulders of the horfe were covered.
Bar.be (St), a town of Bifcay in Mexico, near which
are rich lilver mines. W. Long. 109. 55. N. Lat.
26. o.
BARBED, in a general fenfe, bearded like a fi(h-
hook fet with barbs; alfo (haved or trimmed.
Barbrd and Crejled, in heraldry, an appellation
given to the combs and gills of a cock, wdien particu¬
larized for being of a different tinfture from the body.
A barbed croft, is a ciofs the extremities whereof
are like the barbed irons ufed for ftriking of fi(h.
BARBEL, in ichthyology. See Cyprinus.
BARBELICOT7E, an ancient fed of Gnoftics,
fpoken of by Theodoret. Their doctrines were ab-
furd, and their ceremonies too abominable to be re¬
peated.
BARBER, one who makes a trade of (having or
trimming the beards of other men for morfey. An¬
ciently, a lute dr viol, or fome fuch mufical inftrument,
was part of the furniture of a barber’s (hop, wdiich was
ufed then to be frequented by perfons above the ordi¬
nary level of the people, who reforted to the barber ei¬
ther for the cure of wounds, or to undergo fome chi-
rurgical operations, or, as it was then called, to be
trimmed, a word that fignified either (having or cutting
and curling the hair; thefe, together with letting blood, '
were the ancient occupations of the barber-furgeon.
As to the other important branch of furgery, the fet-
ting of fractured limbs, that was pradllfed by another
clafs of men called bone-fetters, of whom there are
hardly any now remaining. The mufical inftruments
in his (hop were for the entertainment of waiting cu-
ilomers; and anfwered the end of a newfpaper, with
which at this day thofe who wait for their turn at the
barber’s amufe themfelves. For the origin of the bar¬
ber’s pole, fee the article Appellation.
BARBERINI (Francis), one of the mod excellent
poets of his age, was born at Barberino, in Tufcany,
in the year 1264. As his mother was of Florence, he
fettled in that city; where his profeffion of the law,
but efpecially the beauty of his poetry, railed him a
very confiderable charadter. The greateft part of his
works are loft ; but that which is intitled the Precepts
of Love, which is a moral poem calculated to inftrudt
thofe in their duty who have a regard for glory, vir¬
tue, and eternity, has had a better fate. It was pu-
blilhed at Rome, adorned with beautiful figures, in
1640, by Frederic Ubaldini: he prefixed the author’s
life ; and, as there are in the poem many words which
are grown obfolete, he added a gloffary to explain
them, which illuftrates the fenfe by the authority of
contemporary poets.
BARBERINO, a town of Tufcany in Italy, fi-
tpated at the foot of the Apennine mountains, in E.
Long. 12. 15. N. Lat. 43. 40.
BARBERRY, in botany. See Berberis.
BARBESUL (anc. geqg.), a town and river of
Boetica, and a colony in the refort of the Conventus
Gaditanus in Spain : now Marbslla in Grenada.
BARBET, in natural hiftory, a name given by
M. Reaumur, and other of the French writers, to a
peculiar fpecies of the worms which feed on the pu-
eerons or aphides. See Arms.
BARBF.TS, the name of the inhabitants of feveral
valleys in Piedmont, particularly thofe of Lucern, An-
grona, Perufa, and St Martin. *
BARBEYRAC (John), was born in Befiers in
Lower Languedoc in 1674. He was made profeffor
of law and hiftory at Lufanne in 1710; which he en¬
joyed for feven years, and during that time was three
times rector : in 1717-, he was profeffor of public and
private law at Groningen. He tranflated into French
the two celebrated works of Puffendorf, his Law oj
Nature and Nations, and his Duties of a Man and a
Citizen ; to both which he wrote excellent notes, and
to the former an introduftory preface. He tranflated
alfo Grotius’s treatife De Jure Belli ac Pads, with
large and excellent notes; and feveral of Tillotfon’s
fermons. He wrote a Work intitled Traite de Jeu,
2 vols 8 vo.
BARBEZIEUX, a town of Saintonge in France,
with the title of a marquifate. It hath a manufa&ure
of linen cloth ; and lies in W. Long. o. 5. N. Lat 45.
BarbctJ.
z3-
BARBICAN, or Barbacan. SccBarbacan.
BARBIERI (Giovanni Francefco), otherwife call¬
ed Guercino da Cento, an eminent hiftorical painter,
was born at Cento, a village not far from Bologna, in
1590. At firft he was the difciple of Benedetto Gen-
nari; but he aftemards ftudied for fome time in the
fchool of the Caracci, though he did not adopt the
manner of that famous academy. He feemed to pre¬
fer the ftyle of Caravaggio to that of Guido or Alba-
no, imagining it impoffible to imitate nature truly,
without the afliftance of ftrong lights and ftrong (ha-
dows; and from that principle, his light was admitted
into his painting room from above. In effeft, by the
oppofition of his ftrong lights and (hadows, he gave
fuch force to his pi£Iures, that few, except thofe of
Caravaggio, can ftand near them, and not feem feeble
in their effetl: however, that manner is cenfured as
not being like nature, becaufe it makes obje&s appear
as if they were feen by candle light, or by the bright-
nefs of a fun-beam, which alone can juftify the deep-
nefs of his fhadowing. The principal attention of Gu¬
ercino feems to have been fixed on arriving at perfec¬
tion in colouring; he faw the aftonilhing effehis pro¬
duced by the colouring of the celebrated Venetian
mafters; and obferved, that notwithftanding any im-
perfe&ions in regard to glace, correctnefs, or elegance,
the works of thofe mafters were the objedls of univerfal
admiration. From which obfervation, he feems to
have devoted his whole ftudy to excel in colouring; as
if he were convinced, that few are qualified to difeern
the elevation of thought, which conftitutes the excel¬
lence of a compofition ; few may be touched with the
grandeur or beauty of the defign, or perhaps have a ca¬
pacity to examine even the corre&nefs of any part of a
painting ; and yet every eye, and even every imperfect
judge of a picture, may be fenfibly affedted by the
force and beauty of the colouring. His tafte of defign
was natural, eafy, and often grand, but without any
extraordinary (hare of elevation, corredtnefs, or ele¬
gance. The airs of his heads often want dignity, and
his local colours want truth. However, there is great
union and harmony in his colours, although his carna¬
tions are not very frefh; and in all his wertes there is a
powerful and expreflive imitation of life, which will
BAR [
Barbieri f0f ever render them eftimable. Towards the decline
!l of his life, he obferved that the clearer and brighter
arca' , ftyle of Guido and Albano had attra&ed the admira¬
tion of all Europe ; and therefore he altered his man¬
ner, even againft his own judgment. But he apologized
for that conduit, by declaring, that in his former time
he painted for fame, and to pleafe the judicious; and
he now painted to pleafe the ignorant, and enrich him-
felf. He died in 1666.—The moft capital performance
of Guercino, is the hiftory of S. Petronilla, which is
confidered. as one of the ornaments of S. Peter’s at
Rome.
Barbieri (Paolo Antonio), da Cento, painter of
ftill life and animals, was the brother of Guercino, and
born at Cento in 1596. He chofe for his fubjeits
fruit, flowers, infeils, and animals; which he painted
after nature with a lively tint of colour, great tender-
nefs of pencil, and a ftrong character of truth and life.
He died in 1640.
BARBITOS, or Barbiton, an ancient inllrument
of mufic, mounted with three, others fay feven, ftrings;
much ufed by Sappho and Alcaeus, whence it is alfo
denominated Lejbeum.
BARBLES, or Barbs, in farriery, the knots or
fuperfluous flelh that grow up in the channels of a
horfe’s mouth ; that is, in the intervals that feparate t jie
bars, and lie under the tongue. Thefe, which are alfo
called barbesy obtain in black cattle vas well as horfes,
and obftruft their eating. , For the cure, they caft the
beaft, take out his tongue, and clip off the barbies with
a pair of fciflars, or cut them with a fharp knife; others
choofe to burn them off with a hot iron.
BARBOUR (John), archdeacon of Aberdeen, was
efteemed an elegant poet in the reign of David 1= He
wrote the hiftory of Robert the Bruce, in an heroic
poem, which is ftill extant, and which contains many
fa&s and anecdotes omitted by other hiftorians. The
lateft edition of this book is that of Glafgow, 8vo,
printed in the year 1672. It is intitled, “ The adfs
and life of the moft viftorious conqueror Robert Bruce
king of Scotland; wherein alfo are contained the mar¬
tial deeds of the valiant princes Edward Bruce, Sir
James Dowglafs, Earl Thomas Randal, Walter Stew¬
ard, and fundry others.” In one paffage, he calls it a
romance; but that word was then of good reputation:
every body knows that the ‘ Romaunt of romaunts’
has been innocently applied to true hiftory; as well as
the * Ballad of ballads’ to a facred fong.
BARBUDA, one of the Britifti Caribbee iflands,
about 20 miles long and 1 2 broad. It is lowland, but
fruitful and pretty populous. The inhabitants addift
themfelves to hufbandry, and find always a ready mar¬
ket for their corn and cattle in the fugar iflands. Bar¬
buda is the property of the Codrington family, who
have great numbers of negroes here as well as in Bar-
badoes. It lies in W. Long. 61.3. N. Lat.^iS. 5.
BARCA, a large country of Africa, lying on the
coafts of the Mediterranean fea, between the kingdoms
of Egypt and Tripoli, extending iffelf in length from
eaft to weft from the 39th to the 46th degree of eaft
longitude, and in breadth from north to fouth about
30 leagues, as is generally fuppofed. It is for the moft
part, efpecially in the middle, a dry fandy defart; on
which account the Arabs call it Sahart, or Ceyart
Barka, that is, the defart or road of whirlwinds or
7 ] BAR
hurricanes. It labours almoft every where under a
great fcarcity of water; and except in the neighbour¬
hood of towns and villages, where the ground produces
fome fmall quantities of grain, fuch as millet, and fome
maize, the reft is in a manner quite barren and uncul¬
tivated, or to fpeak more properly, uncultivable : and
even of that fmall quantity which thofe few Ipots pro¬
duce, the poor inhabitants are obliged to exchange
fome part with their indigent neighbours, for dates,
Iheep, and camels, which they ftand in greater need of
than they, by reafon of their great fcarcity of grafs
and other proper food ; for want of which, thofe that
are brought to them feldom thrive or live long. In this
country flood the famed temple of Jupiter Ammon \
and notwithftanding the pleafantnefs of the fpot where
it flood, this part of the country is faid to have been
the moft dangerous of any, being furrounded with fuch
quick and burning fands as are very detrimental to tra¬
vellers ; not only as they fink under their feet, but be¬
ing light, and heated by the rays of the fun, are eafily
raifed by every breath of wind ; which, if it chance to
be in their faces, almoft burns their eyes out, andftifflea
them for want of breath; or if vehement, often over¬
whelms whole caravans, Againft this temple Cambyfes
king of Perfia difpatched an army of 50,000 men.
They fet out from Thebes in upper Egypt, and under
the conduft of proper guides reached the city of Oafis
feven days journey from that place: but what was their
fate afterwards is uncertain ; for they never returned
either to Egypt or to their own country. The Am-
monians informed Herodotus, that, after the army
had entered the fandy defart which lies beyond Oafis,
a violent wind began to blow from the fouth at ti e
time of their dinner, and raifed the fand to fuch a de¬
gree, that the whole army was overwhelmed and bu¬
ried alive.
Concerning the government or commerce of this
country we know nothing certain. Moft probably the
maritime towns are under the proteftion of the Porte ;
but whether under the baftia of Egypt or Tripoli, or
whether they have formed themfelves into independent
Hates like thofe of Algiers and Tunis, we cannot fay
only we are told that the inhabitants of the maritime
towns are more civilized than thofe that dwell in the
inland parts. The firft profefs Mahometanifm, and
have imbibed fome notions of humanity and juftice;
whilft the latter, who have neither religion nor any
fign oi worfhip among them, are altogether favage and
brutifh. They are a fort of Arabs, and like them live
entirely upon theft and plunder. By them this tracf^
which before was a continued defart, was firft inhabited.
At their firft coming in, they fettled themfelves in one
of the belt places of the country; but as they multi¬
plied, and had frequent wars with one another, the
ftrongeft drove the weakeft out of the belt fpots, and
fent them to wander in the defart parts, where they live
in the moft miferable manner, their country hardly af¬
fording one fingle neceflary of life. Hence it is that
-they are faid to be the uglieft of all the Arabs : their
bodies having fcarcely any thing but Hein and bone,,
their faces meagre, with fierce ravenous looks; their
garb, which is commonly what they take from the paf-
fengers who go through thefe parts, tattered with long
-wearing; wdiile the pooreft of them have fcarce a rag
to cover their nakednefs. They are moft expert and
refolute
BAR [ !
Barealon, refoiute robbers, that being their chief employment
Ba celona an(j livelihood; but the travellers in thefe parts are fo
'" " ’ " few, that the Barcans are often neceffitated to make
^tliftant excurfxons into Numidia, Libya, and other
fouthern countries. Thofe that fall into their hands
arr made to drink plenty of warm milk: then they
hang them up by the feet, and (hake them, in order to
make them vomit up any money they think they have
fwallowed ; after which, they ftrip them of all their
clothes, even to the laft rag: but with all this inhu¬
manity, they commonly fpare their life, which is more
than the other African robbers do. Yet notwithftand-
ing every artifice they can ufe, the Barcans are fo poor,
that they commonly let, pledge, or even fell, their chiL
dren to the Sicilians and others from whom they have
their corn, efpecially before they fet out on any long
excurfion.
BARCALON, an appellation given to the prime
minifter of the king of Siam. The barealon has in his
department every thing relating to commerce, both at
home and abroad. He is likewife fuperintendant of
the king’s magazines.
BARCELONA, a handfome, rich, and ftrong city
of Spain, in the province of Catalonia, of which it is
the capital. This city was originally founded by Ha-
milcar Barcas, and from him called Barcino. It was
reduced by the Romans, and continued fubjeft to them
till the kingdom of Spain was over-run by the Goths
and Vandals, and afterwards by the Saracens or Moors*
In the beginning of the 9th century, Barcelona was in
the hands of the Moors, and Under the government of
one Zacle. This governor having more than once abu-
fed the clemency of Charlemagne, at laft irritated Lewis
king of Aquitain, and fon to Charles, to fuch a degree,
that he gave orders to his generals to inveft the city,
and not to rife from before it till they had put Zade
into his hands. The Moor- made a moft obftinate re-
fiftance, fo that the fiege lafted many months! at laft,
finding it impoffible to preferve the city much longer,
and being deftitute of all hopes of relief, he determined,
or rather was compelled by the inhabitants, to go to the
Chriftian camp and implore the emperor’s mercy 5 but
here he was no fooner arrived than he was arrefted and
fent prifoner to Charlemagne, who condemned him to
perpetual baniftiment. The people gaining nothing by
this expedient, continued to hold out for fix weeks
longer, when the king of Aquitain himfelf took the
command of the fiege. To him they made a propofal,
that if he would allow them to march out and go
where they pleafed, they would furrender the place.
Lewis having agreed to this, made his public entry in¬
to Barcelona, where he formed a defign of extending
his father’s dominions as far as the Ebro ; but being
recalled before he could put his defign in execution,
he appointed one Bera count of Barcelona. The city
continued fubjeft to him and his fuccefibrs, who ftill
enjoyed the title of counts of Barcelona, from the year
802 to 1131 ; during which time we find nothing re¬
markable, except that -the city was once taken by the
Moors, but foon after retaken by the affiltance of
Lewis IV. king of France. In 1131 it was united to
the crown of Arragon by the marriage of Don Ray¬
mond V. count of Barcelona with the daughter of Don
Ramiro the Monk, king of Arragon. In 1465 the
Catalonians revolted againft Don Juan II. king of Ar-
N6 41
3 ] fi A R
ragon, out of hatred to his queen Donna Juanna ; the Barcelona,
confequence of which was, that Barcelona was befieged 1 *
by that monarch in 1471. Various efforts were made
by Lewis XI. of France and the duke of Lorrain in
order to raife the fiege, but without effedt. Things
at length were brought to the utmoft extremity, when
the king offered to pardon them all, without the fmall-
eft punifhment either in perfon or property, provided
they would fubmit j but thefe terms they rejefted*
chiefly through the influence of the count de Pailhars,
who had been pardoned the year before. The army,
on the other hand, was very earneft in being led on to
the affault, in hopes of plunder. The king, however,
wrote a letter to the citizens, dated the 6th of Odt r-
ber, in terms as affedb'onate as if he had been writ} ig
to his children, bewailing the miferies they had brou: ht
oh themfelves, and concluding with a proteftation t ,at
they, and not he, mutt be anfwerable for the cor- e-
quenees. Upon this, at the petfuafion of a prieft w o
had a reputation for fandlity, they fent deputies to t: e
king, and made a capitulation on the 17th of the fame
month. In this the -king acknowledged they had
taken up arms on juft motives ; and forgave everybody
except Pailhars, who was, hpwever, fufftred to efcape.
On the 2 2d of Odfober the king made his entry into
the city, and Confirmed all their ancient privileges. In
• 697, Barcelona was taken by the French, after a
bloody fiege of 52 days; and the lofs of this city had
a confiderable effe& in difpoiing the Spaniards to agree
to the treaty of Ryfwick In Queen Anne’s time it
was taken by the allies under the Lari of Peterborough ;
but being afterwards fhamefully denied afliftance by the
Englifh miniftry, was obliged to fubmit to Philip XL
by whom the whole province was deprived of its an»
cient privileges ; for a particular account of which, fee
the article Spain.
Barcelona is fituated by the fea-fide, of a form be¬
tween a fquare and an oval; it is furrounded with a
good brick wall, round which is another, with 14 bd-
ftions, horn-works, ramparts, and ditches ; the ram¬
parts are high, broad, and fpacious, infomuch that
100. coaches maybe feen every evening driving thereon
for pleafure. The city is divided into two parts, the
Old and the New, which are feparated from each other
by a wall and a large ditch ; the ftreets are handfome,
w'ell paved with large ftones, wide, and very clean. It
is the refidence of a viceroy, is a biftiop’s fee, has a
fine univerfity, a mint, a good port, and is adorned
with handfome buildings. Here is a court of inqui-
fition, which the inhabitants look upon as an advantage.
The remarkable buildings are the cathedral, which is
large, handfome, and adorned with two high towers,
the church of the Virgin Mary, the palace of the biftiop,
that of the inquifition, and feveral religious houfes :
add to thefe the palace of the viceroy ; the arfenal,
which contains arms for 1000 men ; the exchange,
where the merchants meet j the terfana, where they
build the galleys; and the palace where the nobility
of the country meet, called Ba Cafa de la Deputation.
I his laft is built with fine large free ftone, and adorned
with columns of marble: there is in it a large hall,
with a gilt cieling and a handfome portico, wherein
perfons may either walk or fit; the hall is adorned
with the portraits of all the counts of Barcelona,
There are feveral fine fquares, particularly that of St
4 Michael,
BAR f 9 ] BAR
Sarct'onct- Michael, into which all the great ftreets run. The
*1^ port is wide, fpacious, deep, and fafe ; defended on
Barclay. t^e one by a great mole, and on the other Ihelter-
~~y—L—. ed from the weft wind by two mountains that advance
into the fea, and form a kind of promontory: the mole
is 750 paces long, with a quay, at the end of which
is a light-houfe and a fmall fort. One of the moun¬
tains, called Mount Joy, is very high, and rifes in the
middle of the plain near the city : it is covered with
gardens, vineyards, groves of trees, and has a ftrong
fort for the defence of the city : this mountain, being
a rock, yields an inexhauftible quarry of fine hard free
ftone. Barcelona is a place of great trade, on account
of the conveniency, of its harbour; and it has a manu¬
facture of knives greatly efteemed in Spain, as alfo of
blankets. Here are alfo feveralglafs-houfes. The in¬
habitants are diligent, and equally fit for labour and
trade ; they are alfo very civil to ftrangers. The wo¬
men are well fliaped, and as handfome as any in Spain ;
they are brilk and lively in their converfation, and more
• free and unreftrained in their behaviour than in other
parts of Spain. E. Long. 2. 5. N. Lat. 41. 26.
BARCELONETTA, a town of France in the
government of Dauphiny, and capital of the valley of
its own name. It belonged to the Duke of Savoy, and
was ceded to France by the treaty of Utrecht in 1712.
E. Long. 6. 40. N. Lat. 44. 26.
BARCELOR, a town of Afia, in thfe Eaft Indies,
on the coaft of Malabar. It is a Dutch faCtory, where
they carry on a confiderable trade in pepper. E. Long.
74. 15.. N. Lat. 13. 45.
BARCELOS, a town of Portugal, with the title
of a duchy. It is feated on the river Cavado, over
which there is a handfome bridge. W. Long. 7. o.
N. Lat. 41. 20.
BARCINO (anc. geog.), a town of the Terra-
conenfis in Spain, and capital of the Laletani. Now
Barcelona. See that article.
BARCLAY (Alexander), a learned monk in the
reign of Henry VIII. Where he was born, though
of no great importance, was neverthelefs a matter of
virulent contention among his former biographers.
Bale, who was his cotemporary, is of opinion he was
born in Somerfetfhire, There is indeed a village of
his name, and a numerous family, in that county. Pits
thinks he was born in Devonlhire. Mackenzie is po-
fitive he was a Scotchman ; but without proof, unlefs
we admit as fuch his name Alexander. He was, how¬
ever, educated in Oriel college Oxford. After leaving
the univerfity he went abroad, and continued fome
time in France, Italy, and Germany, where he ac¬
quired a competent knowledge of the languages of thofe
countries, as appears from feveral tranllations of books,
which he afterwards publiihed. On his return to Eng¬
land, he was made chaplain to his patron the bifhop
of Tyne, who likewife appointed him a prieft of St
Mary, at the college of Ottery in Devonihire, found¬
ed by Grandifon biihop of Exeter. After the death
of his patron, he became a Benediftine monk of Ely.
On the diffolution of that monaftery, he firft obtained
the vicarage of St Matthew at Wokey in Somerfet-
ihire ; and, in 1549, being then dodtor of divinity,
was prefented to the vicarage of Much Badew in Ef-
fex. In 1552 he was appointed redtor of Allhallows,
Lombard-ftreet, which he lived to enjoy but a very
Vol. III. Parti.
ihort time. He died at Croydon in Surrey in June Barclay.
1552. He is generally allowed to have improved the 1 v-—J
Englifii language, and to have been one of the politeft
writers of his time. He compofed feveral original
works; but was chiefly remarkable for his tranflations
from the Latin, Italian, French, and German langua¬
ges. His verfion from Salluft of the war of Jugurtha
is accurate, and not without elegance. His lives of
feveral faints, in heroic verfe, are ftill unpublilhed.
His Stultifera navis, or The Jhip of fools, is the moft
Angular of his performances. It was printed by Ri¬
chard Pynfon at London 1509 in folio ; and contains
a variety of wooden plates, which are worthy the in-
fpedtion of the curious.
Barclay (William), a learned civilian, was born
in Aberdeenfliire in the year 1541. He fpent the
early part of his life, and much of his fortune, at the
court of Mary Queen of Scots, from whofe favour he
had reafon to expedl preferment. In 1573 he went
over to France, and at Bourges commenced ftudent of
civil law under the famous Cujacius. He continued
fome years in that feminary, where he took a dodtor’s
degree ; and was foon after appointed profefibr of civil
law in the univerfity of Pont-a-Mouffon, then firft
founded by the Duke of Lorraine. That prince after¬
wards made him counfellor of ftate and mafter of re-
quefts. Barclay, in the year 1581, married Ann de
Mallaville, a French lady, by whom he had a fon, who
became a celebrated author, and of whom the reader
will find an account in the next article. This youth
the Jefuits would gladly have received into their fo-
ciety. Plis father refufed his confent, and for that
reafon thefe difciples of Jefus foon contrived to ruin
him with the duke his patron. Barclay now embark¬
ed for Britain, where King James I. offered him con¬
fiderable preferment, provided he would become a
member of the church of England: but, not choofing
to comply, he returned to France in 1604; and, foon
after his arrival, was appointed, profeflbr of civil law
in the univerfity of Angers, where he died the year
following, and was buried in the Francifcan church.
He was efteemed a learned civilian ; and wrote elabo¬
rately in defence of the divine right of kings, in an-
fwer to Buchanan and others. The titles of his works
are, x. De regno et regali potefate, 8cc. z. Commen-
tarius in tit. pandeftarum de rebus creditis, et de jura-
jurando. 3. De potejlate papa. See. 4. Prametia in
vitam Agricolce.
Barclay (John), fon of the former, was, as we
have above mentioned, fo great a favourite of the Je¬
fuits, that they ufed all their efforts to engage him in
their fociety. His father would not confent, and car¬
ried his fon with him into England, who was already
an author, for he had publifhed A commentary upon the
Thebais of Statius, and a Latin poem on the coronation
of King James, and the firft part of Euphormio, 1603.
He returned to France with his father ; and after his
father’s death went to Paris, and foon after came back
to London : he was there in 1606. He publilhed The
fiifory of the Gun-powder- Plot, a pamphlet of fix
leaves, printed at Amfterdam. He publiihed at Lon¬
don in 1610 An Apology for the Euphormio, and his
father’s treatife De potefate papa. A nd at Paris, 1612,
he publiflied a bpok intitled Pietas, in anfwer to Car¬
dinal Bellarmin, who had written againft William Bar-
B clay1*
BAR [ io ] BAR
Barclay, clay’s book concerning the power of the Pope. Two
Burcohebas. years after he publiihed Icon Animorum. He was in-
v ‘ vited to Rome by Pope Paul V. and received a great
deal of civility from Cardinal Beilarmin, though he had
written again!! him. He died at Rome in 1621,
while his Argents was printing at Paris. This cele¬
brated work has fmce gone through a great number of
editions, and has been tranflated into moft languages.
M. de Peirefe, who had the care of the firft edition,
caufed the effigies of the author to be placed before the
book ; and the following dillich, written by GrotiuS,
was put under it:
Gente Caledonius, Gallus natalibus, hie eft,
Rom am Romano qui docet ere loqui.
Barclay (Robert), one of the moft eminent among
the Quakers, the fon of Colonel David Barclay, de-
feended of the ancient family of Barclays, was born at
Edinburgh in 1648. He was educated under an uncle
at Paris, where the Papifts ufed all their efforts to draw
him over to their religion. He joined the Quakers in
1669, and diftinguifhed hlmfelf by his zeal and abili¬
ties in defence of their, doftrines. In 1676 he pub-
lifhed in Latin at Amfterdam his Apology for the Qua¬
kers ; which is the moft celebrated of his works, and
efteemed the ftandard of the dodlrine of the Quakers.
The Thefis Theologies, which were the foundation of
this work, and addreffed to the clergy of what fort' fo-
ever, were publiffied before the writing of the Apology,
and printed in Latin, French, High-Dutch, Low-
Dutch, and Engliffi. The dedication of his Apology to
King Charles II. is very remarkable for the uncom¬
mon franknefs and fimplicity with which it is written.
Amongft many other extraordinary paffages, we meet
with the following : “ There is no king in the world
who can fo experimentally teftify of God’s providence
and goodnefs ; neither is there any who rules fo many
free people, fo many true Chriftians ; which thing ren¬
ders thy government more honourable, thyfelf more
confiderable, than the acceffion of many nations filled
with flavifh and fuperftitious fouls. Thou haft tafted
of profperity and adverfity ; thou knoweft what it is to
be banifhed thy native country, to be over-ruled as well
as to rule and fit upon the throne ; and being oppreffed,
thou haft reafon to know how hateful the oppreffor is
both to God and man : if, after all thofe warnings and
advertifements, thou doft not turn unto the Lord with
all thy heart, but forget him who remembered thee in
thy diftrefs, and give up thyfelf to follow luft and va¬
nity, furely great will be thy condemnation.”—He
travelled with the famous Mr William Penn through
the greateft part of England, Holland, and Germany,
and was every where received with the higheft refpeft ;
for though both his converfation and behaviour were
fuitable to his principles, yet there was fuch livelinefs
and fpirit in his difeourfe, and fuch ferenity and cheer-
fulnefs in his deportment, as rendered him extremely
agreeable to all forts of people. When he returned to
his native country he fpent the remainder of his life in
a quiet and retired manner. He died at his own houfe
at Ury on the 3d of O&ober 1690* in the q-zd year
of his age.
BARCOCHEBAS, or rather Barcochab, a
Jewiffi impoftor, whofe real name was ; but he
took that of Barccehab, which fignifies the Son of a
Star ; in allufion to the prophecy of Balaam, “ There Bird,
(hall a ftar arife out of Jacob.” He proclaimed himfelf -7—v“*“
the Meffiah; and talking of nothing but wars, vi£to-
ries, and triumphs, made his countiymen rife again!!
the Romans, by which means he was the author of
innumerable diforders: he ravaged many places, took
a great number of fortreffes, and maffacred an infi¬
nite multitude of people, particularly the Chriftians.
The emperor fent troops to Rufus, governor of Ju¬
dea, to fupprefs the fedition. Rufus, in obedience,
exercifed a thoufand cruelties, but could not finiih his
attempt. The emperor was therefore obliged to fend
Julius Severus, the greateft general of that time ;
who attained his end without a dired! battle : he fell
on them feparately ; cut off their provifions ; and at
laft the whole conteft was reduced to the fiege of Bit¬
ter, in the 18thyear of Hadrian. The impoftor periftied
there. This war coft the Romans a great deal of blood.
BARD, a word denoting one who was a poet by
his genius and profeffion; and “ who fung of the bat¬
tles of heroes, or the heaving-brealls of love.” Ojfian’s
Poems, I. 37.
The curiolity of man is great with refpedf to the
tranfadlions of his own fpecies; and when fuch tranf-
adlions are deferibed in verfe, accompanied with mufic,
the performance is enchanting. An ear, a voice, fkill Ka'ms't
in inftrumental mufic, and, above all, a poetical genius, Sketches,
are requifite to excel in that complicated art. As fuch sk- Y;
talents are rare, the few that poffeffed them were high- '
ly efteemed; and hence the profeffion of a bard,
which, befide natural talents, required more culture
and exercife than any other known art. Bards were
capital perfons at every feftival and at every folemnity.
Their fongs, which, by recording the atchievements
of kings and heroes, animated every hearer, mill! have
been the entertainment of every warlike nation. We
have Hefiod’s authority, that in his time bards were as
common as potters or joiners, and as liable to envy.
Demodocus is mentioned by Homer as a celebrated
bard; and Phemius, another bard, is introduced by
him deprecating the wrath of Ulyffes in the following
words:
“ O King! to mercy be thy foul inclin’d,
“ And fpare the poet’s ever-gentle kind r
“ A deed like this thy future fame would wrong*
“ For dear to gods and men is facredfong.
Self-taught I fing; by heav’n, and heav’n alone*
“ The genuine feeds of poefy are fown;
“ And (what the gods bellow) the lofty lay,
41 To gods alone, and godlike worth, we pay.
<£ Save then the poet, and thyfelf reward ;
“ ’Tis thine to merit, mine is to record.”
Odyssey, viii;
Cicero reports, that at Roman feftivals, anciently, the
virtues and exploits of their great men were fung. The
fame cuftom prevailed in Peru and Mexico, as we learn
from Garcilaffo and other authors- We have for our
authority Father Gobien, that even the inhabitants of
the Marian illands have bards, who are greatly admi¬
red, becaufe in their fongs are celebrated the feats of
their anceftors.
But in no part of the world did the profeffion of
bard appear with fuch luftre as in Gaul, in Britain, and
in Ireland. Wherever the Celtse or Gauls are men¬
tioned.
BAR [
tinned by ancient writers, we feldom fail to hear of
' their druids and Jtheir bards ; the inftitution of which
> orders, was .the capital d'iftinftion of their manners
and policy. The druids were their philofophers and
priefts; the bards, their poets and recorders of heroic
adtions: and both thefe orders of men feem to have
fubfifted among them, as chief members of the ftate,
from time immemorial. The Celtas poffeffed, from
very remote ages, a formed fyftem of difcipline and
manners, which appears to have had a deep and laftihg
* Lil. xv. influence. Ammianus Marcellinus * gives them this
c- 9. exprefs teftimony, that there flourilhed among them
the ftudy of the moft laudable arts 5 introduced by the
bards, whofe office it was to fing in heroic verfe the
gallant aftions of illuftrious men ; and by the druids,
who lived together in colleges or focieties, after the
Pythagorean manner, and philofophizing upon the
higheft fubje&s, aflerted the immortality 'of the hu¬
man foul. Though Julius Csefar, in his account of
Gaul, does not exprefsly mention the bards ; yet it is
plain, that, under the title of Druids, he comprehends
that whole college or order ; of which the bards, who,
it is probable, were the difciples of the druids, un-
■ Be Bel. Gal. doubtedly made a part. It deferves remark, that, ac-
h6* cording to his account the druidical inftitution firft
took rife in Britain, and paffed from thence into
Gaul; fo that they who afpired to be thorough ma¬
tters of that learning were wont to refort to Britain.
He adds too, that fuch as were to be initiated ampng
the druids, were obliged to commit to their memory a
great number of verfes, infomuch that fome employed
20 years in this courfe of education; and that they'
did not think it lawful to record thefe poems in wri¬
ting, but facredly handed them down by tradition from
race to race.
So ftrong was the attachment of the Celtic nations
to their poetry and their bards, that amidft all the
changes of their government and manners, even long
after the order of the druids was extinft, and the na¬
tional religion altered, the bards continued to flourifti;
not as a fet of ftrolling fongfters, like the Greek ’A01J01
or rhapfodijis, in Homer’s time, but as an order of
men highly refpe&ed in the ftate, and fupported by a
public eftabliftiment. We find them, according to the
teftimonies of Strabo and Diodorus, before the age of
Auguftus Casfar; and we find them remaining under
the fame name, and exercifing the fame fund :ons as of
old, in Ireland, and in the north of Scotland, almoft
down to our own times. It is well known, that, in
both thefe countries, every regulus 01 chief had his
own bard, who was confidered as an officer of rank in
his court.
Of the honour in which the bards were held, many
inftances occur in Offian’s poems. On all important
occafions, they were the ambafladors between contend-
OJpan, ing chiefs; and their perfons were,htld facred. “ Cair-
U.22. bor feared to ftretch his fword to the bards, though
his foul was dark. Loofe the bards (faid his brother
Cathmor), they are the fons of other times. Their
voice fhall be heard in other ages, when the kings of
Henry’s Temora have failed.”—The bards, as well as the
Bi/lory, druids, 'were exempted from taxes and military fervi-
Vol. I. ceS) even in times of the greateft danger; and when
P-3^5" they attended their patrons in the field, to record and
-celebrate their great a&ions, they had a guard afligned
n ] BAR
them for their prote&ion. At all feftivals and public Bard,
aflemblies they were feated near the perfon of the king
or chieftain, and fometimes even above the greateft
nobility and chief officers of the court. Nor was the
profeffion of the bards lefs lucrative than it was ho¬
nourable. For, befides the valuable prefents which
they - occafionally received from their patrons when
they gave them uncommon pleafure by their perfor¬
mances, they had eftates in land allotted for their fup-
port. Nay, fo great was the veneration which the
princes of thefe times entertained for the perfons of
their poets, and fo highly were they charmed and de¬
lighted with their tuneful ftrains, that they fometimes
pardoned even their capital crimes for a fong.
We may very reafonably fuppofe, that a profeffion
that was at once fo honourable and advantageous, and
enjoyed fo many flattering diftimftions and defirable
immunities, wmuld not be deferted. It was indeed very
much crowded; and the accounts which we have of the
numbers of the bards in fome countries, particularly in
Ireland, are hardly credible. We often read, in the
poems of Offian, of a hundred bards belonging to one
prince, finging and playing in concert for his enter¬
tainment. Every chief bard, who was called j4//ah
Redan, or doSlor in poetry, was allowed to have 30
bards of inferior note conftantly about his perfon ; and
every bard of the fecond rank was allowed a retinue of
15 poetical difciples.
Though the ancient Britons of the fouthern parts
of this ifland had originally the fame tafte and genius
for poetry with thofe of the north, yet none of their
poetical compofitions of this period have been prefer-
ved. Nor have we any reafon to be furprized at this.
For after the provincial Britons had fubmitted quietly’
to the Roman government, yielded up their arms,, and
had loft their free and martial fpirit, they could take '
little pleafure in hearing or repeating the fongs of their
bards in honour of the glorious atchievements of then-
brave anceftors, The Romans too, if they did not
praftife the fame barbarous policy which was long af¬
ter pra&ifed by Edward I. of putting the bards to
death, would at leaft difeourage them, and difeounte-
nance the repetition of their poems, for very obvious
reafons. Thefe fons of the fong being thus perfe-
cuted by their conquerors, and negledted by their
countrymen, either abandoned their country or their
profeffion; and their fongs being no longer heard,
were foon forgotten.
It is probable that the ancient Britons, as well as
many other nations of antiquity, had no idea of poems
that were made only to be repeated, and not to be fung
to the found of mufical inftruments. In the firft ftages
of fociety in all countries, the two After-arts of po¬
etry and mufic feem to have been always united; every
poet was a mufician, and fung his own verfes to the
found of fome mufical inftrument. This, we are dire&ly
told by two writers of undoubted credit, was the cafe
in Gaul, and confequently in Britain, in this period.
“ The bards (fays Diodorus Siculus *) fung their «y-y v
poems to the found of an inftrument not unlike a lyre.” fedt. 31.
“ The bards, (according to Ammianus Marcellinus f, f ZiS. xv,
as above hinted), celebrated the brave aftions of illu-^p.
ftrious men in heroic poems, which they fung to the
fweet founds of the lyre.” This account of thefe
Greek and Latin writers is confirmed by the gene-
B 2 ral
* Vol. II.
p.na, n,
Sketches,
ttbi fupra.
§ See the
Attention,
BAR C12] BAR
ral ftrain, and by many particular paffages, of the heretics | againft whom, we are informed by St Je- Bardewlcfc
poems of Offian. “ Beneath his own tree, at inter- rome and Eufebius, he wrote a multitude of books: yet Bar^ain
vals, each bard fat down with his harp. They raifed had he the misfortune to fall, himfelf, into the errors ° * .
. the fong, and touched the ftring, each to the chief he of Valentinus, to which he added fome others of his
loved own. He taught, that the adtions of men depend
• The invention of writing made a confiderable change altogether on fate, and that God himfelf is fubjeft to
in the bard-profelfion. It is now an agreed point, that neceffity. His followers went further, and denied the
no poetry is fit to be accompanied with mufic, but refurreftion of the body, and the incarnation and death
what is fimple : a complicated thought or defcription of our Saviour; holding that thefe were only apparent
requires the utmoft attention, and leaves none for the or phantaftical.
mufic ; or, if it divide the attention, it makes but a BARDEWICK, a town of Germany, in the circle
faint impreffion §. The fimple operas of Quinault of Lower Saxony and duchy of Lunenburg ; formerly
bear away the palm from every thing of the kind com- a very large place; but being ruined in 1189, by the
pofed by Boileau or Racine. But when a language, Duke of Saxony, has never yet recovered itfelf. It is
in its progrefs to maturity, is enriched with variety of feated on the river Ilmenau, in E. Long. 10. 6. N.
phrafes fit to exprefs the moil elevated thoughts, men Lat. 53. 40.
of genius afpired to the higher {trains of poetry, lea- BARDT, a ftrong and rich town of Germany, in
ving mufic and fong to the bards : which diftinguifti- the duchy of Pomerania, with a caftle and fpacious
ed the profeffion of a poet from that of a bard. Ho- harbour. It is fubjedt to the Swedes; and is iituated
mer, in a lax fenfe, may be termed a bard ; for in that near the-Baltic Sea, in E. Long. 13., 20. N. Lat.
character he ilrolled from feaft to feaft. But he was 54. 23.
not a bard in the original fenfe : he, indeed, recited BARE, in a general fenfe, fignifies not covered*
his poems to crowded audiences ; but his poems are Hence we fay bare-headed, bare-footed, &c.
too complex for mufic, and he probably did not fing The Roman women, in times of public diftrefs and
them, nor accompany them with the lyre. The Tro-' mourning, -went bare-headed, with their hair loofe.—
vadores of Provence were bards in the original fenfe, Among both Greeks, Romans, and Barbarians, we
and made a capital figure in the days of ignorance, find a feaft called —The Abyffinians never
when few could read, and fewer write. In later times, enter their churches, nor the palaces of kings and
the fongs of the bards were taken down in writing, great men, but bare-foeted.
which gave every one accefs to them without a bard ; Bare-Foot Carmelites and AuguJUnes, are religious
and the profeffion funk by degrees into oblivion. A- of the order of St Carmel and St Auftin, who live un-
mong the Highlanders of Scotland, reading an<J wri- der a ftrift obfervance, and go without fhoes, like the
ting in their own tongue is not common even at pre- capuchins. There are alfo barefoot fathers of mercy,
fent; and that circumftance fupported long the bard- Formerly there were barefoot dominicans, and even
profeffion among them, after being forgot among the barefoot nuns of the order of St Auguftin.
neighbouring nations. BAREITH, a town of Germany in Franconia, in
BARDANA, or Burdock. See Arctium. the margravate of Culembach, with a famous college
BARDARIOTJE, in antiquity, were a kind of belonging to the margrave of Brandenburg Bareith.
ancient guard atttending the Greek emperors, armed E. Long. 11. 50. N. Lat. 50. o.
with rods, wherewith they kept off the people from BARENT (Diteric), an excellent painter, was
crowding too near the prince when on horfeback. born at Amfterdam, and was'the fon of a very indu-
Their captain, or commander, was denominated primi- ftrious painter. He ftudied in Italy, and became the
vergius,—The word was probably formed from the favourite difciple of Titian, with whom he lived a long
bardee, or houfings on their horfes. time ; but at length returned to Amfterdam,* where-
BARDAS, the brother of the emprefs Theodora, he performed many extraordinary pieces. He died in
and uncle of the famous Photius, is faid to have had 1582, aged 48.
no other good quality befides that of loving the fcien- BARFLEUR, a town of France, in Normandy,
ces and polite literature, which he eftablifhed in the on the continent. It was ruined, and had its harbour
Eaftern empire; for he was treacherous, cruel, and filled up by the Engliih in 1346. The Cape of that
ambitious. In the year 856, he affaffinated Theoc- name is 12 miles eaft of Cherburg, and near it part of
tiftes, general of the Emperor Michael’s forces, and the French fleet was deftroyed in 1692. W. Long,
obtained his poft. At length he caufed the difgrace 1.6. N. Lat. 49. 40.
of fhe Emprefs Theodora ; and St Ignatius, patriarch BARGAIN and Sale, a fpecies of conveyance in
of Conftantinople, reproaching him for his vices, he' the Englifh law. It is a kind of a real contrail^
had him depofed in 858, in order to make room for whereby the bargainer for fome pecuniary confideration
Photius. Bardas was affaffinated by Bafilius the Ma- bargains and fells, that is, contrails to convey, the
cedonian, in 866. land of the bargainee ; and becomes by fuch bargain a.
BARDED, in heraldry, is ufed in fpeaking of a truftee for,or feized to the ufe of, the bargainee ; and
horfe that is capariloned. He bears fable, a cavalier then the ftatute of ufes completes the purchafe : or, as
, d’or, the horfe barded, argent. k hath been well expreffed, the bargain firft veils the
BARDESANISTS, a feil of ancient heretics, ufe, and then the ftatute veils the poffeffion. But aa
thus denominated from their leader Bardefanes, a Sy- it was forefeen that conveyances, thus made, would
rian of Edefl'a in Mefopotamia. Bardefanes, born in want all thofe benefits of notoriety which the old
the middle of the fecond century, became eminent, af- common-law affurances were calculated to give; to pre-
ter his converfion to Chriftianity, for his zeal againft vent therefore clandeftine conveyances of freeholds, it
BAR [
Barge was cna&ed in the fame feffion of parliament by (latute
27 Hen. VIII. c. 16. that fuch bargains and Tales
. fh'ould not enure to pafs a freehold, unlefs the fame be
made by indenture, and enrolled within fix months fn
one of the courts of Weftminfter-hall, or with the cuftos
rotulorurn of the county. Clanddline bargains and
fales of chattel interefts, or leafes for years, were
thought not worth regarding, as fuch intereits were
very precarious till about fix years before ; which alfo
occafioned them to be overlooked in framing the fta-
tute of ufes : and therefore fuch bargains and fales are
not direfted to be enrolled. But how impoffible is it
to forefee, and provide againft, all the confequences of
innovations ! This omiflion has given rife to the fpecies
of conveyance by lease and release.
BARGE (bargie, Dutch), a veflel or boat of ftate,
furnilhed with elegant apartments, canopies, and cu-
ftiions; equipped with a band of rowers, and decorated
with flags and llreamers : they are generally ufed for
proceffions on the water, by noblemen, officers of ftate,
or magiftrates of great cities. Of this fort, too, we
may naturally fuppofe the famous barge or galley of
Cleopatra, which, according to Shakefpear,
 Like a burnilh’d throne
Burnt on the water: the poop was beaten gold :
Purple her fails ; and fo perfumed, that
The winds were love-fick with them: the oarswere filver,
Which to the tune of flutes kept time, and made
The water which they beat to follow fafter,
; As amorous of their ftrokes 
■ At the helm
A feeming mermaid fleer’d : the fdken tackles
Swell’d with the touches of thofe flower-foft hands
That yarely ’form’d their office. 
There are likewife other barges of a fmaller kind, for
the ufe of admirals and captains of Ihips of war. Thefe
are of a lighter frame, and may be eafily hoifted into
and out of the fhips to which they occafionally belong.
Barge is alfo the name of a flat-bottomed veffel of
burden, for lading and difeharging fliips, and removing
their cargoes from place to place in a harbour.
BARGE-Couples, in architecture, a beam mortifed in¬
to another, to ftrengthen the building.
BARGE-Courfe, with bricklayers, a term ufed for
that part of the tiling which projects over without the
principal rafters, in all forts of buildings where there
is either a gable or a kirkin-head.
BARGHMASTER, Barmer, or Bar-Master,
in the royal mines, the fteward or judge of the barmote.
—The bar-mafter is to keep two great courts of. bar-
mote yearly; and every week a fmall one, as occafion
requires.
BARGHMOTE, or Barmote, a court which
takes cognizance of caufes and difputes between mi¬
ners.—By the cuftom of the mines, no perfon is to fue
any miner for ore-debt, or for ore, or for any ground
in variance, but only in the court of barmote, on pe¬
nalty of forfeiting the debt, and paying the charges at
law.
BARI, a very handfome and rich town of Italy, in
the kingdom of Naples ; the capital of Terra di Bari,
and an archbifhop’s fee. It is well fortified, is feated
on the gulphof Venice, and had formerly a good liar-
ij ] -BAR
hour, but it was deftroyed by the Venetians. E..Long. EafV
17.40. N-Lat. 41.31. Earilla‘
Bari, or Terra di Bart, a territory of Italy in
the kingdom of Naples, of which the abovementioned
city is the capital. It is bounded on the north by the
Capitanata, on the north-weft by the Ulterior Princi-
pato, on the fouth by the Balilicata, on the fouth-eaft
by the Terra de Otranto, and on the north-eaft by the
gulph of Venice. It has no confiderable river except
the Offanto, which feparates it from the Capitanata.
The air is tempferate ; and the foil produces plenty of
corn, fruit, and faffron : but there are a great many
ferpents, *nd fpiders called tarantulas. See Aranea.
The principal towns are Bari the capital, Frani, An-
dria, Bavo, Bilonto, Converfano, Monopoli, Polbnia-
no, Barletta, and Malfetto. The two firft are archi-
epifcopal, and all the reft epifeopak
BARILLA, or Barilha, the name of a plant cul¬
tivated in Spain for its allies, from which the pureft
kinds of mineral alkali are obtained.
There are four plants, which, in the early part of
their growth, bear fo ftrong a refemblance to each other
as would deceive any but the farmers and nice obfer-
vers. Thefe four are, barilla, gazul (or, as fome call
it, algazul), foza, and falicornia or fait cor. They are
all burnt to alhes; but applied to different ufes, as-
being poffeffed of different qualities^ Some of the ro-
guiffi farmers mix more or lefs ^f the three laft with,
the firft ; and it requires a complete knowledge of the
colour, tafte, and fmell of the alhes to be able to de-
te£f their knavery. '
Barilla is fown afrelh every year. Its gneabeft
height above ground is four inches : each root pulhes
out a vaft number of little ftalks, which again are fub-
divided into fmaller fprigs refembling famphire; and
all together form a large fpreading tufted bufh. The
colour is bright green ; as the plant advances towards
maturity, this colour vanilhes away till it comes at laft:
to be a dull green tinged with brown.
Gazul bears the greateft affinity to barilla, both in
quality and appearance ; the principal difference con-
fiits in its growing on a ftill drier falter earth, con-
fequently it is impregnated with a ftronger fait. It
does not rife above two inches out of the ground,
fpreading out into little tufts. Its fprigs are much
flatter and more pulpy than thofe of barilla, and are
Itill more like famphire. It is fown but once in three,
four, or five years, according to the nature of the foil.
Soza, when of the fame fize, has the fame appear¬
ance as gazul; but in time#grows much larger, as its.
natural foil is a ftrong fait marlh, where it is to be
found in large tufts of fprigs, treble the fize of barilla,
and of a bright green colour, which it retains to the
laft.
Salicor has a ftalk of a deep green colour inclining
to red, which lail becomes by degrees the colour of
the whole plant. From t}ie beginning it grows up¬
right, and .much refembles a bulh of young rofemary.
Its natural foil is on the declivities of hills near the
fait marlhes, or on the edges of the fmall drains or chan¬
nels cut by the hufbandmen for the purpofe of watering,
the fields: before it has acquired its full growth, it is
very like the barilla of thofe feafons in which the
ground has been dunged before lowing. In thofe
years-
BAR [14
years of manuring, barilla, contrary to its ufual na¬
ture, comes up with a tinge of red ; and when burnt
falls far fhort of its wonted goodnefs, being bitter,
more impregnated with, falts than it Ihould be, and rai-
fing a blifter if applied for a few minutes to the tongue.
Barilla contains lefs fait than the others; when burnt,
it runs into a mafs refembling a fpongy ftone, with a
faint call of blue.
Gazul, after burning, comes as near barilla in its
outward appearance as it does while growing in its ve¬
getable form ; but, if broken, the infide is of a deeper
and more glofly blue. Soza and falicor are darker,
and almoft black within, of a heavier confiftence, with
very little or qo fign of fponginefs.
AH thefe afhes contain a ftrong alkali ; but barilla
the belt and pureft, though not in the greateft quan¬
tity. Upon this principle, it is fitteft for making glafs
and bleaching linen ; the others are ufed in making
foap. Each of them would whiten linen ; but all,
except barilla, would burn it. A good crop of ba¬
rilla impoverifhes the land to fuch a degree, that it can¬
not bear good barilla a fecond time, being quite ex-
haufted. For this reafon the richer farmers lay ma¬
nure upon the ground, and let it lie fallow for a fea-
fon ; at the end of which it is fown afrefh without any
danger, as the weeds that have fprung up in the year
of reft have carried off all the pernicious effects of the
dung. A proper fucceffion of crops is thus fecured
by manuring and faUowing the different parts of the
farm, each in their turn. The poorer tribe of cultiva¬
tors cannot purfue the fame method for want of capi¬
tal ; and are therefore under the neceffity of fowing
their lands immediately after manuring, which yields
them a profit juft fufficient to afford a prefent fcanty
fubfiftence, though the quality and price of their ba¬
rilla be but trifling.
The method ufed in making barilla is the fame as
that followed in Britain in burning kelp. The plant
as foon as ripe is plucked up and laid in heaps, then
fet on fire. The fait juices run out below into an
hole made in the ground, where they run into a vitri¬
fied lump, which is left about a fortnight to cool. An
acre may give about a tun.
BARING of trees, in agriculture, the taking
away fome of the earth about the roots, that the win¬
ter-rain and fnow-water may penetrate farther into the
roots. This is frequently pra&ifed in the autumn.
BARJOLS, a fmall populous town of Provence, in
France. E. Long. 5. 23. N. Lat. 43. 35.
BARIUM, (anc. geog.) a town of Apulia on the
Adriatic ; fo called from the founders, who being ex¬
pelled frou, ‘■he ifland Bara, built this town. It is now
called Barij fee that article.
BARE, in .the anatomy of plants, the exterior part
of trees, correfponding to the flcin of an animal. For
its organization, texture, &c. fee the article Plants.
As animals are furniflied with a panniculus adipo-
fus, ufually replete with fat, which invefts and covers
all the flelhy parts, and fcreens them from external
] BAR
cold; plants are encompaffed with a bark replete with
fatty juices, by means whereof the cold is kept out, '
and in winter-time the fpiculse of ice prevented from
fixing and freezing the juices in the veffels : whence it
is, that fome forts of trees remain ever-green the year
round, by reafon their barks contain more oil than can
be fpent and exhaled by the fun, &c.
The bark has its peculiar difeafes, and is infefted
with infefts peculiar to'it. — It appears from the expe¬
riments of M. Buffon, that trees ftripped of their bark
the whole length of their ftems, die in about three or
four years. But it is very remarkable, that trees thus
ftripped in the time of the fap, and fuffered to die,
afford timber heavier, more uniformly denfe, ftronger,
and fitter for fervice, than if the trees had been cut
down in their healthy ftate. Something of a like
nature has been obferved by Vitruvius and Evelyn.
The ancients wrote their books on bark, efpecially
of the afli and lime-tree, not on the exterior, kut on
the inner and finer bark called pbilyra.
There are a great many kinds of barks in ufe in the
feveral arts. Some in agriculture, and in tanning lea¬
ther, as the oak-bark (a); fome in phyfic, as the
quinquina or Jefuit’s bark, mace, &c.; others in dye¬
ing, as the bark of alder, and walnut-trees; others in
fpicery, as cinnamon, cafiia lignea, &c.; and others for
divers ufes, as the bark of the cork-tree, &c.
In the Eaft Indies, they prepare the bark of a cer¬
tain tree fo as to fpin like hemp. After it has been
beat and fteeped in water, they extradl long threads
from it, which are fomething between filk and common
thread; being neither fo foft nor fo gloffy as filk, nor
fo rough and hard as hemp. They mix filk with it in
fome fluffs ; and thefe are called nillaes, and cherque-
molles.
Of the bark of a fpecies of mulberry-tree the Ja-
pqnefe make their paper. See-Moaus.
In the ifland of O-Taheite, the natives make their
cloth, which is of three kinds, of the bark of three dif¬
ferent trees ; the paper-mulberry above-mentioned, the
bread fruit tree, and the cocoa-tree. That made of the
mulberry is the fineft and whiteft, and worn chiefly by
the principal people. It is manufa&ured in the'fol-
lowing manner. When the trees are of a proper fize,
they are drawn up, and ftripped of their branches ; af¬
ter which, the roots and tops are cut off: the bark of
thefe rods being then flit up longitudinally, is eafily
drawn off; and, when a proper quantity has been pro¬
cured, it is carried down to fome running water, in
which it is depofited to foak, and fecured from float-
ing away by heavy ftones: when it is fuppofed to be
fufficiently foftened, the women fervants go down to
the brook, and, ftripping themfelves, fit down in the
water, to feparate the inner bark from the green part
on the outfide: to do this, they place the under fide up¬
on a flat fmooth board, and with a kind of fhell fcrape
it very carefully, dipping it continually in the water
till nothing remains but the fine fibres of the inner
coat. Being thus prepared in the afternoon, they are
fpread
(a) The bark of the oak has been long ufed in tanning leather, and even thought effential to that operation:
but a different fubftance has been lately difcovered, which anfwers the purpofe full as well, and may be pro¬
cured at a much cheaper rate ; we mean oak faw-duft, or the chips of oak reduced to powder. This valuable
fecret was purchafed by the fociety for the encouragement of arts, &c.
BAR
Bark, fpread out upon plantain leaves in the evening ? they
are placed in lengths of about 11 or 12 yards, one by
the fide of another, till they are about a foot broad,
and two or three layers are alfo laid one upon the o-
ther : care is taken that the cloth {hall be in all parts
of an equal thicknefs, fo that if the bark happens to be
thinner in any one particular part of one layer than the
reft, a piece that is fonaewhat thicker is picked out to
be laid over in the next; In this ftate it remains till
the morning, when great part of the v/ater which it
contained when it was laid out is either drained off or
evaporated, and the feveral fibres adhere together, fo
as that the whole may be failed from the ground in
one piece. It is then taken away, and laid upon the
fmooth fide of a long piece of wood prepared for the
purpofe, and beaten by the women fervants. The in-
ftrument ufed for this purpofe is a fquare wooden club,
having each of its four fides or faces marked, length¬
ways, with fmall grooves, or furrows, of different de¬
grees of finenefs; thofe on one fide being of a width
and depth fufficient to receive a fmall pack-thread, and
the others finer in a regular gradation, fo that the laii
are not more than equal to fewing filk. They beat it
firft with the coarfeft fide of this mallet,^ keeping time
like our fmiths ; it fpreads very faft und^r the ftrokes,
chiefly however in the breadth, and the ^rtoves in the
mallet mark it with the appearance of threads; it is
fucceflively beaten with the other fides, laft with the
fin eft, and is then fit for ufe. Of this cloth there are
feveral forts, of different degrees of finehefs, in pro¬
portion as it is more or lefs beaten. The other cloth al¬
fo differs in proportion as it is beaten; but they differ
from each other in confequence of the different mate¬
rials of which they are made. The bark of the bread¬
fruit is not taken till the trees are confiderably longer
and thicker than thofe of the mulberry ; the procefs af¬
terwards is the fame. — Of the bark, too, of a tree which
* Rilifcus, they call poetou*, they manufacture excellent matting ;
tiliaceus of both a coarfe fort which ferves them to deep upon, and
inn*us. a fpner t0 wear in wet weather. Of the fame bark they
alfo make ropes and lines, from the thicknefs of an inch
to the fize of a fmall pack-thread.
Bark, or Jefuit’s Bark, is a name given by way of
eminence to the quinquina, or cinchona. See Cin¬
chona.
Bark, in navigation, a general name given to fmall
fhips; it is however peculiarly appropriated by feamen
to thofe which carry three mails without a mizen top-
fail. Our northern mariners, who are trained in the
coal-trade, apply this diftinction to a broad-fterned
ftiip which carries no ornamental figure on the ftern or
prow.
Water-BARKS, are little veffels ufed in Holland for
the carriage of freftr water to places where it is want¬
ing, as well as for the fetching fea-water to make fait
of. They have a deck, and are filled with water up to
the deck.
BARK-Binding, a diftemper incident to trees; cured
by flitting the bark, or cutting along the grain.
BARK-Galling, is when the trees are galled with
thorns, &c. It is cured by binding clay on the galled
places.
Bark-Longue, or Barca Longa, a fmall low (harp-
built, but very long, veffel without a deck. It goes
with fails and oars, and is very common in Spain.
BAR
BARKHAMSTEAD, or Berhamstead, a town Barkham-
of Hertfordihire in England ; formerly of more note ^faci
than at prefent. It had formerly a ftrong caftle built
by the Normans, but it has been long fince demoliflred. -y—m.
W. Long. 0.35. N.Lat. 45.49.
BARKING, a town of Effex in England, feated
on the river Roding, not far from the Thames, in a
very unwbolefome air. It has been chiefly noted for a
large monaftery, now in ruins; there being nothing
left (landing but a fmall part of the walls, and a gate-
houfe. E. Long. o. 13. N. Lat. 51. 30.
Barking of Trees, the peeling off the rind or bark.
This rauft be done, in our climate, in the month of
May, becaufe at that time the fap of the tree feparates
the bark from the wood. It would be very difficult
to perform it at any other time of the year, unlefs the
feafon was extremely wet and rainy ; for heat and dry-,
njefs are a very great hindrance to it.
By the French laws, all dealers are forbid to bark;
their wood while growing, on the penalty of 500 livres.
This law was the refult of ignorance; it being now
found, that barking of trees, and letting them die, in-
creafes the ftrength of timber. »
BARKLEY, a town of Gloucefterfhire in England,
feated on a branch of the river Severn. Tt was for¬
merly of fome note for a nunnery, and has (lill the title
of a barony. W. Long. 2. 30. N. Lat. 51. 40.
BARK WAY, a town of Hertfordihire in Eng¬
land, on the great road from London to York. W.
Long. o. 5. N. Lat. 52.
BARLiEUS (Gafpar), profeflbr of philofophy at
Amfterdam, and one of the bed Latin poets of the
17th century. There was fcarce any thing great that
happened in the world while he lived, but he made a
pompous elegy upon it, when reafons of ftate were no
obilacle to it. He was a great defender of Arminius ;
and (bowed his abilities in hiftory by his relation of
what palled in Brafil during the government of count
Maurice of Naflau, publiftied 1647. He died the year
after.
BARLERIA, Snap-Dragon : A genus of the
angiofpermia order, belonging to the didynamia clafs
of plants ; and in the natural method ranking under
the 40th order, Perfonatte. The calyx is quadripar¬
tite ; two of the (lamina are much lefs than the reft;
the capfule is quadrangular, bilocular, bivalved, elaftic,
and without claws ; and the feeds are two. There are
ten fpecies ; all natives of the warm parts of America,
and therefore require to be kept in a (love and treated
like other tender exotics. They poffefs no great beau¬
ty nor any remarkable property ; but are kept for the
fake of variety.
BARLETTA, a handfome and ftropg town of
Italy, in the kingdom of Naples, and in,the Terra di
Bari, with a bilhop’s fee. It is fituated on the gulph
of Venice, in E. Long.. 16. 32. N. Lat. 41. 30.
BARLEY, in botany. See Hordeum; and A-
GRICULTURE, n° I 39.
The principal u(e of barley among us is for making
beer in order to which it is . firft malted. See the ar¬
ticle Beer.
The Spaniards, among whom malt liquors are, little
known, feed .their horfes with barley as we do with
oats. In Scotland, barley is a common ingredient in-
broths; and the confumpt of it for that purpofe is,
z very
[ 15 1
BAR [ i<5 ] BAR
very confiderable, barley-broth being a difti as frequent came to the crown, he was again a Proteftant; and for Barb1
there as that offoup in France. that reafon, on queen Mary’s acceffion, was. deprived [—~V"
Pearl Barley, and French Barley •, barley freed of of his bilhoprick, and fent prifoner to the fleet, where
the huflc by a mill; the diftimftion between the two he continued fome time. At length he found means
being, that the pearl barley is reduced to the fize of to efcape, and immediately joined the other Englifh
fmall ihot, all but the very heart of the grain being Proteftants in Germany. When queen Elizabeth af-
cended the throne, our prelate was raifed to' the fee of
Chichefter, and foon after made firft prebendary of the
collegiate church of Weftminfter. He died in 1568,
and was buried in the cathedral at Chichefter. He
had five daughters, each of which married a biftiop.
He wrote, 1. The buryal of the majfe. 2. The cl'tmb-
ing up of fryers and religious perfons portred <voith fi-
ground away.
BARLEY-Water, is a decoftion of either of thefe, re¬
puted foft and lubricating, of frequent ufe in phyfic.
This well-knowm decoftion is a very ufefu.l drink in
many diforders ; and is recommended, with nitre, by
fome authors of reputation, in flow fevers.
BARLEY-Corn is ufed to denote a long meafure, con- u ^
taining in length the third part of an inch, and in gures. 3. Chrifian homilies. 4. A book upon Cofmo-
breadth the eighth. The French carpenters alfo ufe graphy. 5. The godly and pious inf itution of a Chrif-
barley-corn, grain d’orge, as equivalent to a line,
the twelfth part of an inch.
BARLEY-Corn (grain d’orge), is alfo ufed in building,
for a little cavity between the mouldings of joiners
work, ferving to feparate or keep them afunder; thus
called becaufe made with a kind of plane of the fame
name.
BARLOW (William), bifhop of Chichefter, de-
fcended of an ancient family in Wales, was born in the
county of Eflex. In his youth he favoured the refor¬
mation; and travelled to Germany to be inftru&ed by
Luther, and other preachers of the new doctrine.
How long he continued a Proteftant is uncertain : but
from his letter to king Henry VIII. quoted below, it
appears that he wrote feveral books againft the church
of Rome. However, he was a regular canon in the
Auguftine monaftery of St Ofith in the county of Ef-
fex, and ftudied fome time at Oxford with the brothers
of that order, where he took the degree of doctor in
divinity. He was then made prior of the convent at
Bilharn in Berkftiire ; and afterwards fucceeded to the
feveral priories of Blackmore, Typtree, Lega, Brom-
hole, and Haverford-weft. On the diflblution of ab¬
beys, he refigned not only with a good grace, but per-
fuaded feveral other abbots to follow his example.
King Henry was fo pleafed with his ready obedience
tian man, commonly called the bijhop’s book ; and feveral
other works. He is faid to be the tranflator of the A-
pocrypha as far as the book of Wifdom. His letters
to M: Parker are in manufcript in Corpus Chrifti col¬
lege Cambridge, Mifc. i-. 445.
Barlow (William), a mathematician and divine,
the fon of the biftiop of Chichefter, was born in Pem-
brokeftiire whilft his father was biftiop of St David’s.
In 1560, he was entered commoner of Baliol college in
Oxford; and in 1564, took a degree in arts, which
having completed by determination, he left the uni-
verfity and went to fea; but in what capacity is un¬
certain : however, he acquired eonfiderable knowledge
in the art of navigation. About the year 1573, he
entered into orders ; and became prebendary of Win-
chefter, and re&or of Eafton near that city. In 1588,
he was made prebendary of Litchfield, which he ex¬
changed for the place of treafurer of that church. Some
years after, he was made chaplain to prince Henry,
the fon of king'James I. ; and in 1614, archdeacon of
Salilbury. He was the firft writer on the nature and
properties of the magnet. Barlow died in the year
1625, and was buried in the church at Eafton. His
works are, x. The navigator’s fupply, containing many
things of principal importance belonging to navigation,
and ufe of diverfe infruments framed chiefly for that pur-
on this occafion, that he fent him, in 152,5, on an ‘ pofe. Lond. 1597, to. Dedicated to Robert Earl of
mbaffy to Scotland ; in the fame year, made him bi¬
fhop of St Afaph; in two months after, tranflated him
to the fee of St David’s, and in 1547 to that of Bath
and Wells. During this time, our good biftiop, as
appears from the following epiftle to the king, was, or
pretended to be, a ftaunch Papift ; it was written in
HSS* “ Prayfe be to God, who of his infynyte
Eflex. 2. Magmtical advertifements, or diverfe per¬
tinent obfervations and approved experiments concerning
the nature and properties of the loadfone, Lond. 1616,
4to. 3. A brief difcovery of the idle animadverfions of
Mark Ridley, M. D. upon a treatife entitled Magne-
tical advertifements. Lond. 1618, 4to.
Barlow (Thomas), born in 1607, was appointed
goodnefs and mercy ineftymable hath brought me fellow of Queen’s college in Oxford in 1633 ; and two
‘£ out of darknefs into light, and from deadly igno-
“ ranee into the quick knowledge of the truth. From
“ the whiche, through the fiend’s inftigation and falfe
“ perfuafion, I have greatly fwerved. In fo much
“ that I have made certayn bokes, and have foffred
years after was chofen reader of metaphyfics to the uni •
verlity. He was keeper of the Bodleian library, and
in 1657 was chofen provoft of Queen’s college. After
the reftoration of king Charles il. he was nominated
of the commiffioners for reftoring the members un-
“ them to be emprinted, as the tretife of the buryall juftly expelled in 1648. He wrote at that time The
’• of the majje, &c. In thefe tretifes I perceive and
“ acknowledge myfelf grievoufly to have erred, name-
£‘ ly againft the blefied facrament of the altare ; dif-
“ allowing the mafle and ejenying purgatory, with
flanderous infamy of the pope and my lord cardinal,
“ and outrageous raylying againft the clergy ; which
“ I have forfaken and utterly renounced—Aiks par-
et don, William Barlow.” However, when Edward VI.
N04i. 1
cafe of Toleration in matters of Religion, to Mr R. Boyle.
In 1675, he was made bilhop of Lincoln. After the
popilh plot, he publilhed feveral tra&s againft the Ro¬
man-catholic religion ; in which he ftiows an uncom¬
mon extent of learning, and fkill in polemical divinity.
Neverthelefs, when the Duke of York was proclaimed
king, he took all opportunities of expreffing his affec¬
tion toward him ; but after the revolution he as readily
voted
BAR [
'fcarl w voted that the king had abdicated his kingdom ; and
BArms* was ver^ v'gorous ‘n excluding thofe of the clergy who
. 1 ‘ ■ refufed the oaths, from their benefices.
Mr Granger obferves, that “ this learned prelate,
whom nature defigned for a fcholar, and who adted in
conformity with the bent of nature, was perhaps as
great a mailer of the learned languages, and of the
works of the celebrated authors who have written in
thofe languages, as any man of his age. The greateft
part of his writings, of which Mr Wood has given us
a catalogue, are againft Popery ; and his condudl for
fome time, like that of other Calvinifts, appeared to
be in diredl oppofition to the church of Rome. But
after James afcended the throne, he f^etned to approach
much nearer to Popery than he ever did before. He
fent the king an addrefs of thanks for his declaration
for liberty of confcience, and is faid to have written
reafons for reading that declaration. His compliances
were much the fame after the revolution. Plis mo¬
deration, to call it by the fofteft name, was very great}
indeed fo great as to bring the firmnefs of his charac¬
ter in queftion. But cafuiftry, which was his moft.
diftinguifhed talent, not only reconciles feeming con-
tradidlions, but has alfo been known to admit contra-
didlions themfelves. He was, abflradled from this lax¬
ity of principles, a very great and worthy man.” He
died at Buckden, in Huntingdonihire, on the 8th of
O&ober 1691, in the f^th year of his age.
Barlow (Francis), an Engliih painter, was born
in Lincolnfhire. On his coming to London, he was
placed with one Shepherd, a limner $ but his ge¬
nius led him chiefly to drawing of birds, fifli,. and o-
ther animals. There are' fix books of animals from
his drawings, and he painted tome ceilings with birds
for noblemen and gentlemen in the country.—His
etchings are numerous; his illuftration of Efop is his
greateft. work. He died in 1702.—There is fome-
thing pleafing in the compofition and manner of this
matter, though neither is excellent. His drawing
too is very indifferent; nor does he charafterize any
animal juftly. His birds in general are better than his
beafts.
BARM, the fame with yeft. See Yest.—Barm
is faid to have been firft ufed by the Celtae in the
compofition of bread. About the‘time of Agricola’s
entrance into Lancaihire, a new fort of loaf had been
introduced at Rome; which was formed only of wa¬
ter and flour, and much efteemed for its lightnefs:
and it was called the water cake from its Ample com¬
pofition, and the Parthian roll from its original inven¬
tors. But even this was not comparable to the French
* See Ate. or Spanifh bread for its lightnefs. The ufe of curmi *t
and the knowledge of brewing, had acquainted the
Celtes with an ingredient for their bread, which was
much better calculated to render it light and pleafarit,
than the leaven, the eggs, the milk, or the wine and
honey, of other nations. This was the fpume which
arofe on the furface of their curw in fermentation, and
.which the Welch denominate harm, and we barm. The
Celtes of Gaul, of Spain, and moft probably therefore
of South-Britain, had long ufed it; and their bread
was, in confequence of this, fuperior in lightnefs to
t P/wy, Jib. that of any other nation in the world f. See the ar-
xvm. c. 7, tides Baking and Bread.
BARMAS, an Eaft Indian people, who in if 15
Vcl. III. Part I.
7 ] BAR
poffeffed all the eoaft extending from Bengal to Pegu. Barn,
It appears alfo, that they were formerly mafters of Barca v.‘.
Ava, the dominions of which extended as far as China ; v ~
and of confequence the Barmas were mafters of moft
of the northern part of the peninfula beyond the Gan¬
ges. Their dominions, however, were afterwards re¬
duced to very narrow bounds, and their king became
tributary to him of Pegu ; but by degrees they not
only recovered their former empire, but conquered the
kingdoms of Pegu, Siam, and feveral others. By the
lateft accounts, their kingdom extends from the prc^
vince of Yun-nan in China, about 8oo miles in length
from north to fouth, and 250 in breadth from eaft to
weft. See the article Pegu.
BARN, in hufbandry, a covered place or houfe,
with air-holes in the fides, for laying up any fort of
grain, hay, or ftraw.
St BARNABAS’s Day, a Chriftian feftival, cele¬
brated on the 1 tth of June.—St Barnabas was born at
Cyprus, and defcended of the tribe of Levi, whofe
Jewifti anceftors are thought to have retired thither to
fecure thcmfdves from violence during the troublefome
times in Judea. His proper name was Jofst; to which,
after his converfion to Chriftianity, the apoftles added
that of Banidbas, fignifying either the fon of prophecy*
or the fon of conflation; the firft refpe&ingLis eminent
prophetic gifts, the other his great charity in felling
his eftate for the comfort and relief of the poor Chri-
ftians. He was educated at Jerufalem, under the great
Jewifli do&or Gamaliel; which might probably lay
the foundation of that intimate friendship which was
afterwards contrafted between this apoftle and St
Paul. The time of his converfion is uncertain ; but he
is generally efteemed one of the feventy difciples cho-
fen by our Saviour himfelf.
At Antioch, St Paul and St Barnabas had a con-
teft, v.-hich ended in their feparation: but what fol¬
lowed it with refpeft to St Barnabas, is not related in
the Atts of the Apojlles. Some fay, he went into Ita¬
ly, and founded a church at Milan. At Salamis, we
are told, he fuffered martyrdom ; whither fome Jews*
being come out of Syria, fet upon him, as he was dis¬
puting in the fynagogue, and Stoned him to death.
He was buried, by his kinfman Mark, whom he had
taken with him, in a cave near that city. The re¬
mains of his body are faid to have been difcovered in
the reign of the emperor Zeno, together with a copy
of St Matthew’s gofpel, written with his own hand,
and lying on his breaft.
St Barnabas's Epiflle, an apocryphal work afcribed
to St Barnabas, and frequently cited by St Clement
of Alexandria and Origen.—It was firft published in
Greek, from a copy Of father Hugh Menard a Bene-
di&ine monk. An ancient verfion of it was found in
a manufcript of the abbey of Coebey, near a thoufand
years old. VoSfius published it, in the year 1656, to¬
gether with the epiftles of St Ignatius.
St Barnabas's Gofpel, another apocryphal work,
afcribed to St Barnabas the apolile, wherein the hi-
ftory of Jefus Chrift is related in a manner very different
from the account given us by the four Evangelifts.
The Mahometans have this gofpel in Arabic, and it
correfponds very well with thofe traditions which Ma¬
homet followed in his Koran. It was, probably, a
forgery of fome nominal Chriftians ; and afterwards
C altered
EAR [ i
Barnabltes altered an3 ip'cfpolated by the Mahometans, the better
n II to ferve their purpofe.
. a^r'C3* . BARNABITES, a religious order,.founded in the
16th century by three Italian gentlemen, who had been
advifed by a famous preacher of thofe days to read
carefully the epiftles of St Paul. Hence they were
called clerks of St Paid; and Barnabitss, becaufe they
performed their fir if exercife in a church of St Barna¬
bas at Milan. Their habit is black ; and their office
is to indraft, catechife, and ferve in miffion.
BARNACLE, in ornithology, a fpecies of goofe.
See Anas.
BARNACLES, in farriery, an inflrument compofed
of two branches joined at one end with a hinge, to put
upon horfes nofes when they will not ftand quietly to
be fhod, blooded, or dreffed. ,
BARNADESI A, in botany ; a genus of the poly-
gamia aequalis order, belonging to the fyngenelia clafs of
plants; the charafters of which are : The corolla is ra¬
diated ; the calyx is naked, imbricated, and pungent;
the pappus of the rays feathery, of the difk briftly
and retrofrafted. There is but one fpecies, the fpino-
fa, a native of America.
BARNARD, or Bernard (John), the fon of John
Barnard, gent, was born at Caftor in Lincolnlhire, and
educated at Cambridge. After feveral preferments, he
was made a prebendary of the .church of Lincoln. . He
wrote Cetfura G/erior, againft fcandalous minifters not
fit to be reftored to church livings; the Life of Dr
Heylyn; and a few other works. He died at Newark,
Auguft 17. 1683.
Bjrnard-Ccjile, feated on the river Tees in the
county of Durham, is a town and barony belonging to
Vane earl of Darlington. It is indifferently large, and
has a manufafture of dockings. W. Long. 1. 45.
N. Lat. 54. 35.
BARNES (Jofhua), profeffor of the Greek language
at Cambridge, in the beginning of the 18th century.
He was chofen queen’s profeffor of Greek ifi 1695, a
language he wrote and fpoke with the utmoft facility.
His firfl publication was a whimfical traft, intitled,
Gerania, or a new Difcovery of the little fort of people
called Pygmies. After that appeared his Life of Ed¬
ward III. in which he introduces his hero making
long and elaborate fpeeches.—In the year 1700, when
he publhired many of his works, Mrs Mafon, of Hem-
tningford, in Huntingdonfhire, a widow lady of be¬
tween 40 and 50, with a jointure of L. 200 per annum,
who had been for fome time a great admirer of him,
came to Cambridge, and defired leave to fettle L. 100
a-year upon him after her death ; which he politely
refufed, unlefs file would likewife condefcend to make
him happy with her perfon, which was not very enga-
ging. The lady was too obliging to refufe any thing
to Jofhua, for whom fhe, faid, “ the fun flood ftill
and they were accordingly married. Mr Barnes wrote
feveral other books befides thofe abovementioned, par¬
ticularly, Sac red poems ; The Life of Oliver Cromwell,
the Tyrant ; feveral dramatic pieces ; dpoetical Para-
phrafe on the Hifory of Efher, in Greek verfe, with a
Latin tranflation, &c.; and he publifhed editions of
Euripides, Anacreon, and Homer’s Iliad and Odyjfey,
with notes and a Latin tranflation He wrote with
greater eafe in Greek than even in Englifh, and yet is
generally allowed not to have underftood the delicacies
of that language. He was- of fuch a humane difpofi-
8 ] BAR
tion, and fo unacquainted with the world, that he gave BarnaveMt
his only coat to a vagrant begging at his door. This gaJj,cc;
exeellant man died on the 3d of Auguft 1712, in the ,,  
58th year of his age.
BARNAVELDT (John d’Olden), the celebrated
Dutch ftatefman, and one of the founders of the civil
liberty of Holland. His patriotic zeal inducing him
to limit the authority of Maurice prince of Orange
the fecond fladtholder of Holland, the partizans of that
prince falfely accufed him of a defign to deliver his
country into the hands of the Spanifh monarch. Ou
this abfurd charge he was tried by 26 commiffaries
deputed from the feven provinces, condemned, and be¬
headed in 1619. His fons William and Rene, with
a view of revenging their father’s death, formed a ccn-
fpiracy againft the ftadtholder, which ivas difcovered.
William fled : but Rene was taken and condemned to
die ; which fatal circumftance has immortalized the
memory of his mother, of whom the following anecdote
is recorded. She folicited a pardon for Rene ; upon
which Maurice exprefled his furprife that (he fhould do
that for her fon which (he had refufed for her. huftsand.
To this remark, (he replied with’ indignation, I
would not a(k a pardon for my hulband, becaufe he was
innocent. I folicit it for my fon, becaufe he is guilty.”
BARNET,a town partly in Middlefex, and partly in
Hertfordftiire. It is a great thorough-fare,and the market
is very remarkable for hogs. W. Long. o. 5.N. Lat. 51.42;
BARNSLEY, or Black Barnsley, a town of the
weft riding of Yorkffiire, feated on the fide of a hill,
and five furlongs in length. W. Long. j. 20. N. Lat.
53-35-
BARN ST ABLE, a fea-port town of Devonlhire,
feated on the river Tau, over which there is a good
bridge. It is a corporation town, and fends two
members toParliament. W.Long.4. y.N.Lat.yi. 15.
BARO, or Baron (Peter), profeffor of divinity in
the univerfity of Cambridge, in the 16th century, was
born at Eftampes in France, and educated in the uni-
verfity of Bourges, where he was admitted a licentiate
in the law: but being of the Proteftant religion, he
was obliged to leave his native country to avoid perfe-
cution; and withdrawing into England, was kindly en¬
tertained by Lord Burleigh. He afterwards fettled at
Cambridge ; and by the recommendation of his noble
patron, was, in 1574, chofen lady Margaret’s profeffor
there. For fome years he quietly enjoyed his profef-
forlhip ; but there was at lad raifed a reftlefs faftion
againft him, by his oppofing the doftrine of abfolute
predeftination ; which rendered his place fo uneafy to
him, that he chofe to leave the univerfity, and to fettle
in London. He wrote, 1. In Jonam Prophetam Pr<s-
leliionis xxxix. 2. De Prrcftantia S35 Dignitate Divines
Legis ; and other pieces. He died in London, about
the year 1600.
BAROCCI (Frederic), a celebrated painter, was
born at Urbin, where the genias of Raphael infpired
him. In his early youth he travelled to Rome; where
he painted feveral things in frefco. He then returned
to Urbino ; and giving himfelf up to intenfe ftudy,
acquired a great name in painting. His genius parti¬
cularly led him to religious fobjefts. At his leifure
hours, he etched a few prints from his own defigns;
which are highly finiffied, and executed with great
foftnefs and delicacy. The Salutation is his capital
performance in that way: of which we feldom meet
with.
BAR [ i
Baroche with any iraprcffions,but thofe taken from the retouched
^ II plate, which are very harlh. He died at Urbino in
Baron^er.^i2>aged84,
BAROCHE, a town of Cambaya, in the domi¬
nions of the Great Mogul; it is walled round, and was
formerly a place of great trade. It is now inhabited
by weavers and fuch mechanics as manufa&ure cotton
cloth. Here they have the beft cotton in the world,
and of confequence the beft baftas are manufaftured in
this place. The Englifh and Dutch had formerly fac¬
tories here, which are now abandoned. E. Long. 72 - 5.,
N. Lat. 22. 15.
BA-ROCO, in logic, a term given to the fourth
mode of the fecond figure of fyllogifms. A fyllogifm
in baroco has the firft propofition univerfal and affirma¬
tive, but the fecond and third particular and negative,
and the middle term is the predicate in the two firft
propofitions. For example,
Nullus homo non eft bipes :
Non 07nnc animal eft bipes :
Non omne animal eft homo.
BAROMETER (from •weight, and
meafure), an inftrument for meafuring the weight of
the atmofpherc, and of ufe in fortelling the changes of
the weather, and alfo for meafuring the height of
mountains, &c.
\ * The common barometer confifts of a glafs tube her-
ofthe ba^ met‘ca% fi-’aled at one end, and filled with quickfilver
rometer. defecated and purged of its air. The finger being
then placed on the open end, in immediate contaft with
the mercury, fo as not to admit the leaft particle of
air, the tube is inverted, and the lower end plunged
into a bafon of the fame prepared mercury; then upon
removing the finger, the mercury in the tube will join
that in the bafon, and the mercurial column in the tube
will fubfide to the height of 29 or 30 inches, according
, to the ftate of the atmofphere at that time. This is the
principle on which all barometers are conftrufted. Of
their ibvention, the different lands of them, and the
theories by which their phenomena are folved, we fhall
proceed to give an hiftorical account.
i In the beginning, of the laft century, when the doc-
Difcovered trine of a plenum was in vogue, philofophers were of
by Galiiaio,Opin;0I1) that the afeent of water in pumps vyas owing
^rovedTb to t^le abh°i'rence of a vacuum; and that by means of
ToWice’A fu<ld!on> fluids might be raifed to any height whatever.
But'Galikeo, who flourifhed about that time, difeovered
that water could not afeend in a pump unlefythe fucker
reached within 33 feet of its furface in the well. From
hence he concluded, that not the power of fudtion, but
^ the preffure of the atmofphere, was the caufe of the af¬
eent of water in pumps; that a column of water 33
feet high was a counterpoife to one of air of an equal
bafe, wliofe height extended to the top of the atmo¬
fphere ; and *kat for this reafon the water would not
follow the fucker any farther. From this Torricelli,
Galiheo’s difciple took the hint ; and confidered, that
if a column of water of about 33 feet in height was
equal in weight to one of air having the fame bafe, a
column of mercury no longer than about 291- inches
would be fo too, becaufe mercury being about 14 tunes
heavier than water, a column of mercury muft be 14
times fhorter than one of water equally heavy. Ac¬
cordingly, haying filled a glafs tube with mercury, and
9 ] BAR
inverted it into a bafon of the dame, he found the mer- Barometer,
cury in the tube to defeend till it flood about 294 v ’ ’
inches above the furface of that in the bafon.
Notwithftanding this clear proof of the preffure °fgtran3e ju,
the atmofphere, however, the affertors of a plenum left p0tjiejj3 cf
no means untried to folve the phenomena of the Tor-Li^ua.
ricellian experiment by fome other hypothefis. The
moil ridiculous folution, and which at the fame time gave
the adverfe party the greafeft difficulty to overthrow it,
was that of Linus. He contended, that in the upper
part of the tube, there is a film, ox rope of mercury, ex¬
tended through the feeming vacuity; and that, by this
rope, the reft of the mercury was fufpended, and kept
from falling into the bafon. Even this fo abfurd hy-gjperj,
pothefis he pretended to confirm by the following ex-mentsin
periments. Take, fays he, a fmall tube, open at bqthcpuh:!1';>
ends, fuppofe about 20 inches long ; fill this tube withtlon 0 lU
mercury, flopping the lower orifice with your thumb:
Then clofing the upper end with your finger, and im-
merging the lower in flagnant mercury, you fhall per¬
ceive, upon the removal of your thumb, a manifeft
fu&ion of your finger into the tube ; and the tube and
mercury will both flick fo clofe to it, that you may carry
them about the room. Therefore, fays he, the inter¬
nal cylinder of mercury in the tube is not held up by
the preponderate air without ; for if fo, whence comes
fo ftrong a fuclion, and fo firm an adhefion of the tube
to the finger ?—The fame effeft follows, though the
tube be not quite filled with mercury ; for if a little
fpace of air is left at the top, after the tube is im-
merged in the ftagnant mercury, there will be a conii-
derable fu&ion as before.
Thefe experiments, which are themfelves clear proofs Re£; ^e(j
of the preffure of the air, fupported for fome time the
funicular hypothefis, as it was called, of Linus. But
when it wasdifeovered, that if the tube was carried to the
top of an high mountain the mercury flood lower than
on the plain, and that if removed into the vacifum of
an air-pump it fell out altogether, the hypothefis of g
Linus was rejedled by every body.—There are, how-Remark_
ever, two experiments which create a confiderable dif- able experi-
ficulty. One is mentioned by Mr Huygens, viz. that*"60 s Ay
if a glafs tube 75 inches long, or perhaps longer, is^^ u,v* ^
filled with mercury well purged of its air, and then in¬
verted, the whole will remain fufpended; whereas, ac¬
cording to the Torricellian experiment, it ought to fub¬
fide immediately to the height of 29 or 30 inches. It
is true indeed, that, upon fliaking the tube, the mercury
prefently fubfides to that height; but why it fhoujd re¬
main fufpended at all, more than twic.e the height to
which it can be raifed by the preffure of the moft denfe
atmofphere, feems not eafily accounted for; and ac¬
cordingly, in the Philofophical Tranfadtions, we find 7 *
attempts to account for it by the preffure of a mediumac*C"
more fubtile than the common air, and capable of per-counteti for
vading both the mercury and glafs. We find therein the Phi-
alfo another very furprifing fadt of the fame kind men-M°i''i'cal
tioned ; viz. that a pretty large tube under 29 inches^^ "c*
in length, filled with mercury, and inverted into a ba¬
fon of the fame will remain full, though there be a
fmall hole in th . top. This, too, is there accounted
for by the preffi e of a medium more fubtile than com¬
mon air; but by no means in a fatisfadlqry manner. Mr 8
Rowning, who mentions the phenomenon of the 75 inch^Ir ^ovv’ ,
tube, accounts for it in the following manner. “ Thes °‘J;
C 2 caufe
BAR [21
Baromafer. caufe of this phenomenon feems to be, that by the great
^—v-"-' weight of fo long a column of mercury, it was preffed
into fo clofe contatt with the glafs in pouring in, that,
by the mutual attra&ion of eohefion between the mer¬
cury and the glafs, the whole column was fuilained af-
_ J? . f ter the tube was inverted.”—Here, however, we mult
n u cient. 0^perve> tjxat tys f^ution feems equally unfatisfacfory
with that of the fubtile medium already mentioned; be-
caufe it is only one end of the column which fuftains
fo great a preflure frdm the weight of the mercury; and
therefore, though five or fix inches of the upper part of
the tube, where the prelfure had been ftrongeft, might
thus remain full of mercury, yet the reft ought to fall
down. Befides, it is only the outfide of-the mercurial
column that is in contact with the glafs, and Confe-
qpently thefe parts only ought to be attrafted. There¬
fore, even granting the preffure to be equally violent,
on the inverfion of the tube, all the way from 29 to 75
inches, yet the glafs ought to be only as it were iilvered
over by a very thin film of mercury, while the middle
parts of the column ought to fall out by reafon of their
fluidity.
V5 The other experiment hinted at, is with regard to
experiment Aprons; which though it belongs more properly to the
with fi- article Hydrostatics, yet feems necelfary to be men-
phons. tinned here. It is this: That a fiphon, once fet a run¬
ning, will continue to do fo though fet under the re¬
ceiver of an air-pump and the air exhaufted in the moft
perfect manner; or if a fiphon is filled, and then fet
under a receiver and the air exhaufted, if by any con¬
trivance the end of the lower leg is opened, it will im¬
mediately begin to run, and difcharge thq water of any
veffel in which the other leg is placed, as though it was
in the open air. The caufe of this phenomenon, as
well as the former, feems very difficult to be invefti-.
Solution by gatetfi In Chambers’s Dictionary, under the word
Mr Chsm- siphon, we have a folution fomething fimilar to the fu¬
sers. nicular hypothefis of Linus abovementionednamely,
that “ fluids in fiphons feem as it were to form one con¬
tinued body; fo that the heavier part, defcending,Jike
a. chain pulls the lighter after it.” This might be
deemed a fufficient explication, if the fiphon was only
’a. to empty the water it at firft contains in itfelf: but
n u men . w j1£n we CQnflc}er that the water in the veflel, which
much exceeds the quantity contained in the fiphon,
is likewife evacuated, Mr Chambers’s hypothefis can
by no means be admitted; becaufe this would be like
the lighter part of a chain pulling the heavier after it.
Another Concerning the caufe of thefe fingular phenomena,
folution we can only offer the following conjetture. The ex-
from the iftence of a medium much more fubtile than air, and
ci t which pervades the vacuum of an air-pump with the
utmoft facility, is now fufficiently afcertained in the
phenomena of ele&ricity. It is ajfo well known, that
this fluid furrounds the whole earth to an indeterminate
height. If therefore this fluid either is the power of
gravity itfelf, or is afited upon by that power, it muft
neceffarily prefs upon all terreftrial bodies in a man¬
ner fimilar to the preffure of the atmofphere. If then
we could from any veffel entirely exclude this fubtile
fluid, and form an electrical vacuum, as well as we can
do an aerial one by means of the air-pump, we would
in that cafe fee fluids as evidently raifed by the preffure
of the electric matter, as we now fee them raifed by
that of the air. But tho’ this cannot be done, we are
5 ] BAR
affured that there are certain fubftances, of which glafs Barometer,
is one, through which the eleftric matter cannot pafs ^
but with difficulty. We are likewife certain, that tho’
the eleiStric matter paffes through the pores of water,
metals, See. with very great facility, yet it ftill muft
meet with feme refiftance from their folid and impene¬
trable parts, which cannnot be pervaded by any material
fubftance. We know alfo, that all fubftances do na¬
turally contain a certain quantity of this eleftric mat¬
ter, which they are not always ready to part with; and
when by any means the fluid they contain is fet in mo¬
tion, they are then faid to be ekftrifted. Now, though
we are certain, that the friftion of glafs by mercury
does fet* in motion the eleftric fluid contained in the
mercury or in the glafs ; yet when the tube is filled
with the metallic fluid, whatever quantity has been
extricated either from the glafs or mercury during
the time of filling, will be reabforbed by the me¬
tal and conveyed to the earth during the time of in¬
verfion ;. and confequently the mercurial tube, when
inverted, will not be eleifrified, but both glafs and.,
mercury will be in their natural ftate. Here, then, the
preffure of the electrical fluid is kept off in fome mea-
fure from the upper part of the mercury by the glafs,
which it cannot penetrate eafily at leaft. To the
mercury in the baton it has free accefs, and therefore
preffes more upon the lower than the upper part; the
confequence of which is a fufpenfion of the mercury.
It is true, this fluid very eafily penetrates the metallic -
matter; but it muft be conlidered, that the ele&vic fluid
itfelf is in fome meafure entangled in. the particles of
the quickfilver, and cannot be extricated without mo¬
tion. As foon therefore as the tube is lhaken, fome
part of the ele&ricity is extricated, and the mercury
begins, to defeend.. The lubtilty of the medium is fuch,
that no fooner has it begun to extricate itfelf, than, by
the motion of the metal downwards, it iffues forth in
great quantities, fo as to become vifible, like a blue
flame, in the dark. The equilibrium is therefore de-
Itroyed in an inftant, as it would be were we to admit
air to the top of the Barometer; nay, in a more effec¬
tual manner. For if a fmall quantity of air was ad¬
mitted to the top of a barometer,, the mercury would,
only defeend in proportion to the quantity of air ad¬
mitted ;. but here, no fooner is a quantity of cleClric
matter admitted, than it procures admifiion for a vaft
deal more, and confequently the mercury defeends with
accelerated velocity.— On this principle the afeent of
water in the fiphon while in vacuo is fo eafiiy accounted
for, that we need not take up time in explaining it far¬
ther.—But why an inverted glafs tube Ihould remain
full of mercury when it has a hole either great or final!
in the top, is more difficult to be accounted for, and
requires this farther circumftance to be taken into con-
fideration, viz, that though all folid bodies will, by
the aftion of gravity, or by any other impulfe, eafily
approach very near to one another, yet they cannot be
brought into abfolute contaft without a very confider-
able force, much greater than is fufficient to overcome
their gravity; and thus it appears from fome experi¬
ments, that the links of a chain are by no means in
contafl with one another, till the chain has a confider-
able weight appended to it. This may be the cafe
with the tube in queftion. The air by its gravity de¬
feends upon it, and 15 ready to enter the finallhule in the
top;
BAR
[
top ; but, by a repulfive power from the glafs, its ac¬
tion is prevented, fo that the mercury cannot fall.
It was, however, fome time after the Torricellian ex¬
periment had been made, and even after it had been
univerfally agreed that the fufpenfion of the mercury
was owing to the weight of the atmofphere, before it
was difcovered that this preffure of the air was different
at different times though the tube was kept in the
fame place. But the variations of altitude in the mer¬
curial column were too obvious to remain long unob-
ferved; and accordingly philofophers foon became care¬
ful enough to mark them. When this was done, it
was impoffible to avoid obferving alfo, that the changes
in the height of the mercury were accompanied, or
very quickly fucceeded, by changes in the weather.
Hence the inftrument obtained the name of the wea-
ther-glafs, and was generally made ufe of with a view
to the foreknowledge of the weather. In this charac¬
ter, its principal phenomena are as follow,
hcno I> r^lng rhe mercury prefages, in general, fair
men a as a weather; and its falling, foul weather, as rain, fnow,
weather- high winds, and ftorms.
gl-fs by 2. In very hot weather, the falling of the mercury
Mr Patrick. forefhovvs thunder.
3. In winter, the riling prefages froft; and in frofty
weather, if the mercury falls three or four divifions,
there will certainly follow a thaw. But in a continued
froll, if the mercury rifes, it will certainly fnow.
4. When foul weather happens foon after the falling
of the mercury, expeft but little of it; and, on the
contrary, expedt but little fair weather when it proves
fair fhortly after the mercury has rifen.
3. In foul weather, when the mercury rifes much and
high, and fo continues for two or three days before the
foul weather is quite over, .then expert a continuance
of fair weather to follow.
6. In fair weather, when the mercury falls much and
low, and thus continues for two or three days before
the rain comes; then expett a great deal of wet, and
probably high winds.
7. The unfettled motion of the mercury denotes un¬
certain and changeable weather.
8. You are not fo ftriftly to obferve the words en¬
graved on the plates (though in general it will agree
with them), as the mercury’s rijing and falling. Forif it
Hands at much rain, and then rifes up to changeable, it
prefages fair weather ; though not to continue fo long
as if the mercury had rifen higher: and fo, on the con¬
trary, if the mercury Hood at fair, and falls to change-
able, it prefages foul weather; though not fo much of
it as if it had funk lower.
* 16 Thefe are the obfervations of Mr Patrick, on which
tZtU. Mr Rowning makes the following remarks. “ From
ng< ° thefe obfervations it appears, That it is not fo much
the height of the mercury in the tube that indicates
the weather, as the motion of it up and down: where¬
fore, in order to pafs a right judgment of what weather
is to be expefted, we ought to know whether the mer¬
cury is actually rifing or falling ; to which end the fol¬
lowing rules ate of ufe.
“ 1. If the furface of the mercury is convex, Hand¬
ing higher in the middle of the tube than at the fides,
it is generally a fign that the mercury is then rifing.
“ 2. If the furface is concave, it is then finking;
and,
ii ] BAR
“ 3. If it is plain, the mercury is Hationaiy; or ra-Barometers,
ther, if it is a little convex: for mercury being put into -v—’^
a glafs tube, efpecially a fmall one, will naturally have
its fui face a little convex, becaufe the particles of mer¬
cury attract one another more forcibly than they are
attra&ed by glafs. Further,
“ 4. If the glafs is fmall, {hake the tube ; and if
the air is grown heavier, the mercury will rife about
half the tenth of an inch higher than it Hood before
if it is grown lighter, it will link as much. This pro¬
ceeds from the mercury’s Hicking to the Hides of the
tube, which prevents the free motion of it till it is dif-
engaged by the {hock : and therefore, when an ob~
fervation, is to be made with fuch a tube, it ought al¬
ways to be Ihaken firH; for fometimes the mercury will
not vary of its own accord, till the weather it ought
to have indicated is prefeut.”
Here we muH obferve, that the abovementioned phe-^^1?
nomena are peculiar to places lying at a confiderable di-no^j®n^
Hance from the equator; for, in the torrid zone, the mer- culiar to the
cury in the barometer feldom either rifes or falls much, temperate
In Jamaica, it is obferved by Sir William BeeHon *, thatantl fr'gid
the mercury in the morning conftantly Hood at one de-^p^y-
gree below changeable, and at noon funk to one degree TranfaSf.
above rain; fo that the whole fcale of variation there N° aao.
was only of an inch. At St Helena, too, where
Dr Halley made his obfervations, he found the mer¬
cury to remain wholly flationary. whatever weather hap¬
pened. Of thefe phenomena, their caufes, and why
the barometer indicates an approaching change of wea¬
ther, the Doctor gives us the following account.
“ 1. In calm weather,, when the air is inclined to jg
rain, the mercury is commonly low. Phenomena
“ 2. In ferene, good, and fettled weather, the mer-t*le baro-
cury is generally high. _ vedb/cr
“3. Upon very great winds, though they he not Halley,
accompanied with rain, the mercury links lowefl of all,
with relation to the point of the ccmpafs the wind blows
upon.
“ 4. Cicterus paribus, the greatefl heights of the
mercury are found upon eaflerly, or north-eaflerly,
winds.
“ 5_. In calm frofly weather, the mercury generally
Hands high.
“ 6. After very great florms of wind, when the mer¬
cury has been very low, it generally rifes again very faft-
“ 7. The more northerly places have greater alte*
rations of the barometer than the more foutherly.
“• 8. Within the tropics, and near them, thofe ac¬
counts we have had from others, and my own obferva¬
tions at St Helena, make very little or no variation of
the height of the mercury in all weathers.
“ Hence I conceive, that the principal caufe of the
rife and fall of the mercury is from the variable winds,
which are found in the temperate zone, and whofe great
inconflancy here in England is notorious.
“ A fecond caufe is, the uncertain exhalation and
precipitation of the vapours lodging in the air, where¬
by it comes to be at one time much more crowded than,,
at another, and confequently heavier; but this latter
depends in a great meafure upon the former. Now
from thefe principles I (hall endeavour to explicate the
feveral phenomena of the barometer, taking them in the.
fame order I have laid them down. Thus,
“ 1. The mercury’s being low inclines it to rain,
btcauie.
B ' A R [ 22 ] B , A R
Barometer, becaufe the air being light, the vapours are no longer
fupported thereby, being become fpecifically heavier
than the medium wherein they floated; fo that they
defcend towards the earth, and, in their fall, meeting
' with other aqueous particles, they incorporate toge¬
ther, and form little drops of rain : but the mercury’s
being at one time lower than another, is the elfedl of
two contrary winds blowing from the place where the
barometer Hands; whereby the air of that place is car¬
ried both waysfiom it, and confequently the incumbent
cylinder of air is diminifhed, and accordingly the mer¬
cury links: As, foyinftance, if in the German Ocean it
fhould blow a gale of wefterly wind, and, at the fame
time, an eaftevly wind in the Irifli Sea; or, if in France
it Ihould blow a northerly wind, and in Scotland a
foutherly; it mull be granted, that that part of the
atmofphere impendant over England would thereby be
exhaufted and attenuated, and the mercury'- would fub-
lide, and the vapours which before floated in thefe parts
of the air of equal gravity with themfelves would link
to the earth,
“ 2. The greater height of the barometer is occa-
fioned by two contrary winds blowing towards the
place of obfervation, whereby the air of other places is
brought thith'er and accumulated ; fo that the incum¬
bent cylinder of air being increafed both in height and
weight; the mercury prefled thereby mull needs Hand
high, as long as the winds continue fo to blow ; and
then the air being fpecifically heavier, the vapours are
better kept fufpended, fo that they have no inclination
to precipitate and fall down in drops, which is the rea-
fon of the ferene good weather which attends the greater
heights of the mercury.
“ 3. The mercury links the loweH of all by the very
rapid motion of the air in Horms of wind. For the
trait or region of the earth’s furface, wherein the winds
rage, not extending all round the globe, that Hagnant
air which is left behind, as likewife that on the lides,
cannot come in fo fafi as 1o fupply the evacuation made
by fo fwift a current ; fo that the air mull necefiarily
be attenuated when and where the faid winds continue
to blow, and that more or lefs according to their vio¬
lence : add to which, that the horizontal motion of the
air being fo quick as it is, may in all probability take
off fome part of the perpendicular preffure thereof;
and the great agitation of its particles is the reafon
why the vapours are difiipated, and do not condenfe
into drops fo as to form rain, otherwife the natural
confequence of the air’s rarefadion.
“4. The mercury Hands higheH upon the eafterly
and north-eaHerly wind ; becaufe in the great Atlantic
ocean, on this fide the 35th degree of north latitude,
the winds are almofi always weflerly or fouth-wefierly ;
lo that whenever here the wind comes up at eafl and
north-eaH, it is Hire to be checked by a contrary gale
as foon as it reaches the ocean ; wherefore, according
io our fecond remark, the air muH needs be heaped
over this ifland, and confequently the mercury mull
Hand high as often as fhefe winds blow'. This holds
true in this country; but is not a general rule for others,
where the winds are under different circumHances :
and I have fometimes feen the mercury' here as low as
29 inches upon an eafferly wind; but then it blew ex¬
ceedingly hard, and fo comes to be accounted for by
what was obferved in the, third remark.
“ 5. In calm froHy weather the mercury generally Barometer,
Hands high ; becaufe (as I conceive) it feldom freezes —-v—
but when the winds come out of the northern and north-
eaffern quarters, or at leaff unlefs thofe w'inds blow
at no great difiance off. For the north parts of Ger¬
many', Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and all that trail
from whence north-eaflern winds come, are fubjeil to-
almoff continual froit all the w'inter: and thereby the
lower air is very much condenfed, and in that Hate is
broiight hitherward by thofe -winds, and, being accu¬
mulated by the oppoiition of the weflerly wind blow¬
ing in the ocean, the mercury mufi needs be preffed
to a more than ordinary height ; and as a concurring
caufe, the Hirinking of the lower parts of the air into
leffer room by cold, mufl needs caufe a defeent of the
upper parts of the atmofphere, to reduce the cavity
made by this contradlion to an equilibrium.
“ 6. After great florms, when the mercury has been
very low, it generally rifes again very t ft : I once ob‘
ferved it to rife one inch and an hall in lefs than fix
hours after a long-continued fiorm of fouth-wefl wind.
The reafon is, becaufe the air being very much rare¬
fied by the great evacuations which fuch continued
Horms make thereof, the neighbouring air runs in
the more fwiftly to bring it to an equilibrium 5 as
we fee water runs the-falter for having a greater de¬
clivity.
“ 7. The variations are greater in the more north¬
erly places, as at Stockholm greater than at Paris
(compared by' M.Pafchal) ; becaufe the more northerly
parts have ufually greater Horms of wind than the more
foutherly, whereby the mercury fliould fink lower in
that extreme ; and then the northerly winds bringing
in the more denfe and ponderous air from the neigh¬
bourhood of the pole, and that again being checked
by a foutherly wind at no great difiance, and fo heaped,
muH of neceflity make the mercury in fuch cafe Hand
higher in the other extreme.
“ 8. Laflly, this remark, tfiat there is little or no
variation near the equinodtial, does above all others
confirm the hypothefis of the variable winds being the
caufe of thefe variations of the height of the mercury ;
for in the places above named there is always an eafy
gale of wind blowing nearly upon the fame point, viz.
E. N. E. at Barbadoes, and E. S. E. at St Helena;
fo that there being no contrary currents of air to ex-
hauff or accumulate it, the atmofphere continues much
in the fame Hate: however, upon hurricanes, the
mofl violent of florms, the mercury has been obfer¬
ved very low; but this is but once in two or three
ymars, and it foon recovers its fettled Hate, about 294-
inches.”
This theory we find controverted in Chambers’s pi •
Cyclopaedia, under the word Barometer. Theby ivir *
principal objedtions are, “ That if the wind was the foie Chamber®,
agent in raifing or depreffing the mercury, the altera¬
tions of its height in the barometer would be only ra.
lative or topical; there would Hill be the fame quanti-
tity fupported at feveral places taken colleftively: thus
what a tube at London loll, another at Paris, Pifa, or
Zurich, &c. would gain. But the contrary' is found
to be the cafe ; for, from all the obfervations hitherto
made, the barometers in feveral diilant parts of th^
gjobe rife and fall together. This is a very furprifing
fad; and deferves to be well examined. Again, fetting
afide
B A R [
Barometer, afide all other objections, it is impofTtble, on Dr Hal-
l“MI " * ley’s hypothefis, to explain the mercury’s fall before,
and rife after, ,rain. For fuppofe two contrary winds
fweeping the air from over London: We know that
few if any of the winds reach above a mile high ; all
' therefore they can do will be to cut oft’ a certain part
of the column of air over London : if the confequence
of this be the fall of the mercury, yet there is no ap¬
parent reafon for the rains following it. The vapours
indeed may be let lower; but it will only be till they
come into an air of the fame fpecific gravity with them-
felves, and there they will flick as before. Laflly, it
is impoffible, according to the laws of fluids, that the
air above any place could be exhaufted by the blow¬
ing of two contrary winds from it: for, fuppofe a
north-eaft and fouth-weft wind both blow from Lon¬
don at the fame time, there will be two others at the
fame time blowing towards it from oppoflte points,
viz. a N. W. and S. E. one, which will every moment
reflore the equilibrium, fo that it can never be loll in
any cdnfiderable degree at.leaft.”
Hy othcfis Leibnitz accounted for the finking of the mer-
of Mr cury before rain upon another principle, viz. That as
Leibnita.. a body fpecifically lighter than a fluid, while it is fu-
fpended by it,' adds more weight to that fluid than
when, by being reduced • in its bulk, it becomes fpe¬
cifically heavier, and defcends ; fo the vapour, after
it is reduced into the form of clouds, and defcends,
adds lefs weight to the air than before ; and therefore
21 the mercury falls. To which it is anfwered, i. That
Refuted, when a body defcends in a fluid, its motion in a very
little time becomes uniform, or nearly fo, a farther
acceleration of it being prevented by the refiftance of
the fluid ; and then, by the third law of nature, it
forces the fluid downwards with a force equal to that
whereby it tends to be farther accelerated, that is,
with a force equal to its whole weight. 2. The mer¬
cury by its defcent foretells rain a much longer time
before it comes, than the vapour after it is condenfed
into clouds can be fuppofed to take up in falling.
3. Suppofing that as many vapours as fall in rain du¬
ring a whole year were at once to be condenfed into
clouds, and even quite ceafe to gravitate upon the air,
its gravity would fcarce be diminifhed thereby fo much
as is equivalent to the defcent of two inches of mer¬
cury in the barometer. Befides, in many places be¬
tween the tropics, the rains fall at certain feafons in
very great quantities, and yet the barometer (hows
there very little or no alteration in the weight of the
atmofphere.
Infuflicient Mr Chambers gives an hypothefis fomewhat fimilar
hypothefis to that of Leibnitz: but as it is liable to the objections
Mr. juft now mentioned, efpecially the laft, we forbear to
3111 e‘*’ g‘v’e any particular account of it; and fhall attempt,
upon other principles, to give a fatisfaftory folutiou
of this phenomenon.
Another ^ie nece^ary preliminaries to our hypothefls are,
theory. t. That vapour is formed by an intimate union between '
the element of fire and that of water, by which the fire
or heat is fo totally enveloped, and its action fo entirely
fufpended by the watery particles, that it not only lofes
itsproperties of givinglight andof burning,but becomes
incapable of affedfing the moft fenfible thermometer ;
in which cafe, it is laid by Dr Black, the author of
this theory, to be in a latent flate. For the proofs of ■
23 ] BAR
this, fee the articles Evaporation, Cold, CoKge-B-.rotneter.
lation, &c. 2. If the atmofphere is affedted by any ’—
unufual degree of heat, it thence becomes incapable of
fupporting fo long a column of mercury as before,
for which reafon that in the barometer finks. This
appears from the obfervations of Sir William Beeftou
already mentioned; and likevvife from thofe of De Luc,
which lhall be afterwards taken notice of.
Thefe axioms being eflabliihed, it thence follows,
that as vapour is formed by an union of fire with water,
or if we pleafe to call it an elective attradtion between
them, or folution of the water in the fire, it is impof¬
fible that the vapour can be condenfed until this union,
attraction, or folution, be at an end. The beginning
of the condenfation of the vapour then, or the fi^lt
fymptoms of an approaching rain, muft be the fepara-
tion of the fire which lies hid in |the vapour. This
maybe at firft flow and partial, or it may be hidden
and violent: in the firft cafe, the rain will come on
flowly, and after a confiderable interval; and in the
other, it will be very quick, and in great quantity.
But Dr Black hath proved, that when fire quits its
latent Hate, however long it may have lain dormant
and infenfible, it always aflumes its proper qualities
again, and affedls the thermometer as though it had
never been abforbed. The confequence of this muft
be, that in proportion as the latent heat is difeharged
from the vapour, it muft fenfibly affedl thofe parts of
the atmofphere into which it is difeharged; and in pro¬
portion to the heat communicated to thefe, they will
become fpecifically lighter, and the mercury fink of
courfe. Neither are we to imagine that the quantity
of heat difeharged by the vapour is inconfiderable ;
for Dr Black hath fliown, that when any quantity of
water, a pound for iuftance, is condenfed from the
vapour of a common ftill, as much heat is communicated
to the head and refrigeratory as would, have been fuf-
ficient to heat the pound of water red hot, could it
have borne that degree of fenfible heat.
The caufes by which this reparation between the.
fire and water is, or may be, effected, come to be con-
fidered under the at ticks Rain, Conrensation, Va¬
pour, &c. Here we have only to obferve, that as the
feparation may be gradual and flow, the barometer may
indicate rain for a confiderable time before it happens:
or if the fenfible heat communicated from the vapour *
to the atmofphere lhall be abforbed by the colder
parts, or by any unknown means carried off, or pre¬
vented from affecting the fpecific gravity of the air,
the barometer will not be affected ; and yet the water
being deprived of the heat neceflary to fuftain it, mull
defeend in rain ; and thus it is found that the indica¬
tions of the barometer do not always hold true. Hence
alfo it appeafs, that tho’ the fpecific gravity of the air
is diminilhed, unlefs that diminution proceeds from a.
difeharge of the latent heat contained in the vapours,
no rain will follow; and thus the finking of the baro¬
meter may prognofticate wind as well as rain, or fome-
times nothing at all.
The difficulty, however, on this hypothefis, is to ac¬
count for the barometer being ftationary in all weathers,
between the tropics ; whereas it ought to move up and
down there as well as here, only more fuddenly, as the-
changes of weather there are more fudden than here.,
But it mull be confidered, that in'thefe climates, during:
BAR [ 24 ] BAR
IBir-'m'i-er. the day-time, the a&ion of the fun’s rays Is fo violent,
^—v-—' that what is gained by the difcharge of latent heat
from the vapour, is loft by the interpofition of the
clouds betwixt the fun and earth, or by the great eva¬
poration which is conftantly going on ; and in the
night, the cold of the atmofphere is fo much increa-
fed, that it abforbs the heat as faft as the vapour dif-
charges it, fo that no fenfible effeft can be produced ;
for in warm climates, though the day is exceffively
liot, the night is obferved to be vaftly colder in pro¬
portion than it is with us. This, however, does not
prevent the barometer from being affefted by other
caufes, as well as with us ; for Dr Halley obferves, that
in the time of hurricanes it finks very low. The caufe
of this is moft probably a great commotion in the elec¬
tric fluid, by which the air is internally agitated, and
its power of gravitation in part fufpended.—A confir¬
mation of the above hypothefis, however, is taken from
the different heights at which the mercury arrives in
different climates. The barometer-range, for inftance,
at the latitude of 450 is the greateft of all; becaufe
here the evaporation and.condenfation of the vapours
are both very confiderable, at the fame time that the
latent heat difcharged cannot be abforbed fo fuddenly
-as in the torrid zone, the difference betwixt the length
of the days and nights being greater, and confequently
the nights warmer in fummef and colder in winter.
Farther to the northward the r&nge is lefs, and in the
latitude of 6o° only two inches, by reafon of the great¬
er cold and length of the days and nights ; whence the
quantity of vapour condenfed, or of latent heat expel¬
led, becomes proportionably lefs.
Different Having thus given an account of the feveral phe-
kinds of nomena of the barometer confidered as a weather-
barometers glafs, and likewife endeavoured to account for them in
dclcnbed. {Jie moft fatisfaftory manner, we now proceed to give
a particular defeription of the barometers moft com¬
monly made ufe of, with various fchemes for their im¬
provement.
Plate XCII. pig, j. reprefents the common barometer, fuch
as was indented by Torricelli, and fuch as we have
already given a general defeription of. A B repre¬
fents a tube of glafs, a quarter of an inch in dia¬
meter, and 34 inches long, hermetically fealed at A.
This tube being fuppofed to be filled with mercury, is
then Inverted into the bafon CD ; upon which the mer¬
cury in the tube falls down to GH, fomewhat above
28 inches, while that in the bafon rifes to CF. The
loweft ftation of the mercury in this country is found
to be 28 inches, and the higheft 31. From the furface
of the mercury CF, therefore, 28 inches are to be mea-
fnred on the tube AB, which fuppofe to reach to the
point K. This point, therefore, is the loweft of the
fcale of variation, and in the common barometers is
marked Jlormy. In like manner, the higheft point of
the fcale of variation I, is placed 3 1 inches above EF ;
and is marked very dry on one fide for the fummer, and
X'ery hard frojl on the other for the winter. The
next half inch below is marked fet fair- on the one fide,
and fet froft on the other. At 30 inches from CF is
marked the word fair bn one fide, and frqft on the
other. Half an inch below that, is wrote the word
changeable, which anfwers both for fummer and winter.
At 29 inches is rain on the one fide, and fnonu on the
other; and at 28^ are the words much rain on the one
N°. 41. 3
fide, and much fnow on the other. Each of thefe large Barftmeter,'
divifions is ufually fubdivided into ten ; and there is a  v—
fmall Aiding index fitted to the inftrument, by which
the afeent or defeent of the mercury to any number of
divifions is pointed out. Each of thefe tenths is fome-
times divided into ten more, or hundredths of an inch,
by means of a Aiding flip of brafs with a vernier fcale
on it, which fliall be hereafter deferibed and explained.
This kind of barometer is the moft common, and per¬
haps the moft ufeful and accurate, of any that has yet
been invented, from the following circumftance, that
the natural fimplicity of its conftrudHon, in preference
to others hereafter deferibed, does not admit of any
kind of refiftance to the free motion of- the column of
mercury in the tube. The fcale of variation being
only three inches, and it being naturally wiftied to difeo-
ver more minute variations than can thus be perceived,
feveral improvements have been thought of.
The impravement moft generally adopted is the dia¬
gonal barometer reprefented fig. 2. in which the fcale
of variation, inftead of three inches, may be made as
many feet, by bending the tube fo as to make the up¬
per part of it the diagonal of a parallelogram of which
the fhorteft fide is the three-inches fcale of variation of
the common barometer. This, however, has a very great
inconvenience : for not only is the friftion of the mer¬
cury upon the glafs fo much inereafed that the height
doth not vary with every flight change of air; but the
column of mercury is apt to break in the tube, and
part of it to be left behind, upon any confiderable
defeent.
Fig. 3. is the redlangular barometer; where AC re-
prelents a pretty wide cylinder of glafs, from which
proceeds the tube CDF bent into a right angle at D.
Suppofe now the cylinder AC to be four times larger
than the tube CD, fo that every inch of the cylinder
from C to A fhould be equal in capacity to four inches
of the tube CD. The whole being then filled with
mercury, and inverted, the mercury will fublide from
A to B, at the fame time that it cannot run out at the
open orifice F, becaufe the air preffes in that way. If
any alteration then happens in the weight of the air,
fuppofe fuch as would be fufficient to raife the mei>
cury an inch from B towards A, it is evident that
this could not be done without the mercury in the ho¬
rizontal leg retiring four inches from E towards D ;
and thus the fcale of variation counted on the horizon¬
tal leg would be 12 inches. But the inconveniences
of friction are much greater here than in the diagonal
barometer; and befides, by the leaft accident the mer¬
cury is apt to be driven out at the open orifice F.
The pendant barometer (fig. 4.) confifts of a Angle
tube, fufpended by a ftring faftened to the end A.
This tube is of a conical or tapering figure, the end
A being fomewhat lefs than the end B. It is herme¬
tically fealed at A, and filled with mercury: then will
the mercury fink to its common ftation, and admit of
a length of altitude CD, equal to that in the common
barometers. But from the conical bore of the tube,
the mercury will defeend as the air grows lighter, till it
reaches its loweft altitude, when the mercury will ftand
from the lower part of the tube B to E, fo that BE
will be equal to 28 inches: confequently the mercury
will, in fuch a tube, move from A to E, or 32 inches,
if the tube be five feet, or 60 inches; and therefore
th
BAR r 25 ] BAR
Baroffeter. the fcale AE is here above ten times greater than in
'U w the common barometer : but the fault of this barome¬
ter is, that the tube being of a very fmall bore, the
friftion will be confiderable, and prevent its moving
freely ; and if the tube is made of a wider bore, the
mercury will be apt to fall out.
Fig. 5. is an invention of Mr Rowning, by which
the fcak of variation may be increafed to any length,
or even become infinite. ABC is a compound tube
hermetically fealed at A, and open at C, empty from
A to D, filled with mercury from thence to B, and
from thence to E with water. Let GBH be a hori¬
zontal line; then it is plain from the nature of the
fiphon, that all the compound fluid contained in the
part from H to G, will be always in tequilibrio with
itfelf, be the weight of the air what it will, becaufe
the preflure at H and G mull be equal. Whence it
is evident, that the column of mercury DH is in
^equilibria with the column of water GE, and a column
of air taken conjointly, and will therefore vary with
the fum of the variations of thefe. That the variation
in this barometer may be infinite, will appear from the
following computation. Let the proportion between
the bores of the tube AF and FC be fuch, that when
HD, the difference of the legs wherein the mercury is
contained, is augmented one inch, GE, the difference
of the legs wherein the water is contained, fhall be di-
minifhed 14: then, as much as the preffure of the mer¬
cury is augmented, that of the water will be diminifhed,
and fo the preffure of both taken together will remain
as it was; and confequently, after it has begun to rife,
it will have the fame tendency to rife on, without ever
coming to an equilibrium with the air.
Fig. 6. reprefents Dr Hook-s wheel-barometer. Here
ACDG is a glafs tube, having a large round head at
A, and turned up at the lower end F. Upon the fur-
face of the mercury in the bent leg is an iron ball G,
with a firing going over a pulley CD. To the other
end of the firing is fafiened a fmaller ball H, which as
the mercury rifes in the leg FG, turns the index KL
from N towards M, on the graduated circle MNOP ;
as it rifes in the other leg, the index is carried the con¬
trary way by the defcent of the heavier ball G, along
with the mercury. The fri&ion of this machine, how¬
ever, unlefs it is made with very great accuracy, ren¬
ders it ufelefs.
Fig.y.is anotherbarometer, inventedby Mr Rowning,
in which alfo the fcale may be infinite. ABCD is a
cylindrical veffel, filled with a fluid to the height W,
in which is immerged the barometer SP confifting of
the following parts: The principal one is the glafs
tube TP (reprefented feparately at //>), whofe upper
end T is hermetically fealed: this end does not appear
to the eye, being received into the lower end of a tin
pipe GH,. which in its other end G receives a cylin-
dric rod or tube ST, and thus fixes it to the tube TP.
This rod ST may be taken off, in order to put in its
ftead a larger or a leffer as occafion requires. S is a
ftar at the top of the rod ST; and ferves as an index
by pointing to the graduated fcale LA, which is fixed
to the cover of the veffel ABCD. MN is a large cy¬
lindrical tube made of tin (reprefented feparately at
*»«), which receives in its cavity the fmaller part of the
lube TP, and is well cemented to it at both ends, that
Vou III. Part 1.
none of the fluid may get in. The tube TP, with this Barometer,
apparatus, being filled with mercury, and plunged into ^^
the bafon MP, which hangs by two or more wires upon
the lower end of the tube MN, muft be fo poifed as to
float in the liquor contained in the veflel ABCD; and
then the whole machine rifes when the atmofphere be¬
comes lighter, and vice verfa. Let it now be fuppofed,
that the fluid made ufe of is water; that the given
variation in the weight of the atmofphere is fuch, that,
by prefling upon the furface of the water at W, the
fufface of the mercury at X may be raifed an inch
higher (meafuring from its furface at P) than before;
and that the breadth of the cavity of the tube qt
and of the bafon at P, are fuch, that by this afcent of
the mercury, there may be a cubic inch of it in the
cavity X more than before, and confequently in the
bafon a cubic inch lefs. Now, upon this fuppofition,
there will bg a cubic inch of water in the bafon more
than there was before; becaufe the water will fucceed
the mercury, to fill up its place. Upon this account.
the whole machine will be rendered heavier than before
by the weight of a cubic inch of water; and therefore
will fink, according to the laws of hydroftatics, till
a cubic inch of that part of the rod WS, which was
above the furface of the water at W, comes under it.
Then, if we fuppofe this rod fo fmall, that a cubic
inch of it lhall be 14 inches in length, the whole ma¬
chine will fink 14 inches lower into the fluid than be¬
fore ; and confequently the furface of the mercury in
the bafon will' be prefled, more than it was before, by
a column of water 14 inches high. But the preflure of
14 inches of water is equivalent to one of mercury; this
additional preflure will make the mercury afcend at X
as much as the fuppofed variation in the weight of the
air did at firft. This afcent will give room for a
fecond cubic inch of water to enter the bafon ; the ma¬
chine will therefore be again rendered fo much heavier,
and will fubiide 14 inches farther, and fo on in infini¬
tum. If the rod was fo fmall that more than fourteen
inches of it were required to make a cubic inch, the
variation of this machine would be negative with refpedt
to the common barometer; and inftead of coming nearer
to an equilibrium with the air by its afcent or defcent,
it would continually recede farther from it: but if lefs
than 14 inches of rod were required to make a cubic
inch, the fcale of variation would be finite, and might
be made in any proportion to the common one. Neither
this nor the other infinite barometer have ever been
tried, fo that how far they would anfwer the purpofes
©f a barometer is as yet unknown.
Fig. 8. reprefents another contrivance for enlarging
the fcale of the barometer to any fize.—AB is the
tube of a common barometer open at B and fealed at
A, fufpendefi at the end of the lever which ipoves on
the fulcrum E. — CD is a fixt glafs tube, which ferves
in place of the ciftern. This laft tube muft be fo
wide as to allow the tube AB to play up and down
within it.—AB being filled with mercury, is nearly
counterbalanced by the long end of the lever. When
the atmofphere becomes lighter, the mercury defcends
in the long tube, and the furface of the mercury rifing
in the ciftern pulhes up the tube AB, which at the
fame time becoming lighter, the lever preponderates,
and points out the moft minute variations. Here too
D the
BAR r 26 ] BAR
Barometer, the fn&ion occafions Inconveniences'; but this may be
—v ' in fome meafure remedied by a fmall fhake of the ap¬
paratus at each infpe&ion.
In the Philofophical Tranfa&ions, Mr Cafvvell gives
the following account of a barometer, which is re¬
commended by Mr Chambers as the moft exaft hither¬
to invented. “ Let ABCD (Fig. 9.) reprefent a buc¬
ket of water, in which is the barometer e r e z 0 s m,
which confifts of a bodyer/wr, and a tube ezyo:
the body and tube are both concave cylinders commu¬
nicating with one another, and made of tin : the bot¬
tom of the tube zy, has a lead weight to fink it fo
that the top of the body may juft fwim even with the
furface of the water by the addition of fome grain
weights on the top. The water, when the inftrument
is forced with its mouth downwards, gets up into the
tube to the height y u. There is added on the top a
fmall concave cylinder, which I call the pipe, to di-
Jftinguifh it from the bottom fmall cylinder which I
call the tube. This pipe is to fuftain the inftrument
from finking to the bottom : m d is a wire ; m s, d e,
are two threads oblique to the furface of the water,
which threads perform the office of diagonals:, for that
while the inftrument finks more or lefs by the attrac¬
tion of the gravity of the air, there where the furface
of the water cuts the thread, is formed a fmall bubble;
which bubble afcends up the thread, as the mercury in
the common barometer afcends.”
The dimenfions of this inftrument given there are-,
21 inches for the circumference of the body, the alti-
tude4,each bafe having a convexityof 64-inches. Thein-
nercirrumferenceof the tube is5.14 inches,anditslength
5 f° that the whole body and tube will contain al-
moft 24- quarts. The circumference of the pipe, that the
machine may not go to the bottom on every fmall al¬
teration of the gravity of the air, is 2.14 inches; ac¬
cording to which dimenfions, he calculates that it will
require 44 grains to fink the body to the bottom, ah
lowing it only four inches to defcend; at the fame
time that it is evident, that the fewer grains that are
required to fink it to this depth, the more nice the
barometer will be. He alfo calculates, that when
the mercury in the common barometer is 304- inches
high, the body with a weight of 44 grains on its
top will be kept in aquilibrio with the water; but
when the mercury Hands at 28 inches, only 19 grains
can be fupported: and laftly, by computingthe lengths
of the diagonal threads, &c. he finds, that his inftru¬
ment is 1200 times more exaft than the common ba¬
rometer. The following are his obfervations on the
ufe of it.
Mr Caf- w 1 • While the mercury of the common barometer
well’s ob- is often known to be ftationary 24 hours together, the
fervations bubble of the new barometer is rarely found to {land
barometer 11111 one m'nute-
“ 2. Suppofe the air’s gravity increafing, and ac¬
cordingly the bubble afcending ; during the time that
it afcends 20 inches, it will have many (hort defcents
of the quantity of half an inch, one, two, three, or
more inches ; each of which being over, it will afcend
again. Thefe retroceffions are frequent, and of all va¬
rieties in quantity and duration ; fo that there ig no
judging of the general courfe of the bubble by a Tingle
infpeftion, though you fee it moving, but by waiting
a little time.
“ 3. A fmall blaft of wind will make the bubble Barometer,
defcend ; a blaft that cannot be heard in a chamber of ——nt—^
the town will fenfibly force the bubble downward.
The Hafts of wind fenfible abroad, caufe many of the
abovementioned retroceffions or accelerations in the
general courfe ; as I found by carrying my barometer
to a place where the wind was perceptible.
“ 4. Clouds make the bubble defcend. A fmall
cloud approaching the zenith, works more than a
great cloud near the horizon. In cloudy weather,,
the bubble defcending, a break of the clouds (or
clear place) approaching to the zenith, has made the
bubble to afcend: and after that break had paffed
the zenith a eonfiderable {pace, the bubble again de-
fcended.
“ 5. All clouds (except one) hitherto by me ob-
ferved, have made the bubble to defcend. But the o-
ther day, the wind being north,, and the courfe of
the bubble defcending, I faw to the windward a large
thick cloud near the horizon,, and the bubble itiil
defcended : but as the cloud drew near the zenith, it
turned the way of the bubble, making it to afcend ;
and the bubble continued afcending till the cloud was
all paffed, after which it refumed its former defcent..
It was a cloud that yielded a cold fhower of fmall
hail.”
Thefe are the moft remarkable contrivances for the
improvement of the common barometer: and indeed'
we muft agree with Mr Chambers, that the laft, on
account of its being fo exceedingly fenfible, and like-
wife eafy of conftrudtion and portable^ feems to de-
ferve attention much more than the others, which are
always the more unexadl, and the lefs eafily moved,,
according to the enlargement of their fcale ; whereas ^
this is feemingly fubjedl to no fuch inconvenience. It Marine W
is evident, however, that none of thefe could-be ufedr^meter by
at fea, on account of the unfteady motion of the {hip: MrHuok.
for which reafon Dr Hook thought of conftrufting a
barometer upon other principles.
His contrivance was no other than two thermome¬
ters. The one was the common fpirit-of-wine thermo¬
meter, which is affedted only by the warmth of the
air:; the other,, which adds by the expanfion of a
bubble of air included, is affected not only by the ex¬
ternal warmth, but by the various weight of the atmo-
fphere. Therefore, keeping the fpirit thermometer as
a itandard, the excefs of the afcent or. defcent of the
other above it would point out the increafe or decreafe
of the fpecific gravity of the atmofphere. This in-Recom.
ftrument is recommended by Dr Halley, who fpeaks mended
of it as follows. “ It has been obferved by fome, hy ^ Hal-
that, in long keeping this inftrument, the air in-'®*’
eluded either finds a means to efcape, or depofites
fome vapours mixed with it, or elfe for fome other
caufe becomes lefs elaftic, whereby in procefs of time
it gives the height of the mercury fomewhat greater
than it ought : but this, if it ftiould happen in fome
of them, hinders not the ufefulnefs thereof, for that it
may at any time very eafily be corrected by experi¬
ment, and the rifing and falling thereof are the things
chiefly remarkable in it, the juft height being barely a
curiofity.
“ I had one of thefe barometers with me in my late
fouthern voyage, and it never failed to prognofticate
and give early, notice of all the bad weather we had,
4 fo'
BAR [2
larom«?r. J depended thereon, and made provilion ac-
1 ' "»" cordxngly ; and from my own experience I conclude,
that a more ufeful contrivance hath not for this long
48 time been offered for the benefit of navigation.”
Chamber Fig. 10. reprefents a kind of Chamber Barometer,
h* or a complete inilrument for obferving in a fixed place,
liam Jones* as a roomJ &c- t^ie changes in the atmofphere.
It is conftru&ed by Mr W. Jones optician, London ;
and confifts of barometer x/, thermometer aa, and hy¬
grometer c, all in one mahogany frame. One advan¬
tage of this inttrumrnt is, that either the thermo¬
meter or hygrometer may be taken from the frame,
and occafionally made ufe of in another place if re¬
quired. The thermometer is feparated by only un-
fcrewing two fcrew* a, a ; and the hygrometer, by
unfcrewing a brafs pin at the back of the frame, not
feen in this figure. The index of the hygrometer is
at any time fet, by only moving with your finger the
brafs wheel feen at c ,* the two Hiding indexes of the
barometer and thermometer are moved by a rack-work
motion, fet in a&ion by the key g placed in the holes
fi and L The divifions of the barometer plate b are in
tenths of an inch, from 28 to 31 inches ; thefe again
fubdivided into hundredths by means of the vernier fcale,
placed oppofitely on a Aiding fiip of brafs fimilar to
the common barometers, molt of which are now made
with this vernier. On this vernier are ten equal parts,
or divifions; (fee A, fig. 11. which for the fake of per-
M< thod of fp^uity ^ drawn larger). All of thefe together are equal
tiling me juft to eleven of thofe on the fcale of inches; that is, to
vernier eleven tenths. By this artifice the height of the mer-
fca.e. cury at E is evident by infpedtion only, to the one
hundredth part of an inch. To underftand this, no¬
thing more is neceffary than to confider, that one tenth
part of a tenth of an inch is the one hundredth part of
an inch. Now every tenth of an inch in the fcale B
is divided into ten equal parts by the fiip or vernier A:
for fince ten divifions on that exceed ten on the fcale
by one divifion, that is, by one-tenth of an inch ; there¬
fore one divifion on the vernier will exceed one divifion
on the fcale by one-tenth part; and two divifions on
the vernier will exceed two on the fcale by two
tenths, and fo on : Therefore every divifion on the
vernier will exceed the fame number of divifions on
the fcale by fo many tenths of a tenth, or by fo many
hundredth parts of an inch. Therefore the ten equal
divifions of an inch on the fcale B, mull be looked
upon as fo many ten hundredth parts of an inch, and
numbered thus, to. Jo. 30. 40, &c. parts of an inch ;
then the vernier gives the unit to each ten, thus: Set
the index C very nicely to the top of the furface of
the mercury E; and if at the fame time the beginning
of the divifions at C coincide with a line of divihon
in the fcale B, then it fliows the altitude of the mer-
r cury in inches and tenths of an inch exaftly. But fuppofe
the index line C of the vernier falls between two divi¬
fions or tenths on the fcale B, then there will be a
coincidence of lines in both at that number of the ver¬
nier, which (hows how many tenth parts of that tenth
the index of the vernier has paffed the laft decimal di¬
vifion of the fcale. Thus, for example, fuppofe the
index of the vernier were to point fomewhere between
the fixth and feventh tenth above 30 on the fcale :
then if, by looking down the vernier, you obferve the
7 ] BAR
coincidence at number 8, it (how's that the altitude of Barometer.
the mercury is 30 inches and 68 parts of a hundredth v**^
of another inch ; or fimply thus, 30.68 inches.
The fcrew at fig. 10. ferves to prefs the mercury
quite up into the tube, when required to be much mo¬
ved or carried about, thereby rendering the barome¬
ter of the kind called portable. To the lower ex¬
tremity of the tube (fee fig. 14 ) is cemented a.
wooden refervoir A, with a kind of leathern bag
at bottom, the whole containing the mercury, but
not quite full: and though the external air cannot
get into the bag to fufpend the mercury in the tube,
by preffing on its furface, as in the common one; yet
it has the fame effedt by preffing on the outfide of the
bag ; which being flexible, yields to the preflure, and
keeps the mercury fufpended in the tube to its proper
height. Through the under part of the frame pafles
the fcrew f, with a flat round plate at its end ; by
turning of this fcrew, the bag may be fo com prefled as
to force the mercury Up to the top of the tube, which
keeps it fteady, and hinders the tube from breaking by
the mercury dafhing againft the top when carried a-
bout, which it is otherwife apt to do. 30
A new kind of marine barometer hath lately been Marine ha-
invented by Mr Nairne. It differs from the common
one in having the bore of the tube fmall for about two1V 1
feet in its lower part; but above that height it is en¬
larged to the common fize. Through the fmall part
of the inftrument the mercury is prevented from afeend*
ing too haftily by the motion of thefliip; and the mo¬
tion of the mercury in the upper wide part is confe-
quently leffened. Much is found to depend on the pro¬
per fufpenfion of this inftrument; and Mr Nairne has
fince found, by experiment, the point from which it
may be fufpended fo as not to be affedted by the mo¬
tion of the fhip. 31
Another marine barometer has been Invented by one By Paffe-
Paffetnente, a French artift. It is only a common one mente.
harving the rriiddle of the tube twifted into a fpiral con¬
fiding of two revolutions. By this contrivance, the im-
pulfes which the mercury receives from the motions of
the fliip are deftroyed by being tranfmitted in contrary
diredtions.
We muft now fpeak of the barometer in its fecond Bah meter
charadter, namely, as an inftrument for meafuring ac- applied to
ceffible altitudes. This method was firft prqpofed by rarin^of1*
M. Pafcal; and fucceeding philofophers have been atait;tudes.
no fmall pains to afeertain the proportion between the
finking of the mercury and the height to which it is
carried. For this purpofe, however, a new improve¬
ment in the barometer became neceffary, viz. the ma¬
king of it eafily portable from one place to another,
without danger of its being broken by the motion of
the mercury in the tube; which was effedled by the
contrivance already mentioned. 33
Among the number of portable barometers we may Statical ha-
perhaps reckon what Mr jBoyle called his Statical Ba-rometer*
rometer. It confifted of a glafs bubble, about the fize
of a large orange, and blown very thin, fo as to weigh
only 70 grains. This being counterpoifed by brafs
weights in a pair of feales that 'would turn with the
30th part of a grain, was found to adt as a barometer.
The reafon of this was, that the furface of the bubble
was oppofed to a vaftly larger portion of air than that
X) 3 of
BAR [
Ba’-ometer. of the brafs weight, and confequently liable to be
‘’“■'v  affected by the various fpecibc gravity of the atmo-
fphere: thus, when the air became fpecifically light,
the bubble dcfcended, and vice verfa; and thus, he
fays, he could have perceived variations of the atmo-
fphere no greater than would have been fufficient to
raife or lower the mercury in the common barometer
34 an eighth part of an inch.
Method of. To thefe we may add an account of a new and very
tneafuring fingUlar barometer mentioned by M. Lazowlki in his
of^he air’6* t°ur through Switzerland. “ A Cure, ftiorttighted,
by the who neverthelefs amufed himfelf with firing at a mark,
found of thought of ftretching a wire in fuch a manner as to
a wire. draw the mark to him, in order to fee how he had
aimed. He obferved, that the wire fometimes found¬
ed as if it had been ofcillatory ; and that this happen¬
ed when a change was about to enfue in the atmo-
fphere; fo that he came to predict with confiderable
accuracy when there was to be rain or fine weather.
On making further experiments, it was obferved, that
this wire was more exaft, and its founds more diftinft,
when extended in the plane of the meridian than in
other pofitions. The founds were more or lefs foft,
and more or lefs continued, according to the changes
of weather that were to follow ; though the matter
was not reduced to any accuracy, and probably is not
capable of much. Fine weather, however, was faid to
be announced by the founds of counter tenor, and rain
by thofe of bafs. M. Volta was faid to have mounted
15 chords at Pavia, in order to bring this method to
feme perfe&ion; but there are as yet no accounts of
33 his fuccefs.
Difficulties The portable barometer, as already obferved, has
in me a fur- long been in ufe for the menfuration of acceffible alti-
biftheba-8 tU(^es > anc') m fmah heights, was found to be more ex-
lomcter. than a trigonometrical calculation, the mercury de-
feending at the rate of about one inch for 800 feet of
height to which it was carried : but, in great heights,
the moft unaccountable differences were found between
the calculation of the moft accurate obfervers ; fo that
the fame mountain would fometim.es have been made
-6 thoufands of feet higher by one perfon than another;
Removed nay, by the fame perfdn at different times. All thefe
by M. De anomalies M* de Luc of Geneva undertook to account
i'uc' for, and to remove; and in this undertaking he per-
fifted with incredible patience for 20 years. The re-
fult of his labour is as'follows.
The firft caufe of irregularity obferved was a fault
in the barometer itfelf. M. de Luc found, that two
barometers, though perfectly alike in their appearance,
did not correfpond in their a&ion. This was owing
to air contained in the tube. The air was expelled by
37 boiling the mercury in them ; after which, the motions
Mercury of both became perfectly confonant. That the tubes
how boiled may bear boiling, they muft «ot be very thick, the
with'the' 65 thieknefs of the glafs not above half a line, and the
efle-fts. diameter of the bore ought to be from two and an half
to three lines. The operation is performed in the fol¬
lowing manner: A chafing-difh with burning coals is
placed on a table; the tube hermetically fealed at one
end, is inverted, and filled with mercury within two
inches of the top ; the tube is gradually brought near
the fire, moving it obliquely up and down, that the
whole length of it may be heated ; and advancing it
nearer and nearer, till it is a&ually in the flame, the
28 ] BAR
globules of air begin to move vifibly towards the top Barometer; '
The boiling at laft commences; and it is eafy to make ' v—
it take place from one end to the other, by caufing the
feveral parts of the tube fuccefiively pafs with rapidity
through the flame. By this operation the mercury is
freed from all aerial particles, particularly thofe which
line the infide of the tube, and which cannot eafily be
got clear of by any other method. When this laft ftra-
tum of air is difeharged, the tube may be afterwards
emptied, and filled even with cold mercury, when it
will be found nearly as free of air as before. The mer¬
cury in the tube thus prepared by a determinate quan¬
tity of heat, will rife higher than thofe in the common
fort, and the barometers will more nearly correfpond
with each other; whereas there will be a difference of
fix or eight lines in the afeent of mercury in the com¬
mon barometers. Inftruments of this kind rife uni¬
formly in a heated room, whilft thofe of the common
kind defeend in different proportions. On cooling the
room, the former defeend uniformly, while the latter
defeend unequally, by reafon of the unequal propor¬
tions of air in them. jg
The next caufe of variation was a difference of tem- Variation of
perature. To difeover the effefts of heat on the mer- the height
cury, feveral barometers were chofen that for a long nier-
time had been perfe&ly confonant in their motions. ^
One of thefe was placed in an apartmentj by itfelf, to
mark the change in the external air, if any ftiould hap¬
pen. The reft were fituated in another apartment,
along with three thermometers, graduated according
to the fcale of M. de Reamur, and exadtly corre-
fpondent with one another. The point at which the
mercury flood when the experiment began, was care¬
fully noted, and alfo the precife height of the thermo¬
meters. The latter apartment then was gradually
heated and with fo much uniformity, that the ther¬
mometers continued ftill to agree. When the heat had
been augmented as much as poflible, the altitudes both
of the barometers and thermometers were again accu¬
rately marked, to afeertain the differences that cor-
refponded to one another. This experiment was re¬
peated feveral times with next to no variation ; and
from the barometer in the firft apartment it appeared,
that no fenfible alteration had taken place in the ex¬
ternal air. Hence M. de Luc found, that an increafe
of heat fufficient to raife the thermometer from the
point of melting ice to that of boiling Water, aug¬
ments the height of the mercury in the barometer pre-
cifely fix lines; and therefore, dividing the diftance
between thefe two points on the thermometer into 96
equal parts, there will be i^th of a lirte to add to, or
fubtract from, the height of the mercury in the baro¬
meter, for every degree of variation of the thermometer
fo graduated. A fcale of this kind, continued above
boiling or below freezing water, accompanies his port¬
able barometer and thermometer So accurate, he
fays, did long pra&ice make him in barometrical ob-
fervations, that he could diftinguiflt a variation of TV of
a line in the height of the mercury. He allows of no
inclination of the tube, or other means io augment the
fcale, as all thefe methods diminifli the accuracy of the
inftrument. Two obfervations are always required to
meafure the altitude of a mountain : one with a baro¬
meter left on the plain, and another on the fummit;
and both muft be accompanied with a thermometer.
6 His
BAR [ 29 ] BAR
j Barometer. His portable barometer confifts of two tubes, one
'I of 34 French inches in length ; and from the top, for
M De this length, perfectly ftraight j but below this, it is
Luc’s port- bent round, fo that the lower end turns up for a (hort
able bare- fpace parallel to the Itraight part. On this open end
meter. ;s fixe(l a cock ; and on the upper fide of this cock is
placed another tube, of the fame diameter with the
former, eight inches in length, open at both ends, and
communicating with the long tube, through the cock.
When the barometer is carried from one place to an¬
other, it is inverted very flowly, to hinder any air get¬
ting in ; the quickfilver retires into the long tube on
which the key of the cock is turned ; and to preferve
the cock from too great preifure of the mercury, the
barometer is conveyed about in this inverted pofture.
When an obfervation is to be made, the cock is firft
opened ; the tube is then turned upright, very flowly,
to prevent, as much as poffible, all the vibration of the
mercury, which difturbs the obfervation ; and, ac¬
cording to the weight of the atmofphere, the mercury
falls in the lodger branch, and rifes up through the
cock, into the ftiorter.
The whole of the cock is made of ivory, except the
key. The extremities of the tubes are wrapped round
with the membrane employed by the gold-beaters,
done over with fiih-glue, in order to fix them tight,
the one in the lower, and the other in the upper, end
of the perpendicular canal of the cock. The part of
the key that moves within the cock is of cork, and the
outward part or the handle is of ivory. The cork is
faftened firmly to the ivory by means of a broad thin
plate of fteel, which cuts both the ivory and cork,
lengthwife, through the centre, and reaches inward
to the hole of the key. This plate alfo countera&s the
flexibility of the cork, and makes it obey the motion
of the handle, notwithftanding it is very confiderably
comprefled by the ivory, to render it tight. That this
compreflion may not abridge the diameter of the hole
of the key, it is lined with a thin hollow ivory cylin¬
der, of the fame diameter with the tubes.
On the upper end of the fhorter tube is fixed, in the
intervals of obfervation, a kind of funnel, with a fmall
hole in it, which is Ihut with an ivory Hopple. The
ufe of it is to keep the tube clean ; to replace the mer¬
cury that may have made its way through the cock in
confequence of any dilatation ; and likewife to replace
the mercury taken out of the fliorter tube; after Ihut-
ting the cock, on finiihing an obfervation ; becaufe,
when the mercury is left expofed to the air, it con-
trafts a dark pellicle on its furface, that fullies both it-
felf and the tube. The flrorter tube fhould be wiped
from time to time, by a little brufli of fponge fixed on
the end of a wire.
The barometer, thus conftru&ed, is placed in a long
box of fir, the two ends of which are lined on the in-
fide with cuihions of cotton covered with leather.
This box may be carried on a man’s back, like a qui¬
ver, either walking or riding ; and fliould have a cover
of wax-cloth, to defend it againft rain. It Ihould be
kept at fome diflance from the body of the man, and
be prote&ed from the fun by an umbrella, when near
the place of obfervation, to prevent its being affected
by any undue degree of heat. The barometer fliould,1
farther, be attended with a plummet, to determine the
perpendicular pofition of it; and a tripod, to fuppert Barometer,
it firm' in that pofition at the time of obfervation. J
The fcale of the barometer begins on the long tube,
at a point on a level with the upper end of the fiiort one;
and rifes, in the natural order of the numbers, to 21
inches. Below the above point, the fcale is transferred
to the fhort tube ; and defeends on it, in the natural
order of the numbers, to 7 inches. The whole length
of the fcale is 28 French inches; and fince, as the
mercury falls in the one tube, it muft rife in the other,
the total altitude will always be found by adding that
part of the fcale, which the mercury occupies in the long
tube, to that part of it which the mercury does not
occupy in the fliort one. In eftimating, however, tlie
total fall or rife on the long tube, every fpace mult be
reckoned twice; becaufe, of barometers of this con-
ftruftion, half the real variation only appears in one of
the branches.
Near the middle of the greater tube is placed the
thermometer abovemeutioned, for afeertaining the cor-
rettiohs to be made on the altitude of the mercury in
confequence of any change in the temperature of the
air. It is placed about the middle of the barometer,
that it may partake as much as pollible of its mean
heat. The bail is nearly of the fame diameter with
the tube of the barometer, that the dilatations or con-
denfations of the fluids they contain may more exaftly
correfpond. The fcale is divided into 96 parts; be¬
tween the points of boiling water and melting ice, and
the term of o is placed one eighth part of ttns interval
above the lower point; fo that there are 12 degrees
below, and 84 above, it. The reafon for placing o here
is, that as 27 French inches are about the mean height
of the barometer, fo the mh degree above freezing is
nearly the mean altitude of the thermometer- Hence,,
by taking thefe two points, the one for the mean alti¬
tude, and the other for the mean heat, there will be
fewer correftions neceflary to reduce all obfervations to
the fame (late, than if any higher or lower points had
been fixed upon.
If then the barometer remains at 27 inches, and the
thermometer at o, there are no corrediions whatever to
be made. But if, wFile the barometer continues at 2 7
inches, the thermometer fliall rife any number of de¬
grees above o, fo many fixteenths of a line muft be
fubtra&ed from the 2 7 inches, to obtain the true height
of the barometer produced by the weight of the at¬
mofphere, and to reduce this obfervation to the ftate
of the common temperature. If, on the other hand,
the thermometer fliall fall any number of degrees below
q, while the barometer ftill Hands at 27 inches, fo many
fixteenths muft be added to that height, to obtain the
true altitude.
Nothing is more fimple than thefe corredlions, when
the barometer is at or near 27 inches of height. If,
however, it fall feveral inches below this point, as the
portable barometer very frequently muft, the dilata¬
tions will no longer keep pace with the degrees of heat,
after the rate of TV of a line for every degree of the
thermometer; becaufe the columns of mercury being
fhortened, the quantity of fluid to be dilated will be di-
minilhed. The truth is, the quantity of the dilata¬
tions for the fame degree of heat is juft as much dimi-
nilhed as the column is ftiortened. If, then, it Ihall
ttiil
BAR l 30 1 BAR
Barometer. ftJH be'fdund convenient to reckon the dilatations by
fixteenths of a line, thefe iixteenths muft be counted on
a fcale, of which the degrees ihall be as much longer
'than the degrees of the firft fcale, as the fhortened co¬
lumn of mercury is lefs than 27 inches, the height to
■which the length of the degrees of the firft fcale was
adapted. For inftance, let the mercury defcend to 13x
^inches, half the mean column, and let the thermome¬
ter afcend 10 degrees above the mean heat; 10 fix¬
teenths fhould be deduced from the mean column, for
this temperature, according to the rule; but 10 half-
fixteenths only, or 5 whole fixteenths, muft be fubtrac-
ted from the column of 13I- inches, becaufe the fum
of its dilatations will be half that of the former^ the
quantities of fluid being to one another in that propor¬
tion.
It would caufe confiderable embarraflment if the fix¬
teenths of corredlion were always to be fubdivided into
lefs fra&ions, proportional to every half inch of de-
fcent of the barometer : and the fame end is obtained
in a very eafy manner, by reckoning the corre&kms on
•different fcales of the fame length, but of which the
degrees are longer according as the columns of the
barometer are Ihorter. For example, the degrees of
■correction on the fcale applicable to the column of
134- inches, will be double in length what the fame
degrees are for the column of 27 inches; and of
courfe the number of corrections will be reduced like-
wife one half, which we have feen by the rule they
ought to be.
The author conftru&ed, on a piece of vellum, fcales
with thefe properties, for no lefs than 23 columns of
mercury, being all^thofe between 18 inches and 29 in-
clufive, counting from half inch to half inch ; within
•which ext ernes, every practical cafe will be compre¬
hended. He wrapped rhis vellum on a fmall hollow
cylinder, including a fpring, like a fpring-curtain, and
fixed it on the right fide of the thermometer. The vel¬
lum is made to pafs from right to left, behind the
tube of the thermometer, and to graze along its fur-
face. The obferver, to find the corrections to be
made, pulls out the vellum till the fcale correfponding
to the obferved altitude of the barometer comes to
touch the thermometer, and on that fcale he counts
them. The vellum is then let go, and the fcrew gen-
40 tly furls it up.
His opera- The author having now, as he imagined, completely
tionson the flushed the inftruments neceffary for the accurate men-
■ofSaleve! furat‘on °f heights; proceeded to eftablifti, by expe¬
riment, the altitudes eorrefponding to the different de-
fcents of the mercury. Much had been written, and
many rules had been given, pn this fubjeft, by different
eminent philofcphers, fince the days of Pafcal, who
firft broached it: but thefe difagreed fo much with one
another, and prefen ted fo little good reafon why any
one of them fhould be preferred, that no conclufion
could with confidence be deduced from them. It be¬
came requifite, therefore, to lay them all afide, and to
endeavour to difcover by praftice what could not be af-
Certained by theory. Saleve, a mountain near Geneva,
was chofen for the fcene of thefe operations. This
mountain is near 3000 French feet high. The height
of it was twice meafured by levelling, and the refult
of the menfurations differed only loj- inches; though
there intervened fix months between them, and the
total altitude was fo confiderable. On this mountain Baro!u<»rer.
were chofcn no lefs than 15 different ftations, rifing af-
ter the rate of 200 feet, one above another, as nearly
as the ground would admit. At thefe ftations, it was
propofed to make fuch a number of obfervations as
might be a good foundation either for eitablifhing a
new rule of proportion between the heights of places
and the defcents of the mercury, or for preferring fome
one of thofe formerly difcovered. 4I
Little progrefs was made in this plan, when a phe- Strange a»
nomenon, altogether unexpected, prefented itfelf. The noma,ie8 of
barometer being obferved, at one of the ftations, twice
in one day, was found to ftand higher in the latter ob- different
fervation than in the former* This alteration gave time- of
little furprife, becaufe it was naturally imputed to a day.
change of the weight of the afmofphere, which would
affeCt the barometer on the plain in the fame manner.
But it produced a degree of aftoniftiment, when on
examining the ftate of the latter, it was found, inftead
of correfponding with the motions of the former, to
have held an oppofite courfe, and to have fallen while
the other rofe. This difference could not proceed from
any inaccuracy in the obfervations, which had been
taken with all imaginable care; and it was fo confi¬
derable as to deftroy all hopes of fuccefs, fhould the
, caufe not be detected and compenfated.
The experiment was repeated feveral times, at in¬
tervals, that no material circumftance might efcape no¬
tice. An obferver on the monntain, and another on
the plain, took their refpe&ive ftations at the rifing of
the fun, and continued to mark an obfervation, every
quarter of an hour, till it fet. It was found, that the
lower barometer gradually defcended for the firft three
quarters of the day 5 after which it reafcended, till in
tire evening it flood at nearly the fame height as in the
morning. While the higher barometer afcended for the
firft three fourths of the day; and then defcended, fo as
to regain likewiie, about fun-fet, the altitude of the
morning. ^
The following theory feems to account in a fatis- Accuuuted
faClory manner for this phenomenon. When the fun for.
rifes above the horizon of any place, his beams pene¬
trate the whole of the feClion of the atmofphere of
which that horizon is the bafe. They fall, however,
very obliquely on the greater part of it, communicate
little heat to it, and confequently produce little dila¬
tation of its air. As the fun advances, the rays be¬
come more diretft, and the heat and rarefa&ion of courfe
increafe. But the greateft heat of the day is not felt
even when the rays are moft direft, and the fun is in
the meridian. It increafes while the place receives
more rays than it lofes, which it will do for a confider¬
able time after mid-day ; in like manner as the tide
attains not its higheft altitude till the moon has ad¬
vanced a confiderabie way to the weft of the meridian.
The heat of the atmofphere is greateft at the furface of
the earth, and feems not to afcend to any great di-
llance above it. The dilatations, for this reafon, of
the air, produced by the fun, will be found chiefly, if
not folely, near the earth. A motion muft take place,
in all directions, of the adjacent air, to allow the
heated air to expand itfelf. The heated columns ex¬
tending themfelves vertically, will become longer, and
at the fame time fpecifically lighter, in confequence of
the rarefaClion of their inferior parts. The motion of
BAR
r< air, till it rifes into wind, is not rapid : thefe length-
^ ened columns, therefore, will take fome time to diffi-
pate their fummits among the adjacent lefs rarefied co¬
lumns that are not fo high; at leaft, they will not do
this as fall as their length is increafed by the rarefac¬
tion of their bafes.
The reader, we prefume, anticipates the application
of this theory to the folntion of the phenomenon in
queftion. The barometer on the plain begins to fall
a little after morning, becaufe the column of air that
[ 31 1
BAR
fupports it becomes fpecifically lighter on account of fion when Handing detached, are in geometrical in
the altitudes from the defcents of the mercury. He Barometer,
will then find the fcales of thefe thermometers fo dif-
ferent, that neither of them could, without much incon-
veniency, ferve the purpofe of the other.
The altitudes are computed by logarithms. A table
of logarithms contains two feries ef numbers, running
parallel to one another. The fn ft has its terms in geo¬
metrical progrefiion, and the fecond its terms in arith¬
metical. The natural numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, &c. form
the fir ft feries; which, though in arithmetical progref-
the rarefaction arifing from the heat of the fun. It
continues to fall for the firft three quarters of the day
regard of the fecond feries; whofe terms are in arith¬
metical progreffion, and are called logarithms, becaufe
becaufe, during that time, the heat, and confequently they exprefs the diftance of their correfpondent terms
the rarefadtion, are gradually increafing. It rifes again,
after this period : becaufe the cold, and of ceurfe the
condenfation, coming on, the fpecific gravity is aug¬
mented by the rulhing in of the adjacent air. The e-
quilihrium is reftored, and the mercury returns to the
altitude of the morning.
The barometer on the eminence rifes after morning,
and continues to do fo for three-fourths of the day,
of the geometrical progreffion from the beginning of
the feries.
To apply this table to the prefent purpofe: let us ■
fuppofe the whole atmofphere divided into concentric
fpherical fcdtions, whofe common centre is that of the
earth. Suppofe alfo all thefe feftions of equal thick-
nefs, namely, 12.497 toifes, which is found to be the
thicknefs of the loweft feftion, and balances a line of
for two reafons. The denfity of the columns of air mercury, when the barometer (lands at 348 lines or
is greateil near the earth, and decreafes as the diftance
from it increafes. The higher, for this reafon, we
29 inches. Add, then, all thefe fedlrons together; and
(hall have the total altitude of the atmolphere ex¬
afcend in the atmofphere, we meet with air fpecifically prefttd in an arithmetical progreffion, whofe common
lighter. But by the rarefaftion of the bafe of the
himn that fupports the mercury of the barometer on
the eminence, the denfer parts of that column are raifed
higher than naturally they would be if left to.the o-
peration of their own gravity, On this account, the
higher barometer is prefled with a weight, nearly as
great as it would fuftain, were it brought down, in
the atmofphere, to the natural place of that denfer
difference is t 2.497 toifes. Confequently, in this view,,
the heights are proportioned to the logarithms.
It remains only to find the defcents of the mercury,
which meafures the weights of the refpeftive fedtions,,
in geometrical proportion, in order to juftify the ap¬
plication of the logarithmic table to the computation
of the altitudes. Now, it is eafy to prove, in a very
fatisfacfory manner, that the mean denlities of thefe fee-
now raifed above it by the prolongation of the bafe of tions, which are in proportion of their weights, muft
the column. The other reafon is, that as the rarefac¬
tion does not take place at any great diftance from the
be in geometrical progreffion, when the altitudes arc
in arithmetical; confequently, it is with great propriety
earth, little change is produced in the fpecific gravity and convenience that the logarithms are employed in
of the portion of the column that preffes on the higher
barometer, and the fummit of that column diffipates
the computation of the altitudes eorrefponding to the
defcents of the mercury. For, to find the vertical di-
xtfelf more floyvly than it increafes. Thus, we fee fiance between two barometers, .at different heights, no
how tins barometer muft afcend during the firft three
fourths of the day, and purfue a courfe the reverfe
more is neceflary than to look, in a table of logarithms,
for the numbers that exprefs in lines,.or fixteenths of a
Slender an-
rther pair
if theimo-
peters ne-
tefikrj-.
of that on the plain. The condenfations returning af- line, the altitudes of the two columns of mercury, and
ter this time, the denfer air fubfides, the equilibrium take the logarithms of thefe numbers, whofe difference
takes place, and the mercury defeends to its firft poll- will give this diftance accurately, in thoulandth parts of
tion. a toife. Multiply the toifes by 6, which will furnifti
i- This phenomenon prompted the idea of a fecond pair the altitudes in French feet,
of thermometers, to meafure the mean heat of the co- The author made about 500 different obfervations at:
lumn of air intercepted between the barometers. Thefe the feveral ftations on the. mountain of Saleve, which,
thermometers are extremely delicate and fenfible. The both fuggefted and verified the computation by loga-
tubes are the fined capillary, the glafs very thin,, and
the diameters of the balls only three lines. The balls
are infulated, or detached from the fcales, which are
fixed to the tubes only, by ligatures of fine brafs-wire
covered with (ilk. The air, by this contrivance, has
rithms. Many, however, of thefe obfervations, .pro¬
duced conclufions that deviated eonfiderably from the
refults of the a£lual menfuration, on account of the dif¬
ferent temperatures in which' they were taken- It was
the defign of the fecond pair of thermometers to point.
free communication with the balls on all fides ; and, if out the corre&ions of thefe deviations. In fettling the
the direft rays of the fun be intercepted at fome di-
ftance by a Bit of paper, or even the leaf of a tree,rthe
thermometers will quickly mark the true temperature
o'f the air..
The reader, perhaps, will a(k here, Could not this
, end have been gained by the firft pair of thermome-
fcales neceffary- for this- end, the firft objeft was, to •
mark the temperature of all the obfervations where
the logarithms gave the altitudes exaftly, or nearly e-
qual to what they were found to be by levelling. This -
temperature correfponded to xfi-j- on the fealeof Reau¬
mur, and to 70 on that of Fahrenheit, and as it was fixed
ters? But we muft requeft him to fufpend hisjudg- the term o. The next ftep was, to determine the cor-
Hient, till we have explained the theory of competing
tedious of the heights tliat became neceffary, accord-
iBS:
BAR [ 32 ] BAR
'• ing as the ftate of the air was wanner or colder than dined to entertain the moil favourable opinion of the Barometer.
^ the fixed point. With this view, all the remaining ob- abilities and induftry of M. de Luc. Notwlthftand- ^ 1
feirations were colle&ed, and Compared with the dif- ing the amazing pains, however, which he has taken to Defcription
ferent temperatures in which they were taken ; and remove ever » inaccuracy in the barometer, it did not of the mo'ft
from an attentive examination of thefe circumftances, remain entirely free from error ; nor in many inftances»”'P™vcd,
was difcovered, that for every 2 r 5 feet of height fur- have the obfervations made by different perfons exadly
ns, cme foot of corre&ion muft . correfponded. Confiderable improvements have been ^
niihed by the logarithms,
be added or fubtra&ed, for every degree of the ther¬
mometer, according as it ftood above or below the
term o.
The fcale of Reaumur did not conveniently exprefs
this corredion of 1 to 215. The author wifhed to adopt
the ratio of J to 1000, in forming a new fcale for that
purpofebut the divifions would have been too fmall.
He employed, therefore, that of 1 to joo r becaufe,
by doubling the degrees of the higher thermometer a-
bove or below o ; or, which amounted nearly to the
fame thing, by doubling the mean heat of the column
of air in taking the fum of the degrees of both thermo¬
meters, there refulted the ratio of 1 to 1000. The new
fcale, then, was divided by the following proportion ;
As 215, the laft. term of the ratio found by Reaumur’s
fcale, is to 500, the laft term of the ratio to be applied
on the new fcale ; fo is 8a, the parts between the fixed
points of the firft fcale, to 186, the number of parts be¬
tween the fame points on the fecond. And as 80 is to
186; fo is i6|, the point on Reaumur’s fcale at-which
the logarithms give the altitudes without correction,
to 39, the point at which they give them on the new
fcale. The term 0 is placed at this point, 39 at melt¬
ing ice, and 147 at that of boiling water. To reduce
all obfervations to the fame temperature by this fcale,
nothing more is neceflary than to multiply the heights
found from the logarithms, by the fum of the degrees,
of both thermometers above or below o, and to divide
the produd by 1000. The quotient muft be added to,
or fubtraded from, the logarithmic height, according
45 as the temperature is pofiti^e or negative.
Specimen As a fpecimen of the author’s method, we ftiall now
prefent our readers with the refult of his operations at
the 1.5 ftations on Saleve. In one column are marked
the heights found 'by levelling, and oppofite to them
the fame heights found by the barometer ; to the latter
are prefixed the number 6f obfervations of which they
are the mean.
thod of
menl'ura-
tiou.
Stations.
*3
>*4
l5
Heights by Number of Heights by
levelling. obfervations. barometer,
feet. inches.
■216
428
586
728
917
12 18
1420
1800
1965
2211
2333
2582
2700
2742
2926
13
13
21
24
27
23
17
17
1.7
17
16
*5
-23°t
435^r
■591
732t
919-4!
14184!
1798A
•X9624
2210
233ii-yT
25831!
27034
274If
29244°
From this.table we prefume the reader will be in-
N°4i.
fuggefted by Col. Roy and Sir George Shuckburgh, &c.
(fee Phil.Tranf. vol. 67.and68.); and put in execution,
with improvements, by Mr Ramfden, and other inge¬
nious inftrument-makers in London. The following
is a defeription of a very portable one conftruded by
Mr William Jones of Holborn, which, from its prin¬
ciple, comprehends every advantage that M. de Luc’s
inftrument poflefles; in many particulars is exempted
from the errors to which his is liable; and is noifubjed
to be deranged by carriage or other motion.
Fig. 12. is a reprefentation of the inftrument as in-
clofed in its mahogany cafe by means of three metallic
rings bbb : This cafe is in the form of an hollow cone
divided into three arms or legs from a to c, and is fo
carved in the infide as to contain fteadily the body of
the barometerThe arms, when feparated, form three
firm legs or fupports for the barometer when making
obfervations (fee fig. 13.); The inftrument is fufpended
at the part g of the cafe, by a kind of improved gim¬
bals ; and therefrom, with its own weight, is fufficient-
ly fteady in expofed weather. In that part of the frame
where the barometer tube is feen {a e), there is a long
flit or opening made, fo that the altitude of the mer¬
cury may be feen againft the light, and the vernier
piece a brought down to coincide with the edge of the
mercury to the greateft poffible exadnefs. When the
inftrument is placed on its fupport, the ferew f is to be
let down in order that the mercury may fubfide to its
proper height; and alfo a peg at p muft be loofened, to
give admiflion to 'the adion of the external air upon
the .mercury contained in the box b. The adjuftment
or .mode of obferving what is called the zero, or o,
diviflon of the column of mercury, is by the mercury
being .feen in the tranfparent part of the box b; the
infxde of which is a glafs tube or refervoir for the
mercury, and an edged piece of metal fixed on
the external part of the box. The mercury is to
be brought into contad with the edge by turning the
fcrew/.towards the right or left as neceflary. The
vernier piece at a that determines the altitude of the
column of mercury,is to be brought down by the hand
to a near contad, and then accurately adjufted by turn¬
ing the fcrew b at top of the inftrument. This baro¬
meter has ufually two different forts of feales inferted
on it: that on.the right at a e, is a fcale of French inches
from 19 to 31, meafured from the furface or zero of
the mercury in the box 4 below, divided into 12th parts
or lines, and each line fubdivided by the vernier into ten
parts, fo that the height of the column of mercury may
be afeertained to the 12 0th part of a French inch. The
fcale which is on the other fide, or left of obfervation,
is of the fame length ; but divided into Englifti inches,
each of which is fubdivided into 20ths of an inch, and
the vernier fubdivides each 20th into 25 parts; fo that
the height of the mercury is hereby afeertained to the
500dth part of an Englilh inch,(viz. 20X25^=500).
But this vernier is figured double for the conveniency
of calculation, viz. The firft 5 divilions are marked i q,
the
Baron--
BAR [ 33 ] BAR
Uirometer. the 20 marked 40, and the 25 marked 50 ; then each
cxaft divifion is reckoned as the iwo tboufandtks of an
inch, which amounts to the fame ; for T-675 is the fame
in value as roVo °f an inch. A thermometer is always
attached to the barometer, and indeed is indifpenfably
neceflary : it is faflened to the body at c, counterfunk
beneath the furface of the frame, which makes it lefs
liable to be broken : the degrees of the thermome •
ter are marked on two fcales, one on each fide,
viz. that of Fahrenheit and Reaumur, fcales gene¬
rally known ; the freezing point of the former be¬
ing at 32 and the latter at o. On the right-hand fide
of thefe two fcales there is a third, called a fcale of
corretJion ; it is placed oppofitely to that of Fahren¬
heit, with the words add ?cs\& fubtratt: it ferves as a
neceffary correftion to the obferved altitude of the
mercury at any given temperature of the air fhown by
the thermometer. There are feveral other valuable
pieces of mechanifm about the inftiument that cannot
clearly be reprefented in the figure ; but what has al¬
ready been faid, we prefume, is fufficient for the reader’s
general information. For the manner of making the
neceflary obfervations, and calculating the neceffary
particulars deducible therefrom, a full information may
be obtained from M. De Luc, Rccberches fur les Mo-
dif cations de l*Atmofphere, and the Philofophical Tranf-
aftions vol. 67. and 68. before cited.
It may be neceffary to add here, that by very fmall
additional contrivances to this inftrument,Mr Jones ren¬
ders it equally ufeful for making obfervations at fea
with any marine barometer that has hitherto been in¬
vented.
This article may riot be improperly concluded by an
Magel-' bbfervation of Mr Magellan*, relative to a principal caufe
edition of error jn barometrical meafurements. This he ftates
to be owing to the inattention of obfervers to the fpe-
cijic gravity of the mercury.with which their barome¬
ters were made. If two barometers were both at 30
inches high, and equally circumftanced in every other
refpeft, excepting only their fpecific gravity of the
quick'filver ; fo that one be filled with the firft kind I
have tried, viz. whofe fpecific gravity was 2= 13,62
and the other sz I3>45. In this cafe, and in all pro¬
bability many of this kind have often occurred, the er¬
ror mull have been no lefs than 327 feet; becaufe the
heights of the mercurial columns in each barometer
mult be in the inverfe ratio of their fpecific gravities :
viz. 13,45 : 1362 :: 30 : 30,379-
Now the logarithm of 30 = 4771.21
ditto of 30,379 = 4825.73
t edition
nf Cron-
Jiedt's Mi-
itcralogy,
Mercury.
the difference is = 54.52
which difference Ihows, that there are 54.52 fathoms
hetween one place and another, or 327 feet; though
in reality both places are on the fame level.
“ But if the fpecific gravity of the mercury, in the
two barometers, were as the two above alluded to of
Bergman and Fourcroy ; viz. one of 14,110, and the
other of 13,000, which may happen to be the cafe, as
the heavieft is commonly reputed the puieft mercury ;
on this fuppofition the error mull have amounted to
35,576 toifes, or above 2134 feet and a half; becaufe
'13,000 : 14,110 :: 30 : 32,561
Now the logarithm of 30=4771,21
and that of 32,561 = 5126,97
thedifference {5=355,76; which fhowsthat
the error fliould amount to fo many fathoms, or
2134,5 feet.
BARON, a perfon who holds a barony. The ori¬
gin and primary import of this term is much contefted.
Menage derives it from the Latin baro, which we find
ufed in the pure age of that language for vtr, a flout or
valiant man; whence, according to this author, it Was,
that thofe placed next the king in battles were called ba¬
ronet, as being the braveft men in the army; and as prin¬
ces frequently rewarded the braveryand fidelity of thofe
about them with fees, the word came to be ufed for any
noble perfon who holds a fee immediately of the king.
Ilidore, and after him Camden, take the word, in its
original fenfe, to fignify a mercenary foldier. Mef-
fieurs of the Port Royal derive it from weight
or authority. Cicero ufes the word baro for a ftupid
brutal man ; and the old Germans make mention of
buffet ting a baron, i. e. a villain ; as the Italians ftill
ufe the word barone to fignify a beggar. M. de Marca
derives baron from the German bar, man, or freeman?
others derive it from the old Gaulifh, Celtic, and He¬
brew languages ; but the molt probable opinion is,
that it comes from the Spaniflr varo, a flout, noble per¬
fon ; whence wives ufed to call their huibands, and
princes their tenants, barons. In the Salic law, as well
as the laws of the Lombards, the word baron fignifies
a man in the general; and the old gloffary of Philo-
menes tranflates baron by man.
Baron is more particularly ufed, among us, for a
lord or peer of the loweft clafs ; or a degree of nobi¬
lity next below that of a vifcount, and above that of
a knight or a baronet. In ancient records the word
■ baron included all the nobility of England, becaufe re¬
gularly all noblemen were barons, though they had alfo
a higher dignity. But it hath forrietimes happened,
that, when an ancient baron hath been raifid to a new
degrfee of peerage, in the courfe of a few generations
the two titles have defcended differently; one perhaps
to the male defcendants, the other to the heirs general;
whereby the earldom or other fuperior title hath fub-
fifted without a barony : and there are alfo modern in-
llance's, where earls and vifcounts have been created
without annexing a barony to their other honours : fo
that now the rule doth not hold univerfally that all
peers are Barons.
The original and antiquity of barons has occa-
fioned great inquiries among our Englifh antiqua¬
rians. The molt probable opinion is fuppofed to
be, that they were the fame with our prefent lords
of manors; to which the name of court baron (which
is the lord’s court, and incident to every manor) gives
fome countenance. It is faid the original name of this
dignity inEngland was vavaffbur, which by the Saxons
was changed into thane, and by the Normans into 'ba¬
ron. It maybe collected from King John’s magna
charta, that originally all lords of manors, or barons,
had feats in the great council or parliament: but fuch
is the deficiency of public records, that the firft pre¬
cept to be found is of no higher date than the 49th
year of King Henry III. ; which, although it was if-
E fued
Vol. III. Part I.
BAR C 34 ] BAR
fued out in the king’s name, was neither by his au¬
thority nor by his dire&ion : for, not only the king
himfeljf, but his (bn Prince Edward, and raoft of the
nobility who flood loyal to him, were then prffoners in
the hands of the rebellious barons; having been fo
made in the month of May preceding, at the battle of
Lewes, and fo continued until the memorable battle
of Eveiham, which happened in Auguft the year fol¬
lowing ; when, by the happy efcape of Prince Edward,
he refcued the king and his adherents out of the hands
of Simon Mountfort Earl of Leicefter. It cannot be
doubted but that feveral parliaments were held by
King Henry III. and King Edward I. ; yet no record
is to be found giving any account thereof (except the
5th of King Edward I.), until the 22d year of the
reign of the lail mentioned king.
Before the 49th of Hen. III. the ancient parliaments
confifted of the archbifhops, biihops, abbots, earls, and
barons. Of thefe barons there were two forts: fat greater
barousy or the king’s chief tenants, who held of him in
eapiteby barony; and the lejjer barons, who held of the
tirll by military fervice in capit:. The former had fum-
mons to parliament by feveral, writs; and the latter
(i. e. all thofe who were pofleffed of thirteen knights
fees and a quarter) had a general fummons from the
iheriff in each county. Thus things continued till the
49th of Henry III. But then, inftead of keeping to
the old form, the prevailing powers thought fit to fum-
mon, not all, but only thofe of the greater barons who
were of their party ; and, inftead of the leffer barons
who came with large retinues, to fend their precepts
to the ftieriff of each county, to caufe two knights in
every fhire to be chofen, and one or two burgeffes for
each borough, to. reprefent the body of the people re¬
ading in thofe counties and boroughs ; which gave rife
to the reparation into two houfes of parliament. By
degrees the title came to be confined to the greater
barons, or lords of parliament only ; and there were
no other barons among the peerage bur fuch as were
fummoned by writ, in refpeit of the tenure of their
lands or baronies, till Richard II. firft made it a mere
title of honour, by conferring it on divers perfons by
his letters patent. See further Law, Part III. N3 clviii.
12, 13, 14.
When a baron is called up to the houfe of peers by
writ of fummons, the writ is in the king’s name} and
he is dire&ed to come to the parliament appointed to
be held at a certain time and place; and there to treat
and advife with his majefty, the prelates, and nobility,
about the weighty affairs of the nation. The ceremo¬
ny of the admiffion of a baron into the houfe of peers
is thus: He is brought into the houfe between two
barons, who conduA him up to the Lord Chancellor,
his patedt or writ of fummons being carried by a king
at arms, who prefents it kneeling to the Lord Chan¬
cellor, who reads it, and then congratulates him on
his becoming a member of the houfe of peers, and in-
vefts him with his parliamentary robe. The patent is
then delivered to the clerk of the parliament, and the
oaths are adminiftered to the new peer, who is then
conduced to his feat on the barons bench. Some ba¬
rons hold their feats by tenure- The firft who wes
raifed to this dignity by patent was John de Beau¬
champ of Holt Caftle, created Baron of Kiddermin-
fter in Worcefterfhire, to him and his heirs-male, by
King Richard II. in the nth year of his reign. He
5
invefted him with a mantle and cap. The coronation- Baron*,
robes of a baron are the fame as an earl’s, except , B-ron-
that he has only two rows of fpots on each fhoulder.
In like manner, his parliamentary robes have but two
guards of white fur, with rows of gold lace. In other
refpefts they are the fame as other peers. King
Charles IL granted a coronet to the barons. It has
fix pearls, fet at equal diftances on the chaplet. His
cap is the fame as a vifeount’s. His ftyle is Right
Honourable; and he is ftyled by the king or queen,
Right Trufty and Well Beloved.
Borons by ancient tenure were thofe who held by
certain territories of the king, who flill referred the
tenure in chief to himfelf. We alfo read of barons by
temporal tenure ; who.are fuch as hold honours, caftle.v
manors, as heads of their barony, that is by grand i’er-
geanty; by which tenure, they were anciently fum-
moned to parliament. But at prefent a baron by tenure
is no lord of parliament, till he be called thither by writ.
The barons by tenure after the conqueft, were di¬
vided into majores and mi notes, and were fummoned ac¬
cordingly to parliament; the majores or greater barons,
by immediate writ from the king ; the minorcs, or lef¬
fer barons, by general writ from the high fheriff, at
the king’s command.
Anciently they diftinguhhed the greater barons from
the lefs, by attributing high, and even fovereign jurif-
di&ion, to the former, and only inferior jurifdidtion o-
ver fmaller matters to the latter.
Barons of the Exchequer, the four judges to whom
the adminiftration of juftice is committed, in caufes be¬
tween the king and his fubjefts relating to matters
concerning the revenue. They were formerly barons of
the realm, but of late are generally perfons learned in>
the laws. Their office is alio to look into the accounts
of the king, for which reafon they have auditors under
them. See Exchequer.
Barons of the Cinque-ports are members of the houfe
of commons, elecled by the five ports, two for each
port. See the article Cinque-ports.
Baron and Feme, in the Englifh law, a term ufed
for hulband and wife, in relation to each other: and
they are deemed but one perfon ; fo that a wife cannot
be witnefs for or againft her hulband, nor he for or a-
gainft his wife, except in cafes of high treafon.
Baron and Feme, in heraldry, is when the coats of
arms of a man and his wife are borne par pale in the fame
efcutcheon, the man’s being always on the dexter fide,
and the woman’s on the finifter; but here the woman
is fuppofed not an heirefs, for then her coat muft be
borne by the hulband on an efcutcheon of pretence.
BARON (Robert), a dramatic author, who lived
during the reign of Charles I. and the prote&orlhip of
Oliver Cromwell. He received the earlier parts of his
education at Cambridge, after which he became a
member of the. honourable fociety of Gray’s-Inn. Du¬
ring his refidence at the univerfity, he wrote a novel
called the Cyprian Academy, in which he introduced
the two firft of the dramatic pieces mentioned below.
The third of them is. a much more regular and perfect
play, and was probably written when the author had
attained a riper age. The names of them are, 1. Deo-
rum Dona, a mafque. 2. Gripus and Hcgio, a pafto-
ral. 3. Mirza, a tragedy. Mr Baron had a great
intimacy with the celebrated Mr James Howell, the , Voj ^
great traveller, in whofe colledions of Letters * there LCU4lg) *
is
BAR [ 35 ] BAR
Bare.n Is one to this gentleman, who was at that time at Pa-
Baronet* r*S’ Cowell in particular, and to all the ladies
and gentlewomen in England in general, he has dedi¬
cated his romance.
Baron (Michael), an excellent comedian of Paris,
was the fon of Michael Baron another comedian, who
■was a native of Iffoudun. He -wrote fome poems, and
feveral theatrical pieces, which are printed together in
2 vols i2mo. He died at Paris in 1729, aged 77.
BARONET, a dignity or degree of honour next
beneath a baron, and above a knight; having prece¬
dency of all knights excepting thofe of the garter, and
being the only knighthood that is hereditary.
The dignity of baronet is given by patent, and is
the lowed degree of honour that is hereditary. The
order was founded by King James I. at the fuggeftion
of Sir Robert Cotton, in 1611, when 200 baronets
were created at once.; to which number it was intend¬
ed they Ihould always be reltrained : but it is now en¬
larged at the king’s pleafure, without limitation.
They had feveral confiderable privileges given them,
with an hahendam to them and their heirs male. They
were allowed to charge thifir coat with the arms of
Ulfter, which are, in a field argent, a finifter hand,
gules; and that upon condition of their defending
the province of Ulfter in Ii eland againft the rebels,
who then harafied it extremely: to which end they
9 were each to raife and keep up 30 foldiers at their own
expence for three years together, or to pay into the
exchequer a fum fufiieient to do it; which, at 8 d. per
day per head, was L. 1095. So that, including fees,
the. expence of this dignity may be about L. 1200 fter-
ling. To be qualified for it, one muft be a gentleman
born, and have a clear eftate of L. 1000 per amnun.
Baronets take place according to the dates of their
patents; by the terms of which no honour is to be
created between barons and baronets. The title Sir is
granted them by a peculiar claufe in their patents, tho*
they be not dubbed knights: but both a baronet, and
his eldeft fon, being of full age, may claim knighthood.
—The firft baronet who Was created was Sir Nicholas
Bacon of Redgrave in Suffolk, whofe fucceffor is there¬
fore ftyled Primus Baronetoruni Anglix.
Baronets of Scotland, called alfo Baronets of Nova
Scotia. The order of knights-baronets was alfo de-
figned to be eftablilhed in Scotland in the year 1621,
by King James I. for the plantation and cultivation of
the province of Nova Scotia in America; but it was
' not actually inftituted till the year 1625 by his fon
Charles I. when the firft perfon dignified with.this title
was Sir Robert Gordon of Gordonftone, a younger fon
of the Earl of Sutherland. I he king granted a cer¬
tain portion of land in Acadia or New Scotland, to
each of them, which they were to hold of Sir William
Alexander {afterwards Earl of Stirling), for their en¬
couragement who fhould hazard their lives for the good
and increafe of that plantation, with precedency to
them, and their heirs-male for ever, before all knights
called equites aureti, and all leffer barons called lairds,
and all other gentlehpen, except Sir William Alexander
his majefty’s lieutenant in Nova Scotia, his heirs, their
wives and children ; that the title of Sir fhould be pre¬
fixed to their Chriftian name, and Baronet added to
their furname; and that their own and their eldeft fons
wives fhould enjoy the title of Lady, Madam, or Dame.
—His majefty was fo defirous of adding every mark of Barone's,
dignity to this his favourite order, that, four years after , ^ar!1--;-
its inftitution, he iffued a royal warrant, granting them
the privilege of wearing an orange ribbon and a medal;
which laft was prefented to each of them by the king
himfelf, according to the words of the warrant. All
the privileges of the order, particularly this of wearing
the medal, were confirmed at the king’s requeft by
the convention of eftates in the year 1630 ; and in or¬
der to eftablifh them on the moft folid foundation,
they were again confirmed by an aft of the parliament
of Scotland in the year 1633. This mark of diftinc-
tion fell to the ground with all the other honours of
Scotland during the ufurpation of the long parliament
and of Oliver Cromwell. It continued in general,
though not total, difufe, after the Reftoration. There
have been former meetings of the order to revive the
ufe of it, one in the year 1721, and another in 1734.
Thefe meetings proved ineffeftual, becaufe the proper
fteps towards its revival were not taken; bnt, under
the aufpices of our illuftrious monarch George III.
fuch meafures were concerted in the year 1775'as have
tffeftually eftablifhed this honourable dignity.
Baronets of Ireland. This order was likewife infti¬
tuted by King James I. in the 18th year of his reign,
for the fame purpofe and with the fame privileges within
the kingdom of Ireland, as he had conferred on the like
order in England; for which the Irifti haronej^ paid
the fame fees into the treafuryof Ireland. The firft of
that kingdom who was advanced to this hereditary dig¬
nity was Sir Francis Blundell, then fecretary for the
affairs of Ireland. Since his time, feveral have been
created, no number being limited.
BARONI (Leonora), a celebrated finger and com-
pofer, was born at Naples, but fpent the greateft part
of her life at Rome. She was daughter of Adriana
Baroni of Mantua, Baronefsof Pian-caretta; aladyalfo
diftinguiftied for her mufical talents, and for her beauty
firnamed the fair. Leonora had lefs beauty than her
mother; but excelled her in her profound fltill inmufic,
the finenefs of her voice, and the charmingnefs of her
manner. She is faitl by Mr Bayle to have been one of
the fineft fingers in the world. She was, as well as her
mother, celebrated by the wits, who ftrove to excel
each other in recording her praifes; and in 1639 there
was publiilied, at Bracciano, a colleftion of Latin,
Greek, Italian, Spanifh, and French poems made upon
her, under this title, Appplauf Poetici alle Glorie della
Signora Leonora Baroni. Among the Latin poems of
Milton are no fevver than three intitled Sid Leonoram
Romeo canentem, wherein this lady' is celebrated for
her fingihg, with an allufion to her mother’s exquifite
performance on the lute. A fine eulogium on this ac-
compliflied woman is contained in a difeourfe on the
Mullc of the Italians, printed with the life of Mal¬
herbe, and fome other treatifes at Paris, 1672, in iimo.
This difeourfe was compofed by Mr Maup» s prior of
St Peter de Mac, the king’s interpreter of the Englifh
language, and befides fo famous a performer on the viol,
that the king of Spain and feveral other fovereign princes
of Europe defined to hear him. The charafter given by
this perfon of Leonora Baroni is as follows: “ She is
endowed with fine parts ; Are has a very good judge¬
ment to diftinguifli good from bad mufic; fhe under-
ftauds it perfeftly well; and even compofes, which
> E z make*
BAR
E 36 3
B A E
B tro- i •.*, makes her abfolute mi ft refs of what file firtgd,' and gives
, B-irony- her the moil exadl pronunciation and exprefiion of the
fenfe of her words. She does not pretend to beauty,
neither is fhe difagreeable, or a coquet. She fings with
a bold and generous modefty, and an agreeable gra¬
vity ; her voice reaches a large compafs of notes, and
is exa*6l, loud, and harmonious ; ftie foftens and raifes
it without draining or making grimaces. Her raptures
and fighs are not lafcivious; her looks having nothing
impudent, nor does Ihe tranfgrefs a virgin modefty in
were often eafted by Norman or other foreign names;
that is to fay, fometimes by the Englifh and fometimes ,
by the foreign name. This happened when the fame l
perfon was lord of an honour in Normandy, or fome
other foreign country, and alfo of an honour in Eng¬
land. For example, William de Forz, de Force, or
de Fortibus, was lord of the honour of Albemaile ih
Normandy: he was alfo lord of two honours in Eng¬
land ; to wit, the honour- of Holdernefs, and the ho¬
nour of Skipton in Cravene. Thefe honours in Eng-
her geftures. In palling from one Jiey to another, (he land were fometimes called by the Norman name, the
{hows fometimes the divifions of the enharmonic and ’ ^ " 1 ^ 1 ^ ~r
chromatic kind with fo. much art and fweetnefs, that
every body is ravilhed with that fine and difficult me¬
thod of finging. She has no need of any perfon to af-
fift her with a theorbo or viol, one of which is necef-
fary to make her finging complete; for ffie plays per-
feftly well Herfelf on both thefe inftruments. In (liort,
I have had the good fortune to hear her fing feveral
times above 30 different airs, with fecond and third
flanzas compofed by herfelf. I mull not forget to tell
you, that one day ffie did me the particular favour to
fing with her mother and her filter. Her mother played
upon the lute, her filter upon the harp, and herfelf up¬
on the theorbo. This concert, compofed of three fine
Voices,, and of three different inftruments, fo powerfully
tranfported my fenfes, and threw me into fuch rap-
honour of Albemarle, or the honour of the Earl of
Albemarle. In like manner, the Earl of Britannic was
lord of the honour of Britannic in France, and alfo of
the honour of Richmond in England : the honour of
Richmond was fometimes called by the foreign name,
the honour of Britannic, or the honour of the Earl of
Britannic. This ferveth to explain the terms “ honour
of Albemarle in England,” honor Aibernarlia-, or comi-
tis Albemarlite in Anglia; honor Britannia:, or comitit
Britannia: in Anglia, “ the honour of Britannic,” or
“ the Earl of Britannic in England.” Not that Air
Bemarle or Britannic were in England, but that the
fame perfon refpeCtively was lord of each of the fa:d
honours abroad and of each of the faid honours in
England. The baronies belonging to biffiops are by.
fbme called regalia, as being held folely bn the king’s
s, that I forgot my mortality, and thought myfelf liberality. Thefe do not confift in one barony alone.
already among the angels enjoying the felicity of the
bleffed.”
BARONITJS (Caefar), a pious and learned cardf-
nal, was born at Sore in 1538. He ftudied at Rome,
and put himfelf under the difcipline of St Philip de Ne-
ri. In 1593, he was made general of the congregation
of the Oratory by the refignation of the founder Philip
de Neri. Pope Clement VIII. made him his confeffor,
and created him a cardinal in 1596. He was after-
wards made librarian to the Vatican;- and died in 1605,
at 68 years of age. He wrote feveral works, the prin¬
cipal of which is his Annales Ecclejtajlici, from A. D. 1
to 1198, in 12 vols folio; which has been abridged
by feveral perfons, particularly by Henry Spondaeus,
Bzovius, and Ludovico Aurelio.
BARONY, Baronia, or Baronagiutn, the lord-
ffiip or fee of a baron, either temporal or fpiritual: In
which fenfe barony amounts to the fame with what is
otherwife called honour.
A barony may be confidered as a lordfhip held by
fome fervice in chief of the king, coinciding with what
s otherwife called grand firgeanty. Baronies, in their
but in many ; for tot erant baronia, quot majora pra-
dia.
A barony, according to Brafiton, is a right indivir
fible. Wherefore, if an inheritance be to be divided;
among coparceners, though fome capital meffuages
may he divided,, yet if the capital meffuage be the head
of a county or barony, it may not be parcelled: and
the reafon is, left by this divifion many of the rights
of counties and baronies by degrees come to nothing^
to the prejudice of the realm, which is faid to be com¬
pofed of counties and baronies.
BARRA, or Bara, ifland of. See Bara.
Barra, in commerce, a long-meafure ufed in Por*
tugal and fome parts of Spain, to meafure woollen
cloths, linen cloths, and ferges. There are three forts t
the barra, of Valencia, 13 of which make 12^'yards
Engliffi meafure ; the barra of Caftile, 7 of which make
64 yards; and the barra of Aragon, 3. of which make
24 yards Engliffi.
BARRABA, (defart of) ; a traft of land in Sibe^-
ria, lying between the rivers Irtis and Oby, in the pro¬
vince of Tobollk. It is uninhabited, but not thro’ qny-
lord of the whole realm, and could be holden imme¬
diately of no. other lord. For example, the king
feoffed a man of a great feigneurie in land, to hold to
firft creation, moved from the king himfelf, the chief deficiency of the foil; for that is excellent for tillage,.
r- J -r  ,—1" A ::  and part of it might alfo be laid out in meadows and
paftures. It is interfperfed with a great number of lakes,
which abound with a fpecies of carp called by the neigh-
the perfon gnfeoffed and his heirs, of the king and his bouring people karwwfchen ; and the country produces-
heirs, by baronial fervice; to wit, by the fervice of great numbers of elks, deer, foxes, ermine and fquirrels.
20, 40, 60 knights, or of fuch other number of Between the Irtis and Qby are fome rich copper-mines;
knights, either mor6 or fewer, as the king by his-en- particularly on a mountain called Pirto^ua, from the
feoffment limited or appointed.—In the ages next after pitta or white firs that grow upon it. Every hundred
the Conqueft, when a great lord was enfeoffed by the weight of the ore found here yields 12 pounds of pure
king of a large feigneurie, fuch feigneurie was called a copper; and there is no occafion for digging deep in
barony, but more commonly an honour ; as, the honour order to come at it. Moll of thefe ores, befides being
of Gloucefterffiire, the honour of Wallingford, the ho- very rich in copper, yield a great deal of filver, which
nour of Lancafter, the honour of Richmond, and the affords fo much gold as makes rich returns for the
like. There were in England certain honours, which trouble and expence of extracting it.
BAR-
BAR [ 57 1 BAR
parra ;»n BARRACAN, in commerce, a fort of fluff, not dia-
ll pered, fo mg tiring like camblet, but of a coarfer grain.
["arre' It is.ufed to make cloaks, furtouts, and fuch other gar¬
ments, to keep off the rain.—The cities where the moft
barracans are made in France are Valenciennes, Lille,
Abbeville, Amiens, and Roan. Thofe of Valenciennes
are the moll valued;-they are all of wool, both the
warp and the woof.
BARRACIDA, in ichthyology, a fpecies of pike.
See Esox.
BARRACKS, or Baracks, places for foldiers to
lodge in, efpeciallydn garrifons.—Barracks, when damp,
are greatly prejudicial to the health of the foldiers
lodged in them ; occafioning dyfenteries, intermitting
fevers, coughs, rheumatic pains, &c* For which rea-
fon, quarter-mailers ought to be careful in examining
every barrack offered by the magillrates of a place ;
rejecting all ground-flours in houfes that have either
been uninhabited, or have any figns of moifture.
BARRATOR, or Barretor, in law, a perfon
guilty of barretry. ■ See Barretry.
Lambert derives the word barretor from the Latin
lalatro, “ a vile knave but the proper derivation
is from the French barrateur, i. e. a “ deceiver;” and
this agrees with the defeription of a commoa barretor
in my Lord Coke’s report, viz. that he is a com¬
mon mover and maintainer of -fuits in dillurbance of
the peace, and in taking and detaining the pofleffion
* -of houfes and lands dr goods by falfe inventions, &c.
And therefore it was adjudged that the indiftment a-
■gainft him ought to be in thefe words, viz. That he is
communis malefactor, calumniator et feminator htium
et difeordiarum inter vicinos funs, et pads regis pertur-
bator. See. And there it is faid that a common barre¬
tor is the moft dangerous oppreffor in the law, for be
oppreffeth the innocent by colour of law, which was
made to protedl them from oppreffion.
BARRATRY, in law. See Barretry.
Barratry, in a Ihipmafter, is his cheating the
©wners. If goods delivered on Ihip-board are em¬
bezzled, all the mariners ought to contribute to the
fatisfaftion of the party tdiat loft his- goods, by the
maritime law; and the caufe is to be tried in the ad¬
miralty. In a cafe where a Ihip was infured againft the
barratry of the mafter, &c. and the jury found that
the Ihip was loll by the fraud and negligence of the
mafter, the court agreed, that the fraud was barratry,
though mot named in the covenant; but that negli¬
gence was not..
BARRAUX, a fortrefs of Dauphiny belonging to
France. It Hands in the valley of Grefivaudan, and
was built by a Duke of Savoy in 1597. The French
took it in 1598, and have kept it. ever fince. It is
feated on the river Ifer, in E. Long. 4. 35;, N. Lat,
: 45.- .
BARR AY, one of the Hebrides', or Weftern ifles
of Scotland, fituated in W. Long. 6. 30. N. Lat.
56- 55-
V BARRE (Louis Francois Joleph de la), of Tbur-
aay, author of feveral works printed at Paris. A-
mongft others, Imper. Orientale, Recueil des Meiailles
des esnpereurs, “ Memoirs for the hiftory of France,
&c.” He died in 173^.
BARREL, in commerce, a round veffel, extending
more in length, than in breadth, made of wood, in
form of a little tun. It ferves for holding feveral forts
of merchandize
Barree, is alfo a meafure of liquids. The Eng-
lifh barrel, wine-meafure, contains the eighth part of
a tun, the fourth part of a pipe, and one half of a
hogfhead ; that is to fay, it contains 314. gallons : a
Barrel, beer-meafure, contains 36 gallons; and, ale.-
meafure, 32 gallons. The barrelof beer, vinegar, or
liquor preparing for vinegar, ought to contain 34 gal¬
lons, according to the ftandard of the ale-quart.
Barrel alfo denotes a certain weight of feveral
merchandizes, which differs according to the feveral
commodities. A barrel of Effex butter weighs io4>
pounds ; and of Suffolk butter, 2 56 pounds. The
barrel of herrings ought to contain 32 gallons wine-
meafure, which amount to about 28 gallons old ftand¬
ard, containing about 1000 herrings. The barrel
of falmon muft contain 42 gallons ; the’ barrel of eels
the fame. The barrel of foap muft weigh 2561b.
Barrel, in mechanics, a term given by watch¬
makers to the cylinder about which the fpring is-
wrapped'; and by gun-fmiths to the cylindrical tube
of a gun, piftol, &c. through which the ball is dif-
charged.
Barrel, in anatomy, a pretty large cavity behind
the tympanum of the ear, about four or five lines deep,
and five or fix wide.
Fire Barrels. Stt FiRE-Ship.
Thundering Barrels, in the military art, are filled,
with bombs, grenades, and other fire-works to be.roli-
ed down a breach.
Ba-rel
II
Barricade.
BARRENNESS, the fame wit Jr fterility. See
Stertlity.
BARRETRY, in law, is the offence of frequently
exciting and ftirring up fuits and quarrels between his
Majefty’s fubjeCls, either at law or otherwife. The
puniftiment for this offence, in a common perfon, is by
fine and imprifonment : but if the offender (as is too
frequently the cafe) belongs to the profeffion of the
law, a barretor who is thus able as well as willing to
do mifehief ought alfo to be difabled from pradliiing
for the future. And indeed it is enafted by ftatute
12 Geo. L c. 29. that if any one, who hath been
convi&ed of forgery, perjury, fubordination of per¬
jury, or common barretry; lhall pra&ife as an attor¬
ney, folicitor, or agent, in any fuit;. the court, upon
complaint, fhall examine it in a fummary way; and, if
proved, ftiall direft the offender to be tranfported for
feven years. Hereunto alfo may be referred another
offence,.of equal malignity and audacioufnefs ; that of
fuing another in the name of a ftflitious plaintiff, ei¬
ther one not in being at all, or one who is ignorant of
the fuit. This offence, if committed in any of the
king’s fuperior courts, is left, as a high contempt, to
be punifhed at their diferetion : but in. courts of a
lower degree, where the crime is equally pernicious,
but the authority of the judges not equally extenfive, it
is direfted by ftatute 8 Elisi. c. 2. to be. punilhed by fix
months imprifonment, and treble damages to the par¬
ty injured.
BARRICADE, or Barricado, a military term
for a fence formed in hafte with veffcls, baikets of
earth, trees, pallifades, or the like, to preferve an ar¬
my from the fhot or affault of the enemy.—The moll
ufual materials for barricades confrit of pales or Hakes,
crofted
Barricade
il
Barrifter.
BAR [ 38 1 BAR
crofled with batoons, and {hod with iron at the feet,
ufually fet up in paffages or breaches.
Barricade, in naval architefture, a ftrong wooden
rail, fupported by ftanchions, extending acrofs the
foremolt part of the quarter-deck. In a veffel of-war,
the vacant fpaces between the flanchions are commonly
idled with, rope-matts, cork, or pieces of old cable ;
and the tipper part, which contains a double rope-
netting above the rail, is {tufted with full hammocks
to intercept the motion, and prevent the execution of
imall-ihot in time of battle.
BARRIER, in fortification, a kind of fence made
at a paftage, retrenchment, 5cc. to (top up the'entry
thereof. It is compofed of great {takes, about four or
live feet high, placed at the diftance of eight Or ten feet
from one another, with tranfums, or overthwart rafters,
to flop either horfe and foot, that would enter or rufti
in with violence : in the middle is a moveable bar of
wood, that opens or {huts at pleafure. A barrier is
commonly fet up in a void fpace, between the citadel
and the town, in half moons, &c. ‘
Barriers, fignifies that which the French call jeu
is barres, i. e. palasjlra ; a martial exercile of men
armed and fighting together with fhort fwords, within
certain bars or rails which feparated them from the
fpe&iftors : it is now difufed in this country.
BARRING A Vein, in farriery, an operation per¬
formed upon the veins of a horfe*s legs, and other parts
of his body, with intent to flop the courfe, and lefien
the quantity, of the malignanthumours thatprevail there.
BARRINGTON. SeeSnurE.
BARRINGTONIA, in botany ; a genus of the
polyandria order, belonging to the monadelphia clafs
of plants, the characters of which are : one female, the
calyx dephyllous above ; with a drupa, which it crowns;
and the feed is a quadrilocular nut. There is but one
fpecies known, the fpeciofa, a native of China and Ota-
heite.
BARRISTER, is a counfellor learned in the law,
admitted to plead at the bar, and there to take upon
him the protection and defence of clients. They are
termed jurifconfulti ; and in other countries called //-
centiati in jure: and anciently banifters at law were
called apprentices of the law, in Latin apprenticii jurh
nobiliores. The time before they ought to be called
to the bar, by the ancient orders, was eight years,
now reduced to five ; and the exercifes done by them
(if they were not called ex gratia) were twelve grand
moots performed in the inns of Chancery in the time
of the grand readings', and 24 petty moots in the
term times,_ before the readers of the refpe&ive inns:
and a barrifter newly called is to attend the fix (or
four) next long vacations the,exercife of thetioufe, viz.
in Lent and Summer, and is thereupon for thofe three
(or two) years ftyled a vacation barrijler. Alfo they
are called utter barrijiers, i. e. pleaders oujler the bar,
to diftinguilh them from benchers, or thofe that have
been readers, who are fometimea admitted to plead
within the bar, as the king, queen, or prince’s coun-
fel are.
BARRITUSis a word of German original, adop¬
ted by the Romans to fignify the general fhout ufually
given by the foldiers of their armies on their fir ft en¬
counter after the dafficum or alarm. This cuftom*
however, of fetting up a general ftiout was not pecu¬
liar to the Romans, but prevailed amongft the Tro¬
jans according to Homer, amongft the Germans, the
Gauls, Macedonians, and Perfians. See Classicom.
BARROS (John), a celebrated Portuguefe hifto-
rian, born at Vifco, in 1496. He was educated at
the court of king Emanuel, among the princes of the
blood, and made a great progrefs in Greek and Latin.
The Infant John, to whom he attached himfelf, and
became preceptor, having fucceeded the king his fa¬
ther in 1521, Barros obtained a place in this prince’s
houfthold ; and in 1522, was made governor of St
George del Mina, on the coaft of Guinea. Three
years after, the king having recalled him to court,
made him treafurer of the Indies, and this poft infpired
him with the-thought of writing this hiftory; for which
purpofehe retired to Ponipas, where he died, in 1570-
His hiftory of Alia and the Indies is divided into de¬
cades; the firft of which he published in 1552, the
fecond in 1553, and the third in 1563; but the
fourth decade was not publiftied till the year 1615,
when it appeared by order of King Philip III. who
had the manufeript purchafed of the heirs of John Bar¬
ros. Several authors have continued it, fo that we
have at prefent 12 decades. He left many other
works ; fome of which have been printed, and others
"remain in manufeript.
BARROW (Ifaac),an eminent mathematician and
divine, of the laft century, was the fon of Mr Thomas
Barrow a linen draper in London, where he was born,
in 1630. He was at firft placed at the charter-houfe
fchool, for two or three years ; where his behaviour af¬
forded but little hopes of fuccefs in the profeftion of
a fcholar,. he being fond of fighting, and promoting
it among his fchpoi-fellows: but being removed from
thence, his difpofition took a happier turn; and ha¬
ving foon made a great progrefs in learning, he was
admitted a penfioner of Peter Houfe in Cambridge.
He now applied himfelf with great diligence to the
ftiidy of all parts of literature, efpecially to that of
natnral philofophy. He afterwards turned his thoughts
to the proftflion of phyfic, and made a confiderable
progrefs in anatomy, botany, and chemiftry; after
this he ftudied chronology, aftrohomy, and geometry.
He then travelled into France and Italy, and in a
voyage from Leghorn to Smyrna, gave a proof of
his bravery ; for the Ihip being attacked by an Al¬
gerine pirate, he ftaid upon deck, and with the great-
eft intrepidity fought, till the pirate, perceiving ths
flout refiftance the {hip made, Iheered off and left
her (a).
At Smyrna he met with a moft kind reception from
Mr
(a) There is another anecdote told of him, which not only fliowed his intrepidity, but an uncommon good-
neis of difpofition, in circumftances where an ordinary {hare of it would have been probably extinguifhed. He
was once in a gentle man’s houfe in the country-, where the neceffary was at the end of a long garden, and
confequently at a great diftance from the room where he lodged: as he was going to it before day, for
he
BAR [ 39 J BAR
jrrovf. Mr'Bretton, the EngliTh conful, upon wliofe death he
"V*—' afterwards wrote a Latin elegy'. From thence he pro¬
ceeded to Conftantinople, where he received the like
civilities from Sir Thomas Bendifh the Englifh ambaf-
fador, and Sir Jonathan Dawes, with whom he after¬
wards preferved an intimate friendfliip. At Conftanti-
nople he read over the works of St Chryfoflom, once
biihop of that fee, whom he preferred to all the oth^r
fathers. When he had been in Tnrkey fomewhat
more than a year, he returned to Venice. From
thence he came home in 1659, through Germany and
Holland ; and was epifcopally ordained by biihop
Brownrig. In 1660, he was chofen to the Greek
profefforfhip at Cambridge. When he entered upon
this province, he intended to have read upon the tra¬
gedies of Sophocles; but he altered his intention, and
made choice of Ariftotle’s rhetoric. Thefe ledlures
having been lent to a friend who never returned them,
are irrecoverably loft. July the i6thj66z, he was
elefted profefibr of geometry in Grefham college, by
the recommendation of Dr Wilkins, mafter of Trinity-
college, and afterwards biihop of Chtfter. Upon the
20th of May 1663 he was elected a fellow of the
Royal Society, in the firft choice made by the council
after their charter. The fame year the executors of
Mr Lucas having, according to his appointment,
founded a mathematical ledture at Cambridge, they
fixed upon Mr Barrow for the firft profeifor; and though
his two profefforihips were not inconfiftent with each
other, he chofe to refign that of Grefham college,
which he did May the 20th 1664. In 1669 he re-
figned his mathematical chair to his learned friend
Mr Ifaac Newton, being now determined to give up
the ftudy of mathematics for that of divinity. Upon
quitting his profeftbrfhip, he was only a fellow of
Trinity college, till his uncle gave him a fmall fine-
cure in Wales, and Dr Seth Ward bifhop of Salif-
bury conferred upon him a prebend in his church.
In the year 1670 he was created dodlor in divinity by
mandate ; and, upon the promotion of Dr Pearfou
mafter of Trinity college to the fee of Chefter, he was
appointed to fucceed him by the king’s patent bear¬
ing date the 13th of February 1672. When the king
advanced him to this dignity, he was pleafed to fay;
“ he had given it to the heft fcholar in England.”
His majefty did not fpeak from report, but from his
own knowledge : the doftor being then his chaplain,
be ufed often to converfe with him, and in his humour¬
ous way, to call him an “ unfair preacher,” becaufe
he exha-ufted every fubjedl, and left no room for others
to come after him. In 1677 was chofen vice-chan¬
cellor of the univerfity.—The doftor’s works are very
numerous, and fuch as do honour to the Englifh nation.
They are, 1. Euclid’s Elements. 2. Euclid’s Data.
3. Optical Letters, read in the public fchool of Cam- Bar
bridge. 4. Thirteen Geometrical Letters. 5. The Biin
Works of Archimedes, the four Books of Appoloni-
us’s Conic Se&ions, and Theodofius’s Spherics explain¬
ed in a new Method. ‘ 6. A Lerfture, in which Archi¬
medes’s Theorems of the Sphere and Cylinder are in-
veftigated and briefly demonftrated. 7. Mathematical
Le&ures, read in the public fchoolsof the univerfity of
Cambridge : the above were all printed in Latin ; and
as to his Englifh works, they are printed together in
four volumes folio.—“ The name of Dr BarroVv (fays
the reverend and learned Mr Granger) will ever be il-
luftrious for a ftrength of mind and a compafs of know¬
ledge that did honour to his country. He was unri¬
valled in mathematical learning, and efpccially in the
fublime geometry ; in which he has been excelled only
by one man, and that man was his pupil the great Sir
Ifaac Newtom The fame genius that feemed to be
born only to bring hidden truths to light, to rife to
the heights or defcend to the depths of fcience, would
fometimes amufe itfelf in the flowery paths of poetry,
and he compofed verfes both in Greek and Latin.
He at length gavehimfelf up entirely to divinity ; and
particularly tp the moft uft-ful part of it, that which
has a tendency to make men wifer and better. He
has, in his-excellent fermons on the Creed, folved every
difficulty and removed every obffacle thatoppofed itfelF
to our faith, and made divine revelation as clear as the
demonftrations in his own Euclid. In his fermons he
knew not, how to leave off writing till he had exhaufted
his fubjeft; and his admirable Difcourfe o« the Duty
and Reward of Bounty to the Poot, took him up three
hours and an half in preaching. This excellent per-
fon, who was a bright example of Chriftian virtue, as*
well as a prodigy of learning, died on the 4th of May
1 677, in the 47th year of his age and was-interred
in Weftminfter abbey, where a monument, adorned
with his buft, was foon after ere&ed, by the contribu¬
tion of his friends.
BARROWS, in ancient topography, artificial hil¬
locks or mounts, met with in many parts of the world,
intended as repofitories for the dead, and formed ei¬
ther of ftones heaped up, or of earth. For the former,
more generally knocwn by the name of cairns, fee
Cairns.—Of the latter Dr Plott takes notice of two
forts in Oxfordfhire : one placed on the military ways ;
the other in the fields, meadows, or woods; the firit
fort doubtlefs of Roman eredfion, the other more pro¬
bably erected by the Britons or Danes. We have an
examination of the barrows in Cornwall by Dr Wil¬
liams, in {he Phil. Tranf. N° 458. from whofe ob-
fervations we find that they are compofed of foreign or
adventitious earth ; that is, fuch as does not rife on the
place, but is fetched from fome diftance.—Monuments-
of
he was a very early rifer, a fierce maftiff, who ufed to be chained up all day, and let loofe at night for the
fecurity of the houfe, perceiving a ftrange perfon in the garden at that Unfeafonable time, fet upon him with
great fury. The Doftor catched him by .the throat, threw him, and lay upon him ; and whilft he kept him
down, confidered what lie ffiould do in that exigence: once he had a mind to kill him; but he altered this
rcfolution, upon recollefting that this would be unjuft, fince the dog did only bis duty, and he himfelf
was in fault for rambling out of his room before it was light. At length he called out fo loud, that he was
heard by fome of the houfe, who came prefently out, and freed the Debtor and the dog froixv the danger they
were both in.
BAR [ 40 ] BAR
■Barrow*, pf tills kind are alfo very frequent in Scotland, On dig-
~ ■'“y ging into the barrows, urns have been found in fomq
of them, made of calcined earth, and containing burnt
bones and afhes ; in others, ftone chefts containing
bones entire in others, bones neither lodged in chefts
nor depofited in urns. Thefe tumuli are round, not
greatly elevated, and generally at their bafts furrounded
with a fofs. They are of different fixes; in proportion,
it is fuppofed, to the greatnefs, rank, and power, of the
deceafed perfon. The links or fands of Skail, in Sandr
wich, one of the Orkneys, abound in round barrows.
\^lome are formed of earth alone, others of ftone cover¬
ed with earth. In the former was found a coffin,
made offfix flat ftones. They are too fliort to receive
a body at full length : the Ikeletons found in them lie
with the knees preffed to the breaft, and the legs
doubled along the thighs. A bag, made of ruffles, has
been found at the feet of fome of-thefe flteletons, con¬
taining the bones, moft probably, of another of the fa¬
mily. In one were to be feen multitudes of fmall
beetles ; and as fimilar infe&s have been difcovered in
the bag which inclofed the facred Ibis, we may fup-
pofe that the Egyptians,"'and the nation to whom
thefe tumuli did belong, might have had the fame fu-
perftition rcfpe&ing them. On fome of the corpfes
interred in this ifland, the mode of burning was obfer-
ved. The allies, depofited in an urn which was co¬
vered on the top-with a flat ftone, have been found in
the cell of one of the barrows. This coffin or cell was
placed on the ground, then covered with a heap of
ftones, and that again cafed with earth and fods. Both
barrow and contents evince them to be of a different
age from the former. Thefe tumuli were in the na¬
ture of family vaults : in them have been found two
tiers of coffins. It is probable, that on the death of
any one of the family, the tumulus was opened, and
the body interred near its kindred bones.
Ancient Greece and Latium concurred in the
fame practice with the natives of this ifland. Patro-
clus among the Greeks, and Heftor among the Tro¬
jans, received but the fame funeral honours with our
Caledonian heroes ; and the allies of Dercennus the
Lauren tine monarch had the fame Ample prote&ion.
The urn and pall of the Trojan warrior might perhaps
be more fuperb than thofe of a Britilh leader: the ri¬
ling monument of each had the common materials from
our mother earth.
The fnowy bones his friends and brothers place,
With tears collected, in a golden vafe.
The golden vafe in purple palls they roll’d
Of fofteft texture and inwrought with gold.
JLaft o’er the urn the facred earth they fpread,
And rais’d a tomb, memorial of the dead.
Pope's Homer's Iliad, xxiv. 1003.
Or, as it is more ftrongly expreffed by the fame ele¬
gant tranflator, in the account of the funeral of Pa-
troclus;
High in the midft they heap the fwelling bed
Of rifing earth,memorial of the dead. lb. xxiii. 319.
The Grecian barrows, however, do not feem to have
been all equally Ample. The barrow of Alyattes, fa¬
ther of Croefusking of Lydia, is.defcribed by Hero¬
dotus as a moft fuperb monument inferior only to the
N°4i.
works of the Egyptians and Babylonians. It was a Ba
vaft mound of earth heaped on a bafement of large
ftones by three claffes of the people T oue of which was
compofed of girls, who were proftitutes. Alyattes
died, after a long reign, in the year 56* before the
Chriftian sera. Above a century intervened, but the
hiftorian relates, that to his time five ftones (s,?^ termini
or flelx) on which letters were engraved, had remained
on the top, recording what each clafs had performed ;
and from the meafurement it had appeared, that the
greater portion was done by the girls. Strabo like-
wife has mentioned it as a huge mound raifed on a lofty
bafement by the multitude of the city. The circum¬
ference was fix ftadia or three quarters of a mile; the
height two plethra or two hundred feet; and the width
thirteen plethra. It was cuftomary among the Greeks
to place on barrows either the image of fome animal
or Jlelx, commonly round pillars with infcriptions.
The famous barrow of the Athenians in the plain of
Marathon, defcribed by Paufanias, is an inftance of the
latter ufage. An ancient monument in Italy by the
Appian way, called without reafon thefepulchre of the
Curiatii, has the fame number of termini as remained
on the barrow of Alyattes; the bafement, which is
fquare, fupporting five round pyramids—Of the bar-
row of Alyattes the apparent magnitude is defcribed
by travellers as now much diminifhed, and the bottom
rendered wider and lefs diftinft than before, by the gra- .
dual increafe of the foil below. It ftands in the midft
of others by the lake Gygasus; where the burying-
place of the Lydian princes was Atuated. The bar-
rows are of various fixes, the fmaller made perhaps for
children of the younger branches of the royal family.
Four or five are diftinguiftied by their fuperior magni¬
tude, and are vifible as hills at a great diftance. That
of Alyattes is greatly fupereminent. The lake it is
likely furniftred the foil. All of them are covered
with green turf; and all retain their conical form
without any finking in of the top.
Barrows, or fimilar tumuli, are alfo found in great
numbers in America. Thefe are of different fixes, ac¬
cording to Mr Jefferfon’s* account; fome of them con- * .
ftrufted of earth, and fome of loofe ftones. That they ^
were repofitories of the dead has been obvious to all; ^ ,r
but on what particular occafion conftrufted, was mat¬
ter of doubt. - Some have thought they covered the
bones of thofe who have fallen in battles fought on the
fpot of interment. Some afcribed them to the cuftom
faid to prevail among the Indians, of collefting at cer¬
tain periods the bones of all their.dead, wherefoever de¬
pofited at the time of death. Others again fuppofed
them the general fepulchres for towns, conjectured to
have been on or near thefe grounds ; and this opinion
was fupported by the quality of the lands in which they
are found (thofe conftrudted of earth being generally
in the fofteft and moft: fertile meadow-grounds on river
fides), and by a tradition faid to be handed down from
the aboriginal Indians, that when they fettled in a
town, the iirft perfon who died was placed eredt, and
earth put about him, fo as to cover and fupport him ;
that when another died, a narrow paffage was dug to
the firft, the fecond reclined againft him, and the cover
of earth replaced, and fo on. “ There being one of
thefcbarrows in.my neighbourhood (fays Mr Jefferfon),
I wiftied to fatisfy myfelf whether any,- and which of
1 * thefe
BAR [' 41 J BA R
Barrow, theic opinions were juft. For this purpofe 1 deter-
mined to open and examine it thoroughly. It was fi-
tuated on the low grounds of the Rivanna, about two
miles above its principal fork, and oppofite to fome
hills, on which had been an Indian town. It was of a
fpheroidicalform, of about 40 feet diameter at the bafe,
and had been of about 12 feet altitude, though now
reduced by the plough to feven and a half, having been
under cultivation about a dozen years. Before this it
was covered with trees of twelve inches diameter, and
round the bafe was an excavation of five feet depth and
wfidth, from whence the earth had been taken of which
the hillock was formed. I firft dug fuperficially in fe-
veral parts of it, and came to collections of human
bones, at different depths, from fix inches to three feet
below the furface. Thefe were lying in the utmoft
confufion, fome vertical, fome oblique, fome horizon¬
tal, and direCted to every point of the compafs, entan¬
gled, and held together in clufters by the earth. Bones
of the moft diftant parts were found together; as, for
inltance, the fmall bones of the foot in. the hollow of
a Ik nil, many Ikulls would fometimes be in contaCt, ly¬
ing on the face, on the fide, on the back, top or bot¬
tom, fo as on the whole to give the idea of bones emp¬
tied promifcuoufly from a bag or balket, and covered
over with earth, without any attention to their order.
The bones of which the greateft numbers remained,
were (kulls, jaw-bones, teeth, .the bones of the arms,
thighs, legs, feet, and hands. A few ribs remained^
fome vertebras of the neck and fpine, without their pro-
ceffes, and one inftance only of the bone which ferves
as a bafe to the vertebral column. The Ikulls were fo
tender, that they generally fell to pieces on being
touched. The other bones were ftronger. There
■ were fome teeth which were judged tb be fmaller than
thofe of an adult; a flcull which, on a flight view, ap¬
peared to be that of an infant, but it fell to pieces on
being taken out, fo as to prevent fatisfaCtory examina-
-tion ; a rib, and a fragment of the under-jaw of a per-
fon about half-grown ; another rib of an infant; and
part of the jaw of a child, which had not yet cut its
teeth. This laft furnilhing the moft decifive proof of
the burial of children here, I was particular in my at¬
tention to it. It was part of the right half of the un¬
der jaw. The proceffes by which it was articulated to
the temporal bones were entire ; and the bone itfelf
firm to where it had been broken off, which, as nearly
as I cmrld judge, was about the place of the eye-tooth.
Its upper edge, wherein would have been the fockets
of the teeth, was perfectly fmooth. Meafuring it
with that of an adult, by placing their hinder procef¬
fes together, its broken end extended to the penulti¬
mate grinder of the adult. This bone was white, all
the others of a fand colour. The bones of infants be¬
ing foft, they probably decay fooner, which might be
the caufe fo few were found here. I proceeded then
to make a perpendicular cut through the body of the
barrow, that I might examine its internal ftruCture.
This paffed about three feet from its centre, was open¬
ed to the former furface cf the earth, and Was wide
enough for a man to walk through and examine its
fides. At the bottom, that is, on the level of the
circumjacent plain, I found bones; above thefe a few
ft ones, brought from a cliff a quarter of a mile off, and
Vol. III. Part I.
from the river one-eighth of a mile off; then a large Barrow
interval of earth, then a ftratum of bones, and fo on. H
At one end of the feCtion were four ftrata of bones arry'..
plainly diftinguifliable ; at the other, three; the ftrata
in one part not ranging with thofe in another. The
bones neareft the furface were lead decayed. No holes
were difcovered in any of them, as if made with bul¬
lets, arrows, or other weapons. I conje&ured that
in this barrow might have been a thoufand flceletons.
Every one will readily feize the circumftances above
related, which militate againft the opinion that it co¬
vered the bones only of perfons fallen in battle ; and
againft the tradition alfo which would make it the com¬
mon fepulchre of a town, in which the bodies were
placed upright, and touching each other. Appear¬
ances certainly indicate that it has derived both ori¬
gin and growth from the accuftomary colle&ion of
bones, and depofition of them together; that the firll
colletftion had been depofited on the common fur¬
face of the earth, a few ftones put over it, and then a
covering of earth; that the fecond had been laid on
this, had covered more or lefs of it in proportion to
the number of bones, and was then alfo covered with
earth, and fo on. The following are the particular
circumftances which give it this afpeft. I. The num¬
ber of bones. 2. Their confufed pofition. 3. Their
being in different ftrata. 4. The ftrata in one part
having no correfpondence with thofe in another. 5.
The different ftates of decay in thefe ftrata, which feem
to indicate a difference in the time of inhumation. 6.
The exiftence of infant bones among them. But on
whatever occafion they may have been made, they
are of confiderable notoriety among the Indians: for
a party palling, about thirty years ago, through the
part of the country where this barrow is, went through
the woods dire&ly to it, without any inftru&ions or
enquiry; and having llaid about it fome time, with
expreffions which were conftrued to be thofe of for-
row, they returned to the high road, which they had
left about half a dozen miles to pay this vifit, and pur-
fued their journey. There is another barrow, much
refembling this in the low grounds of the South
branch of Shenandoah, where it is croffed by the road
leading from the Rock-filh gap to Staunton. Both
of thefe have, within thefe dozen years, been cleared
of their trees and put under cultivation, are much re¬
duced in their height, and fpread in width, by the
plough, and will probably difappear in time. There
is another on a hill in the blue ridge of mountains, a
few miles north of Wood’s gap, which is made up of
fmall ftones thrown together. This has been opened
and found to contain human bones as the others do.
There are alfo many others in other parts of the
Country.”
Barrow, in the falt-works,are wicker-cafes, almoft in
the Ihape of a fugar-loaf, wherein the fait is put to drain.
BARRULET, in heraldry, the fourth part of the
bar, or the one half of the cloflet: an ufual bearing in
coat-armour.
BARRULY, in heraldry, iswhen the field is divi¬
ded bar-ways, that is, acrofs from fide to fide, into fe-
veral parts.
BARRY (Girald), commonly called Giraldiu Ca?/i-
brenfis, i. e. Giratd of Wales, an hiftorian and eccle-
F fiaftid
BAR [42
fiaftic in the reigns of Henry IX. and Richard I. was
born at the caftle of Mainarper, near Pembroke, A. D.
1146. By'his mother he was defcended from the prin¬
ces of South Wales; and his father, William Barry,
was one of the chief men of that principality. Being
a younger brother, and intended for the church, he was
lent to St David’s, arid educated in the family of his .
uncle, who was bifliop of that fee. He acknowledges,
in his hiftory of his own life and a&ions, that in his
early youth he was too playful; but being feverely re¬
proached for it by his preceptors, he became a very
hard ftudent, and greatly excelled all his fchool-fellows
in learning. When he was about 20 years of age, he
was fent, A.D. 1166, for his further improvement, to
the univerfity of Paris; where he continued three years,
and became, according to his own account, a moft ex¬
cellent rhetorician ; which rendered him very famous.
On his return into Britain, he entered into holy orders,
and obtained feveral benefices both in England and
Wales. Obferving, with much concern, that his coun¬
trymen, the Welflr, were very backward in paying the
tithes of wool and cheefe, which he was afraid would
involve them in eternal damnation, he appliedto Richard
archbifhop of Canterbury, and was appointed his le¬
gate in Wales for rectifying that diforder, and for other
purpofes. tie executed this commiffion with great
fpirit; excommunicating all, without diftinftion, who
refufed to fave their fouls by furrendering the tithes
of their cheefe and wool- Not fatisfied with enriching,
Re alfo attempted to reform, the clergy; and dilated the
archdeacon of Brechin to the archbilhop, for the un¬
pardonable crime of matrimony; and the poor old man,
refufing, to put away his wife, was.deprived of his arch¬
deaconry ; which was bellowed upon our zealous le¬
gate. In difcharging the duties of this new office, he
a died with great vigour, which involved him in many
quarrels; but, if we may believe himfelf, he was al¬
ways in the right, and always, victorious. His uncle,
the bilhop of St David’s, dying A. D. 1176, he was
defied lus fucceffor by the chapter: but this eleftion
having been made without the permiffion, and contrary
to the inclination of Henry IL our- author prudently
declined to infill upon it, and went again to Paris to
profecute his ftudies, particularly in the civil and canon
law, and theology.. He fpeaks with great raptures of
the prodigious fame he acquired by his eloqnent decla¬
mations in the fchools, and of the crowded audiences
who attended them, who were at a lofs to know whe¬
ther the fweetnefs of his-voice, the beauty of his lan¬
guage, or the irrefiftible force of his. arguments, were
moll to be admired. Having fpent about four years at
Paris, he returned to St David’s; where he found e-
very thing in confufion; and the biffiop being expelled
by the people, he was appointed adminillrator by the
archbifhop. of Canterbury, and governed the diocefe in
that capacity to A. D. 1184, when the bilhop was redos-
red. About the fame time he was called to court by
Henry II. appointed one of his chaplains, and fent
into Ireland A. D. 1185, with prince John. By this
prince he was offered the united bifhoprics of Femes
and Leighlin ; but declined them, and employed his
time in collefting materials for his Topography of Ire¬
land, and l*is Hiftory of the conqueft of that illand.
Having finiffied his Topography, which confifted of
three books, he publilhed it. at Oxford, A. D. 1087,
m the following manner, in three days. On the firlt
} BAR
day he read the firft book to a great concoiirfe of peo- Barry,
pie, and afterwards entertained ail the poor of the
town ; on the fecond day he read the fecond book, and
entertained all the dodlors and chief fcholars; and, on
the third day, he read the third book, and entertained
the younger fcholars,. foldiers, and burgeffes. “ A moft
glorious fpedlacle ! (fays he)-which revived the ancient
times of the poets, and of which no example had been
feen in England,” He attended Baldwin archbilhop
of Canterbury, in his progrefs through Wales, A. D*
1186, in preaching a croifade for the recovery of the
Holy Land; in which, he tells us, he was far more
fuccefsful than the primate ; and particularly, that the
people were prodigioufly affefted with his Latin fer-
mons, wdiich they did not underftand, melting into
tears, and coming in crowds to take the crofs. Al¬
though Henry II. as our author affures us, entertained
the higheft opinion of his virtues and abilities; yet he
never would advance him to any higher dignity in the
church, on account of his relation to the princes and
great men of Wales. But on the acceffion of Richard L
(A. D. 1189), his profpefts of preferment became bet¬
ter : for-he was fent for: by that Prince into Wales to
preferve the peace of that country, and was even joined
in commiffion with William Longchamp, bifhop of
Ely, as one of the regents of the kingdom. He did
not, however, improve this favourable opportunity;
refufing the bifhopric of Bangor in A. D. 1190,
and that of Landaff the year after, having fixed his
heart on the fee of St David’s, the bifliop of which was
very old and infirm. In A. D. 1192, the ftate of pu¬
blic affairs, and the courfe of intereft at court, became
fo unfavourable to our author’s views, that he determi¬
ned to retire. At firft he refolved to return to Paris to
profecute his ftudies; but meeting with fome difficul¬
ties in this, he went to Lincoln, where William de
Monte read leftures in theology with great applaufe.
Here he fpent about fix years in the ftudy of divinity,
and in compofing feveral works. The fee of St Da¬
vid’s, which had long been the great objeft of his am¬
bition, became vacant, A. D. 1198, and brought him
again upon the ftage.. He was unanimoufly ele£led by
the chapter; but met with fo powerful an adverfary in
Hubert archbiftiop of Canterbury (who oppofed his.
promotion with great violence), that it involved him
in a litigation which lafted five years, coft him three
journeys to Rome, at a great expence, and in which-
he was at laft defeated, A. D. 1203. Soon after this
he retired from the world, and fpent the laft 17 years
of his life in a ftudious privacy, compofing many
books, of which we have a very correct catalogue in
the Biographia Britannica.. That Girald of Wales
was a man of uncommon aftivity, genius, and learning,.
is undeniable; but thefe and his other good qualities
were much tarniflied by his infufferable vanity, which ,
mull have been very offenfive to his contemporaries, as
it is highly difgufting to his readers.
BARRY,, in heraldry, is when an efcutcheon is di¬
vided bar-ways, that is, acrofsfrom fide to fide, into,
an even number of partitions, confifting ofitwo or more
tinftures, interchangeably difpofed : it is to be expreffed
in the blazon by the word harry, and the number of pie¬
ces muft be fpecified; but if the divifions be odd, the field
muft be firft named, and the numberof bars expreffed..
BARRr-Bendy is when an efcutcheon is divided even¬
ly, bar and bend-ways, by lines drawn tranfrerfe and
diagonal,.
BAR
Barfary diagonal,' interchangeably varying the tindures of
„ II . which it confifts.'
. ^ '* . Barry-PH} is when a coat is divided by feveral lines
drawn obliquely from fide to fide, where they form
acute angles.
r as i
BAR
tion to fettle in England, and came thither with Ge- Bartjs,
miniani, who was alfo a Luccefe, in the year x 7 f 4., Bartar-
He was a good performer on the hautboy, and alfo " "
on the flute ; in the former capacity he found employ¬
ment in the opera band, and in the latter derived
BARSA (anc. geog.), an ifland on the coaft of confiderable advantages by teaching. He publiflied
France, in the Englifh Channel, Itinerary: Bafepool with a dedication to the earl of Burlington, fix folos for
according to fome; but according to others, Bardfey. a flute with a thorough bafs, and afterwards fix folos
BARSALLI, a kingdom of Africa, bordering on for a German flute and a bafs. He alfo made into
the river Gambia, inhabited by a tribe of negroes called 'fonatas, for two violins and .a bafs, the firit fix folos of
Jaloffs. The government of this kingdom is a ,moft Geminiani. He continued many years a performer at
defpotic monarchy; all people being obliged to pro-
ftrate themfelves on the earth when any of the royal
family makes his appearance. In time of war, every
foldier has his fhare of the booty, and the king but a
certain proportion, which is moderate, confidering that
if he pleafed he might keep the whole. The kingd<
the opera-houfe : at length, reflecting that there was a
prpfpedl of advantage for one of his profeffion in Scot¬
land, he went thither ; and, with greater truth than
the fame is afferted of David Rizzo, may be faid to
have meliorated the mufic of this country, by collec¬
ting and making bafles to a great number of the moil
is divided into a number of provinces, over which go- popular Scots tunes. About the year 1750 Barfanti
vernors called bumeys are appointed by the king. Thefe
bumeys are abfolute within their jurifdi&ions ; but they
feldom carry their prerogative fo far as to incur the
diilike of the people, which would quickly prove fatal
to them. The Mohemetan religion is profeffed by the
king and his court; though little regard is paid to that
part of . the impoilor’s creed which forbids the ufe of
wine; for the king cannot live without brandy, nor is
returned to England; but, being advanced in years,
he was glad to be taken into the opera band as a per¬
former on the tenor violin ; and in the fummer feafon
into that of Vauxhall. At this time he'publiflied 12
concertos for violins; and fliortly after, Sei Antifone,
in which he endeavoured to imitate the ftyle of Pa-
leftrina, and the old compofers of motets: but from
thefe publications fo little profit refulted, that, to-
he ever more devout than when he1 is drunk. When his wards the end of his life, the induflry and ceconomy
majefty is in want of brandy or other neceflaries, he of an excellent wife, whom he had married in Scot-
fends to beg of the governor of James-fort that he will
difpatch a boat with the merchandize he has oocafion
for ; and to purchafe this he plunders the neighbour¬
ing towns, and feizes a certain number of his fubje&s,
whom he fells for flaves to the Europeans in exchange
for their commodities. This is his method of fupply-
ing himfelf if he happens to be at peace with his
neighbours; for which reafon the people are never fo
happy as when at war; and hence they purfue war
with great vigour, and continue it with obftinacy.—
The general drefs of the people is a kind of loofe calli-
coe furplice, that hangs down below the knee ; which
they fometimes plait about the waiftin a very agreeable
manner. They wear a great number of gold trinkets
in their hair, ears, nofes, and round their necks, arms,
and legs ; but the women efpecially are fond of thefe
ornaments. The king of Barfalli, whom Moore faw
in 1732, had a prodigious number of women: but
when he went abroad he was feldom attended by more
than two, who feemed to be dreffed out in the whole
finery and jewels of the feraglio. He had likewife a
number of brethren ; but it was feldom that he deigned
to fpeak to them : if ever he did them that honour,
they were forced to treat him with the fame refpeft as
other fubje&s, and fall proftrate on the earth the mo¬
ment they came into his prefence, notwithilanding
they were the prefumptive heirs of the crown. It is
indeed ufual for the king’s children to difpute the right
of fucceflion with his brethren, and the longefl; fword
generally carries away the prize.
BARSANTI (Francifco), an eminent mufical per¬
former and compofer, was born at Lucca about the
year 1690. He ftudied the civil law in the univerfity
of Padua; but, after a fliort flay there, chofe mufic
for his profeffion. Accordingly he put himfelf under
the tuition of fome of the ableft matters in Italy ; and
having attained to a confiderable degree of proficiency
ia the fcience of practical compofition, took a refolu-
land, and the ftudies and labours of a daughter, whom
he had qualified for the profeffion of a finger, but who is
now an aftrefs at Covent-Garden, werehis chief fupport.
BART AS (William de Salufte du), a French poet,
who lived in the 16th century. He was employed by
Henry IV. of France in England, Denmark, and Scot¬
land ; and commanded a troop of horfe in Gafcony,
under the marechal de Martignan. He was a Calvi-
nift ; and died in 1590, aged 46. He wrote a great
number of poems; the moft famous of which are, 1. The
Week, or the Creation of the World, in feven books.
2. The Poem of Judith; and 3. the battle of Ivry,
gained by Henry IV. in 1590. Du Bartas wrote in
a bombatt ftyle.
BARTAR, or Truck, is the exchanging of one
commodity for another. The word comes from the
Spanifti baratortto deceive or circumvent in bargaining,
perhaps becaufe thofe who deal this way ufually en¬
deavour to over-reach one another.
To tranfaft properly, the price of one of the com¬
modities, and an equivalent quantity of the other, mutt
be found either by praftice, or by the rule of three.
^uej}. 1. How many pounds of cotton, at 9d. per
lb. mutt be given in bartar for 13 C. 3 0^14. lb. of
pepper, at 2 1. 16 s. per C. ?
Firji'. Find the price or value of the commodity
whofe quantity is given as follows:
2l.
16 s.
aCb
I4lb.
4>; lb. L. s.
3 14 at 2 16.
8
14
7
L.38 17
Secondly,
Bartar
II.
Barthiue.
BAR [ 44 1 BAR
Secondly, Find how much cotton, at pd. per lb.
?81. 17 s. will purchafe as under :
/ lb. L. s.
If 9 : i :: 38 17
20
777
1 2
9-)93*4( ^ ^
  C. ^
Anf 1036 lb. = 9 1
as well as ancient languages, and his tranflations from Bartholinus
the Spanifh and French fhow that he was not content —y”"-*
with a fuperficial knowledge. Upon his return to Ger¬
many, he took up his refidence at Leipfic, where he led
a retired life, his palfion for ftudy having made him re¬
nounce all fort of employment. He wrote a vaft num¬
ber of books ; the principal of which are, 1. His /id-
verfaria, a large volume in folio ; the fecond and third
volumes of which he left in manufcript. 2. A Tranf-
lation of iEneas Gazieus. 3. A large volume of Notes
upon Claudian, in 410. 4. Three large volumes u-
pon Statius 5 &c. He died at Leipfic, in 1658, aged
If the above queftion be wrought decimally, the
@peration may Hand as follows 1
C. L. C.
If i : 2. 8 :: 13.875-
2.8
111000
27750
 lb. C,
..o375)38.85oo( 1036=9 1 Anfi
37'5* • •
*35°
1125
2250
2250
The value or price of the goods received and deli¬
vered in bartar being always equal, it is obvious that
the produ£t of the quantities received and delivered,
multiplied in their refpedlive rates, will be equal.
Hence arife a rule which may be ufed with advan¬
tage in* working feveral queftions ; namely, Multiply
the given quantity and rate of the one commodity, and
the produft divided by the rate of the other commodity
quotes the quantity fought; or divided by the quanr
tity quotes the rate.
ghtejl. 2. How many yards of linen, at 4 s. per
yard, {hould I have in bartar for 120 yards of velvet,
at 15 s. 6 d. ?
Tds. Si/p. Sixp. Tds.
120 X 31 = 3720, and 8)3720(459
BARTH, or Bart (John), a brave fifherman of
Dunkirk, who rofe to the rank of an admiral; and is
celebrated for his fignal valour and naval exploits, in
the annals of France. He died in 1702, aged 51.
BARTHIUS (Gafpar), a very learned and copi¬
ous writer, born at Cuftrin in Brandenbutgh, the 2 2d
of June 1576. Mr Baillet has inferted him in his En-
fans Celebres ; where he tells us, that at 12 years of age
he tranflated David’s Pfalms into Latin verfe of every
meafure', and publifhed feveral Latin Poems. Upon the
death of his father (who was profefibr of civil law at
Francfort, counfellor to the eleftor of Brandenburg,
and his chancellor at Cuftrin), he was fent to Gotha,
then to Eifenach, and afterwards, according to cuftom,
went through all the different univeffities in Germany.
When he had finiftied his ftudies, he began his travels ;
he vilited Italy, France, Spain, England, and Holland,
improving himfelf by the converfation and works of
the learned in every country. He ftudied the modern
BARTHOLINUS (Cafpar), a learned phyfician
and anatomift in the 17th century, was born at Malmoe,
a town in the province of Schonen, which then be¬
longed to Denmark. At three years of age he had
fuch a quick capacity, that in 14 days he learned to
read ; and in his 13th year he compofed Greek and
Latin orations, and. pronounced them in public. When
he was about 18 he went to the univerfity of Copen¬
hagen, and afterwards ftudied at Roftock and Wirtem-
berg. He nextfet out upon his travels; during which
he neglected no opportunity of improving himfelf at
the different univerfities to which he came, and every
where receiving marks of refpecft. He was in 1613
chofen profeffor of phyfic in that univerfity, which he
enjoyed 11 years; when, falling into a dangerous ill-
fiefs, he made a vow, that if it fhould pleafe God to
reftore him, he would folejy apply himfelf to the lludy
of divinity. He recovered, and kept his word ; and
foon after obtained the profefforfhip of divinity, and
the canonry of Rofchild. He died on the 13th of
July 162.9, after having written feveral fmall works,
chiefly on metaphyfics, logic, and rhetoric.
Bartholinus (Thomas), a celebrated phyfician,
fon of the former, was bom at Copenhagen in
1616. After ftudying fome years in his own country,
he in 1637 went to Leyden, where he ftudied phyfic
during three years. He then travelled into France ;
and refided two years at Paris and Montpelier, in or¬
der to improve himfelf under the famous phyficians of
thofe univerfities. Afterwards going to Italy, he con¬
tinued three years at Padua; and at length went to
Bafil, where he obtained the degree of doftor of phi-
lofophy. Soon after, he returned to Copenhagen ;
where in 1647 he was appointed profeffor of the ma¬
thematics ; and next year was nominated to the ana¬
tomical chair, an employment better fuited to his ge¬
nius and inclination ; which he difcharged with great,
afiiduity for i 3 years, and diilinguiihed himfelf by ma¬
king feveral difcoveries with refpeft to the lafteal veins
and lymphatic veffels. His clofe application, however,
having rendered his conftitution very infirm, he, in
1661, refigned his chair; but the king of Denmark
allowed him the title of honorary profeffor. He now
retired to a little eftate he had purchafed at Hagefted,
near Copenhagen, where he hoped to have fpent the
remainder of his days in peace and tranquillity; but
his houfe being burnt in 1650, his library, with all his
books and manufcripts, was deftroyed. In confidera-
tion of this lofs the king appointed him his phyfician
with a handfome falary, and exempted his land from
all taxes ; the univerfity of Copenhagen alfo appointed,
him their librarian ; and, in 1675, the king did him.
BAR [45 ] BAS
|Bartho- the honour to give him a feat in the grand council of fcience would hardly ever fuffer him to draw naked fi-
imew s Demnark. He wrote, 1. Anat&mia Cafpart Bariholi- gures, though nobody underftood them better. He
^ ni Parentis navis Olfervationibus primum locupletata, died in 1517, aged 48.
cjjiu'tolomeo 8vo. 2. De Monftns in Natura S35 Medecina, 4to. " A
3. De Armillis Veterum, pr^fcrtim Danorum Scbedion,
8vo. ; and feveral other works. This great man died
IIP on the 44b of December 1680.
St BARTHOLOMEW’S DAY, a feft'ival of the
Chriftiaa church, celebrated on the 24th of Auguft.
St Bartholomew was one, of the twelve ApofUes ; and
is efteemed to be the fame as Nathanael, one of the
firft difciples that came to Chrift.
It is thought this apoitle travelled as far as India,
to propagate the goipel; for Eufeblus relates, that a
famous philofopher and Chriftian, named Pantienus,
defiring to imitate the apoltolical zeal in propagating
the faith, and travelling for that purpofe as far as In¬
dia, found there, among thofe who yet retained the
knowledge of Chrift, the gofpel of St Matthew, writ¬
ten, as the tradition afferts, by St Bartholomew, one
of the twelve appftles, when he preached the gofpel in
that country. From thence he returned to the more
northern and weftern parts of Afia, and preached to the
people of Hierapolis ; then in Lycaonia ; and laftly at
Albania, a city upon the Cafpian Sea; where his eri-
BARTON, a town of Lincolnlhire, feated on the
river Humber, where there is a confiderable ferry to
pafs over into Yorkfliire. W. Long. o. 10. N. Lat.
53- 4°'
BARTSIA, painted cup: A genus of the an-
giofpermia order, belonging to the didynamia clafs of
plants ; and in the natural method ranking under the
40th order, Perfonata. The calyx, is bilbous, emargi-
nated and coloured; the corolla lefs coloured than the
calyx, with its upper lip longer than the under one.
The vifcofa or marfhy, called alfo yellow marJJj eye*
bright, was found by Mr Lightfoot in bogs and marfhy
places about Loch-Goyl,'near Loch-Long in the di-
itridt of Cowal in Argylefhire. The 'plant is about
ten or twelve inches high, with an eredl ftalk downy
and unbranched : the leaves are feffile, fpear-fhaped, and
a Little vifcous ; the flowers are yellow, and the plant
dries black. It is likewife found in marfhy places in
Cornwall in England. The alpina, or mountain eye-
bright cow-wheat, hath heart-fhaped leaves placed op-
pofite, and bluntly ferrated, with purple bloflbms in
leafy fpikes. It is likewife a native of Britain, and is
deavours to reclaim the people from idolatry were found near rivulets in hilly countries. Sheep and goats
crowned with martyrdom, he being (according to fome
writers) flea’d alive, and crucified with his head down¬
wards.—There is mention made of a Gofpel of St Bar¬
tholomew, in the preface to Origen’s Homilies on St
Luke, and in the preface to St Jerome’s commentary
eat it. There are two other fpecies..
BARUCH (the prophecy of), one of the apocry¬
phal books, fubjoined to the canon of the Old Tefta-
ment. Baruch was the fon of Neriah, who was the dif-
eiple and amanuenfis of the prophet Jeremiah. It has¬
on St Matthew : but it is generally looked upon as. been reckoned part of Jeremiah’s prophecy, and is of-
fpurious, and is placed by pope Gelafius among the
apocryphal books.
BartAolomew (St), one of the Carihbee iflands
belonging to the French, who fent a colony thither in
1648. It is about 24 miles in compafs, and has a
good haven. W. Long. 62. 15. N. Lat. 18. 6.
B ARTHOLOMITES, a religious order founded
at Genoa in the year 1307 ; but the monks leading
very irregular lives, the order was fupprefled by pope uncertain.
ten cited by the ancient fathers as fuch. Jofephus tells,
us, Baruch was defcended of a noble family ; and it is
faid in the book itfelf, that he wrote this prophecy at
Babylon ; but at what time is uncertain. It is difficult
to determine in what language this prophecy was ori¬
ginally written. There are extant three copies of it;
one in Greek, the other two in Syriac ; but which of
thefe, or whether any one of them, he the original, is
Innocent X. in 1650, and their effects were confifca-
ted. In the church .of the monaftery of this order at
Genoa is preferved the image which it is pretended
Chrift fent to king Abgarus. See Abgarus.
BARTOLOCCI (Julius), a learned monk, and
profeffor of Hebrew at Rome, was bora at Celeno, in
1613; and diftinguifhed himfelf by writing an ex¬
cellent Hebrew and Latin catalogue of the Hebrew
writers and writings, in 4 vols folio, a continuation of
which was performed by Imbonati his difciple. He
died in idSy.
BARTOLOMEO (Franeifco), a celebrated pain¬
ter, born at Savignano, a village ro miles from Flo¬
rence, in the year 1469, was the difciple of Coflmo
BA RULES, in church-hiftory, certain heretics,,
who held, that the Son of God had only a phantom of
a body ; that fouls were created before the world, and
that they lived all at one time.,
BARUTH, an ancient town ofTurkyin Syria,
with a Chriftian church of the Neftorian perfuafiou.
It is fituated in a fine fertile foil, but is ineonfiderable
now to what it was formerly. E. Long. 34. 20.-N.
Lat. 33. 30.
Baruth, an Indian meafure, containing 17gantaijs:
It ought to weigh about three pounds and an half En-
glifti avoirdupois.
BARYTONUM, in the Greek, grammar, denotes
a verb, which having no accent marked on the laft fyl-
Roffelli, but was much more beholden to the works of lable, a grave accent is to be underftood. In Italian,
Leonarda da Vinci for his extraordinary flcill in paint- mulic, baryteno anfwers to our common pitch of bafs.
ing. He was wdl verfed in the fundamentals of defign. BAS chevalier. See Bachelor.
Raphael, after quitting the fchool of Perugino,.ap- BAS-Relkf. See Bjsso-Relievo.
plied to this mafter ; and under him ftudied the rules Bas (James Philip le) a modern French engraver,.
«f perfpedtrve, with the art of managing' and uniting by whom we have foijie excellent prints. His great
his colours. In the year 1500, he turned Dominican force feems to lie in landfcapes and fmall figures, which
friar; and fome time after was fent by his fuperiors to
the convent of St Martin, in Florence. He painted
both portiaits and hiftories j but his fcrupulous con-
be executed in a fupefior manner. His ftyle of en¬
graving is extremely neat; but yet he proves the free¬
dom of the etching, and harmoaiace the whole witk-
the-
B A S
T ]
BAS
B^Ues tlie graver and dry point. We have alfb a variety of intitled, “ Letters concerning the northern coaft of Bafaltes.
Name, de-'
rivation,
pretty vignettes by this artift. He fiourifhed about
the middle of the prefent century ; but we have no
account of the time of his birth or death.
BASALTLS, (from bafal, “iron,” or
diligent er ex amino')-, in natural hiftory, an heavy, hard
ftone, chiefly black or green, conlifting of prifmatic
-cryftals, the number of whofe fides is uncertain. The
Englifli miners call it cockle-, the Germanfcheerl. Its
the county of Antrim from which the following
particulars relative to the prefent fubjeft are extrafted. ^
“ i. The pillars of the Caufeway are fmall, not very Particular
much exceeding i foot in breadth and 30 in length ; account of
fharply defined, neat in their articulation, w'ith con- t*le ph'ars.
cave or convex terminations to each point. In many
of the capes and hills they are of a larger fize ; more Pi. XCIII.
imperfect and irregular in their figure and articulation,®?-I*
fpecific gravity is to that of water as 3000 or upwards having often flat terminations to their joints.^ At
to 1000. It frequently contains iron ; and confifts
either of particles of an indeterminate figure, or of a
fpairy, ftriated, or fibrous texture. It has a flinty
Fairhead they are of a gigantic magnitude, fometimes
exceeding 5 feet in breadth and 100 in length ; pften-
times apparently deftitnte of joints altogether. Thro’
hardnefs, is infoluble by acids, and is fufible by fire, many parts of the country, this Ipecies of ftone is en-
The following is an analylls of feme bafaltes by Mr tirely rude and unformed, feparating in loefe blocks;
■Bergman ; and as the refemblance of it to lava will be
frequently mentioned in the fucceeding part of this ar¬
ticle, we fhall here contrail this analyfis with that of
lava by the fame author.
tive anal)--
fis of hafal-
tesaudlava.
Bafaltes, 100 parts con¬
tains
Siliceous earth 50
"Argillaceous 15
Calcareous 8
Magnefia 2
Iron 25
Lava, 100 parts contains
Siliceous earth
Argillaceous
Calcareous
Iron
The moft remarkable property of this fubftance is
its figure, being never found in ftrata, like other marbles.
in which ftate it refembles the ftone known in Sweden
by the name of trapps.
“ 2. The pillars of the Giant’s Caufeway Hand on
the level of the beach; from whence they may be
traced through all degrees of elevation to the fummit
of the higheft grounds in the neighbourhood.
“ 3. At the Caufeway, and in moft other places,
they Hand perpendicular to the horizon. . In fome of
the capes, and particularly near Ulhet harbour, in the
Ille of Baghery, they lie in an oblique pofition. At
Doon point in the fame ifland, and along the Balintoy
Ihore, they form variety of regular curves.
“ 4. The ftone is black, clofe, and uniform ; the
varieties of colour are blue, reddilh, and grey ; and of
but always Handing up in the form of regular angular all kinds of grain, from extreme finenefs to the coarfe
•columns, compofed of a number of joints, one placed granulated appearance of a ftone which refembles im-
Bafaltes,
where
found.
upon, and nicely fitted to another, as if formed by the
hands of a fliilful workman. See Plate XCII. fig. 15.
Bafaltes was originally found in columns in Ethio¬
pia, and fragments of it in the river Tmolus, and
fome other places. We now have it frequently, both
in columns and fmall pieces, in Spain, Ruflia, Poland,
near Drefden, and in Silefia ; but the nobleft ftore in
the world feems to be that called the Giant’s Caufe-
perfeft granite, abounding in cryftals of fchorl chiefly
black, though fohietimes of various colours.
“ 5. Though the ftone of the Giant’s Caufeway be
in general compaci and homogeneous; yet* it is re¬
markable, that the upper joint of each pillar, where
it can be afcertained with any certainty, is always
rudely formed and cellular. The grofs pillars alfo in
the capes and mountains frequently abound in thefe
way in Ireland, and Staffa, one of the weftern ifles of air-holes through all their parts, which fometimes con-
* Seed ant’
Caufeviay
and Staffa.
Scotland*. Great quantities of bafaltes are likewife
found in the neighbourhood of Mount iEtna in Sicily,
of Hecla in Iceland, and of the volcano in the ifland
tain fine clay, and other apparently foreign bodies:
and the irregular bafaltes beginning where the pillars
ceafe, or lying over them, is in general extremely
of Bourbon. Thefe are the only three active volcanoes honey-combed ; containing in its cells cryftals of zeol-
Of the
■Giant's
Canfeway
in Ireland.
in whofe neighbourhood it is to be met with ; but it
is alfo found in the extinguiflred volcanoes in Italy,
though not in the neighbourhood of Vefimus.
In Ireland the bafaltes rifes far up the country, runs
•into the fea, crofles at the bottom, and rifes again on
the oppofite land. In Staffa the whole end of the
•ifland is fupported by natural ranges of pillars, moftly
above 50 feet high, Handing in natural colonnades,
according as the bays and points of land have formed
themfelves, upon a firm bafis of folid unformed rock.
Above thefe, the ftratum, which reaches to the foil or
furface of the ifland, varies in thicknefs, as the ifland
itfelf is formed into hills or valleys, each hill, which
hangs over the valleys-below, forming an ample pedi¬
ment. Some of thefe, above 60 feet in thicknels from
the bafe to the point, are formed by the Hoping of the
hill on each fide, almoft into the fliape of thofe ufed in
architefture.
The pillars of the Giant’s Caufeway have been very
particularly deferibed and examined. The moft ac¬
curate account of them is to be met with in a work
3
ite, little morfels of fine brown clay, fometimes very
pure fteatite, and in a few inftances bits of agate.”
Sir Jofeph Banks obferves, that the bending pillars Account ofj
of Staffa differ confiderably from thofe of the Giant Vho®r10
Cauleway. In Staffa, they lie down on their fides,Sta a*
each forming the fegment of a circle; and in one
place, a fmall mafs of them very much refembles the
ribs of a fhip. Thofe of; the Giant’s Caufeway which
he faw, ran along the face of a high cliff, bent ftrangely
in the middle, as if unable, at their firft formation,
while in a foft ftate, to fupport the mafs of incumbent
earth. 7
The rocks of the Cyclops, in the neighbourhood of °[
jEtna, exhibit very magnificent bafaltic pillars. A defcribe(2^
general view of them is given on Plate XCIII. fig. 2.
where a, b, c, are the three principal rocks ; e is the ex¬
tremity of an ifland, one half of which is compofed of la¬
va, on a bafe of bafaltes, of no uncommon nature; above
which there is a cruft of pozzolana, combined with a
certain white calcareous matter, which is pretty hard
and compacij and which^ as it is compofed by the ac¬
tion
BAS _ [ 47 1 'BAS
tion of the air, appears like a piece of knotty, porous, meter of fix inches to that of twentyTeet. Some of Bafaltes.
’ That rock, at fome former period, became fo thefe are folid, others hollow like cannon; fome ex- 1 v—
r_i.u J .1... -1-^- —  tended in layers, others fimilar to carrots of tobacco
^ wood,
hard as. to fplit; and the clefts were then filled up with
a very hard and porous matter like fcorice. This mat¬
ter afterwards acquiring new hardnefs, alfo fplit, lea¬
ving large interilices, which in their turn have been
filled up with a fpecies of compoufid yellow matter.
The ifland was formerly inhabited ; and there Hill re¬
mains a flight of fteps leading from the fhore to the
ruins of fome houfes which appear to have been hewn
in the rock.
The rock£has the ftraighteftand moft regular columns
of any. It is reprefented diilindtly in PlateXCIV. fig. t.
and likewife a general view of c and d, with the foot
of iEtna leading to Catanea. Thefe bafaltic columns,
at firfl; view, feem to refemble thofe of the Giant’s
Caufeway, and others commonly met with: but on a
nearer infpeftion, we find a remarkable difference; be¬
ing affembled in groups of five or fix about one, which
tnfifting of a number of pieces fqueezed together.^
Some of thefe cylinders are llraight, others curved into
a variety of forms. Some look like globes inclofed in
the rocks; and in the fra&ures of thefe globes we per¬
ceive the ftrata of which they are compofed.
Fig. 2. reprefents the bafaltes at the foot of. tbia.
promontory, on the fouth fide. The little mounts,
into which it appears to be colle&ed, are fometimes
only one French foot in diameter, fometimes fix.
They are compofed of fmall prifms or needles, or of
cubic trapezoids, and conlift of a matter diftinguilhed
by the name of dirty lava.. It is made up of pozzolana,
eonfolidated by a certain liquid, which while it has.
communicated folidity to the pozzolano, has at the
fame timefuffered that fubftance to ihrink confiderably,
in fuch a manner as to leave large chinks between the
ferves as their common centre. They are of various pieces of bafaltes,. which are thus formed by the opera-
fizes and forms ; fome fquare,. others hexagonal, hep-
tagonal, or Cwffogonal. One half of this rock is com¬
pofed of perpendicular columns ; the other of another
tioh of the liquid on the pozzolana. It appears alfo.
to have infinuated itfelf into the clay, with which the
promontory is covered ; which has become hard in its
fpecies of bafaltes difpofed in inclined, and almoft rec- turn, and which has alfo fplit into chinks that appear.
tilinear, layers. Thefe are in contadl with the
lumns, and are as clofely conne&ed with them as they
are with one another. The layers are longer at the
bafe than towards the top of the rock. It is further
to be remarked, that moft of thefe layers are fubdivided
as they rife upwards; fo that towards thefe upper ex¬
tremities, one layer prefents to the eye fometimes one,
fometimes two, and fometimes three, divifions. The
to contain a kind of hard matter.
Thefe defcriptions and figures will ferve to give an
idea of the appearance of the bafaltes, which is now
generally accounted a kind of marble. Wallerius con-
iiders it as a fpecies of the corneous or horn rock; and
Cronftedt enumerates it among thofe fubftances which 9
he Calls garnet earths. The largeft block of this ftone Bafaltes
that ever was feen, was placed, according to Pliny, by “fed in
fragments of bafaltes taken off from.thefe layers are of Vefpafian in the temple of peace. It reprefented the ®re"t au7
a rhomboidal figure, becaufe the layers break oblique-
Thefe layers, though inclined towards the bafe, be-
figure of Nilus, with 16 children playing about it, de¬
noting as many cubits of the rife of the river. The
ftatue of Memnon,, in the temple of Serapis at Thebes,
come almoft perpendicular towards the upper part of which founded at the rifing of the fun, was alfo made
the rock, where they appear united in a point, and
overtop moft of the vifible and elevated parts of the
prifmatic columns. Thefe columns terminate in fuch
of the fame material, if rve may believe this author.
Moft of the Egyptian figures are likewife made of bar
faltes. Some of the ancients call it Lapis Lydius,
a manner as to form a kind of ftair-cafe. They appear from Lydia, where it feems it was formerly found ii
even to rife under a fpecies of clay with which they are
covered at one extremity, till they reunite themfelves
with the point which is formed by tire moft elevated
parts of the layers of bafaltes befide them.
greateft abundance. The moderns denominate it the
touch-Jlene, as being ufed for the. trial of gold and fil-
Various fubftances are found intermixed with ba- Subftaneess
This extraneous matter with which thefe columns faltes ; of which Mr Hamilton, in the letters above-mixed
e covered, and of which the fummit of this pyramid
confifts; appears to be of the fame fpecies with the
former, compofing the upper part of the Hand already
deferibed.
The bafaltes of that ifland has one particularity,
mentioned,, enumerates the following. i, Exten-!^
five flayers of red ochre, varying in all degreesia
from a dull ferruginous colour to a bright red, an-
fwering very well for coarfe painting, z. Veins of
iron ore, fometimes very rich, commonly of a very
that it is full of fmall cryftals of about the fize of brown or reddiflr.caft, at other times of a blue colour.
peas. Thefe appear no. lefs beautiful than rock-cryftal;
but they are much fofter,. and yield even to the, aftion
3.. Steatites, generally of a greenifti foapy appearance,
more rarely of a pure white, and railing an imperfect
of the air. We fee here large fragments of bafaltes faponaceous froth when agitated with water. 4. Zeo-
which were formerly full of cryftals, but deftroyed by
time. They are now not unlike a fponge, from, the
great number of holes which appear all over their fur-
lite, of a bright and pure white colour ; in maffes, var
rying in weight from a grain to a. pound; generally
difpofed in cavities of the cellular bafaltes; often al>
I iBafaltesi
fltthe pro-
!«ion tory of
the Cartel
jd’laci de-
ifcribed.
face. Thofe pieces of bafaltes which contain moft of fefting a cryftallization, in which the fibres proceed as
thefe cryftals are not fo hard as thofe which, contain rays from a centre; and in fome inftances have a beaur
fewer of them.
The promontory of Caftel d’laci, which terminates
tiful fpangled appearance, refembling that of thiftle-
down. The moft remarkable property of this fub--
the bafis of iEtna, is almoft entirely compofed of ba- ftance is, that with any of the mineral acids, but efpe-
faltes, but of a kind very different from the former. It daily with that of nitre, it forms a gelatinous mixture
confifts of a great number of cylinders from the diame-
jn the courfe of a few hours. 5. Peperino ftone, «
friablec
BAS [4
T?afakes. friable matrix of indurated clay and iron, fludded with
little bits of zeolite or other fubftances; and which is
often of a reddifh burnt colour. 6. Pumice {tone
of a black colour, containing iron not entirely dephlo-
,x gifticated, but {till adting on the magnetical needle.
Of the na- Thefe fubftances are met with among the bafaltes
-Jure of ba- of the Giant’s Caufeway in Ireland. In other places
a tes’ its attendants may perhaps vary according to circum¬
stances. The bafaltes itfelf has been confidered by
feme as. a cryftallizatiori from water ; but others Itre-
nuoufly maintain that it is only a fpecies of lava, and
Ia in defence of thefe opinions very confiderable difputes
Mr Hamil-have. been Carried on. The following is a ftate of the
ftate arguments on both fxdes from Mr Hamilton’s treatife
gunients" already mentioned.
concerning In fupport of the volcanic origin of the bafaltes it
it. has been argued,
1. That it agrees almoft entirely with lava in its ele¬
mentary principles, in its grain, the fpecies of the fo¬
reign bodies it includes, and all the diverfities of its
texture.
2. The iron of the bafaltes is found to be in a me¬
tallic ftate, capable of adling on the magnetical needle,
which is alfo the cafe with that found in compact
lava.
3. The bafaltes is fufible per fe\ a property which it
has in common with lavas.
4. The bafaltes is a foreign fubftance fuperinduced
on the original limeftone-foil of the country, in a ftate
of foftnefs capable of allowing the flints to penetrate
oonfiderably within its lower furface.
y. Thofe extenlive beds of red ochre which abound
among our bafaltes are fuppofed to be an iron earth
reduced to this ftate by the powerful adtion of heat;
for fuch a change may be produced on iron in our com¬
mon furnaces, provided there be a fufficient afflux of
frefti air ; and the bafaltes itfelf, in fuch circumftances,
is eafily reducible to an impure ochre. This is alfo
found to take place in the living volcanoes, particular¬
ly within their craters ; and is therefore fuppofed to af¬
ford a prefumptive argument of the adlion of fire in
the neighbourhood of bafaltes,
6. Though zeolite is not yet proved to be the a ritual
production of a volcano, yet its prefence is always fup¬
pofed to give countenance to this hypothefis ; becaufe
zeolite is found in countries where the adtion of fub-
terraneous fire is {till vifible, and where there is reafon
to believe that the whole foil has been ravaged by that
principle. Thus it abounds in Iceland, where the
flames of Hecla yet continue to blaze; and in the ifle
of Bourbon, where there is ftill a volcano in force.
It is therefore fuppofed to arife from the decompafition
of the produrits of a volcano, where the fires have been
long extinft.
7. Cryftals of fchorl appear in great plenty among
many kinds of our bafaltcs; and thefe, though not
abfolutely limited to volcanic countries, yet being found
in great abundance among the Italian lavas, in circum-
(lances exaritly eorrefponding to thofe of our bafaltes,
are thought to fupply a good probable argument in the
prefent cafe.
•fl. The peperino ftone is thought to be undoubted¬
ly of a volcanic origin. It has frequently the burnt
and fpongy appearance of many of the volcanic pre-
N° 42. 2
5 ] BAS
durits ; and that of the Giant’s Canfeway agrees exarit- Bafaltes.
ly with the peperino of Iceland and Bourbon. 1 v——'
9. Puzzolane earth is met with among the bafaltes
of France ; and there is very little reafon to doubt that
our bafaltes, if pulverifed, would agree with it in every
refperit; that is, it would produce a fine ftiarp pow¬
der, containing the fame elementary parts, and proba¬
bly agreeing with it in its valuable ufes as a cement.
This earth is alfo found in the Canary {(lands, which
are thought to have other marks of fire ; it is met with
in all the volcanifed parts of Italy, and is never found
excepting where there are other evident marks of
fire.
10. Pumice ftone is univerfally allowed to be produ¬
ced by fire, and indeed bears the refemblance of a cin¬
der fo obvioufly, that one muft be inftantly convinced
of its original. This is alfo found among the bafaltes
of Ireland.
11. There are three living volcanoes, within whofe
neighbourhood the bafaltes and moft of its ufual at¬
tendant fofiils have been obferved, viz. ./Etna in Sicily,
Hecla in Iceland, and the ifland of Bourbon on the
coaft of Africa. To which it may be added, that it
is found throughout all the volcanifed parts of Italy,
though not any where immediately in the neighbour- ,.
hood of Vefuvius. Sir William Hamilton, however, Of the
informs us, that in the year 1779 he “ picked up fome bafaltes
fragments of large and regular cryftals of clofe-grained Jhr')w>>out
lava or bafalt; the diameter of which, when the^rifms by V£fuvlu*
are complete, might have been eight or nine inches.”
He obferves, that Vefuvius does not exhibit any lavas
regularly cryftallized, and forming what are called
Giants Caufenv&ys, except a lava that ran into the fea,
near Torre del Graeco, in the year 1631, which has a
fmall degree of fuch an appearance. As the fragments
of bafaltes which he found on this mountain, however,
had been evidently thrown out of the crater in their
proper form, he puts the queftion, “ May not lavas
be more ready to cryftallizc within the bowels of a vol¬
cano than after their emiffion ? And may not many
of the Giants Caufeways already difeovered be the nu¬
clei of volcanic mountains, whofe lighter and lefs folid
parts may have been worn away by the hand of time ?
Mr Faujais de St Fond gives an example of bafalt co¬
lumns placed deep within the crater of an extinguiftied
volcano.
12. It is well afeertained by experience, that there
are vaft beds of pyrites difperfed through the interior
parts of the earth at all depths ; and it is alfo a certain
farit, that thi. compound fubftance may be decom¬
pounded by the accidental affufion of water, in fuch a
manner as to become hot, and at laft to burn with great
fury. This accenfton of pyrites is by many fuppofed
to he the true origin of the volcanic fire; and an ar¬
gument for this is, that the prefent volcanoes do pour
forth great quantities of the component parts of py¬
rites, particularly fuiphur, iron, and clay. Now, a-
mong the fuperinduced fubftances of the county of
Antrim, and the fame may probably be faid of every
■other bafaltic country, it is certain that the quantity
of iron and clay diffufed through almoft every fpecies
of fulfil, amounts to more than one-half of the whole
-material; fo that two of the principal elements of the
pyrites are {till found there, reduced in many inftances
BAS [ 49 1 BAS
Bafaltes. to a flag or fcoria. The third principle, .viz. the ful- the regularity of a Giant’s Caufeway, luch as might be Bafaltes.
phur, cannot be expefted to remain ; becaui'e fulphur fuppofed to refult from the cryftallization of a bed of   '
is totally confumed by combuftion ; and what might melted lava, where reft and a gradual refrigeration con-
perhaps efcape and be fublimed would no doubt have tributed to render the phenomenon as perfeft as pof-
fmce perifhed by decompofition, in conftquence of be- fible. i8
ing expofed to the air. ... . To thefe arguments ftated by Mr Hamilton we ihall Mr Fer-
G'afs fome- 13. Another argument, which to Sir William Hamil- add another from Mr Ferber; viz. That at the time he ber’s arg;:*
times ap- ton appears very convincing, is, that glafs fometimes takes went from Rome to Oftia they were paving the road "^nt
pears in the on tjie appearance of prifms, or cryftallizes in cooling, with a fpecies of black lava. In fome of the broken found^1 ?
orm O received fome fpecimens of this kind from Mr Par- pieces he obferved little empty holes, of the bignefs of black lava,
ker of Fleet-ftreet, who informed him that a quantity of a walnut, incruftated all around their fides by white or
his glafs had been rendered unferviceable by taking fuch amethyftine femipellucid, pointed, or truncated pyra*
a form. Some of thefe were in laminae which may midal cryftallizations, entirely refembling the agate
be eafily feparated, and others refemble bafaltic co- nodules or geodes, which are commonly filled with
lumns in miniature, having regular faces. “ Many of quartz cryftallizations. There was no crack or fiffure
the rocks of lava in the ifland of Ponza (fays he) are, in the ambient compaft lava 5 the cryftal ftierls were
with relpeft to their configurations, ftrikingly like the pretty hard, and might rather be called quartz. Some
" • ’ ’ 1 r L 1   fine brownilh duft lay in the reft of the holes, as impal¬
pable and light as aflies. He tells us alfo, that in the
prifmatic
cryftali.
fpecimens of Mr Parker’s glafs above mentioned ; none
being very regularly formed bafaltes, but all having a
tendency towards it. Mr Parker could not account greateft part of the Paduan, Veronefe, and Vicentine
for the accident that occafioned his glafs to take the
bafaltic form ; but I have remarked, both in Naples
and Sicily, that fuch lavas as have run into the fea are
either formed into regular bafaltes, or have a great
.„.r tendency towards fuch a form. The lavas of Mount
inio'the fea iEtna, which ran into the fea.near Jacic, are perfect
have a ten- bafaltes; and a lava that ran into the fea from Vefu-
dency to vjUS} near Torre del Grasco in 1631, has an evident
bafaltes. tendency to the bafaltic form.”
In oppofition to thefe arguments it is urged,
Ar‘ent5that in many of the countries where bafaltes moft
in oppoli- abound, there are none of the charafteriftics of vol-
tion to the canic mountains. They aflert, therefore, that the ba-
vi'lcanic fifites is a foffil, very extenfively fpread over the fur-
lavas, we meet with an infinite quantity of white po¬
lygonal fherl cryftallizations, whofe figure is as regular,
and ft ill more polygonal, than the bafaltes.
Thefe may be confidered as the principal arguments
in favour of the volcanic theory of bafaltes. On the Mr
other hand, the late celebPated Mr Bergman expreffes man’s the-
himfelf to the following purpofe. ory.
“ Ten years ago it was a general opinion, that the
furface of the earth, together with the mountains, had
been produced by moifture. It is true that fome de¬
clared fire to be the firft original caufe, but the greater-
number paid little attention to this opinion. Now,
on the contrary, the opinion that fubterraneous fire had
been the principal agent gains ground daily; and every
face of the earth; and that, where it is found in the thing is fuppofed to have been melted, even to the 2d
ighbourhood of volcanic mountains, we ought to granite. My own opinion is, that both the fire and Both fire
’ • ' n !r-J — - water have contributed their fhare in this operation ;and v!'ater
though in fuch a proportion, that the force of the for- tofo'rmba-
mer extends much farther than the latter; and, on the fakes,
contrary, that the fire has only worked in fome parts
of the furface of the earth. It cannot be doubted
that there Has been fome connexion betwixt the ba¬
faltic pillars and fubterraneous fire ; as they are found
in places where the marks of fire are yet vifible ; and
as they are even found mixed with lava, tophus, and
other fubftances produced by fire.
As far as we know-, nature makes ufe of three of theme-
fuppofe thefe to be accidentally raifed on a bafaltic
foil rather than to have created it. But the advocates
I7 for the volcanic fyftem are not much embaraffed with
Anfwered. this argument. According to them, the bafaltes has
been formed under the earth itfelf, and within the
bowels of thefe very mountains; where it could never
have been expofed to view until, by length of time or
fome violent ftiock of nature, the incumbent mafs muft
have undergone a very confiderable alteration, fuch as
fhould go near to deftroy every exterior volcanic fea¬
ture. In fupport of this it may alfo be obferved, that
the promontories of Antrim do bdar evident marks of methods to produce regular forms in the mineral king- thods
fome very violent convulfion, which has left them in
their prefent fituation; and that the ifland of Rag-
dom. 1. That of cryftallization or precipitation ; wb,ch
The crufting or fettling of the external furface of acMflakaw
herry* and fome of the weftern ifles of Scotland, do liquid mafs while it is cooling; and, 3. The burftingnamndly^
really appear like the furviving fragments of a country, of a moift fubftance while it is drying. formed,
great part of which might have been buried in the ocean. “ The firft method is the moft common ; but to all
It is further added, that though the exterior volcanic appearance, nature has not made ufe of it in the pre¬
fent cafe. Cryftals are feldom or never found in any
quantity running in the fame dire&ion ; but either in¬
clining from one another, or, what is ftill more com¬
mon, placed towards one another in Hoping directions.
They are alfo generally feparated a little from one ano¬
ther when they are regular. The nature of the thing
requires this, becaufe the feveral particles of which the
yftals are compofed muft have the liberty of obeying
character be in great meafure loft in the bafaltic coun¬
tries ; yet this negative evidence can be of little weight,
when we confider, that the few inftances where the
features have been preferved afford a fufficient anfwer to
this objection. Thus the Montagne de la Coupe in
France ftill bears the marks of its having been former¬
ly a volcano: and this mountain is obferved to Hand
on a bate of bafaltic pillars, not difpofed in the tumul- ^ „
tuary heap into which they muft have been throw-n by that power which affeCts theii conftitution. The ba¬
the furious aCtion of a volcanic eruption, tearing up faltic columns, on the contrary, whofe height is fre-
the natural foil of the country; but arranged in all quently from 30 to 40 feet, are placed parallel to one
Vol. III. Part I. G another
BAS [ 5° ] BAS
B ifalte?. another in confiderable numbers, and fo clofe together
' that the point of a knife can hardly be introduced be¬
tween them. Befides, in moft places, each pillar is
divided into feveral parts or joints, which feem to be
placed on one another. And indeed it is not uncom¬
mon for cryftals to be formed above one another in
different layers, while the folvent has been vifibly di-
minifhed at different times: but then the upper cryffals
never fit fo exadlly upon one another as to produce
connefted prifms of the fame length or depth in all
the ft rata taken together; but each ftratum, feparately
taken, produces its own cryftals.
“ Precipitation, both in the wet and dry way, re¬
quires that the particles fhould be free enough to ar¬
range themfelves in a certain order; and as this is not
pra&icable in a large melted mafs, no cryftallizations
appear, excepting on its furface or in its cavities. Add
to this, that the bafaltes in a frefh fra&ure do not Ihow
a plain fmooth furface under the microfcope ; but ap¬
pear fometimes like grains of different magnitude, and
at other times refemble fine rays running in different
direftions, which does not correfpond with the inter¬
nal ftru&ure of cryftals.
“ Hence the opinion of bafaltes being formed by
cryftallization either in the wet or dry method muft
become lefs probable; but it muft not be omitted, that
the fpars exhibit a kind of cryftallization, which at firft
fight refembles a heap of bafaltes, but upon a clofer
examination a very great difference is to be found.
The form of the fpar is every where alike, but the
bafaltes differ from one another in fize and the num¬
ber of their fides. The former, when broken, confifls
of many fmall unequal cubes; but the bafalt does not
{Separate in regular parts, &c. &c.
“ Nature’s fecond method of producing regular
forms is that of crufting the outer furface of a melted
mafs. By a fudden refrigeration, nature, to effeft
this purpofe, makes ufe of polyhedrous and irregular
forms. If we fuppofe a confiderable bed which is
made fluid by fire, and fpread over a plain, it evident¬
ly appears, that the furface muft firft of all lofe the
degree of heat requifite for melting, and begin to con¬
geal. But the cold requifite for this purpofe likewife
contra&s the uppermoft congealed ftratum into a nar¬
rower fpace; and confequently caufes it to feparate
from the remaining liquid mafs, as the fide expofed to
the air is already too ftiff to give way. In this man¬
ner a ftratum is produced, running in a parallel direc¬
tion with the whole mafs; others are ftill produced by
the fame caufe in proportion as the refrigeration pene¬
trates deeper. Hence we may very plainly fee how a
bed may be divided into ftrata. In the fame manner
the refrigeration advances on the fides ; which confe¬
quently divides the ftrata into polyhedrous pillars,
which can hardly ever be exaftly fquare, as the ftrongeft
refrigeration into the inner parts of the mafs advances
almoft in a diagonal line from the corners. If we add
to this, that a large mafs cannot be equal through its
compofition, nor every where liquid in the fame de¬
gree, it will be eafy to difcover the caufe of feveral ir¬
regularities. If the depth of the bed be very confider¬
able in proportion to' its breadth, prifmatic pillars
without crofs divifions will be formed at leaft length-
wife from the uppermott furface downwards.
“ The third way is perfcdlly fimilar to the prece¬
ding in its effeft; but it is different from it by the Bafaltes.
mafs being foaked in water, and by the burfting of it 
afunder, being the effedt of the con t raft ion while it is
drying. If we fuppofe fuch a bed to be fpread over a
level fpace, the drying advances in the fame manner
as the refrigeration in the former cafe. This repara¬
tion into ftrata properly happens when a confiderable
quantity of clay enters into the whole compofition, be-
eaufe the clay decreafes more than any other kind of
earth in drying. ^
“ It is moft probable, therefore, that the pillars How the
have been produced out of the bafaltic fubftance while bafaltes
it was yet foft, or at leaft not too hard to be foftened
by exhalations. If we therefore fuppofe a bed to be cording to
fpread over a place where a volcano begins to work, it this theory,
is evident that a great quantity of the water always
prefent on fuch occafions muft be driven upwards in
exhalations or vapours ; which, it is well known, pof-
fefs a penetrating, foftening power, by means of which
they produce their firft effedt: but when they are in-
creafed to a fufficient quantity, they force this tough
moift fubftance upwards; which then gradually falls,
and during this time burfts in the manner above de-
fcribed.
“ The reafons for this fuppofition are as follows : ReJ^3 for
i. We do not find the internal fubftance of the bafaltes fUpp0fmg
melted or vitrified ; which, however, foon happens by that the ba»
fufion ; and for which only a very fmall degree of fire ia'tes has
is requifite. It is of confequence very hard to explain
how this fubftance could have been fo fluid that no
traces of bubbles appear in it; and yet, when broken,
feem dull and uneven. Lava is feldom vitrified with¬
in ; but the great number of bubbles and pores which
are found in the whole mafs, are more than fufficient
proofs, that it has not been perfedtly melted to its
fmalleft parts, but has only been brought to be near
fluid. Secondly, the bafaltes fo much refemble the finer
trapp, both in their grain and original compofitioh,,
that they can hardly be diftinguifticd in fmall frag¬
ments.”
Mr Kirwan is of opinion, that the bafaltes owe their jyrr
origin both to fire and water: they feem to have been wan’s opi-
at firft a lava ; but this, while immerfed in water, was.ni°n>
fo diffufed or diffolved in it with the afliftance of heat,
as to cryftallize when cold, or coalefce into regular
forms. That bafaltes is not the effeft of mere fufion.
he concludes from comparing its form with its texture.
Its form, if produced by fufion, ought to be the effeft
of having flowed very thin ; but in that cafe its texture
fliould be glaffy : whereas it is merely earthy and de¬
void of cavities. Hence we may underftand how it
comes to pafs that lava perfeftly vitrified, and even
water, have been found inclofed in bafaltes.
Mr Houel in his Voyage Pitturefgue, is at confider-Mr i(OUt,
able pains to account for the origin of the different el’s theory,
fpecies of bafakes he met with in the neighbourhood
of /Etna. “ Some modern writers (fays he) attribute
the configuration of the bafaltes to the fudden cooling
of the lava in confequence .of the effefts produced up¬
on it by the coldnefs of fea-water, when it reaches the
fea in a ftate of fufion. They fuppofe that the {hock,
which it then receives, is the caufe of thofe different
configurations which this fubftance affumes; the moft
remarkable of which have been already mentioned.
This affertion,. however, feems to be ill founded. By
confidering
i f See
■ PI XCIII.
IK*.-
BAS [5
confidering the bafaltic rock, the firft of the cyclops
reprefented in the plate, tve find that the pile is not
in its original ftate, and that the feries of columns is
at prefent incomplete. It is very probable, that the
fpecies of clay found there, and which is extraneous
to the bafaltes, has by fome means taken poffefiion of
its place ; and it like wife appears, that not one of the
bafaltes here defcribed is entire. ,
“ It feems incredible, however, that a mafs of mat¬
ter reduced by fire to a ftate of liquefa&ion, and flow¬
ing into the fea, ftiould be fuddenly changed into regu¬
lar figures by the ftiock of coming into contadl with
cold water ; and that all the figures which are thus
formed flrould be difpofed in the fame manner with
regard to one another. For if we fuppofe that the
water made its way into the cavity of the lava at the
inftant when it retreated backwards, then might the
fame quantity of water penetrate into the moft remote
parts of the mafs ; and by that means prolong the ca¬
vity which it had begun to form when it firft entered
the mafs. The water then being lodged within this
burning mafs, and being in a ftate of dilatation, would
have expelled whatever oppofed it, and fwelled the
whole mafs in fuch a manner as to form much larger
interftices than thofe which appear between the baial-
tic columns; fince thefe are every where in clofe con-
tad! with one another. Befides, how could the fudden
cooling of the Java divide the upper part and fides of
fuch an enormous mafs as exadtly as if they had been
call in a mould made on purpofe ?
“ It remains alfo for thofe who adopt the hypothefis
in queftion to explain how the ftiock occafioned by the
coldwater (houldmake itfelf felt beyond a certain depth;
fince the very firft moment it comes into contadl with
the liquid lava, it muft ceafe to be cold ; for the lava
cannot but communicate to it a greater degree of heat
than it communicates of cold in return, as the water
is more eafily penetrable by the burning lava than the
mafs of lava by the furrounding water. But farther,
if at the firft moment after the lava enters the water
it were cooled and contra died, the water would foon
prevent, by the contradtion of its whole furface, any
continuation of the effedl which it had firft occa¬
fioned.
“ This feems to be the great difficulty : for how is
it thus poffible for the water to extend its influence to'
the centre of any very confiderable mafs; and even
fuppofing it to adl at the centre, how. could it be able
to fix the common centre of all the different columns ?
“ Let us next confider what a degree of ebullition
muft take place in the water when it receives fuch a
vaft quantity of lava heated not only more intenfely
than common fire, but than red-hot iron ! Though that
mafs, 100 fathoms in diameter, were to proceed from
the bottom of the fea ; or though it were immerfed in
it, 'The degree of ebullition would fiill be the fame ;
ahd it is difficult to conceive what fhock can be occa¬
fioned by a cold which does not exift, on a mafs which
burns, or caufes to boil, wdratever comes near it.
“ One peculiarity attending the bafaltes is, that it
remains fixed in the recefs which it has once occupied.
Another, not lefs efiential, is its power of dividing it¬
felf in the midft of any one of its hardeft parts f, and
to form two diftind pieces, one of which is always con-
I ] B A . S
cave, and the other convex; a divifion which feems the Bafahe*.
moft Angular curiofity of the whole. v—«;
“ A third peculiarity might ftill be found in the in¬
terior part of thefe columns, if we were to meet wfith any
that had fuffered more by the lapfe of time than thofe
already defcribed; but it is impoffible for all this to
be effedfed by water. How can water, which is every
where the fame, and which may be expedled always to
produce the fame effedts, produce fuch a variety on ba¬
faltes by mere contadt ?
“ The caufe of all thefe varieties, therefore, feems
to be this, that thefe lavas are originally compofed of
materials extremely different in their natures, and from
which fuch a variety of effedfs naturally proceed. The
fame fpccies of matter, when adluated by the fame
caufe, will conftantly produce the fame effedls. This
variety of effedls therefore is much lefs owing to the
influence of the water, than to the variety of materials
of which thofe lavas are compofed ; and thefe are com¬
bined in different forms and quantities, according to
the nature and quantity of the various materials which
have been reduced by the volcano to a ftate of fufion.
“ The forms of the bafaltes therefore proceed from
two caufes. One of them, viz. the cooling, belongs indif¬
ferently to every fpecies, independent of its meetingwith
water. The other is the diverfity of the quantities and
of the materials of wdiich the lava is compofed. From
thefe caufes alone proceed all the beauties and varieties
which are beheld with admiration in this clafs of bo¬
dies. Thefe take place, from the moft irregular frac¬
tures in the lava, to thofe which difplay the greateft
exadlnefs and fymmetry. Every new erupted lava dif¬
fers from thofe which preceded it, and from thofe
which will follow. In the various principles of thefe
lavas wt muft feek for the caufes of thofe cavities dif-
coverable in the bafaltes, and for the caufes which
produce thofe bafaltes, at the time when the matter of
which it is compofed contrafted itfelf, and confolida-
ted all its parts. In the aft of condenfation, it ap¬
pears to have formed various foci, around which we
may diftinguifti the line which fets bounds to the power
of each of them ; and this is the line which marks the
fpaces intervening between the different pieces ; be-
caufe all of them are poffeffed of the fame attraftive
force. The fire emitted by the lava, at the time the
bafaltes is formed, produces upon it the fame effeft
that is produced by the evaporation of the aqueous
moifture from thofe bodies where water forms a part
of the original conftitution ; which bodies harden in
proportion as they become dry, by reafon of the ap¬
proach of their conftituent parts to one another. The
abftraftion of fire produces the fame effeft upon ba¬
faltes, by fuffering its component parts to come into
clofer union.
“ A new proof of this theory is deducible from the
form of the bafakes reprefented Plate XCIV. fig. 2.
The interftices there are pretty numerous ; becaufe the
lava being of that fpecies denominated dirty, and con¬
fiding of parts, moft of wdiich have but little folidity,
they have left much larger fpaces between them at their
contraftion. From this want of folidity we may per¬
ceive howr much the bafaltic mafs loft of the fire by
which it was dilated wdiile in a ftate of fufion.
“ The void fpaCes left by the contraftion of the ba-
G z fakes,
BAS [ 52 ] BAS
Bafaltes fakes, are filled with a fpongy matter, which by dry-
11 ing has alfo left large ioterilices; and thefe have been
fchik1* fiUed >n their turn with a kind of yellow matter fimilar
' to that which covers the promontory of Caftel d’ laci.
“ Whatever variety of forms we meet with among
the bafaltes, and whatever divifions and fubdivifions
may be obfervable among thefe varieties, they are
owing, 1. To the minutenefs, 2. To the homogeneous
nature, or, 3. To the diveriity among the particles
which compofe the bafaltes. Among the varieties al¬
ready enumerated, we find redilh, earthy, foft and po¬
rous fubftances, together with the zeolite cryftals. We
fee others extremely hard and compact, very finely
grained, and containing likewife fchoerl and zeolite
cryftals. Others are very hard and denfe, which ap¬
pear to be a mixture of fmall grey and white bodies ;
and of each of thefe colours many different (hades, from
light to darker, containing alfo zeolite cryftals. Laft-
ly, we find fome confifting of a matter fimilar to clay,
mixed with round black fand.
“ It may be objected, that the late eruptions of
jEtna afford no bafaltes, nor have they any divifions
fimilar to thofe above mentioned. But to this we may
reply, that if they afford neither fuch bafaltes, nor
fuch regular divifions, the reafon is, that neither their
quantity, nor the ingredients of which they are com-
pofed, are fuch as are neceffary for the produftion of
bafaltes : and for a proof of this we may refer to lavas
of the moft remote antiquity, which have no more re-
femblance to bafaltes than thofe that are more mo¬
dern.
“ Laftly, an argument, to which no plaufible reply
can be made,, that the bafaltes are not formed by fea-
water, is, that in the year 1669, the lava of mount
JEtna ran into the fea for two leagues and an half,
without having the leaft appearance of being converted
into bafakes.”
BASAN, or Bashan, (anc. geog.), a territory be¬
yond Jordan, mentioned in fcripture. By Jofephus,
Eufebius, and Jerom, it is called Batancta. On the en¬
tering of the Ifraelites into the land of Canaan, the
whole of the country beyond Jordan,, from that of the
Moabites, or Arabia, as far as mount Hermon and Le¬
banon, was divided into two kingdoms, viz. that of
Sihon king of the Amorites, and of Og king of Ba-
fan or Bajban; the former to the fouth, and the lat¬
ter to the north. The kingdom of Sihon extended
from the river Afnon and the country of Moab, to the
river Jabbok which running in an oblique courfe from
the eaft, was at the fame time the boundary of the Am¬
monites, as appears from Numb. xxi. 24. and Deut.
ii. 37. and iii. 16. The kingdom of Sihon fell to the
lot of the Reubenites and Gadites, and Bafan to the
half-tribe of Manaffeh. To this was annexed a part
of the hilly country of Gilead, and the diftrr& of Ar-
gob*; yet fo that Bafan continued to be the principal
and greateft part : but, after the Babylonifti captivity,
Bafan was fubdivided t fo that only a part was called
Batanea or Bafan, another Trahonitis, a third Bu-
runitis or Ituraa, and fome part alfo Gaulonitis ; but
to fettle the limits of each of thefe parts is a thing
now impoffible.—Bafhan was a country famous for its
paftures and breed of large cattle.
BASARTSCHIK, a confiderable town of Ro¬
mania in Turkey of Europe. It is pretty Well built,
and hath clean and broad ftreets; has a great trade ; Safari,eo
and is fituated on the river Meritz, in E. Long. 24.
30. N. Lat. 41. 49. . .
BASARUCO, in commerce, a fmall bafe coin in
the Eaft Indies, being made only of very bad tin.
There are, however, two forts of this coin, a good
and a bad ; the bad is one fixth in value lower than the
good.
BASE, in geometry, the lowed fide of the peri¬
meter of a figure : Thus, the bafe of a triangle may
be faid of any of its fides,. but more properly of the
loweft, or that which is parallel to the horizon. In
redtangled triangles, the1 bafe is properly that fide op-
pofite to the right angle.
Base of a Solid Figure, the loweft fide, or that on
which it Hands.
Base of a Conic Se Elion, a right line in the hyperbo¬
la and parabola, arifing from the common interfedion
of the fecant plain and the bafe of the cone.
Base, in architedure, is ufed for any body which
bears another, but particularly for the lower part of a
column and pedeftal.—The ancients, in the early times
of architedure, ufed, no bafes. The Doric columns
in the temple of Minerva at Athens have none, but
Hand immediately upon the floor of the porch. Co¬
lumns afterwards came to be fupported on fquare pieces
called plinths, and after that on pedeftals. When we
fee a column, of whatfoever order, on a pedeftal, the
bafe is that part which comes between the top of the
pedeftal and the bottom of the (haft of the column
when there is no pedeftal, it is the part between the
bottom of the column and the plinth : fome. have in¬
cluded the plinth as a part of the bafe ; but it is pro¬
perly the piece on which the bafe ftands, as the column
ftands upon that.—The pedeftal alfo has its bafe as
well as the column, and the pilafter. The bafe of co¬
lumns is differently formed in the different orders ; but
in general it is compofed of certain fpires or circles, And
was thence in early times called the fpire of a column.
Thefe circles were in this cafe fuppofed to reprefent the
folds of a fnake as it lies rolled up 5 but they are pro¬
perly the reprefentations of feveral larger and fmaller
rings or circles of iron, with which the trunk of trees-
which were the ancient columns were furrounded to
prevent their burfting : thefe were rude and irregular,,
but the fculptor who imitated them in ftone found'the
wray to make them elegant.
Base, in fortification, the exterior fide of the po¬
lygon, or that imaginary line which is drawn from the
flanked angle of a baftion to the angle oppofite to it.
Base, in gunnery, the leaft fort of ordnance, the
diameter of whofe bore is 1inch, weight 200 pound,
length 4 feet, load 5 pound, ftiot 1J- pound weight, and
diameter 1 ^ inch.
Base, in chemiftry. See Basis.
Base, in law. Bafe eftate, fuch as bafe tenants
have in their hands. Bafe tenure, the holding by vil-
lenage, or other cuftomary fervices ; as diitinguiflied
from the higher tenures in capite, or by military fer-
vice. Bafe fee, is to hold in fee at the will of the lord,
as diftinguiihed from foccage tenure. Bafe court, any
court not of record.
BASELLA, climbing nightshade from Mala-
bar : A genus of the trigynia order, belonging to the
gentandria clafs of giants j and in the natural method.
ranking-
Plate XCIV.
BAS t 53
ranking under the 12 th order, Holoracete. The calyx
is wanting ; the corolla is feven-cleft, with the two
j oppofxte divillons broader, and at laft berried ; there is
one feed.
Species. 1. The rubra, with red leaves and Ample
footftalks, has thick, flrong, fucculent ftalks and leaves,
which are of a deep purple colour. The plant will
] BAS
with them. When glutted with wealth, the emperor
frequently makes them a prefent of a bow firing, and
becomes heir to all their fpoils.
The appellation bajhaiu is given by way of courtefy
to almoft every perfon of any figure at the grand fig-
nior’s court.
BASIL (St) the Great, one of the moft learned
climb to the height of ten or twelve feet, provided it and eloquent doftors of the church, was born at Gae¬
ls kept in a Hove ; but in the open air it will not grow farea, in Cappadocia, about the year 328 ; and went
fo large in this country; nor will the feeds come to
perfection in the open air, unlefs in very warm feafons.
to finifh his ftudies at Athens, where he contra&ed a
ftrift friendfhip with St Gregory Nazianzen. He re¬
The flowers of this plant have no great beauty, but it turned to his native country in 355, where he taught
is cultivated on account of the odd appearance of its rhetoric. Some time after, he travelled into Syria, E-
ftalks and leaves. There is a variety of this with green gypt, and Lybia, to vifit the monafteriesqf thefe coun-
flalks and leaves, and the flowers of a whitifh green
colour tipped with purple. 2. The alba, with oval
tries ; and the monaftic life fo much fuitcd his difpo-
fition, that upon his return home he refolved to follow
waved leaves. This fort hath flaccid leaves, and fmaller it, and he was the firfl. inflitutor thereof in Pontus and
flowers and fruit than the firft. The plants will climb
to a confiderable height, and fend forth a great num¬
ber of branches; fo they Ihould be trained up to a
trellis,‘or faftened to the back of the Hove, otherwife
they will twill themfelves about whatever plants Hand
near them, which will make a very difagreeable ap¬
pearance.
Thefe plants are propagated from feeds,
Cappadocia. His reputation became fo great, that,
upon the death of Eufebius bilhop of Casfarea, in 370,.
he was chol'en his fuceeflbr. It was with fome diffi¬
culty that he accepted of this dignity ; and no fooner
was he raifed to it, than the emperor Valens began to
perfecute him becaufe he refufed to embrace the doc¬
trine of the Arians. Being at length let alone, he be¬
gan to ufe his utmoil endeavours to bring about a r
which ffiould be fown on a moderate hot-bed in the union betwixt the eaftern and weflern churches, who
fpring ; and when the plants are fit to remove, they were then much divided about fome points of faith, and
Ihould be each planted in a feparate pot, and plunged in regard to Meletius and Paulinas two bilhops of An-
into the tan bed, where they are to be treated like o-
ther tender exotics. They may be :alfo propagated
from cuttings; but as they arifc fo eafily from the
feeds, the latter method is feldom pra£lifed.
Ufes. The berries of the firll fpecies are faid to be
ufed for Itaining callicoes in India. Mr Miller aflures
tiochia. But qll his efforts were ineffectual, this dif-
pute not being terminated till nine months after his
death. Bal'd had a lhare in all the difputes which hap¬
pened in his time in the call in regard to the doftrine
of the church ; and died the i ll of January, 379.—
There have been feveral editions of his works in Greek
as, that he has feen a very beautiful colour drawn from and Latin. The bell is that of Father Gamier, printed
them, but which did not continue long when ufed in in Greek and Latin, in three volumes folio. St Bald’s
painting. He is of Opinion, however, that a method
of fixing the colour might be invented, in which cafe
the plant would be very ufeful.—This, we apprehend,
might be accomplilhed by means of folution of tin in
aqua regia, which hath a furprifing effeft both in
brightning and giving durability to other vegetable
colours.
BASEMENT, in architecture. See Architec¬
ture, N" 70. 71.
flyle is pure and elegant, his expreffions are grand and
fublime, and his thoughts noble and full of majefty.
Erafmus places him among the greatell orators of an¬
tiquity.
Basil, a Canton of Switzerland, which joined the
confederacy in 1501. It is bounded on the fouth by
the canton of Solothurn ; on the north by part of the
margravate of Baden Dourlach, and the territory of
Rheinfelden on the call by Frickthal; and on the well
BASHARIANS, a fed of Mahometans, being a by part of Solothurn, the diocefe of Bafil, and the
branch or fubdivifion of the Motazalites.. The Bafha-
rians are thofe who maintain the tenets of Balhar Ebn
Motamer, a principal man among the Motazalites,
who varied, in fome points, from the general tenets
Sundgare ; being upwards of 20 miles in length, and
about 18 in breadth. It is entirely proteftant; and
contains 27 parilhes, and feven bailiwics. The lower
parts of it are fruitful in corn and wine, and alfo fit for
of the fed, as carrying man’s free agency to a great pafture; but the mountains are extremely barren. Here
length, and even to the making him independent are many medicinal fprings and baths, and the air is
BASHAW, aTurkilh governor of a province, city, wholefome and temperate. Both men and women for
or other dillrid. the moft part wear the French drefs; but the language
A balhaw is made with the folemnity of carrying a commonly fpoken is the High-Dutch, tho’ the French
flag or banner before him, accompanied with mufic
and fongs, by the mirialem, an officer on purpofe for
alfo is much ufed. The government is ariftocratical j.
and its revenues arife chiefly from fecularized abbeys.
the inveftiture of balhaws. Ba/ba'w, ufed abfolutely, and imports on goods carried through the country, to
denotes the prime vizier ; the reft of the denomination and from France, Italy, and Germany. Bcfides the
being diftinguilhed by the addition of the province, military eftablilhment of the city of Bafil, there are two
city, or the like, which they have the command of; provincial regiments, confifting each of ten companies,
as the balhaw of Egypt, of Paleftine, &c. The ba-
ftiaws are the emperor’s fponges. We find loud com¬
plaints among Chriftians of their avarice and extortions.
As they buy their governments, every thing is venal
4-
and a troop of dragoons.—The places of moft note are-
Bafil the capital, Wallenburg, St Jacob, Neue-Haus,
&c.
Basil, the capital of the canton of that name, is;
the-
BAS [S4] BAS
the targell city in all Switzerland, having 220 ftreets,
and fix market-places or fquares. Its environs are ex¬
ceeding beautiful, confiding of a fine level traft of fields
and meadows. The city is divided into two parts by
the Rhine, over which there is a handfome bridge. It
is thought by fome to have rifen on the ruins of the old
Auguda Rauracorum. For its name of Bajtlia it is
indebted to Julian the Apodate, who would have it fo
Called in honour of his mother Bafilina. It is forti¬
fied with walls, moatsj towers, and badions, and con¬
tains feveral churches, befides the cathedral, which is
an old Gothic drutdure ; a commandery of the order
of St John, and another of the Teutonic order; a pu¬
blic granary and arfenal; a dately town-houfe, in
which is an exquifite piece of the fufferings of Chrid,
by Holbein, and a datue of Munatius Plancus, a Ro¬
man general, who, about 50 years before Chrid, built
the ancient city of Auguda Rauracorum; an univerfity,
which was founded in 1459, and has a curious phyfic-
garden, library, and mufeum ; a gymnafmm ; a dately
palace, belonging to the margrave of Baden-Dourlach ;
befides a chamber of curiofities, feveral hofpitals, &c.
In the arfenal is (hown the armour in which Charles the
Bald lod his life, with the furniture of his horfe, and
the kettle-drums and trumpets of his army. On the
ftair-cafe of the council-houfe, is a pidfure of the lad
judgment, in which, though drawn before the refor¬
mation, popes, cardinals, monks, and prieds, are re-
prefented in the torments of hell. Over-againd the
French church, on a long covered wall, is painted the
dance of death ; where the king of terrors is reprefented
as mixing with all ranks and ages, and complimenting
them, in German verfes, on their arrival at the grave.
■St Peter’s fquare, planted with elm and lime-trees,
makes a pleafant walk ; but a fpot regularly planted
with trees, clofe by the river, and near the minder,
makes dill a finer, as commanding a mod beautiful
and extenfive profpedl. The celebrated Erafmus died
here in 1536, in the 70th year of his age, and was
buried in the great church. He left his library and
cabinet of rarities to one Amberbach, a learned lawyer
of this city, of whofe heirs they were purchafed by the
univerfity. Befides this cabinet, there are feveral other
curious private ones. The clocks of this city go an
hour fader than elfewhere, except at Condance; a cir-
cumdance which fome afcribe to the famous councils
held there, when it was thought the bed expedient to
bring the fathers earlie,r to the affembly, for the quicker
difpatch of bufinefs; but others fay, that, in Bafil, it
was owing to an affault being defeated by that means.
About 400 years ago, according to the dory, the city
was threatened with an afiault by furprife. The ene¬
my was to begin the attack when the large clock of
the tower at one end of the bridge (hould drike one
after midnight. The artid who had the care of the
clock, being informed that this was the expected' fig-
nal, caufed the clock to be altered, and it druck two
indead of one ; fo the enemy thinking they were an
hour too late, gave up the attempt: and in commemo¬
ration of this deliverance, all the clocks in Bafil have
ever fince druck two at one o’clock, and fo on. In
cafe this account of the matter Ihould not be fatisfa&o-
ry, they (how; by way of confirmation, a head, which
is placed near to this patriotic clock, with the face
6
turned to the road by which the enemy was to have
entered. This fame head lolls out its tongqe every
minute, in the mod infulting manner polfible. This
was originally a piece of mechanical wit of the famous
clockmaker’s who faved the town. He framed it in
derilion of the enemy, whom he had fo dexteroufiy de¬
ceived. It has been repaired, renewed, and enabled
to thrud out its tongue every minute for thefe four
hundred years, by the care of the magidrates, who
think fo excellent a joke cannot be too often repeated.
Trade dill flourifhes here, efpecially in filk, ribbons,
and wines; and the police is under excellent regulations.
Mod of the offices are bedowed by lot among well qua¬
lified perfons. No perfon, without the city, mud wear
lace ot gold or filver. All young women are prohibited
from wearing filks ; and the neared relations only are
to be invited to a marriage-fead. For the government
of the city there are feveral councils or colleges, and
officers. Of the lad, the two burgomaders, and two
wardens of trades, are the chief. The great council
is compofed of the reprefentatives of the feveral com¬
panies of the greater and leffer city. Bafil was the fee
of a biffiop till the Reformation ; but though there is
one that dill bears the title, he has now no jurifdi&ion
here, and lives at Porentru, near the Upper Alface.
The two Buxtorffs, father and fon, and the famous
painter Holbein, were natives of this place. The coun¬
cil held here, in 1431, fat in the vedry of the cathe¬
dral.
Basil, in botany. See Ocymum.
Basil, among joiners, the doping edge of a chide!,
or of the iron of a plane, to work on foft wood : they
ufually make the bafil 12 degrees, and for hard wood
18 ; it being remarked, that the more acute the bafil
is, the better the indrument cuts ; and the more ob-
tufe, the dronger, and fitter it is for fervice.
BASILEUS, IZcc<ri\tvc, a title afiumed by the em¬
perors of Condantinople, exclufive of all other princes,
to whom they give the title rex, “ king.” The fame
quality was afterwards given by them to the kings of
Bulgaria, and to Charlemagne, from the fuccefibrs of
which lad they endeavoured to wred it back again.
The title baftleus has been fince afiumed by other
kings, particularly the kings of England, Ego Edgar
totius Anglia bafileus confirmavi. Hence alfo the
queen of England was intitled Bafilea and Bajiliffd.
BASILIAN monks; Religious of the order of
St Bafil. That faint, having retired into a defert, in
the province of Pontus, founded a monadery for the
convenience of himfelf and his numerous followers: and
for the better regulation of this new fociety, he drew
up in writing the orders and rules he would have them
follow. This new order foon fpread all over the ead;
nor was it long before it pafied into the wed. The rule
of St Bafil was approved by pope Liberius, the fame
year in which it was written and publifhed ; and after¬
wards by feveral other popes; and, in thefe lad ages,
by pope Gregory XIII. who approved the abridge¬
ment made of it by cardinal Beflarion, in the pontifi¬
cate of Eugenius IV.— Some authors pretend, that St
Bafil, before he died, faw himfelf the fpiritual father
of more than 90,000 monks, in the ead only. But
this order, which flouriffied fo greatly for more than
three centuries, was afterwards confiderably diminiflied
by
Bafil
II
Bafilian.
BAS [ 55 1 BAS
fBafilic. by herefy, fchifm, and a change of empire. The
^ greateft ftorm it felt, was in the reign of Conftantine
Copronymus; who perfecuted the monks of St Bafil,
imprifoning fome, and banifhing others ; infomuch that
the monafteries were abandoned and fpoiled of all their
goods.
The hiftorians of this order tell us, that it has pro¬
duced 1805 bilhops ; and beatified, or acknowledged as
faints, 30.10 abbots, 11,805 martyrs, and an infinite
number of confefibrs and virgins. They likewife place
among the religious of the order of St Bafil 14 popes,
fome cardinals, and a very great number of patriarchs,
archbifhops, and bifhops. This order likewife boaits
of feveral emperors and empreffes, kings and queens,
princes and princefies, who have embraced .its rule.
This order was introduced in the well in 1057 ; and
was reformed in 1569, by pope Gregory XIII. who
united the religious of this order in Italy, Spain, and
Sicily, into one congregation ; of which the monaftery
of St Saviour at Mefiina is the chief, and enjoys pre¬
eminence Sver the reft. Each community has its par¬
ticular rule, befides the rule of St Balil, which is very
general, and preferibes little more than the common
duties of a Chriftian life.
BASILIC, or Basilica^ in the ancient architec¬
ture, denotes a kind of public hall or court of judica¬
ture, where the princes or magiftrates fat to adminifter
i juftice. The word is originally Greek, q. d.
royal houfe, palace.
The bafilics confifted of a great hall, with ailes,
porticos, tribunes, and tribunals. The bankers too
had one part of the bafilica allotted for their refidence.
The fcholars.alfo went thither to make their declama¬
tions, according to the teftimony of Quintilian. In
after-times the denomination bafilica was alfo given to
1 other buildings of public ufe, as town-houfes, exchanges,
'i burfes, and the like. The Roman bafilica: were cover¬
ed, by which they were diftinguilhed from the fora,
which were public places open to the air. The firft
bafilica was built at Rome by Cato the elder, whence
it was called Porcia; the fecond was called Opimia}
the third was that of Paulus, built with a great ex¬
pence, and with much magnificence, whence it was
called by fome regia Pauli; another was built by Ju¬
lius Caefar, called bajllica Julia ; of which Vitruvius
■ tells us he had the direction. There were others alfo,
to the number of eighteen or twenty. The bajilica
Julia not only ferved for the hearing of caiifes, but
for the reception and audience of foreign ambafladors.
It was fupported by a hundred marble pillars in four
rows, and enriched with decorations of gold and pre¬
cious Hones. In it were 13 tribunals or judgment
feats, where the prsetors fat to difpatch caufes.
Basilic is alfo ufed, in ecclefiaftical writers, for a
church. In which fenfe, this name frequently occurs
in St Ambrofe, St Auftin, St Jerom, Sidanius Apol-
linaris, and other writers of the fourth and fifth cen¬
turies. It is thought that the name was thus applied,
from many of the ancient churches having been form; d
f " of the Roman halls mentioned in the preceding article.
In reality, on the converfion of Conftantine, many of
the ancient bafilica were given to the church, and
turned to another ufe, viz. for Chriftian aflcmblies to
meet in, as may be collefted from that palfage in Aufo-
nius, where fpeaking to the emperor Gratian, he tells
him, the laftlicee, which heretofore were wont to be Bafiiis-
filled with men of bufinefs, were now thronged with
votaries praying for his fafety. By which he muft needs
mean, that the Reman halls or courts vrere turned into
Chriftian churches: and hence, we conceive, the name
b. ijiiicte came to be a general name for churches in after
ages.
Basilic is chiefly applied, in modern times, to
churches of royal foundation ; as thofe of St John de
Lateran, and St Peter of the Vatican at Rome, found¬
ed by the emperor Conftantine.
Basilics were alfo little chapels built by the ancient
Franks over the tombs of their great men, fo called,
as refembling the figure of the facred bafilicx or church¬
es. Perfons of inferior condition had only tumble or
porticuli eredled over them. By an article in the
Salic kuv, he that robbed a tumba or porticulus, was to
be fined fifteen folidi; but he that robbed a bafilica,
thirty flidi.
Basilics, in literary hiftory, a name fuppofed to
have been given by the emperor Leo to a colleftion of
laws in honour of his father Bafilius Macedo, who be¬
gan it in the year 867, and in the execution chiefly
made ufe of Sabbathius Protcfpatharius, who carried the
work as far as 40 books. Leo added 20 books more,
and publiflied the work in 880. The whole, 30 yeara
after, was corre&ed and improved by Conftantin Por-
phyrogenitus, fon of Leo; whence many have held him
the author of the bafilica. Six books of the bafilica
were tranflated into Latin in 1557, by Gentian Her-
vetus. An edition of the Greek bafilics, with a Latin
verfion, has been fince publilhed at Paris, in 1647, by
Annib. Fabrottus, in 7 volumes. There ftill want 19
books, which are fuppofed to be loft. Fabrottus has.
endeavoured to fupply in fome meafure the deft ft from
the fynopfis of the bafilica, and the glofles of which
feveral had been made under the fucceeding emperors,
and contained the whole Juftinian law, excepting the
fuperfluities, in a new' and more confident order, toge¬
ther with the later conftitutions of the emperors pofte-
rior to Juftinian.
BASILICA, in anatomy, the interior branch of
the axillary vein, running the whole length of the
arm.
BASILICATA, a territory of Italy, bounded on>
the north by the Otranto, Bari, and Capitanata ; on.
the weft by the Principato, and a fmall part of the
Tufcan fea; on the fouth by Calabria; and on the ealt
by the gulph of Taranto. It is watered by feveral ri¬
vers : but as it is almoft all occupied by the Apennine
mountains, it is neither very populous nor fertile; how¬
ever it produces enough to maintain its inhabitants,
and has a fmall quantity of cotton. The principal
towns are Cirenza the capital, Mefi, Turfi, Rapollo,
Muro, Lavello, Tracarico, Monte Pelofe, and Venefo,
which are all epifcopal fees.
BASILIC!, a denomination given, in the Greek em¬
pire to thofe who carried the emperor’s orders and com¬
mand?.
BASILICON, in pharmacy, a name given to fe¬
veral compofitions to be found in ancient medicinal
writers. At prefent it is confined to three officinal
ointments, diftinguiftied byr the epithets black, yellow,
and green. See Pharmacy.
BASILIDIANS, ancient heretics, the follow'ers of
B&-
BAS [ 56 ] BAS
Bafilippum Bafilides, an Egyptian, who lived near the beginning
Baolilk t^ie ^econ<^ century. He was educated in the Gno-
■ hie fchool, over which Simon Magus prefided; with
whom he agreed that Chrih was a man in appearance,
that his body was a phantom, and that he gave his
form to Simon the Cyrenian, who was crucified in his
head. We learn from Eufebius, that this herefiarch
Wrote 24 books upon the gofpel, and that he forged
feveral prophets ; to two of which he gave the names
Bar cal a and Barcopb. We have hill the fragment of
a Bafilidian gofpel. His difciples fuppofed there were
particular virtues in names ; and taught with Pytha¬
goras and Plato, that names were not formed by chance,
but naturally fignified fomething.—Bafilides, to imi¬
tate Pythagoras, made his difciples keep filence for five
years.
In general, the Bafilidians held much the fame opi¬
nions with the Valentinians, another branch of the
Gnohic family. They afferted, that all the aftions of
men are neceffary; that faith is a natural gift, to which
men are forcibly determined, and fhould therefore be
faved though their lives were ever fo irregular. Irenaeus
and others allure us, they a&ed confidently with their
principle; comitting all manner of villanies and im¬
purities, in confidence of their natural eleftion. -They
had a particular hierarchy of divine perfons, or ^Eons.
Under the name Abraxas, they are faid to have wor-
Ihipped the fupreme God, from whom as a principle,
all other things proceeded. There are feveral gems Hill
fubfifting, infcriSed with the name Abraxas, which were
ufed by the Bafilidians as amulets againft difeafes and
evil fpirits. See Abrasax and ArraX.
BASILIPPUM (anc. geog.), a town of Baetica in
Spain; now Carttillana, a citadel of Audalufia, above
Seville on the Guadalquivir.
BASILISCUS, in zoology, the trivial name of a
fpecies of lacerta. See Lacerta..
BASILISK, a fabulous kind of ferpent, faid torkill
by its breath or fight only. Galen fays, that it is of
a colour inclining to yellow; and that it has three little
eminences upon its head, fpeckled with whitiih fpots,
which have the appearance of a fort of crown. A£lian
fays, that its poifon is fo penetrating, as to kill the
largeft ferpents with its vapour only; and that if it but
Bite the end of any man’s itick, it kills him. It drives
away all other ferpents by the noife of its hilling.
Pliny fays, it kills thofe who look upon it*—The ge¬
neration of the bafililk is not lefs marvellous, being faid
to be produced from a cock’s egg, brooded on by a
ferpent. Thefe, and other things equally ridiculous,
are related by Matthiolus, Galen, Diofcorides, Pliny,
and Erafiftratus. Hirchmayer and Vander Wiel have
given the hiftory of the bafiliik, and detedled the folly
and impoilure of the traditions concerning it.— In fame
apothecaries fhops there are little dead ferpents Ihown,
which are faid to be bafililks. But thefe feem rather
to be a kind of fmall bird, almoft like a cock, but with*
out feathers: its head is lofty, its wings are almoft
like a bat’s, its eyes large, and its neck is very flrort.
As to thofe which are Ihown aird fold at Venice, and
in other places, they are nothing but little thornbacks
artificially put into a form like that of a young cock,
by ftretching out their fins, and contriving them with
a little head and hollow eyes: and this, Calmet fays, he
N°42.
has in reality obferved in a fuppofed bafilifk, at an
. apothecary’s fhop at Paris, and in another at the Je-
fuits of Pont-a-Mouffon.
Basilisk, in military affairs, a large piece of ord¬
nance, thus denominated from its refemblance to the
fuppofed ferpent of that name. The bafililk throws
an iron ball of 200 pound weight. It was much talked
of in the time of Solyman emperor of the Turks, in
the- wars of Hungary; but feems now out of ufe.
Paulus Jovius relates the terrible (laughter made by a
Angle ball from one of thefe bafili/ks in a Spanilh ftup ;
after penetrating the boards and planks in the (hip’s
head, it killed above 30 men. Maffeus fpeaks of ba¬
fililks made of brafs, which were drawn each by 100
yoke of oxen.—Modern writers alfo give the name la-
Jilifk to a much fmaller and fizeable piece of ordnance,
which the Dutch make 15 feet long, and the French
only 10. It carries 48 pounds.
BASILIUS, furnamed the Macedonian, emperor
of the Greeks. He was a common foldier, and of an
obfeure family in Macedonia, and yet railed himfelf to
the throne ; for having pleafed the emperor Michael by
his addrefs in the management of his horfes, he became
his firft equerry, and then his great chamberlain. He
at length affaffinated the famous Bardas, and was af-
fociated to the empire in 849. He held the eighth
general council at Conftantinople; depofed the patriarch
Photius, but in 858 reftored him to the patriarchate ;
and declared againft the popes, who refufed to admit
him into their communion. He was dreaded by his
enemies the Saracens, whom he frequently vanquilhed;
and loved by his fubje&s, for his juftice and clemency.
He died in 886. Under his reign the Ruffians em¬
braced Chriftanity, and the doftrine of the Greek
church. He ought not to be confounded with BafiliuS
the Young, who fucceeded Zemifces in 975, and after
a reign of 50 years died in 1025.
BASINGSTOKE, a corporation-town of Hamp-
fiiire in England, and a great thoroughfare on the
weftern road. It is feated on a fmall brook, in W.
Long. 1. 10. N. Lat. 51. 20.
BASIOGLOSSUS, a mufcle arifing from the bafe
of the os hyoides. See Anatomy, Table of the
Mufcle s*
BASIS, or bafe, in geometry. See Base.
Basis, or Bafe, in chemiftry, any body which is
diffolved by another body, which it receives and fixes,
and with which it forms a compound, may be called
the bafts of that compound. Thus, for example, the
bafes of neutral falts are the alkaline, earthy, and me¬
tallic matters which are faturated. by the feveral acids,
and form with them thefe neutral falts. In this fenfe
it is that thefe neutral falts are called falts 'with earthy
bafes, falls •with alkaline bafes, falts <with metallic bafes:
alfo the appellations bafts of alum, bafts of nitre, bafts
of Glauber's fait, bafts of vitriol. Sic. lignify the argil¬
laceous earth, which, with the vitriolic acid, forms
alum; the vegetable alkali, which, with the nitrous
acid, forms nitre ; the mineral alkali, which, with the
vitriolic acid, forms Glauber’s fait; and the metal
which, with the vitriolic acid, forms a vitriol; becaufe
thefe fubftances are fuppofed to be fixed, unaftive, and
only yielding to the a&ion of the acids, which they
fix, and to which they give a body and confiftence.
Basis,
BAS t
Basss, among phyficians, denotes the principal in-
„ ,V gredients in compound medicines,
w'-. - BASKERVIX,LE (John), an eminent artift, efpe-
•cially in letter-founding and printing, of the prefent
qentury. He was born in 1706 at Woverley in Wbr-
cefterfhire, and was heir to an eftate of about L. 60
a-year ; the whole of which income he allowed to his
parents till their deaths. I n hi.s early years he con¬
ceived a love for fine writing, and cutting in ilone;
and being brought up to no particular profeffion, he
commenced writing-mailer in Birmingham when about
20 years of age. The improvements in different ma¬
nufactures there foon drew his attention, and he ap¬
plied to the japan bufmefs, which he carried on for a
long time with diftinguifhed excellence and fuccefs.
In 1750 he applied faimfelf to letter-founding, the
bringing of which to perfe&ion colt him much labour
and expence. In a few years he proceeded to print¬
ing ; and his firft work was an edition of Virgil on
royal quarto, which now fells for three guineas. In
a fhort time he obtained leave from the univerfity of
Cambridge to print a Bible in royal folio, and edi¬
tions of the Common Pyayer in three fixes 5 for which
.he paid a large fum to the univerfity. He afterwards,
printed Horace, Terence, Catullus, Lucretius, Juve¬
nal, Salluft, and Florus, in royal quarto; Virgil in
oftavo; and feveral books in duodecimo. He pub-
liihed likewife fome of the Engliih dailies. The befl
teftimonies of the merit of thefe performances are them-
felves •, and Mr Bafkervilk’s name is defervedly ranked
among thofe who, in modern times, have brought the
art of printing to its greateft perfedion. Not meet¬
ing, however, with that encouragement from the book-
fellers which he expeded, he let up a letter-foundery
for fale a little before his death. He died without il-
feie in July 1775.
BASKET, an utenfil made of twigs interwoven
together, in order to hold fruit, earth, See. As a
meafure, it denotes an uncertain quantity; as, a bafket
of medlars is two buiheis, of afafeetida from 20 to 50
pound weight. The ancient Britons were noted for
their ingenuity in making haikets, which they export¬
ed in large quantities. Thefe baikets were of very
elegant workmanfhip, and bore a high price ; and are
mentioned by Juvenal among the extravagant expenfive
furniture of the Roman tables in his time.
Adde et. bafeaudas et milk efcaria.
Add baikets, and a thoufand other dilhes.
That thefe baikets were manufadured in Britain, we
learn from the following epigram of Martial:
Barbara dc pittis vsni'bafcauda Britannis,
Std me jam mavult dicere Roma fuam.
A bailcet I, by painted Britons wrought,
And now to Rome’s imperial city brought.
. Baskets of Earth, in the military art, called by the
French corbeiiles, are fmall baikets ufed in fieges, oa
the parapet of a trench, being filled with earth. They
are about a foot and a half high, about a foot and a
half in diameter at the top, and 8 or 10 inches at bot¬
tom ; fo that, being fet together, there is a fort of em-
brafures left at their bottoms, through which the fol-
diers fire, without expp'fing themfelves.
Von. III. Part I.
57 1 BAS
Basket-FIJIj, a fpecies of Sea-Jlar. See Aste- Baflret
RIAS. 11
BjsKET-Sa/t, that made from falt-fprings, being Bafnagc.
purer, whiter, and compofed of finer grains, than the ''
common brine-falt. See Salt.
BASKING-shark, or SvN-FiJh of the Irijh. See
Squalus.
BASNAGE (James), a learned and accompliilred
author, and pallor of the Walloon church at the
Hague,- was born at Roan in Normandy Auguft 8.
1653. He was the fon of Henry Bafnage, pne of the
ableil advocates in the parliament of Normandy. At
17 years of age, after he had made himfelf mailer of
the Greek and Latin authors, as well as the Engliih,
Spaniih, and Italian languages, he went to Geneva,
where he began his divinity itudies under Meilrezat,
Turretin, and Tronchin ; and finiihed them at Sedan,
under the profeiTors Jurieu and Le Blanc de Beaulieu.
He then returned to Roan, where he was received as
miniiler, September 1676; in which capacity he re¬
mained till the year 1685, when, the exercife of the
Proteilant religion being fupprefled at Roan, he ob¬
tained leave of the king to retire to Holland. He
fettled at Rotterdam ; and was a miniiler penfionary
there till 1691, when he was chofen pallor of the Wal¬
loon church of that city. In 1709 Penfionary Hein-
fius got him chofen one of the pallors of the Walloon
church at the Hague, intending not only to employ
him in religious but in date affairs. He was employed
ia a fecret negociation with Marihal d’Uxelles, plenipo¬
tentiary of France at the congrefs of Utrecht; and he
executed it with fo much fuccefs, that he was after¬
wards entruiled with feveral important commiffions, all
which he difeharged in fuch a manner as to gain a
great charafter for his abilities and addrefs ; a cele¬
brated modern writer has therefore faid of him, that he
was fitter to be minifter of Hate than of a pariih. The
abbe du Bois, who was at the Hague in 1716, as am-
baffador plenipotentiary from his moil Chriilian maje-
fty, to negociate a defenfive alliance between France,
England, and the States General, was ordered by the
Duke of Orleans, regent of France, to apply himfelf
to M. Bafnage, and to follow his advice: they accord¬
ingly aided in concert, and the alliance was concluded
in January 1717. He kept an epiftolary correfpon-
dence with feveral princes, noblemen of high rank, and
miniiters of ftate, both Catholic and Proteilant, and.
with a great many learned men in France, Italy, Ger¬
many, and England. The Catholics efteemed him na
lefs than the Proteilants ; and the works he wrote,
which are moftly in French, fpread his reputation al-
moil all over Europe : among thefe are, 1. The Hifto-
ry of the Religion of the Reformed Churches, z. Jew-
iih Antiquities. 3. The Hitlory of the Old and New
Teftament; and many others. He died September
22.1723.
Basnage (Henry) Sieur de Beauval, fecond fon to
Henry Bafnage, and brother to James mentioned in the
laft-article. He applied himfelf to the ftudy of the
law, and was admitted advocate in the parliament of
Roan in the year 1679. did. not follow the bar
immediately upon his admiffion ; but went to Valencia,
where he ftudied under M. de Marville. Upon his re¬
turn from thence, he pra&ifed with great reputation till
the year 1687, when the revocation of the edift ot
H NauU
BAS E 58 ] BAS
Nantz obliged him to fly to Holland, where he com-
pofed the greatefl: part of his works, and died there
the 29th of March r7io. His chief work is Hijioire
des ouvragss dct Scavans. Rotterd. 24 vol. in duode¬
cimo. This work was begun in the month of Septem¬
ber 1687, and continued till June 1-709. When he ar¬
rived in Holland, Mr Bayle, through indifpofition,
had been obliged to drop his Nouvelles dela Republique
des Leitres, which induced Mr Bafnage to undertake a
work of the fame kind under a different tide.
BASON, in hydraulics, a refervoir of water, ufed
for various purpofes: thus we fay, TJ>e bafon of a jet
d'eau, the bafon of a fountain, and likewife the bafon of
a port or harbour.
Bason, in Jewilh antiquities, the laver of the taber¬
nacle, made of the brafs looking-glaffes belonging to
thofe devout women that watched and flood centinels
at the door .of the tabernacle.
Bason, or Dijh, among glafs-grinders. Thefe ar¬
tificers ufe various kinds of bafons, of copper, iron,
&c. and of various forms, fome deeper, others fhal-
lower, according to the focus of the glades that are to
be ground. In thefe bafons it is that convex glafies
are formed, as concave ones are formed on fpheres or
bowls.
GiaflTes are worked in bafons two ways—In the
flrft, the bafon is fitted to the arbor or tree of a lath,
and the glafs (fixed with cement to a handle of wood)
prefented and held fall in the right hand within the
bafon, while the proper motion is given by the foot
of the bafon. In the other, the bafon is fixed to a
{land or block, and the glafs with its wooden handle
moved. The moveable bafons are very fmall, feldom
exceeding five or fix inches in diameter; the others
are larger, fometimes above ten feet diameter. After
the glafs has been ground in the bafon, it is brought
fmoother with greafe and emery ; and polifhed firft
with tripoli, and finifhed with paper cemented to the
bottom of the bafon.
Bason, among hatters, is a large round fhell or
cafe, ordinarily of iron, placed over a furnace ; where¬
in the matter of the hat is moulded into form. The
hatters have alfo bafons for the brims of hats, ufually
of lead, having an aperture in the middle, of a dia-
Kieter fufficient for the largeft block to go through.
BASQUES, a fmall territory of France, towards
the Pyrenean mountains. It comprehends Labour,
Lower Navarre, and the diftridl of Soule.
BASS, the loweft in the four parts of mufic : of
uncertain etymology; whether from the Greek word
/Wif, a foundation ; or from the Italian adjeftive bajo,
fignifying “ low.” Of all the parts it is the moft im¬
portant, and it is upon this that the chords proper
to conftitute a particular harmony are determined.
Hence the maxim among mulicians, that when the
bafs is properly formed, the harmony can fcarcely be
bad.
Bafles are of different kinds. Of which in their
oMer.
Thorough-Ba$s is the harmony made by the bafs-
viols, or theorbos, continuing to play both while the
voices fing and the other inftruments perform their
parts, and alfo filling up the intervals when any of the
other parts flop. It is played by figures marked over
the notes, on the organ, fpinet, harpfichord, &c. and
frequently Amply and without figures on the bafs-viol
and baffoon. . .
Counter Bass is a fecond or double bafs, where there v
are feveral in the fame concert.
Bass-Viol, a mufical inllrument of the like form
with that of a violin, but much larger. It is flruck
with a bow, as that is; has the fame number of firings;
and has eight flops, which are fubdivided into femi-
flops : Its found is grave, and has a much nobler ef-
feft in a concert than that of the violin.
Bass (ifle of), a rock, about a mile in circumfe¬
rence, in the mouth of the Frith of Forth, at a fmall
diltance from the town of North Berwick in Eafl Lo¬
thian. Itris fteep and inacceffible on all fides, except
to the fouth-wefl; and even there it is with great dif¬
ficulty that a Angle man can climb up with the help of
a rope or ladder. It was formerly kept as a garrifon.
A party of King James’s adherents furprifed it at the
Revolution, and it was the lait place in the three king¬
doms that fubmitted to the new government; upon
which, its fortifications were ordered to be negledted.
In fummer, this remarkable rock, which rifes to a great
height above the water, in form of a cone, is quite co¬
vered with fea-fowl which come hither to breed. The
chief of thefe are the folon geefef, which arrive in June, f See /’<//*
and retire in September. It alfo contains a fmall w-ar-
ren for rabbits, and affords paflure for a few fheep.
The force of the tides have now almoft worn a hok
quite through, this rock. W. Long. 2. 15. N. Lat.
56- 3-
BASSAN(Giacomo dePont), or leBassan^ cele¬
brated Venetian painter, was born in 1510. His fub-
jedls generally were peafants and villagers, bufy at their
different rural occupations, according to the various
feafons of the year; cattle, landfcapes, and hiflorical
defigns ; and in all thofe fubjects the figures were well
defigned, and the animals and landfcapes have an agree¬
able refemblance of Ample nature. His qompofitions
cannot boafl of much elegance or grandeur of tafle,
not even thofe which are hiflorical; but they have
abundance of force and truth. His local colours are
very well obferved, his carnations are frefh and bril¬
liant, and the chiaro-fcuro and perfpeflive well under¬
flood. His touch is free and fpirited ; and the diftan-
ces in his landfcapes are always true, if not fometimes
too dark in the nearer parts. His works are fpread
all over Europe: many of them were purchafed by
Titian ; and there are feveral in the French king’s ca¬
binet, the royal palace, and the Hotel de Touloufe.
They are more readily known than thofe of moft other "
painters; from the fimilitude of characters and counte¬
nances in the figures and animals; from the tafte ire
the buildings, utenfils, and draperies; and, befide,
from a violet or purple tint that predominates in every
one of his pictures. But the genuine pictures of his
hand are not fo eafily afcertained; becaufe he frequent¬
ly repeated the fame deiign, and his fons were moftly
employed in copying the works of their father, which
he fometimes retouched. As he lived to be very old*
he finifhed a great number of pictures; yet notwith-
ftanding his application and years, the real pictures of
Giacomo are not commonly met with. Many of thofe
which are called originals by purchafers as well as,
dealers, being at beft no more than copies by the fons
of Baffan, who-were far inferior to him; or perhaps
by
BAS
by Tome painter of Hill meaner abilities.
iaffantin. pictures of Giacomo always bear a confiderable price
”~v n if they happen to be undamaged. He died in 1592,
aged 82.—Francis and Leander, his fons, diftinguifh-
ed themfelves in the fame art; but irfheriting a fpecies
of lunacy from their mother, both came to an untime¬
ly end.
BASSANI (Giovanni Battifta), maeftro di cap-
pella of the cathedral church of Bologna about the
middle of the laft century, was a very voluminous com-
pofer of mufic, having given to the world no fewer than
31 different works. He is equally celebrated both as
a compofer For the church and for concerts; and was
befides a celebrated performer on the violin, and, as it
is faid, taught Corelli on that inftrument. His compo-
fitions coniift of maffes, pfalms, motets with inftru-
mental parts, and fonatas for violins: his fifth opera in
particular, containing 12 fonatas for two violins and a
bafs, is much efteemed; it is written in a ftyle wonder-
f 59 ] B A S
But the true plification ds Pufugs de l’Aftrolabs. Lyons 1555. Paris, BaflV.
1617, 8vo. 3. Mathematic, genetbliaca. 4. Arith-,
metica. 5. Mufic a fecundum Platonem. 6. Ds ma- "
theft in genere.
BASSE, or Bass, a town of the French Nether¬
lands, in the county of Flanders, on the confines of Ar¬
tois, remarkable on account of the many lieges it has
fuftainedj but its fortifications are now demolilhed. It
is feated on a canal which runs as far as Deule. E<
Long. 3. o. N. Lat. 50. 53.
Basse Terre, part of the ifland of St Chriftopher’s,
one of the Carribbee illands, formerly occupied by the
French, but ceded to Great Britain by the treaty of
Utrecht in 1713.
BASSET, or Basette, a game with cards, faid
to have been invented by a noble Venetian, for which
he was banilhed. It was firft introduced into France
by Signior Juftiniani, ambaffador of Venice, in 1674.
Severe laws were made againit. it by Louis XIV. to
fully grave and pathetic, and abounds with evidences of elude which, they difguifed baffet under the name of
great learning and fine invention. The firll and third pour & centre, that is, “ for and againft,” which o
operas of Corelli are apparently formed after the model
of this work. Baffani was one of the firft who com-
pofed motets for a fingle voice, with accompaniments
of violins ; a practice which is liable to objection, as it
affimilates church-mufic too nearly to that of the cham¬
ber ; and of his folo-motets it muft be cortfeffed that
they differ in ftyle but little from opera airs and can¬
tatas : two operas of them, the eighth and thir¬
teenth, were printed in London by Pearfon above
years ago, with the title of Harmonia Fefliya.
BASSANTIN (James), a Scotch aftronomer, Ton
of the Laird of Baffantin in Mers, was born in the reign
of James IV. He was educated at the univerfity of ney, more
cafioned new arrets and prohibitions of parliament.
The parties concerned in it are, a dealer or banker;
his affiftant, who fupervifes the lofing cards > and the
punter, or arty one wdio plays againft the banker.
Befides thefe, there are other terms ufed in this
game ; as, 1. Thcfajje or face, which is the firft card
turned up by the tailleur belonging to the pack, by
which he gains half the value of the money laid down
on every card of that fort by the punters. 2. The
Couch, or firft money which every punter puts on each
card ; each perfon that plays having a book of 13 fe-
veral cards before him, on which he may lay his 1
r lefs,
Glafgow, travelled through Germany and Italy, and
then fixed his abode in the univerfity of Paris, where
he taught mathematics with great applanfe. Having
acquired fome fortune in this occupation in 1562, he
returned to Scotland, where he died in the year 1568.
From his writings, he appears to have been no con¬
temptible aftronomer, conlidering the times; but, like
*noft of the mathematicians of that age, he was not a
little addi&ed to judicial aftrology. Sir James Melvil,
in his Memoirs, fays that his brother Sir Kobert, when
he was exerting his abilities to reconcile the two queens
: diferetion. 3. The paroli;
which is, when a punter having won the firft ftake,
and having a mind to purfue his good fortune, crooks
the corner of his card, and lets his prize lie, aiming at
a fept et k va. 4. The majj'e ; when having won the
firft ftake, the punter U willing to venture more money
on the fame card. 5. The pay; when the punter ha¬
ving won the firft ftake, be it a ftiilling, half-crown,
guinea,- or whatever he laid down on his card, and not
caring to hazard the paroli, leaves off, or goes the pay ;
in which cafe, if the card turn up wrong, he lofes no¬
thing, having won the couch before ; whereas, if it
Elizabeth and Mary, met with one Baffantin, a man turn right, he by this adventure wons double the mo-
learned in the high fciences, who told him, “ that all
his travel would be in vain; for, faid he, they will 1
ver meet together; and next, there will never be any
ney ftaked. 6. The alpieov; much the fame with
paroli, and ufed when a Couch is won by turning up
or crooking the corner of the winning card. 7. Sept
thing but difiembling and fecret hatred for a while, and et le va, the firft great chance or prize, when the pun-
at length captivity and utter wreck to our queen from
England.” He ac!' in; “ that the kingdom of Eng-
ter, having won the couch, makes a paroli, and goes
on to a fecond chance; fo that if his winning card turns
land at length fhall fall, of right, to the crown of Scot- up again, it comes to fept et le va, which is feven
.land : but it lhall coft many bloody battles; and the
Spaniards ihall be helpers, and take a part to themfelves
for their labour.” Sir James Melvil is an author of ving w'un the former, is refolved to pulh his fortune,
credit; therefore it is probable that our aftrologer ven¬
tured to utter his prediction : but, as it proved true
pnly in part, either he mifunderftood the ftars, or they
deceived the aftrologer.—His works are, 1. Ajlrono-
mia Jacobi Bajfantini Scoti, opus cthfolutifimum, See. ter
editum Latins et Galilee. Genev. 1599, fol. This is
the title given it by Torntefius, who tranflated it into
Latin from the French, in which language it was firft
publifned. 2. Paraphrafe de 1‘Aftnlabc, avec un am*
times as much as he laid down on his card. 8. Shiinzt
et le va is the next higher prize, when the punter ha*
and lay his money a fecond time on the fame card by
crooking another corner; in which cafe, if it comes
up, he wins fifteen times the money he laid down.
9. Trent et le va is the next higher prize, when the
punter, crooking the fourth corner of his winning card,
if it turn up, wins 33 times the money he firft ftaked.
1 o. Soixant et le va is the higheft prize, and intitles
the winner to 67 times his firft money ; which, if it
were confiderable, Hands a chance to break the bank ;
H 2 but
BAS
'Baffet, ^ut the bank Hands many chances firft of breaking
Baffeting. pUnter< This cannot be won but by the tailleur’s
v dealing the cards over again.
The rules of the game of baflet are as follow: i. The
banker holds a pack of 52 cards, and having Ihuffled
them, he turns the whole pack at once, fo as to dif-
cover the lait card ; after which he lays down all the
cards by couples. 2^ The punter has his book of 13
cards in hfs hand, from the king to the ace; out of
thefe he takes one card, or more, at pleafure, upon
which he lays a flake. 3. The punter may, at his
choice, either lay down his Hake before the pack is
turned, or immediately after it is turned, or after any
number of couples are down. 4. Suppofing the pun¬
ter to lay down his flake-after the pack is turned, and
calling 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, &c. the places of thofe cards
which follow the card in view, either immediately after
the pack is turned, or after any number of couples are
drawn. Then, 5. If the card upon which the punter
has laid a flake comes out in any even place, except
the firll, he wins a flake equal to his own. 6. If the
card upon which the punter has laid a flake comes out
in any even place, except the fecond, he lofes his flake.
7. If the card of the punter comes out in the firll place,
he neither wins nor lofes, but takes his own flake again.
If. If the card of the punter comes out in the fecond
place, he does not lofe his whole flake, but only one
half; and this is. the cafe in which the punter is faid to
bz. faced. 9. When the punter choofes to come in
after any number of couples are down, if his card hap¬
pens to be but once in the pack and is the lafl of all,
there is an exception from the general rule; for though
it comes out in an odd place, which fhould intitle him
to win a flake equal to his own, yet he neither wins
nor lofes from that circumftance, but takes back his
own flake.
This game has been the obje£l of mathematical cal¬
culations. M. de Moivre folves this problem : to efli-
mate atbaffet the lofs of the punter under any circum-
flance of cards remaining in the flock when he lays bis
Hake, and of any number of times that his card is re¬
peated in the flock. From this folution he has formed
a table fhowing the feveral Ioffes of the punter in what-
loever circumftances he may happen to be. From this
table it appears, 1. That the fewer the cards are in
the flock, the greater is the lofs of the punter. 2. That
the leafl lofs of the punter, under the fame circumflan-
ees of cards remaining in the flock, is when his card
is but twice in it; the next greater when but three
times; Hill greater when four times.; and the greateft
when but once. The gain of the banker upon all the
money adventured at baffet is 153. 3 d. per cent.
Basset (Peter), a gentleman of a good family,
was chamberlain, or gentleman of the privy-chamber,
to King Henry V. a conflattt attendant on that brave
prince, and an eye-witnefs of his mofl glorious aftions
both at home and abroad; all which he particularly de-
fcribed in a volumn intitled, The Ads of King Henry V..
which remains in MS. im the college of heralds.|
BASSETING, in the coal mines, denotes the rife
of the vein of coal towards the furface of the earth, till
it come within two or three feet of the furface itfelf.
This is alfo called by the workmen croping; and Hands
oppofed to dipping, which is the defcent of the vein to
BAS
fuch a depth that it is rarely, if ever, followed to the Ikfll*
snd. - _ H
BASSIA ; a genus of the monogynia order, belong- ^ jra"
ing to the dodecandria clafsof plants; the characters of
which are ; The calyx is quadriphyllous; the corolla
oClofid, with the tube inflated; the flamina are 16;
and the drupe is quinquefpermous. There is but one
fpecies, the longifolia, a native of Malabar,
BASSO REi-iEvo^or Bass-relief; apiece of fculp-
ture, where the figures or images do not protuberate,
j^t, or Hand out, far above the plane on which they
are formed.—Whatever figures or reprefentations are
thus cut, flamped, or otheiwife wrought, fo that not
the entire body, but only part of it, is raifed above the
plane, are faid to be done in relief or relievo; and whea
that work is low, flat, and but little raifed, it is called
lonu relief. When a piece of fculpture, a coin, ora me¬
dal, has its figure raifed fo as to be well diftinguifhed,
it is called bold, and we fay its relief is jlrong.
BASSOON, a mufical inflrument of the wind fort,
blown with a reed, furniftied-with 11 holes, and ufed as
a bafs in a concert of hautboys,, flutes, <kc.—To render
this inllrument more portable, it divided into two
paits, whence it is alfo called a fagot. Its diameter at
bottom is nine inches, and its holes are Hopped like
thofe of a large flute.
BASSORA, Balsora, or a city between
Arabia and Perfia, fituated in the extremity of the
defarts of Irak, a little to the wefl of the Tigris, in
about 570 eaH longitude, and 3,0° north latitude. It
was built by the command of the khalif Omar, in
the 15th year of the Hegira, for the fake of carrying
on more commodioufly an extenfive commerce between
the Syrians, Arabians, Perfiansj and Indians. It is at
prefent a very famous empory of the EaH and Hands
upon a thick Hony foil, as, the word bafra imports, a-
bout a day and a half’s journey from one of the mouths
of the Tigris, where it empties itfelf into the Periian
Gulf, denominated likewife from this town the Bay of
Bafra. The circumjacent trad is looked upon by the
Arabs to be one of the moH delightful fpots in Afia,
and even as one of the moH beautiful, gardens in the
world; however, the hot winds that frequently blow
there are very troublefome to travellers, and fometimeS'
overwhelm them with fand driven by the force of thefe
winds out of the neighouring defarts. The cityr is in¬
habited by Jacobites, NeHorians, Jews, Mahometans,
and Chaldean Chriitians, commonly called Chrijlians of
St John, which laH are pretty numerous here.
The Abbe Raynal values the merchandife annually
brought to Baffora at L 325,000: of which the E'ngr
lifli furnifh E. 175,000; the Dtngh. L. £7,500; and the-
Moors, Banians, Armenians, and Arabs, furnilh the
remainder. “ The cargoes of thefe nations (fays he)
conliH of rice; fugar; plain, Hriped, and flowered muf¬
fins from Bengal; fpices from Ceylon and the Molucca
Hands; coarfe, white, and blue cottons from Coro¬
mandel ; cardamum, pepper, fanders-wood, from Ma¬
labar ; gold and filver (tuffs, turbans, lhawls, indigo,,
from Surat; pearls from Baharen, and coffee from Mo¬
cha; iron, lead, and woolen cloth, from Europe. O-
ther articles of lefs confequence are imported from dif¬
ferent places. Some of thefe commodities are (hipped-
on board fmall Arabian veffels; but the greater part ia.
brought
[ 60 ]
BAS
Batfirs, !)ro\s:>bt by European fliips, which have the advantage
Baibrd, 0f a conftderabla freight.
„ rj'j1|s merchandife is fold for ready money ; and
pafTes through the hands of the Greeks, Jews, and Ar¬
menians. The Banians are employed in changing the
coin current at Baflbra, for that which is of higher
value in India.
“ The different commodities colle&ed at Baffora are
didvibuted into three channels. One half of them goes
to Perfia, whither they are conveyed by the caravans ;
there being no navigable river in the whole empire.
The chief confumption is in the northern provinces,
which have not been fo much ravaged as thofe of the
foutb. Both of them formerly made their payments in
precious ftones, which were become common by the
plunder of India. They' had afterwards recourfe to
copper utenfils, which had been exceedingly multiplied
from the great abundance of copper mines. At laft they
gave gold and filver in exchange, which had been con¬
cealed during a long feene of tyranny, and are conti¬
nually dug out of the bowels of the earth. If they do
not allow time for the trees that produce gum, and
have been cut to make frefh (hoots ; if they negledt to
multiply the breed of goats which afford fuch fine wool;
and if the lilks, which are hardly fufficient to fupply the
few manufadlures remaining in Perfia, continue to be
fo fcarce; in a word, if this empire does not rife again
from its afhes; the mines will be exhaufted, and this
fource of commerce mull be given up.”
BASTARD, a natural child, or one begotten and
born out of lawful wedlock.
Wacifione's The civil and carton laws do not allow a child to re-
omment. main a baftard, if the parents afterwards intermarry:
and herein they differ moft materially from our law ;
wdiich though not fo ftridf as to require that the child
fhall be begotten, yet makes it an indifpenfable condition
that it (hall be born, after lawful wedlock. And the
reafon of our law is furely much fuperiorto that of the
Roman, if we confider the principal end and defign of
eftablifhing the contradl of marriage, taken in a civil
light ; abftrafitedly from any religious view, which has
nothing to do with the legitimacy or illegitimacy of
the children. The main end and defign of marriage,
therefore, being to afeertain and fix upon fome certain
perfon, to whom the care, the prote&ion, the main¬
tenance, and the education of the children, ftiould be¬
long ; this end is undoubtedly better anfwered by le¬
gitimating all rffue born after wedlock, than by legiti¬
mating ail iffue of the fame parties, even born before
wedlock, fo as wedlock afterwards enfues: I. Becaufe
of the very great uncertainty there will generally be,
in the proof that the iffue was really begotten by the
fame map t whereas, by confining the proof to the
birth, and not to the begetting, our law has rendered
it perfeftly certain, what child is legitimate, and who
is to take care of the child. 2. Becaufe by the Ro¬
man law a child may be continued a baftard, or made
legitimate, at the option of the father and mother, by
L; ^ a marriage ex pojl fatto ; thereby opening a door to
many frauds and partialities, which by our law are pre¬
vented. 3. Becaufe by thofe laws a man may remain
a baftard till 40 years of age, and then become legiti¬
mate by the fubfequent marriage of his parents; where¬
by the main end of marriage, the proteftion of Infants,
it totally fruftrated. 4. Becaufe this rule of the Ro-
B A S
man law admits of no limitation as to the time, or num- Baftarcb
her, of baltards to be £0 legitimated; but a dozen of v~~“
them may, 20 years after their birth, by the fubfequent
marriage of their parents, be admitted to all the pri¬
vileges oflegitimate children. This is plainly a great
difeouragement to the matrimonial Hate; fo which one
main inducement is ufually not only the defire of having
children, but alfo the defire of procreating lawful heirs.
Whereas ourconftitution guards againft this indecency,
and at the fame time give fufficient allowance to the
frailties of human nature. For if a child be begotten
while the parents are fingle, and they will endeavour to
make an early reparation for the offence, by marrying
within a few months after, our law is fo indulgent as
not to baftardize the child, if it be born, though not
begotten, in lawful wedlock; for this is an incident that
can happen but once; lince all future children will be
begotten, as well as born, within the rules of honour
and civil fociety.
From what has been ft.id it appears, that all children
born before matrimony are baftards by our law: and-
fo it is of all children born fo long after the death of
the hufband, that-, by the ufual courfe of geftation,
they could not be begotten, by him. But this being
a matter of fome uncertainty, the law is not exa£t as
to a few days. But if a man dies, and his widow foon-
after marries again, and a child is born within fuch 4
time as that by the courfe of nature it might have been
the child of either hufband: in thiscafe, he is faid to be
more than ordinarily legitimate ; for he may', when he
arrives to years of diferetion, choofe which of the fa¬
thers he pleafes. To prevent this, among other incon¬
veniences, the civil law ordained that no widow fhould
marry vifra annum luflus ; a rule which obtained fo
early as to the reign of Auguftus, if not of Romulus
and the fame conffitution was probably handed 'down
to our early anceftors from the Romans, during their
ftay in this ifland; for we find it eitablifhed under the
Saxon and Danifh governments.
As baftards may be born before the coverture or
marriage-ftate is begun, or after it is determined, fo al¬
fo children born during wedlock, may in fome circum-
ftances be baftards. As if the hufband be out of the
kingdom of England (or as the law loofely phrafes ity
extra quatuor maria} for above nine months, fo that no
accefs to his wife can be prefumed, her iffue during that
period fhall be. baftards. But generally during the
coverture, accefs of the hufband fhall be prefumed, un-
lefs the contrary fhall be fhown; which is fuch a nega¬
tive as can only be proved by fhowing him to be elfe-
where; for the general rule is, prrejumitur pro legitima-
tione. In a divorce a rnenfa et tboro, if the wife breeds?
children, they are baftards ; for the law will prefume
the hufband and wife conformable to the fentence of
feparation, unlels accefs be proved : but in a voluntary
feparation by agreement, the law will fuppofe accefs,
unlefs the negative be fhown. So alfo, if there is an ap¬
parent impoffibility of procreation on the part of the
hufband, as if he be only eight years old, or the like,,
there the iffue of the wife fhall be baftard. Likewife,
in cafe of divorce in the fpiritual court a vinculo ma¬
trimonii, all the iffue born during the coverture are
baftards ; becaufe fuch divorce is always upon fome
caufe that rendered the marriage unlawful and null
from the beginning.-
[ ]
BAS [ 62 ] BAS
Bailard. As to the duty of parents to their baftard children,
■—-V'"'-' by our law, it is principally that of maintenance. For
though baftards are not looked upon as children to any
civil purpofes; yet the ties of nature, of which mainte¬
nance is one, ate not fo eafily diffolved: and they hold
indeed as to many other intentions; as particularly
that a man {hall not marry his baftard lifter or daugh¬
ter. The method in which the Englifti law provides
maintenance for them is as follows: When a woman is
delivered, or declares herfelf with child, of a baftard,
and will by oath before a juftice of the peace charge
any perfon having got her with child, the juftice fhall
caufe fuch perfon to be apprehended, and commit him
till he gives fecurity, either te maintain the child, or
appear at the next quarter- feflxons to difpute and try
the fadl. But if the woman dies, or is married, before
delivery, or mifcarries, or proves not to have been with
child, the perfon lhall be difcharged: otherwifethe fef-
hons, or two juftices out of feffions, upon original ap¬
plication to them, may take order for the keeping of
the baftard, by charging the mother or the reputed fa¬
ther with the payment of money or other fuftentation
for that purpofe. And if fuch putative father, or lewd
mother, run away from the parilh, the overfeers by di-
reftion of two juftices may feize their rent, goods, and
chattels, in order to bring up the faid baftard child.
Yet fuch is the humanity of our laws, that no woman
can be compulfively queftioned concerning the father
ef her child till one month after her delivery : which
indulgence is however very frequently a hardftup upon
parifhes, by giving the paients opportunity to efcape.
As to the rights and incapacities which appertain to
a baftard: The former are very few, being only fuch as
he can acquire; for he cm inherit nothing, being look¬
ed upon as the fon of nobody, and fometimes called
filius nullius, fometimes filius pcpuli. Yet he may gain
a firname by reputation, though he has none by inhe¬
ritance. All other children have their primary fettle-
ment in their father’s parifh; but a baftard in the pr.rifh
where born, for he hath no father. However, in cafe
of fraud, as if a woman either be fent by order of ju¬
ftices, or comes to beg as a vagrant, to a parifti which
fhe does not belong to, and drops her baftard there;
the baftard {hall, in the firft cafe, be fettled in the pa¬
rifti from whence fhe was illegally removed; or in the
latter cafe, in the mother’s own parifti, if the mother
be apprehended for her vagrancy. Baftards alfo, born
in any licenfed hofpital for pregnant women, are fettled
in the parifties to which the mothers belong.—The in¬
capacity of 3. baftard confifts principally in this, that he
cannot be heir to any one; for being nullius filius, he
is therefore of kin to nobody, and has no anceftor from
whom any inheritable blood can be derived: Therefore,
if there be no other claimant upon an inheritance than
fuch illegitimate child, it ftiall el'cheat to the lord. And
as baftards cannot be heirs themfelves, fo neither can
they have any heirs but thofe of their own bodies. For
as all collateral kindred confifts in being derived from
the fame common anceftor, and as a baftard has no le¬
gal anceftors, he can have no collateral kindred ; and
confequently can have no legal heirs, but fuch as claim
by a lineal defcent from himfelf. And therefore, if a
baftard purchafes land, and dies feifed thereof without
iffue, and inteftate, the land {hall efcheat to the lord of
the fee. A baftard was alfo, in ftriclnefs, incapable of Baftard.
holy orders; and though that were difpenfed with, v~“
yet he was utteijy difqualified from holding any dig¬
nity in the church ; but this doftrine feems now obfo-
lete ; and in all other refpefts, there is no diftindfion
between a baftard and another man. And really any
other diftindtion but that of not inheriting, which civil
policy renders neceft'ary, would, with regard to the in¬
nocent offspring of his parent’s crimes, be odius, unjuft,
and cruel to the laft degree ; and yet the civil law, fo
boafted of for its equitable decifions, made baftards in
fome cafes incapable even of a gift from their parents.
A baftard may, laftly, be made legitimate, and capa¬
ble of inheriting, by the tranfcendant power of an adt
of parliament, and not otherwife : as was done in the
cafe of John of Gaunt’s baftard children, by a ftatute
of Richard II.
As to the punijhment for having baftard children ;
By the ftatute 18 Eliz. c. 3. two juftices may take or¬
der for the puniftiment of the mother and reputed fa¬
ther ; but what that puniftiment (hall be, is not therein
afcertained : though the cotemporary expofition was,
that a corporeal puniftiment was intended. By ftatute
7 Jac. I. c. 4. a fpeciiic puniftiment (ivz. commitment
to the houfe of corredtion) is inflifted on the woman
only. But in both cafes, it feems that the penalty-can
only be inflidted, if the baftard becomes chargeable to
the parifti; for otherwife the very maintenance of the
child is confidered as a degree of pliniftiment. By the
laft mentioned ftatute the juftices may commit the mo¬
ther to the houfe of corredtion, there to be puniftied
and fet on work for one year; and in cafe of a fecond
offence, till flie find fureties never to offend again.
He that gets a baftard in the hundred of Middleton
in Kent, forfeits all his goods and chattels to the
king*. _ * Chamb,
If a baftard be got under the umbrage of a certain 'Did.
oak in Knollvvood in Staffordftiire, belonging to the
manor of Terley-caftle, no puniftiment can be inflidt-
ed, nor can the lord nor the bifhop take cognizance
of it f- f flat. NaU,
It is enadled by ftatute 21 Jac. I. c. 27. that if any Hip. Staff:
woman be delivered of a child, which if born alive P *79*
ftiould by law be a baftard ; and endeavours privately
to conceal its death, by burying the child or the like ;
the mother fo offending {hall fuffer death, as in the cafe
of murder, unlefs ftie can prove by one witnefs at leaft
that the child was adtually born dead. This law, which
favours pretty ftrongly of feverity, in making the con¬
cealment of the death almoft conclufive evidence of
the child’s being murdered by the mother, is ne-
verthelefs to be alfo met with in the criminal codes
of many other nations of Europe; as the Danes,
the Swedes, and the French : but it has of late
years been ufual with us, upon trials for this offence,
to require fome fort of prefumptive evidence that the
child was born alive, before the other conftrained pre-
fumption (that the child, whofe death is concealed, was
theretofore killed by its parent) is admitted to convitl
the prifoner.
Concerning baftards in Scotland, fee Law, Part III.
N° clxxxii. 3, 4, and clxxii. 33.
Bastard, in refpedl of artillery, is applied to thofe
pieces which are of an unufual or illegitimate make or
5 pro-
BAR [ 63 ] BAR
Baftard proportion. Thefe are of two kinds, long and fliort,
II according as the defeft is on the redundant or defeftive
a anne. jQn^ j3a^ar(js aga;n5 are either common or
uncommon. To the common kind belong the double
culverin extraordinary, half culverin extraordinary,
quarter culverin extraordinary, falcon extraordinary,
&c. The ordinary baliard culverin carries a ball of
eight pounds.
Bastards are alfo an appellation given to a kind
of faction or troop of banditti who rofe in Guienne
about the beginning of the fourteenth century, and
joining with fome Englifn parties, ravaged the coun¬
try, and fet fire to the city of Xaintes.— Mezeray fup-
pofes them to have eonfifted of the natural fons of the
nobility of Guienne, Who\being excluded the right of
inheriting from their fathers, put themfelves at the
head of robbers and plunderers to maintain them¬
felves.
Bastard Flvwer-fsnce. See Adenanthera.—
The flowers of this plant bruifed and fteeped in breaft-
milk are a gentle anodyne ; for ivhich purpofe they are
often given in the Well Indies to quiet very young
children. The leaves are ufed infiead of fena in Bar-
badoes and the Leeward Iflands. In Jamaica, the plant
js called fena.
BASTARD-Hemp. SccDatisca.
BASTARD-Rocket, Dyers-’weed, or Wild Woad. See
Reseda.
Bastard Star-of-Bethlehem. See Albuca.
BASTARD-Searlet is a name given to red dyed with
bale-madder, as coming neareft the bow-dye, or neAV
fcarlet.
BASTARDY is a defeft of birth objedted to one
born out of wedlock. Euftathius will have baftards
among the Greeks to have been in equal favour with
legitimate children, as low as the Trojan war ; but the
courfe of antiquity feems againft him. Potter and o-
thers (how, that there never was a time when baftardy
was not in difgrace.
In the time of William the Conqueror, however, ba¬
ftardy feems not to have implied any reproach, if we
may judge from the circumftance of that monarch him-
felf not fcrupling to affume the appellation of baftard.
His epiftle to Alan count of Bretagne begins, E^o
ft T>* Caige. Willielmus cognomento bajlardus\.
jG/^r Lot. Bastardy, in relation to its trial in law, is diftin-
I .i P'iC3-guifhed into general and fpecial. Gr/zera/baftardy is a
certificate from the bilhop of the diocefe, to the king’s
juftices, after inquiry made, whether the party is a
baftard or not, upon fome queftion of inheritance. Ba»
ftardy fpecial is a fuit commenced in the king’s courts,
againft a perfon that calls another baftard.
Arms of Bastardt (hould be crofted with a bar,
fillet, or traverfe, from the left to the right. They were
not formerly allowed to carry the arms of their father,
and therefore they invented arms for themfelves; and
this is ftill done by the natural fons of a king.
Right of Bastardy, Droit debatardife, in the French
I laws, is a right, in virtue whereof the effedls of baftards
dying inteftate devolve to the king or the lord.
BASTARNaE, orBASTERKAE, a people of German
original, manners, and language ; who extended them¬
felves a great way to the call of the Viftula, the eaft
boundary of Germany, among the Sarmatse, as far as
the mouth of the Ifter and the Euxine; and were di- Bafternir*
vided into feveral nations. ||
BASTARNICiE alpes, (anc. geog.), mountains,
extending between Poland, Hungary, and Tranfyl-
vania, called alfo the Carpates, and now the Carpathian
mountains.
BASTI (anc. geog.), a town of the province of
Bstica in Spain, fituated to the weft of the Campus
Spartarius. Now Baza in Granada.
BASTIA, a fea-port town of Albania in Turkey
in Europe, over againft the ifland of Corfu, at the
mouth of the river Calamu. E. Long. 1 o. 35. N. Lat.
39. 40.
Bastia, the capital of the ifland of Corfica in the
Mediterranean. It has a good harbour; and is feated
on the eaftern part of the coaft, in E. Long. 9. 42.
N Lat. 42. 35.
BASTlLE, denotes a fmall antique caftle, fortified
with turrets. Such is the baftile of Paris, which feems
the only caftle that has retained the name: it was begun
to be built in 1369 by order of Charles V. and was
finilhed in 1383 under the reign of his fucceftbr.— Its
chief ufe is for the cuftody of ftate-prifoners ; or, more
properly fpeaking, for the clandeftine purpofes of un¬
feeling defpotifm.
The lieutenant-general of the police of Paris is
the fub-delegate of the miniftry for the department
of the Baftile. He has under him a titular commif-
fary, who is called the commiflary of the Baftile. He
has a fixed falary for drawing up what are called inftruc-
tions, but he does not this exclufively. He has no in-
fpe&ion nor function but in cafes where he receives
orders ; the reafon of which is, that all that is done iu
this caftle is arbitrary.
Every prifoner on coming to the Baftile has an in¬
ventory made of every thing about him. His trunkij,
deaths, linen, and pockets are fearched, to difcover
whether there be any papers in them relative to the
matter for which he is apprehended. It is not ufual
to fearch perfons of a certain rank; but they are alk-
ed for their knives, razors, fcifiars, watches, canes, jew¬
els, and money. After this examination, the prifoner
is conduced into an apartment, where he is locked up
within three doors. They wdio have no fervants make
their own bed and fire. The hour of dining is eleven,
and of fupping fix.
At the beginning of their confinement, they have
neither books, ink or paper; they go neither to mafs,
nor on the walks; they are not allowed to write to
any one, not even to the lieutenant of the police, on
whom all depends, and of whom permiffion muft firft
be aflced by means of the major, who feldom refufes.
At firft they go to mafs only every other Sunday.
When a perfon has obtained leave to write to the Hem.
tenant of the police, he may afk his pevmiffion to write
to his family, and to receive their anfwers; to have
with him his. fervant or an attendant, &c. which re-
quefts are either granted or refufed according to cir-
cumftances. Nothing can be obtained but through
this channel.
The officers of the ftaff take the charge of conveying
the letters of the prifoners to the police. They are fent
regularly at noon and at night: but if they defire it, their
letters are feat at any hour by exprefles, who are paid
eut
BafUIe.
BAS [ 61 3 BAS
out of the money of thofe who are Confined. The an-
fwers are always addrefied to the major, who commu¬
nicates them to the prifoner. If no notice is taken of
any requeft contained in the letter of the prifoner, it
is a refufah The attendants whom they appoint for
thofe who are not allowed their own fervants, or who
have none of their own, are commonly invalid foldiers.
Thefe people lie near the prifoners, and wait upon
them. A perfon ought always to be upon his guard
with thefe men, as well as with the turnkeys ; for all
his words are noticed, and carried to the officers, who
report them to the police: it is thus they ftudy the
characters of the prifoners. In this caftle, all is my-
ilery, trick, artifice, fnare, and treachery. The offi¬
cers, attendants, turnkeys, and valets, often attempt
to draw a man on to fpeak againlt the government,
and then inform of all.
Sometimes a prifouer obtains perraiffion of having.
books, his watch, knife, and razors, and even -paper
and ink. He may aft to fee the lieutenant of the po¬
lice when he xomes to the Baftile. This officer com¬
monly caufes prifoners to be brought down fome days
after their arrival. Sometimes he goes to viiit them
in their chambers 4 efpecially the ladies.
When the lieutenant of the police fees a prifoner,
the converfation turns upon the caufe of his confine¬
ment. He fometimes a!ks for written and figned de¬
clarations. In general, as much circumfpedxion fhould
be ufed in thefe conferences as in the examination it-
felf, fince nothing that a perfon may have faid or writ¬
ten is forgotten.
When a prifoner wants to tranfmit any thing to the
lieutenant of the police, it is always by means of the
major. Notes may be fent to this officer by the turn¬
keys. A perfon is never anticipated in any thing—
he muft aik for every things even for permiffion to be
fhaved. This office is performed by the furgeon ; who
alfo furniffies Tick or indifpofed prifoners with fugar,
coffee, tea, chocolate, confe&ions, and the neceffary
remedies.
The time for walking is an hour a-day ; fometimes
an hour in the morning and an hour in the evening, in
the great court.
A prifoner may be interrogated a few days after his
entrance into the Baftile, but frequently this is not
-done till after fome weeks. Sometimes he is previouf-
ly informed of the day when this is to be done ; often
he is only acquainted with it the moment he is brought
down to the council-chamber. This commifikm of
interrogatory is executed by the lieutenant of the po¬
lice, a counfellor of flute, a mafter of requefts, a coun-
fellor or a commiffioner of the Chatelet. When the
lieutenant of the police does not himfelf interrogate,
he ufually comes at the end of the examination.
Thefe commiffioners are purely paffive beings. Fre¬
quently they attempt to frighten a prifoner; 'they lay
fnares for him, and employ the meaneft artifices to get
a confeffion from him. They pretend proofs, exhibit
papers .without fuffering him to read, them} afferting
that they are inftruments of unavoidable convidfion.
Their interrogatories are always vague. They turn
not only on the prifoner’s words and actions, but on
his moft fecret thoughts, and on the difcourfe and con-
duft of perfons of his acquaintance, whom it is wifhed
to bring into q.ueltion.
N° 42.
The examiners tell a prifoner that his life is at
flake ; that this day his fate depends upon himfelf;
that if he will make a fair declaration, they are autho-
nied to promife him a fpeedy releafe ; but if he re-
fufes to confefs, he will be given up to a fpecial com-
miffion : that they are in poffeffion of decifive docu¬
ments, of authentic proofs, more than fufficient to ruiu
him; that his accomplices have difcovered all ; that
the government has unknown refources, of which he
can have no fufpiciou. They fatigue prifoners by va¬
ried and infinitely multiplied interrogatories. Ac¬
cording to the perfons, they employ promifes, careffes,
and menaces. Sometimes they ufe infults, and treat
the unhappy fufferers with an infolence that fills up
the meafure of that tyranny of which they are the bale
inftruments.
If the prifoner makes the required confeffion, the
commiffioners then tell him that they have no precife
authority for his enlargement, but that they have every
reafon to expeffi it; that they are going to folicit it,
See. The prifoner’s confeffions, far from bettering
his condition, give occafion to new interrogatories,
often lengthen his confinement, draw in the perfona
with whom he has had connexions, and expofe him¬
felf to new vexations.
Although there are rules for all occafions, yet every
thing is fubject to exceptions arifing from influence,
recommendations, proteXion, intrigue, &c. becaufe the
fir ft principle in this place is arbitrary will. Very fre¬
quently, perfons confined on the fame account are
treated very differently, according as their recommen¬
dations are more or lefs confiderable.
There is a library, founded by a foreign prifoner
who died-in the Baftile in the beginning of the pre-
fent century. Some prifoners obtain leave to go to it}
others, to have the books carried to their chambers.
The falfeft things are told the prifoners with an air
of fincerity and concern. “It is very unfortunate
that the king has bxen prejudiced againft ypu. His
majefty cannot hear your name mentioned without be¬
ing irritated. The affair for which you have loft your
liberty is only a pretext—they had dejigns againft you
before—you have powerful enemies.” Thefe dif-
courfes are the etiquette of the place.
It would be. in vain for a prifoner to alk leave to
write to the king—he can never obtain it.
The perpetual and moft infupportable torment of
this cruel and odious inquifition, are vague, indetermi¬
nate, falfe, or equivocal promifes, inexhauftible and
conftantly deceitful hopes of a fpeedy releafe, exhorta¬
tions to patience, and blind conjeXures, of which the
lieutenant of the police and officers are very laviih.
To coverthe odium of the barbarities exercifed here,
and flacken the zeal of relations or patrons, the moft
abfurd and contradiXory flanders againft a prifoner are
frequently publilhed. The true caufes of imprifon-
ment, and real obftacles to releafe, are concealed,
Thefe refources, which are infinitely varied, are inex¬
hauftible.
When a prifoner who is known and preteXed has
entirely loft his health, and his life is thought in danger,
he is always fent out. The miniftry do not choofe
that perfons well known fhould die in the Baftile. If
a prifoner does die there, he is interred in the pariffi
of St Paul, under the name of a domeftic j and this
1 falfity
B A s [
Baftile. falfity is written in the regifter of deaths, in order to
'“’“'v—deceive poftenty. There is another regifter in which
the true names of the deceafed are entered ; but it is
not without great difficulty that extracts can be pro¬
cured from it. The commiffary of the Baftile muft
firft be informed of the ufe the family intends to make
of the extraft.
In 1674 the baggage of Louis chevalier de Rohan,
grand huntfman of France, having been taken and
rummaged in a Ikirmiffi, fome letters were found which
caufed a fufpicion that he had treated with the Engliffi
for the furrender of Havre de Grace. He was arrett¬
ed and put into the Baftile. The Sieur de la Tuan-
derie, his agent, concealed himfelf. The proof was
not fufficient A commiffion was named to proceed
againft the accufed for treafon. La Tuanderie was
difcovered at Rouen : an attempt was made to arreft
him ; but he fired on the affailahts, and obliged them to
kill him on the fpot. Perfons attached to the chevalier
de Rohan went every evening round the Baftile, crying
through a fpeaking trumpet, “ La Tuanderie is dead,
and has faid nothing but the chevalier did not hear
them. The commiffioners, not being able to get any
thing from him, told him, “ that the king knew all,
that they had proofs, but only wifhed for his own con-
feffion, and that they were authorifed to promife him
pardon if he would declare the truth.” The chevalier,
too credulous, confefled the whole. Then the perfi¬
dious commiffioners changed their language. They
faid, “ that with refpect to the pardon, they could
not anfwer for it; but that they had hopes of obtain¬
ing it, and would go and folicit it.” This they trou¬
bled themfelves little about, and condemned the cri¬
minal to lofe his head. He was conducted on a plat¬
form to the fcaffold, by means of a gallery raifed to
the height of the window of the armoury in the arfe-
nal, which looks towards the little fquare at the end of
the Rue des Tournelles. He was beheaded on Novem¬
ber 27. 1674.
The Jefuits of the college of Clermont, in the
Rue St Jacques Paris, having this fame year (1674)
invited the king (Louis XIV.) to honour with his
prefence a tragedy to be performed by their fcholars,
that prince accepted the invitation. Thefe able cour¬
tiers took care to infert in the piece feveral ftrokes of
flattery, with which the monarch, greedy of fuch in-
cenfe, was greatly pleafed. When the reftor of the
college was conducing the king home, a nobleman in
the train applauded the fuccefs of the tragedy. Louis
faid, “ Do you wonder at it ? this is my college.” The
Jefuits did not lofe a word of this. The very fame
night they got engraved in large golden letters on
black marble, Collegium Lodovici Magni, inftead of
the former infcription which was placed beneath the
name of Jefus on the principal gate of the college
(Collegium Claramontanum Societatis Jefus) ; and in
the morning the new infcription was put up in place
©f the old one. A young fcholar of quality, aged 13,
who was witnels to the zeal of the reverend fathers,
made the two following verfes, which he polled up at
night on the college gate :
ydhflulit hinc Jefunt, pofuitque infignia regis
Impia gens : aliurn non colit ilia Dewn.
The Jefuits did not fail to cry out facrilege : the
Von. IIL Part L
65 1 BAS
young author was difcovered, taken up, and put into Baltile.
the Baftile. The implacable fociety caufed him, as a "' v' ■'
matter oi favour, to be condemned to perpetual im-
prifonment; and he was transferred to the citadel of
the ille Sainte Marguerite. ’ Several years after, he was
brought back to the Baftile. In 1705 he had been a
prifoner 31 years. Having become heir to all his fa¬
mily, who poflefled great property, the Jefuit Rique-
let, then confeflbr of the Baftile, remonttrated to his
brethren on the negeffity of reftoring the prifoner to
liberty. The golden Ihower which forced the tower
of Danae had the fame effedl on the cattle of the
Baftile. The Jefuits made a merit with the prifoner
of the protection they granted him ; and this man of
rank, whofe family would have become extindt with¬
out the aid of the fociety, did not fail to give them
extenfive proofs of his gratitude.
Nowhere elfe on earth, perhaps, has human mifery,
by human means, been rendered fo lafting, fo com¬
plete, or fo remedilefs. This the following cafe may
fuffice to evince ; the particulars of which are tranf-
lated from that elegant and energetic writer M. Mer-
cier. The heinous offence which merited an imprifon-
ment furpaffing torture and rendering death a bleffing,
though for obvious reafons not fpecified by our author,
is known from other fources to have confifted in fome
unguarded expreffions implying difrefpedl concerning
the late Gallic monarch Louis XV.
Upon the acceffion of Louis XVI. to the throne,
the minilters now in office, and moved by humanity,
begun their adminiftration with an aft of clemency
and juftice j they infpefted the regifters of the Baftile,
and fet many prifoners at liberty. Among thofe there
was an old man who had groaned in confinement for
47 years between four thick and cold ftone-walls. Har¬
dened by adverfity, which ftrengthens both the mind
and the conftitution, when they are not overpowered
by it, he had refitted the horrors of his long imprifon-
ment with an invincible and manly fpirit. His locks
white, thin, and fcattered, had almoft acquired the
rigidity of iron ; whilft his body, environed for fo long
a time by a coffin of ftone, had borrowed from it a
firm and compaft habit. The narrow door of his
tomb, turning upon its grating hinges, opened not
as ufual by halves ; and an unknown voice announced
his liberty, and bade him depart. Believing this to be
a dream, he hefitated ; but at length rofe up and walk¬
ed forth with trembling fteps, amazed at the fpace he
traverfed : The ftairs of the prifon, the halls, the court,
feemed to him vail, immenfe, and almoft without
bounds. He flopped from time to time, and gazed
around like a bewildered traveller : His vifion was with
difficulty reconciled to the clear light of day : He con¬
templated the heavens as a new objeft : His eyes re¬
mained fixed, and he could not even weep. Stupified
with the newly acquired power of changing his pofi-
tion, his limbs, like his tongue, refufed, in fpite of
his efforts, to perform their office} at length he got
through the formidable gate.
When he felt the motion of the carriage prepared
to tranfport him to his former habitation, he fcreamed
out, and uttered fome inarticulate founds; and as he
could not bear this new movement, he was obliged to
defcend. Supported by a benevolent arm, he fought
out the ftreet where he had formerly refided: he found
I it.
E A S [ 66 ]
it, but no trace of his houfe remained; one of the
public edifices, occupied the fpot where it had flood.
He now faw nothing that brought to his recollection,
either that particular quarter, the city itfelf, or the
objeCts with which he had formerly been acquainted.
The houfes of his neareft neighbours, which were
frefh in his memory, had affumed a new appearance.
In vain were his looks direCted to all the objects around
him ; he could difcover nothing of which he had the
I'm ailed remembrance. Terrified,he dopped and fetch¬
ed a deep fxgh. To him, what did it import that the
city was peopled with living creatures ? None of them
were alive to him ; he was unknown to all the world,
and he knew nobody : And whild he wept, he re¬
gretted his dungeon.
At the name of the Badile, which he often pro¬
nounced and even claimed as an afylura, and the fight
of his clothes that marked a former age, the crowd
gathered round him: .curiofity, blended with pity,
excited their attention. The mod aged afked him ma¬
ny quedions, but had no remembrance of the circum-
dances he recapitulated. At length accident brought
in his way an ancient domedic, now a fuperannuated
porter, who, confined to his lodge for 15 years, had
barely fufficient drength to open the gate :—Even he
did not know the mader he had ferved ; but informed
him that grief and misfortune had brought hi& wife to
the grave 30 years before, that his children were gone
abroad to didant climes, and that of all his relations
and friends none now remained. This recital was
made with the indifference which people difcover for
events long paffed, and almod forgot. The miferable
man groaned, and groaned alone. The crowd around,
offering only unknown features to his view, made him
feel the excels of his calamities even more than he
would have done in the dreadful folitude that he had
left.
Overcome with forrow, he prefented himfelf before
the minifter to whofe humanity he owed that liberty
which rvas now a burden to him. Bowing down, he
faid, “ Reftore me again to that prifon from which
you have taken me : I cannot furvive the lofs of my
neareft relations ; of my friends; and, in one word, of
a whole generation : Is it poffible in the fame moment
to be informed of this univerfal deftrudtion, and not
to wifh for death This general mortality, which to
the reft of mankind comes flowly and by degrees, has
to me been inftantaneous, the operation of a moment.
Whilft fecluded from fociety, I lived with myfelf only;
but here I neither can live with myfelf nor with this
neyv race, to whom my anguilh and defpair appear on¬
ly as a dream. There is nothing terrible in dying ;
but it is dreadful indeed to be the laft.” The mini¬
fter was melted he caufed the old domeftic to attend
this unfortunate perfon, as only he could talk to him
of his family. This difcourfe was the fingle confola-
tion that he received : for he fhunned all intercourfe
with a new race, born lince he had been exiled from
the world ; and he paffed his time in the midft of Pa¬
ris in the fame folitude as he had done whilft confined
in a dungeon for almoft half a century. But the cha¬
grin and mortification of meeting no perfon who could
fay to him, We were formerly known to one another,
foon put an end to his exiftence.
BASTIMENTOS, the name of fome fmall iflands
BAS
near Terra Firms in South America, at the mouth of B
the bay of Nombre de Dios.
BASTINADO. See Bastonaeo.
BASTION, in the modem fortification, a huge
mafs of earth, faced ufually with fods, fometimes with
brick, and rarely with (lone, Handing out from a ram¬
part whereof it is a principal part, and is what, in the
ancient fortification, was called a bulwark.
Solid Bastions, are thofe that have the void fpace
within them filled up entirely, and raifed of an equal
height with the rampart.
Void and Hollow Bastions, are thofe that are only
furrounded with a rampart and parapet,, having the
fpace within void and empty, where the ground is fo
low, that, if the rampart be taken, no retrenchment can
be made in the centre, but what will lie under the fire-
of the befieged.
Flat Bastion, is a baftion built in the middle of the
curtain, when it is too long to be defended by the ba¬
ftion at its extremes.
Cut Bastion, is that whofe point is cut off, and in-
ftead thereof has a re-entering angle, or an angle in¬
wards, with two points outwards; and is ufed either
when without fuch a contrivance the angle would be
too acute, or when water or fome other impediment
hinders the carrying on the baftion to its full extent.
Compofed Bastion, is when two fides of the interior
polygon are very unequal, which makes the gorges alfo
unequal.
Deformed Bastion, is when the irregularity of the
lines and angles makes the baftion out of lhape; as when
it wants one of its demigorges, one fide of the interior
polygon bdng too ftiort.
Demi Bastion, is compofed of one face only, and
but one flank, and a demigorge.
Double Bastion, is that which is raifed on the plane
of another baftion.
Regular Bastion, is that which has its true propor¬
tion of faces, flanks, and gorges.
Bastion of France, a fortrefs on the coaft of Bar¬
bary, belonging to the French.
BASTITANI (anc. geog.), a people of the pro¬
vince of Bsetica in Spain. See B^tica.
BASTOIGNE, a fmall town of the Netherlands,
in the duchy of Luxemburgh. E. Long. 6. o. N. Lat.
50. ro.
BASTON, in law, one of the fervants to the war¬
den of the Fleet-prifon, who attended the king’s courts
with a red ftaff, for taking into cuftody fuch as are
committed by the court. He alfo attends on fuch pri-
foners as are permitted to go at large by licence.
Baston., or Batoon, in architecture, a moulding in
the bafe of a column, called allb a tore. See Plate
XXXVIII. fig. 3.
Baston, Baton, or Batune. This word is French,
and fignifies a ftaff or cudgel: itlhouldbe fpelt Baton;
but is, by moft EngKfti writers, corruptly fpelt as
above. It is Only borne in Englifli coats of arms, as
a badge of illegitimacy; but French heralds intro¬
duce it in arms as a difference, or mark of confan-
guinity,
BASTON (Robert), a Carmelite monk, after¬
wards prior of the convent of that order at Scarbo¬
rough, and alfo poet laureat and public orator at Ox¬
ford, flouriftied in the foiuteenth century. King Ed¬
ward L
BAT [
JJaftonado ward I. in his expedition into Scotland in 1304, took
I! Robert Bafton with him, in order to celebrate his
. ^ , viftories over the Scots; but our poet being taken pri-
foner, was obliged to change his note, and fing the
fuccefles of Robert Bruce. He wrote feveral books
in Latin-, on the Wars of Scotland, the Luxury of
Priefts, Synodical Sermons, &c.; and alfo a volume of
tragedies and comedies, in Englilh. He died about
the year tj io.
BASTQMADO, Bastonade, the punifhment of
beating or drubbing a criminal with a ftick. The word
is formed of the French bajlon, a “ flick” or “ ftaff.”
* The baftonade is a punifliment ufed both among the
ancient Greeks, Romans, and Jews, and ftill obtains
among the Turks. The Romans called it fujligatio,
fijliutn admonitio, or fujiibus cadi ; which differed from
the fiageilatio, as the former was done with a ftick, the
latter with a rod, or fcourge. The fuftigation was a
lighter punifliment, and inflifted on freemen ; the fla¬
gellation a feverer, and referved for flaves. It was alfo
called tympanum, becaufe the patient here was beat with
flicks, like a drum.—The punifliment is much in ufe in
the eail to this day. The method there praftifed is
thus : the criminal being laid on his belly, his feet are
railed, and tied to a flake, held faft by officers for the
purpofe ; in which pofture he is beaten by a cudgel on
the foies of his feet, back, chin, &c. to the number of
100 or more blows.
BAST WICK (Dr John), born at Writtlein Effex,
in 1593 ; praftifed phyfic at Colchefter ; but being a
man of warm imagination, and a gopd Latin fchelar,
applied himfclf to writing books againft popery . A-
bout the year 1633, he printed in Holland a Latin
treatife intitled, Elenchus religionis Papijiicx, with Fla¬
gellum pontijicis et epifcoporu??i Latialiiim, in which the
Englifti prelates thinking themfelves alfo aimed at, he
was fined L. 1000 in the high commiffion court, excom¬
municated, prohibited pradtifing phyfic, his books or¬
dered to be burnt, and himfelf to remain in prifon
until he made a recantation. Inftead of recanting, he
wrote in prifon, Apologeiicus ad prajhles Anglicanos ;
and another book called, Fbe Litany ; wherein he fe-
verely exclaimed againft the proceedings of that court,
and taxed the biftiops with an inclination towards
popery. Prynne and Burton coming under the lafti of
the ftar-chamber court at the fame time, they were all
cenfured as fcandalous feditious perfons, condemned to
a fine of L. 5000 each, to be pilloried, to lofe their
eats, and to perpetual imprifonment in three remote
parts of the kingdom. The parliament in 1640 reverfed
thefe proceedings; and ordered Dr Baftwick a repara¬
tion of L.5000 out of the eftatesof the commiflloners
and lords who had profecuted him, which the enfuing
confufions prevented his receiving : however, his wife
had, in 1644, an allowance ordered for her and her huf-
band’s maintenance. What became of him afterward
is not known.
“ BAT, in zoology. See Vespertilio.
JiAr-Eowling, a method of catching birds in the
night, by lighting fome ftraw, or torches, near the
place where they are at rooft; for upon beating them
up, they fly to the flame, where, being amazed, they
are eafily caught in nets, or beat down with bufties
fixed to the end of poles, &c.
67 ] BAT
Bat, Bate, or Batz, a fmall copper coin, mixed
with a little filver, currrent in feveral cities of Germa¬
ny : it is worth four crutzers. It is alfo a coin in
Switzerland, current at five livres, or 100 fols, French
money.
EATABLE, or Debatable, ground, that land
which lay between Scotland and England, when the
kingdoms were diftinft, to which both nations pre¬
tended a right.
BATAQALA, a fmall kingdom on the coaft of
Malabar in the Eafft Indies. It had a very large town
of the fame name ; but there is nothing now left, ex¬
cept ix or 12 fmaff pagods covered with copper and
ftone. The country produces a good deal of pepper :
the Englifti formerly had a factory here; but were all
maffacred by the natives, becaufe one of their bull-dogs
had killed a confecrated cow.
Batacala, a fortified town and caftle on the eaft
coaft of the ifland of Ceylon in the Eaft Indies. The
Dutch drove away the Portuguefe, and poffeffed them¬
felves of part of the adjacent country. E> Long. 18.
3. N. Lat. 7. 55.
BATANISTS, oi-Batenites. See Batenites.
BATASEK, a town of lower Hungary, feated on
the Danube, in E. Long. 19. 50. N. Lat. 46. 30.
BATAVA, {Cajlra underftood), a citadel of Vin-
delicia, fo called from the Cohors Batava, in garrifon
under the commander in Rhaetia: now Paffau ; being
firft called Batau, from the Batavi; then Bajfau, and
PaJJ'au ; fuuated in Bavaria at the confluence of the
Danube, Inn, and Ills. See Passau.
BATAVIA, the capital of the Dutch fettlements
in the Eaft Indies,; a city of the kingdom of Bantam
in the ifland of Java. See Java.
BATAVORUM insula, the ifland of the Bata¬
vians, (anc. geog.). Of this ifland Tacitus gives the
following defcription. “ The Rhine flowing in one
channel, or only broken by fmall iflands, is divided at
its entering Batavia, as it were into two rivers. One
continues.its courfe through Germany, retaining the
fame name, and violent current, till it falls into the
ocean. The other walking the coaft; of Gaul, with a
broader and more gentle ftream, is called by the inhabi¬
tants Vahalis ; which name it foon changes for that of
Mofa, by the immenfe mouth of which river it dif-
charges itfelf into the fame ocean.” According to
Tacitus, therefore, the ifland of the Batavians was
bounded by the ocean, the Rhine, and the Vahalis,
now the JVale. Caefar extends it to the Mofa, or
Meufe; but Pliny agrees with Tacitus. However, this
ifland was of greater extent in Tacitus’s time than in
Caefar’s; Drufus, the father of Germanicus, having by
a new canal conveyed the waters of the Rhine into
the ocean a confiderable way north of the former mouth
of that river. The Batavi wete a branch of the Catti,
who in a domellic fedition, being expelled their coun¬
try, occupied the extremity of the coaft of Gaul, at
that time uninhabited, together with this ifland fituated
among fhoals. Their name Batavi they carried with
them from Germany ; there being fome towns in the
territory of the Catti called Battenberg, and Batten-
baufen. The bravery of the Batavi, efpecially the
horfe, procured them not only great honour, from the
Romans, being called their brothers and friends ; but
I 2 an
BAT f 68
an exemption from taxes, being obliged only to furnifli
men and arms. The modern name of this ifland is
Betu, or Beta™.
Bata forum Oppidum (anc. geog.), a town in the
ifland of the Batavi, mentioned by Tacitus, without
any particular name ; which has given rife to feveral
furmifes about it, fome fuppofing it to be Nimeguen,
but Cluverius, Batavadurum or Batemburg, both with¬
out the ifland ; which fxtuation renders both thefe pla¬
ces inadmiflible, fince Tacitus places this namelefs
town within the ifland.
BATCHELOR. See Bachelor.
BATE (George), an eminent phyfician, born at
Maid’s Morton, near Buckingham, in the year 1608.
In 1629 he obtained a licence, and for fome years
pradlifed in and about Oxford: his pra&ifce was chiefly
amongft the puritans, who at that time confidered him
as one of their party. In 1637, he took his degree
of dodtor in phyfic, and became very eminent in his
profeffion, fa that when king Charles kept his court at
Oxford, he was his principal phyfician. When the
king’s affairs declined. Dr Bate removed to London,
where he accommodated himfelf fowell to the times, that
he became phyfician to the Charter-houfe, fellow of the
college of phyiicians, and afterwards principal phyfician
to Oliver Cromwell. Upon the reftoration, he got into
favour with the royal party, was made principal phy¬
fician to the king, and fellow of the Royal Society ;
and this, we are told, was owing to a report raifed on
purpofe by his friends, according to Mr Wood, that
he gave the protedlor a dofe which haftened his death.
Dr Bate wrote in Latin an account of the late commo¬
tions in England, and fome other pieces. He died
at his houfe in Hatton-garden, and was buried at
Kingfton upon Thames in Surry.—There was another
George Bate, who wrote a work intitled, “ The Lives,
Aftions, and Execution, of the prime Adlors and prin¬
cipal Contrivers of that horrid Murther of our late
pious and facred king Charles I.”
BATENITES, a fe£t of apoftates from Mahome-
tanifm difperfed through the Eaft, who profeffed the
fame abominable practices with the Ifmaelians and
Karmatians. The word properly fignifies efotsric, or
people of inward or hidden light.
BATES (William), D. D. an eminent prelbyterian
divine, born in November 1625. He was admitted in
Emanuel college, Cambridge, and from thence removed
to King’s college in 1644. He was one of the com-
mifiioners, at the conference in the Savoy, for review¬
ing the public liturgy, and was concerned in drawing
up the exceptions againft the common Prayer: how¬
ever, foon after the reftoration, he was appointed chap¬
lain to king Charles II. and became minifter of St
Dunftan’sjn the weft, but was deprived of that benifice
for nonconformity. Dr Bates bore a good and amiable
ehara&er; and was honoured with the friendftiip of
the lord keeper Bridgman, the lord chancellor Finch,
the earl of Nottingham, and archbifhop Tillotfon. He
was offered, at the reftoration, the deanery of Litch-
jfleld; which he refufed. Fie publiflied Seledt Lives of
illuftrious and pious perfops, in Latin; ‘and fince his
death all his works, except his Select Lives, have beeen
printed in one volume in folio. He died in July 14.
1O99, in the 74th year of his age.
BATH, a city of Soiperfetfhire in England, feated
1 BAT
in W. Long. 2/30. N. Lat. 51. 27. All the different Bath,
names that this city has borne in different ages and —v~~
languages have beeen taken from its medicinal waters, as
the viarx or “hot waters,” of Ptolemy; the^a^
Solis, or “waters of the fun,” of Antoninus; the Cair
Baden, and Caer Ennant, i. e. “ the city of baths,” and
“ the city ef ointment,” of the Britons; and the Ack-
ntancbejler, i. e. “ the city of valetudinarians,” of the
Saxons. The baths confift of the King’s bath, the
Queen’s-bath, the Crofs-bath, the Hot-bath, the Le¬
per’s bath, and the duke of Kingfton’s-bath. This
place was of old a refort only for cripples and difeafed
perfens; but now it is more frequented by the found
for pleafure than by the fick for health. The waters are
very pleafant to the tafte; and impregnated with a vi¬
triolic principle, yielding, upon evaporation, a little
neutral fait, and a calcarious earth and iron. They
are very efficacious in ftrengthening the bowels and
ftomach, bracing the relaxed fibres, and invigorating
the circulation. In bilious complaints they are counted
fpecific; and prove ferviceable in moft nervous, para¬
lytic, rheumatic, and gouty, complaints. At the King’s
bath is a handfome pump-room, where the gentlemen
and ladies go in a morning to drink the waters ; and
. there is a Joand of mufic that plays all the time. La
the Crofs-bath is a monument of marble, reprefenting
the defeent of the Holy Ghoft attended by angels,
eredted by the earl of Melfort (who was fecretary of
ftate for Scotland) when king James IF. met his queen
here. The King’s-bath is a large bafon of 65 feet
10 inches by 40 feet 10 inches, containing 346 tuns
2 hoglheads and 36 gallons of water when filled to
its ufual height. In the middle is a wooden building
with niches and feats for the accommodation of the
bathers. There are alfo iron rings all round for them
to hold by ; and guides, both male and female, to at¬
tend them in the bath. The perfon intending to bathe
puts on, at his own lodgings, a bathing drefs of brown
canvas hired for the purpofe; and is carried in a clofe
chair, of a particular make, to one of the flips which
open into the bath. There he defeends by fteps into
the water, where he is attended by a guide. Having
ftaid his ftated time in the bath, he afeends again into
the flip, where he puts off his bathing-drefs, and being
wrapt up in blankets, is carried home to bed, where
he lies for fome time to encourage perfpiration. The
King’s-bath is overlooked by the company in the pump-
room ; and adjoining to it are places furnilhed with
pumps to pour the hot ftreams on any particular part
of the body. The Queen’s-bath communicates with
the King’s, from which it is filled; therefore the water
of it is not fo hot, being at a'greater diftance from the
fource. As the heat is here more moderate, the bathers,
defeend firft into the Queen’s-bath, and advance gra¬
dually to the centre of the other. In the year 1755,
the abbey-houfe, or priory, belonging to the duke of
Kingfton, was taken down, in order to ereft a more,
commodious pile of building ; and in digging for the
foundation, the workmen difeovered, about twenty feet
below the furface of the, earth, the remains of Roman,-
baths and fudatories conftrudted upon an elegant plan,
with floors fufpended on pillars, and furrounded with
tubulated bricks, for the conveyance of heat and va¬
pour. Thefe were fupplied by a fpring of hot water*,
of the fame properties and temperature with thofe of
the.
BAT [ 69 ] B A T
Bath, the King’s-bath ; and the fewer was found Ml entire,
—v—that conveyed the wa!le water into the river. The
duke, having cleared the fpring-and the fewer, has e-
refted feveral convenient baths and fudatories on the
fpot, where invalids may be accommodated at all hours,
by night as well as by day. The two feafons are the
fpring and fall; but thofe who take the waters purely
for their health do not regard the feafons, hut drink
them all the year round. There are a number of gen¬
teel fedan chairs, which carry people to any diftance,
not exceeding half a mile, for fixpence. The company
affemble in the afternoon alternately, at two llately
rooms, to converfe together, or play at cards. At .a
very pretty new theatre near the parades, plays are
afted every other night; and there are balls twice a-
week; for which and the rooms, and books at the li¬
braries, the gentry generally fubfcribe. The city is
furrounded with hills on all fides, except a little open¬
ing to the Call and weft, through which the Avon runs.
This river, which has been made navigable to Briftol
by aft of parliament, walhes the city on the eaft and
fouth fides, and there is an elegant bridge over it.
This city hath formerly had a flight wall, of which
fome part ftill remains, as well as one or two of its
gates; but almoft all the new buildings, and much the
greateft and fineftpart of the city, is without the walls,
particularly the fine fquare called ^ueen,s~fquare, in
the middle of which is a fmall garden, with gravel
walks, and an obelifle in the centre. But the greateft
ornament at Bath is the circuS: it is of a circular
form confifting of houfes built on an uniform plan,
with three openings at equal diftances to the fouth,
eaft, and weft, leading into as many ftreets. The
fronts of the houfes, which are all three ftories high,
are adorned with three rows of columns in pairs, of the
Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders, the frize em-
belliflied with fculpture. The whole has an air of mag¬
nificence, which cannot fail to ftrike the moft indifferent
fpeftator. In the centre of the area is a fefervoir, or
bafon, filled by two or three fprings rifing in the neigh¬
bouring hills; whence the ftreets in this diftrift are
fupplied with water. On the fouth fide of the town
are the north and fouth parades, two noble walks,
paved with hewn ftone, raifed upon arches, facing each
an elegant row of houfes on one fide, and having a ftone
baluftrade on the other. Thefe, with the two ftreets
that join them, were planned and executed by one
Mr Wood, an able architeft, who likewife built the
fquare and projefted the circus. The two public
rooms ftand betwixt the north parade and Orange-
grove ; which laft is a fquare planted with trees, ha¬
ving in the middle a ftone obelilk, infcribed in, Latin
to the late prince of Orange, who recovered, his health
in confequence of drinking the Bath waters,, and gave
his name to this part of the town. Several new ftreets
and rows have of late years been built on the north-
fide of Bath, in the neighbourhood of the fquare, fuch
as Gay-ftreet, Milfom-ftreet, Edgar-row, Harlequin- :
row, Bladud’s-buildings, King’s-mead-ftreet, and
Brock-ftreet. Their advantages for building here are
very great, having excellent free-ftone, limeftone, and
flate, in the neighbourhood. One fort of their lime is
as white as fnow. The guild-hall of Bath hands in
the market-place, and is faid to. be built on a plan of
Inigo Jones, which however, exhibits nothing worthy
of that great architeft:. befides, one end of it has beetf
rebuilt in a different ftyle. The hall is ornamented with Bath,
fome portraits of the late prince of Wales and other re- —v—-
markable perfonages: but the greateft curiofity of the
place is a Minerva’s head in bronze, a real antique, dug
up in Stall-ftreet, in the year 1725. Bath boafts a
noble infirmary, or general hofpital, for the reception
of the fick and lame from all parts of the three king¬
doms. It extends. 100 feet in front, and 90 in depth,
being capable of receiving 150 patients. Here was-
anciently a monaftery, of which the prefent cathedral
was the church. It is a venerable pile ; the principal
front of which is adorned with angels afeending and
defeending. There are three other churches in Bath,
and feveral chapels and meeting-houfes. Befides the
infirmary, there are feveral other hofpitals, alms-
houfes, and charity fchools. The corporation c'onfxfts
of a mayoreight aldermen, of whom two are juftices
of the peace; and 24 common-council men. The
city is extremely well provided with ftage-coaches,
poft-coaches, chaifes, machines, and waggons. Bath
is the general hofpital of the nation, and a great num¬
ber of invalids find benefit from the waters : but as the
city lies in a bottom furrounded by very high hilla^ the
air is conftantly furcharged with damps; and indeed
this place is more fubjeft to rain than any other part in
England. The markets are remarkably well fupplied
with- provifions of all kinds at reafonable rates, parti¬
cularly fifti and poultry. They alfo afford excellent
mutton fed upon Lanfdown, one of the higheft hills
that overlook the city. This down, remarkable for its
pure air, extends about three miles; and at the extre¬
mity of it there is a ftone monument, with an inferip-
tion, erefted to the memory of Sir Beville Granville,
who was here killed in a battle which he fought with
the parliament’s army in the reign of Charles I. Bath
fends two members to parliament. The earldom of
Bath was beftowed on William Pultney in the end of
Sir Robert Walpole’s adminiftration as a reward for his,
patriotifm, but is now extinft for want of-heirs-male.
Bath is joined with Wells to form a bilhopric, called
the diocefe of Bath and Wells. The bifhop’s feat is at
Wells, whofe cathedral church was built by Ina, king
of the Weft Saxons in 7 04,. and by him dedicated to
St Andrew. Several other of the Weft Saxon kings.
endowed it, and was erefted into a bilhopric in 905,
during the reign of king Edward the Elder. The
prefent church was begun by Robert the 18th bifhop
of this fee, and completed by his immediate fucceffor,
John de Villula, the 16th bilhop, having purchafed the:
city of Bath for 500 merks of king Henry I. trans¬
ferred his feat to that city in 1088. ' From this, dif*
putes arofe between the monks of Bath and the canons.
of Wells, about the eleftion of a biftiop ; but they were
at laft compromifed: by Robert the 18th biftiop, who »
decreed, that, from henceforward the bilhop Ihould Be
ftyled from both plaices, and that the precedency Ihould
be given to Bath ; that in the vacancy of the fee, the
biftiop fhould be elefted by a- certain number of dele¬
gates from both churches; and that he ftiould be in-
ftalled in them- both ; both of them, to conftitute the
bifhop’s-chapter ; and all his grants and patents to be
confirmed in both. So it ftood till the reformation-.
But in the 35th of king Henry VIII. an aft of Par¬
liament palled for the dean and chapter of Wells t®
make one foie chapter for the bilhop. This diocefe
hath yielded to the church of Rome one cardinal, and.
tab
BAT [ 7° J BAT
Bath, to the civil ftate of England fix lord chancellors* five
”~'v lord treafurers, one lord privy feal, one lord prefident
of Wales, and principal lecretary of ftate. The dio-
cefe contains the whole county of Somerfet, except a
few churches in the city of Brillol; the number of pa-
rifhes amounting to 388, and the churches and cha¬
pels to 503- Of the parifhes 160 are impropriate. It
is valued in the king’s books at L. 535 : 1 : 3, and
computed to be worth annually L. 2200. The clergy’s
tenth is L. 353 : 18 : o|-. To the cathedral belong a
bilhop, a dean, three archdeacons, a chancellor, a trea-
furer, a fub-dean, fifty-nine prebendaries, four prieft-
vicars, eight lay vicars, an organift, fix chorifters, and_
other officers.
Knights of the Bath, a military order in England,
concerning the origin of which antiquaries differ in
their accounts. The moft probable deduction feems
to be the following.
The knighthood of the Bath is fuppofed to have
been praftifed by the ancient Franks, the inhabitants
of Lower Germany, with whom it is highly probable
the Saxons, who invaded England, had the fame com¬
mon defcent, and, with other cuftoms, upon their fet¬
tling here, introduced the fame method of knighthood.
Thefe ancient Franks, when they conferred knight¬
hood, obferved, amongft other folemn rites, bathing be¬
fore they performed their vigils; which cuftom con¬
tinues to be pradtifed in England: they were from
thence denominated Knights of the Bath.
In the reign of Henry IV. there was a degree of
knighthood fpecified under the exprefs appellation of
the Bath. That king, on the day of his coronation
in the tower of London, conferred the fame upon 46
efquires, who had watched all the night before, and
had bathed themfelves. From that time it was cufto-
mary with our kings to confer this dignity preceding
their coronations, the coronations of their queens, the
birth and marriage of the royal iffiie, and their firft
advancement to honours, upon their defigned expedi¬
tions againft their foreign enemies, upon inftallations
of knights of the garter, and when fame grand anni-
verfary feftivals were celebrated. The laft knights of
the Bath fo made were at the coronation of King
Charles II. in 1661 } after which the order was ne-
gleffed until the year 1 725, when George I. was plea-
fed to revive it, and to order a book of ftatutesfor the
government of the order. By this the number of
knights is fixed to 38, viz. the Sovereign, and 37
knights-companions.
The apparel of a knight of the Bath is a red fur-
coat, lined and edged with white, girded about with
a white girdle, without any ornament thereon ; the
mantle is of the fame colour and lining, made fall a-
bout the neck with a lace of white filk, having a pair
of white gloves tied therein, with taifels of filk and
gold at the end; which mantles are adorned upon the
left ftioulders with the eniign of the order, being three
imperial crowns or, furrounded with the ancient mot¬
to of this knighthood, Tria junfta in uno, wrought
upon a circle gules, with a glory or rays iffuing from
the centre, and under it the lace of white filk hereto¬
fore worn by the knights of the Bath. They have
red breeches and ftockings, and have white hats, with
ajplume of white feathers thereon. The king allowed
the chapel oi King Henry VII. 'to be the chapel of
the order, and ordered that each knight’s banner, with ^
plates of his arms and ftyles, ffiould be placed over their "1 'r""
feveral ftalls, in like manner as the knights of the Gar¬
ter in St George Chapel in the caftle of Windfor ;
and he allowed them fupporters to their arms. His
Royal Kighnefs Prince William, fecond fon to the
Prince of Wales, on this occafion, was made the firft
knight-companion, and his Grace the Duke of Mon-
tagu grand mafter of the order, the dean of Weftmin-
fter (for the time being) dean of the order; the other
officers of which are, Bath king of arms, a genealo-
gift, regifter and fecretary, gentleman uiher, and mef-
fenger.
Bath, Balneum, a convenient receptacle of water
for perfons to waftx or plunge in, either for health or
pleafure.—Baths are diftinguiihed into hot and cold;
and thefe again are either natural or artificial. The
natural hot baths are formed of the water of hot
fprings, of which there are many in different parts of
the world ; efpecially in thofe countries where there
are or have evidently been volcanoes. The artificial
hot baths eonfift either of water or of fome other fluid
made hot by art. The cold bath confifts of water,
either freflr or fait, in its natural degree of heat; or it
may be made colder by art, as by a mixture of nitre,
fal-ammoniac, &e. The chief hot baths in our country
are thofe of Bath and Briftol, in Somerfetfhire ; and
thofe others of Buxton and Matlock, in Derbyfhire ;
w'hich latter, however, are rather warm or tepid than
hot. The ufe of thefe baths is found beneficial in dif-
eafes of the head, as palfies, &c. in articular difeafes,
as leprofies, &c. obftruftions and conftipations of the
bowels, the feurvy and ftone, and in moft difeafes of
women and children. The baths have performed many
cures, and are commonly ufed as a laft remedy in ob-
ftinate chronic difeafes ; where they fucceed well, if
they agree with the conftitution of the patient: but
whether they will agree or not, cannot be known
without trial.
As to the origin of thofe hot waters, of which the na¬
tural hot baths are formed, we are very much in the dark.
All that can be affirmed with certainty is, that where
there are volcanoes, there alfo there are hot fprings in
great abundance; but how the heat of the volcano
ftiould be conftantly communicated to the waters of a
fpring for many ages, during a great part of which
the volcano itfelf has lain in a dormant ftate, feems .
almoft beyond the reach of inveftigation. Another
thing that creates a great difficulty is, that the fire
of a volcano muft certainly lie very deep in the earth,
and moft probably Ihifts from place to place ; but the
waters of a fpving muft. always iffue from a place fituated
lower than the origin of the fpring itfelf. Befides,
though we flrould fuppofe the water to come from the
top of a volcano itfelf, and confequently boiling hot,
it could not be fuppofed to percolate far through cold
earth, without lofing all the heat it acquired from the
volcano. From fome obfervations, however, it certainly
does appear, that there are fome fpots on the earth
which have a power of producing heat within themfelves,
independent of any thing foreign ; and that water is fo
far from being able to deftroy this power, that it feems
rather to promote and continue it. We know that
water hath this effe& upon a mixture of iron filings
and fulphur; but whatever quantities of fimilar fub-
3 fiances
BAT [ 71 ] BAT
ftances we may fuppofe to be contained in the earth,
we muft alfo fuppofe to be deftroyed by one great con¬
flagration foon after they have begun to aft upon each
other, fo that by their means no lafting heat in waters
could be produced. Dr Stukely indeed would.folve
this, and feveral other phenomena, by making the
Are and fmoke of volcanoes the effefts of eleftri-
city : but here fufficient proof is wanting; for elec¬
tricity, even in its moft powerful ftate, is not very apt
to fet bodies on fire. The thought, however, deferves
attention ; for if eleftricity is capable of fetting a vol¬
cano on fire, it is undoubtedly capable of producing
folfaterras where it meets with proper- materials, and
from them fprings of any degree of heat.
The cold bath is found one of the moft; univerfal
and innocent remedies yet difeovered, though ftill its
ufe is not to be adopted without precautions.
Baths in vapour, the fume or fteam of fome de-
coftion is received upon the body to promote a per-
fpiration.—Thefe are alfo by fome called Balnea La~
conica.
Vapour baths are, when the patient is not plunged
into what is prepared for the bath, but only receives
its fteam upon thofe parts of his body which require
it i as in fome diftempers of the fundament and womb,
where the patient fits and receives the fumes of fome
proper fomentation, &c. To thefe may be added the
bagnio j where people are made to fweat by the heat
of a room, and pouring on of hot water; after which
they generally go into a hot bath or bagnio.
A peculiar fort of vapour-bath was much ufed by
the ancient Mexicans, and is ftill in ufe among the pre-
fent Indians their defeendants. According to the
Abbe Clavigero, thefe baths are built of raw bricks,
and their form is fimilar to that of ovens for baking
bread : but with this difference, that the pavement of
the bath is a little convex, and lower than the furface
of the earth ; whereas that of moft ovens is plain, and
a little elevated for the accommodation of the baker.
The greateft diameter of a bath is about eight feet,
and its greateft height fix. The entrance, like the
mouth of an oven, is wide enough to allow a man to
creep eafily in. In the place oppofite to the entrance
there is a furnace of ftone or raw bricks, with its mouth
outwards to receive the fire, and a hole above it to
carry off the fmoke. The part which unites the fur¬
nace to the bath, and which is about two feet and a
half fquare, is fhut with a certain dry ftone of a porous
texture. In the upperpart of the vault there is an air¬
hole, like that to the furnace. This is the ufual ftrufture
of the temazcalli; but there are others that are without
vault or furnace, mere little fquare chambers, yet well
covered and defended from the air.—When any perfon
goes to bathe, he firft lays a mat within the temazcalli,
a pitcher of water, and a bunch of herbs or leaves of
maize. He then caufes a fire to be made in the fur¬
nace, which is kept burning until the ftones which join
the bath and furnace are quite hot. The perfon who
is to ufe the bath enters commonly naked, and gene¬
rally accompanied for the fake of convenience, or on
account of infirmity, by one of his domeftics. As
foon as he enters, he fhuts the entrance clofe, but
leaves the air-hole at top for a little time -open, to let
out any fmoke which may have been introduced thro’
the chinks of the ftone; when it is all out he likewife
flops up the air-hole. He then throws water upon the
hot ftones, from which immediately arifes a thick fteam
to the top of the temazcalli. While the fick perfon
lies upon the mat, the domeftic drives the vapour
downwards, and gently beats the fick perfon, parti¬
cularly on the hiling part, with the bunch of herbs,,
which are dipped for a little while in the water of the
pitcher, which has then become a little warm. The
fick perfon falls immediately into a foft and copious:
fweat, which is increafed or diminifhed at pleafure, ac¬
cording as the cafe requires. When the evacuation
defired is obtained, the vapour is let off, the entrance
is cleared, and the fick perfon clothes himfelf, or is
tranfported on the mat to his chamber; as the entrance
to the bath is ufually within fome chamber of his ha¬
bitation.—This fort of bath, called temazcalli by the
natives, has been regularly ufed in feveral diforders,
particularly in fevers occafioned by coftivenefs. The
Indian women ufe it commonly after childbirth, and.
alfo thofe perfons who have been ftung or wounded by
any poifonous animal. It is undoubtedly a powerful
remedy for all thofe who have occafion to carry off
grofs humours; and certainly it would be moft ufeful
in Italy, where the rheumatifm is fo frequent and af-
flifting. When a very copious fweat is defired, the.
fick perfon is railed up and held in the vapour; as he
fweats the more the nearer he is to it. The temaz¬
calli is fo common, that in every place inhabited by
the Indians there are many of them.
Baths [Dry), are thofe made of afhes, fait, fand,,
fhreds of leather, and the like.—The ancients had di¬
vers ways of fweating by a dry heat; as by the means
of a hot fand, ftove-rooms, or artificial bagnios, and
certain natural hot fleams of the earth, received under
a proper arch, or hot-houfe, as we learn from Celfus.
They alfo had another kind of bath by infolation,
where the body was expofed to the fun for fome time,,
in order to draw forth the fuperfluous moifture from
the inward parts; and to this day it is a praftice in
fome nations to cover the body over with horfe-dung,
efpecially in chronical difeafes, to digeft and breathe
out the humour that caufes the diftemper. In New
England they make a kind of ftoves of turf, wherein
the fick are Unit up to bathe or fweat.
The fame name is fometimes alfo given to another
kind of bath, made of kindled coals, or burning fpirit
of wine; the patient being placed in a convenient clofe
chair for the reception of the fume, which rifes and
provokes fweat in a plentiful manner: care is here ta¬
ken to keep the head out, and to feeure refpiration.
This bath has been found very effeftual in removing
old obftinate pains in the limbs, and venereal com¬
plaints ; and will often complete a cure left unper¬
formed by falivation.
Some authors fpeak of bloody baths, balnea fangui-
ndenta, prepared efpecially of the blood of infants,
anciently fuppofed to be a kind of fpecific for the
leprofy.
Baths {Metalline}, thofe made of water impregnated
with the fcoriee of metals. The naoft common and ufe¬
ful of this kind are thofe prepared with the fcoriee of
iron, which abound with the earthy, faline, and fulphu-
rcous fubftance of the metal; and thefe are of excellent
fervice for ftrengthening and bracing up the part to
which they are applied, and recovering weak and de¬
cayed
BAT [ 72 ] BAT
cayed limbs ; {lopping various kinds of bleeding ; and feftions of the people, creeled baths laid with the
reftoring the menftrual and hemorrhoidal flux where rLcheft marble, and wrought according to the rules of
obftrudled ; infomuch, that they may well be fubfli- the moft delicate architecture. The rich had baths at
tuted for the natural iron baths. home, and frequently very magnificent ones, efpecial-
Adjacent to the fmelting huts where metals are run ly after the time that the praftice of pillaging the
from their ore, are to be found large quantities of the provinces had begun ; but they only ufed them on ex¬
flag of copper, antimony, and cobalt, which abound- traordinary occafions. The great men, and even em-
ing with fulphur, vitriolic fait, and an earthy principle, perors themfelves, fometimes bathed in public with
make ferviceable baths for ftrengthening the loft tone
of the fibres, and relaxing them when they are too
ftiff. Thefe baths have likewife a deterfive and clean-
fing virtue ; fo that with prudence, and due regard to
■circumftances, they may be ufed on many occafions.
The way of making thefe artificial baths is, either to
take the flags* as they come hot from the furnace, or
elfe to heat them afeefh, and throw them into hot wa¬
ter; which is afterwards to be ufed either in the way
of bath, or fomentation, occafionally. There are other
the reft of the people. Alexander Severus was the
firft who allowed the public baths to be opened in the
night-time during the heats of fummer.
The Greek baths were ufually annexed to palejlrue
or gymnafta, of which they were confidered as a part.
Thefe baths confifted of feven different apartments,
ufually feparated from each other, and intermixed with
other buildings belonging to the other forts of exer-
cifes. Thefe were, firft, the cold bath, frigida lavatio;
zdly, The elcccthefium, or room where they were anoint-
artificial baths, prepared of alum and quicklime, by ed with oil; 3dly, The frigidarium, or cooling room ;
boiling them together in fine rain-water. Such baths
are highly ferviceable in paralytic diforders and weak-
nefs of the limbs.
The pepper bath, or peffer waffer, on the Alps, is
one of the moft celebrated in Europe, and has been the
fubjeft of treatifes exprefs, befides what has been faid
■of it occafionally by Scheuchzer and others. It was
firft difeovered in the year 1240, and is of the periodi¬
cal kind. The water breaks forth in a dreadful place,
fcarce acceffible to the fun-beams, or indeed to men,
unlefs of the greateft boldnefs, and fuch as are not in
the leaft fubjedt to dizzinefs. Thefe baths have this
Angularity above all others, that they commonly break
forth in May, and that with a fort of impetuofity,
■bringing with them beech-leaves, crabs, or other wood-
fruit ; and that their courfe defifts in September or
Odlober. Scheuchzer profeffes hiipfelf of opinion,
that thefe waters are not impregnated with any mine¬
rals, or if they do contain any, that their virtues in
curing diftempers and preferving health do not proceed
4thly, The propnigeum, or entrance of the hypocaujhint,
or ftove ; ythly, The vaulted room for fweating in, or
vapour-bath, called cor.canwrata Judatio, or iepidarhun;
6thly, The laconicutn, Ir dry ftove ; ythly, The hot
bath, called callida lavatio.
As for the baths .feparate from the palejlrce, they
appear to have been ufually double, one for men, the
other for women ; but fo near, that the fame furnace
heated both. The middle part was poffeffed by a large
bafon that received water by feveral pipes, and was
fuirounded by a baluftrade, behind which there was
an area for the reception of thofe who waited to ufe
the bath. They were vaulted over, and only received
light from the top.
In the Roman .baths, the firft part that appeared
was a large bafon, called in Greek, and na~
tatio or pifeina in Latin. In the middle was the hy-
pocaujlum, which had a row of four apartments on each
fide, called balnearia : thefe were the ftove, the bath,
cold bath, and tepidarium. The two ftoves, called
from them. They are exceeding clear, deftitute of laconicum and tepidarium, were circular and joined to-
■colour, tafte,.or fmell. gether. Their floor was hollow and fufpended, in or-
Baths, [Balnea), in architedture, denote large der to receive the heat of a large furnace, which was
pompous buildings among the ancients, erected for the communicated to the ftoves through the vacuities of
fake of bathing. Baths made a part of the ancient their floor. This furnace alfo heated another room
gymnafia, though they were frequented more for the
fake of pleafure than health.
The moft magnificent baths vyere thofe of Titus,
Paulus iEmilius, and Dioclefian, of which there are
fome ruins ftill remaining. It is faid that at Rome
there were 856 public baths. Fabricius adds, that
the exceflive luxury of the Romans appeared in no-
thingimore vifible than in their baths. Seneca com¬
plains, that the baths of plebeians were filled from
filver pumps; and that the freedmen trod on gems.
called vafarium, in which were three large brazen vef-
fels called milliaria, refpedlively containing hot, warm,
and cold water; which were fo difpofed, that the wa¬
ter might be made to pafs by fyphons and pipes out of
one or other of them into the bath, in order to adjuft
its temperature. The defeription is given by Vitruvi¬
us. At three in the afternoon, which is what Pliny
calls bora ottava et nona, the Romans all repaired to
the baths, either the public or the private ones: this
called the bath hour, bora balnei, which in winter
Macrobius tells us of one Sergius Oratus, a voluptuary, was at nine, in fummer at eight. The publie baths
 L „ T 1 1 : ‘   _ii  1 » _ r j °r _ 1 11 -I 4.
who had pendant baths hanging in the air.
According to Dion, Mascenas was the firft who made
a bath at Rome: yet there are inftances of public
baths prior to this ; but they were of cold water, fmall,
and poorly decorated. Agrippa, in his sedilate, built
160 places for bathing, where the citizens might be
accommodated, either with hot or cold, gratis. Af-
were all opened by the found of a bell, and always at
the fame hour. Thofe who came too* late, ftood a
chance for bathing in cold water.
They began with hot water; after which, as the
pores were now opened, and might give room for too
plentiful a perfpiration, they thought it neceffary for
their health to clofe them again, either with the cold
ter this example, Nero, Vefpafian, Titus, Domitian, bath, or at leaft with a fprinkling of cold water. Du-
.Severus, Gordian, Aurelian, Maximian, Dioclefian,
and moft of the emperors who ftudied to gain the af-
N° 42. 2
ring the bath, the body was feraped with a kind of
knives, or fmali ftrigils, fuch as are ftill found in the
cabinets
BAT
cabinets of the curious. After bathing fucceeded
undtion and perfuming, from which they went frefh to
fupper.
The Romans, when they found their ftomachs over¬
charged with meat, went to the bath, as we learn from
Juvenal, who inveighs againft thafe who, having gor¬
ged themfelves with eating, were forced to go into the
baths to give themfelves relief. They found alfo that a
bath was good to refrefh themfelves after fome confi-
derable fatigue or travel, as Celfus tells us ; which
makes Plautus fay, that all the baths in this world
were not fufficient to remove the wearinefs he felt.
After Pompey’s time, the humour of bathing was car¬
ried to great excefs, by which many were ruined, feve-
ral having-brought themfelves to fuch a pitch, that
they could not bear food without bathing firft. The
emperor Titus is faid to have loft his life thereby.
Hence Pliny inveighs feverely againft thofe phyficians
who held, that hot baths digefted the food. The em¬
peror Hadrian firft laid a reftraint on the immoderate
humour of bathing, by a public edift, prohibiting all
perfons to bathe before the eighth hour.
Baths of Agrippa, (therm# Agrippina,) were built
of brick, but painted in enamel: thofe of Nero, therm#
Neroniana, were not only furnifhed with frelh water,
but even had the fea brought into them : thofe of Ca-
racalla were adorned with 200 marble columns, and
furnifhed with 1600 feats of the fame matter, Lip-
fius affures us they were fo large, that 1800 perfons
might conveniently bathe in them at the fame time.
But the baths of Dioclefian, therm# Diodefan#, fur-
paffed all the reft in magnificence. One hundred and
forty thoufand men were employed many years in
building them. Great part of thefe, as well as thofe
of Caracalla, are ftill ftanding ; and with the vaft high
arches, the beautiful and ftately pillars, the extraordi¬
nary plenty of foreign marble, the curious vaulting of
the roofs, the prodigious number of fpacioUS apart¬
ments, and a thoufand other ornaments, make one of
the greateft curiofities of modern Rome,
Bath, in chemiftry. Several matters employed to
tranfmit heat are called baths; but the fubftances moft
frequently ufed by chemifts for this purpofes, are water
and fand. When water is employed, it is called Bal¬
neum Mari#, or nvater hath; which is Very much ufed,
very convenient for many operations, and may be em¬
ployed fuccefsfuliy for all degrees of heat inferior to
that of boiling water. As water, when expofed to
fire in any veffel from which it can evaporate, does
only receive a determinate degree of heat, which al¬
ways remains the fame when once it has arrived to the
boiling heat, it follows, that by the water bath, a de¬
gree of heat always equal may be tranfmitted with
certainty. Farther, this degree of heat being inca¬
pable of burning, or of communicating an empyreu-
matic quality to matters fufceptible of it, the water
bath has alfo the advantage of not expofing fubftances
to this inconvenience. When veftels in which diftilla-
tions and digeftions are made, are placed in fand, then
a fand bath is formed. This intermediate fubftance of
fand is very convenient to moderate the too great ac¬
tivity of the naked fire, and to tranfmit any degree of
heat, from the weakeft to a red heat. As this bath
is attended with lefs trouble, and requires lefs appara¬
tus than the water bath, it is much ufed in laborato-
Vol. III. Part I.
BAT
ries. Nothing is requifite for the fand bath, but an Bath
earthen or iron veffel filled with fine fand, which is 11.
fitted into a furnace, and capable of containing the . at mg*
cucurbits, retorts, matrafles, or other veffels Containing
the matter to be operated Upon.
Bath, in metallurgy, is ufed to fignify the fufion
of metallic matter in certain operations. In refining
or cupelling, for example, the metals are faid to be in " >
bath when they are melted. When gold is purified
by antimony, this femi-metal melted, is called by fome
the bath of gold; alchemifts, who confider gold as the
king of metals, call antimony the hath of the king 0 :ly ;
becaufe in fadt gold only can refift the adtion of anti¬
mony.
Bath, in Hebrew antiquity, a meafure of capacity,
containing the tenth part of an omar, or feven gallons
and four pints, as a meafure for things liquid; or three
pecks and three pints, as a meafure for things dry.
Bath-KoI, the daughter of a voice. So the Jews
call one of their oracles, which is frequently mentioned
in their books, efpecially the Talmud ; being a fanta-
ftical way of divination invented by the Jews them¬
felves, though called by them a revelation from God’s
will, which he made to his chofen people, after all ver¬
bal prophecies had ceafed in Ifrael. It was in fadl a
method of divination fimilar to the firtes Vitgilian# of
the Heathens. For as, with them, the firft words they
happened to dip into, in the Works of that poet, were
a kind of oracle whereby they predldled future events ;
fo, with the Jews, when they appealed to Bath-kol, the
firft words they heard from any man’s mouth were looked
upon as a voice from heaven, diredtlng them in the
matter they inquired about. The Chriftians Were not
quite free from this fuperftition, making the fame ufe
of the book of the Scriptures as the Pagans did of the
Works of Virgil. It was pra&ifed by Heraclius, em¬
peror of the Eaft, in the beginning of the feventh cen¬
tury : for, being at war with Chofroes king of Perfia,
and in doubt, after a fuccefsful campaign, where to
take up his winter quarters, he confulted the book of
the Scriptures in this way of divination, and was de¬
termined thereby. In France, it was the practice for
feveral ages to ule this kind of divination at the con-
fecration of a biihop, in order to difeover his life, man¬
ners, and future behaviour. This ufage came into
England with the Norman conqueft ; for we are told,
that at the confecration of William the fecond Nor¬
man bilhop of the diocefe of Norwich, the words which
firft occurred on dipping into the Bible Were, Not this
man, but Barabbus t foon after which, William died,
and Herbert de Lozinga, chief fimony-brOker to King
William Rufus, fucceeded him ; at whofe confecration
the words at which the Bible opened were the fame •
which Jefus fpoke to Judas the traitor; friend, where¬
fore art thou come? This circumftahce fo affefted Her¬
bert, that it brought him to a thorough repentance of
his crime; in expiation of which he built the cathedral
church of Norwich, the firft ftone of which he laid in
the year 10964 ■*
BATHA, Bath, or Bachia, a town of Hungary,
and capital of a county of the fame name, feated on the
Danube. E. Long. 20. 40. N. Lat. 46. 40.
BATHING, the aft pf ufing or applying a bath j
that is, of immerging the body, or part of it, in water
or- other fluid.
Bathing
[ 73 3
K
BAT [ 74 1 BAT
^Battling, ^ Bathing is a practice of great antiquity. The Greeks,
as eariy as the heroic age, are faid to have bathed them-
felves in the fea, in rivers, &c. We even find mention
in Homer of hot baths in the Trojan times ; but thefe
feem to have been very rare, and only ufed on extra¬
ordinary occafions. Athenasus fpeaks of hot baths as
unufual even in his age. In reality, public baths ap¬
pear to'have been difcouraged, and even prohibited, by
the ancient Greeks, who were contented to wafh them-
felves at home in a fort of bathing-tubs. The method
of bathing among the ancient Greeks was, by heating
water in a large veffel with three feet, and thence pour¬
ing it on the head and (boulders of the perfon feated
in a tub for that purpofe, who at coming out was a-
nointed with oil.
The Romans were alfo long before they came into
the ufe of baths ; the very name of which, therm*,
Ihows they borrowed it from the Greeks. As the an¬
cient Romans were chiefly employed in agriculture,
their cuflom was, every evening after work to wafh
their arms and legs, that they might fit down to flip¬
per with more decency: for it is to be obferved, the
ufe of linen was then unknown ; and the people of that
age went with their arms and legs bare, and confe-
quently expofed to dull and filth. But this was not all;
for every ninth day, when they repaired to the city,
either to the nundinae or to attend at the aflemblies of
the people, they bathed all over in the Tiber, or fome
ether river which happened to be neareft them. This
feems to have been all the bathing known till the time
■of Pompey, when the cuftom began of bathing every
day. See Bath.
The Celtic nations were not without the ufe of bath¬
ing : the ancient Germans bathed every day in warm
water in winter, and in fummer in cold. In England,
the famous bath in Somerfetlhire it faid by fome to
have been in ufe 800 years before Chrift. Of this,
however, it mud be owned, we have but very flender
evidence : but Dr Mufgrave makes it probable that it
was a place of confiderable refort in Geta’s time; there
being ftill the remains of a ftatue erefted to that gene¬
ral, in gratitude for fome benefactions he had confer¬
red upon it.
Although bathing, among the ancients, made, as
it were, a part of diet, and was ufed as familiarly as
eating or lleep; yet it was in high efteem among their
phyficians for the cure of difeafes, as appears from
Strabo, Pliny, Hippocrates, and Oribafius; whence
frequent exhortations to waffling in the fea, and plun¬
ging into cold water. The firft inftance of cold bath¬
ing, as a medicine, is Mdampus’s bathing the daughters
of the king of Argos; and the firft inftance of warm
bathing is Medea’s ufe of it, who was faid to boil
people alive, becaufe Pelias king of Theflaly died in
a warm bath under her hands. The cold bath was
ufed with fuccefs by Antonius Mufa, phyfician to the
emperor Auguftus, for the recovery of that prince;
but fell into negleCl after the death of Marcellus, who
was thought to have been deftroyed by the improper
ufe of it. It was again brought into requeft towards
the clofe of the reign of Nero, by means of a phyfi¬
cian of Marfeilles named Charms; but during the ig¬
norance of the fucceeding ages, the pra&ice was again
banifhed for a long time.—Both hot and cold bathing
are now preferibed in many cafes by the phyficians,
though they are not agreed as to the manner in which Bathing,
they operate on the human body. See Medicine- v"”"*
Index.
Bathing among the Turks, as among the ancients,
makes a part of diet and luxury; and in every town,
and even village, there is a public bath. Indeed, the
neceflity of cleanlinefs, in a climate where one per-
fpires fo copioufly, has rendered bathing indifpenf-
able ; the comfort it produces preferves the ufe of it y
and Mahomet, who knew its utility, has reduced it
to a precept. Of thefe baths, and the manner of bath¬
ing particularly at Cairo, the following account is
given by M, Savary in his Letters on Egypt-
“ The firft apartment one finds in going to the bath,
is a large hall, which rifes in'the form of a rotunda.
It is open at the top, to give a free circulation to the
air. A fpacions ettrade, or raifed floor, covered with
a carpet, and divided into compartments, goes around
it, on which one lays one’s clothes. In the middle of
the building, a jet-d’au fpouts up from a bafon, and
agreeably entertains the eye. When you are yndrefled,
you tie a napkin round your loins, take a pair of fa*-
dals, and enter into a narrow paCage, where you be¬
gin to be fenfible of the heat. The door (huts to ^
and, at 20 paces off, you open a fecond, and go along
a paffage, which forms a right angle with the former.
Here the heat increafes. They who are afraid of fud-
denly expofing themfelves to a ftronger degree of it,
flop in a marble hall, in the way to the bath properly
fo called. The bath is a fpacious and vaulted apartment,
paved and lined with marble, around which there are
fomj clofets. The vapour inceffantly rifing from a foun¬
tain and ciftern of hot water, mixes itfelf with the
burning perfumes. Thefe, however, are never burnt
except the perfons who are in the bath defire it. They
mix with the fteam of the water, and produce a molt
agreeable effeft.
“ The bathers are not imprifoned here, as in Europe,
in a fort of tub, where one is never at one’s eafe. Ex¬
tended on a cloth fpread out, the head fupported by a
fmall culhion, they ftretch themfelves ‘ freely in every
pofturc, whilft they are wrapped up in a cloud of odo¬
riferous vapours, which penetrates into all their pores.
After repofing there fome time, until there is a gentle
moifture over the whole body, a fervant comes, preffes
you gently, turfis you over, and when the limbs are
become fupple and flexible he makes all the joints crack
without any difficulty. He maffes* and feems to knead * Maf-'*" **1
the fleflv without making you feel the fmalleft pain. c.omes. fr“n® i i
This operation finilhed, he puts on a fluff glove, and^j, ^
rubs you a long time- During this operation, he de-which fig- i
taches from the body of the patient, which is running nifies _ |
with fweat, a fort of fmall fcaies, and removes even t0“cllin?i
the imperceptible dirt that flops the pores. The (kinH
becomes foft and fmooth like fatin. He then condu&s '
you into a clofet, pours- the lather of perfumed foap
upon your head, and withdraws. The ancients did
more honour to their guefts, and treated them in a
more voluptuous manner. Whilft Telemachus was at
the court of Neftor, ‘ the beautifuTPolycafta, the
handfomeft of the daughters of the king of Pylos, led
the fon of Ulyffes to the bath; walhed him with her
own hands; and, after anointing his body with precious
oils, covered him with rich habks and a fplendid cloak.*'
Pififtratus aud Tekmackus were not worfc treated in
the
BAT [ 75 1 BAT
Bathing, the palace of McnchlS. ‘ When they had admired
‘“—'v   its beauties, they were condufted to bafons of marble,
where a bath was prepared: Beautiful female flaves
waihed them; and, after anointing them with oil, co¬
vered them with rich tunics and fuperb pellices.’
“ The clofetto which one is conduced is furnifhed
with a ciftern and two cocks; one for cold and the
other for hot water. There you wafh yourfelf. Soon
after the fervant returns with a depilatory pomatum,
which in an inftant makes the hair fall off the places it
is applied to. Both men and women make general ufe
of it in Egypt. It is compofed of a mineral called
rufma, which is of a deep brown. The Egyptians
burn it lightly, knead it with water, mixing it with
half the quantity of flaked lime. This greyifh pafte
applied to the hair, makes it fall off in two or three
minutes, without giving the' flighteft pain.
“After being well wafhed and purified, you are wrap¬
ped up in hot linen, and follow the guide through
the windings that lead to the outer apartment. This
infenfible tranikion from heat to cold prevents one from
fuffering any inconvenience from it. On arriving at
the eilrade, you find a bed prepared for you; and
fcarcely are you laid down before a child comes to prefs
•every part of your body with his delicate fingers, in
order to dry you thoroughly. You change linen a fe-
•cond time, and the child gently grates the callofity ©f
your feet with pumice Home. He then brings you a
pipe and Moka coffee.
“Comingout of aftove where one was furrounded by
a hot and moift fog, where the fweat gufhed from every
limb, and tranfported into a fpacious apartment open
to the external air, the breaft dilates, and one breathes
with voluptuoufnefs. Perfe&ly maffed, and as it were
regenerated, one experiences an univerfal comfort. The
blood circulates with freedom; and one feels as if difen-
gaged from an enormous weight, together with a fup-
plenefs and lightnefs to which one has been hitherto a
ftranger. A lively fentiment of exiflence diffufes itfelf
to the very extremities of the body. Whilft it is loft
in delicate fenfations, the foul, fympathifing with the
delight, enjoys the moft agreeable ideas. The ima¬
gination, wandering over the univerfe, which it em-
bellifhes, fees on every fide the moft enchanting pic¬
tures, every where the image of happinefs. If life be
nothing but the fucceffion of our ideas, the rapidity
with which they then recur to the memory, the vigour
with which the mind runs over the extended chain of
them, would itiduce a belief that in the two hours of
that delicious calm that fucceeds the bath, one has
lived a number of years.”
Such ara the baths, the ufe of which were fo ftrong-
ly recommended by the ancients, and which are ftill
the delight of the Egyptians. It is by means of them
that they prevent or difpel rheumatifms, catarrhs, and
fuch cutaneous diforders as are produced by want of
* perfpiration. Hence likewife they find a radical cure
for that fatal evil which attacks the fources of genera¬
tion, the remedy for which is fo dangerous in Europe.
By the fame i eiource they get rid of that uncomfort¬
able feeling fo common to all nations who do not pay
fo much attention to the cleanlinefs of their bodies.—
Mr Tournefort, indeed, who had ufed fleam baths at
Conftantinople, where there is lefs refinement in them
than at Cairo, is of opinion that they injure the breaft.
But, according to Mr Savary, this is an error which Bathinp,
further experience would have corretted. There are ,Bathur(t-
no people who make more frequent ufe of them than v"~“
the Egyptians, and there is no country where there
are fewer afthmatic people. The afthma is fcarcely
known there.
The women are paflionately fond of thefe baths.
They frequent them at le; ft once a-week, and take
with them flaves properly qualified for the purpofe.
More luxurious than the men, after undergoing the
ufual preparations, they wafli their bodies, and ab@ve
all their heads, with rofe-water. It is there that fe¬
male head-drefiers form their long black hair into trefles,
which they mix with precious effences inftead of powder
and pomatum. It is there that they blacken the edge
of their eye-lids,and lengthen their eye-brows withcohel,
a preparation of tin burnt with gall-nuts; it is there
they ftain the finger and toe nails with the leaves of
henne, a fhrub common in Egypt, and which gives
them a golden colour. The linen and clothing they
make ufe of are palled through the fweet fteam of the
wood of aloes; and when the work of the toilet is at
an end, they remain in the outer apartment, and pafs
the day in entertainments. Females entertain them
with voluptuous fongs and dances, or tell them tales of
love.
BATHURST (Ralph), M. D. an eminent phy-
fician, poet, and divine, born in the year 1620. He
ftudied divinity in Trinity college, Oxford; but the
times of confufion coming on, he changed the courfe
of his ftudies, and applied himfeif to phyfic. He took
a do&or’s degree in that faculty 5 in w'hich he rofe to
fuch eminence, that he was, in the time of the ufurpa-
tion, appointed phyfician to the Hate. Upon the re-
ftoration, he quitted his profeffion of phyfic ; was elec¬
ted a fellow of the Royal Society, and prefident of his
college ; and having entered into holy orders, he was
made chaplain to the king, and afterwards dean of
Wells. Soon after, he ferved the office of vice-chancel¬
lor of Oxford, and was nominated by King William
and Queen Mary to the fee of Briftol; which he refufed
to accept. His learning and talents were various. He
was an orator, a philofopher, and a poet: he pofleffed
an inexhauftible fund of wit, and was a facetious com¬
panion at 80 years of age. Ridicule was the weapon
with which he ufed to correct the delinquents of his
college ; and he was fo abfolute a mafter of it, that he
had it always at hand. His poetical pieces in the Mu-
fa! Anglican# are excellent in their kind. He wrote
feveral poems, both in Engliftr and Latin ; and died
June 14. 1704, in the 34th year of his age.
Bathurst (Allen), Earl ofBathurft, one of thelaft
worthies of Queen Anne’s reign, that Alining period
of triumphs, tafte, genius, and elegance, was born in
the year 1684. His ftudies and his education were
equally conducive to the brilliant figure he was deftined
to make in focial life and in the fenate, as a polite fcho-
lar, a patriot, and a ftatefman. Thefe talents he had
an opportunity to difplay as early as the year 1705 ;
when, at the requeft of his father Sir Benjamin Ba-
thurft, and the folicitation of the conftituents of Ciren-
chefter, he ferved in parliament for that borough, his
native foil, with reputation and integrity. He diftin-
gyifhed himfeif particularly in the ftruggles and de¬
bates relative to the. union between the two kingdoms,
K 2^ firmly
BAT [ 76] BAT
firmly fupporting this meafure, calculated to ftrengthen
the vigour of goverment by uniting its force. Though
he was contented to aft a fubordinate chara&er in the
great oppofition planned by Mr Harley and Mr St
John, his intimate friends, to fap the credit of the
Duke of Marlborough and his adherents, he was of in¬
finite fervice to his party in arraigning, with fpirit and
eloquence, the conduft of the General and the Earl of
Godolphin, who had long governed the Queen, and
lavifhed the treafures of the nation on conquefts more
fplendid than ferviceable. The lofs of the battle of
Almanza feconded his efforts to difpel the intoxica¬
tion of former fucceffes. His perfonal regard for Lord
Somers, prefident of the council, was never altered,
though they were of different opinions in politics ; and
when he was divefted of his office, Mr Bathurft adted
with fuch tendernefs and delicacy, as to preferve the
efteem of Lord Somers in a private ftation. In confi-
deration of his zeal and fervices, the Queen advanced
him, in 1711, to the dignity of a peer,, by the title of
Baron Bathnrft, of Battlefden, in Bedfordffiire.
His Lordfliip continued to fpeak his fentiments with
an undaunted freedom in the upper houfe; and ftept
forth as a formidable opponent to the court-meafures
in the reign of George I. and during Sir Robert Wal¬
pole’s adminiftration. The acrimony of the profecu-
tion carried, on againff the Earl of Oxford, Lord Bo-
lingbroke, and the Duke of Ormond, ftimulated his in¬
dignation and his eloquence againft fuch vindiftive pro¬
ceedings; and he obferved, “ that the king of afaftion
was but the fovereign of half his fubje&s.”
The fouth-fea fcheme having infedted the whole na¬
tion with a fpirit of avaricious enterprize, the people
awaked from their delirium, and an infinite number of
families was involved in ruin- Lord Bathurff publicly
impeached the dire&ors, whofe arts had enabled them by
thefe vain expe&ations'to amafs furprifing fortunes: he
reprefented that the national honour was concerned in
ftripping them of their ill acquired wealth ; and moved
for having all the direftors of the fouth-fea company
punilhed by a forfeiture of their eftates, for fuch a no¬
torious a& of fordid, knavery.
When the bill, was brought into the houfe of Lords
againtt Dr Atterbury bifhop of Rochefter, that learned
prelate, who joined to the graces of flyle and elocution
all the elegance of a juft delivery ; among the many
friends the biffiop’s eloquence, poltienefs, and inge¬
nuity had procured him, was Lord Bathurft. He fpoke
againft the bill with great vehemence and propriety ;
obferving, “ that if fuch extraordinary proceedings
were countenanced, he faw nothing remaining for him
and others to, do, but tp retire to their country-houfes,
and there, if poffible, quietly enjoy their eftates with-,
ip their own families, fince theleaft correfpondence, or
intercepted letter, might be made criminal.” Then
turning to the biftiops, he faid, he “ could hardly
account for the inveterate hatred and malice fome
perfons bore the ingenious biihop of Rpchefter, un-
lefs it was that, they were infatuated like* the wild
Americans, who fondly believe they, inherit not only
the fpoils, but even the abilities, of the man they de-
flioy.” He was one of the Lords who entered hispro-
teft againft the bill.
His Lordlhip was entirely averfe to continental con-
acdtionsj and. animadverted feverely upon the monarch
whofe thoughts were turned to foreign concerns and Bathurft.
alliances which could never be ufeful; complaining of '“—'v 111
the immenfe fums laviftied in fubfidies to needy and ra¬
pacious princes.
The direftors of the charitable corporation having
embezzled 500,000 1. of the proprietors capital, Lord
Bathurft declared, in the Houfe of Lords, his abhor¬
rence of this moft iniquitous fcene of fraud ; afferting,
that not one Ihilling of the money was ever applied to
the proper fervice, but became the re ward, of avarice
and venality.
His Lordfliip concurred, with all his power, in the:
oppolition to Sir Robert Walpole, who now tottered
on the brink of ruin. This minifter, after obftinate
ftruggles, having been forced to refign all his employ¬
ments, Lord Bathurff was fworn of the privy-council,
and made captain of the gentlemen-penfioners, which
poll he refigned in 1744. He was appointed treafurer
to the prefent king, then Prince of Wales, in 1757,,
and continued in the lift of privy-counfellors at his ac-
ceffion to the throne ; but, on account of his great age,
he chofe to enjoy otium cum dignitate.
Lord Bathurft’s integrity gained him the efteem even
of his opponents; and his humanity and benevolence,
the affeiffion of all that knew him more intimately.
He added ta his public virtues all the good breeding,
politenefs, and elegance, of focial intercourfe. Dr
Freind, Congreve, Vanbrugh, Swift, Prior, Rowe,
Addifon, Pope, Arbuthnot, Gay, and moft men of
genius in his own time, cultivated his friendlhip, and
were proud of his correfpondence.
Pope, in his Epiftle to him on the Ufe of Riches j
thus adreffes him:
The fenfe to value riches, with the art
T’enjoy them, and the virtue to impart;
To balance fortune by a juft expence,
Join with oeconomy magnificence ;
With fplendor, charity with plenty, health :
O teach us, Bathurft, yet unfpoil’d by wealth !
That fecret rare, between th’ extremes to move,
„ Of mad good-nature, and of mean felf-love.
And Sterne, in his letters to Eliza, thus fpeaks of.
him : “ This nobleman is an old friend of mine: he,
was always the proteftor of men of wit and genius 5;
and has had thofe of the laft century always at his table..
The manner in which his notice began of me, was as-
fingular as it was polite.—He came up to me one day,
as I was at the Princefs of Wales’s court, ‘ I want,
to know you, Mr Sterne ; but it is fit you fhould
know alfo who it is that wifhes this pleafure: you have,
heard (continued he) of an old Lord Bathurft, of
whom your Popes and Swifts have fung and fpoke-n fo-
much : I have lived my life with geniufes of that call,,
but have furvived them; and defpairing ever to find-
their equals, it is fome years fince I have clofed my ac¬
counts, and (hut up my books, with thoughts of ne¬
ver opening them again: but you have kindled a delire
in me of opening them once more before I die, which
I. now do; fo go home, and dine with me.’ This
nobleman, I fay, is a prodigy:, for at 8,5 he has all the
wit and promptnefs of a man of 30 ; a difpofition to be
pleafed, and a power to pleafe others beyond what-,
ever I knew! added to which, a man of learning, cour-
tefy, and feeling.”
Hi*.
BAT L 77 J BAT
BatHurft His Lordfhip, in the latter part of his life, preferved
II his natural cheerfulnefs and vivacity, always acceffible,
^ Batlfte- hofpitable, and beneficent. Lately he delighted in
rural amufements; and enjoyed, with a philofbphical
fatisfa&ion, the (hade of the lofty trees he had planted
himfelf. Till within a month of his death he conftantly
rode out on horfeback two hours before dinner, and
conftantly drank his bottle of claret or Madeira after
dinner. He ufed to declare, in ajocofe manner, he
never could think of adopting Dr Cadogan’s method,
as Dr Cheyne had affured him, 50 years ago, he would
never live feven years longer unlefs he abridged him^
felf of his wine. Purfuant to this maxim, his Lord-
(hip having, fome years ago, invited feveral of his
friends to fpend a few cheerful days with him at
his feat at Cirencefter, and being one evening very
loth to part with them ; on his fon the late chan¬
cellor’s objecting to their fitting up any longer, and
adding that health and long life were beft fecured by
regularity, he fuffered him to retire: but, as foon as
he was gone, the cheerful father faid, “ Come, my
good friends, fince the old gentleman is gone to bed, I
think we may venture to crack another bottle.”
His Lordlhip was advanced to the dignity of Earl
in 1772 ; and lived, to fee the above nobleman, his el-
deft fon, feveral years Lord High Chancellor of Great
Britain, and promoted to the peerage in 1771 by the
title of Baron Apfley. Lord Bathurft married Ca¬
therine daughter of Sir Peter Apiley, by whom he
had two other fons, and five daughters. His death
happened, after a few days illnefs, at his feat near Ci¬
rencefter, in the 91ft year of his age, and on the 16th
of September 1775.
BATHYLLUS rz/n/ Pylades, inventors of panto¬
mime entertainments on the ftage. Bathyllus fucceeded
- in reprefenting comedy ; Pylades, in tragedy. The art
confifted in expreffing the paffions by geftures, atti¬
tudes, and dumb (hew; not, as in modern times, in
machinery, and the fooleries of Harlequin. They
flouriftied at Rome, under Auguftus, about A. D. 10.
Each of them kept fcholars, who perpetuated their
matter’s name : for the followers of Bathyllus, who ex¬
celled in the comic part, called themfelves Batbylli;
and thofe of Pylades, vv ho excelled in the tragic, called
themfelves Pylada.
BATILLUS, a mufical inftrument made of metal,
in the form of a ftaff, furnilhed with metalline rings,
which being ftruck, yielded a kind of harmonical
founds ; ufed by the Armenians in their church-fer-
vice.
BAITS ; a genus of the tetrandria order, belong¬
ing to the disecia clafs of. plants,, the characters of
which are : Of the male, the amentum is four ways
imbricated, and both the calyx and corolla are want¬
ing : of the female, the amentum is ovate, the involm
crum diphyllous; calyx and corolla wanting ; the ftig-
ma is bilobate and fefiile ; the berries condunate and
four-feeded. There is but one fpecies, the mantima,
a native of Jamaica.
BATISTE, in commerce, a fine white kind of li¬
nen cloth, manufactured in Flanders and Picardy.
There are three kinds of batifte ; the firft very thin;
the fecond lefs thin ; and the third much thicker, cal¬
led Holland batijle, as coming very near the goodnefs
of Hollands.
The chief ufe of Batifte is for neck-cloths, head- Batman
cloths, furplices, &c. II
BATMAN, in commerce, a kind of weight ufed at
Smyrna, containing fix okes of 400 drams each, which
amount to 16 pounds 6 ounces and 15 drams of Engliih
weight.
BATMANSON (John), prior of the Carthufian
monaftery,. or Charter-houfe in the fuburbs of Lon¬
don. He was forne time a Undent at Oxford, but it
does not appear that he took any degree in that unx-
verfity. He was intimately acquainted with Edward
Lee archbiftiop of York, at whofe requeft he wrote
againft Erafmus and- Luther. He died in the year-
15.31, and was buried in the chapel belonging to the
charter-houfe. According to Bale, he was a proud
forward perfon ; and he fays that Erafmus, in one of
his letters to the biihop of Winchefter, calls him an-
ignorant fellow. Pits, on the contrary, gives him the
character of a man of lingular genius, zeal, piety, and
learning. He wrote, \. Animadverfiones in annotationes
Eraf?ni in Nov. Teft amentum. 2. A treatife againft
fome of Luther i nuorks. Thefe two he afterwards re-
traCted. 3. Commeniaria.in proverbia Solomonis. 4. In.
cantica canticorum. 5. De unica Magdalena. 6. In~
ftitutiones noviciorum. 7. De centemppu- mundi. 8. De'
Chrifto duodenni. 9. On the words, Miffus eft, &C.
BATON, or Baston. See Baston.
BATRACHOMYOMACHIA, the battle of the
frogs and the mice, the title of a fine burlefque poem
generally afcribed to Homer.—.The fubjeCt of the work
is the death of Pfycharpax, a moufe, fon to Toxartes,.
who, being mounted on the back of Phyfignathus, a
frog, on a voyage to her palace, to which fhe had in¬
vited him, was feized with fear when he faw himfelf
in the middle of the pond, fo that he tumbled off and
was drowned. Phyfignathus being fufpefted to have
(haken him off with defign, the mice demanded fatis-
faCiion, and unanimoufly declared war againft the frogs.
BATTiE, (anc. geog.), a people of Germany, for¬
merly inhabitants of what is now called Heffe. Being
diffatisfied with their fituation there, they fettled on
the ifland formed by the Vahalis and Rhine, which
from them took the name of Batavia, or Batavoruni
Infula. Their government was a mixture of monarchy,,
ariftocracy, and democracy. Their chief, was, pro¬
perly fpeaking, nothing more than a principal citizen,
whofe bufinefs was rather to advife than to command.
The principal men who exercifed jurifditftion, and com¬
manded the troops, in their refpeCUve diftrifts, were
chofen, as well as the kings, in an affembly of the peo¬
ple. A hundred perfons ieleCled from among the peo¬
ple prefided over every county, and afted as chiefs in
the different hamlets. The whole nation was, in fome
meafure, an army always in readinefs. Each family
compofed a body of militia, which ferved under a cap¬
tain of their own choofing. See Batavorum Infula.
BATTALIA, an army ranged in order of battle,
or ready for engagement. The word feems formed
from the Latin balualia, fometimes alfo written bata-
lia, denoting a fort of military or gladiatorial exercife,
as fighting with foils, or tilting at a poft. In this
fenfe, we meet with the depth of a battalia ;• to march
in battalia, with the baggage in the middle ; to break
the battalia, &c. In the Roman battalia, the haft ati
made the front.
BAT-
BAT [ 73 ] BAT
BATTALION, a fmall body of infantry, ranged
in form of battle, and ready to engage.
A battalion ufually contains from 500 to 800 men ;
but the number it confifts of is not determined. They
are armed with firelocks, fwords, and bayonets ; and
divided into 13 companies, one of which is grenadiers.
Thsy are ufually drawn up three men deep. Some re¬
giments confilt of but one battalion, others are divided
into four or five.
BATTATAS, the Indian name of the potatoe.
See Convolvulus.
BATTEL, a town of Suffex, five miles north-weft
of Hattings, fitliated in E. Long. o. 35. N. Lat. 50.
55. It was formerly called A/zAvz; and is the place
where William the Conqueror vanquifhed Harold king
of England on Oftober 14th 1066. William, in me¬
mory of this victory, erefted an abbey, which he cal¬
led Battel Abbey; and if a criminal could but reach
this abbey, he was difmiffed from thence, and was af¬
terwards in no danger for his pail faults. The abbey
was a large and noble ftrufture, as may be judged by
the gateway which is ftill entire, as well as from the
other remains. This place is noted for making gun¬
powder equal to that of Dantzick ; and the beft goes
by the name of Battel gunponuder.
Battel, in law, or Trial by •wager of Battel, a fpe-
cies of trial of great antiquity, but now much difufed.
It feems to have owed its original to the military fpi-
rit of our anceftors, joined to a fuperftitious frame of
mind; it being in the nature of an appeal to Provi¬
dence, under an apprehenfion and hope (however pre-
fumptuous and unwarrantable), thst heaven would give
the vi&ory to him who had the right. The decifion of
fuits, by this appeal to the God of battels, is by fome
faid to have been invented by the Burgundi, one of the
northern or German clans that planted themfelves in
Gaul. And it is true, that the firft written injun&ion
of judiciary combats that we meet with, is in the laws
of Gundebald, A. D. 501, which are preferved in the
Burgundian code. Yet it does not feem to have been
merely a local cullom of this or that particular tribe,
but to have been the common ufage of all thofe war¬
like people from the earlieft times. And it may alfo
feem, from a paffage in Velleius Paterculus, that the
Germans, when firft they became known to the Ro¬
mans, were wont to decide all contefts of right by the
fword : for when Quintilius Varus endeavoured to in¬
troduce among them the Roman laws and method of
trial, it was looked upon (fays the hiftorian) as a no-
vitas incognita difciplina, ut folita armis decerni jure
tenninarentur. And among the ancient Goths in Swe¬
den we find the practice of judiciary duels eftabliftied
upon much the fame footing as they formerly were in
our own country.
This trial was introduced in England among other
Norman cuftoms by William the Conqueror ; but was
only ufed in three cafes, one military, one criminal, and
the third civil. The firft: in the court martial, or court
of chivalry and honour ; the fecond in appeals of fe¬
lony ; and the third uponjflue joined in a writ of right,
the laft and moft folemn decifion of real property. For
in writs of right the jus proprietatis, which is frequently
a matter of difficulty, is in queftion ; but other real ac¬
tions Being merely queflions of the jus pojfjjjioms, which
are ufualiy more plain and obvious, our anceftors did
not in them appeal to the decifion of Providence. An¬
other pretext for allowing it, upon thefe final writs of
right, was alfo for the fake of fuch claimants as might
have the true right, but yet by the death of witneffes
or other defect of evidence be unable to prove it to a
jury. But the moft curious reafon of all is given in the
hjirror, that it is allowable upon warrant of the combat
between David for the people of Ifrael of the one party,
and Goliah for the Philiftines of the other party: a
reafon which Pope Nicholas I. very ferioufly decides
to be inconclufive. Of battel therefore on a writ of
right we ffiall firft fpeak : and although the writ of
right itfelf, and of courfe this trial thereof, be at pre-
fent difufed ; yet, as it is law at this day, it may be
matter of curiofity, at leaft, to inquire into the forms
of this proceeding, as we may gather them from an¬
cient authors.
1. The laft trial by battel that was waged in the
court of common pleas at Weftminfter (though there
was afterwards one in the eaurt of chivalry in 1631,
and another in the county palatine of Durham in 1638)
was in the 13th year of Queen Elizabeth, A.D. 1571,
as reported by Sir James Dyer ; and was held in Tot-
hill-fields, Weftminfter, “ non fne rnagna juris conful-
torum perturbatione,” faith Sir Henry Spelman, who
was himfelf a witnefs of the ceremony. The form, as
appears from the authors before citecj, is as follows.
When the tenant in a writ of right pleads the ge¬
neral iffue, viz. that he hath more right to hold than
the demandant hath to recover ; and offers to prove it
by the body of his champion, which tender is accepted
by the demandant; the tenant in the firft place muft
produce his champion, who, by throwing down his
glove as a gage or pledge, thus wages or ftipulates bat¬
tel with the champion of the demandant; who, by ta-
king up the gage or glove, ftipulates on his part to ac¬
cept the challenge. The reafon why it is waged by
champions, and not by the parties themfelves, in civil
aftions, is becaufe, if any party to the fuit dies, the
fuit muft abate and be at an end for the prefent; and
therefore no judgment could be given for the lands in
queftion, if either of the parties were flain in battel:
and alfo that no perfon might claim an exemption from
this trial, as was allowed in criminal cafes, where the
battel was waged in perfon.
A piece of ground is then in due time fet out, of 60
feet fquare, inclofed with lifts, and on one fide a court
ere&ed for the judges of the court of common pleas,
who attend there in their fcarlet robes ; and alfo a bar
is prepared for the learned ferjeants at law. When the
court fits, which ought to be by funriiing, proclama¬
tion is made for the parties and their champions; who
are introduced by two knights, and are dreffed in a coat
of armour, with red fandals, barelegged from the knee
downwards, bareheaded, and with bare arms to the
elbows. The weapons allowed them are only batons,
or Haves, of an ell long, and a four-cornered leather
target; fo that death very feldom enfued this civil com¬
bat. In the court military, indeed, they fought with
fword and lance, according to Spelman and Ruffi-
worth ; as likewife in France, only villeins fought wiih
the buckler and baton, gentlemen armed at all points.
And upon this, and other circumftances, the preiident
Montefquieu hath with great ingenuity not only dedu¬
ced the impious cuftom of private duels upon imagi¬
nary
BAT f
Battel, nary points of honour, but hath alfo traced the heroic
-v—^ madnefs of knight-errantry from the fame original of
judicial combats. But to proceed :
When the champions, thus armed with batons, ar¬
rive within the lifts or place of combat, the champion
of the tenant then takes his adverfary by the hand, and
makes oath that the tenements in difpute are not the
right of the demandant; and the champion of the de¬
mandant, then taking the other by the hand, fwears in
the fame manner that they are ; fo that each champion
is, or ought to be, thoroughly perfuaded of the truth
©f the caufe he fights for. Next an oath againft for-
cery and enchantment is to be taken by both the cham¬
pions, in this or a fimilar form : “ Hear this, ye ju-
ftices, that I have this day neither eat, drank, nor have
upon me neither bone, ftone, ne grafs; nor any in-
chantment, forcery, or witchcraft, whereby the law of
God may be abafed, or the law of the devil exalted.
So help me God and his faints.”
The battel is thus begun, and the combatants are
bound to fight till the ftars appear in the evening: and,
if the champion of the tenant can defend himfelf till
the ftars appear, the tenant (hall prevail in his caufe ;
for it is fufneient for him to maintain his ground, and
make it a drawn battel, he being already in pofleflion ;
but, if victory declares itfelf for either party, for him
is judgment finally given. This vidory may arife from
the death of either of the champions : which indeed
hath rarely happened; the whole ceremony, to fay the
truth, bearing a near refemblance to certain rural ath¬
letic diverfions, which are probably derived from this
original. Or victory is obtained if either champion
proves recreant, that is, yields, and pronounces the
horrible word of craven ; a word of difgrace and ob¬
loquy, rather than of any determinate meaning. But
a horrible word it indeed is to the vanquifhed cham¬
pion : fince, as a punKhment to him for forfeiting the
land of his principal by pronouncing that fhameful
word, he is condemned as a recreant, amittere liber am
legem, that is, to become infamous, and not to be ac¬
counted liber et legalis homo ; being fuppofed by the
event to be proved forfworn, and therefore never to
be put upon a jury, or admitted as a witnefs in any
caufe.
This is the form of a trial by battel; a trial which
the tenant, or defendant in a writ of right, has it in his
ekftion at this day to demand; and which was the only
decifion of fuch writ of right after the conqueft, till
Henry II. by confent of parliament introduced the
grand afftfe, a peculiar fpecies of trial by jury, in con¬
currence therewith ; giving the tenant his choice of
either the one or the other. Which example, of dif-
eountenancing thefe judicial combats, was imitated
about a century afterwards in France, by an edi& of
Louis the Pious, A. D. 1260, and foon after by the
reft of Europe. The eftabliftunent of this alternative,
Glanvil, chief juftice to Henry II. and probably his
advifer herein, confiders as a moft noble improvement,,
as in fa& it was, of the law.
' See Ap~ 2. In appeals * of felony, the trial by battel may be
tals' demanded, at the election of the appellee, in either an-
appeal or an approvement; and it is carried on with
equal fokmnity as that on a writ of right; but with
this difference, that there each party hires a champion,
but here they muft fight in their proper perlons. And
79 ] BAT
therefore, if the appellant or approver be a woman, a Battel,
prieft, an infant, or of the age of 60, or lame, or blind, Batten. ^
he or (he may counterplead and refufe the wager of bat- '' ~y
tel; and compel the appellee to put himfelf upon the
country. Alfo peers of the realm, bringing an appeal,
(hall not be challenged to wage battel, on account of
the dignity of their perfons ; nor Cue citizens of Lon¬
don, by fpec.al charter, becaufe fighting feems foreign
to their education and employment. So likewifi:,. if
the crime be notorious ; as if the thief be taken wth
the mainour, or the murderer in the room with a why-
knife, the appellant may refufe the tender 01 ! ..el
from the appellee ; and it is unreafonabie an imu.certt
man (hould (lake his life againft one who is already
half-convidfed.
The form and manner of waging battel upon ap¬
peals are much the fame as upon a writ of right; only
the oaths of the two combatants are vaftly more (In¬
king and folemn. The appellee, when appealed of fe¬
lony, pleads not guilty; and throws down his glove, and
declares he will defend the fame by his body: the ap¬
pellant takes up the glove; and replies that he is ready
to make good the appeal, body for body. And there¬
upon, the appellee taking the book in his right hand,,
and in his left the right hand of his antagonift, fwears
to this efftdl: Hoc audi, homo, quern per manum te-
neo, &c. “ Hear this, O man, whom I hold by the
hand, who called thyfelf John by the name of bap-
tifm, that I, who call myfelf ’Thomas by the name of
baptifm, did not felonioufly murder thy father, Wil-
Uam by name, nor am any way guilty of the faid fe¬
lony. So help me God, and the laints; and this I will'
defend againft thee by my body, as this court (halfi
award.” To which the appellant replies, holding the
bible and his antagonift’s hand in the fame manner as
the other: “ Hear this, O man, whom I hold by the
hand, who called thyfelf Thomas by the name of bap¬
tifm, that thou art perjured and therefore perjured,
becaufe that thou felonioufly didfl murder my father,,
William by name. So help me God,, and the faints:
and this I will prove againft thee by my body, as this
court (hall award.” The battel is then to be fought,
with the fame weapons, viz. batons, the fame folem-
nity, and the fame oath againft amulets and forcery,
that are ufed in the civil combat: and if the appellee be
fo far vanquilhed that he cannot or will not fight any
longer, he (hall be adjudged to be hanged immediate¬
ly; and then, as well as if he be killed in battel,. Pro¬
vidence is deemed to have determined in favour of the.
truth, and his blood (hall be attainted. But if he kills
the appellant, or can maintain the fight from funrifing;
till the ftars appear in the evening, he (hall be acquit-
ed. So alfo, if the appellant becomes recreant, and
pronounces the horrible word craven, he (hall lofe his
liberam legem, and become infamous; and the appellee
(hall recover his damages, and alfo be for ever quit, not
only of the appeal, but of all indi&ments likewife for
the fame offence.
BATTEN, a name that workmen give to a fcant-
ling of wooden ftuff, from two to four inches broad, and-
about one inch thick; the length is pretty confiderable,.
but undetermined.—This term is chiefly ufed in fpeak-
ing of doors and windows of (hops, &c. which are not
framed of whole deal, &c. with ft ilea, rails, and pan-
nek like wainfeot; but are made to appear as if they.
BAT [ 8© ] BAT
ISattenburg were by means of thefe battens bradded on the plain
Battering. ^oar<j round the edges, and fometimes crofs them, and
" ' ’ up and down.
BATTENBURG, a town of Dutch Guelderland,
feated on the north banks of the Meufe, almoil oppofite
to Ravenftein. E. Long. 5. 35. M._Lat. 50. 55.
BATTERING, the attacking a place, work, or
the like, with heavy artillery.
To batter in breach, is to play furioufly on a work,
as the angle of a half-moon, in order to demolilh and
make a gape therein. In this they obferve never to
fire a piece at the top, but" all at the bottom, from
three to fix feet from the ground.
The battery of a Camp is ufually furtounded with a
trench, and pallifadoes at the bottom, with two re¬
doubts on the wings, or certain places of arms, capable
of covering the troops which are appointed for their
defence. See Battery.
Battering-Ram, in antiquity, a military engine
ufed to batter and beat down the walls of places be-
fieged. It is faid to have been invented by Artemanes
of Clazomene, a Greek architeft who flourilhed 441
B. C.—The machine is thus defcribed by Jofephus s
It-is a vaft beam, like the mail of a (hip, ftrengthened.
at the one end with a head of iron, fomething refem-
bling that of a ram, whence it took its name. This
was hung by the middle with ropes to another beam,
which lay acrofs two polls; and hanging thus equally
balanced, it was by a great number of men drawn
backwards and pulhed forwards, ftriking the wall with
its iron head. But this engine did moll execution
when it was mounted on wheels, which is faid to have
been firft done at the fiege of Byzantium under Philip
of Macedon.
Plutarch informs us, that Marc Anthony, in the
Parthian war, made ufe of a ram foiirfcore feet long :
and Vitruvius tells us, that they were fometimes 106,
and fometimes 120, feet in length; and to this perhapi
the force and ftrength of the engine was in a great
meafure owing. The ram was managed at one time
by a whole century of foldiers; and they being fpent
were feconded by another century, fo that it played
continually without any intermiffion.
Plate XCV. fig. 1. reprefents the battering-ram
fufpended. 2. The ram. 3. The form of its head,
faftened to the enormous beam by three or four bands
of iron, four feet in breadth. At the extremity of
.each of thefe bands (4) was a chain (5) of the fame
itnetal, one end of which was faftened to a hook (6),
and at the other extremity of each of thefe chains was
a cable firmly bound to the laft link. Thefe cables
ran the whole length of the beam to the end of the
ram (7), where they were all bound together as fall
as polfible with fmall ropes. To the end of thefe
cables another was fixed, compofed of feveral ftrong
cords platted together to a certain length, and then
running fingle (8). At each of thefe feveral men
were placed, to balance and work the machine. 10.
The chain or cable by which it hung to the Crofs beam
(ii), fixed on the top of the frame, if. The bafe
of the machine—The unfufpended ram differed from
this only in the manner of working it: for inftead of
being flung by a chain or cable, it moved on fmall
wheels on another large beam.
BATTERiNG-Ramt, in heraldry, a bearing or coat
of arms refembling the military engine of the fame Battery,
name. v_—y—w
BATTERY, in the military art, a parapet thrown
up to cover the gunners and men employed about the
guns from the enemy’s (hot. This parapet is cut into
embraffures, for the cannon to fire through. The height
of the embraffures on the infide is about three feet;
but they go floping lower to the outfide. Their wide-
nefs is two or three feet, but open to fix or feven on the
outfide. The iriafs of earth that is betwixt two em-
braffures, is called the merlon* The platform of a bat¬
tery is a floor of planks and fleepers, to keep the wheels
of the guns from finking into the earth; and is always
made floping towards the embraffures, both to hinder
there verfe, and to facilitate the bringing back of the
gun.
Battery of Mortars differs from a battery , of
guns ; for it is funk into the ground, and has no em¬
braffures.
Crofs-BATTERiFS, are two batteries which play a*
thwart one another upon the fame object, forming there
an angle, and beating with more violence and deftruc-
tion ; becaufe what one bullet ftiakes, the other beats
down.
Battery funk or buried, is when its platform is funk
or let down into the ground, fo that there muft be
trenches cut in the earth, againft the muzzles^ of the
guns, for them to fire out at, and to ferve for embraf¬
fures.
BaTTEry d’ Enfilade, is one that fcoUrs or fweep
the whole length of a ftraight line.
Battery en Echarpe is that which plays obliquely.
Battery de Reverfe, that which plays upon the
enemy’s back.
Camerade Battery is when feveral guns play at the
fame time upon one place.
Battery, in law, is the unlawful beating of ano¬
ther. The leaft touching of another’fs perfon wilfully,
or in anger, is a battery , for the law cannot draw the
line between different degrees of violence, and there¬
fore totally prohibits the firft and loWeft ftage of it;
every man’s perfon being facred, and no other having
a right to meddle with it, in any the flighteft manner.
And therefore, upon a fimilar principle, the Cornelian
law de Injurii prohibited pulfatlon as well as verier a-
tian; diftinguifhing verberation, which was accompa¬
nied with pain, from pulfation which was attended with
none. But battery is in fome cafes juftifiable or law¬
ful ; as where one who hath authority, a parent or
mafter, gives moderate correftion to his child, his fcho-
lar, or his apprentice. So alfo on the principle of
felf-defence: for if one ftrikes me firft, or even only
affaults me, I may ftrike in my own defence; and if
fued for it, may plead fin afault demefne, or that it
was the plaintiff’s own original affault that occafioned
it. So likewife in defence of my goods or poffefiion,
if a man endeavours to deprive me of them, I may
juftify laying hands upon him to prevent him ; and in
cafe he perlifts with violence, I may proceed to beat
him away. Thus too in the exercife of an office, as
that of church-warden or beadle, a man may lay hands
upon another to turn him out of church, and prevent
his difturbing the congregation. And if fued for this
or the like battery, he may fet forth the whole cafe,
and plead that he laid hands upon him gently, molliter
4 tnanut
Plate XCT.
BAT l [
manUs impcfuity for thispurpofe. On account ofthefe
Battie- caufes of junification, battery is defined to be the un-
jawfuj beaming 0f another; for which the remedy is,
as for afiault, by aftion of Irepafsvi et armis: wherein
the jury will give adequate damages.
BATTISTA (Franco), a celebrated painter, born
at Venice, was one of the difciples of Michael Angelo,
whole manner he followed fo clofely, that, in the cor-
fe&nefs of his outlines, he furpafied moft of the ma¬
ilers of his time. His paintings are pretty numerous,
and difperfed all over Italy and other parts of Europe ;
but his colouring being very dry, they are not much
more efteemed than the prints etched by his hand. He
died in 1561.
BATTLE, a general engagement between two ar¬
mies, in a country fufiiciently open for them to encoun¬
ter in front and at the fame time (fee War). The
word is alfo written battel, battell, and battail. It is
formed from the French bataille, of the Latin verb
latuere, to fence or exercife with arms i whence batu-
■alia and batalia, which properly denoted the action or
exercife of thofe who learned to fence, and who were
hence alfo denominated battiatores.
The ancients never joined battle without much ce¬
remony and preparation; as taking auguries, offering
facrifice, haranguing the foldiers, giving the Word or
a tejfera, Scc( 1 he fignals of battle were, founding the
claficum or general charge, and displaying a peculiar
flag called by Plutarch a purple robe. To which may
be added, finging paeans, raifing military fhouts, and the
like. A Roman legion, ranged in order of battle,
con filled of haftati, placed in the front ; of principes,
who were all old experienced foldiers, placed behind
the former; and of triarii, heavy armed with large
bucklers, behind the principes. The haflati were rank¬
ed clofe ; the ranks of the principes were much opener,
fo that they could receive the bajlati; and thofe of the
triarii opener itill, infomuch that they could receive
both the principes and the haflati within them, with¬
out any diforder, and Hill facing the enemy. When
therefore the haflati found themfelves unable to Hand
the enemy’s charge, they retired gently within the
principes, where joining with them, they renewed the
combat. If thefe found themfelves too weak to fuftain
the enemy, both retired among the triarii, where rah
lying, they formed a new corps, and charged with more
vigour than ever. If thefe failed, the battle Was loft;
the Romans had no farther refouree. The moderns
Ure unacquainted with this method of Inferting or em¬
battling one company into another; without which
the former cannot be well fiiceoured or defended, and
their places taken by others; which was a thing the
Romans pra&ifed with great exa&nefs. For the ve-
lites, and in later times the archers and flingers, were
not drawn up in this regular manner, hut either difpo-
fed of before the front of the haflati, or fcattered up
and down among the void fpaces of the hafiati, or
fometimes placed in two bodies in the wings. Thefe
always began the combat, Ikirmiftiing in lying par¬
ties with the fotemoft troops of the enemy. If they were
repulfed, which was ufually the cafe, they fell back to
the flanks of the army, or retired again in the rear.
When they retired, the haflati advanced to the charge.
As to the cavalry, it was polled at the two corners of
the army, like the wings on a body 5 and fought fonk-
Vcn.. HI. Part I.
Si ] BAT
times on foot, fometimes on horfeback. The auxiliary BjihK
forces compofed the two points of the battle, and co- w—
vered the whole body of the Romans.—Other lefs
ufual forms of battle among the Romans were the
cuneus, or wedge ; globus, or round form ; forfex, or
pair of Iheers ; turris, or an oblong fquare figure;
ferra, or faw. The Greeks were inferior to the Ro¬
mans in marfhalling their armies for battle, as they
drew up their whole army in a front, and trufted
the fuccefs of the day to a Angle force. They had
three forms of battle for the horfe, viz. the fquare, the
wedge, and the rhombus or diamond form. The firft
held heft for the defenfive ; the latter for the offenfive;
the wedge being preferred as bringing moft hands to
fight.
The Greeks notified the places of their battles and
viftories by adding the word N‘*»; whence Nicomedia,
Nicopolis, Theffalonica, &c. The ancient Britons did
the like, by adding the word Mats', whence Maifle
veth, Malmaifbury, &c. The Englilh by the word
field.—The Romafis had their particular days, called
pr a Hares dies, wherein alone it was lawful to join bat¬
tle ; and others wherein it was unlawful, called dies atri.
The Athenians, by the ancient laws of their country,
Were not to draw out their forces for battle till after
the feventh day of the month : And Lucian relates of
the Lacedemonians, that by the laws of Lycurgus, they
were not to fight before full moon. Among the Ger¬
mans, it was reputed an impiety to fight in the wase
of the moon ; and Ccefar tells us, that Arioviftus was
beaten by him, becaufe,' contrary to the laws of his
country, he had fought when the moon was in hef
wane. The German fokliers were intimidated with the
apprehenfion, and afforded Casfar an eafy viftory; acid
Comnijfa, iiiipeditos rtligione bofles vicit. It is well known
that Jerufalem was taken by Pompey in an attack on
the Lbbath-day, when by the jewifh fuperftitious no¬
tions, they were not allowed to fight, or even to defend
themfelves. The Romans did not carry their fuperfti-
tion fo far i their atri dies were only obferved in refpeft
of attacking ; no day was too holy for them to defend
themfelves in. Among the ancients, we find frequent
inftances of battles in the night; it was by the moon¬
light that Pompey beat Mithridates, and Scipio Afdru-
bal and Syphax.
The firft pitched battle, of which we have any di-
ftinft account, is that between Crccfus and Cyrus,
deferibed by Xenophon, concerning which we have
a differtation exprefsly by M. Freret, wherein feveral
points of the ancient tadlics are well explained. In
the modern war, eve find few .pitched or fet battles ;
the chief view of the great commanders of late days is
rather to harafs or ItarVe the enemy by frequent alarms,
cutting off .his provifions, carrying off his baggage,
feizing his ports, &c. than to join iffue with him, and
put the whole on the event of one day ; a battle ge¬
nerally deciding the fate of a campaign, fometimes of
a whole War. Hence it is a rule, never to venture a
general battle, Unlefs either you fight to advantage, or
be forced to it. joining or giving battle fhould always
be by defign : a general fiioUld never fuffer himfelf to
be forced to fight. All the meafures, movements, en¬
campments, he makes, are to lead to the execution of
his great defign, which is to fight to advantage, till by
fame miftake of the enemy, he at length find the fa-
L vourabk
BAT r 82 1 BAT
Battle-axe. vouvable opportunity. It is in this that a fuperior
Bavaria Senius at length prevail over an inferior : in the
1" t courfe of a campaign, he will take a number of advan¬
tages over him, which together are equivalent to a bat¬
tle, the event of which is ever doubtful.
Battle-Axe, an ancient military weapon. Axes
were a principal part of the offenfive armour of the
Celtae. At the fiege of the Roman Capitol by the
Gauls under Brennus, we find one of the moft diftin-
gudhed of their warriors armed with a battle-axe. And
Ammiannus Marcellinus, many centuries afterwards,
defcribing a body of Gauls, furnifhes them all with
battle-axes and fwords. Some of thefe weapons have
been found in the fepulchres of the Britons, on the
downs of Wiltlhire, and in the north of Scotland.
Within thefe four or five centuries the Irifh went con-
ftantly armed with an axe. At the battle of Bannock¬
burn, king Robert Bruce clave an Englifh champion
down to the chine at one blow with a battle-axe. The
axe of Lochaberhath remained a formidable implement
of deftruftion in the hands of our Highlanders, even
nearly to the prefent period; and it is flill ufed by the
city-guard of Edinburgh in quelling mobs, &c.
BATTLEMENTS, in archite&ure, are indentures
or notches in the top of a wall or other building, in
the form of embraifures, for the fake of looking through
them.
BATTOLOGY, in grammar, a fuperfluous repeti¬
tion of feme words or things.
BATTON, in merchandife, a name given to certain
pieces of wood, or deal for flooring or other purpofes.
BATTORY, a name given by the Hans Towns to
their magazines or faftories abroad. The chief of
thefe battories are thofe at Archangel, Novogrod,
Berghmen, Lifbon, Venice, and Antwerp.
BATUA, Butua, Buthoe, orButhoece (anc.geog.),
a town of Dalmatia fituated on the Adriatic; now
Budoa ; which fee.
BATTUS, an order of penitents at Avignon and
in Provence, whofe piety carries them to exercife fevere
difeipline upon themfelves both in public and private.
BATZ, a copper coin mixed with fome filver, and
current at different rates, according to the alloy, in
Nuremberg, Bafil, Fribourg, Lucerne, and other cities
of Germany and Switzerland.
BAVARIA, a duchy and formerly eleftorate of
Germany. This duchy was once a kingdom, which
extended from the mountains of Franconia to the,fron¬
tiers of Hungary and the Adriatic Gulph. It compre¬
hended the countries of Tirol, Carinthia, Carniola,
Stiria, Auftria, and other ftates, which are now fallen
to different princes. At prefent it is bounded on the
call by Bohemia and Auflria, on the weft by Suabia,
on the north by Franconia, and on the fouth by Tirol.
But the Duke of Bavaria is not abfolute matter of all
this country ; for within its bounds are fituated many
free cities, among which is Ratifbon, and feveral lord-
fhips both ecclefiaftical and fecular. It is divided into
Upper and Lower Bavaria; and thefe two provinces
confiftof 12 counties, which formerly fufficed to make
a duchy, according to the laws of Franconia. The
country is watered by five navigable rivers, befides fe¬
veral fmaller ones, and 16 lakes.—It contains 35 cities,
of which Munich is the capital; 94 towns; yzocaftles;
4700 villages; eight great abbeys; and 75 cloifters or
monaftertes, befides thofe of the mendicants.—It is Bavariav
divided into four great bailliages called governments,v——y—'
Thefe are Munich, Landfhut, Straubing, ^nd Burk-
haufen. The principal cities are IngoUladt, Dona-
wert, Landfberg, Freiberg, Straubingen, Wilfhaufen,
Waflerberg, Eling, Rain, &c.
Befides thefe two provinces, the Duke of Bavaria
poffeffes the upper palatinate of Weftphalia, which has-
been united to Bavaria, and comprehends feveral coun¬
ties, cities, towns, and villages. On the other fide of
this province is Chamb, the chief city of the county of
the fame name, belonging likewife to the Duke of Ba¬
varia. He alfo pofleffes the landgraviate of Leitch-
tenberg, which fell to him by the death of Maximilian
Adam, ih confequence of family pafts made between
the houfe of Bavaria and that of LeitchtenbergLor their
mutual fucceflion. In 1567, the county of Kaag fell
to the Duke of Bavaria by the death of Ladiflaus the
laft count of that name. There are likewife family
pacts of mutual fucceffion eft a bli filed betwixt the houfe
of Bavaria and the Palatine of the Rhine.—The inha¬
bitants of this country are ftrong and laborious, exerci-
fing themfelves in fliooting with rifled mufleets at a mark,
in order to render themfelves more expert in war.
The houfe of Bavaria is univerfally allowed to be
one of the moft ancient in Germany. The counts of
Scheyren, whofe eaftle at prefent is a cloifter, gave them,
the name. At that place are ihown the tombs of more
than 26 lords of Scheyren. The Emperor Otho I. e-
ftablifhed as counts-palatine of Bavaria and landgraves
of Scheyren, Arnolph, and Herman, fons of Arnolph
brother to the Duke of Berchtold of Carinthia, mar¬
quis of the, county upon the Ens. After the death of
Berchtold, the fame emperor, inftead of giving Ba¬
varia to his fon, gave it to Duke Henry his brother,
who had married Judith After to Arnolph and Herman-
This Duke Henry of Bavaria had by his marriage •
Henry Hezillon, who was fucceeded by his fon Henry,
afterwards chofen emperor by the name of Henry II.
This emperor having no children by Saint Cunegond
his wife, Bavaria pafled again to the family of Fran¬
conia, and afterwards to that of Suabia under Henry
IV. who poffeffed it till the year 1071, when this laft
emperor gave that county to Count Wolf, or Guelf, of
Ravenfburg in Suabia. To this Guelph, who died in
the ifland of Cyprus, fucceeded Guelph II. and to him
his brother Duke Henry IX. who was fucceeded by his
fon Henry the Proud. This laft had married the only
daughter of the emperor Lotharius, and after the death
of his father-in-law became alfo Duke of Saxony ; but
refufmg to deliver up the imperial ornaments of his fa¬
ther-in-law to the emperor Conrad III. Duke of Sua¬
bia, or to acknowledge him for emperor, he was put
to the ban of the empire, and loft his ftates. After the
death of Henry, Conrad made his brother Leopold
Marquis of Auftria and Duke of Bavaria ; who, dying
without iffue, was fucceeded by his brother Henry XL
whom the emperor Frederic I. made Duke of Auftria,
joining together the two counties above and below the
Ens, and declaring them free and independent of the
government of Bavaria. The fame emperor gave Ba¬
varia thus difmembered, with Saxony, to Henry the
Lion, fon of Henry the Proud. But Henry the Lion,
afterwards lofing the favour of this emperor, was
put to the ban of the empire; and loft all his pofleffions
except
B A. U [ 83 ] B A U
Bavsy except Bmnfwick and Lunenburg, which ftill remain
II to his defcendants. In 1180, the duchy of Bavaria was
, ^lu'llus- given by the emperor to Otho the Landgrave of Wit-
telfbach, count-palatine of the houfe of Bavaria. In
the time of this G:ho, the caftle of Scheyren was
•changed into a monailery, in which the Duke was bu¬
ried. From him are defcended the two great families
that remain to this day in Germany ; viz the counts-
palatine of the Rhine, and till lately ele&ors of Bava¬
ria. The eledtor of Bavaria is now extindt, and funk
in the elector-palatine ; fo that there are now only eight
inftead of nine eledtoral princes in Germany.
BAVAY, a fmall town of the'province of Hainault
in French Flanders ; which has been often ruined by
the wars of the Low Countries. E. Long. 3. 45.
' N. Lat. 50. 25.
BAUCIS, in fabulous hiftory, an old woman who
lived with Philemon her hulband in a cottage in Phry¬
gia. Jupiter and Mercury, travelling over that country,
were well received by them, after having been refufed
entertainment by every body elfe. To punifh the peo¬
ple for their inhumanity, thefe gods laid the country
wafte with water; but took Baucis and Philemon with
them to the top of a mountain, where they faw the
deluge, and their own little hut above the waters,
turned into a temple. Having a wiih granted them,
they defired to officiate in this temple as prieft and
prieftefs, and alfo that they might die both together;
which was granted them.
BAUCONICA (anc. geog.), a town of the Van-
•giones in Gallia Belgica; nine miles from Mogontia-
cum, and eleven from Borbitomagum; and therefore
fuppofed to be Oppenheim, a town in the palatinate of
the Rhine, and lituated on that river.
BAUDELOT (Charles Csefar), a learned advocate
in the parliament of Paris, diftinguiffied himfelf by his
fkill in ancfent monuments, and was received into the
Academy of Belles Letters in 1705. He wrote a Trea-
tife on the Advantages of Travelling; many Letters
and Differtations on Medals, &c.; and died in 1722,
aged 74.
BAUDIER (Michael), a gentleman of Languedoc,
lived in the reign of Louis XIII. and publilhed feveral
books, which procured him the charafter of a copious
and laborious author; among which are, 1. An In¬
ventory of the General Hillory of the'Turks'. 2. The
Hiftory of the Seraglio. 3. That of the Religion of
the Turks. 4. That of the Court of the King of
China. 5. The Life of Cardinal Ximenes, &c.
BAUDIUS (Dominic), profeflbr of hiftory in the
univerfity of Leyden, born at Lille the 8th of Auguft
1561. He began his ftudies at Aix la Chapelle, and
Continued them at Leyden. He removed from thence
to Geneva, where he ftudied divinity. After refiding
here fometime, he returned toGhenr, and from thence
to Leyden, where he applied to the civil law, and was
admitted doftor of law in June ijSy. Soon after his
admiffion, he accompanied the ambaffadors from the
States to England ; and during his refidence here be¬
came acquainted with feveral perfons of diftindtion,
particularly the famous Sir Philip Sidney. He was
admitted advocate at the Hague the 5th of January
1587 ; but being foon tired of the bar, went to travel
in France, where he remained 10 years. He was much
dleemed in that kingdom, and gained many friends
there. Achilles de Harlai, firft prefident of the par- Baudobriga
liament of Paris, got him to be admitted advocate of gau{Jin;a .
the parliament of Paris i» the year 1592. In 1602,
he went to England with Chriftopher de Harlai, the
prefident’s fon, who was fent ambaffador to the court
of London by Henry the Great. This fame year Bau-
dius having been named profelfor of eloquence at Ley¬
den, went and fettled in that univerfity. He read lec¬
tures on hiftory after the death of Morula, and was per¬
mitted alfo to do the fame on the civil law. In 1611,
the States conferred upon him the office of hiftoriogra-
pher in conjunftion with Meurfius; and in confequence
thereof he wrote The Hiftory of the Truce. Baudius
is an elegant profe writer, as appears from his Letters,
many of which were publifhed after his death. He
was alfo an excellent Latin poet. The firft edition of
his poems was planted in'the year 1587 : they confift
of verfes of all the different meafures. He puHilhed fe-
parately a book of iambics in 1591, dedicated to Car¬
dinal Bourbon. Some of his poems he dedicated to
the King of England; others to the Prince of Wales,
in the edition of 1607, and went over to England to
prefent them. He died at Leyden in 1613.
BAUDOBRIGA (anc. geog.), a town of the Tre-
viri in Germany; now Boppart, in the electorate of
Triers. See Boppart.
BAUDRAND (Michael Anthony), a celebrated
geographer, born at Paris July 18th 1633. He tra¬
velled into feveral countries; and then applied himfelf
to the revifal of Ferrarius’s Geographical Dictionary,
which he enlarged by one-half. He wrote, 1. Notes
to Papirius Maffo’s defcription of the Rivers of Francp.
2. A Geographical and Hiftorical Dictionary. 3. Chri-
ftian Geography, or an Account of the Archbiihoprics
and Bifhoprics of the whole World; and made feveral
maps. He died at Paris May 29th 1700.
BAUHIN (John), a great botanift, was born about
the middle of the 16th century. He took his doctor’s
degree in phyfic in 1562, and afterwards became prin¬
cipal phyfician to Frederick Duke of Wirtemberg.
The moft confiderable of his works is his Univerfal Hi¬
ftory of Plants.
Bauhin (Cafpar, or Gafpar), younger brother to
the preceding, was born at Bafil 1550; and diftin-
guifhed himfelf by his fkill in anatomy and botany. In
1580, he was chofen firft profeffor of thefe fciences at
Bafil; and in 1614, was made firft profeflbr of phyfic
and firft phyfician of that city, which he held till his
death, which happened in 1623, at the age of 63. He
wrote, 1. Anatomical Inftitutions; 2. Pradrotnus The-
atri Botanici; and other works.
BAUGE, a drugget manufactured in Burgundy,
with thread fpun thick and coarfe wool.
Bauge, a fmall town of Anjou in France, feated on
the rixer Coefnon. E. Long. o. 10. N. Lat. 47. 30.
Bauge, a town of Breffe in France, with the title
of a marquifate. It is pleafantly fituated on a fruitful
hill, in E. Long. 4. 54. N. Lat. 46. 20.
BAUHINIA, mountain ebony: A genus of the
monogynia order, belonging to the decandria clafs of
plants; and in the natural method ranking under the
33d order, Lomentacea. The calyx is quinquefid and
deciduous; the petals are oblong, expanded, and clawed,
the fuperior one more diftant, all inferted on the calyx;
the capfule is a legumen.
L 2
Species*
B A U [ 84 ] B A U
> Specks. 1. The aculeata, with a prickly ftalk, is
very common in Jamaica and other American fugar-
iflands, where it rifes to the height of 16 or 18 feet,
with a crooked ftem, and divides into many irregular
branches armed with ftrong (hort fpines, garnifhed with
compound winged leaves, each having two or three
pair of lobes ending with an odd one, which are ob¬
lique, blunt, and indented at the top. The llalks are
terminated by feveral long fpikes of yellow flowers,
which are fucceeded by bordered pods about three
inches long, containing two or three fwelling feeds.
Thefe pods are, glutinous, and have a ftrong balfamic
fcent, as have alfo the leaves when bruifed. It is called
in America the favin-tree, from its ftrong odour fome-
what refembling the common favin. 2. The torhen-
tofa, with heart-ftiaped leaves, is a native of Campea-
ehy ; and rifes to the height of 12 or 14 feet, with a
fmooth ftem dividing into many branches, garniftied
with heart-draped leaves, having two fmooth-poiuted
lobes. The extremity of every branch is terminated
by a long fpike of, yellow flowers, fo that when thefe
trees are in flower they make a fine appearance. 3. The
acuminata, with oval leaves,’ is a native of both the
Indies ; and rifes with feveral pretty ftrong, upright,
fmooth ftems, fending out many flender branches, gar-
niflred wuth oval leaves deeply divided into two lobes.
The flowers come out at the extremities of the branches,
three or four in a loofe bunch; fome of the petals are
red, or ftriped with white, but others are plain upon
the fame branch ; the ftamina and ftyle are white, and
ftand out beyond the petals. Thefe flowers are fuc¬
ceeded by long pods of a dark brown colour, each
containing five or fix roundifli comprefled feeds. The
wood of this tree is very hard, and veined with black ;
whence its name of mountain ebony. 3. The variegata,
with heart-fhaped leaves, and lobes joining together;
this is likewife a native of both the Indies. It rifes
with a ftrong ftem upwards of 20 feet high, dividing
into many ftrong branches, garniihed with heart-ftiaped
leaves having obtufe lobes which clofe together. The
flowers are large, and grow in loofe panicles at the ex¬
tremity of the branches. They are of a purplifh red
colour marked with white, and have a yellow bottom.
The flowers have a very agreeable fcent, and are fuc¬
ceeded by compreffed pods about fix inches long, and
three quarters of an inch broad, containing three or
four compreffed feeds in each. 5. The divaricata, with
oval leaves whofe lobes fpread different ways. This
grows naturally in great plenty on the north fide of the
ifland of Jamaica. It is a low flirub, feldom rifing
more than five or fix feet high, but divides into feveral
branches garniihed with oval leaves dividing into two
lobes that fpread out from each other. The flowers
grow in loofe panicles at the end of the branches, have
a white colour, and a very agreeable fcent. The flowers
appear the greateft part of the fummer, fo the plant is
one of the greateft beauties of the hot-houfe. The
flowers are fucceeded by taper pods about four inches
long, each containing four or five roundifli compreffed
feeds of a dark colour. Befides thefe, five other fpecies
of bauhinia are enumerated, but the above are the moft
remarkable. All the fpecies of this plant are propa¬
gated by feeds, which mull be fown on hot-beds, and
the plants reared in a bark-ftove.
BAVINS, in war, brufli faggots, made with the
brulh at length. See Fascines j and Fire-ship,
note ».
BAUM, in botany. See Melissa.
BAUME (St), a mountain of Provence in France,
between Marfeilles and Toulon. Here Mary Magda¬
len is faid to have died, on which account it is much
frequented.
Baume-Us- Nones, a town of Tranche Comte, with
a rich nunnery, feated on the river Doux, in E. Long.
6. 20. N. Lat. 47. 12. Five miles from this town is
a remarkable cavern, whofe entrance is 20 paces widej
and after defcending 300 paces, the gate of a grotto is
feen, twice as large as that of a city. The grotto is
35 paces deep, 60 wide, and is covered with a kind of
a vaulted roof, from which water continually drops. -
There is alfo a fmall brook, faid to be frozen in fummer,
but not in winter ; and at the bottom are ftones that
exadlly refemble candied citron-peel. When the pea-
fants perceive a mill rifing out of this cave, they afiirm
that it wall certainly rain the next day.
BAUMEN, or Bauman, a cave of Lower Saxony-
in Germany, about a mile from Y/ermigerode, and 18
from Goflar. The entrance is through a rock ; and fo
narrow, that not above one perfon can pafs at a time.
There are feveral paths in it, which the peafanfs have
turned up, in fearching for the bones of animals which
they fell for unicorn’s horns. Some think this cave
reaches as far as Goflar ; but be this as it will, the Ike-
letons of men have been found in it, who are fuppofed
to have been loft in the turnings and windings.
BAUR (William), an eminent Flemifti painter, was
born at Strafburg, and was the difciple of Brendel.
He was fome time at Rome, where his ftudies were
wholly employed about architecture and landfcapes,
which prevented his ftudying the antique. He painted
fmall figures in diftemper on vellum. He etched with
great fpirit. His largeft works are in the hiftorical
way. He has given us many of the fieges, and bat¬
tles, which wafted Flanders in the 16th century. They
may be exadl, and probably they are : but they are
rather plans than pictures ; and have little to recom¬
mend them but hiftoric truth, and the freedom of the
execution. His belt prints are fome characters, he has
given us of different nations, in which the peculiarities
of each are very well preferved. His Ovid is a poor
performance. He died at Vienna in 1640.
BAUSK or Bautko, a fmall but important town
in the duchy of Courland, on the frontiers of Poland)
with a ftrong caftle built on a rock. It was taken by
the Swedes in 1625, and by the Ruffians in 1705, af¬
ter a bloody battle between them and the Swedes.
It is feated on the river Mufa, in E. Long. 24. 44.
N. Lat. 56. 30.
BAUTRY, or Bawtry, a town in the weft riding
of York (hire, on the road from London to York. It
has long been noted for millftones and- grindftones
brought hither by the river Idle, on which it is feated.
W. Long. 1. a. N. Lat. 53. 27.
BAUTZEN, or Budissen, a confiderable town
of Germany, and capital of Upper Lufatia, fubjeCl ta
the eleCtor of Saxony, with a ftrong citadel. The
Proteftants as well as Papifts have here the free exer-
cife of their religion. E. Long. 14. 42. N. Lat.
51.10
BAUX, a town of Provence in France, with the
title
BAX [ 8c ] BAX
13awd title of a marquifate, feated on a rock, at the top of
ll which is a ftrong caftle. E. Long. 5. o. N. Lat.
43- 42-
BAWD, a perfon who keeps a place of proftitution,
or makes a trade of debauching women, and procuring
or conducing criminal intrigues. Some think the
word is derived from the old French baude, bold or
impudent ; though Verftegan has a conjedture which
would carry it higher, viz. from bathe anciently written
bade. In which fenfe bawd originally imported no
more than bath-holder, as if bagnios had anciently
been the chief fcenes of fuch prollitution.
The Romans had their male as well as female
bawds ; the former denominated lenones and proagogi,
among us panders ; the latter, len.e. Donacus, fpeak-
ing of the habits of the ancient charafters in comedy,
fays, Lcno paliis varii color is utitur. But the ancient
lerones, it is to be obferved, furnilhed boys as well as
girls for venereal fervice. Another fort of thefe mer¬
chants or dealers in human flefh, were cair_J mangones,
by the Greeks avJ>xs»'»*<><, who fold eunuchs, flaves,
Sec. By a law of Conltantine, bawds were to be pu-
niihed by pouring melted lead down their throats. See
the next article.
BAwnr-Houfe, a houfe of ill fame, to which lewd
perfons of both fexes refort, and there have criminal
converfation. >
The keeping a bawdy-houfe is a common mufance,
not only on account that it endangers the public peace
by drawing together debauched and idle perfons, and
promoting quarrels, but likewife for its tendency to
corrupt the manners of the people. And therefore
perfons convicted of keeping bawdy-houfes, are pu-
niflrable by fine and imprifonment ; alfo liable to Hand
in the pillory, and to fuch other ptmifhment as the
court at their diferetion ftall inflift. Perfons reforting
to a bawdy-houle are likewife punifhable, and they
may be bound to their good behaviour.— It was always
held infamous to keep a bawdy-houfe ; yet fome of
our hiftorians mention bawdy-houfes publicly allowed
here in former times till the reign of Henry VIII.
and affign the number to be 18 thus allowed on the
bank-fide in Southwark. See Stews and Bro¬
thel.
Bawdy-houfes are licenfed in Holland, and pay a
confiderahle tax to the ftate.
BAWLING, among fportfmen, is fppke of the
dogs when they are too bufy before they find the feent
good.
BAXTER (Richard), an eminent divine among
the nonconformifts, was born at Rowton in Shrop-
fnire, November 12. 1615; and diftinguifired himfelf
by his exemplary life, his pacific and moderate prin¬
ciples, and his numerous writings. He was remark¬
able for his piety even when he was very young. Up¬
on the opening of the long parliament, he was chofen
vicar of Kidderminfter. In the heat of the civil wars
he withdrew from that town to Coventry, and preach¬
ed to the garrifon and inhabitants. When Oliver
Cromwell was made proteilor, he would by no means
comply with his meafures, though he preached once
before him. He came to London juft before the de-
pofing of Richard Cromwell, and preached before the
parliament the day before they voted the return of
king Charles II. who upon his reftoration appointed
him one of his chaplains in ordinary. He aflifted at Baxter,
the conference in the Savoy, as one of the commiffioners 'r~~
for ftating the fundamentals in religion,-and then drew
up a reformed liturgy. He was offered the bifhoprick
of Hereford; which he refufed ; affefting no higher
preferment than the liberty of continuing minifter of
Kidderminfter; which he could not obtain, for he
was not permitted to preach there above twice or
thrice after the reftoration. Whereupon he returne*'.
to London, and preached occafionally about the citv,
till the a& of uniformity took place. In 1662, Mr
Baxter was married to Margaret Charleton, daughter
to Francis Charleton, Efq; of the county of Salop,
who was eileemed one of the heft juftices of the peace
in that county. She was a woman of great piety, and
entered thoroughly into her hulband’s views concern¬
ing religion. During the plague in 1665 he retired
into Buckinghamfture ; but afterward returned to Ac¬
ton, where he ftaid till the a£t againft conventicles ex¬
pired ; and then his audience was fo large that he
wanted room. Upon this he was committed to pri-
fon ; but procuring an habeas corpus, he was difehar-
ged. After the indulgence in 1672, he returned to
London ; and in 1682 he was feized for coming with¬
in five miles of a corporation. In 1684 he was feized
again ; and in the reign of king James II. was com¬
mitted prifoner to the king’s bench, and tried before
the lord chief juftice Jefferies for his Paraphrafe on the
New Teftament, which was called a fcandalous and ft-
ditious book againft the government. He continued
in prifon two years ; from whence he was at laft dif-
charged, and had his fine remitted by the king. He
died December the 8th 1691 ; and was buried in
Chrift-Church.
Mr Sylvefter fays, that Mr Baxter’s “ perfon was-
tall and (lender, and Hooped much : his countenance
compofed and grave, fomewhat inclining to fmile. He
had a piercing eye, a very articulate fpeecb, and de¬
portment rather plain than complimental.’4- There is
an original portrait of him at Dr Williams’s library,
founded for the ufe of Proteftant Diffenting Miniflers,
in Red-crofs-ftreet. Mr Sylvefter alfo fays, that “ he
had a great command over his thoughts. He had that
happy faculty, fo as to anfwer the character that was
given of him by a learned man diffenting from him, af¬
ter difeourfe with him ; which was, that he could fay
•what be would, and he could prove what he faid. He
was moft intent upon the neceffary things. Rational
learning he moft valued, and was a very extraordinary
maftev of. And as to his exprefiive faculty, he fpake
properly, plainly, pertinently, and pathetically. Fie
could fpeak fuitably, both to mens capacities and to
the things infifted on. Fie was a perfbn wonderful at
extemporate preaching.” But his common praftice
appears to have been to preach with notes ; though he
faid, “ That he thought it very needful for a minifter
to have a body of divinity in his head.” He was ho¬
noured with the friendftiip of fome of the greateft and
heft men in the kingdom (as the Earl of Lauderdale,
the Earl of Balcarras, Lord Chief Juftice Hales, Dr
Tillotfon, See. and held correfpondence with fome of
the moft eminent foreign,divines.—He wrote above 120
books, and had above 60 written againft him. The for¬
mer, however, it fhould feem, were greatly preferable
to the latter; fince Dr Barrow, an excellent judge,
fays.
BAX t 86 ] BAX
Baxter, fays, that u his praftical writings were never mended,
his controverfial feldom confuted.”
Mr Granger’s chara&er of him is too ftriking to
be omitted. “ Richai'd Baxter was a man famous for
weaknefs of body and ftrength of mind ; for having
the ftrongeft fenfe of religion himfelf, and exciting a
fenfe of it in the thoughtlefs and profligate ; for preach-
' ing more fermons, engaging in more controverfies, and
writing more books, than any other Nonconformift of
his age. He fpoke, difputed, and wrote with cafe ;
and difcovered the fame intrepidity when he reproved
Cromwell and expoftulated with Charles II. as when
he preached to a congregation of mechanics. His
zeal for religion was extraordinary ; but it feems never
to have prompted him to fadfion, or carried him to en-
thuflafm. This champion of the Prefbyterians was
the common butt of men of every other religion, and
of throfe who were of no religion at all. But this had
very little effedt upon him: his prefence and his firm-
nefs of mind on no occafion forfook him. He was
juft the fame man before he went into a prifon, while
he was in it, and when he came out of it ; and he
maintained an uniformity of charadler to the laft gafp
of his life. His enemies have placed him in hell; but
every man who has not ten times the bigotry that Mr
Baxter himfelf had, muft conclude that he is in a bet¬
ter place. This is a very faint and imperfeA fketch
of Mr Baxter’s chara&er: men of his fize are not to
be drawn in miniature. His portrait, in full propor¬
tion, is in his Narrative «f his own Life and Limes ;
which though a rhapfody, compofed in the manner of
a diary, contains a great variety of memorable things,
and is itfelf, as far as it goes, a Hiftory of Noncon¬
formity.”—Among his moft famous works were, X.
* The Saints Everlafting Reft. 2. Call to the Uncon¬
verted, of which 20,000 were,fold in one year; and
it was tranflated not only into all the European lan¬
guages, but into the Indian tongue. 3. Poor Man’s
Family Book. 4. Dying Thoughts; and, 5. A Pa-
raphrafe on the New Teitament. His pradtical works
have been printed in four volumes folio.
Baxter (William), nephew and heir to the former,
was an eminent fchoolmafter and critic. He was born
at Lanlugany in Shropfture, in the year 1650 ; and it
is remarkable, that at the age of 18, when he firft went
to fchool, he knew not one letter nor underftood one
word of any language but Welfh ; but he fb well im¬
proved his time, that he became a perfon of great and
extenftve knowledge. His genius led him chiefly to
the ftudy of antiquities and philology, in which he
compofed feveral books. The firft he publiftied was a
Grammar, in 1679, intitled De Analegia feu /Irte
Latin# Lingu# Commentariolus. He alfo publifhed a
new and corredt edition of Anacreon, with Notes; an
edition of Horace; a Diftionary of the Britiih anti¬
quities, in Latin ; and feveral other books. He was
a great mafter of the ancient Britiih and Irilh tongues,
was particularly ikilled in the Latin and Greek, and
in the northern and eaftern languages. He died May
31. 1723, after being above 20 years mafter of Mer¬
cer’s School in London.
Baxter (Andrew), a very ingenious metaphyfical
writer, was born in 1686 or 1687, at Old Aberdeen
(where his father was a merchant), and educated in
King’s College there. His principal employment was
that of a private tutor to young gentlemen 5 and a- Baxter, j1
mong others of his pupils were Lord Grey, Lord Elan-  
tyre, and Mr Hay of Drummelzier. About 1724 he
married the daughter of a clergyman in the fliire of
Berwick. A few years after he publiflredin 410, “ An
Inquiry into the Nature of the human Soul, wherein
its immateriality is evinced from the principles of rea-
fon and philofophy ;” without date. In 1741 he went
abroad with Mr Hay, and refided fome years at U-
trecht; having there alfo Lord Blantyre under his care.
He made excurfions from thence into Flanders, France,
and Germany; his wife and family redding, in the
mean time, chiefly at Berwick-upon-Tweed. He re¬
turned to Scotland in 1747, and refided till his death
at Whittingham, in the Ihire of Eaft Lothian. He
drew up, for the ufe of his pupils and his fon, a piece
intitlcd Matho: five, Cofmotheoria puerilis, Dialogus.
In quo prima elementa de mundi ordine et ornatu propo-
nuntur, &c. This was afterwards greatly enlarged,
and publiftied in Englilh, in two' volumes 8»o. In
1750 was publiftied, “ An Appendix to his Inquiry
into the Nature of the human Soul;” wherein he en¬
deavours to remove fome difficulties which had been
ftarted againft his notions of the vis inertix of matter
by Maclaurin, in his “ Account of Sir Ifaac New¬
ton’s Philofophical Difcoveries.” To this piece Mr
Baxter prefixed a dedication to Mr John Wilkes, with
whom he'had commenced an acquaintance abroad. He
died this year, April the 23d, after fuffering for fome
months under a complication of diforders, of which
the gout was the chief. He left a wife, three daugh¬
ters, and one fon,. Mr Alexander Baxter; from which
laft the authors of Biographia Britannica received, as
they inform us, fundry particulars of his life.
His learning and abilities are fufficiently difplayed
in his writings. He was extremely ftudious, and
fometimes fat up whole nights in reading and writing.
His temper at the fame time was very cheerful, and he '
was a friend to innocent merriment. It is informed
by his fon, that he entered with much good humour
into the converfation and pleafures of young people,
when they were of an innocent nature: and that he
prefided, all the time of his abode at Utrecht, at the
ordinary which was frequented by all the young Eng-
lifti gentlemen there, with much gaiety and politenefs,
and in fuch a manner as gave univerfal fatisfa&ion.
He alfo frequented the molt polite affemblies in that
city, and his company and converfation were parti¬
cularly acceptable to the ladies. So that Mr Baxter
appears to have ftudied the graces, though without
negleAing more valuable acquifitions and accomplifti-
ments. He was at once the fcholar and the gentle¬
man. In converfation he was modeft, and not apt to
make much ftiow of the extenfive knowledge of which
he was poffeffed. In the difcharge of the feveral fo-
cial and relative duties of life, his conduA was exem¬
plary. He had the moft reverential fentiments of the
Deity, of whofe prefence and immediate fupport he
had always a ftrong impreffion upon his mind; and
-the general tenor of his life appears to have been con¬
formable to the rules of virtue. Mr Baxter paid a
ftriA attention to (Economy, though he dreffed elegant¬
ly, and was not parfimonious in his other expences.
It is known alfo, that there were feveral occafions on
which he aAed with remarkable difintereftednefs; and
BAY f 87 ] BAY
Baxter fb far was he from courting preferment, that he has
t Jojonr repeatedly declined confiderable offers of that hind
c___ which were made him, if he would have taken orders
in the church of England. The French, German, and
Dutch languages were fpoken by him with much eafe,
|. and the Italian tolerably ; and he wrote and read them
all, together with the Spanifh. His friends and cor-
refpondents were numerous and refpeftable ; and a-
mong them are particularly mentioned Mr Pcintz, pre¬
ceptor to the late Duke of Cumberland, and Dr War-
burton, bifhop of Glouceder. He was a man alfo of
great benevolence and candour ; which appears moil
llrikingly from this, inafmubh as though Mr Wilkes
had made himfelf fo very obnoxious to the Scottifh na¬
tion in general, yet Mr Baxter kept up with him an
affeilionate correfpondence to the laft, even after he
was unable to write with his own hand. He left ma¬
ny manufcripts behind him ; he would gladly have fi-
niihed his work upon the human foul: “ I own,” fays
he, in a letter to Mr Wilkes, “ if it had been the will
of heaYen, I would gladly have lived till 1 had put in
order the fecond part of the Enquiry, fhowing the im¬
mortality of the human foul; but Infinite Wifdom
cannot be miftaken in calling me fooner. Our blind-
nefs makes us form wifhes.” It was, indeed, what he
confidered it, his capital work : a fecond edition of it
was publifhed in two volumes 8vo in 1737, and a third
in 1745. In another letter, fpeaking of his endeavours
to edabliflr the particular providence of the Deity, and
to fhow his inceffant influence and adlion on all the
parts of matter, through the wide univerfe, from the
ina&ivity of this dead fubflance ; exprefies his hope,
that when the. prefent party-zeal fubfides a little,
men will come more eafily in to own fuch a plain
truth. “ His predi&ion,” the editors of the Biogra-
phia Britannica obferve, “ hath not yet been accom-
plilhed. Several eminent names feem rather difpofed
to increafe than to leflen the powers of matter; and
they have exprefsly maintained that the foul of man is
material. However, other names equally eminent have
aflerted the eflential diflin&ion between the mind and
the body. Perhaps, in the revolutions of opinion, the
dodtrine of immateriality may again obtain the general
fuffrage of metaphyfical and philofophical inquiry.
BAY, in geography, an arm of the fea fliooting up
into the land, and terminating in a nook. It is a kind
of lefler gulph bigger than a creek, and is larger in its
middle within than at its entrance. The largeft and
moll noted bays in the world are thofe of Bifcay, Ben¬
gal, Hudfon’s, Panama, &c.
Bay denotes likewife a pond-head made to keep in
{tore of water for driving the wheels of the furnace or
hammer belonging to an iron-mill, by the ftream that
comes thence through a flood-gate called the pen-Jlock.
BAY-Colour denotes a fort of red inclining to chef-
nut, chiefly ufed in fpeaking of horfes. In this fenfe,
the word bay is formed from the Latin baius, or badhis,
and that from the Greek Pai©*, a pa[m branch ; fo that
j, ladius or bay properly denotes color phceniceus. Hence
alfo, among the ancients, thofe now called bay horfes,
j were denominated equi palrnati. We have divers forts
and degrees of bays; as a light bay, a dapple bay, &c.
All bay horfes are faid to have black manes ; which
diftinguilhes them from forrels, which have red or white
manes.
Bay, among huntfmen, is when the dogs have Bay
earthed a vermin, or brought a deer, boar, or the like, ^ li^
to turn head againil them. In this cafe, not only the
deer, but the dogs, are faid to bay. It is dangerous
going in to a hart at bay, efpecially at rutting-time ;
for then they are fierce!!. There are bays at land, and
others in the water.
BAY-Tree. See Taurus.
Bay-Salt. See Salt.
BAYA, or Baja, a town of Lower Hungary, in
the county of Bath, fituated near the Danube. E.
Long. 19, 30. N. Lat. 46. 25.
BAYARD (Peter du Terrail de), elleemed by his
contemporaries the model of foldiers and men of ho¬
nour, and denominated TT'e knight ’without fear and
’without reproach, was defcended from an ancient and-
noble family in Dauphine. He was with Charles VIII.
at the conquell of tbe kingdom of Naples ; where he
gave remarkable proofs of his valour, efpecially at the
battle of Fornoue. He was dangeroufly wounded at
the taking of the city of Brefcia ; and there rellored to
the daughters of his holl 2000 piftoles, which their
mother had direfted them to give him in order to pre¬
vent the houfe from being plundered ; an aftion that
has been celebrated by many hiftorians. At his return
to France, he was made lieutenant-general of Dauphine.
He fought by the fide of Francis I. at the battle of
Marignan; and that prince afterwards infilled on being
knighted by his hand, after the manner of the ancient
knights. The chevalier Bayard defended Meziers du¬
ring fix weeks, againft Charles V.’s army. In 1524,
at the retreat of Rebec f (the general Bonivet havingf Hijl. of
been wounded and obliged to quit the field), the con- Charles f.
du6l of the rear was committed to the chevalier Bayard, Boukiii.
who, though fo much a ftranger to the arts of a court
that he never rofe to the chief command, was always
called, in times of real danger, to the polls of greatell
difficulty and importance. He put himfelf at the head
of the men at arms; and animating them by his prefence
and example to fuftain the whole Ihock of the enemy’s
troops, he gained time for the reft of his countrymen
to make good their retreat. But in this fervice he re¬
ceived a wound which he immediately perceived to be
mortal; and being unable to continue any longer on
horfeback, he ordered one of his attendants to place
him under a tree, with his face towards the enemy;
then fixing his eyes on the guard of his fword, which
he held up inftead of a crofs, he addrefied his prayers
to God; and in this pofture, which became his cha-
ratfter both as a foldier and as a Chriftran, he calmly
waited the approach of death. Bourbon, who led the
foremoft of the enemy’s troops, found him in this fi-
tuation, and expreffed regret and pity at the fight.
“ Pity not me,” cried the high-fpirited chevalier,
“ I die as a man of honour ought, in the difcharge of
“ my duty : they indeed are objedls of pity, who fight
“ againft their king, their country, and their oath.”
The marquis de Pefcara, paffing foon after, manifefted
his admiration of Bayard’s virtue, as well as his forrow
for his fate, with the generofity of a gallant enemy ;
and finding that he could not be removed with fafety
from that fpot, ordered a tent to be pitched there, and
appointed proper perfons to attend Tiim. He died,
notwithftanding their care, as his anceftors for feveral
generations had done, in the field of battle. Pefcara
1 ordered
BAY r 88 1 BAY
ordered his body to be embalmed, and fent to His rela¬
tions ; and fuch was the refpeA paid to military merit
in that age, that the duke of Savoy commanded it to
be received with royal honours in all the cities of his
dominions : in Dauphine, Bayard’s native country, the
people of .all ranks came out in a folemn proceffion to
neet it.
LAYEUX, a confiderable town of France in Nor-
mandy, and capital of Beflin, with a rich bifhop’s fee.
The cathedral church is accounted the fined in that
province ; and its front and three high fteeples are faid
to be the bed in France. W. Long. o. 33. N. Lat.
49. 16.
BAYLE (Peter), author of the Hidorical and Cri¬
tical Di&ionary, was born November- 18. 1657, at
Carla, a village in the county of Foix, in France,
where his father John Bayle was a Protedant minider.
In 1666, he went to the Protedant univerfity at Puy-
laureus, where he ftudicd with the greated applica¬
tion ; and in 1669, removed to the univeriity of Tou-
loufe, whether the Protedants at that time frequently
lent their children to dudy under the Jefuits: hut
.here, to the great grief of his father, he embraced the
Romifa religion; however, being foon fenfible of his
error, he left that univerfity, and went to dudy at Ge¬
neva. After which he was chofen profefibr of philofo-
phy at Sedan : but that protedant univerfity being fup-
preffed by Lewis XIV. in 1681, he was obliged to
leave the city ; and was foon after chofen prefeuor of
philofophy and hidory at Rotterdam, with a falary of
about L. 45 a-year. The year following he publifhed
his Letter concerning'Comets. And Father Maimbourg
having publifhed about this time his Hidory of Cal-
vinifm, wherein he endeavours to draw upon the Pro¬
tedants the contempt and refentment of the Catholics,
Mr Bayle wrote a piece to confute his hidory. The
reputation which he had now acquired, induced the
States of Friezland, in 1684, to offer him a profeffor-
Ihip in their univerfity ; but he wrote them a letter of
thanks, and declined the offer. This fame year he
began to publidi his Kouvelles de la republique des let-
tres.
In 1686, he was drawn into a difpute in relation to
the famous Chridina queen of Sweden. In his Journal
for April, he took notice of a printed letter, fuppofed
to have been written by her Swedifh majedy to the che¬
valier de Terlon, wherein (he condemns the perfecution
of the Protedants in France. He inferted the letter it-
felf in his Journal for May; and in that of June follow¬
ing he fays, “ What we hinted at in our lad month,
is confirmed to us from day to day, that Chridina is
the real author of the letter concerning the perfecu-
tions in France, which is aferibed to her: it is a re¬
mainder of Protedantifm.” Mr Bayle received an a-
nonymous letter ; the author of which fays, that he
wrote to him of his own accord, being in duty bound
to it as a fervant of the queen. He complains that
Mr Bayle, fpeaking of her majedy, called her only
Chrifiina^ without any title; he finds alfo great fault
with his calling the letter “ a remainder of Protedan¬
tifm.” He blames him likewife for inferting the words
“ I am,” in the conclufion of the letter. “ Thefe
words (fays this anonymous writer) are not her maje-
dy’s; a queen, as die is, cannot employ thefe words
but with regard to a very few perfons, and Mr de Ter*
N°43‘ ' 5
Ion is not of that number.” Mr Bayle wrote a vindi- &>''
cation of himfelf as to thefe particulars, with which the
author of the anonymous letter declared himfelf fatis-
fied, excepting what related to “ the remainder of
Protedantifm.” He would not admit of the defence
with regard to that expreffion ; and in another letter,
advifed him to retraft that expreflion. He adds in a
poftfeript, “You mention, in your Journal of Augud,
a fecond letter of the queen, which you fcruple to pub-
lifh. Her majedy would be glad to fee that letter; and
you will do a thing agreeable to her if you would fend
it to her. You might take this opportunity of writing
to her majedy. This council may be of fome ufe to
you; do not negleft it.” Mr Bayle took the hint, and
wrote a letter to her majedy, dated the 14 th of Novem¬
ber 1686; to which the queen, on the 14th of Decern*
qer, wrote the following anfwer :—“ Mr Bayle, I have
received your excufes ; and am willing you diould
know by this letter, that I am fatisfied with them. I
am obliged to the zeal of the perfon who gave you oc*
cafion of writing to me : for I am very glad to know
you. You exprefs fo much refpetff and affe&ion for
me, that I pardon you fincerely ; and I w'ould have
you know, that nothing gave me offence but that re¬
mainder of Ptotejlantijm, of which you accufed me. I
am Very delicate on that head, becaufe nobody can
fufpeft me of it, without leffening my glory, and inju¬
ring me in the mod fenfible manner. You would do
well if you fliould even acquaint the public with the
midake you have made, and with your regret for it.
This is all that remains to be done by you, in order to
deferve my being entirely fatisfied with you. As to
the letter which you have fent me, it is mine without
doubt ; and fince you tell me that it is printed, you
will do me a pleafure if you fend me fome copies of it.
As I fear nothing in France, fo neither do I fear any
thing at Rome. My fortune, toy blood, and even my
life, are entirely devoted to the fervice of the church ;
but I flatter nobody, and will never fpeak any tiring -
but the truth. I am obliged to thole who have been
pleafed to publifh my letter, for I do not at all difguife
my fentiments. I thank God, they are too noble and
too honourable to be difowned. However, it is not
true that this letter was written to one of my miniders.
As I have every where enemies and perfons who envy
me, fo in all places I have friends and fervants: and
I have poffibly as many in France, notwithdanding of
the court, as any where in the world. This is purely
the truth, and you may regulate yourfelf accordingly.
But you lhall not get off- fo cheap as you imagine. I
will unjoin you a penance; which is, that you will
henceforth take the trouble of fending me all curious
books that fhall be publifhed in Latin, French, Spa*
nifh, or Italian, on whatever fubjeft or fcience, pro¬
vided they are worthy of being looked into; I do not
even except romances or fatires ; and above all, if there
are any books of chemidry, I defire you may fend
them to me as foon as pofiible. Do not forget likewlfe
to fend me your Journal. I lhall order that you be
paid for whatever you lay out, do but fend me an ac¬
count of it. This will be the mod agreeable and moft
important fervice that can be done me. May God pro*
fper you. Christina AnEXANDkA.”
It now only remained that Mr Bayle Ihould acquaint
the public with the midake he had made, in order to
merit
BAY [ 8.9 ]' BAY
'fcaylc. tfterit that prlncefs’s entire fatisfaAion; and this he
—-v ' did in the beginning of his Journal of the month of
January, 1687.
* The perfecution which the Proteftants at this time
fuffered in France affe&ed Mr Bayle extremely. He
made occafionally fome reflexions on their fulferings in
his Journal j and he wrote a pamphlet alfo on the fub-
jeX. Some time afterwards he publilhed his Commen-
taira Phiiofcphique upon thefe words, “ Compel thern
to come in:” but the great application he gave to this,
and his other works, threw him into a fit of_fickncfs,
which obliged him to difcohtinue his Literary Journal.
Being advifed to try a change of air, he left Rotter¬
dam on the 8th of Auguft, and went to Cleves; whence
after having continued fome time, he removed to Aix
la Chapelle, and from thence returned to Rotterdam on
the 18th of OXober. In the year 1690, the famous
book, intitled. Avis aux Refugiez, &c. made its ap¬
pearance. Mr Jurieu, who took Mr Bayle for the au¬
thor thereof, wrote a piece againfl; it; and he prefixed
an advice to the public, wherein he calls Mr Bayle a
profane perfon, and a traitor engaged in a confpiracy
againfl; the ftate. As foon as Mr Bayle had read this
libel againft him, he went to the grand Schout of Rot¬
terdam, and offered to go to prifon, provided his accu-
fer would accgmpany him, and undergo the puuilhment
he deferved if the accufation was found unjuft. He
, publifhed alfo an anfwer to Mr Jurieu’s charge ; and as
his reputation, nay his very life, was at ftake in cafe
the accufation of treafon was proved, he therefore
thought himfeff not obliged to keep any terms with
his accufer, and attacked him with the utmoft feverity.
Mr Jurieu loft all patience: he applied himfelf to the
magiftrates of Amfterdam; who advifed him to a re¬
conciliation with Mr Bayle, and enjoined them not to
publiftx any thing againft each other till it was examined
by Mr Boyer, the penfioner of Rotterdam. But not-
withftanding this prohibition, Mr Jurieu attacked Mr
Bayle again with fo much paffion, that he forced him
to write a riew vindication of himfelf.
In November 1690, Mr de Beauval advertifed in
his Journal. Afcheme fir a Critical Difiionary. This
was the work of Mr Bayle. The articles of the three
firft letters of the alphabet were already prepared; but
a difpute happening betwixt him and Mr de Beauval,
obliged him for fome time to lay afide the work. Nor
did he refume it till May 1692, when he publiftied his
fcheme : but the public not approving of his plan, he
threw it into a different form; and the firft volume was
publiftied in Auguft 1695, and the fecond in OXober
following. The work was extremely well received by
the public ; but it engaged him in frelh difputes, par¬
ticularly with Mr Jurieu and the abbe Renaudot. Mr
' Jurieu publiflied a piece, wherein he endeavoured to en¬
gage the ecclefiaftical affemblies to condemn the dic¬
tionary; he prefented it to the fenate fitting at Delft,
but they took no notice of the affair. The confiftory
■of Rotterdam granted Mr Bayle a hearing ; and after
Raving heard his anfwers to their remarks on his dic¬
tionary, declared themfelves fatisfied, and advifed him
to communicate this to the public. Mr Jurieu made
another attempt with the confiftory in 1698 ; and fo
far he prevailed with them, that they exhorted Mr
Bayle to be more cautious with regard to his princi¬
ples in the fecond edition of his diXionary; which was
: Vol. III. Part I.
publiihed in 1702, with many additions and improve- Bayjy
ments. li
Mr Bayle was a moll laborious and indefatigable. ay°net~
writer. In one of his letters to Maizeux, he fays,
that fioce his 20th year he hardly remembers to have
had any leifure.- His intenfe application contributed
perhaps to impair his conftitution, for it foon began to
decline. He had a decay of the lungs, which weak,
ened him confiderably; and as this was a diftemper
which had cut off feveral of his-family, he judged it to
be mortal, and would take no remedies. He died the
28th of December 1706, after he had been writing the
greateft part of the day. He wrote feveral books be-
fides what we have mentioned, many of which were in
his own defence againft attacks he had received -from
the abbe Renaudot, Mr Clerk, M. Jaquelot, and others.
Among the produXions which do honour to the age
of Louis XIV. Mr Voltaire has not omitted the Cri¬
tical DiXionary of our author: “ It is the firft work
of the kind (he fays) in which a man may learn to
think.” He cenfures indeed thofe articles which con¬
tain only a detail of minute faXs, as unworthy either
of Bayle, an underftanding reader, or pofterity. “ In
placing him (continues the fame author) amongft the
writers who do honour to the age of Louis- XIV.
ftotwithftanding his being a refugee in Holland, I
only conform to the decree of the parliament of Tho-
loufe, which, when it declared his will valid in France,
notwithilanding the rigour of the law's, exprefsly
faid, that fuch a man could not be cortjidcred as a fo¬
reigner.”
BAYLY (Lewis), author of that moft memorable
book, intitled The Pr afiica of Piety. He was born at
Caermai then in Wales, educated at Oxford, ma^e mi-
nifter of Eveftiam in Worcefterihire about 1S11, be¬
came chaplain to king James, and promoted to the
fee of Bangor in 1616. His book is dedicated to the
high and mighty prince, Charles prince of Wales; and
the author tells his highnefs, that “ he had endeavoured
to extraX out of the chaos of endlefs controverfies the
old praXice of true piety, which flourilhed before thefe
controverfies were hatched.” The defign w'as good ;
and the reception this book has met with may be
knowm from the number of its editions, that in 8vo,
1734, being the fifty-ninth. This prelate died in
1632.
BAYON, a town of France, in Lorrain, feated o»
the river Mofelle. E. Long. 14. 42. N. Lat. 48. 30.
Bavon, or. Bayona, a town of Galicia, in Spain,
feated on a fmall gulph of the Atlantic ocean, about
12 miles from Tuy. It has a very commodious har¬
bour, and the countr y about it is fertile. W. Long.
9. 30. N. Lat. 43. 3.
BAYONET, in the military art, a flrort broad
dagger, formerly with a round handle fitted for the
bore of a firelock, to be fixed there after the foldier
had fired; but they are now made with iron handles
and rings, that go over the muzzle of the firelock, and
are fcrewed fall, fo that the foldier fires with his bayonet
on .the muzzle of his piece, and is ready to aX againfl:
the horfe. This ufe of the bayonet fattened on the
muzzle of the firelock was a great improvement, firft
introduced by the French, and to which, according to
M. Folard, they owed a great part of th^ir viXories in
the laft century; and to the negleX of this in the next
M fuc-
BAY [ 90 ] BAY
Bayonne, fucceeding war, and trufting to tlieir fire, the fame au-
, 'Bays‘ , thor attributes molt of the Ioffes they fuffained. At
the fiege of Malta, a weapon called pila ignea was con¬
trived to oppofe the bayonets, being in fome meafure
the converfe thereof; as the latter confilts of a dagger
added to a fire-arm, the former confifted of a fire-arm
added to a pilum or pike.
Of late the bayonet has come into very general ufe;
and battles have been won by it without firing a fhot.
This way of fighting was chiefly reftored by the late
king of Pruffia, who made his troops rufh forward at
once with bayonets on the enemy.
BAYONNE, a city of Gafcony, in France; feated
near the mouth of the river Adour, which forms a
good harbour. It is moderately large, and of great
importance. It is divided into three parts. The great
town is on this fide the river Nive : the little town is
between the Nive and the Adour; and the fuburbs of
Saint Efprit is beyond this laft river. Both the former
are furrounded with an old wall and a dry ditch, and
there is a fmall caftle in each. That of Great Bayonne
is flanked with four round towers, and is the place
where the governor refides. The new caftle is flanked
with four towers, in the form of baftions. The firft
inclofure is covered with another, compofed of eight
baftions, with a great horn-work, and a half-moon; all
which are encompaffed with a ditch, and a covered
way. There is a communication between the city and
the fuburbs by a bridge, and the fuburbs is well forti¬
fied. The citadel is feated beyond the Adour, on the
fide of the fuburbs abovementioned. The public build¬
ings have nothing remarkable; it is the only city in the
kingdom that has the advantage of two rivers, wherein
the tide ebbs and flows. The river Nive is deeper than
the Adour, but lefs rapid, by which means fhips come
up into the middle of the city. There are two bridges
over this river, by which the old and new town com¬
municate with each other. The trade of this town is
the more confiderable, on account of its neighbourhood
, to Spain, and the great quantity of wines which are
brought hither from the adjacent country- The Dutch
carry off a great number of pipes in exchange for fpi-
ces and other commodities, which they bring thither.
The inhabitants have the privilege of guarding two of
their three gates, and the third is kept by the king.
W. Long. 1. 20. N, Lat. 43. 20.
BAYS, in commerce, a fort of open woollen fluff,
having a long nap, fometimes frized, and fometimes
not. This fluff is without wale; and is wrought in a
loom with two treddles, like flannel. It is chiefly ma-
hufaftured at Colchefter and Bockin in Effex, where
there is a hall called the Dutch-bay hall or ra'w-hall.
This manufafture was firft- introduced into England,
with that of fays, farges, &c. by the Flemings;
who being perfecuted by the duke of Alva for their
religion, fled thither about the fifth of Queen Eliza¬
beth’s reign; and had afterwards peculiar privileges
granted them by aft of parliament 12 Charles II. 1660,
which the bays-makers in the above places ftill enjoy.—
The exportation of bays was formerly much more con¬
fiderable than at prefent when the French have learned
to imitate them. However, the Englifh bays are ftill
fent in great quantities to Spain and Portugal, and
even to Italy. Their chief ufe is for dreffing the
monk.? and rtuns,. and for linings, efpecially in the ar¬
my. The looking-glafs makers alfo ufe them behind BazadoU .
their glaffes, to preferve the tin or quickfilver; and it. ' y
the cafemakers, to line their cafes. The breadth of Bdeiliumy
bays is commonly a yard and a half, a yard and three '
quarters, or two yards, by 42 to 48 in length. Thofe
of a yard and three quarters are moft proper for the
Spanilh trade.
BAZADOIS, a province of Guienne in France,
which makes part of Lower Gafcony. It is a barren
heathy country. Its capital is Bazas.
BAZAR, or Basar, a denomination among the
Turks and Perfians, given to a kind of exchanges, or
places where their fineft fluffs and other wares are
fold. Thefe are alfo called bezcjlins. The word bazar
feems of- Arabic origin, where it denotes fale, or ex-.
change of goods. Some of the eaftern bazars are
open, like the market-places in Europe, and ferve for
the fame ufes, more particularly for the fale of the
bulky and lefs valuable commodities. Others are co¬
vered with lofty ceilings, or even domes, pierced toi give
light; and it is in thefe the jewellers, goldfmiths, and
other dealers in the richer wares, have their Ihops.
The bazar or maidan of Ifpahan is one of the fineft
places in Perfia, and even furpaffes all the exchanges
in Europe; yet, notwithftanding its magnificence, it
is excelled by the bazar of Tauris, which is the largeft
that is known, having feveral times held 30,000 men
ranged in order of battle. At Conftantinople, there
is the old and the new bazar, which are large fquare
buildings, covered with domes, and fuftained by arches
and pilaftres; the former chiefly for arms, harneffes,
and the like ; the latter for goldfmiths, jewelers, fur¬
riers, and all forts of manufafturers.
BAZAS, a town of Guienne in France, capital of
the Bazadois, with a biftiop’s fee. It is built on a
rock, in W. Long. o. 30. N. Lat. 44. 20.
BAZAT, or Baza, in commerce, a long, fine, fpun
cotton, which comes from Jerufalem, whence it is alfo
called Jerufalem-cctton.
BAZGENDGES, in natural hiftory, the name of a
fubftance ufed by the Turks and other eaftern nations
in their fcarlet-dying. They mix it for this purpofe
with cochineal and tartar; the proportions being two
ounces of the bazgendges tq one ounce of cochineal.
Thefe are generally efteemed a fort of fruit, and are
produced on certain trees in Syria and other places
and it is ufually fuppofed, that the fcarcity and dearnefs
of them is the only thing that makes them not ufed in
Europe. But the bazgendges feem to be no other than
the horns of the turpentine-tree in the eaftern parts of
the world; and it is not only in Syria that they are
found, but China alfo affords them. Many things- of
this kind were fent over to Mr Geoffroy at Paris from
China as the fubftances ufed in the fcarlet-dying of
that country, and they all proved wholly the fame with
the Syrian and Turkilh bazgendges, and with the com¬
mon turpentine horns. The lentilk, or maftic-tree, is
alfo frequently found producing many horns of a like
kind with thefe, and of theTame origin, all being owing |
to the pucerons, which make their way into the leaves
to breed their young there.
BDELLIUM, a gummy refinous juice, produced
by a tree in the Eaft Indies, of which we have no fa-
tisfaftory account. It is brought into Europe both
from the Eaft Indies and Arabia. It is in pieces of
different-
Beachy
II
Bead.
vof?”’
198. P
B E A
different fizes and figures, externally of a dark reddilh
brown, fomewhat like myrrh ; internally it is clear,
and not unlike to glue ; to the tafte it is flightly bit-
terifh and pungent ; its odour is very, agreeable. If
held in the mouth, it foon becomes foft and tenacious,
flicking to the teeth. Laid on a red-hot iron, it rea¬
dily catches flame, and burns with a crackling noife,
and in proportion to its goodnefs it is more or lefs
fragrant. Near half of its fubflance diffolves either in
water or in fpirit of wine ; but the tin&ure made with
fpirit is fomewhat ftronger, and by much more agree¬
able. Vinegar, or verjuice, diffolves it wholly. The
limple gum is a better medicine than any preparation
from it. It is one of the weakeft of the deobftruent
gums, but it is ufed as a pedtoral and an emmena-
gogue.
BEAGHY-head, a promontory on thecoaft of Suf-
fex, between Haflings and Shoreham, where the French
defeated the Englilh and Dutch fleet in 1690.
BEACON, a fignal for the better fecuring the king¬
dom from foreign invafions. See Signal.
On certain eminent places of the country are placed
long poles erett, whereon are faftened pitch-barrels
to be fired by night, and fmoke made by day, to give
notice in a few hours to the whole kingdom of an ap¬
proaching invafion. Thefe are commonly called bea¬
cons; whence alfo comes beaconage.—We find beacons
familiarly in ufe among the primitive Britons and
Weftern Highlanders. The befieged capital of one of
our northern dies in the third century aftually lighted
up a fire upon a tower; and Fingal inflantly knew
“ the green flame edged with fmoke” to be a token
of attack and dillrefs *. And' there are to this day
feveral cairns or heaps of Hones upon the heights along
the coafts of the Harries, on which the inhabitants ufed
to burn heath as a fignal of an approaching enemy.
Beacons are alfo marks and figns ere&ed on the
coafts, for guiding and preferving veffels at fea, by
night as well as by day.
The erection of beacons, light-houfes, and fea-marks,
is a branch of the royal prerogative. The king hath
the exclufive power, by commiffion under his great feal,
to'canfe them to be eredted in fit and convenient places,
as well upon the lands of the fubjedt as upon the de-
mefnes of the crown: which power is ufually vefted by
letters patent in the office of lord high admiral. And
by ftatute 8 Eliz. c. 13. the corporation of the trinity-
houfe are impowered to fet up any beacons or fea-
marks wherever they {hall think them neceffary ; and
if the owner of the land or any other perfon (hall de-
ftroy them, or fhall take down any fteeple, tree, or other
known fea-mark, he fhall forfeit 100I. or, in cafe of in¬
ability to pay it, fhall be ipfo fafto outlawed.
BEACONAGE, money paid towards the mainte¬
nance of a beacon. See Beacon.—The word is de¬
rived from the Saxon beacnian, to nod, or ftiow by a
iign,; hence alfo the word beckon.
BE ACONSFIELD, a town of Buckinghamfhire in
England, feated en a hill in the road between London
and Oxford. It has feveral good inns, though not above
100 houfes. W. Long. o. 25. N. Lat. 51. 36.
BEAD, a fmall globule 01 ball ufed in necklaces;
and made of different materials, as pearl, Heel, garnet,
coral, diamond, amber, cryftal, paftes, jglafs, &c.—
The Romanifts make great ufe of beads in rehearfing
B E A
their Ave-Marias and Pater-nofters; and the like
ufage is found among the dervifes and other religious
throughout the Eaft, as well Mahometan as Heathen.
The ancient Druids appear alfo to have had their
beads, many of which are ftill found 5 at leaft, if the
conjecture of an ingenious author may be admitted,
who takes thofe antique glafs globules, having a fnake
painted round them, and called adder-beads, or fnake-
buttons, to have been the beads of our ancient Druids.
See Anguis.
Beads are alfo ufed in fpeaking of thofe glafs glo¬
bules vended to the favages on the coaft of Africa ;
thus denominated, becaufe they are ftrung together for
the convenience of traffic.
The common black glafs of which beads are made
for necklaces, &c. is coloured with manganefe only:
one part of manganefe is fufficient to give a black co¬
lour to near twenty of glafs.
Bead, in architecture, a round moulding, commonly
made upon the edge of a piece of fluff, in the Corin¬
thian and Roman orders, cut or carved in ftiort embofs-
ments, like beads in necklaces.
BEAD-Makers, called by the French paternojlriers,
are thofe employed in the making, ftringing, and fell¬
ing of beads. At Paris there are three companies of
paternoftriers, or bead-makers; one who make them of
glafs or cryftal; another in wood and horn; and the
third m amber, coral, jet, &c.
Bead-Proof, a term ufed by our diftillers to exprefs
that fort of proof of the ftandard ftrength of fpiritu-
ous liquors, which confifts in their having, when fliaken
in a phial, or poured from on high into a glafs, a crown
of bubbles, which ftand on the furface fome time after.
This is efteemed a proof that the fpirit confifts of equal
parts of rectified fpirits and phlegm. This is a fal¬
lacious rule as to the degree of ftrength in the goods;
becaufe any thing that will increafe the tenacity of the
fpirit, will give it this proof, though it be under the
due ftrength. Our malt-diftillers fpoil the greater
part of their goods, by leaving too much of the {link¬
ing oil of the malt in their fpirit, in order to give it
this proof when fomewhat under the ftandard ftrength.
But this is a great deceit on the purchafers of malt fpi¬
rits, as they have them by this means not only weaker
than they ought to be, but {linking with an oil that
they are not eafily cleared of afterwards. On the other
hand, the dealers in brandy, who ufually have the art
of fophifticating it to a great nicety, are in the right
when they buy it by the ftrongeft bread-proof, as the
grand mark of the beft; for being a proof of the brandy
containing a large quantity of its oil, it is, at the fame
time, a token of its high flavour, and of its being ca¬
pable of bearing a very large addition of the common
fpirits of our own produce, without betraying their fla¬
vour, or lofing its own. We value the French brandy
for the quantity of this effential oil of the grape which
it contains; and that with good' reafon, as it is with us
principally ufed for drinking as an agreeably flavoured
cordial: but the French themfelves, when they want it
for any curious purpofes, are as careful in the rectifi¬
cations of it, and take as much pains to clear it from
.this oil, as we do to free our malt fpirit from that nau-
feous and fetid oil which it originally contains.
Bead-RoII, among Papifts, a lift of fuch perfons, for
the reft of whofe fouls they are obliged to repeat a ccr-
M 2 tain
[ 91 1
it;
Eeadls
I)
Beam.
B E A [ 92 ] B E A
tain number of prayers, which they count by means of
their beads.
BeAix-Tree. See Melia.
BEADLE, (from the Saxon by del, a monger), a
crier or meffenger of a court, who cites perfons to ap¬
pear and anfwer. Called alio a fummoner or apparitor.
—Beadle is alfo an officer at an univerixty, whofe chief
bufinefs is to walk before the mafters with a mace, at
all public proceffioits.—There are alfo church-beadles,
whofe office is well known.
BEAGLES, a fmall fort of hounds or hunting dogs.
Beagles are of divers kinds} as the fouthern beagle,
fomething lefs and Ihorter, but thicker, than the deep-
mouthed hound; the fleet, northern or cat beagle, fmaller,.
and of a finer lhape than the fouthern, and a harder
runner. From the two, by croffing the lirains, is bred
a third fort held preferable to either. To thefe may
be added a ftill fmaller fort of beagles, fcarce bigger
than lap-dogs, which make pretty diverfion in hunting
the coney, or even fmall hare in dry weather ; but o-
therwife unferviceable, by reafon of their fize.
BEAK, the bill or nib of a bird. See Ornitho¬
logy.
Beak, or Beak-head, of a (hip, that part without
the Ihip, before the fore-caftle, which is faftened to the
Hem, and is fupported by the main knee.
The beak, called by the Greeks ^So\ov, by the La¬
tins rojlrum, was an important part in the ancient Ihips
of war, which were hence denominated naves rojh atec.
The beak was made of wood ; but fortified with brafs,.
and faftened to the prow, ferving to annoy the enemies
veflels. Its invention is attributed to Pifceus an Italian.
The firft beaks were niade long and high ; but after¬
wards a Corinthian, named Arijlo, contrived t'o make
them Ihort and ftrong, and placed fo low, as'to pierce
the enemies veflels under water. By the help of thefe
great havock was made by the Syracufians in the A-
thenian fleet.
BEAKED, in heraldry, a term ufed to exprefs the
beak or bill of a bird. When the beak and legs of a
fowl are of a different tin ft are from the body, we fay.
beaked and tnembered offuch a tin dure.
BEALE (Mary), particularly diftinguifhed by her
Ikill in painting, was the daughter of Mr Craddock,
nknifter of Waltham upon Thames, and learned the ru¬
diments of her art from Sir Peter Lely. She painted
in oil, water-colours, and crayons, and had much bufi¬
nefs ; her portraits were in the Italian ftyle, which fhe
acquired by copying piftures and drawings from Sir
Peter Lely’s and the royal colleftions. Her mafter,
fays Mr Walpole, was fuppofed to have had a tender
attachment to her j but as he was referved in commu¬
nicating to her all the refources of his pencil, it pro¬
bably was a gallant rather than a fuccefsful one. Dr
Woodfall wrote feveral pieces to her honour, under the
name of Belejia. Mrs Beale died in Pall-mall, on the
28th of Dec. 1697, aged 65. Her paintings have
much nature, but the colouring is ftiff and heavy.
BEALT, Bealth, or Builth, a town of Breck-
nockfhire in South Wales, pleafantly feated on the ri¬
ver Wye. It confifts of about 100 houfes, whofe in¬
habitants have a trade in dockings. W. Long. 4. 10.
N. Lat. 52. 4.
BEAM, in architefture, the largeft piece of wood
in a building, which Kes crofs the walls, and ferves to
fupport the principal rafters of the roof, and into which Beam j
the feet of thefe rafters are framed. No building has jJT ■!
lefs than two of thefe beams, viz. one at each end ; and < ■ t ’ n*
into thefe the girders of the garret roof are alfo framed.
The proportion of beams in or near London, are fixed
by llatute, as follows: a beam 15 feet long, muft be
7 inches on one fide its fquare, and 5 on the other ; if
it be 16 feet long, one fide mull be 8 inches, the other
6, and fo proportionably to their lengths. In the coun-
try, where wood is more plenty, they ufually make
their beams- ftronger.
Beams of a Ship are the great main , crofs-timbers
which hold the fides of the fliip from falling together,
and which alfo fupport the decks and orlops : the main
-beam is next the main-maft, and from it they are rec-
koned by firft:, fecond, third beam, &c. the greateit
beam of all ic called the midjhip beam.
BEAM-Compafs, an inftrument confifting of a fquare
wooden or brafs beam, having Aiding fockets, that-
carry fteel or pencil points; they are ufed fordefcribing
large circles, where the Common compafles are ufelefs.
BsAM-Bird, or Petty-chaps. See Mot.acilla.
Beam alfo denotes the lath, or iron, of a pair of'
fcales ; fometimes the whole apparatus for weighing of
goods is fo called : Thus we fay, it weighs fo much at'
the king’s beam. " '
Beam of a Plough, that in which all the parts of
the plough-tail are fixed. See Agriculture, n° 83.
&c.
Beam, or Roller, among- weavers, a long and thick
wooden cylinder, placed kngthwife on the back-part
of the loofti of thofe who work with a ftuittle. That
cylinder, on which the ftuff is rolled as it is weaved, is.
alfo called the beam, or roller, and is placed on the fore¬
part of the loom.
BE AMINSTER, a town ofDorfetlhire in England,
feated on the river Bert, inW. Long. 2. 50. N» Lat. 52.
45-
BEAN, in botany-. See Vicia,
The andents made ufe of beans in gathering the
votes of the people, and for the eleftion of magi-
ftrates. A white bean fignified ahfolution, and a black
one condemnation. . Beans had a myfterious ufe in the
leniuralia and parentalia ; where the mafter of the
family, after wafhing, was to throw a fort of black
beans over his head, ftill repeating the words, “ I re¬
deem myfelf and family by thefe beans.” Ovid * gives *Fafl. H£.$i
a lively defcription of the whole ceremony in verfe.—v- 43a* I
Abftinence from beans was enjoined by Pythagoras, one
of whofe fymbols is, arf^fo-Sai, abfline ft fabis.
The Egyptian priefts held it a crime to look at beans,
judging the very fight unclean. The1 flamsn dialis was-
not permitted even to mention the name. The precept,
of Pythagoras has been varioully interpreted : fome
underftand it of forbearing to meddle in trials and ver-
difts,. which were then by throwing beans into an urn ;
others, building on the equivoque of the word
which equally fignifies a bean and a human tejlicle, ex¬
plain it by abftaining from venery. Clemens Alexan-
drinus grounds the abftinence from beans on this, that
they render women barren ; which is confirmed by
Theophraftus, who extends the effeft even to plants.
Cicero fuggefts another reafon for this abftinence, vizt
that beans are great enemies to tranquillity of mind.
For a reafon of this kind # is, thatAmphiaraus is faitl
to
B E A - [ 93 ] B E A
to have aUlaioed from beans, even before Pythagoras,
that he might enjoy'a clearer divinatioa by dreams.
Beans, as"food for horfes. See Farriery, $ i. 6.
Bean-Caper. See Zygofhyllum.
Bran-Cod, a fmall fifhing veffel, or pilot-boat, com¬
mon on the fea-coads and in the rivers of Portugal. It
is extremely (harp forward, having its ftem bent inward
above into a great curve : the item is alfo plated on the
fore-fide with iron, into which a number of bolts are
driven, to fortify it, and reiiil the ftroke of another
veifel, which may fall athwart-haufe. It is commonly
navigated wdth a large lateen fail, which extends over
the whole length of the deck, and is accordingly well
fitted to ply-to wind ward.
BEAN-Fiour, called by the Romans lomentum, was
of fome repute among- the ancient ladies as a cof-
metic, wherewith to fmooth the ilcin, and take away
wrinkles.
Bean-FIj, in natural hiilory, the name given by
authors to a very beautiful (ly, of a pale purple colour,
frequently found on bean-flowers. It is produced from
the worm or maggot called by authors midm.
BuAN-GoeJ'e, in ornithology. See Anas.
Kidney-BEAN. Seg Phaseolus.
Makicca-BEAN$, or /Jnacardta, the fruit of a tree
growing in Malabar and other parts of the Eait Indies,
fuppofed by fome to be the Avicennia tomentofa}
by others, the J!>outia germinanj. The fruit is of a
fliining black colour, of the fhape of a heart flattened,
about an inch long, terminating at one end in an ob-
tufe point, and adhering by the other to a wrinkled
ftalk : it contains within two fhells a kernel, of a fweet-
ifh tafte : betwixt the fhells is lodged a thick and acrid
juice.
The medicinal virtues of anacardia have been great¬
ly difputed. Many have attributed to them the facul¬
ty of comforting the brain and nerves,, fortifying th»
memory, and quickening the intellectand hence a
confedtion made from them has been dignified with the
title of confettio fapientum ; others think it better de-
ferves the name of confettio fulcrum, and mention in-
ftances of its continued ufe having rendered people ma¬
niacal. But. the kernej. of anacardium is not different
in quality from that of almonds. The ill effedts attri¬
buted to this fruit belong only to the juice contained
betwixt the kernels, whofe acrimony is fo great, that
it is faid to be employed by the Indians as a cauliic.
This juice is recommended externally fortetters,freckles,
and other cutaneous deformities; which it removes
only by exculcerating or excoriating the part, fa that
a new fkin comes-underneath.
BEAR, in-zoology. See Uasus.
Sea-BEAR. See Phoca.
Bear, in aftronomy. See Ursa.
Order of the Bear was a military order in Switzer¬
land, eredted by the Emperor Frederick II. in 1213,
by way of acknowledgment for the fervice the Swiis
had done him, and* in favour of the abbey of St Gaul.
To the collar of the order hung a medal, on which was
reprefented a bear raifed on an eminence of earth..
BEAR’s-Breecb,.mbotmy. See Acanthus.
Bear’s-Flejh was much, efleemed by the ancients.-:
even at this day, the paw of a bear falted and fmoked
is ferved up at the table of princes.
Bear’s Greafe, was formerly efteemed a fovereign re¬
medy againft cold diforders, efpecially rheumatifms.
It is now much ufed in dreffing ladies and gentlemens
hair. v.
Bear’s Skin makes a fur in great efleem, and on
which depends a confiderable article of commerce,being
ufed in houlings, on coach-boxes, &c. In fome coun¬
tries, clothes are made of it, more efpecially bags
wherein to keep the feet warm in fevere colds. Of the
flcins of bears cubs are made gloves, muffs, and the like.
BEARALSTON, a poor town of Devonftnre,
which, howeyer, is a borough by prcfcription, and
fends two members to parliament.
BEARD, the hair growing on the chin and adja¬
cent parts of the face, chiefly of adults and males. •
Various have been the ceremonies and cuftomsof moll
nations in regard of the beard. The'Tartars, out of
a religious principle, waged a long and bloody war
with the Perfians, declaring them infidels, merely be-
caufe they. Would not cut their whilkers after the rite
of Tartary :.. and we find, that a confiderable branch
©f the religion of the ancients confifled in tire manage¬
ment of their beard. The Greeks wore their beards
till the time of Alexander the Great-; that prince ha¬
ving ordered the Macedonians to be fliaved, for fear it
ftrould give a handle to their enemies. According to
Pliny, the Romans did not begin to flrave till the yeay
of Rome 4?4, when P. Ticinius brought over a flock
of barbers from Sicily.—Perfons ,of quality had their
children {hared tire firft time by others of the-fame or
greater quality, who, by this means, became god¬
father or adoptive.father of the children. Anciently,,
indeed, a perfon became god-father of the child by
barely touching his beard : thus hiflorians relajte, that
one of the articles of the treaty between Alaric and
Clovis was, that Alaric flieuld touch the beard of
Clovis to become his god-father.
As to ecclefiaftics, the diicipline has been very dif¬
ferent on the article of beards fometimes they have
been enjoined to wear them, from a notion oftoo much
effeminacy in {having, and that a long beard was more
fuitahle to the ecclefiaftical gravity ; and fometimea.
again they were forbid it, as imagining pride to lurk
beneath a venerable beard. The Greek and Roman
churches have been long together by the ears about
their beards: fince the time of their feparation, the
Romanifts feem to have given more into the pradb'ce of
{having, by way of oppofition to the Greeks; and have
even made fome exprefs conflitutions de radendis barhit°
The Greeks, on the contrary, efpoufe veiy zealoufly
the caufe 6f long beards, and are extremely fcandalized
at the beardlefs images of faints in the Roman churches.
By the flatties of fome monafteries it appears, that the-
lay-monks were to let their beards grow, and the priefts-
among them to .fhave ; and that the beards of all that
were received into the monafteries, were bleffed with a-
great deal of ceremony.. There are ftill extant the
prayers ufed in the folemnity of confecrating the beards
to God,, when an ecclefiaftic was.{haven.
Le Comte obferves, that the Chinefe affhft long-
beards extravagantly ; but nature has balked them, and
only given them very little ones, which, however, they
cultivate with infinite care: the Europeans are ftrange-
ly envied by them on this account, and efteemed the
greateft men in the world. Chryfoftom obferves, that
the kings of Perfia had their beards wove or matted to
gether
BeaP
Beard.
B E A [ 94 J B E A
■Bear'd, gather with gold-thread; and fome of the firft kings of
—"V France had their beards knotted and buttoned with
g°ld-
Among the Turks, it is more infamous for any
one to have his beard cut off, than among us to be
publicly whipt or branded with a hot iron. There
are abundance in that country, who would pre¬
fer death to this kind of punifhment. The Arabs
make the prefervation of their beards a capital point
of religion, becaufe Mahomet never cut his. Hence the
razor is never drawn over the Grand Signior’s face.
The Perfians, who clip them, and (have above the jaw,
are reputed heretics. It is likewife a mark of autho¬
rity and liberty among them, as well as among the
Turks. They who ferve in the feraglio, have their
beards rtiaven, as a fign of their fervitude. They do
not fuffer it to grow till the fultan has fet them at liber¬
ty, which is beftowed as a reward upon them, and is
always accompanied with, fome employment.
The moil celebrated ancient writers, and feveral
modern ones, have fpoken honourably of the fine
beards of antiquity. Homer fpeaks highly of the
white beard of Neftor and that of old king Priam.
Virgil defcribes Mezentius’s to us, which was fo thick
and long as to cover all-his breaft ; Chryfippus praifes
the noble beard of Timothy, a famous ^player on the
flute. Pliny the younger tells us of the white beard
of Euphrates, a Syrian philofoph.er ; and he takes plea-
fure in relating the refpeft mixed with fear with which
it infpired the people. Plutarch fpeaks of the long
white beard of an old Laconian, who, being alked why
he let it grow fo, replied, 'Tis that, feeing continually
my nuhite heard, I.may do nothing unworthy of its white-
tieft. Strabo relates, that the Indian philofophers, the
Gymnofophifts, were particularly attentive to make the
length of their beards contribute to captivate the vene¬
ration of the people. Diodorus, after him, gives a
very particular and circumftantial hiftory of the beards
of the Indians. Juvenal does not forget that of An-
tilochus the fon of Neftor. • Fenelon, in defcribing a
prieft of Apollo in all his magnificence, tells us, that
he had a white beard down to his girdle. But Per-
fius feems to outdo all thefe anthors : this poet was
fo convinced that a beard was the fymbol of wifdom,
that he thought he could not beftow a greater enco¬
mium on the divine Socrates, than by calling him the
Bearded mafter, Magifrum harbatum.
While the Gauls were under their fovereignty,
none but the nobles and Chriftian priefts were per¬
mitted to wear long beards. The Franks having
made themfelves mailers of Gaul, afiumed the fame
authority as the Romans: the bondfmen were ex-
prefsly ordered to (have their chins ; and this law
continued in force until the entire aboliihment of fer¬
vitude in France. So likewife, in the time of the firft
race of kings, a long beard was a fign of nobility and
freedom. The kings, as being the higheft nobles
in their kingdom, were emulous likewife to have the
largeft beard: Eginard, fecretary to Charlemain,
fpeaking of the laft kings of the firft race, fays, they
came to the aflemblies in the Field of Mars in a car¬
riage drawn by oxen, and fat on the throne with their
hair diftieyelled, and a very long beard, crine profafo,
harla fuhnijfa, folio reft derent, et fpeciem dominant is ef-
dngerent.
2
To touch any one’s beard, or cut off a bit of it,
was, among the firft French, the moft facred pledge of
proteftion and confidence. For a longtime all letters
that came from the fovereign had, for greater fan£tion,
three hairs of his beard in the feal. There is ftill in
being a charter of 1121, which concludes with the
following words : Quod ut ratum etflabile perfeveret in
poferum, prafentis fcripto Jigilli mei robur appofui eum
tribus pilis barb a meee.
Several great men have honoured themfelves with
the furname of Bearded. The Emperor Conftaritine
is diftinguilhed by the epithet of -Pogonate, which fig-
nifies the Bearded. In the time of the Crufades, we
find there was a Geffrey the Bearded; Baldwin IV.
Earl of Flanders, was fufnamed Handfome-beard; and,
in the illuftrious houfe of Montmorenci, there was a
famous Bouchard, who took a pride in the furname of
Bearded: he w'as always the declared enemy of the
monks, without doubt, becaufe of tHeir being lhaved.
In the tenth century, we find, that King Robert
^of France) the rival of Charles the Simple, was not
.more famous for his exploits than for his long white
beard. In order that it might be more confpicuous to
the foldiers when he w'as in the field, he ufed to let it
hang down outfide his cuirafs : this venerable fight en¬
couraged the troops in battle, and ferved to rally them
when they were defeated.
A celebrated painter in Germany, called John Mayo,
had fuch a large beard that he was nicknamed John
the Bearded: it was fo long that he wore it faftened
to his girdle; and though he was a very tall man, it
would hang upon the ground when he ftood upright.
Fie took the greateft care of this extraordinary beard ;
fometimes he would untie it before the Emperor
Charles V. who took great pleafure to fee the wind
make it fly againft the faces of the lords of his court.
In England, the famous chancellor Thomas More,
one of the greateft men of his time, being on the point
of falling a viftim to court intrigues, was able, when
on the fatal fcaffold, to procure refpecl to his beard in
prefence of all the people, and faved it, as one may
fay, from the fatal ftroke which he could not efcape
himfelf. When he had laid his head on the block, he
perceived that his beard was likely to be hurt by the
axe of the executioner; on which he took it away,
faying. My beard has not been guilty of treafon; it
would be an injuflice to p'unijh it.
But let us turn our eyes to a more flattering
objeft, and admire the beard of the belt of kings, the
ever precious beard of the great Henry IV. of France,
which diffufed over the countenance of that prince a
majeftic fweetnefs and amiable opennefs, a beard ever
dear to pofterity, and which fhould ferve as a model
for that of every great king ; as the beard of his il¬
luftrious minifter flrould for that of every minifter.
But what dependence is there to be put on the liabi¬
lity of the things of this world ? By an event, as fatal
as unforefeen, the beard, which was arrived at its higheft
degree of glory, all of a fudden loft its favour, and was
at length entirely profcribed. The unexpefted death
of Henry the Great, and the youth of his fucceffor,
were the foie caufe of it.
Louis XIII. mounted the throne of his glorious
anceftors without a beard. Every one concluded im¬
mediately, that the courtiers, feeing their-young1 king
with
Beard.
B E A
Beard, with a fmooth chin, would look upon their own as too
rough. The conjefture proved right; for they pre-
ill fently reduced their beards to whiflters, and a fmall
tuft of hair under the nether lip.
IThe people at firll would not follow this dangerous
example. The Duke of Sully never would adopt this
effeminate cuftom. This man, great both as a gene¬
ral and a minifter, was likewife fp in his retirement:
he had the courage to- keep his long beard, and to ap¬
pear with it at the court of Louis XIII. where he
was called to give his advice in an affair of importance.
The young crop-bearded courtiers laughed at the fight
H * of his grave look and old-fafhioned phiz. The duke,
1 , nettled at the affront put on his fine beard, faid to the
king, “ Sir, when your father, of glorious memory,
jr . did me the honour to confult me on his great and im¬
portant affairs, the firft thing he did was to fend away
all the buffoons and ftage-dancers of his court.”
The Czar Peter, who had fo many claims to the
furname pf Great, feems to have been but little wor¬
thy of it on this occafion. He had the holdnefs to
lay a tax on the beards of his fubjedls. He ordered
that the noblemen and gentlemen, tradefmen and ar-
tifans (the priefts and peafants excepted), fhould pay
loo rubles to be able to retain their beards ; that the
lower clafs of people fhould pay a copeck for the fame
liberty ; and he eftablifhed clerks at the gates of the
different towns to colled! thefe duties, Such a new
I and fingular impoft troubled the vaft empire of Rufiia.
Both religion and manners were thought in danger.
Complaints were heard from all parts; they even went
fo far as to write libels againft the fovereign ; but he
was inflexible, and at that time powerful. Even the
fatal fcenes of St Bartholomew were renewed againft
thefe unfortunate beards, and the moft unlawful vio¬
lences were publicly exercifed. The razor and fciffars
were every where made ufe of. A great number, to
avoid thefe cruel extremities, obeyed with reludlant
fighs. Some of them carefully preferved the fad trim¬
mings of their chins: and, in order to be never fepara-
| ted from thefe dear locks, ordered that they fhould be
placed with them in their coffins. .
Example, more powerful than authority, produced
in Spain what it had not been able to bring about in
Ruffia without great difficulty. Philip V. afcended
the throne with a (haved chin. The courtiers imitated
the prince, and the people, in turn, the courtiers.
However, though this revolution was brought about
without violence and by degrees, it caufed much la¬
mentation and murmuring; the gravity of the Spaniards
loft by the change. The favourite cuftom of a nation
can never be altered without incurring difpleafure.
They have this old faying in Spain : Defde que no hay
barba, no hay mas alma. “ Since wc have loft'our
beards, we have loft our fouls.”
Among the European nations that have been moft
curious in beards and whifkers, we> muft diftinguilh
Spain. This grave romantic nation has always regard-
i ed the beard as the ornament which ffiould be moft
prized; and the Spaniards have often made the lofs-of
honour confift in that of their whiflcers. The Portu-
guefe, whofe national charafter is much the fame, are
not the lead behind them in that refpeft. In the reign
of Catherine Queen of Portugal, the brave John de
B E A
Cuftro had juft taken in India the caftle of Diu : vie-
torious, but in want of every thing, he found himfelf
obliged to aik the inhabitants of Goa to lend him a
thoufand piftoles for the maintenance of his fleet; and,
as a fecurity for that fum, he fent them one of his
whifkers, telling them, “ All the gold in the world
cannot equal the value of this natural ornament of my
valour; and Ldepofite it in your hands as a fecurity
for the money.” The whole town was penetrated
with this heroifm, and every one interefted himfelf a-
bout this invaluable whifker: even the women were
defirous to give marks of their zeal for fo brave a man:
feveral fold their bracelets to increafe the fum afkcd
for; and the inhabitants of Goa fent him immediately
both the money and his whifker. A number of other
examples of this kind might be produced., which do
as much honour to whifkers as to the good.faith of
thofe days.
In Louis XIII.’s reign, whifkers attained the higheft1
degree of favour, at the expence of the expiring
beards. In thofe days of gallantry, not yet empoifon-
ed by wit, they became the favourite occupation of
lovers. A fine black whifker, elegantly turned up,
was a very powerful mark of dignity with the fair fex.
Whifkers were ftill in fafhion in the beginning of
Louis XIV.’s reign. This king, and all the great
men of his reign, took a pride in wearing them. They
were the ornament of Turenne, Conde, Colbert, Cor¬
neille, Moliere, See. It was then no uncommon thing
for a favourite lover to have his whifkers turned up,
combed, and pomatumed, by his mifttefs; and, for
this purpofe, a man of fafhion took care to be always
provided with every little neceffary article, efpecially.
whifker-wax. It was highly flattering to a lady'to have
it in her power to praife the beauty of her lover’s whif¬
kers ; which, far from being difgulting, gave his per-
fon an air of vivacity : feveral even thought them an
incitement to love. It feems the levity of the French
made them undergo feveral changes, both in form and
name : there were Spanijb, Turkijh, guard-dagger. See.
whifkers; in Ihort, royal ones, which were the laft
worn : their fmallnefsproclaimed their approaching fall.
Confecration of the Bears was a ceremony among
the Roman youth, who,, when they were fhaved the
firft time, kept a day of rejoicing, and were particu¬
larly careful to put the hair of their beard into a filver
or gold box, and make an offering of it to fome god,
particularly to Jupiter Capitolinus, as was done by
Nero, according to Suetonius.
Kijfing the Bears. The Turkifh wives kifs their
hufbands beards, and children their fathers, as often as
they come to falute them. The men kifs one another’s .
beards reciprocally on both fides, when they falute in
the ftreets, or come off from any journey.
The Fajhion of the Beard has varied in, different
ages and countries; fome cultivating and entertaining
one part of it, fome another. Thus the Hebrews wear ,
a beard on their chin ; hut not on the upper-lip or
cheeks. Mofes forbids them to cut off entirely the
angle or extremity of their beard; that is, to manage
it after the Egyptian fafhion, who left only a little tuft
of beard at the extremity of their chin ; whereas the
Jew’s to this day fuffer a little fillet of hair to grow
from the,lower end of their ears to. their chins, where,
as.
[ 95 1
Beard.
B E A C 96 ] B E A
as well as on their lower-lips, their beards are in a pretty
long bunch. The Jews, in time of mourning, ne-
gledted to trim their beards, that is, to cut off what
grew fuperfluous on the upper-lips and cheeks. In
time of grief and great afflidion they alfo plucked off
the hair of their beards.
Anointing the Beard with unguents is an ancient
pradice both among the Jews and Romans, and itill
continues in ufe among the Turks; where one of the
principal ceremonies obferved in ferious viiits is to
throw fvveet-fcented water on the beard of the vifi-
tant, and to perfume it afterwards with aloes-wood,
which flicks to this moifture, and gives it an agreeable
fmell, &c. In middle-age writers we meet with adlen-
tare barbam, ufed for ftroking and combing it, to
render it foft .and flexible. The Turks, when they
comb their beards, hold a handkerchief,on their knees,
and gather very carefully the hairs that fall; and when
they have got together a certain quantity, they fold
them up in paper, and carry them to the place where
they bury the dead.
Beard of a Comet, the rays which the comet emits
towards that part of the heaven to which its proper
motion feems to dired it; in which the beard of a co¬
met is diflinguifhed from the tail, which is underflood
of the rays emitted towards that part from whence its
motion feems to carry it.
Beard of a Horfe, that part underneath the lower
mandible on the outfide and above the chin, which bears
the curb. It is alfo called the chuck. It fhould have
bu! little flefh upon it, without any chops, hardnefs,
orfwelling; and be neither too high raifednor too flat,
but fuch as the curb may reft in its right place.
Beard of a Mufcle, oyfter, or the like, denotes an
■affemblage of threads or hairs, by which thofe animals
fallen themfelves to flones. The hairs of this beard
terminate -in a fiat fpongy fubftance, which being ap¬
plied to the furface of a ftone, flicks thereto, like the
wet leather ufed by boys.
Beards, in the hiftory of infeds, are two fmall,
oblong, flefliy bodies, placed juft above the trunk, as
in the gnats, and in the moths and butterflies.
BEARDED, denotes a perfon or thing with a beard,
or fome refemblance thereof. The faces on ancient
Greek and Roman medals are generally bearded. Some
are denominated pogonati, as having long beards, e^g.
the Parthian kings. Others have only a lanugo about
the chin, as the Seleucid family. Adrian was the firft
of the Rpman emperors who nourifhed his beard:
hence all imperial medals before him are leardlefs;
after him, bearded.
Bearded Women have been all obferved to want the
menftrual difeharge ; and feveral inftances are given by
Hippocrates, and other phyficians, of grown women,
efpecially widows, in whom the menfes coming to flop,
beards appeared. Eufebius Nierembergius mentions a
woman who had a beard reaching to her navel.
Of women remarkably bearded we have feveral in-
ftances. In the cabinet of curiofities of Stutgard in
Germany, there is the portrait of a woman called Bartel
Graetje, whofechin is covered with a very large beard.
She was drawn in 1587, at which time fhe was but
25 years of age. There is likewife in the fame cabi¬
net another portrait of her when fhe was more advan¬
ced in life, but likewife with a beard.— It is faid, that
N°43- 3
the Duke of Saxony had the portrait of a poor Swifs
woman taken, remarkable for her long bufhy beard ;
and thofe who were at the carnival at Venice in 1726,
faw a female dancer aftonifli the fpeftators not more by
her talents than by her chin covered with a black bufhy
beard.—Charles XII. had in his army a female grena¬
dier: it was neither courage nor a beard that fhe want¬
ed to be a man. She was taken at the battle of Pul-
towa, and carried to. Peterfburg, where fhe was pre-
fented to the Czar in 1724: her beard meafured a
yard and a half.—We read in the Trevoux Dhftionary,
that there was a woman feen at Paris, who had not
only a buftiy beard on her face, but her body likewife
covered all over with hair. Among a number of other
examples of this nature, that of Margaret, the go-
vernefs of the Netherlands, is very remarkable. She
had a very long fliff beard, which fiie -prided herfelf
on ; and being perfuaded that it contributed to give
her an air of majefty, fhe took'care not to lofe a hair
of it. This Margaret was a very great woman.—It
is .faid, that the Lombard women, when they were at
war, made themfelves beards with the hair of their
heads, which they ingenioufly arranged on their cheeks,
in order that the enemy, deceived by the likenefs,
might take them for men. It is afierted, after Suidas,
that in a fimilar cafe the Athenian women did as much.
Thefe women were more men than (Jur Jemmy-Jeffamy
countrymen. —About a century ago, the French ladies
adopted the mode of dreffing their hair in fuch a man¬
ner that curls hung down their cheeks as far as their
bofom. Thefe curls went by the name of ivhi/kers.
This cuftom undoubtedly was not invented, after the
example of the Lombard women, to fright the men.
Neither is it vrith intention to carry on a very bloody
war, that in our time they have affedled to bring for¬
ward the h^ir of the temple on the cheeks. The dif-
covery feems to have been a fortunate one: it gives
them a tempting, roguifh look.
BEARERS, in heraldry. See Supporters.
BEARING, in navigation, an arch of the horizon
intercepted between the neareft meridian and any di-
ftinct objedl, either difcovered by the eye, or refulting
from the finical proportion ; as in the firft cafe, at
4 P. M. Cape Spade, in the ifie of Candia, bore S. by
W. by the compafs. In the fecond, the longitudes
and latitudes of any two places being given, and con-
fequently the difference pf latitude and longitude be¬
tween them, the bearing from one to the other is dif-
covefed by the following analogy:
As the meridional difference of latitude
Is to the difference of longitude ;
So is radius
To the tangent bearing.
Bearing is alfo the fituation of any diftant objecl,
eftimated from fome part of the ftffp according to her
pofition. In this fenfe, an objeft fo difeovered muft
be either ahead, aftern, abreaft on the bow, or on the
quarter. Thefe bearings, therefore, which may be
called mechanical, are on the beam, before the beam,
abaft the beam, on the bow, on the quarter, ahead,
or aftern. If the fhip fails with a fide-wind, it alters
the names of fuch bearings in fome meafure, fince a
diftant objeft on the beam is then faid to be to leeward
or to windward; on the lee-quarter or bow, and on
the weather-quarter or bow.
Bearing
B E A L 97 1 B E A
Bearing Bearing, in the fea-knguage. When a ihip'fails
Beift t°war^s A® fhore, before the wind, fhe is faid to bear
e* in with the land or harbour. To let the fhip fail more
before the wind, is to bear up. To put her right be¬
fore the wind, is to bear round. A fhip that keeps off
from the land, is faid to bear off. When a fhip that
was to windward comes under a fhip’s flern, and fo
gives her the wind, fhe is faid to bear under her lee, Sec.
There is another fenfe of this word, in reference to the
burden of a fhip; for they fay a fhip bears, when,
having too flender or lean a quarter, fhe will fink too
deep into the water with an overlight freight, and
thereby can c; .ry but a fmall quantity of goods.
Bearings, in heraldry, a term ufed to exprefs a
coat of arms, or the figures of armories by which the
nobility and gentry are diftinguifhed from the vulgar
and from one another. See Heraldry.
Bearing-CIwws, among cock-fighters, denote the
foremoft toes, on which the bird goes; and if they be
hurt or gravelled, he cannot fight.
Bearing of a Stag, is ufed in refpeft of the ftate of
his head, or the croches which he bears on his horns.
If you be afked what a Hag bears, you are only to rec¬
kon the croches, and never to exprefs an odd number:
as, if he have four croches on his near horn and five
on his far, you mutt fay he bears ten ; a falfe right on
his near horn : if but four on the near horn and fix on
the far horn, you mutt fay he bears twelve ; a double
falfe right on the near horn.
BEARN, a province of France, bounded on the
eaft by Bigorre, on the fouth by the mountains of Ar-
ragon, on the well by Soule and part of Navarre,
and on the north by Gafcony and Armagnac. It lies
at the foot of the Pyrenasan mountains, being about
16 leagues in length and f2 in breadth. In general
it is but a barren country ; yet the plains yield con-
liderable quantities of flax, and a good quantity of
Indian corn called masthc. The mountains are rich
in mines of iron, copper, and lead; fome of them
alfo are covered with vines, and others with pine trees;
and they give rife to feveral mineral fprings, and two
confiderable rivers, the one called the Gave of Oleron,
and the other the Gave of Beam. Some wine is ex¬
ported from this country ; and the Spaniards buy up
great numbers of the horfes and cattle, together with
moft of their linen, of which there is a confiderable
manufactory. The principal places are Pau, Lefcar,
Ortez, Novarreins, Sallies, and Oleron.
BEAST, in a general fenfe, an appellation given to
all four-footed animals, fit either for food, labour, or
fport.
Beasts of Burden, in a commercial fenfe, all four-
footed animals which ferve to carry merchandizes on
their backs. The beatts generally ufed for this pur-
pofe, are elephants, dromedaries, camels, horfes, mules,
attes, and the fiieep of Mexico and Peru.
Beasts of the Chafe are five, viz. the buck, the doe,
the fox, the roe, and the martin.
Beasts and Fowls of the Warren, are the hare, the
coney, the pheafant, and partridge.
Beasts of the Foreft are the hart, hind, hare, boar,
and wolf.
Beast, among gamefters, a game at cards, played
in this manner: The beft cards are the king, queen,
&c. whereof they make three heaps, the king, the
Vol. III. Parti.
play, and troilet. Three, four, or five, may play; Beat
and to every one is dealt five cards. However, before N
the play begins, every one Hakes to the three heaps.. eatCl-
He that wins moft tricks, takes up the heap called the
play; he that hath the king, takes up the heap fo
called; and he that hath three of any fort, that is,
three fours, three fives, three fixes, &c. takes up the
troilet heap.
BEAT, in a general fignification, fignifies to chaf-
life, ftrike, knock, or vanquifh.
This word has feveral other fignifications in the ma¬
nufactures, and in the arts and trades. Sometimes it
fignifies to forge aqd hammer; in which fenfe fmiths
and farriers fay, to beat iron. Sometimes it means to
pound, to reduce into powder: Thus we fay, to beat
drugs, to beat pepper, to beat fpices; that is to fay, to
pulverize them.
Beat, in fencing, denotes a blow or ftreke given
with the fword. There are two kinds of beats; the
firft performed with the foible of a man's fword on the
foible of his adverfary’s, which in the fchools is com¬
monly called baterie, from the French bat re, and is
chiefly ufed in a purfuit, to make an open upon the
adverfary. The fecond and bett kind of beat is per¬
formed with the fort of a man’s fword upon the foible
of his adverfary’s, not with a fpring, as in binding,
but with a jerk or dry beat; and is therefore moft pro¬
per for the parades without or within the fword, be-
catife of the rebound a man’s fword has thereby from
his adverfary’s, whereby he procures to himfelf the bet¬
ter and furer Opportunity of rifpofting.
Beat, in the manege. A horfe is faid to beat the
duft, w’hen at each Itroke or motion he does not take
in ground or way enough with his fore-legs.—He is
more particularly faid to beat the duft at terra d terra,
when he does not take in ground enough with his
{boulders, making his ftrokes or motions too {hort, as
if he made them all in one place. He beats the dujl
at curvets, when he does them too precipitantly and
too low. He beats upon a walk, when he walks too
fhort, and thus rids but little ground, whether it be in
ftraight lines, rounds, or paflings.
Beat of Drum, in the military art, is to give notice
by beat of drum of a fudden danger; or, that fcattered
foldiers may repair to their arms and quarters, is to
beat an alarm, or to arms. Alfo to fignify, by different
manners of founding a drum, that the foldiers are to
fall on ,the enemy; to retreat before, in, or after, an
attack ; to move or march from one place to another;
to permit the foldiers to come out of their quarters at
break of day ; to order to repair to their colours, &c.;
is to beat a charge, a retreat, a march, &c.
Beat (St), a town of France, in the county of Com-
minges, at the confluence of the Garonne and the Pique.
It is feated between two mountains which are clofe to
the town on each fide. All the houfes are built with
marble, becaufe they have no ether materials. W.
Long. i. 6. N. Lat. 42. 50.
BEATER is applied, in matters of commerce, to
divers forts of workmen, whofe bufinefs is to hammer
or flatten certain matters, particularly metals.
GoU-Beaters, are artifans, who, by beating gold
and filver with a hammer on a marble in moulds of vel¬
lum and bullocks guts, reduce them to thin leaves fit
for gilding, or lilvering of copper, iron, fteel, wood,
N &c.
B E A [ 98 ] B E A
Beatifica- &c. Gold-beaters differ from flatters of gold or filver;
tl°}1 as the former bring their metal into leaves by the ham-
Beating. merJ whereas the latter only flatten it by preffing it
through a mill preparatory to beating. -
There are alfo Tin-BujrERS employed in the look-
ing-glafs trade, whofe bufmefs is to beat tin on large
blocks of marble till it be reduced to thin leaves fit to
be applied with quickfilver behind looking-glafles. See
Foliating, GoiD-Beating.
BEATIFICATION, an aft by which the pope
declares a perfon beatified or bleffed after his death.
It is the firit ftep towards canonization, or raifing any
one to the honour and dignity ©f a faint. No perfon
can be beatified till 50 years after his or her death.
All certificates or atteftations of virtues and miracles,
the neceflary qualifications for faintfhip, are examined
by the congregation of rites. This examination often
continues for feveral years; after which his holinefs
decrees the beatification. The corps and relics of the
future faint are from thenceforth expofed to the vene¬
ration of all good Chriftians ; his images are crowned
with rays, and a particular office is fet apart for him ;
but his body and relics are not carried in proceffien.:
indulgences likewife, and remiffion of fins, are granted
on the day of his beatification ; which though not fo
pompous as- that of canonization,, is however very
fplendid.
BEATING, or Pulsation, in mediciner the re¬
ciprocal agitation or palpitation of the heart or pulfe.
Besting Flax or Hemp, is an operation in the dref-
fing of thefe matters, contrived to render them more
foft and pliant.—When hemp has been fwingled a fe-
cond time, and the hurds laid by, they take the ftrikes,
aad dividing them into dozens and half dozens, make
them up into large thick rolls,, which being broached
on long flrikes, are fet in the chimney-corner to dry ;
after which they lay them in a round trough made for
the purpofe, and there with beetles beat them well till
they handle both without and within as pliant as pof-
fible, without any hardnefs or roughnefs to be felt:
that done, they take them from the trough, open and
' divide the ftrikes as before ; and if any be found not
iufficiently beaten, they roll them up and beat them
over as before.
Beating hemp is a puniffiment Inflidted on loofe or
diforderly perfons.
Beating, in book-binding, denotes the knocking
a book in quires on a marble block, with a heavy
broad-faced hammer, after folding, and before binding
or ftitching it. On the beating it properly, the ele¬
gance and excellence of the binding, and the eafy open¬
ing of the book, principally depends.
Beating, in the paper works, fignifies the beating
of paper on a ftone with a heavy hammer, with a large
fmooth head and fliort handle, in order to render it
more fmooth and uniform, and fit for writings
Beating the Wind, was a praftice in ufe in the an¬
cient method of trial by combat. If either of the
combatants did not appear in the field at the time ap¬
pointed, the other was to beat the wind, or make fo
many flourifties with his weapon j, by which he was in-
titled to all the advantages of a conqueror.
Beating the Hands or Feet, by way of praife or ap¬
probation. See Applause.
Beating Time, in mufic, a method of meafuring
4
and marking the time for performers in concert, by a Beating,
motion of the hand and foot up or down fucceffively '1J •r~mm
and in equal times. Knowing the true time of a crot¬
chet, and fuppofing the meafure a (finally fubdivided
into four crotchets, and the half meafure into two,
the hand or foot being up, if we put it down with the
very beginning of the firft note or crotchet, and then
raife it with the third, and then down with the begin¬
ning of the next meafure; this is called heating the
time; and, by prafiice, a habit is acquired of making
this motion very equal. Each down and up is fome-
times called a time or meafwe. The general rule is,,
to contrive the divifion of the meafure f°» that every
down and up of the beating (hall end with a particular
note, on which very much depends the diftimfinefs, and,
as it were, the fenfe of the melody. Hence the begin¬
ning of every time or beating ia the meafure is rec¬
koned the accented part thereof-
Beating time is denoted, in the Italian mufic, by
the term a battuta, which is ufually put after what
they call recitative, where little or no time is obferved,
to denote, that here they are to begin again to mark
or beat the time exafily.,
The Romans .aimed at fomewhat of harmony in the
ftrokes of their oars; and had an officer called portifcih-
lus in each, galley, whofe bufinefs was to beat time to
the rowers, fometimes by a pole or mallet, and fome-
times by his voice alone.
The ancients marked the rhyme in their mufical com-
pofitions; but.to. make it more obfervable in theprac--
tice, they beat the meafure or time, and this in diffe¬
rent manners. The. moft ufual confifted in a motion
of the foot, which was taifed from, and ftruck alter-
nately againft, the ground,, according to the modern
method. Doing this was commonly the province of
the mafter of the mufic, who was thence called
and xoft/pai©-, becaufe placed in the middle of the choir
of muficians, and in an elevated fituation, to be feen;
and heard more eafily by the whole company. Thefe
beaters of meafure were alfo called by the Greeks,
a-oJoxIujrof and becaufe of the noife of their feet,;..
and cnjvhvocpwi, becaufe of the uniformity or monotony
of the rhyme. The Latins denominated them pedarii,
ptdaiii, and pedicularii. To make the beats or ftrokes
more audible, their feet were generally (hod with a fort
of fandals either of wood or iron, called by the Greeks
xfouT£fs«, xfoujraxa, Kgivxtfa, and by the Latins pedicula,
fcabella, or fcabilla, becaufe like to little ftools or foot-
ftools. Sometimes they beat upon fonorous foot-ftools*
with the foot (hod with a wooden or iron foie. They
beat the meafure not only with the foot, but alfo with ,
the right-hand, all the fingers whereof they joined to¬
gether, to ftrike into the hollow of the left. He who
thus marked the rhythm, was called manuduttor. The
ancients alfo beat time or meafure with fhells, as oyfter-
ffiells and bones of animals, which they ftrufi; againft
one another, much as the moderns now ufe caftanets,.
and the like inftruments. This the Greeks called ^d/k.-
CaxiafEiv, as is noted by Hefychius. The fcholiaft on,
Ariftophanes fpeaks much to the fame purpofe. Other
noify inftruments,. as drums, cymbals, citterns, &c.
were alfo ufed on the fame occafion. They beat the
meafure generally in two equal or unequal times; at
leaft, this holds of the ufual rhythm of a piece of mufic,
marked either by the noife of fandals, or the flapping
•Beating
* II
Bfcatorum.
B E A C 99 1 B E A
of the hands. But the other rhythmic inftruments laft-
mentioned, and which were ufed principally to excite
and animate the dancers, marked the cadence after
another manner ; that is, the number of their percuf-
fions equalled, or even fomctimes furpafled, that of
the different founds which compofed the air or fong
played.
Beating, with hunters, a term ufed of a flag,
which runs firft one way and then another. He is
then faid to beat up and down.—The noife made by co¬
sies in rutting time is alfo called beating or tapping.
Beating, in navigation, the operation of making a
progrefs at fea againft the direction of the wind, in a
zig-zag line, or traverfe, like that in which we afcend
a deep hill. See Tacking.
BEATITUDE, imports the fupreme good, or the
higheft degree of happinefs human nature is fufceptible
of; or the moft perfeft date of a rational being, where¬
in the foul has attained to the utmoft excellency and
dignity it is framed for. In which fenfe, it amounts
to the fame with what we otherwife call blejfednefs and
fovereign felicity; by the Greeks, and by the
Eatins, fummum bonum, beatitude, and beatitai.
Beatitude, among divines, denotes the beatific
vifion, or the fruition of God in a future life to all e-
ternity.
Beatitude is alfo ufed in fpeaking of the thefes
contained in Chrift’s fermon on the mount, whereby he
pronounces bleffed the poor in fpirit, thofe that mourn,
the meek, &c.
BEATON (David), archbifhop of St Andrew’s,and
a cardinal of Rome, in the early part of the 16th cen¬
tury, was born in 1494. Pope Paul III. raifed him
to the degree of a cardinal in December 1538 ; and
being employed Tby James V. in negociating his mar¬
riages with the court of France, he was there confe-
crated bifliop of Mirepoix. Soon after his inftalment
as archbilhop of St Andrew’s, he promoted a furious
perfecution of the reformers in Scotland; when the
king’s death put a flop, for a time, to his arbitrary
proceedings, he being then excluded from affairs of
government, and confined. He raifed however fo itrong
a party, that, upon the coronation of the young-queen
Mary, he was admitted of the council, made chancel¬
lor, and procured commiffion as legate a latere from
the court of Rome. He now began to renew his per¬
fecution of heretics; and among the reft, of the famous
Proteftant preacher Mr George Wifliart, whofe fuffer-
ings at the flake the cardinal viewed from his window
with apparent exultation. It is pretgnded, that Wifh-
a> t at his death foretold the murder of Beaton ; which
indeed happened fhortly after, he being affaffinated in
his chamber, May 29th, 1547. He was a haughty
bigotted churchman, and thought feverity the proper
method -of fuppreffing herefy: he had great talents,
and vices that were no lefs confpicuous. See Scot¬
land.
iBEATORUM insula (anc. geog.), feven days
journey to the weft of Thebae, a diftridf of the Nomos
Gafites; called an if and, becaufe furrounded with fand,
like an ifland in the fea, (Ulpian); yet abounding in
all the neceffaries of life, though encompaffed with
vaft fandy defarts, (Stiabo); which fohne fuppofe to
be a third Oafis, in the Regio Ammoniaca; and the
feite of the temple of Ammon anfwers to the above
defeription, as appears from the writers on Alexander’s
expedition thither. It was a place of relegation or ggaufort
banifhment for real or pretended criminals from which . “ L.
there was no efcape, (Ulpian).
BEATS, in a watch or clock, are the ftrokes made
by the fangs or pallets of the fpindle of the balance,
or of the pads in a royal pendulum.
BEUCAIRE, a town of Languedoc in France, fi-
tuated on the banks of the river Rhone, in E.Long.
5. 49. N. Lat. 43. 39. _
BEAUCE, a province of France, lying between
the ifie of France, Blafois, and Orleannois. It is fo
very fertile in wheat, that it is called the Granary of
Paris. Chartres is the principal town.
BEAVER, in zoology. See Castor.
BsArER-Skins, in commerce. Of thefe, merchants
dillinguifh three forts ; the new, the dry, and the fat.
The new beaver, which is alfo called the white bea¬
ver, or Mufcovy beaver, becaufe it is commonly kept
to be fent into Mufcovy, is that which the favages
catch in their winter hunting. It is the beft, and the
moft proper for making fine furs, becaufe it has loft
none of its hair by fhedding.
The dry beaver, which is fometimes called lean bea¬
ver, comes from the fummer hunting, which is the
time when thefe animals lofe part of their hair. Tho’
this fort of beaver be much inferior to the former, yet
it may alfo be employed in furs; but it is chiefly ufed
in the manufacture of hats. The French call xlfum-
mer cajlor or beaver.
The fat beaver is that which has contracted a certain
grofs and oily humour, from the fweat which exhales
from the bodies of the favages, who wear it for fome
time. Though this fort be better than the dry beaver,
yet it is ufed only in the making of hats.
Befides hats and furs, in which the beaver’s hair is
commonly ufed, they attempted in France, in the year
1699, to make other manufactures of it: and accord¬
ingly they made cloths, flannels, ftockings, &c. partly
of beavePs hair, and partly of Segovia wool. This
manufactory, which was fet up at Paris, in St Anthony’s
fuburbs, fucceeded at firft pretty well; and according
to the genius of the French, the novelty of the thing
brought into fome repute the fluffs, ftockings, gloves,
and cloth, made of beaver’s hair. But they went out
of fafhion on a fudden, becaufe it was found, by ex¬
perience, that they were of a very bad wear, and be¬
fides that the colours faded very much: when they had
been wet, they became dry and hard, like felt, which
occafioned the mifearriage of the manufaClory for that
time.
When the hair has been cut off from the beavers
fkins, to be ufed in the manufacturing of hats, thofe
fleins are ftill employed by feveral workmen ; namely,
by the trunk-makers, to cover trunks and boxes; by the
fhoemakers, to put into flippers ; and by turners, to
make fieves for lifting grain and feeds.
BEAUFORT, a town of Anjou in France, with
a caftle, near the river Authion. It contains two pa-
riflies and a convent of Recolets, and yet has not too
houfes. W. Long. o. 3. N. Lat. 47. 26.
Beaufort gives title of Duke in England to the
noble family of Somerfet, who are lineally defeended
from John of Gaunt duke of Lancafter, whofe duchefs
refided in -this town.
N2 Beau-
B E A [ ioo ] B E A
Beaufort, a ftrong town of Savoy in Italy, on the
river Oron. E. Long. 6. 48. N. Lat. 45.40.
BEAUGENCY, a town of the Orleannoisin France,
feated on the river Loire, in E. Long. 1. 46. N.Xat.
47.48.
BEAUJEU, a town of France in Beaujolois, with
an old caftle. It is fcated on the river Ardieres, at the
foot of a mountain, in E. Long. 4. 40. N. Lat. 46. 9.
BEAUJOLOIS, a diftrift of France, bounded on
the fouth by Lionnois proper, on the weft by Forez,
on the north by Burgundy, and on the weft by the
principality of Dombes. It is 25 miles in length, and
20 in breadth: Ville Franche is the capital town.
BEAULIEU (Sebaftian de Pontault de), a cele¬
brated French engineer, and field marfhal under Louis
XIV. He publifhed plans of all the military expedi¬
tions of his matter, with military lectures annexed. He
died in 1674.
BEAUMARIS, a market-town of Anglefey in
North Wales, which fends one member to parliament.
W. Long. 4. 15. N. Lat. 53. 25.
It is, as the name implies, pleafantly feated on a low
land at the water’s edge; is neat and well built, and
One ftreet is very handfome. Edward I. created the
place; for after founding the cattles of Caernarvon
and Conway, he difcovered that it was neeeffary to
put another curb on the Welch. He therefore built
a fortrefs here in 1295 ; and fixed on a marfhy fpot,
near the chapel of St Meugan, fuch as gave him
opportunity of forming a great fofs round the caftle,
and of filling it with water from the fea. He alfo cut
a canal, in order to permit veffels to difeharge their
lading beneath the walls : and as a proof of the ex-
iftence of fuch a conveniency, there were within this
century iron rings affixed to them, for the purpofe of
mooring the fhips or boats. The marfh was in early
times of far greater extent than at prefent, and covered
with fine bulrufhes. The firft governor was Sir Wil¬
liam Pickmore, a Gafcon knight appointed by Ed¬
ward I. There was a conftable of the caftle, and a
captain of the town. The firft had an annual fee of
forty pounds, the laft of twelve pounds three fhillings
and four pence ; and the porter of the gate of Beau¬
maris had nine pounds two fhillings and fixpence.
Twenty-four foldiers were allowed for the guard of the
caftle and town, at fourpence a-day to each. The
conftable of the cattle was always captain of the town,
except in one inftance: in the 36th of Henry VI. Sir
John Boteler held the firft office, and Thomas Norreys
the other. The caftle was extremely burthenfome to
the country : quarrels were frequent between the gar-
rifun and the country people. In the time of Henry
VI. a bloody fray happened, in which David ap Evan
ap Howel of Llwydiarth, and many others, were flain.
From the time of Sir Rowland Villeville, alias Brit-
tayne, reputed bafe fen of Henry VII. and conftable
of the caftle, the garrifon was withdrawn till the year
1642, when Thomas Cheadle, deputy to the ear! of
Dorfet, then conftable, put into it men and ammunition.
In 1643, Thomas Bulkeley, Efq; foon after created
Lord Bulkeley, fucceeded: his fon Colonel Richard
Bulkeley, and feveral gentlemen of the country,
held it for the king till June 1646, when it furren-
dered on honourable terms to general Mytton, who
made captain Evans his deputy governor. In 1653,
the annual expence of the garrifon was feventeen hun- Beaumaris,
dred and three pounds. Edward I. when he built the Beaumont,,
town, furrounded it with walls, made it a corporation, v *
and endowed it with great privileges, and lands to a
confiderable value. He removed the ancient freehol¬
ders by exchange of property into other countries.
Henllys, near the town, was the feat of Gwerydd ap
Rhys Goch, one of fifteen tribes, and of his pofterity
till this period, when Edward removed them to Boddle
Wyddan in Flintfhire, and beftowed their ancient pa¬
trimony on the corporation. It fends one member to
parliament. Its firft reprefentative was Maurice Grif-
fydd, who fat in the feventh year of Edward VI.
There is very good anchorage for fhips in the bay
which lies before the town ; and has feven fathom wa¬
ter even at the loweft ebb. Veflels often find fecurity
here in hard gales. The town has no trade of any
kind, yet has its cuftomhoufe for the cafual reception
of goods. The ferry lies near the town, and is pafla-
ble at low-water. It was granted by charter to the
corporation in the 4th of Queen Elizabeth. There is
an order from Edward II. to Robert Power, chamber-
lain of North Wales, to infpect into the ftate of the
boat, which was then out of repair ; and in cafe it was
feafible, to caufe it to be made fit for ufe, at the ex¬
pence of the baileywick : but if the boat proved paft
repair, a new one was to be built, and the expence al¬
lowed by the king. It appears, that the people of
Beaumaris payed annually for the privilege of a ferry
thirty fhillings into the exchequer ; but by this order
it feems that the king was to find the boat. After
palling the channel, the diftance over the fands to Aber
in Caernarvonffiire, the point the paffenger generally
makes for, is four miles. The fands are called Iraeth
Telavan, and Wylofaen, or the place of •weeping, from
the fhrieks and lamentations of the inhabitants when it
was overwhelmed by the fea, in the days of Helig ap
Clunog. The church is dependant on Llandegvan,
which is in the gift of lord Bulkeley. The former is
called the chapel of the hlejfed iiirgin; yet in ancient
writings one aile is called lot Mar/s chapel, and another
that of St Nicholas.
BEAUMONT (Sir John), the elder brother of
Mr Francis Beaumont the famous dramatic poet, was
born in the year 1582, and in 1626 had the dignity of
a baronet conferred upon him by king Charles I. In
his youth he applied himfelf to the Mufes with good
fuccefs; and wrote. The Crowm of Thorns, a poem,
in eight books: a mifcellany, intitled, Bofuorth Field:
Tranflations from the Latin Poets : and feveral poems
on religious and political fubjedts; as, On the Feftivals;
On the Blefled Trinity ; A Dialogue between the
World, a Pilgrim, and Virtue; Of the miferable State
of Man ; Of Sicknefs, &c. He died in 1628 His
poetic genius was celebrated by Ben Johnfon, Michael
Drayton, and others.
Beaumont and Fletcher, two celebrated Englifh
dramatic writers, who flourifhed in the reign of James I.
and fo clofely connedted both as authors and as friends,
that it has been judged not improper to give them un¬
der one article.
Mr Francis Beaumont was defeended from an an
cient family of his name at Grace-dieu in Leicefter-
fhire, where he was born about the year 1585 or 1586,
in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. His grandfather,
John
B E A [ io. ] B E A
eaumont. John Beaumont, was matter of the rolls, and his father
—V Francis Beaumont one of the judges of the common-
pleas. He was educated at Cambridge, and afterwards
admitted of the Inner Temple. It is not, however,
apparent that he made any great proficiency in the law,
that being a ftudy probably too dry and unentertaining
to be attended to by a man of his fertile and fprightly
genius. And indeed, we ttiould fcarcely be furprifed
to find that he had given no application to any ftudy
but poetry, nor attended on any court but that of the
Mufes: but on the contrary, our admiration might fix
ttfelf in the oppofite extreme, and fill us with aftonifh-
ment at the extreme afiiduity of his genius and rapidity
of his pen, when we look back on the voluminoufnefs
of his works, and then inquire into the time allowed
him for them; works that might well have taken up a
long life to have executed. For although, out of 5 ^
plays which are colledled together as the labours of
thefe united authors, Mr Beaumont was concerned in
much the greatett part of them, yet he did not live to
complete his 30th year, the king of terrors fummoning
him away in the beginning of March 1615, on the 9th
day of which he was interred in the entrance of St Be-
nedidt’s chapel in Weftminfter-Abbey. There is no
infcription on his tomb: But there are two epitaphs to
his memory; one by his elder brother Sir John Beau¬
mont :
On death, thy murderer, this revenge I take ;
I flight his terrors, and juft queftion make,
Which of us two the heft precedence have,
Mine to this wretched world, thine to the grave ?
Thou fliould’ll have followed me; but death, to blame,
Mifcounted years, and meafur’d age by fame.
So dearly haft thou bought thy precious lines;
Their praife grew fwiftly, fo thy life declines.
Thy mufe, the hearer’s queen, the reader’s love,
All ears, all hearts (but death’s),could pleafe andmove.
Bofworth Field, p. 164.
The other is by Bifhop Corbet. {Poems, p. 68.)
He that hath fuch aciitenefs and fuch wit,
As would afk ten good heads to hulband it:
He that can write fo well, that no man dare
Refume it for the heft; let him beware:
Beaumont is dead; by whofe foie death appears,
Wit’s a difeafe confumes men in few years.
He left a daughter, Frances Beaumont, who died in
Leicefterftrire fince the year 1700. She had in her
poffeffion feveral poems of her father’s .writing; but
they were loft at fea in her voyage from Ireland, where
(he had lived for fome time in the duke of Ormond’s
family.
Mr John Fletcher was not more meanly defcended
than his poetical colleague ; his father, the reverend
Dr Fletcher, having been firft made bilhop of Briftol .
by queen Elizabeth, and afterwards by the feme mo¬
narch, in the year 1593, tranflated to the rich and ho¬
nourable fee of London. Our poet was born in 1576 j
and was, as well as his friend, educated at Cambridge,
where he made a great proficiency in his ftudies, and
was accounted a very good fcholar. His natural vi¬
vacity of wit, for which he was remarkable, foon ren¬
dered him a devotee to the mufes; and his clofe attention
to their fervice, and fortunate connection with a genius
equal to his own, foon raifed him to one of the higheft Beaumont,
places in the temple of poetical fame. As he was bom w—-*
near ten years before Mr Beaumont, fo did he alfo fur-
vive him by an equal number of years; the general ca¬
lamity of a plague, which happened in the year 1625,
involving him in its great deftruftion, he being at that
time 49 years of age.
During the joint lives of thefe two great poets, it
appears that they wrote nothing feparately, excepting
one little piece by each, which feemed of too trivial a
nature for either to require affiftance in, viz. The Faith¬
ful Shepherd, a paftoral, by Fletcher; and The Mafque
of Gray’s-Inn Gentlemen, by.Beaumont. Yet what
flrare each had in the writing or defigning of the pieces
thus compofed by them jointly, there is no poffibility
of determining. It is however generally allowed, that
Fletcher’s peculiar talent was uwV, and Beaumont’s,
though much the younger man, judgment. Nay, fo
extraordinary was the latter property in Mr Beaumont,
that it is recorded of the great Ben Johnfon, who feems
moreover to have had a fufficient degree of felf-opiniom
of his own abilities, that he conftantly, fo long as this
gentleman lived, fubmitted his own writings to his
cenfure, and, as it is thought, availed himfelf of his
judgment at leaft in the correcting, if not even in the
contriving all his plots. It is probable, therefore, that
the forming the plots and contriving the condudl of
the fable, the writing of the more ferious and pathetic
parts, and lopping the redundant branches of Fletcher’s
wit, whofe luxuriance, we are told, frequently ftood in
need of caftigation, might be in general Beaumont’s
portion in the work; while Fletcher, whofe converfa-
tion with the beau monde (which indeed both of them
from their births and ftations in life had been ever ac-
cuftomcdto), added to the volatile and lively turn he
poffdled, rendered him perfeftly mafter of dialogue and
polite language, might execute the defigns formed by
the other, and raife the fuperftrufture of thofe lively
and fpirited fcenes which Beaumont had only laid the
foundation of; and in this he was fo fuccefsful, that
though his wit and raillery were extremely keen and
poignant, yet they were at the fame time fo perfeftly
genteel, that they ufed rather to pleafe than difguft
the very perfons on whom they feemed to reftefty Yet
that Fletcher was not entirely excluded from a fhare
in the conduft of the drama, may be gathered from a
ftory related by Winftanley, viz. that our two bards
having concerted the rough draught of a tragedy over
a bottle of wine at a tavern, Fletcher feid, he would
undertake to kill the king, which words being over¬
heard by the waiter, who had not happened to have
been witnefs to the context of their converfetion, he
lodged an information of treafon againft them. But
on their explanation of it only to mean the deftru&ioo
of a theatrical monarch, their loyalty' moreover being
unqueftioned, the affair ended in a jeft.
On the whole, the works of thefe authors have un¬
doubtedly very great merit, and fome of their pieces
defervedly Hand on the lift of the prefent ornaments of
the theatre. The plots are ingenious, interefting, and
well managed ; the chara&ers ftrongly marked ; and the
dialogue fprightly and natural: yet there is in the latter
a coarfends which is not fuitable to the politenefe of
the prefent age ; and a fondnefs of repartee, which fre¬
quently runs into obfcenity ; and which we may fup-
pofe
B E A T ro2 H B E A
Beaumont pofe was the vice of that time, fince even the delicate better than this author. 5. Several differtations in the Beauty.
Seaufobre Shakefpeare himfelf is not entirely free from it. But Bibliotheque Britannique.—Mr Beaufobre had ftrong v—
. as thefe authors have more of that kind of wit than the fenfe with profound erudition, and was one of the belt
laft-mentioned writer, it is not to be wondered if their writers among the Reformed : he preached as he wrote,
- works were, in the licentious reign of Charles II. pre- and he did both with warmth and fpirit.
ferred to his. Now, however, to the honour of the BEAUTY, in its native fignification, is appropri-
prefent taftebe it fpoken, the tables are entirely turned ; ated to objects of fight. Objects of the other fenfes
and while Shakefpeare’s immortal works are our con- may be agreeable, fuch as the founds of mufical inftru-
ftant and daily fare, thofe of Beaumont and Fletcher, ments, the fmoothnefs and foftnefs of fome furfaces;
though delicate in their kind, are only occafionally but the agreeablenefs c'aMzA beauty belongs to objefts of
ferved up ; and even then great pains are taken to clear 'fight.
them of that fumet, which the haut gout of their con- Objects of fight are more complex than thofe of any
temporariesconfideredastheirfupremefirelhhjbutwhich other fenfe: in the fimplelt, we perceive colour,figure,,
the more undepraved tafte of ours has been juftly length, breadth, thicknefs. A tree is compofed of a
taught to look on as what it really is, ho more than a trunk, branches, and leaves ; it has colour, figure, fize,
corrupt and unwholefome taint. and fometimes motion: by means of each of thefe par-
Some of their plays were printed in quarto during ticulars, feparately confidered, it appears beautiful;
the lives of the authors; and in the year 1645 there but a complex perception of the whole greatly aug-
vras publifhed in folio a collection of fuch plays as had ments the beauty of the objeCb. The human body is
not been printed before, amounting to between 30 and a cornpofition of numberlefs beauties arifing from the
.40. This collection was publilhed by Mr Shirley, af- parts and qualities of the objeCt, various colours, vari-
ter the {hutting up of the theatres ; and dedicated to ous motions, figures, fize, &c. all united in one com-
the Earl of Pembroke by ten of the moft famous aftors. plex object, and fl.rik.ing the eye with combined force.
In 1679 there was an edition of all their plays pub- Hence it is, that beauty, a quality fo remarkable in
lilhed in folio.; another edition in 171 x by Mr Ton- vilible objeCls, lends its name to everything that is
fbn in feven volumes 8vo, and the lafl in 1751. eminently agreeable. Thus, by a figure of fpeech, we
Beaumont, a town of the Netherlands, in Hain- fay, * beautiful found, a beauliful thought, a beautiful
ault, on the confines of the territory of Liege. It was difcovery, &c.
ceded to the.French in 1684; and taken in 1691 by the Confidering attentively the beauty of vifible objeCb, 1
Englifli, who blew up the caftle. It is fituated be- two kinds are difcovered. The firft may be termed Cntidjm.
tween the rivers Maefe and Sambre, in E. Long. 4. 1. intrirific bfeauty, becaufe it is difcovered in a Angle ob-
N. Lat. 50. X2. jeCl, without relation to any other: the other may be
Beaumont le Roger, a town of Upper Normandy termed relative, being founded on the relation of ob-
in France. E. Long. o. 56. N. Lat. 49. 2. jeCts. Intrinfic beamy is a perception of fenfe merely;
Beaumont le Vicompte, a town of Maine in France, for to perceive the beauty of a fpreading oak, or of a
E. Long. o. ro. N. Lat. 48. 12. flowing river, no more is required but fingly an aft of
Beaumont fur Oife, a town in the Ifle of France, vifior). Relative beauty is accompanied: with an aib of
featcd on the declivity of a hill, with a bridge over underftandirig and refleCbion : for we perceive not the
the river Oife. E. Long. 2. 29. N. Lat. 49. 9. relative beauty of a fine inftrument or engine until we
BEAUNE, a handfome town of France, in Bur- learn its ufe and deftination. In a word, intrinfic
gundy, remarkable for its excellent wine, and for'an beauty is ultimate ; and relative beauty is that of means
hofpital founded here in 1443. Its collegiate church relating to fome good end or purpofe. Thefe different
is alfo one of the fineft in France : the great altar is beauties agree in one capital circumftance, that both
adorned with a table enriched with jewels ; and its or- are equally perceived as belonging to the objeft ; which
gans are placed on a piece of architefture which is the will be readily admitted with refpedb to intrinfic beauty,
admiration of the curious. E. Long. 4. 50. N. Lat. but is not- fo obvious with refpeft to the other. The
47* 2. utility of the plough, for example, may make it an objedt
BEAUSOBRE (Ifaac de), a very learned Prote- of admiration or of defire; but why ihould utility make
ftant writer, of French original, was born at Niort in it beautiful ? A natural propenfity of the human mind
1659. He was forced into Holland to avoid the exe- will explain this difficulty: By an eafy tranfition of
cution of a fentence upon him, which condemned him ideas, the beauty of the effedt is transferred to the caufe,
to make the amende honorable; and this for having and is perceived as one of the qualities of the caufe.
broken the royal fignet, which was put upon the door Thus a fubjedl void of intrinfic beauty appears beau-
of a church of the Reformed, to prevent the public tiful by its utility ; a dwelling-houfe void of all regu-
profeffion of their religion. He went to Berlin in larity is however beautiful in the view of convenience ;
1694 ; was made chaplain to the king of Pruffia, and and the want of fymmetry in a tree will not prevent
ceunfellor of the royal confifiory. He died in 1738, its appearing beautiful, if it be known to produce
aged 79, after having publiffied feveral works: as, good fruit.
1. Defenfe de la Do ft rive des Reformes. 2. A Tranf- When thefe two beauties concur in any objedt, it
lation of the New Teftament and Notes, jointly with appears delightful. Every member of the human body
M. Lenfant; much efteemed by the Reformed. 3. polfefies both in a high degree.
Dijfcrtation fur les Adamites deBoheme; a curious work. The beauty of utility, being accurately proportioned
4. Hifloire Critique de Manicbee et du Manicheifme, to the degree of utility, requires no illuftration : But
2 tom. in qto. This has been deemed by philofophers intrinfic beauty, being more complex, cannot be handled
an interefting queftion, and nobody has developed it diftindlly without being analyfed. If a tree be beau¬
tiful
Beauty.
B E A [ 103 ] B E A
tiful by means of its colour, figure, motion, fize, See.
it is in reality poffefled of fo many different beauties.
The beauty of colour is too familiar to need explana¬
tion. The beauty of figure is more : for example,
viewing any body as a whole, the beauty of its figure
arifes from regularity and fimplicity ; viewing the parts
with relation to each other, uniformity, proportion,
and order, contribute to its beauty. The beauties of
grandeur and motion are confidered feparately. See
Grandeur and Motion.
We fhall here make a few obfervations on fimplicity,
which may be of ufe in examining the beauty of Angle
objefts. A multitude of objefts crowding into the
mind at once, difturb the attention, and pafs without
making'any lafting imprefiion : In the fame manner,
even a Angle objetf, confifting of a multiplicity of
parts, equals not, in ftrength of impreffion, a more
Ample object comprehended in one view. This juftifies
fimplicity in works of art, as oppofed to complicated
circumftances and crowded ornaments.
It would be endlefs to enumerate the effefts that are
produced by the various combinations of the principles
of beauty. A few examples will be fufficient to give
the reader fome idea of this fubjeft. A circle and a
fquare are each perfectly regular: a fquare, however,
is Lefs beautiful than a circle; and the reafon is, that
the attention is divided among the fides and angles of
a fquare ; whereas the circumference of a circle, being
a Angle objtft, makes one entire impreffion : And thus
fimplicity contributes to beauty. For the fame reafon
a fquare is more beautiful than a hexagon or oftagon.
A fquare is likewife more beautiful than a parallelo¬
gram, becaufe it is more regular and uniform. But
this holds with refpedi to intrinfic beauty only : for in
many inllances, as in the doors and windows of a
dwelling-houfe, utility turns the feales on the fide of
the parallelogram.
Again, a parallelogram depends, for its beauty, on
the proportion of its fides : A great inequality of its
fides annihilates its beauty: Approximation■ toward
equality hath the fame effeeft ; for proportion there de¬
generates into imperfeft uniformity,, and the figure ap¬
pears an unfuccefsful attempt toward a fquare. And
hence proportion contributes to beauty..
An equilateral triangle yields not to a. fquare, in re¬
gularity nor in uniformity of parts,, and it is-more Am¬
ple. But an equilateral triangle is lefs beautiful than
a fquare ; which muft be owing, to inferiority of order
in the pofition of its parts ; the order arifing from the
equal inclination of the fides of fuch an angle is more
obfeure than the parallelifm of: the fides of a fquare.
And hence order contributes to beauty, not.lefs than
fimplicity, regularity, or.proportion.
Uniformity is lingular in one circumftance, that it
is apt to difguft. by excels. A number of things-def-
tined for the fame ufe, as windows, chairs, &c. can¬
not be too uniform. But a fcrupulous uniformity of
parts in a large garden or field is far from being agree¬
able.
In all the works of nature fimplicity makes a capital
figure. It alfo makes a figure in works of art;.. Pro-
fufe ornament in painting, gardening, or architefture,
as well as in drefs or in language, fhows a mean or cor¬
rupted tafte. Simplicity in behaviour and manners has
an inchanting effect, and never foils to gain our affec¬
tion. Very different are the artificial manners of mo- Beauty,
dern times. A gradual progrefs from fimplicity to
complex forms and profufe ornament, feems to be the
fate of all the fine arts; refembling behaviour, which
from original candour and fimplicity has degenerated
into duplicity of heart and artificial refinements. At
prefent, literary productions are crowded with words,
epithets, figures: In mufic, fentiment is negledted for
the luxury of harmony,, and for difficult movement.
With regard to the final caufe of beauty, one thing
is evident, that our reliffi of regularity, uniformity,
proportion, order, and fimplicity, contributes greatly
to enhance the beauty of the objects that furround us,
and of courfe tends to our happinefs. We may be
confirmed in this thought, upon reflefting, that our
tafte for thefe particulars is not accidental, but uniform
and univerfal, making a. branch of our nature. At the
fame time, regularity, uniformity, order, and fimplicity,
contribute each of them to readinefs of apprehenfion,
and enable, us to form more diftincf ideas of objects
than can be done where thefe particulars are wanting.
In fome inftances, as in animals, proportion is evidently
connected with utility, and is the more agreeable on
that account.
Beauty, in many inftances, promotes induftry; .and -
as it is frequently conne&ed with utility, it proves an
additional incitement to enrich our fields and improve
our manufactures. Thefe, however, are but flight
effedts, compared with the connections that are formed
among individuals in fociety by means of beauty.
The qualifications of the head and heart are undoubt¬
edly the moft folid and molt permanent foundations of
fuch conneftiona:. But as external beauty lies more
in view, and is more obvious to the bulk of mankind,
than the qualities now mentioned,, the fenfe of beauty
has a more extenfive influence in forming thefe con-
nedlionsi At any rate, it concurs in an eminent de¬
gree with mental qualifications, in producing focial in-
tercourfe,. mutual good-will,, and confequently mutual
aid and fupport, which are the life of fopiety: it mull
not however be overlooked, that the fenfe of beauty
does not tend to advance the interefts of fbciety, but
when in a due mean with refpect to ftrength. Love,
in particular, arifing from a fenfe of beauty, lofes,
when exceffive, its focial charadler: the appetite for
gratification, prevailing over affedtion for the beloved
objedl, is ungovernable, and tends violently to its end,
regardlefs of the mifery that muft. follow. Love, in
this Hate, is no longer a fweet agreeable paffion : it
becomes painful, like hunger or third; and produceth
no happinefs-, but in the inftant of fruition. This
fuggefts an important leffon, that moderation in our
defires and appetites, which fits us for doing our duty,
contributes at the fame time the moft to happinefs ;
even focial paffions, when moderate, are more plealant
than when they fwell beyond proper bounds.
Human or Perjonal Beauty, only flightly touched
upon in the preceding article, merits more particular
dife-uffion ; and may be confidered under thefe four
heads: Colour, Form, Expreffion, and Grace ; ,the two
fbrmer being, as it were, the Body, the two latter the
Soul, of beauty.
1. Colour. Although this be the loweft of all the
conftituent parts of beauty, yet it is vulgarly the moll
ftriking, and the moft obferved.. For which there, is.
B E A [ 104 1 B E A
a very obvious reafon to be given ; that “ every body
can fee, and very few can judge the beauties of co¬
lour requiring much lefs of judgment than either of the
other three.
As to the colour of the body in general, the moft
beautiful perhaps that ever was imagined, was that
which Apelles expreffed in his famous Venus; and
which, though the.pi&ure itfelf be loft, Cicero has in
fome degree preferved to us, in his excellent de-
fcription of it. It was (as we learn from him) a fine
red, beautifully intermixed and incorporated with
white ; and diffufed, in its due proportions, through
■ each part of the body. Such are the defcriptions of
a moft beautiful Ikin, in feveral of the Roman poets;
and fuch often is the colouring of Titian, and particu¬
larly in his fleeping Venus, or whatever other beauty
that charming piece was meant to reprefent.
The reafon why thefe colours pleafe fo much, is
not only their natural livelinefs, nor the much greater
charms they obtain from their being properly blended
together, but is alfo owing in fome degree to the idea
they carry with them of good health; without which
all beauty grows languid and lefs engaging ; and with
which it always recovers an additional life and luftre.
As to the colour of the face in particular, a great
deal of beauty is owing (befidc the caufes already men¬
tioned) to variety ; that being defigned by nature for
the greateft concourfe of different colours, of any part
in the human body. Colours pleafe by oppofition;
and it is in the face that they are the moft diverfified,
and the moft oppofed.
It is an obfervation apparently whimfical, but per¬
haps not unjuft, that the fame thing which makes a
fine evening, makes a fine face ; that is, as to the par¬
ticular part of beauty now under confideration.
The beauty of an evening iky, about the felting of
the fun, is owing to the variety of colours that are
fcattered along the face of the heavens. It is the fine
red clouds, intermixed with white, and fometimes dark¬
er ones, with the' azure bottom appearing here and
there between them, which makes all that beautiful
compofition that delights the eye fo much, and gives
fuch a ferene pleafure to the heart. In the fame man¬
ner, if you confider fome beautiful faces, you may ob-
ferve, that it is much the fame variety of colours which
gives them that pleafing look; which is fo apt to at-
traft the eye, and but too often to engage the heart.
For all this fort of beauty is refolvable into a proper,
variation of flefh colour and red, with the clear blue-
nefs of the veins pleafingly intermixed about the temples
and the going off of the cheeks, and fet off by the
fhades of full eye-brows; and of the hair, when it falls
in a proper manner round the face.
It is for much the fame reafon that the heft land-
fcape-painters have been generally obferved to choofe
the autumnal part of the year for their pieces, rather
N° 43.
than the fprtng. They prefer the variety of ihades Besuty,-
and colours, though in their decline, to all their freih-
nefs and verdure in their infancy; and think all the
charms and livelinefs even of the fpring, more than
compenfated by the choice, oppofition, and richnefs of
colours, that appear almoft on every tree in the au¬
tumn.
Though one’s judgment is apt to be guided by par¬
ticular attachments (and that more perhaps in this part
of beauty than any other), yet the general perfuafion
feems well founded, that a complete brown beauty is
really preferable to a perfect fair one ; the bright brown
giving a luftre to all the other colours, a vivacity to the
eyes, and a richnefs to the whole look, which one
feeks in vain in the whiteft and moft tranfparent (kins.
Raphael’s moft charming Madonna is a brunette
beauty; and his earlier Madonnas (or thofe of his
middle ftyle) are generally of a lighter and lefs pleafing
complexion. All the heft artifts in the nobleft age of
painting, about Leo the tenth’s time, ufed this deeper
and richer kind of colouring; and perhaps one might
add, that the glaring lights introduced by Guido, went
a great way towards the declenfion of that art; as the
enfeebling of the colours by Carlo Marat (or his fol¬
lowers) hath fince almoft; completed the fall of it in
Italy.
Under this article colour, it feems doubtful whether
fome things ought not to be comprehended which are
not perhaps commonly meant by that name : As that
appearing foftnefs or filkinefs of fome fkins ;'that (a)
Magdalen-look in fome fine faces, after weeping -t that
brightnefs, as well as tint, of the hair ; that luftre of
health that (bines forth upon the features ; that lumi-
noufnefs that appears in feme eyes, and that fluid fire,
or gliftening, in others : Some of which are of a na¬
ture fo much fuperior to the common beauties of co¬
lour, that they make it doubtful whether they ftiould
not have been ranked under a higher clafs, and refer-
ved for the expreffion of the paflions. They are, how¬
ever, mentioned here ; becaufe even the moft doubtful
of them appear to belong partly to this head, as well as
partly to the other. 19
2. Form. This takes in the turn of each part, as
well.as the fymmetry of the whole body, even to
the turn of an eye-brow, or the falling of the hair.
Perhaps, too, the attitude, while fixed, ought to be
reckoned under this article : By which is not only
meant the pofture of the perfon, but the pofition of
each part; as the turning of the neck, the extending
of the hand, the placing of a foot; and fo on to the
moft minute particulars. |I
The general caufe of beauty in the form or ihape in
both fexes is a proportion, or an union and harmony,
in all parts of the body.
The diftinguifhing charafter of beauty in the female
form, is delicacy and foftnefs ; and in the male, either
5 apparent
(a) The look here meant is moft frequently expreffed by the heft painters in their Magdalens; in which, if
there were no tears on the face, you would fee, by the humid redntfs of the Ikin, that fhe had been weeping
extremely. There is a very ftrong xnftance of this in a Magdalen by Le Brun, in one of the churches at Paris ;
and ftveral by Titian, in It-Jy ; the very beft of which is at the Barberino palace at Venice. In fpeaking of
which, Rofalba hardly went too far, when fixe faid, “ It wept all over or (in the very words Ihe ufed) “ Elle
pleure jufqu* aux bouts de doigts.”
B E A [ 105 ] B E A
Beauty, apparent ftrength or agility. The finelt exemplars
! ■V-"*”' that can be' feeh for the former, is the Venus of Me¬
dici; and for the two latter, the Hercules Farnefe and
I the Apollo Belvedere.
v There is one thing indeed in the laft of thefe figures
which exceeds the bounds of our prefent inquiry
what an Italian artift called 11 fovra urnano; and what
we may call the tranfcendent, or celeftial. It is fome-
thing diftinft from all human beauty, and of a nature
greatly fuperior to it; fomething that feems like an
air of divinity : Which is expreffed, or at leaft is to be
| - traced out, in but very few works of the artifts ; and
of which fcarce any of the poets have caught any ray
in their defcriptions (or perhaps even in their imagi-
gination), except Homer and Virgil, among the an¬
cients ; and our Shakefpear and Milton among the
moderns.
The beauty of the mere human form is much fupe¬
rior to that of colour; and it may be partly for this
reafon, that when one is obferving the fineft works of
the artifts at Rome (where there is ftill the nobleft
r colleftion of. any in the world), one feels the mind
more ftruck and more charmed with the capital fta-
tues, than with the pictures of the greateft mafters.
One of the old Roman poets, in fpeaking of a very
1 handfome man, who was candidate for the prize in
fome of the public games, fays, that he was much ex¬
pected and much admired by all the fpedtators at his
^ firft appearance ; but that, when he flung off his robes,
[Thd’vi and difcovered the whole beauty of his fhape altoge-
1573.' ' ther, it was fo fuperior, that it quite extinguifhed the
Vol. III. Part I.
beauties they had before fo much admired in his face.
Much the fame effeCt may be felt in viewing the Ve¬
nus of Medici. If you obferve the face onlf, it ap¬
pears extremely beautiful; but if you confider all the
other elegancies of her make, the beauty of her face
becomes Tefs ftriking, and is almoft loft in fuch a mul¬
tiplicity of charms.
Whoever would learn what makes the beauty of
each part of the human body, may find it laid down
pretty much at large, by (c) Felibien ; or may ftudy
it with more pleafure to himfelf, in the fineft pictures
■and ftatues ; for in life we commonly fee but a fmall
part of the human body, moft of it being either dii-
guifed or altered by what we call drefs.
In fad; we do not only thus, in a great meafure,
hide beauty ; but even injure, and kill it, by fome parts
of drefs. A child is no fooner born into the world,
than it is bound up, almoft as firmly as an old Egyp¬
tian mummy, in feveral folds of linen. It is in vain
for him to give all the figns of diftrefs that nature has
put in his power, to ftww how much he fuffers whilft
they are thus imprifoning his limbs ; or all the figns
of joy, every time they are fet at liberty. In a few
minutes, the old witch who prefides over his infirmeft
days, falls to tormenting him afrefli, and winds him up
again jn his deftined confinement. When he comes to
be dreft like a man, he has ligatures applied to his
arms', legs, and middle ; in ftiort, all over him ; to pre¬
vent the natural circulation of his blood, and make
him lefs aCtiye and healthy : and if it be a child of the
tenderer fex, ftie muft be bound yet more ftraitly a-
O bout
(c) In his Entretiens, vol. ii. p. 14—45. The chief of what he fays there, on the beauty of the different
parts of the female form, is as follows: That the head Ihould be well rounded; and look rather inclining to
fmall than large. The forehead, white, fmooth, and open (not with the hair growing down too deep upon it) ;
neither flat nor prominent, but like-the head, well rounded; and rather fmall in proportion than large. The
hair, either bright, black, or brown ; not thin, but full and waving ; and if it falls in moderate curls the bet¬
ter. The black is particularly ufeful for fetting off the whitenefs of the neck and fkin. The eyes, black,
chefnut, or blue ; clear, bright, and lively ; and rather large in proportion than fmall. The eye-brows, well
divided, rather full than thin ; femicircular, and-broader in the middle than at the ends ; of a neat turn, but
not formal. The cheeks fhould not be wide ; ftiould have a degree of plumpnefs, with the red and white fine¬
ly blended together; and fhould look firm and foft. The ear fhould be rather fmall than large ; well folded,
and with an agreeable tinge of red. The nofe fhould be placed fo as to divide the face into two equal parts;
fhould be of a moderate fize, ftrait, and well-fquared ; though fometimes a little rifing in the nofe, which is
but juft perceivable, may give a very graceful look to it. The mouth fhould be fmall; and the lips not of
equal thicknefs : They fhould be well turned, fmall rather than grofs ; foft, even to the eye 7 and with a living
red in them. A truly pretty mouth is like a rofe-budr that is beginning to blow. The teeth fhould be
middle-fized, white, well-ranged, and even. The chin of a moderate fize ; white, foft, and.agreeably rounded.
The neck fhould be white, firaight, and of a foft, eafy, and flexible make, rather long than fhort; lefs above, and
encreafing gently toward the fhoulders : The wbitenefs and delicacy of its fkin fhould be continued, or ra¬
ther go on improving to the bofom. 1 he fkin in general fhould be white, properly tinged with red ; with
an apparent foftnefs, and a look of thriving health in it. The flroulders fhould be white, gently fpread, and
with a much fofter appearance of ftrength than in thofe of men. The arm fhould be white, round, firm, and
foft; and more particularly fo from the elbow to the hands. The hand fhould unite infenfibly with the arm ;
juft as it does in the ftatue. of tire Venus of Medici. They fhould be long and delicate, and even the joints
and nervous parts of them fhould be without either any hardnefs or drynefs. The fingers fhould be fine, long,
round, and foft; fmall, and leffening towards the tips of them : 'And the nails long, rounded at the ends, and
pellucid. The bofom fhouldTe white and charming; and the breafts equal in rouudnefs, whitenefs, and firm-,
nefs; neither too much elevated nor too much depreffed ; rifing gently, and very diftinftly feparated ; in one
wrord, juft like thofe of the Venus'of Medici. The fides fhould be long, and the hips wider than the fhoul¬
ders ; and fhould turn off as they do in the fame Venus ; and go down rounding and leffening gradually to
the knee. The knee fhould be even,' and well rounded ;,the legs firaight, but varied by a proper rounding of the
more flefhy part of them ; and the feet finely turned, white, and little.
B E A [ 10S ] B E A
bout the waift and ftomacb, to acquire a difproportion
that nature never meant in her fa ape.
The two other cenftituent parts of beauty, are ex-
preffion and grace ; the former of which is common to
all perfons and faces ; and the latter is to be met with
in very few.
3. Exprefton. By this is meant the expreffion of
the paffions ; the turns and changes of the mind, fo
far as they are made vifible to the eye by our looks or
geftures.
Though the mind appears principally in the face
and attitudes of the head ; yet every part aimoft of
the human body, on fome occafion or other, may be¬
come exp^eflive. Thus the languifhing hanging of
the arm, or the vehement exertion of itthe pain ex-
preffed by the fingers of one of the fons in the famous
group of Laocoon,jand in the toes of the dying gladi¬
ator. But this again is often lott among us by our
drefs; and indeed fs of the lefs concern, becaufe the
expreffion of the paffions pafles chiefly in the face,
which we (by good luck) have not as yet concealed.
The parts of the face in which the paffions moft
frequently make their appearance, are the eyes and
mouth ; but from the eyes, they diffufe themfelves
very ftrongly about the eye-brows ; as, in the other
cafe, they appear often in the parts all round the
mouth.
Philofophers may difpute as much as they pleafe
about the feat of the foul; but, where-ever it refides,
we are fure that it fpeaks in the eyes. Perhaps it is
injuring the eye-brows, to make them only depend¬
ents on the eye ; for they, efpecially in lively fa'ces,
have, as it were, a language of their own ; and are ex¬
tremely varied, according to the different fentiments
and paffions of the mind.
Degree of difpleafure may be often difeerned in a
lady’s eye-brow, though fhe have addrefs enough not
to let it appear in her eyes y and at other times may
be difeovered fo much of her thoughts^ in the line juft
above her eye-brows, that fhe would probably be ama¬
zed how any body could tell what paffed in her mind,
and (as fhe thought) undifeovered by her face, fo par¬
ticularly and diftin&ly.
Homer makes the eye-brows the feat of (D)majefty,
Virgil of (e) dejedtion, Horace of (f) modefly, and
Juvenal of (o) pride; and it is not certain whether
every one of the paffions be not affigned, by one or
other of the poets, to the fame part.
Having hitherto fpoken only of the paffions in ge- Bear
neral, we will now confider a little which of them add
to beauty, and which of them take from it.
We may fay, in general, that all the tender and
kind paffions add to beauty ; and all the cruel and un¬
kind ones add to deformity : And it is on this account
that good nature may very juflly be faid to be “ the
beft feature even in the finefl face.”
Mr Pope has included the principal paffion of each
fort in two very pretty lines ;
Love, hope, and joy, fair pleafurejs fmiling train ;
Hate, fear, and grief, the family of pain.
The former of which naturally give an additional
lullre and enlivening to beauty ; as the latter are too
apt to fling a gloom and cloud over it.
Yet in thefe, and all the otfyer paffions, moderation
ought perhaps to be confidered in a great meafure the
rule of their beauty, almoft. as far as moderation in
aftions is the rule of virtue. Thus an exceffive joy
may be too boisterous in the face to be pleafing ; and
a degree of grief, in fome faces, and on fome occafions,
may be extremely beaiitiful. Some degrees of anger,
ffiame, furprife, fear, and concern, are beautiful; but
all excefs is hurtful, and all excefs ugly. Dulnefs, au-
fterity, impudence, pride, afledtation, malice, and envy,
are always ugly.
The fineft union of paffions that can perhaps be ob-
ferved in any face, confifts of a juft mixture of modefty,.
fenfibility, and fweetnefs; each of which when taken
fingly is very pleafing : but when they are all blended
together, in fuch a manner as either to enliven or cor--
re£t each other, they give almoft as much attna&ion
as the paffions are capable of adding to a very pretty
face.
The prevailing paffion in the Venus of Medici is
modefty: It is expreft by each of her hands, in her
looks, and in the turn of her head. And by the way,
it may be queftioned, whether one of the chief reafons
why fide-faces pleafe one more than full ones, be not
from the former having more of the air of modefty than
the latter. This atleaft is certain, that the beft artifts
ufually choofe to give a fide-face rather than a full one ;
in which attitude, the turn of the neck too has more
beauty, and the paffions more a&ivity and force. Thus,
as to hatred and affedtion in particular, the look that
was formerly fuppofed to carry an infe&ion with it
fi-om malignant eyes, was a flanting regard ; like that
which
(D) H, £ xvaviriirtv it’ eppwrmua-t fapovtav
ApiGpocrixi’S’ apx i7r!ppa<rscv1o cnfaiihc
Kpcch( air’ aSaiKcloio' fayav S’ O\v/airov. IX. a. 518.
It was from this paflage that Phidias borrowed all the ideas of that majefly which he had exprefied fo ftrong¬
ly in his famous ftatues of the Jupiter Olympus ; and Horace, probably, his Cundta fupercilio mo vent is.
jLib. iii. Od. 1. 8.
(e) Frons lasta parum, et deje&o lumina vultu. Virgil, JEn. vi. 863.
(f) Deme fupercilio nubcm ; plerumque modeftus
Occupat obfeuri fpeciem. . Herat, lib. i. Epift. 18. 95.
(g) Malb Venufinam, quam te, Cornelia, mater
Gracchorum ; fi cum magnis virtutibus affers
Grande fupercilium, et numeras in dote triumphos. Juvenal, Sat. vi. 168.
It is here that the Romans ufed the word fuperciliojiu (as we do from it the word fupercilious) for proud
and arrogant perfons.
B E A
Beauty, which Milton gives to Satan, when he is viewing the
'L" " * ' ~ ' happinefs of our firft parents in paradife ; and the faf-
cination, or ftroke of love, is moft. ufually conveyed, at
lirft, in a iide-glance.
It is owing to the great force of pleafingnefs which
attends all the kinder paffions, “ that lovers do not
only feem, but are really, more beautiful to each other
than they are to the reft of the world becanfewhen
they ar,e together, the moft'pleafing paffions are more
frequently exerted in each of their faces than they are
in either before the reft of the world. There is then
(as a certain French writer very well expreffes it) “A
foul upon their countenances,” which does not appear
when they are abfent from each other ; or even when
they are together converfing with other perfons, that
are indifferent to them, or rather lay a reftraint upon
their features.
The fuperiorky which the beauty of the paffions
has over the two parts of beauty firft mentioned,
[ i°7 i
B E A
tioned deferve to be repeated ; That the .chief rule of Beauty,
■the beauty of the paffions is moderation ; and that the
part in which they appear moft ftrongly is the eyes.
It is there that love holds all his tendereft language :
It is there that virtue commands, modefty charms, joy
enlivens, forrow engages, and inclination fires the
hearts of the beholders : It is there that even fear, and
anger, and confufion, can be charming. But all thefe,
to be charming, muft be kept within their due bounds
and limits; for too fullen an appearance of virtue, a
violent and proftitute fwell of paffion, a ruftic and over¬
whelming modefty, a deep fadnefs, Or too wild and
impetuous a joy, become all either oppreffive or dif-
agreeable.
4. The laft finiftiing and nobleft part of beauty is
Grace ; which every body is accuftomed to fpeak of as
a thing inexplicable; and in a great meafure perhaps
it is fo. We know that the foul is, but we fcarce
know what it is: every judge of beauty can point out
will probably be now pretty evident: or if this ftiould grace ; but no one feems even yet to have fixed upon
appear ftill problematical to any one, let him confider a definition for it.
a little the following particulars, of which every body
muft have met with feveral inftances in their lifetime.
That there is a great deal of difference in the fame
face, according as the perfpn is in a better or worfe
humour, or in a greater or lefs degree of livelinefs :
Grace often depends on fome very little incidents
in a fine face; and in a&ions it confifts more in the
manner of doing things than in the things themfelves.
It is perpetually varying its appearance, and is there¬
fore much more-difficult to be confidered than in any
That the beft complexion, the fineft features, and the thing fixed and fteady. While you look upon one.
—q._/i n  —!*-1—■- -r   it fteals from under the eye of the obferver ; and is
fucceeded perhaps by another that flits away as foon
and as imperceptibly. It is on thus account that grace
is better to be ftudied in Corregio’s, Guido’s, and Ra¬
phael’s pictures, than in real life.
But though one cannot punctually fay what grace
is, we may point out the parts and things in which it
is moft apt to appear.
The chief dwelling-place of grace is about the
mouth j though at. times it may vifit every limb or
part of the body. But the mouth is the chief feat of
grace, as much as the chief feat for the beauty of the
paffions is in the eyes. Thus,-when the French ufe
exa&eft ftiape, without any thing of the mind expref-
fed on the face, are as infipid and unmoving as the
waxen figure of the fine Duchefs. of Richmond in
Weftminfter-Abbey: That the fineft eyes in the world,
with an excels of malice or rage in them, will grow
as ihocking as they are in that fine face of Medufa on
the famous deal in the Strozzi family at Rome : That
a face without any good features in it, and with a very
indifferent complexion, (hall have a very taking air ;
from the fenfibility of the eyes, the general good-hu¬
moured turn of the look, and perhaps a little agree¬
able fmile about the mouth. And thefe three things
perhaps would go a great way toward accounting for
the Je ne fgai quoi, or that inexplicable pleafingnefs of the expreffion of une bouche fort gacieufe, they mean it
the face (as they choofe to call it), which is fo often properly of grace: but when they lay des yeux tree
talked of and fo little underftood; as. the greater part, gracieux, it then falls to the {hare of the paffions ; and
and perhaps all the reft of it, would fall under the laft it means kind or favourable,
article, that of grace.
Thus it appears that the paffions can give beauty ~
without the affiftance of colour or form ; and take it
away where they have united the moft ftrongly to give
In a very graceful face, by which we do notfo much
mean a majeftic as a foft and pleafing one, there is
now and then (for no part of beauty is either fo en->
gaging or fo uncommon) a certain delicioufnefs that
it. And hence the fuperiority of this part of beauty almolt always lives about the mouth, in fomething not
to the other two. quite enough to be called a fmile, but rather an ap-
This, by the way, may help us to account for the proach toward one, which varies gently about the dif-
-r-  ‘ - r c c- ferent lines there like a little fluttering Gupid, and per¬
haps fometimes difcovers a little dimple, that after juft
lightening upon you difappears and appears again by
fits.
The grare of attitudes may belong to the pofition
of each part, as well as to the carriage or difpofition
of the whole' body : but how much more it belongs to
the head than to any other part may be feen in the
pieces of the moft celebrated painters ; and particular¬
ly in thofe of Guido, who has been rather too lavifli
in bellowing this beauty on almoft all his fine women ;
whereas nature has given it in fo high a degree but to
very few.
Q 2
juftnefs of what Pliny afferts in fpeaking of the famous
ilatue of Laocoon and his two fons : He fays, it was
the fineft piece of art in Rome ; and to be preferred
to all the other ftatues and pidfures, of which they had
fo noble a colledlion in his time. It had no beauties
of colour to vie with the paintings and other ftatues
there ; as the Apollo Belvedere and the Venus of Me¬
dici, in particular, Were as finely proportioned as the
Laocoon : But this had much greater variety of ex¬
preffion even than thofe fine ones ; and it muft be on
that account alone that it could have been preferable
to thorn and all the reft.
Before quitting this head, two things before men-
The
Beauty.
B E A r 108 1 B E A
Beav.ty. The turns of the neck are extremely capable of
’——'■r—' grace, and are very eafy to be obferved, though very
difficult to be accounted for.
How much of this grace may belong to the arms
and feet, as well as to the neck and head, may be feen
in dancing. But it is not only in genteel motions that
Di arte A- a very pretty woman will be graceful; and Ovid (who
mandi, u, was f0 great a mafter in all the parts of beauty) had
very good reafon for faying, That when Venus, to
pleafe her gallant, imitated the hobbling gait of her
hufband, her very lamenefs had a great deal of pretti-
nefs and grace in it.
Tibullus “ Every motion of a graceful woman (fays another
lib. iv. writer of the fame age) is full of grace.” She de-
el. a. 8. figns nothing by it perhaps, and may even not be fen-
fible of it Lerfelf: and indeed fhe fhould not be lo too
much ; for the moment that any geflure or a&ion ap¬
pears to be affefted, it ceafes to be graceful.
Horace and Virgil feem to extend grace fo far as to
. the flowing of the hair, and Tibullus even to the drefs
of his miftrefs ; but then he affigns it more to her man¬
ner of putting on and appearing in whatever fhe wears
than to the drefs itfelf. It is true, there is another
wicked poet (Ovid) who has faid (with much lefs
decency) “that drefs is the better half of the-wo¬
man
   Pars minima eft ipfapuella Jut, Ovid.
There are two very diftinft (and, as it were, oppo-
fite) forts of grace ; the majeftic and the familiar.
The former belongs chiefly to the very pine women,
and the latter to the very pretty ones : That is more
commanding, and this the more delightful and enga¬
ging. The Grecian painters and fculptors ufed to ex-
prefs the former molt itrongly in the looks and atti¬
tudes of their Minervas, and the latter in thofe of
Venus.
Xenophon, in his Choice of , Hercules (or at leaft
the excellent tranflator of that piece) has made juft
the fame diftin&ion in the perfonages of wiidom and
pleafure ; the former of which he defcribes as moving
on to that young hero with the majeftic fort of grace ;
and the latter with the familiar :
Graceful, yet each'with different grace they move ;
This ftriking facitd awe, that fofter winning love.
No poet feems to have underftood this part of beau¬
ty fo well as our own Milton. He fpeaks of thefe
two forts of grace very diftindtly ; and gives the ma¬
jeftic to his Adam, and both the familiar and majeftic
to Eve ; but the latter in a lefs degree than the for¬
mer :
Two of far nobler drape, ere£l and tall,
Godlike ereft, with native honour clad,
In naked majefty, feem’d lords of all;
And worthy feem’d. For in their looks divine
The image of their glorious Maker fhone :
Truth, wifdom, fanftitude fevere and pure ;
Severe, but in true filial freedom plac’d ;
Whence true authority in men : Though both
Not equal, as their fex not equal, feem’d.
For contemplation he, and valour, form’d ;
For foftnefs (he, and fweet attraftive grace.
Milton’s Par. Lcfti B. iv. 298.
   1 efpy’d thee, fair indeed and tall.
Under a plantain ; yet methought lefs fair,
Lefs winning foft, lefs amiably mild,
Than that fmooth wat’ry image.- 
(Eve, of Adam and herfelf) lb. ver. 480.
  Her heav’nly form
Angelic, but more foft and feminine ;
Her graceful innocence ; her ev’ry air
Of gefture, or leaft; adfion.  B. ix. 46 f.
Grace was in all her fteps : Heav’n in her eye ;
In ev’ry gefture, dignity and love. B. viii. 489.
Speaking, or mute, all comelinefs and grace
Attends thee; and each word, each motion, forms.
lb. 223.
Though grace is fo difficult to be accounted for in
general, yet there are two particular things which
feem to hold univetfally in relation to it.
The firft is, “ That there is no grace without mo¬
tion that is, without fome genteel or pleafing mo¬
tion, either of the whole body or of fome limb,, or at
leaft of fome feature. And it may be hence that Lord
Bacon calls grace by the name of decent motion; juft Worls.
as if they were equivalent terms: “In beauty, thatvol>‘‘i. ;
of favour is more than that of colour; and that ofP‘ ^ a*
gracious and decent motion, more than.that^of fa¬
vour.”
Virgil in one place points out the majefty of Juno, j. 46,
and in another the graceful air of Apollo, by onlyiv. 1^7.
faying that they move ; and poffiblyhe means no more
when he makes the motion of Venus the principal
thing by which iEneas difcovers her under all her dif-
guife ; though the commentators, as ufual, would fain
find out a more dark and myfterious meaning for it.
All the belt ftatues are reprefented as in fome a&ion
or motion ; and the moft graceful ftatue in the world
(the Apollo Belvedere) is k> much fo,‘ that when one
faces it at a little diftance, one is almoft apt to ima¬
gine that he is actually going to move on toward you.
All graceful heads, even in the portraits of the beft
painters, are in motion ; and very ftrongly on thofe of
Guido in particular ; which are all either cafting their
looks up toward heaven, or down toward the ground,
or fide-way, as regarding fome objedt- A head that
is quite unattive, and flung flat upon the canvas (like
the faces on medals after the fall of the Roman em¬
pire, or the Gothic hea^s before the revival of the
arts), will be fo far from having any grace, that it will
not even have any life in it.
The fecond obfervation is, “ That there can be no
grace with improprietyor, in other words, that
nothing can be graceful that is not adapted to the
charafters of the perfon.
The graces of a little lively beauty would become
ungraceful in a charafter of majefty ; as the majeftie
airs of an emprefs would quite deftroy the prettinefs
of the former. The vivacity that adds a grace to
beauty in youth would give an additional deformity to
old age ; and the very fame airs which would be
charming on fome occafions may be quite {hocking
when extremely miftimed or extremely mifplaced.
The infeparable union of propriety and grace feems
to have been the general fenfe of mankind, as we may
guefs from the languages of feveral nations j in which
fome
BEA [109] BEA
Beauty, fome words that anfwer to our proper or becoming,,are
“’■'V”""' ufed indifferently for beautiful or graceful. Thus,
among the Greeks, the words tip.™* and Kaxov, and
among the Romans pulchrum and decern, or decorum,
are ufed indifferently for one another.
It appears wrong, however, to think (as fome have
done) that grace confifts entirely in propriety ; becaufe
propriety is a thing eafy enough to be underftood, and
grace (after all we can fay about it) very difficult.
Propriety, therefore, and grace are no more one and
the fame thing than grace and motion are. It is true,
it cannot fubfift without either ; but then there feems
to be fomething elfe,' which cannot be explained, that
goes to the compofition, and which poffibly may give
its greatefl force and pleafingnefs.
Whatever are the caufes of it, this is certain, that
grace is the chief-of all the conftituent parts of beau¬
ty ; and fo much fo, that it feems to be the only one
which is abfolutely and univerfally admired : All the
reft are only relative. One likes a brunette beauty
better than a fair one ; I may love a little woman, and
you a large one, beft ; a perfon of a mild temper will
be fond of the gentler paffions in the face, and one
of a bolder caft may choofe to have more vivacity and
more vigorous -paffions expreffed there : But grace is
found in few, and is plealing to all. Grace, like poe¬
try, muft be born with a perfon, and is never wholly
to be acquired by art. The moft celebrated of all the
ancient painters was Apelles ; and the moft celebrated
of all the modern Raphael: And it is remarkable,
that the diftinguifhing charafter of each of them
was grace. Indeed, that alone could have given them
fo high a pre-eminence over all their other competi¬
tors.
Grace has nothing to do with the loweft part of
beauty or colour; very little with ffiape, and very
much with the paffions ; for it is (he who gives their
higheft zeft, and the moft delicious part of their plea¬
fingnefs to the expreffions of each of them.
All the other parts of beauty are pleafing in fome
degree, but grace is pleafingnefs itfelf. And the old
Romans in general feem to have had this notion of
it, as may be inferred from the original import of the
names which they ufed for this part of beauty: Gra¬
tia from grains, or “ pleafingand decor from de¬
cent, or “ becoming.”
The Greeks as well as the Romans muft have been
of this opinion ; when in fettling their mythology, they
made the graces the conftant attendants of Venus or
the caufe of love. In fadt, there is nothing caufes love
fo generally and fo irrefiftibly as grace. It is like the
Ceftus of the fame goddefs, which was fuppofed to com¬
prehend every thing that was winning and engaging
in it; and befide all, to oblige the heart to love by a
fecret and inexplicable force like that of fome magic
charm.
She faid, with awe divine, the queen of love
Obey’d the lifter and the wife of Jove:
And from her fragrant breaft the zone unbrac’d,
With various Ikill and high embroidery grac’d.
In this was every art, and every charm,
To win the wifeft, and the coldeft warm:
Fond love, the gentle vow, the gay defire,
The kind deceit, the Hill reviving fire.
Perfuafive fpeech, and more perfuafive fighs,
Silence that fpoke, and eloquence of eyes.
This on her hand the Cyprian goddefs laid ;
Take this, and with it all thy wilh, Ihe faid:
With fmilts Ihe took the charm; and fmiling preft
The pow’rful Ceftus to her fnowy breaft.
Pope, II. xiv. 256.
Although people in general are more capable of
judging right of beauty, at leaft in fome parts of it,
than they are of moft other things; yet there are a
great many caufes apt to fhillead the generality in their
judgments of beauty. Thus, if the affe&ion is entirely
engaged by any one objeft,^ a man is apt to allow all
perfe&ions to that perfon, and very little in compaiifon
to any body elfe; or if they ever commend others high¬
ly, it is for fome circumftance in which they bear fome
refemblance to their favourite objeft.
Again,peopleatevery often milled in their judgments,
by a limilitude either of their own temper or perfonage
in-others. It is hence that a perfon of a mild temper
is more apt to be pleafed with the gentler paffions in
the face of his miftrefs ; and one of a very lively turn
would choofe more of fpirit and vivacity in his; that
little people are inclined to prefer pretty women, and
larger people majeftic ones; and fo on in a great varie¬
ty of inftances. This may be called falling in love
with ourfelves at fecond hand; and felf-love (whatever
other love may be) is fometimes fo falfe-fighted, that
it may make the moft plain, and even the moft difa-
greeable things, feem beautiful and pleafing.
Sometimes an idea of ufefulnefs may give a turn to
our ideas of beauty ; as the very fame things are reck¬
oned beauties in acoach-horfe which would be fo many
blemifties in a race-horfe.
But the greateft and moft general milleader of our
judgments, in relation to beauty, is cuftom, or the dif¬
ferent national taftes for beauty, which turn chiefly on'
the two lower parts of it, colour and form.
It was from the moft common ffiape of his country¬
women, that Rubens, in his piftures, delights fo much
in plumpnefs ; not to give it a worfe name. When¬
ever he was to reprefent the moft beautiful women, he
is fure to give them a good ffiare of corpulence. It
feems as if nobody could be a beauty with him under
two hundred weight. His very graces are all fat.
But this may go much farther than mere bulk; it
will reach even to very great deformities; which fome¬
times grow into beauties, where they are habitual and
general. One of our own countrymen (who was a
particularly handfome man) in his travelling over the
Alps, w'as detained by a fever in one of thole villages,
•where every grown perfon has that fort of fwellings in
the neck which they call goitres; and of which fome
are very near as big as their heads. The firft Sunday
that he was able, he went to their church (for he was
a Roman catholic) to return thanks to heaven for his
recovery. A man of fo good a figure, and fo well
dreft, had probably never before been within the walls
of that chapel. Every body’s eyes were fixed upon
him; and as they went out, they cried out loud
enough for him to hear them, “ O how completely
handfome would that man be, if he had but a goitre!
In fome of the moft military nations of Africa, no
man is reckoned handfome that has not five or fix fears
B E A [ no ] B E B
in His face. This cuftom might poffibly at firft be
' introduced among them to make them lefs afraid-
of wounds in that part in battle: but however that
was, it grew at lad to have fo great a fhare in their
idea of beauty, that they now cut and flaih the faces
of their poor little infants, in order to give them thofe
graces, when they are grown" up, which are fo neceffa-
ry to win the hearts of their mittreffes; and which,
with the afliftance of fome jewels or ingots of gold in
their nofes, ears, and lips, mull certainly be irreiiftible
to the ladies of that country.
The covering each cheek all over with a burning
fort of ted colour, has long been looked upon in a
neighbouring country to be as neceffary to render a
fine lady’s face completely beautiful, as thefe fears are
for the beaux in Africa.
The natural complexion of the Italian ladies is of a
higher glow than ours ufiially are ; and yet Mr Addi-
fetn is very juft, in making a Numidian call the ladies
of the fame country/>«/<?, unripened, beauties.
The glowing dames of Zama’s royal court
Have faces Audit with more exalted charms:
The fun, that rolls his chariot o’er their heads,
’Works up more fire and colour in their cheeks:
Were you with thefe, my prince, you’d foon forget
The pale, unripen’d beauties of the north !
Syphax to Juba; in Cato, AA i. Scene 4.
The prince of Anamaboo, who had been fo long
and laterally fo much ufed to the European com¬
plexion, yet faid of a certain lady a little before he left
London, “ That fhe would be the moft charming wo¬
man in the world if fhe was but a negro.”
In an account of fome of the fartheft travels that
any of our people have made up the river Gambia, we
are informed, that when they came to fome villages
where probably no Europeans had ever -been before,
the women ran frightened and fereaming from them,
■on taking them to be devils, merely on account of the
-whitenefs of their complexion.
We cannot avoid obferving, however, that heaven is
very good and merciful to mankind, even in making us
capable of all this variety of miftakes. If every perfon
judged exadtly right of beauty, every man that was in
love in fuch a diftridt, would be in love with the fame
woman. The fiiperior beauty of each hamlet would
be the object of the hate and malice of all the reft of
her own fex in it, and the caufe of diffenlion and mur¬
ders among all of the other. If this would hold in
one town, it would hold for the fame reafons in every
other town or diftridt; and of courfe there would be
nothing more wanting than this uniyerfal right judge¬
ment of beauty, to render the whole world one conti¬
nued feene of blood and mifery.
But now that fancy has perhaps more to do with
beauty than judgment, there is an infinity of taftes,'
and confequently an infinity of beauty; for to the
mind of the lover, fuppofed beauty is full as good as
real. Every body may now choofe out what happens
to hit his own turn and caft. This increafes the ex¬
tent of beauty vaftly, and makes it in a manner univer-
fal: for thefe are but few people in comparifon that
are truly beautiful; but every body may be beautiful
in the imagination of fome one or other. Some may
delight themfelves in a black ikin, and"others in a white;
fo.me in a gentle natural rofmefs of complexion, others Beauty
in a high exalted artificial red ; fome nations in waifts li
difproportionably large, and another in waifts as difpro- e rycii>
portionably fmall. In Ihort, the moft oppofite things
imaginable may each be looked upon as beautiful in
whole different countries, or by different people in the
fame country.
We fhould perhaps make a diftindtiofi here again, as
to the two former parts of beauty and the two latter.
Fancy has much more to do in the articles of form and
colour than in thofe of the paflions and grace. The
good paffipns, as they are vifible on the face, are ap¬
parent goodnefs ; and that muft be generally amiable:
and true grace, wherever it appears to any degree,
one fhould think muft be pleaiing, to every human
creature ; or perhaps this may never appear in the wo¬
men of any nation, where the men are grown fo la¬
vage and brutal as to have loft all tafte for it.
Yet even as to grace itfelf, under the notion of
pleafingnefs, it may become almoft univerfal, and be as
fubjedl to the dominion of fancy as any of the lefs fig-
nificant parts of beauty. A parent can fee genteelnefs
in the moft aukward child perhaps that ever was borfi;
and a perfon who is truly in love, will be pleafed with
every motion and air of the perfon beloved ; which is
the moft diftinguifhing charafter that belongs to grace.
It is true, this is all a miftaken grace; but as to that
particular perfon, it has all the effedts of the true.
Beauty, in architefture, painting, And other arts,
is the harmony and juftnefs of the whole compofition
taken together.
BEAUVAIS, an epifcopalcityin the Ifle of France,
and capital of the Beauvoilis. The cathedral church is
dedicated to f}t Peter, and is much admired for its fine
architefture. It contains a great number of relics, and
a library of curious books. There are feveral other
churches, among which is one dedicated to St Stephen,
remarkable for its curious windows. The town was in-
effeftually befieged by the Englifh in 1443, and by the
Duke of Burgundy with an army of 80,000 men. In
this laft fiege the women fignalized themfelves under
the conduft of Jeane Hachette, who fet up a ftandard
yet preferved in the church of the Jacobins. The Duke
was obliged to raife the fiege ; and in memory of the i
womens exploits, they walk firft in a proceflion on the
10th of July, the anniverfary of their deliverance. The
inhabitants carry on a good trade in beautiful tapeftry.
Beauvais is fituated on the river Therin, in E. Long.
2. 15. N. Lat. 49. 26.
Beauvais, a town of France in Upper Languedoc,
feated on the river Tefcou. E. Long. 1. 43. N. Lat.
44. 2.
BEAUVIN, a city of Burgundy in France, in E.
Long. 4. 50. N. Lat. 47.
BEAUVOIR fur Mer, a maritime town of Poi&ou,
in France, with the title of Marquifate. W. Long.
1. 5,. N. Lat. 46. 45.
BEAUVOISIS, a territory of France, formerly
part of Picardy, but now of the Ifle of France. Beau¬
vais is the capital.
BEBELINGUTN, a town of Germany, in the
duchy of Wirtembefg, feated on a lake from which
proceeds the river Worm. E* Long. 9. 8. N. Lat.
48. 45.
BEBRYCIA, (anc. geog.), an ancient name of
B E C [ i
Bithynla, fo called from the Bebryces its inhabitants.
The Bebryces were afterwards driven out by the Thra¬
cians, vizi the Bithyni and Thyni; from whom, in
procefs of time, the country took the name of Bilhy-
nia. See Bithynia.
BEC, a town of France, in Normandy, feated on a
tongue of land, at the confluence of two rivers, in E.
Long. O; 52. N. Lat. 48.45.
BECAH, or Bekah, a Jewiih coin, being half a
fhekel. In Dr Arbuthnot’s table of reduftions, the
bekah amounts to I344d. in Dr Prideaux’s computa¬
tion to is.. 6d. Every lirae'lite paid an hundred bekahs
a head annually for the fupport of the temple.
BECALM, in a general fenfe, fignifies to appeafe,
to allay.
Becalm, in the fea language. A (hip is faid to be
becalmed, when there is not a breath of wind to fill the
fails.
BECANOR., a town of India, in Afia, feated on
the river Ganges, in E. Long. 83. 5. N. Lat. 27. 40.
BECCABUNGA,brooklime; the trivial name of
a fpeciesof veronica. See Veronica..
BECCLES, a large town of Suffolk in England,
in E. Long. 1. 30. N, Lat. 52. 38.
BECHER (John Joachim), a celebrated clfemifl:,
was born at Spires, in 1645. He was connedted with
the moft learned men in Europe ; and the emperor, the
eledtors of Mentz and Bavaria* -and other pe'rfons of
high rank, furnifhed him with the means of making ex¬
periments in mathematics, natural philofophy, medicine,
and chemiftry. As his thoughts were very judicious and
uncommon with refpedf to oeconomy and to increafing
the revenues of a (late, he was invited to Vienna, where
he contributed greatly to the eftabiifhment of feveral
manufadtures, a chamber .of commerce, and an India
company ; but the jealoufy of fome of the miniflers oc-
eafioned his djfgrace and ruin. He was not lefs un¬
happy at Mentz, Munich, and Wurtzburg ; which de¬
termined him to go to Haerlem, where he invented a
machine for working a great quantity of filk in a little
time, and with few hands : but new misfortunes made
him come to England, and he died at London in j 685.
He wrote many works; the principal of which are,
1. Phyjica Subterranea, which was reprinted at Leipfic in
1703, and in 1739, in odfavo, with a fmall treatife, by
E. Stahl, intitled Specinien Becherianum. 2. Experi-
mentum cbymicum novum, 8vo. 3. Charatter pro No¬
thin Linguarum univerfali. 4. Injlitutiones Chymica,
Jiu Manuduciio ad Pbilofophiam Hermcticam, 410.
5. Injlitutwnes Chymica prodrome, i zmo. 6. Expe-
rimentum novum ac curiofum de Minera arenaria per¬
petuate.
BECHIN, a town of Bohemia, in a circle of the
fame name. It was taken and burnt by General Be-
quoi in 1619. It is feated on the river Laufnics, in
E. Long. 15. 12. N. Lat. 49. 14.
BECK, or Beke, a word which imports- a fmall
ftream of water iffuing from feme burn or fpring.
Hence HeB becks, little brooks in the rough and wild
mountains about Richmond near Lancafliire, fo called
on account of their ghaftiinefs and depthi
Beck is chiefly ufed among us in the compdfition of
names of places originally fituated on rivulets : hence
Walbeck, Bournbeck, &c. "The Germans ufe beck in
the fame manner.
11 ] EEC
BECK, (David) an eminent portrait-painter; was
born at Arnheim in Guelderland in 1621, and bjeame Becker’
a difciple of Vandyck ; from whom, he acquired a fine
manner of penciling, and that fweet ffyle of colouring
which is peculiar to that great mafter and to all the
difciples trained up under his diredlion. He poffeffed
befide^s, that freedom of hand, and readinefs, or rather
rapidity of execution, for which Vandyck was fo re¬
markably famous; and King Charles I. when he ob-
ferved the expeditious manner of Beck’s painting, was
fo exceedingly furprifed, that he told Beck, it was his
opinion, he could paint if he was riding poft. He was
appointed portrait-painter and chamberlain to Queen
Chriftina of Sweden ; and by her recommendation,
mod of the illuttrious perfons in Europe fat to him for
their pidtures. Hq was agreeable, handfome, and po¬
lite, and lived in the highefl: favour with his royal mi-
ftrefs : but, having an earneft defire to vifit his friends
in Holland, and leaving the court of Sweden much
againfl: the'Queen’s inclination, (he apprehended that '
he intended never to return ; and, .as he died foon af¬
ter at the Hague, it was fufpe&ed that he was poifon-
ed. This happened in 1656, when he was aged only
35 years.—A very Angular adventure happened to this
painter as he travelled through Germany, which feems
not unworthy of being recited. He was fuddenly and
violently taken ill at the inn where he lodged, and was
laid out as a corpfe, feeming to all appearance quite
dead. His valets expreffed the ftrongeft marks of grief
for the lofs of their mafter, and while they fat befide
his bed, they drank very freely, by way of confolation.
At laft one of them, who grew much intoxicated, faid
to his companions, our mafter was fond of his glafs
while he was alive, and out of gratitude let lis give him
a glafs now he is dead. As the reft of the fervants af-
fented to the propofal, he raifed up the head of his
mafter and endeavoured to pour fome of the liquor into
his mouth. By the fragrance of the wine, or probably
by a fmall quantity that imperceptibly got down his
throat, Beck opened his eyes; and the fervant being
exceftively drunk, and forgetting that his mafter was
confidered as dead, compelled him to (wallow what
wine remained in the glafs. The painter gradually re¬
vived, and by proper management and care recovered"
perfectly, and efcaped a premature interment—How
highly the works of this mafter were efteemed, may
appear from the many marks of diilimftion and honour
which were fhown him ; .for be received from different
princes, as an acknowledgment of his Angular merit,
nine gpld chains, and feveral medals of gold of a large
fize.
BECKET (Thomas), lord chancellor of England,
archbiftiop of Canterbury in the 12th century. The
ftory of his birth is as extraordinary as that of his life.
It is related, that his father Gilbert Becket, fome time
(heriff of London, went on a pilgrimage to Jerufalem,.
where being furprifed and enflavecLby a party of Sa¬
racens, his mafter’s daughter fell in love with him; and
that when he made his efcape, (he followed him to Lon¬
don. So Angular an inftance of heroic affedtion llruck
him ; and after confulting with fome biftiops, he bap¬
tized her by the name of Matilda, and married her;:
from which marriage proceeded the haughty Thomas
Becket. Being raifed to the archbifhopric, he began.
the.
EEC [ i
Eecl'.et. the great dispute between the crown and the mitre,
— and tided with the pope: at which King Henry II.
was greatly offended ; and calling an affembly of the
bifhops at Weftminfter, offered fix articles againft papal
encroachments, which he urged Becket to affent to.
Becket, at the importunities of feveral lords, JTigned
them ; but relapfmg, he was ordered to be tried as a
traitor; upon which he fled into Flanders. The king
banifhed all his relations, and Becket excommunicated
all his oppofers. At laft, after feven years, by the in-
terceflion of the French king and the pope, he return¬
ed; but refufed to abfolve thefe bifhops and others he
had excommunicated: whereupon the king grew enra¬
ged ; and is reported to have dropped thefe expreflions :
“ That he was an unhappy prince, who maintained a
great number of lazy infignificant perfons about him,
none of whom had gratitude or fpirit enough to re¬
venge him on a Angle infolent prelate who gave him fo
much difturbance.” Thefe words of the king put
four gentleman of his court on forming a defign againft
the' archbifhop’s life, which they executed in the ca¬
thedral church of Canterbury, on the 29th of Decem¬
ber 1171. They endeavoured to drag him out of the
church; but finding they could not do this without
difficulty, killed him there. The affaffins being afraid
they had gone too far, durfl not return to the king’s
court at Normandy, but retired to Knarefburgh in
Yorkfhire ; where every body avoided their company,
hardly any perfon even choofirig to eat or drink with
them. They at length took a voyage to Rome, and
being admitted to penance by pope Alexander III.
they went to Jerufalem; where, according to the pope’s
order, they fpent their lives in penitential auilerities,
and died in the Black Mountain. They were buried at
Jerufalem-, without the church door belonging to the
Templars. King Henry was, or affedted to be,
much diflurbed at the news of Becket’s -death, and
difpatched an embaffy to Rome to clear himfelf
from the imputation of being the caufe of it. Im¬
mediately all divine-offices ceafed in the church of Can¬
terbury, and this for a year, excepting nine days; at the
end of which, by order of the pope, it was reconfecra-
ted. Two years after, Becket was canonized; and
the following year, Henry returning to England, went
to Canterbury, where he did penance as a teflimony of
his regret for the murder of Becket. When he came
within fight of the church where the archbifhop was
buried, he alighted off his horfe, and walked barefoot,
in the habit of a pilgrim, till he came to Becket’s
tomb ; where, after he had profirated'himfelf and pray¬
ed for a confiderable time, he fubmitted to be fcour-
ged by the monks, and paffed all that day and night
without any refrefhment, and kneeling upon the bare
Hone. In 1221 Becket’s body was taken up, 50years
after ffis murder, in the prefence of king Henry III,
and a great concourfe of the nobility and others, and
depofited in a rich fhrine, ere&ed at the expence, of
Stephen Langton archbifhop of Canterbury, which was
foon vifited from all parts, and enriched with the moil
coftly gifts and offerings; and the miracles faid to be
wrought at his tomb were fo numerous, that Gervafe
of Canterbury tells us, there were two large volumes
of them kept in that church. - The monks ufed to
raife his body every year ; and the day on which this
ceremony was performed, which was called the day of
No 43. 5
12 ] EEC
bis tranjlatiori) was a general holiday: every 50th year
there was celebrated a jubilee to his honour, which
laded 15 days: plenary indulgences were then granted
to .all that vifited his tomb; and 100,000 pilgrims have
been regiflered at a time in Canterbury. The devo¬
tion towards him had quite effaced jn that town the
adoration of the Deity; nay, even that of the Virgin,
At God’s altar, for inflapce, there were offered "in one
•year 3I. 2S. 6d. at the Virgin’s, 63I. 5s. 6d. at St Tho¬
mas’s, 832I. 12s. 3d. But next year the difpropor-
tion was dill greater: there was not a penny offered at
God’s altar ; the Virgin’s gained only 41. is. 8d. but
St Thomas’s had got for his fharepyql. 6s. 3d. Louis
VII. of France had made a pilgrimage to this mira¬
culous tomb, and had bedowed on the fhrine a jewel
which was edeemed the riched iii Chridendom. Henry
VIII. to whom it may eafily be imagined how ob¬
noxious a faint of this charadter behoved to appear,
and how much contrary to all his projects for degra¬
ding the authority of the court of Rome, not only pil¬
laged the rich fhrine dedicated to St Thomas, but
made the faint himfelf be cited to appear in court, and
be tried and condemned as a traitor: he ordered his
name to be druck out of the calender; the office for
his feffival to be expunged from all breviaries; and his
bones to be burnt, and the afhes thrown in the air.
From Mr Thomas Warton we learn, that Becket was
the fubjedl of poetical legends- The Lives of the Saints
in verfe, in Bennet’s library (Numb. CLXV.), contain
his martyrdom and tranflation. This manufcript is
fnppofed to be of the 14th century. The fame inge¬
nious writer informs us, from Peter de Blois, that the
palace of Becket was perpetually filled with bifhops
highly accomplifhed in literature, who paffed their time
there in reading, difputing, and deciding important
quedions of ,the date. “ Thefe prelates, though men
of the world, were a fociety of fcholars; yet very dif¬
ferent from thofe who frequented the univerfities, in
which nothing was taught but words and fyllables, un¬
profitable fubtleties, elementaryfpeculations, and trifling
didindtions. De Blois was himfelf eminently learned,
and one of the mod diflinguifhed ornaments of Beck- .
et’s attendants. We know that John of Salifbury, his
intimate friend, the companion of his exile, and the
writer of his life, was fcarcely exceeded by any man of
his time for his knowledge in philological and polite
literature.”
BECKINGHAM (Charles), an Englifh dramatic
writer, was the fon of a linen-draper in London, and
born in 1699. He was educated at that great nurfery
of learning Merchant-Taylor’s fchool, under the learned
Dr Smith, where he made a very great proficiency in
all his dudies, and gave the dronged tedimonials of
very extraordinary abilities. In poetry more particu¬
larly he very early difcovered an uncommon genius, tv/o
dramatic pieces of his writing being reprefented on the
dage before he had completed his 20th year: and
thofe not fuch as required the lead indulgence or al¬
lowance on account of his years; but fuch as bore evi¬
dence to a boldnefs of fentiment,'an accut-acy of dic¬
tion, an ingenuity of conduit, and a maturity .of judge¬
ment, which would have done honour to a much more
ripened age. The titles of his plays, both of which
are tragedies, are, r. Henry IV. of France. 2. Scipio
/Ifricamis, At the reprefentation of the lad mentioned
piece
Beckef,
Becking-
Beckum
II
Bed.
Whittaker
Hiflory of
Manchejlcr
* PV.ny,
lib. viii.
c. 48. and
xvi. c. 36.
BED [1
piece, which indeed was the firft he wrote, his fchool-
mafter Dr Smith, as a peculiar mark of diltinftion and
regard to the merit of his pupil, gave all his boys a
holiday on the afternoon of the author’s benefit, in or¬
der to afford an opportunity to fuch of them as plea-
fed to pay their compliments to their fchool-fellow on
that occafion. Befides thefe dramatic pieces, he wrote
feveral other poems : but his genius was not permitted
any very long period to expand itfelf in ; for he died
on the 18th of February 1730, in the 32d year of his
age-
BECKUM, a town of the bifhopric of Munfter, in
Germany, feated at the fource of the river Verfe, in
E. Long. 8. 18. N. Lat. 51. 46.
BECSANGIL, anciently Bithynia, a province of
Natolia in Afia; bounded on the north by the Black
Sea; on the weft, by the Sea of Marmora; on the fouth,
by Natolia Proper; and on the eaft, by the province
of Bolli. The principal town is Burfa.
BECTASSE, an order or fedt of religious among
the Turks, denominated from their founder Beftajh,
preacher to Sultan Amurath. All the janizaries be¬
longing to the Porte are of the religion of Beftafle,
being even faid to have derived their origin from the
founder of this feft. The habit of the Be&affe is white:
on their heads they wear white caps of feveral pieces,
with turbans of wool twifted rope-fafhion. They ob-
ferve conftantly the hour of prayer, which they perform
in their own affemblies, and make frequent declarations
of the unity of God.
BED, a Convenience for ftretching and compofing
the body on, for cafe, reft, or fleep, confifting gene¬
rally of feathers inclofed in a ticken cafe. There are
varieties of beds, as a ftanding-bed, a fettee-bed, a
tent-bed, a truckle-bed, &c.
j- It was univerfally the practice, in the firft ages, for
mankind to deep upon Ikins of beafts. It was origi-
• nally the cuftom of the Greeks and Romans. It was
particularly the cuftom of the ancient Britons before
the Roman invafion; and thefe Ikins were fpread on the
floor of their apartments. Afterwards they were chan¬
ged for loofe rufties and heather, as the Welch a few
years ago lay on the former, and the Highlanders of
Scotland fleep on the latter to this prefent moment. In
procefs of time, the Romans fuggefted to the interior
Britons the ufe, and the introduftion of agriculture
fupplied them with the means, of the neater conveni-
ency of ftraw beds. The beds of the * Roman gentry
at this period were generally filled with feathers, and
thofe of the inns with the foft down of reeds. But for
m^ny ages the beds of the Italians had been conftantly
compofed of ftraw; it ftill formed thofe of the foldiers
and officers at the conqueft of Lancalhire; and from
both, our countrymen learnt their ufe. But it appears
to have been taken up only by the gentlemen, as the
common Welch had their beds thinly fluffed with rufties
as late as the concluiion of the 1 2th century; and with
the gentlemen it continued many ages afterwards.
Straw was ufed even in the royal chambers of Eng¬
land as late as the clofe of the 13th. Moft of the pea-
fants about Manchefter lie on chaff at prefent, as do
likewife the common people all over Scotland: In the
Highlands heath alfo is very generally ufed as bedding
even by the gentry ; and the repofe on a heath bed has
been celebrated by travellers as a peculiar luxury, fu-
Vol. III. Parti.
13 ] BED
perior to that yielded by down : In France and Italy, Bsd.
ftraw beds remain general to this day. But after the
above period, beds were no longer fuffered to reft up¬
on the ground. The better mode, that had anciently
prevailed in the eaft, and long before been introduced in¬
to Italy, was adopted in Britain ; and they were now
mounted on pedeftalsf. This, however, was equally ■}• Gen.xlk,
confined to the gentlemen. The bed ftill continued on
the floor among the common people. And the grofe
cuftom, that had prevailed from the beginning, was re¬
tained by the lower Britons to the Taft; and thefe
ground-beds were laid along the walls of their lioufes,
and formed one common dormitory for all the members
of the family. The faftiion continued univerfally among
the inferior ranks of the Welch within thefe four or five
ages, and with the more uncivilized part of the High¬
landers down to our own times. Arid even at no great
diftance from Manchefter, in the neighbouring Buxton,
and within thefe 60 or 70 years, the perfons that re¬
paired to the bath are all faid to have flept in one long
chamber together; the upper part being allotted to the
ladies, and the lower to the gentlemen, and only par¬
titioned from each other by a curtain.
Dining-Bed, lettus tricliniaris, or difeuhitorius, that
whereon the ancients lay at meals. The dining or dif-
cubitory beds were four or five feet high. Three of
thefe beds were ordinarily ranged by a fquare table
(whence both the table and the room where they eat
were called triclinium) in fuch a manner, that one of
the fides of the table remained open and acceffible to
the waiters. Each bed would hold three or four, rarely
five perfons. Thefe beds were unknown before the fe-
cond Punic war : the Romans, till then, fat down to
eat on plain wooden benches, in imitation of the heroes
of Homer, or, as Varro expreffes it, after the manner
of the Lacedemonians and Cretans, Scipio Africa-
nus firft made an innovation: he had brought from
Carthage fome of thefe little beds called punicani, or
archaicii being of a wood common enough, very low,
fluffed only with ftray or hay, and covered with goats
or ftieeps Ikins, hadinis pellibusJlrati. In reality, there
was no great difference, as to delicacy, between thefe
new beds and the ancient benches; but the cuftom of
frequent bathing, which began then to obtain, by foft-
ening and relaxing the body, put men on trying to reft
themfelves more commodioufly by lying along than by
fitting down. For the ladies, it did not feem at firft
confiftent with their modefty to adopt the mode of ly¬
ing ; accordingly they kept to the old cuftom all the
time of the commonwealth; but, from the firft Csefars,
they eat on their beds. For the youth, who had not
yet put on the toga virilis, they were long kept to the
ancient difeipline. When they were admitted to table,
they only fat on the edge of the beds of their neareft
relations. Never, fays Suetonius, did the young Cae-
fars, Caius and Lucius, eat at the table of Auguftus ;
but they were fet in imo loco, or, as Tacitus expreffes
it, ad lefti fulcra. From the greateft fimplicity, the
Romans by degrees carried their dining-beds to the
moft furprifing magnificence. Pliny affures us, it was
no new thing to fee them covered over with plates of
filver, adorned with the fofteft mats, and the richeft
counterpanes. Lampridius, fpeaking of Heliogabulus,
fays, he had beds of folid filver, folido argento babuit
lehos & tricliniares, & cubiculares. We may add,
P * that
BED [114] BED
that Pompey, in his third triumph, brought in beds of
gold.—The Romans had alfo beds whereon they flu-
died, and beds whereon the dead were carried to the
funeral pile.
Bed-Mouldings in architecture, a term ufed for
thofe members of a corniche which are placed below
the coronet; and now ufually confills of an ogee, a
lift, a large boultine, and another lift under, the co¬
ronet.
Bed of JuJlice, in the French cuftoms, a throne up¬
on which the king is feated when he goes to the parlia*
ment. The king never holds a bed of juftice unlefs for
affairs that concern the ftate, and then all the officers
of parliament are clothed in fcarlet robes.
Bed of the Carriage of a Great Gun, a thick plank,
that lies under the piece being, as it were, the body
©f the carriage.
Bed, in mafonry, a courfe or range of ftones ; and
the joint of the bed is the. mortar between two ftones,
placed over each other.
Bed, in gardening, fquare or oblong pieces of
ground in a garden, raifed a little above the level of
the adjoining ground, and wherein they fow feeds or
plant roots..
Hot-Bed. See Her-Bed.
Lords of the BED-Ckamber, in the Britiffi court, are
12 noblemen who attend in their turns, each a month;
during which time they lie in the king’s bed-chamber,
and wait on him when he dines in private. Their fa-
lary is loooi per annum.
BEDA, commonly called Venerable Bede, one of
our moft ancient hiftorians, was born in the year 672,
in the neighbourhood of Weremouth, in the biffioprie
of Durham. He was educated by the abbot Benedict
in the monaftery of St Peter, near the mouth of the ri¬
ver Wyre. At the age of 19 he was ordained deacon,
and prieft in the year 702.. About this time he was
invited to Rome by Pope Sergius ; but'there is no fuf-
ficient reafon to believe that he accepted the invitation.
In the year 731 he publiflied his Eccleftaftical Hiftory;
a work of fo much merit, notwithftanding the legendary
tales it contains, that it were alone fufficient to immor¬
talize the author. He died in the year 735 of a lin¬
gering confumption, probably occafioned by a feden-
tary life,, and a long uninterrupted application to ftu-
dy and literary compofitions, of which he left an in¬
credible number. He was buried in the church of his
convent at Jarrow ; but his bones were afterwards re¬
moved to Durham, and there depofited in the fame
coffin with thofe of St Cuthbert. Bede was undoubt¬
edly a fingular phenomenon in an ignorant and illiterate
age. His learning,, for the times, was extenfive, his
application incredible, his piety exemplary, and his
modefty exceffive. He was univerfally admired, con-
fylted, and efteemed, during his life ; and his writings
Bre defervedly conftdered as the foundation of our ec-
ddiaftical hiftory. His language is neither elegant
nor pure, but perfpicuous and eafy.—All his works
are in Latin. The firft general collection of them ap¬
peared at Paris in 1544, in three velumes in folio.
They were printed again at the farr e place in 1554, in
eight volumes. They were alfc publiffied in the fame
fize and number of volumes at Bafilin 1563, reprinted
at Cologne in 16 (2, and at the fame place in 1688.
Beftdes this general collection, there are feveral of his
compofitions, which have been printed feparately, or BeJall
amongft the collections of the writings of ancient au- II
thors; and there are fcveral manuferipts aferibed to , ei,e '
him, which are preferred in the different libraries in v "*
Oxford and Cambridge.
BEDALL, a town in the north riding of York-
ffiire. Through this town paffes a Roman caufeway
to Richmond, Barnard-caftle, &c. The parts adja¬
cent are noted for hunting and road horfes. W. Long.
31.0. N. Lat. 54. 30.
BEDARIEUX, or Bec d’Arieux, a town of Lan¬
guedoc in France, feated on the river Obe, in E. Long.
3. 24. N. Lat. 43. 29.
BEDEL. See Beadle.
Bedel, a fmall town in the north riding of York-
ffiire, feated on a little brook, in W. Long. 1. 30.
N. Lat. 54. 30.
BEDELL (Dr William), a learned prelate, bom
in Effex in 1570. He went with Sir Henry Wotton
the Engliffi ambaffador to the republic of Venice, as
his chaplain, in 1604; and continuing eight years in
that city, contracted an intimate acquaintance with the
famous Father Paul, of whom he learned Italian fo well
as to tranflate the Engliffi Commoiu-Prayer Book into
that language : in return he drew up an Engliffi gram¬
mar for Father Paul, who declared he had learned more
from him in all parts of divinity than from any one
befide. He was accordingly much concerned when-
Bedell left Venice; and at his departure prefented him
with his pifture, the MSS. of his Hiftory of the Coun¬
cil of Trent, his Hiftory of the Interdict and Inquifi-
tion, with other literary donations. In 1629, he ob¬
tained the bilhopric of Kilmore and Adragh in Ireland 4
and finding thefe diocefes in great diforder, applied
himfelf vigoroufly to reform the abufes there. He
was no periecutor of Papifts, but laboured with great,
fuccefs to convert the better fort of the Popiffi clergy:
he procured an Iriffi tranflation of the common-Prayer
Book, which he caufed to be read in his cathedral
every Sunday; and the New Teftament having been
tranflated by Archbifhop Daniel, he procured one of
the Old Teftament; which he having been prevented
from printing himfelf, was afterwards executed at the
expence of the great Mr Robert Boyle. He publiftied,
in 1624, a controverfial book againft the Roman-ca¬
tholics, which he dedicated to Charles prince of Wales';
and affifled the archbiihop of Spalatro in finiffiing his
famous work De Republica Eccleftajlica.—When the
bloody rebellion broke out in Ireland in 061. 1641, the
bifhop at firft did not feel the violence of its effeCIs'; for
the very rebels had conceived a great veneration for
him, and they declared he ffiould be the laft Engliffi?
man they would drive out of Ireland. His was the
only houfe in the county of Cavan that was unviola¬
ted, and it was filled with the people who fled to him
for ffielter. About the middle of December, however,
the rebels, purfuant to orders received from their coun¬
cil of ftate at Kilkenny, required him to difmifs the
people that were with him; which he refufed to do,
declaring he would ffiare the fame fate with the reft.
Upon, this they feized him, his two fons, and Mr
Clogy who had married his daughter-in-law, and car¬
ried them prifoners to the cattle of Cloughboughter,
furrounded by a deep water, where they put them all,
except the biftiop, in irons; after feme time, however.
BED [ 115 ] BED
Beder this part of their feverity was abated. After being
_ p , confined for about three weeks, the bilhop and his two
fliire " f°ns> alld Mr Clogy, were exchanged for feme of the
U—principal rebels: but the biihop died foon after, on the
7 th of February 1642, his death being chiefly occa-
fioned by his late imprifonment, and the weight of
forrows which lay upon his mind. The Irifli did him
unufual honours at his burial; for the chief of the re¬
bels gathered their forces together, and with them ac¬
companied his body to the church-yard.
BEDER, a ftrong town of Alia, in the dominions of
the Great Mogul. E. Long. 95. 10. N. Lat. »6. 50.
BEDFORD, the county town of Bedfordlhire in
England, feated on both fides of the river Oufe, over
which there is a done bridge ; in W. Long. o. 20. N.
Lat. 52. 6. It is an ancient town, and pleafantly fi-
tuated, but not very large nor well built; though the
buildings are much improved of late, and the river made
navigable. It fends two members to parliament, and
gives title of duke to the noble family of Ruffel. At
this place the Britons were overthrown in a great bat¬
tle in 572, by Cuthwulf the Saxon king; and here was
a flrong cattle, built in the time of the Normans by
Pagan de Beauchamp, the third Baron of Bedford.
It was reduced by King Stephen after a long fiege;
and afterwards taken by King John, after a fiege of
60 days, from Fulco de Brent, who rebelled againtt his
fovereign, notwithftanding he had taken this cattle be¬
fore from the barons, and had it beftowed upon him by
the king. The town is a very ancient corporation, and
has long fent members to parliament. It is governed
at prefent by a mayor, recorder, two bailiffs, twelve
aldermen, two chamberlains, a town clerk, and three
ferjeants. The neighbouring country is very fruitful
in wheat, great quantities of which are carried from
hence to Kitchen and Hertford markets, fold, ground,
and conveyed to London. The town has five churches,
a free fchool, and feveral hofpitals, and enjoys a good
trade in corn by the way of Lynn. When the river
is fwelled by rains, efpecially in winter, it is ufual in
Cambridgefliire to fay, the bailiff of Bedford is corning;
meaning, that it is going to lay their "fens under
water.
BEDFORDSHIRE is a fmall inland county.
When the Romans landed in Britain, 55 years before
Chrift, it was included in the diftrict inhabited by
the Catieuchlani, whofe chief or governor Caffibelinus
headed the forces of the whole ifland againft Csefar, and
the year following was totally defeated. 10310 the
emperor Conftantine divided Britain into five Roman
provinces, when this county was included in the third
divifion, called Flavia Cffarienfs; in which ftate it
continued 426 years, when the Romans quitted Britain.
At the eftablifhment of the kingdom of Mercia (one
of the divifions of the Saxon heptarchy) it was consi¬
dered as part of that kingdom ; and fo continued from
582 to 827, when with the other petty kingdoms of
the illand it became fubjeft to the Weft Saxons under
Egbert, and the whole was named England. In 889,
Alfred held the fovereignty, when England was divided
into counties, hundreds, and tythings, and Bedfordfhire
firft received its prefent name. It is in the Norfolk
circuit, the province of Canterbury, and bilhopric of
Lincoln. Its form is oval, being about 33 miles long,
bread, and nearly 73 in circumference; containing
an area of about 323 fquare miles, or 260,000 fquare Bedford-
acres. It fupplies 400 men to the national militia.
It contains I24pari(hes, 58 vicarages, and to market-, e< f
towns, viz. Bedford, Ampthill, Bigglefwade, Dun-
ftable, Leighton, Beaudefart, Luton, Pofton, Shefford,
Tuddington, and Woburn, and 55 villages. The in¬
habitants by computation are 67,350, and it has 7,294
houfes that pay taxes. It is divided into nine hun¬
dreds, fends two members to parliament, and pays
feven parts of 513 of the land-tax. Its principal river,
the Oufe, is navigable to Bedford; and divides the
county into two parts, of which that to the fouth is
the moft confiderablc. In its courfe, which is very
meandering, it receives feveral fmall ftrearas; the prin¬
cipal one is the Ivel, which takes its rife in the fouth-
ern part of the county. The air is healthy, and the
foil in general a deep clay. The north fide of the Oufe
is fruitful and woody, but the fouth fide is lefs fertile;
yet producing great quantity of wheat and barley, ex¬
cellent in their kind, and woad for dyers. The foil
yields plenty of fullers-earth for our woollen manufac¬
tory. The chief manufadlures of the county are thread,
lace, and ftraw w-are. In this county there are many
remains of Roman, Saxon, and Norman antiquities;
but few Roman ftations, viz. Sandy near Potton, and
the Magiovinum of Antoninus, by others fuppofed to
be the ancient Salenas, containing 30 acres, where
many urns, coins, &e. have been dug up. Another at
Madining-bowre, or Maiden-bower, one mile from
Dunftable, containing about nine acres, which Camden
fuppofes to have been a Roman ftation, from the coins
of the emperors having been frequently dug up there,
and calls it Magintum. Leighton Beaudefart is fup¬
pofed to have been a Roman camp, and another is at
Arlefey near Shefford, and a Roman amphitheatre may
be traced near Bradford Magna. The Roman road,
Icknield-ftreet, croffes this county, entering at Leigh¬
ton Beaudefart, from whence it paffes Dunftable, where
it inclines northward over Wardon-hills to Baldock in
Hertfordlhire. The Watling-ftreet enters this county
near Luton from St Albans, paffes a little north of
Dunftable, where it croffes the Icknield-ftreet, and
from thence to Stoney Stratford in Buckinghamftiire.
A Roman road alfo enters near Potton, paffes on to
Sandy, and from thence to Bedford, where it croffes
the Oufe, and proceeds to Newport Pagnell in Buck-
inghamfhire. The following antiquities in this county
are worthy of notice: Bedford Bridge and Priory;
Chickfand Abbey near Shefford; Dunftable Priory
near Luton; Eaton Park Houfe, or Eeaton Bray ;
Five Knolls near Dunftable; Newnham Priory near
Bedford ; Northill jChurch, three miles from Bigglef-
wade ; Summeris Tower near Luton; Warden Abbey
near Shefford ; Woburn Abbey ; Woodhill Caftle, of
Oddhill Caftle, near Harewood.
BEDLOE (William), who affumed the title of
Captain, was an infamous adventurer of low birth, who
had travelled over a great part of Europe under differ¬
ent names and difguifes, and had paffed among feveral
ignorant perfons for a man of rank and fortune. En¬
couraged by the fuccefs of Oats, he turned evidence,
gave an account of Godfey’s murder, and added many
circumftances to the narrative of the former. Thefe vil¬
lains had the boldnefs to accufe the Queen of entering
into a confpiracy againft the King’s life. A reward of
P 2 5001,
BED
Bedouins. 5001. was voted to Bedloe by the Commons. He is
faid to have afferted the reality of the plot on his death¬
bed: but it abounds with abfurdity, contradi&ion, and
perjury; and ftill remains one of the greateft problems
in the Britilh annals'. He died at Brillol 20th Auguit
1680. Giles Jacob informs us, that he was author of
a play called The Excommunicated Prince, or the Falfe
ReliCi, 1679. The printer of it having, without the
author’s knowledge, added a fecond title, and called it
The Popijh Plot in a Play, greatly excited the cufiofity
of the public, who were however much difappointed
when they found the plan of the piece to be founded
on a quite different Hory. Anth. a Wood will not al¬
low the Captain the merit of this play ; but afferts that
it was written partly,- if not entirely, by one Tho. Wal¬
ter, M. A. of Jefus College, Oxford.
BEDOUINS, or Bedouis, a modern name of the
wild Arabs, whether in Afia or Africa. When fpeak-
ing of the Arabs, we fhould diftinguifh whether they
are cultivators or paftors ; for this difference in their
mode of life occafions fo great a one in their manners
and genius, that they become almoft foreign nations
with refpedt to each other. In the former cafe, leading
a fedentary life, attached to the fame foil, and fubjeft
to regular governments, the focial Hate in which they
live, very nearly refembles our own. Such are the
inhabitants of the Yemen ; and fuch alfo are the de-
fcendants of thofe ancient conquerors, who have either
entirely, or in part, given inhabitants to Syria, Egypt,
and the Barbary ftates. In the fecond inftance, ha¬
ving only a tranfient intereft in the foil, perpetually
removing their tents from one place to another, and
under fubjedtion to no laws, their mode of exiftence is
neither that of polifhed nations nor of favages; and
therefore more particularly merits our attention. Such
are the Bedouins, or inhabitants of the vaft defarts
which extend from the confines of Perfia to Morocco.
Tho’ divided into independent communities or tribes,
not unfrequently hoftile to each other, they may ftill
be confidered as forming one nation. The refemblance
of their language is a manifeft token of this relation-
fhip. The only difference that exifts between them is,
that the African tribes are of a lefs ancient origin,
being pofterior to the conqueft of thefe countries by
the khalifs or fucceffors of Mahomet; while the tribes
of the defart of Arabia, properly fo called, have de¬
fended by an uninterrupted fucceflion from the remo-
teft ages. To thefe the orientals are accuftomed to
appropriate the name of Arabs, as being the moft an¬
cient and the pureft race. The term Bedaoui is added
as a fynonimous expreffion, fignifying, “ inhabitant of
the Defart.”
It is not without reafon that the inhabitants of the
defart boaft of being the pureft and the beft preferved
race of all the Arab tribes: for never have they been
conquered, nor have they mixed with any other people
by making qonquefts; for thofe by which the general
name of Arabs has been rendered famous, really be¬
long only to the tribes of the Hedjas and the Yemen.
Thofe who dwelt in the interior of the country, never
emigrated at the time of the revolution effected by Ma¬
homet ; or if they did take any part in it, ut was con¬
fined to a few individuals, detached by motives of am¬
bition. Thus we find the prophet in his Koran conti-
aually ftyling the Arabs of the defart relels and inf dels;
BED
nor has fo great a length of time produced any very
confiderable change. We may affert they have in
every refpeft retained their primitive independence and
fimplicity. See Arabia, n° 186.
The wandering life of thefe people arifcs from the
very nature of their defarts. To paint to himfelf thefe
defarts (fays M. Volney), the reader muft imagine a
Iky almoft perpetually inflamed, and without clouds,
immenfe and boundlefs plains, without houfes, trees,
rivulets, or hills, where the eye frequently meets no¬
thing but an extenfive and uniform horizon like the
fea, though in fome places the ground is uneven and
ftony. Almoft invariably naked on every fide, tho
earth prefents nothing but a few wild plants thinly
fcattered, and thickets, whofe folitude is rarely diftur-
bed but by antelopes, hares, locufts, and rats. Such is
the nature of nearly the whole country, which extends
fix hundred leagues in length and three hundred in
breadth, and ftretches from Aleppo to the Arabian fea,
and from Egypt to the Perfian gulph. It muft not,
however, be imagined that the foil in fo great an ex¬
tent is every where the fame ; it varies confiderably in
different places. On the frontiers of Syria, for exam¬
ple, the earth is in general fat and cultivable, nay even
fruitful. It is the fame alfo on the banks of the Eu¬
phrates : but in the internal parts of the country, and
towards the fouth, it becomes white and chalky, as in
the parallel of Damafcus; rocky, as in the Tih and the
Hedjaz; and a pure fand, as to the eaftward of the Ye¬
men. This variety in the qualities of the foil is pro¬
ductive of fome minute differences in the condition of
the Bedouins. For inftance, in the more fterile coun¬
tries, that is, thofe which produce but few plants, the
tribes are feeble and very diftant; which is the cafe in
the defart of Suez, that of the Red Sea, and the inte¬
rior of the great defart called the Najd. When the
foil is more fruitful, as between Damafcus and the Eu¬
phrates, the tribes are more numerous and lefs remote
from each other ; and, laftly, in the cultivable diftriCts,
fuch as the Pachalics of Aleppo, the Hauran, and the
neighbourhood of Gaza, the camps are frequent and
contiguous. In the former inftances, the Bedouins
are purely paftors, and fubfift only on the produce of
their herds, and on a few dates and flefti meat, which
they eat either frefh or dried in the fun and reduced to
a powder. In the latter, they fow fome land, and add
cheefe, barley, and even rice, to their flefti and milk
meats.
In thofe diftrifts where the foil is ftony and fandy,
as in the Tih, the Hedjaz, and the Najd, the rains make
the feeds of the wild plants {hoot, and revive the thick¬
ets, ranunculi, wormwood, and kali. They caufe
marines in the lower grounds, which produce reeds and
grafs ; and the plain affumes a tolerable degree of ver¬
dure. This is the feafon of abundance both for the
herds and their mafters ; but on the return of the
heats, every thing is parched up, and the earth con¬
verted into a a grey and fine dull, prefents nothing but
dry ftems as hard as wood, on which neither horfes,
oxen, nor even goats, can feed. In this ftate the de¬
fart would become uninhabitable,, and muft be totally
abandoned, had not nature formed an animal no lefa
hardy and frugal than the foil is fterile and ungrateful.
No creature feems fo peculiarly fitted to the climate in
which it exifts, Defigning the camel to dwell in a
^country.
[ 116 ]
BED [ 117 ]
-H Bedouin', country where he can find little nourilhment, Nature all, they were i:
* (fays M. Volney) has been fparing of her materials in
the whole of his formation. She has not beftowed on
him the plump fieihinefs of the ox, horfe, or elephant;
but limiting herfelf to what is flriftly neceflary, (he
has given him a fmall head without ears at the end of
a long neck without flefh. She has taken from his
legs and thighs every mufcle not ■ immediately requi-
fite for motion; and in fhort, has beftowed on his
withered body only the veffels and tendons neceflary
to conneft its frame together. She has furniihed him
with a ftrong jaw, that he may grind the hardeft ali¬
ments; but left he fhould confume too much, fhe has
ftraitened his ftomach, and obliged him to chew the
cud. She has lined his foot with a lump of flelh,
B
an ecftacy 0
E D
beholding the fea, nor Bedouins
could they comprehend what that defart of water1"
could be.
We may imagine that the Arabs of the frontiers are
not fuch novices; there are even feveral fmall tribes of
them, who living in the midft of the country, as in the
valley of Bekaa, that of the Jordan, and in Paleftine,
approach nearer to the condition of the peafants; but
thefe are defpifed by the others, who look upon them
as baftard Arabs and Rayas, or flaves of the Turks.
In general, the Bedouins are fmall, meagre, and
tawny ; more fo, however, in the heart of the defart
than on the frontiers of the cultivated country; but
they are always of a darker hue than the neighbouring
peafants. They alfo differ among themfelves in the
which Hiding in the mud, and being no way adapted fame camp ; and M. Volney remarked, that the fhaiks,
to climbing, fits him only for a dry, level, and fandy that is, the rich, and their attendants, were always
foil like that of Arabia : ihe has evidently deftined him taller and more corpulent than the common clafs.
likewife to flavery, by refufing him every fort of de- He has feen fome of them above five feet five and fix
fence againft his enemies. Deftitute of the horns of inches high ; though in general they do not (he fays)
the bull, the hoof of the horfe, the tooth of the ele- exceed five feet two inches. This difference can only
phant, and the fwiftnefs of the ftag, how can the ca¬
mel refill or avoid the attacks of the lion, the tiger, or
even the wolf? To preferve the fpecies, therefore, na¬
ture has concealed him in the depth of the vaft defarts,
where the want of vegetables can attradl no game, and
whence the want of game repels every voracious ani¬
mal. Tyranny muft have expelled man from the ha¬
bitable parts of the earth before the camel could have
loft his liberty. Become domeftic, he has rendered
habitable the moft barren foil the world contains. He
alone fupplies all his mailer’s wants. The milk of the
camel nourilhes the family of the Arab under the va¬
ried forms of curd, cheefe, and butter; and they often
be attributed to their food, with which the former are
fupplied more abundantly than the latter: Andtheeffedls
of this are equally evident in the Arabian and Turkmen
camels ; for thefe latter, dwelling in countries rich in
forage, are become a fpecies more robuft and flelhy than
the former. It may likewife be affirmed,- that the
lower clafs of Bedouins live in a Hate of habitual
wretchednefs and famine. It will appear almoft incre¬
dible to us, but it is an undoubted fadt, that the quan¬
tity of food ufually confumed by the greateft part of
them does not exceed fix ounces a day. This abfti-
nence is moft remarkable among the tribes of the Najd
and the Hedjaz. Six or feven dates foaked in melted
feed upon his flelh. Slippers and harnefs are made of butter, a little fweet milk or curds, ferve a man a,
his Ikin, tents and clothing of his hair. Heavy bur¬
dens are tranfported by his means; and when the
earth denies forage to the horfe, fo valuable to the Be¬
douin, the Ihe camel fupplies that deficiency by her milk
at no other Coft, for fo many advantages, than a few
ftalks of brambles or wormwood and pounded date ker¬
nels. So great is the importance of the camel to the
defart, that were it deprived of that ufeful animal, it
muft infallibly lofe every inhabitant.
Such is the fituation in which nature has placed the
Bedouins, to make of them a race of men equally An¬
gular in their phyfical and moral character. This fin-
gularity is fo linking, that even their neighbours the
Syrians regard them as extraordinary beings; efpecially
thofe tribes which dwell in the depths of the defarts,
fuch as the Anaza, Kaibar, Tai, and others, which
never approach the towns. When in the time ofShaik
Daher, fome of their horfemen came as far as Acre,
they excited the fame curiofity there as a vifit from the
whole day ; and he efteems himfelf happy when he can
add a fmall quantity of coarfe flour or a little ball of rice.
Meat is referred for the greateft feftivals; and they never
kill a kid but for a marriage or a funeral. A few wealthy
and generous Ibaiks alone can kill young camels, and:
eat baked rice with their vifinals. In times of dearth,
the vulgar, always half famiihed, do not difdain the
moft wretched kinds of food ; and eat locufts, ratsr
lizards, and ferpents broiled on briars. Hence are
they fuch plunderers of the cultivated lands and rob¬
bers on the high-roads: hence alfo their delicate con-
ftitution and their diminutive and meagre bodies, which,
are rather adlive than vigorous. It may be worth,
while to remark, that their evacuations of every kind,
even perfpiration, are * extremely fmall; their blood is
fo deftitute of ferofity, that nothing but the greatelt
heat can preferve its fluidity. This, however, does
not prevent them from being tolerably healthy in other
refpects; for maladies are lefs frequent among them,
favages of America would among us. Every body than among the inhabitants of the cultivated country,
viewed with furprife thefe men, who were more dimi- From thefe fafts we are by no means juftified in;
nutive, meagre, and fwarthy, than any of the known concluding that the frugality of the Bedouins is a vir-
Bedouins. Their withered legs were only compofed tue purely of choice, or even of climate. The ex-
of tendons, and had no calves. Their bellies feemed to treme heat in which they live unqueftionably facilitates
cling to their backs, and their hair were frizzled almoft their abftinence, by deftroying that aftivity which
as much aS that of the negroes. They on the other hand cold gives to the ftomach. Their being habituated.
0 lefs aftoniihed at every thing they faw'; they alfo to fo fparing a diet, by hindering the dilatation
could neither conceive how the houfes and minarets
could Hand ere6t, nor how men ventured to dwell be-
neatjr them, and always in the fame fpot; but. above
of the ftomach, becomes doubtlefs a means of their
fupporting fuch abfterhiowfnefs; but the chief and pri¬
mary motive of this, habit is with them, as. with the
relit
BED C nB ] BED
Mamin*, reft of mankind, the neteffity of the circumftances in infurmountable barrier. Such accidents being necefta- Bedouin*.
which they are placed, whether from the nature of the rily numerous in a long courfe of time, the greater ' 
foil, as has been before explained, or that ftate of fo- part of the tribes have ancient quarrels, and live in an
ciety in which they live, and which remains now to be habitual ftate of war ; which, added to their way of
examined. life, renders the Bedouins a military people, though
It has been already remarked, that the Bedouin they have made no great progrefs in war as an art.
Arabs are divided into tribes, which conftitute fo Their camps are formed in a kind of irregular circle,
many diftindf nations. Each of thefe tribes appro- compofed of a fingle row of tents, with greater or lefs
priates to itfelf a tracft of land forming its domain ; in intervals. Thefe tents, made of goat or camels hair,
this they do not differ from cultivating nations, except are black or brown, in which they differ from thofe of
that their territory requires a greater extent, in or- the Turkmen, which are white. They are ftretched
der to furnifh fubfiftenc'e for their herds throughout on three or four pickets, only five or fix. feet high,
the year. Each tribe is collected in one or more which gives them a very flat appearance ; at a diftance,
camps, which are difperfed through the country, and one of thefe camps feems only like a number of black
which make a fucceffive prcgrefs over the whole, in fpots; but the piercing eye of the Bedouin is not to
proportion as it is exhaufted by the cattle; hence it be deceived. Each tent inhabited by a family is di-
is, that within a great extent a few fpots only are in- vided by a curtain into two apartments, one of which
habited, which vary from one day to another ; but as is appropriated to the women. The enipty fpace
the entire fpace is neceffary for the annual fubfiftence within the large circle ferves to fold their cattle every
of the tribe, whoever encroaches on it is deemed a evening. They never have any intrenchments; their
violator of property ; this is with them the law of na- only advanced guards and patroles are dogs ; their
tions. If, therefore, a tribe, or any of its fubje&s, horfes remain faddled and ready to mount on the firll
enter upon a foreign territory, they are treated as ene- alarm; but as there is neither order nor regularity,
mies and robbers, and a war breaks out. Now, as all thefe camps, always eafy to furprife, afford no defence
the tribes have affinities with each other by alliances of in cafe of an attack ; accidents, therefore, very fre-
bldod or conventions, leagues are formed, which ren- quently happen, and cattle are carried off every day ;
der thefe wars more or lefs general. The manner of a fpecies of marauding war in which the Arabs are
proceeding on fuch occafions is very Ample. The of- very experienced.
fence made known, they mount their horfes and feek The tribes which live in the vicinity of the Turks
the enemy ; when they meet, they enter into a parley, are ftill more accuftomed to attacks and alarms ; for
and the matter is frequently made up ; if not, they at- thefe ftrangers, arrogating to thetnfelves, in right of
tack either in fmall bodies, or man to man. They conqueft, the property of the whole country, treat
encounter each other at full fpeed with fixed lances, the Arabs as rebel vaffals, or as turbulent and danger-
which they fometimesdart,notwithftanding their length, ous enemies. On this principle, they never ceafe to
at the flying enemy : the vidlory is rarely contefted; wage fecret or open war againft them. The pachas
it is decided by the firft ftiock, and the vanquiftred take ftudy every occafion to harais them. Sometimes they
to flight full gallop over the naked plain of the defart, conteft with them a territory which they had let them.
Night generally favours their efcape from the conque- and at others demand a tribute which they never agreed
ror. The tnbe which has loft the battle ftrikes its to pay. Should a family of fhaiks be divided by in¬
tents, removes to a diftance by forced marches, and tereft or ambition, they alternately fuccour each party,
feeks an afylum among its allies. The enemy, fatisfied and conclude by the deftru&ion of both. Frequently
with their fuccefs, drive their herds farther on, and too they poifon or affaffinate thofe chiefs whofe cou-
the fugitives foon after return to their former fituation. rage or abilities they dread, though they Ihould even
But the flaughter made in thefe engagements frequent- be their allies. The Arabs, on their fide, regarding
ly fows the feeds of hatreds which perpetuate thefe the Turks as ufurpers and treacherous enemies, watch
diffenfions. The intereft of the common fafety has every opportunity to do them injury. Unfortunately,
for ages eftablilhed a law among them, which decrees their vengeance falls oftener on the innocent than the
that the blood of every man who is flain muff; be a- guilty. The harmlefs peafant generally fuffers for the
venged by that of his murderer. This vengeance is offences of the foldier. On the flighteft alarm, the
called Tar, or retaliation ; and the right of exacting Arabs cut their harvefts, carry off their flocks, and
it devolves on the neareft of kin to the deceafed. So intercept their communication and commerce. The
nice are the Arabs on this point of honour, that if peafant calls them thieves, and with reafon ; but the
any one negle&s to feek his retaliation he is difgraced Bedouins claim the right of war, and perhaps they al-
for ever. He therefore watches every opportunity of fo are not in the wrong. However this may be, thefe
revenge : if his enemy perifhes from any other caufe, depredations occafion a mifunderftanding between the
ftill he is not fatisfied, and his vengeance is dire&ed Bedouins and the inhabitants of the cultivated country,
againft the neareft relation. Thefe animofities are which renders them mutual enemies,
tranfmitted as an inheritance from father to children, Snch is the external fituation of the Arabs. It is
and never ceafe but by the extm&ion of one of the fubjeft to great viciflitudes, according to the good or
families, unlefs they agree to facrifice the criminal, or bad conduct of their chiefs. Sometimes a feeble tribe
furebafe the blood for a ftated price, in money or in raifes and aggrandizes itfelf, whilft another, which was
flocks. Without this fatisfadfion, there is neither peace, powerful, falls into decay, or perhaps is entirely anni-
»or truce, nor alliances, between them, nor fometimes hilated ; not that all its members perilh, but they in¬
even between whole tribes : There is blood between us, corporate themfelves with fome other ; and this is the
fay they on every occafion j and this exprdSoa is an confequence of the internal conftitution of the tribes.
Each
BED
IMouins Each tribe is compofed of one or more principal fa*
("-"v milies, the members of which bear the title of fhaiks,
e. chiefs or lords. Thefe families hare a great re-
i femblance to the patricians of Rome and the nobles of
modern Europe. One of the Ihaiks has the fupreme
command over the others. He is the general of their
little army ; and fometimes affumes the title of emir,
which fignifies commander and prince. The more
relations, children, and allies, he has, the greater is
his ftrength and power. To thefe he adds particular
adherents, whom he ilndioufly attaches to him, by
fupplying all their wants. But befides this, a number
of fmall families, who, not being ftrong enough to live
independent, Hand in need of proteftion and alliances,
range themfelves under the banners of this chief. Such
an union is called kabila, or tribe. Thefe tribes are
diftinguithed from each other by the name of their re-
fpetflire chiefs, or by that of the ruling family 5 and
when they fpeak of any of the individuals who com-
pofe them, they call them the children of fuch a chief,
though they may not be all really of his blood, and
he himfelf may have been long fince dead. Thus they
fay, Beni Temin, Oidad Tat, the children of Temin
and of Tai. This mode of expreffion is even applied,
by metaphor, to the names of countries : the ufual
I phrafe for denoting its inhabitants being to call them
the children of fuch a place. Thus the Arabs fay, Ou-
|; lad Mafr, the Egyptians ; Oidad Sham, the Syrians :
they would alfo fay, Oulad Franfa, the French ; Ou-
j| ■ lad Mejkou, the Ruffians ; a remark which is not unim¬
portant to ancient hiftory.
The government of thi$ foeiety is at once republi¬
can, ariftocratical, and even defpotic, without exadtly
correfponding with any of thefe forms. It is republi¬
can, inafmuch as the people have a great influence in
I all affairs, and as nothing can be tranfa&ed without
1 the confent of a majority. It is ariftocratical, becaufe
the families of the lhaiks poffefs feme of the preroga¬
tives which every where accompany power ; and, laftly,
I it is defpotic, becaufe the principalffiaik has an indefinite
and almoft abfolute authority, which, when he hap¬
pens to be a man of credit and influence, he may even
abufe ; but the ftate of thefe tribes confines even this
abufe to very narrow limits : for if a chief ftiould com¬
mit an aft of injuftice; if, for example, he Ihould kill
an Arab, it would be almoft impoffible for him to e-
fcape puniftiment j the refentment of the offended par¬
ty would pay no refpeft to his dignity ; the law of re¬
taliation would be put in force ; and, fltould he not
pay the blood, he would be infallibly affaffinated, which,
from the Ample and .private life the ftiaiks lead in their
camps, would be no difficult thing to effeft. If he
haraffes his fubjefts by feverity, they abandon him and
go over to another tribe. His own relations take ad¬
vantage of his mifeonduft to depofe him and advance
themfelves to his ftation. He can have no refource in
foreign troops ; his fubjefts communicate too eafily
with each other to render it poffible for him to divide
i their interefts and form a faftion in his favour. Be¬
fides, how is he to pay them, fince he receives no kind
of taxes from the tribe; the wealth of the greater
part of his fubjefts being limited to abfolute neceffaries,
and his own confined to very moderate poffeffions, and
thofe too loaded with great expences ?
The principal (haik iu every tribe, in faft, defrays
BED
the charges of all who arrive at or leave the camp. Bedbuias,
He receives the vifits of the allies, and of every perfon' V——*
who has bufinefs with them. Adjoining to his tent
is a large pavilion for the reception of all ftrangers and
paffengers. There are held frequent affemblies of thfe
ftiaiks and principal men, to determine on encampments
and removals; on peace and war; on the differences
wfth the Turk fit governors and the villages ; and the
litigations and quarrels of individuals. To this crowd,
which enters fuccefimly, he muft give coffee, breSd
baked on the afhes, rice, and fometimes roafted kid or
camel; in a word, he muft keep open table ; and it iV
the more important to him to be generous, as this ge-
nerofity is clofely connefted with matters of the great-
eft confequence. On the exercife of this depend his
credit and his power. The familhed Arab ranks the
liberality which feeds him before every virtue : nor is
this prejudice without foundation ; for experience has
proved that covetous chiefs never were men of enlarged
views: hence the proverb, as juft as it is brief, A clofe
fifty a narrow heart. To provide for thefe expences,
the Ihaik has nothing but his herds, a few fpots of
cultivated ground, the profits of his plunder, and the
tribute he levies on the high-roads ; the total of which
is very inconfiderable. The Ihaik with whom M. Vol-
ney refided in the country of Gaza, about the end of
1784, paffed for one of the moft powerful of thofe
diftrifts; yet it did not appear to our author that his
expenditure was greater than that of an opulent far¬
mer. His perfonal effefts, confifting in a few peliffes,
carpets, arms, horfes, and camels, could not be efti-
mated at more than 50,000 livres(a little aboveL.zooo)*
and it muft be obferved, that in this calculation four
mares of the breed of racers are valued at 6000 livres
(L. 250), and each camel at L. io Sterling. We
muft not therefore, when we fpeak of the Bedouifis,.
affix to the words Prince and Lord the ideas they
ufually convey ; we fhould come nearer the truth by
comparing them to fubftantial farmers in mountainous
countries, whofe fimplicity they refemble in their drefa
as well as in their domeftic life and manners. A Ihaik
who has the command of 500 horfe does not difdain
-to faddle and bridle his own, nor to give him barley
and chopped ftraw. In his tent, his wife makes the
coffee, kneads the dough, and fuperintends the dref-
fing of the viftuals. His daughters and kinfwomen
waih the linen, and go with pitchers on their head and
veils over their faces to draw water from the fountain.
Thefe manners agree precifely with the deferiptions in
Homer and the hiftory of Abraham in Genefis. But
it muft be owned that it is difficult to form a juft idea
of them without having ourfelves been eye-witneffes.
The fimplicity, or perhaps more properly the po¬
verty, of the lower clafs of the Bedouins is proportion¬
ate to that of their chiefs. All the wealth of a fami¬
ly confifts of moveables; of which the following is a.
pretty exaft inventory : A few male and female ca¬
mels fome goats and poultry; a mare and her bridle
and faddle ; a tent; a lance 16 feet long; a crooked
febre ; a rufty mulket with a flint or matchlock; a
pipe a portable mill; a pot for cooking ; a leathern
bucket ; a fmall coffee roafter a mat; fome clothes
a mantle of black wool; and a few glafs or filver rings,
which the women wear upon their legs and arms. If
none ©f thefe are wanting their furniture is complete.
5 But
[ i'9 1
BED [ 120 ] BED
Bedonin*. But what the poor man Hands moft in need of, and why, in ihort, their manners are fo much more fociable Bedomns,
J what he takes moft pleafure in, is his mare
I for this
animal is his principal fupport With his mare the
•Bedouin makes his excurfions againft hoftile tribes, or
leeks plunder in the country and on the high-ways.
The mare is preferred to the horfe, becaufe (he is
more docile, and yields milk, which on occafion fa-
tisfies the thirft and even the hunger of her mafter.
- Thus confined to the moft abfolute neceflities of life,
the Arabs have as little induftry as their wants are few ;
all their arts confift in weaving their clumfy tents and
,in making mats and butter. Their whole commerce
only extends to the exchanging camels, kids, ftallions,
and milk ; for arms, clothing, a little rice or corn, and
money, which they bury. They are totally ignorant
of all fcience ; and have not even any idea of aftrono-
my, geometry, or medicine. They have not a fingle
book ; and nothing isfo uncommon among the Shaiks
as to know how to read. All their literature confifts
-in reciting tales andhiftories in the manner of the Ara¬
bian Nights Entertainments. They have a peculiar
paffion for fuch ftories, and employ in them almoft all
their leifure, of .which they have a great deal. In the
evening they feat themfelves on the ground, at the
threfhold of their tents, or under cover, if it be cold ;
and there, ranged in a circle round a little fire of dung,
their pipes in their mouths, and their legs crofted, they
fit a while in filent meditation, till on a fudden one of
them breaks forth with, Once upon a time,—and con¬
tinues to recite the adventures of fome young Shaik
and female Bedouinhe relates in what manner the
youth firft got a fecret glimpfe of his miftrefs; and
how he became defperately enamoured of her: he mi¬
nutely defcribes the lovely fair; boafts her black eyes,
as large and foft as thofe of the gazelle ; her languid
and empaflioned looks, her arched eye-brows, refem-
bling two bows of ebony; her waift ftraight and fupple      
as a lancehe forgets not her Heps, light as thofe of ed with the ufe of the horfe, than his manner of life
the young flley; nor her eye-lafhes, blackened with kohl; muft confiderably change. The facility of palling
nor her lips painted blue ; nor her nails, tinged with rapidly over extenfive trafts of country, rendered him
hy, :
rd mild. The following reafons are propofed by *"
M. Volney as the true folution of this difficulty.
It feems at firft view (he obferves), that America,
being rich in pafturage, lakes, and forefts, is more
adapted to the paftoral mode of life than to any other.
But if we confider that thefe forefts, by affording an
eafy refuge to animals, proteft. them more furely from
the power of man, we may conclude that the favage
has been induced to become a hunter inftead of a fhep-
herd, by the nature of the country. In this Hate, all
his habits have concurred to give him a ferocity of
character. The great fatigues of the chace have har¬
dened his body; frequent and extreme hunger, follow¬
ed by a fudden abundance of game, has rendered him
voracious. The habit of Ihedding blood, and tearing
his prey, has familiarifed him to the fight of death
and fufferings. Tormented by hunger, he has defired-
flelh ; and finding it eafy to obtain that of his fellow-
creature, he could not long hefitate to kill him to fa-
tisfy the cravings of his appetite. The firft experi¬
ment made, this cruelty degenerates into a habit; he
becomes a cannibal, fanguinary and atrocious; and his
mind acquires all the infenfibility of his body.
The fituation of the Arab is very different. Amid
his vaft naked plains, without water and without fo¬
refts, he has not been able, for want of game or fifti,
to become either a hunter or a filherman. The camel
has determined him to a paftoral life, the manners of
which have influenced his whole charafter. Finding
at hand a light, but conftant and fufficient nourifti-
ment, he has acquired the habit of frugality. Content
with his milk and his dates, he has not defired flefti;
he has fhed no blood: his hands are not accuftomed
to flaughter, nor his ears to the cries of fuffering crea¬
tures ; he has preferved a humane and fenfible heart.
No fooner did the favage fhepherd become acquaint-
the golden coloured henna; nor her breafts, refembling
two pomegranates ; nor her words, fweet as honey.
He recounts the fufferings of the young lover, fo wa¬
fted with defire and pafion, that his body no longer yields
any Jhadow. At length, after detailing his various
attempts to fee his miftrefs, the obftacles of the pa¬
rents,, the invafions of the enemy, the captivity of the
two lovers, &c. he terminates, to the fatisfa&ion of the
audience, by reftoring them, united and happy, to the
paternal tent, and by receiving the tribute paid to his
a wanderer. He was greedy from want, and became
a robber from greedinefs ; and fuch is in faft his pre-
fent charadter. A plunderer, rather than a warrior,
the Arab poffeffes no fanguinary courage ; he attacks
only to defpoil; and if he meets with refiftance, never
thinks a fmall booty is to be put in competition with
his life. To irritate him, you muft (bed his blood; in
which cafe he is found to be as obftinate in his ven¬
geance as he was cautious in avoiding danger.
The Bedouins have often been reproached with this
eloquence, in the Ma cha allah (an exclamation of fpirit of rapine ; but without wiftiing to defend it, we
praife, equivalent to admirably well!) he has merited.
The Bedouins have likewife their love fongs, which
have more fentiment and nature in them than thofe of
the Turks and inhabitants of the towns ; doubtlefs,
may obferve that one circumftance has not been fuffi-
ciently attended to, which is, that it only takes place
towards reputed enemies, and is confequently founded
on the acknowledged laws of almoft all nations. A-
becaufe the former, whofe manners are chafte, know mong themfelves they are remarkable for a good faith,
ivW Inup ,*S r rhp a difintercftednefs, a generofity, which would do ho¬
nour to the moft civilized people. What is there more
noble than that right of afylum fo refpe&ed among
all the tribes ? A ftranger, nay even an enemy, touch¬
es the tent of the Bedouin, and from that inftant his
perfpn becomes inviolable. It would be reckoned a
difgracef'ul n.eannefs, an indelible ffiame, to fatisfy
even a juft vengeance at the expence of hofpitality.
Has the Bedouin confented to eat bread and fait with
his
what love is; while the latter, abandoned to debauch¬
ery, are acquainted only with enjoyment.'
When we confider how much the condition of the
Bedouins, efpecially in the depths of the defart, re-
fembles in many refpefts that of the favages of Ame¬
rica, we ftiall be inclined to wonder why they have not
the fame ferocity ; why, though they fo often expe¬
rience the extremity of hunger, the pra&ice of devour¬
ing human flefti was never heard of among them ; and
N°43-
BED f
Bedouins his gueft, nothing in the world can induce him to
betray him. The power of the Sultan himfelf would
^ not be able to force a refugee from the prote&ion of
a tribe, but by its total extermination. The Bedouin,
fo rapacious without his camp, has no fooner fet his
foot within it, than he becomes liberal and generous.
What little he poffeffes he is ever ready to divide, fie
has even the delicacy not to wait till it is afked : when
he takes his repart, he affefts to feat himfelf at the
door of his tent, in order to invite the paffengers; his
generoftty is fo fincere, that he does not look upon it
as a merit, but merely as a duty; and he therefore
readily takes the fame liberty with others. To ob-
ferve the manner in which the Arabs conduA them-
felves towards each other, one would imagine that they
pofiefled all their goods in common. Neverthelefs
they are no ftrangers to property; but it has none of
that felfirttnefs which the increafe of the imaginary
wants of luxury has given it among polilhed nations.
Deprived of a multitude of enjoyments which nature
has lavirtted upon other countries, they are lefs expo-
fed to temptations which might corrupt and debafe
them. It is more difficult for their Shaiks to form a
fadtiop to enflave and impoverifh the body of the na¬
tion. Each individual, capable of fupplying all his
wants, is better able to preferve his chara&er and in¬
dependence ; and private poverty becomes at once the
foundation and bulwark of public liberty.
This liberty extends even to matters of religion.
We obferve a remarkable difference between the Arabs
of the towns and thofe of the defart; fmce, while the
former crouch under the double yoke of political and
religious defpotifm, the latter live in a ftate of perfect
freedom from both : it is true, that on the frontiers of
, the Turks, the Bedouins, from policy, preferve the
appearance of Mahometanifm ; but fo relaxed is their
obfervance of its ceremonies, and fo little fervour has
their devotion, that they are generally confidered as
infidelsj who have neither law nor prophets. They
even make no difficulty in faying that the religion of
Mahomet was not made for them : “ For (add they)
how fhall we make ablutions who have no water ? How
can we beftow alms who are not rich ? Why fhbuld we
fart in the Ramadan, fince the whole year with us is
one continual fart ? and what neceffity is there for us
to make the pilgrimage to Mecca, if God be prefent
every where ?” In fhort, every man ads and thinks
as he pleafes, and the moft perfed toleration is efla-
blifhed among them.
BEDRIACUM, (anc. geog.), a village of Italy,
fituated, according to Tacitus, between Verona and
Cremona, but nearer the latter than the former. From
• the account given by that hiftorian, Cluverius conjec¬
tures that the ancient Bedriacum flood in the place
where the city of Caneto now ftands. This village
was remarkable for the defeat of the emperor Galba by
Gtho, and afterwards of Otho by Vitellius.
BEDWIN-magna, a village five miles fouth of
i Hungerford in Berkrtiire in England. It has neither
market nor fair ; but is a borough by prefcription, and
fends two members to parliament. It is faid to have
been a confiderable place in the time of the Saxons,
and that the traces of its fortifications are ftill extant.
BEE, in natural hiftory, a genus of infeds, the cha-
raders ol which are given under the Latin or Lin-
Vol. III. Part I.
21 ] BEE
naean name Apis. The principal fpecies are there al- Bee.
fo defcribed ; excepting the mellifica, or domeftic ho- ''~~v ""L|i
ney-bee, the hiftory and management of which was re¬
ferred to this article. j
This fpecies is furnifhed with downy hairs ; has a Defcriptisn
dulky-coloured breaft, and brownifli belly ; the tibiae of t!ic il°*
the hind-legs are ciliated, and tranfverfely ftreaked on
the infide. Each foot terminates in two hooks, with
their points oppofite to each other ; in the middle
of thefe hooks there is a little thin appendix, which
when unfolded, enables the infeds to faften themfelves to
glafs or the moft polilhed bodies. This part they like-
wife employ for tranfmitting the fmall particles of
crude wax which they find upon flowers to the cavity
in their thigh, hereafter defcribed. The queen and
drones, who never colled wax in this manner, have no
fuch cavity. This fpecies is alfo furnifhed with a probof-
cis or trunk, which ferves to extrad the honey from
flowers ; and has, befides, a real mouth fituated in
the forepart of the head, with which it is able to feed
on the farina of flowers, from which afterwards is
made wax. The belly is divided into fix rings or joints ;
which fometimes fhorten the body, by flipping the
one over the other. In the infide of the belly there
is a fmall bladder or refervoir, in which the honey is
colleded, after having parted through the probofcis and
a narrow pipe which runs through the head and breaft.
This bladder, when full of honey, is about the fize of
a fmall pea.
The fling, which is fituated at the extremity of the its fting,
belly, is a very curious weapon ; and, when examined
by the microfcope, appears of a fuprifing ftrudure.
It has'a horney fheath or fcabbard, which includes two
bearded darts. This fheath ends in a {harp point, near
the extremity of which a flit opens, through which, at
the time of flinging, the two bearded darts are pro¬
truded beyond the end of the fheath : one of thefe is a
little longer than the other, and fixes its beard firfl; and
the other inftantly following, they penetrate alternate¬
ly deeper and deeper, taking hold of the flefh with
their beards or hooks, till the whole fling is buried
in the flefh; and then a venomous juice is injedled
through the fame fheath, from a little bag at the root
of the fling. Hence the wound occafions an acute pain
and fwelling of the part, which fometimes continue feve-
ral days. Thefe eftedls are beft remedied by enlarging
the wound diredlly, to' give it fome difcharge. This
poifon feems to owe its mifchievous efficacy to certain
pungent falts. Let a bee be provoked to ftrike its fling
againft a plate of glafs, and there will be a drop of the
poifon difcharged and left upon the glafs. This being
placed under a double microfcope, as the liquor evapo¬
rates, the falts will be feen to concrete, forming oblong,
pointed, clear cryflals.—Mr Derham counted on the
fling of a wafp eight beards on the fide of each dart,
fomewhat like the beards of fifh-hooks; and the fame
number is to be counted on the darts of the bee’s
fling. When thefe beards are {b uck deep in the flefh,
if the wounded perfon Harts, or difcompofes the bee
before it can difengage them, the fling is left behind
flicking in the wound: but if he have patience to
Hand quiet, the creature brings the hooks down clofe
to the fides of the darts, and withdraws the weapon ;
in which cafe, the wound is always much lefs painful.
The danger of being flung by bees may be in a great
CL raeafuie
BEE [ 12
Bee. meafure prevented by a quiet compofed behaviour. A
 ' thoufand bees will fly and buzz about a perfon without
hurting him, if he lland perfe&ly ftillj and forbear
difturbing them even when near his face ; in which cafe
he may obferve them for hours together without dan¬
ger : but if he molefts or beats them away, he ufually
* See Edin- fuffers for ft. It has been lately affirmed *, that a
bfoalCom' Per^on is ‘n perfeft fafety in the midfl: of myriads of
mewtaties bees, if he but carefully keep his mouth fhut, and
Vol. IV.’ breathe gently through the noftrils only ; the human
P-3J». breath, it would feem, being peculiarly offenfive to
their delicate organs : and merely with this precau¬
tion, it is faid, the very hives may be turned up, and
even part of the comb cut out, while the bees are at
work.
L Oeconomy, Instincts, &c. of the Honey-bee.
We may conflder a hive of bees as a well peopled
city, in which are commonly found from 15,000 to
18,000 inhabitants. This city is in itfelf a monarchy;
—compofed of a queen ; of males, which are the drones;
and of 'working bees, which have been fuppofed and
called neuters. The combs, which are of pure wax,
ferve as their magazine of ftores, and for the nurfing
places of their young offspring. There is between the
combs a fpace fufficient for two bees to march abreaft,
without embavraffing each other ; and in fome parts it
is more fpaciotls. There are alfo holes, or narrow
paffes, which crofs the combs tranfverfely, and are in¬
tended to Ihorten the way when the bees pals from,
one comb to another.
<ge-een bee. The Queen is eafily diftinguiffied from the other
bees, by the form of her body: Are is longer and lar¬
ger than they are, and her wings are much fliorter than
theirs in proportion; to her body ; for the wings of the
other bees cover their whole body, whereas thofe of-
the queen hardly reach beyond her middle, or end at
about the third ring of her belly. Her hinder parts
are more taper than thofe of the other bees, termina¬
ting lharper. Her belly and legs are of a deep yellow,
much refemblihg the pureft gold. She is unwieldy in
her flight, a reafon for her feldom flying but when Ihe
leaves the parent-hive to go and fettle a colony. All
the bees form her retinue, and like dutiful fubjefts re¬
pair to the place fire choofes. She is armed with a vi¬
gorous fling. Lefs paffionate however than her firb-
jeCts, Ihe only ufes her fling when long provoked, or
when in conteft for imperial fway. Never more than
4 one remains in a hive, and that is the conqueror.
Attach- A hive of bees cannot fubfift without a queen, as
ment of her alone produces their numerous pofterity ; and on
*a s* this account their fidelity and attachment to their fo-
^ vereign is admirable.
Mr Wild- Mr Wildman, by his dexterity in the management-
man’s feats of bees, fome years ago, furprifed the whole kingdom,
by means of jje can caufe a fwarm to light where he pleafes, almoft
ic queen. jnfiantaneouily . he can. order them to fettle on his
head, then remove them to his hand ; command them
to depart and fettle on a window, table, &c. at plea-
* fure. We fliall fubjoin his method of performing thefe
feats, in his own words:
“ Long experience has taught me, that as foon as I
turn up a hive, and give it fome taps on the fides and
bottom, the queen immediately appears, to know the
caufe of this alarm ; but foon retires again among her
people. Being accuftomed to fee her fo often, I readily
perceive her at firft glance ; and long practice has en-
4
2 ] BEE
abled me to feize her inftantly, with a tendernefs that Bee.
does not in the leaff endanger her perfon. This is of “ w—^
the utmoft importance ; for the leaft injury done to her
brings immediate deftruttiop to the hive, if you have
not a fpare queen to put in her place, as I have too of¬
ten experienced in my firft attempts. When pofleffed:
of her, I can without injury to her, or exciting that,
degree of refentment that may tempt her to fling me,,
flip her into my other hand, and, returning the hive to-
its place, hold her there, till the bees miffing her, are all
on wing, and in the utmoft confufion. When the bees- 19
are thus diftrefled, I place the queen where-ever I would
have the bees to fettle. The moment a few of them,
difeover her, they give notice to thofe near them, and
thofe to the reft ; the knowledge of which foon be¬
comes fo general, that in a few minutes they all colleft.
themfelves round her ; and are fo happy in having re¬
covered this foie fupport of their ftate, that they will
long remain quiet in their fituation. Nay, the feent of
her body is. fo attractive of them, that the flighted
touch of her, plong any place or fubftance, will attach
the bees to it, and induce them to purfue any path fire . 1
takes.” This was the only witchcraft ufed by Mr
Wildman, and is that alone which ispraftifedby others
who have fince made fimilar exhibitions. In ffiort,
feize on the queen, and you are fure of leading all the
bees of a hive to any place you pleafe. ^
When a queen dies by any accident, the bees of her GonlequesJ
hive immediately ceafe working,; confume their own ces of herfl
honey, fly about their own and other hives at unufual^641^ &c-1
hours when other beesare at reft, and pine away if not
foon fupplied with another fovereign. Her lofs is pro¬
claimed by a clear and interrupted humming. This
fign ftiould be a warning to the owner of the bees, to
take what honey remains in the hive, or to procure
them another queen. In this laft cafe, the flock in¬
ftantly revives; pleafure and activity are apparent
through the whole hive ; the prefence of the fovereign ’ |
reftores vigour and exertion, and her voice commands
univerfal refpeft and obedience : of fuch importance is
the queen to the exiftence and profperity of the other
members of this community.
The difledlion of the queen-bee (hows evidently that
ffie lays many thoufand eggs. It is computed that
the ovaria of a queen-bee contain more than 5000 eggs
at one time ; and therefore it is. not difficult to con¬
ceive that a queen-bee may produce x0,000 or 1.2,000,
bees, or even more, in the fpace of two months.
The common Dro.nes are fmaller than the quee"n, of tl^
and larger than the working bees ; and in flying they drones.3 - f
make a greater noife. The difledlidn of the drone
gives as great proof of its being the male,'as that of
the queen does of her being female.. In. this creature
there is no appearance of ovaries or eggs, nor any thing '
of the ftru&ure of the common working bees, but the
whole abdomen is filled with tranfparent veffels, win ding
about in various finuofities, and containing a white or
milky fluid. This is plainly analogous to that fluid in the 5
males of other animals, which is deftined to render the
eggs of the female prolific ; and this whole apparatus of
velfels, which much refembles the turnings and. wind¬
ings of the feminal veflels in other animals,, is plainly
intended only for the preparation and retention of this>
matter, till the deftined time of its being emitted. On
fqueezing the hinder parts, alfo, may be forced out the
penis, a fmall and _flender fielhy body, contained be¬
tween
BEE [
Be*. tween two ’corns of a fomewhat harder fubftance, which
  join at their bafe', but gradually part afunder as they
are continued in length. Thefe parts, found in all
the drones, and none of them in any other bees
except thefe, feem to provfe very evidently the dif¬
ference of fex. If a hive is opened in the begin¬
ning of fpring, not a Tingle drone will be found in
it ; from the middle of May till the end of June, hun¬
dreds of them will be found, commonly from 200 or
^oo to 1000 ; and from thenCe to the following fpring
it would be in vain to feek for them. They go not
out till 11 in the morning, and return before fix in the
evening. But their expeditions are not thofe of in-
duftry. They have no fting, their roftrum and feet
are not adapted for collefting wax and honey, nor in¬
deed are they obliged to labour. They only hover
upon flowers to extract the fweets, and. all their
thoughts are pleafure. Their office is, to impregnate
the eggs of the queen after they are depofited in the
cells. And while their prefence is thus neceffary, they
are fuffered to enjoy the fweets of love and life ; but
as foon as they become ufelefs in the hive, the work¬
ing bees declare' the moft cruel war againft them, and
tnake terrible flaughter of them. This war affefts not
only the bees already in life, but even the eggs and mag¬
gots ; for the law which has pronounced the dellrac¬
tion of the males has no exception, it extends equally
to thofe which do not yet breathe and to thofe which
do; the hive is cleared of every egg, maggot, or
nymph 5 the whole is torn away and carried off. Af¬
ter the feafon proper for increafing the number of bees
is paft, and when they fhould attend only to the fup-
plying of their magazines fufficiently with winter-ftores,
every veftige of the drones is deftroyed, to make room
for honey. Whenever thefe drones are obferved to re¬
main in a hive late in the autumn, it is held to be a bad
fign of the ftate of the hive.
But befides thefe larger drones, Maraldi and Reau¬
mur had long ago difcovered that there were others of
a leffer fize, not exceeding that of the common work¬
ing bees. This fa ft, however, was not fully afcertained
before the late experiments of Mr Debraw, to be after¬
wards mentioned. It is well known, as has been al¬
ready noticed, that the large drones never appear in
the hive before the middle of April; that they are
all dead before the end of Auguft, when the principal
breeding feafon terminates ; and that they are deftroyed,
together with all their worms or nymphs, by the work¬
ing bees, probably by order of the queen, to faVe ho¬
ney : yet it is equally certain, that the bees begin
to breed early in the fpring, fometimes in February, if
the weather is mild ; and that many broods are com¬
pleted before thefe drones appear. But if drones of a
fmaller fize are fuffered to remain, which in a time of
fcarcity confume lefs honey than the others, thefe will
anfwer the purpofe of fupplying the early broods, and
the larger drones are produced againft a time of greater
plenty. Some obfervers affirm, that the fmaller drones
are all dead before the end of May, when the larger
fpecies appear and fuperfede their ufe. Thefe circum-
Itances accord with the fuggeftion of Abbe Le Pluche
in his Spectacle d; la Nature, That a fmall number of
drones are referved to fupply the neceffities of the en-
fuing year ; and that thefe drones are very little, if at
nil, larger than the common bees.
123 ] BEE
The Working Bees compofe the greateft. body of B«e.
the ftate. Columella infonps us, that the ancients di-  y~~*
ftinguifhed feveral kinds of them. He joins in o-Tjje
pinion with Virgil, who approves of thofe which arcing bees,
fmall, oblong, fmooth, bright, and fhining, of a gentle
and mild dilpofition : “ for,” continues he, “ by how
much the larger and rounder the bee is, by fo much
the worfe it is; but if it be fierce and cruel, it is, the
worft of alL The angry difpofition of bees of a better
charafter is eafily foftened by the frequent intercourfe
of thofe who take care of them, for they grow more
tame when they are often handled.” The experience
of ages has now eftablifhed the fort of bees which have
been found to anfwer heft the purpofes of keeping
them.
The working bees have the care of the hive, collect
the wax and honey, fabricate and work Up the wax,\
build the cells, feed the young, keep the hive clean,
drive from thence ftrangers, and employ themfelves in
all other concerns relating to the hive.
The Working bee has two ftomachs 5 one which con¬
tains the honey, and a fecond in which is contained the
crude wax. The working bees have no parts analo¬
gous to the ovaria of the queen, or that refemble the
male organs of the drones. Hence they have gene¬
rally been fuppofed to be neutral or of neither fex.
But a different doftrine has lately been eftablifhed ;
which tb.re will be occafion to notice in the fequel.
The fling'is very neceffary for a. working bee, both
as an offenfive and as a defen five weapon : for their ho¬
ney and wax excite the envy of many greedy and lazy
infefts; and they have alfo to defend themfelves again ft
enemies, who are fonder of eating them than their Ho¬
ney. There is likewife a time when the drones muft
be facrificed and exterminated for the good of tire fo-
ciety ; and as they are larger and flronger than the
working bees, thefe laft would have a very'unequal
match, were it not for this poifanous fling.
There happen alfo among bees, either of the fame of their
or of different hives, moft deadly feuds, in which their battles,
flings are their chief weapons.' In thefe conte'fls, great
flcill may be difeerned in their manner of pointing the
fling'between the fcaly rings which cover their bodies,
or to fome other eafily vulnerable part. The bee which
firft gains the advantage remains the conqueror: tho*
the vidory cofls the vi&or his life, if he has left his ♦
fling in the body of the enemy 5 for, with the fling,
fo much of his body is torn out, that death inevi¬
tably follows. Bees have very fevere con Aids when
whole hives engage in a pitched battle, and many are
flaiu on both fides. Their fighting and plundering one
another ought chiefly to be imputed, as Mr Thorley
obferves, either to their perfed abhofrence of floth and
idlenefs, or to their infatiable thirfl for honey; for
when, in fpring or autumn, the weather is fair, but
ho honey can be colleded from plants, and is to be
found only in the hives of other bees, they will ven¬
ture their lives to get it there.
Dr Warder affigns another caufe of their fighting ;
which is, the neceffity that the bees are reduced to
when their own hive has been plundered, at a feafon
when it is too late for them to repair the lofs by any
induflry in the fields.
Sometimes one of the queens is killed in battle. Its
this cafe, the bees of both hives unite as foon as her
death
BEE [ 124 ] BEE
Bft. death is generally known among them. All then be-
‘ come one people ; the vanquilhed go off with the rob¬
bers, richly laden with their own fpoils, and return
every day with their new aflbciates to pillage their old
habitation. This caufes a throng, unufual for the fea-
fon, at the door of the hive they are plundering; and
if the owner lifts it up at night, when all are gone
home, he will find it empty of inhabitants ; though
there perhaps will remain in it fome honey, which he
takes as his property.
When two fwarms take flight at the fame time, they
fometimes quarrel, and great numbers are deflroyed on
both fides, till one of the queens is flain. This ends
the conteft, and the bees of both fides unite under the
^ furviving foveieign.
Thei* la- When the bees begin to work in ttheir hives, they
hours. divide themfelves into four companies : one of which
roves in the fields in fearch of materials; another em¬
ploys itfelf in laying out the bottom and partitions of
their cells; a third is employed in making the infide
fmooth from the corners and angles; and the fourth
company brings food for the reft, or relieves thofe who
return with their refpedtive burdens. But they are not
kept conftant to one employment; they often change
the talks affigned them : thofe that have been at work,
being permitted to go abroad ; and thofe that have
been in the fields already, take their places. They
feem even to have figns, by which they underftand each
other: for when any of them want food, it bends down
its trunk to the bee from whom it is expefted, which
then opens its honey-bag, and lets fome drops fall in¬
to the other’s mouth, which is at that time opened to
receive it. Their diligence and labour is fo great, that,
in a day’s time, they are able to make cells which lie
upon each other numerous enough to contain 3000
- bees.
Of the In the plan and formation of thefe cells they difeo-
combj. ver a moll wonderful fagacity. In conftru&ing habita¬
tions within a limited compafs, an architeft would have
three obje&s in view : firft, to ufe the Imalleft; quantity
that can be of materials ; next, to give to the edifice
the greateft capacity on a determined fpace ; and third¬
ly, to employ the fpot in fuch a manner that none of
it may be loft. On examination, it will be found that
the bees have obtained all thefe advantages in the hex¬
agonal form of their cells : for, firft, there is an oeco-
nomy o* wax, as the circumference of one cell makes
part of the circumferences of thofe contiguous to it;
fecondly, the ceconomy of the fpot, as thefe cells which
join to one another leave no void between them ; and
thirdly, the greateft capacity or fpace ; as, of all the
figures which can be contiguous, that with fix fides
gives the largeft area. This thriftinefs prompts them
to make the partitions of their cells thin ; yet they are
conftru&ed fo as that the folidity may compenfate for
the fcantinefs of materials. The parts moft liable to
Injury are the entrance of the cells. Thefe the bees
take care to ftrengthen, by adding quite round the
circumference of the apertures a fillet of wax, by which
means this mouth is three or four times thicker than
the fides: and they are ftrengthened at the bottom by
the angle formed by the bottom of three cells falling
in the middle of an oppofite cell. The combs lie pa¬
rallel to each other; and there is left between every
one of them a fpace which ferves as a ftreet, broad e- Bee.
nough for two bees to pafs by each other. There are 
holes which go quite through the combs, and ferve as
lanes for the bees to pafs from one comb to another,
without being obliged to go a great way about. When
they begin their combs, they form at the top of the
hive a root or ftay to the whole edifice, which is to
hang from it. Though they generally lay the foun¬
dations of the combs fo that there lhall be no more |
between them than what is fufficient for two bees to
pafs, yet they fometimes place thofe beginnings of two
combs too farafunder; and, in this cafe, in order to fill
up part of the void fpace arifing from that bad difpo-
lition, they carry their combs on obliquely, to make
them gradually approach each other. This void fpacc
is fometimes fo Coniiderable, that the bees build in it an
intermediate comb, which they terminate as foon as the
original combs have only their due diftances. As the
combs, would be apt, when full, to overcome by their
weight all the fecurity which the bees can give them
againft falling ; they who prepare hives, fet in them*
crofiwife, fticks, which ferve as props to the combs,
and fave the bees a great deal of labour. It is not eafy
to difeover the particular manner of their working;
for, notwithftanding the many contrivances ufed for this
purpofe, there are fuch numbers in continual motion,
and fucceed one another with fuch rapidity, that no¬
thing but confufion appears to the fight.' Some of them,
however, have been obferved carrying pieces of wax in
their talons, and running to the places where they are
at work upon the combs. Thefe they faften to the
work by means of the fame talons. Each bee is em¬
ployed but a very ftiort time in this way : but there is.
fo great a number of them that go on in a conftant
fuccefiion, that the comb, increafes very perceptibly.
Befides thefe, there are others that run about beating
the work with their wings and the hinder part of their
body, probably with a view to make it more firm and
folid.
Whilft part of the bees are occupied in forming the
cells, others are employed in perfecting and polilhing
thofe that are new modelled. This operation is per¬
formed by their talons, taking off every thing that is
rough and uneven. Thefe polifilers are not fo defultory
in their operations as thofe that make the cells; they
work long and diligently, never intermitting their la¬
bour, excepting to carry out of the cell the particles
of wax which they take off in polilhing. Thefe par¬
ticles are not allowed to be loft; others are ready to
receive them from the poliftiers, and to employ them
in fpme other part of the work. z%
The balls which we fee attached to the legs of bees Of their
returning to the hives are not wax, but a powder col- bui!dl»g- \
lefted from the ftamina of flowers, and yet brought to p^ovp.
the ftate of wax. The fubftance of thefe balls, heated fion-.
in any veffel, does not melt as wax would do, but be-t. Wax.
comes dry, and hardens: it may even be reduced to a
coal. If thrown into water, it will fink; whereas wax
fwims. To reduce this crude fubftance into wax, it
muft firft be digeited in the body of the bee.
Every bee, when it leaves the hive to colleCl this
precious ftore, enters into the cup of the flower, par¬
ticularly fuch as feem charged with the greateft quan¬
tities of this yellow farina. As the animal’s body is
covered
BEE [ 125 ] BEE
Bee. covered over with hair, it rolls itfelf within the flower,
-~v  and quickly becomes quite covered with the dull, which
it foon after brufhes off with its two hind legs, and
kneads into two little balls. In the thighs of the hind¬
legs there are two cavities, edged with hair; and into
thefe, as into a balket, the animal flicks its pellets.
Thus employed, the bee flits from flower to flower, in-
crealing its itore, and adding to its flock of wax, un¬
til the ball upon each thigh becomes as big as a grain
of pepper; by this time having got a fufficient load,
it returns, making the beft of its way to the hive.
After the bees have brought home this crude fub-
ftance, they eat it by degrees; or, at other times,
three or four bees come and eafe the loaded bee, by
eating each of them a lhare, the loaded bee giving them
a hint fo to do. Hunger is not the motive of their
thus eating the balls of waxy matter, efpecially when
a fwarm is firft hived; but it is their defire to provide a
fpeedy fupply of real wax for making the combs. At
: - other times, when there is no immediate want of wax,
the bees lay this matter up in repofitories, to keep it
in ftore.
When this waxy matter is fwallowed, it is, by the
digeftive powers of the bee, converted into real wax,
which the bees again difgorge as they work it up into
combs; for it is only while thus loft and pliant from
the ftomach that they can fabricate it properly. That
the wax thus employed is taken from their ftomachs,
appears from their making a confiderable quantity of
comb foon after they are hived, and even on any tree or
fhrub where they have refted but a fhort while before
their being hived, though no balls were vifible on their
legs, excepting thofe of a few which may be jufl re¬
turned from the field. This is farther confirmed by
what happened in a fwarm newly hived: for two days
together from the time of their quitting their former
home it rained conftantly, infomuch that not one bee
was able to ftir out during that time ; yet at the end of
the two days they had made a comb 15 or 16 inches
long, and thick in proportion.
The crude wax, when brought home by the bees, is
often of as different colours as are the flowers from
which it is collefted: but the new combs are always of a
white colour, which is afterwards changed only by the
impurities arifing from the fleam, See. of the bees.
Bees colledf crude wax alfo for food; for if this was
not the cafe, there would be no want of wax after the
combs are made: but they are obferved, even in old
hives,.to return in great numbers loaded with fuch mat¬
ter, which is depofited in particular cells, and is known
by the name of bee-bread. We may guefs that they
confume a great deal of this fubftance in food by the
quantity colle&ed; which, by computation, may in fome
hives, amount to an hundred weight in a feafon, whilft
the real wax in fuch an hive does not perhaps exceed
two pounds.
■ The fro- It is well known that the habitation of bees ought
(s/w. to be very cldfe ; and what their hives want from the
t negligence or unfkilfulnefs of -man, thefe animals fup¬
ply by their own induftry : fo that it is their principal
care, when firft hived, to flop up all the crannies. For
this purpofe they make ufe of a refmous gum, which is
more tenacious than wax, and differs greatly from it.
This the ancients called fropolis. It will grow confide-r-
a'bly hard in the hive, though it will in fome meafure B«s-
foften by heat; and is often found different in confift- "W"'""*
ence, colour, and fmell. It has generally an agreeable
aromatic odour when it is warmed 5 and by fome it is
confidered as a moft grateful perfume. When the
bees begin to work with it, it is foft; but it acquires a
firmer confiftence every day, till at length it affumes
a brown colour, and becomes much harder than wax.
The bees carry it on their hinder legs; and fome think
it is met with on the birch, the willow, and poplar.
However it is procured, it is certain that they plafter
the infide of their hives with this compofition. j4
Honey is originally a juice digefted in plants, which 3- The £0-
fweats through their pores, and chiefly in their flowers, "O'"
or is contained in refervoirs in which nature ftores it.
The bees fometimes penetrate into thefe ftores, and at
other times find the liquor exfuded. This they collett
in their ftomachs; fo that, when loaded with it, they
feem, to an inattentive eye, to come home without any
booty at all.
Befides the liquor already mentioned, which is ob¬
tained from the flowers of plants, another fubftance,
called honey-denu *, has been difeovered, of which the * See the
bees are equally fond. Of this fubftance there are two artI^e
kinds, both deriving their origin from vegetables, tho’ ew*
in very different ways.
The firft kind, the only one known to hufbandmen,
and which paffes for a dew that falls on trees, is no o-
ther than a mild fweet juice, which having circulated
through the veffels of vegetables, is feparated in proper
refervoirs in the flowers, or on the leaves, where it is
properly called the honey-de^sj: fometimes it is depofited
in the pith, as in the fugar-cane; and, at other times,
in the juice of pulpy fummer-fruits when ripe. Such
is the origin of the manna which is colle&ed on tire aflt
and maple of Calabria and Brian^on, where it flows in
great plenty from the leaves and trunks of thefe trees,
and thickens into the form in which it is ufually feen.
The fecond kirH of honey-dew, which is the chief re-
fourcecf bees after the fpring-flowers and dew by tranfpi-
ration on leaves are paft, owes its origin to a fmall mean
infeftf, the excrement thrown out by which makes af See the
part of the moft delicate honey we ever tafte. articles A~
From whatever fource the bees have collected theirar^
honey, the inftant they return home, they feek cells ill ^
which they may difgorge and depofite their loads.
They have two fort of ftores: one which confifts of
honey laid up for the winterand the other of honey
intended for accidental ufe in cafe of bad weather, and
for fuch bees-as do not go abroad in fearch of it. Their
method of fecuring each of thefe is different. They
have in each cell a thicker fubftance, which is placed
over the honey, to prevent its running out of the cell j
and that fubftance is raifed gradually as the cell is fill¬
ed, till the bees, finding that the cell cannot contain any
more, clofe it with a covering of wax, not to be opened
till times of want, or during the winter. 15
It has been already obferved, that the cells are in-
tended for other purpofes befides being places of ftore !'erinkvvhlf*
tor honey. Une 01 the chier uies is, their being nur-
feries for the young. The cells for thofe which are to
be working bees, are commonly half an inch deep ;
thofe for drones, three quarters of an inch ; and thofe
which are intended for keeping of honey only, fti’d
deeper.
BEE t 126 ] BEE
deeper. This accounts for the inequalities ohferved in
the furface of combs.
The queen-bee is generally concealed in the moft fe-
;cret part of the hive, and is never vifible but when fhe
lays her eggs in fuch combs as are expofed to light.
'When (he does appear, (he is always attended by ten or
a dozen of the common fort, who form a kind of re¬
tinue, and follow her wherever Ihe goes with a fedate
and grave tread. Before Ihe lays her eggs, Ihe'exa-
mines the cells where fire defig ns 'to lay them ; and if
fhe finds that they contain neither honey, wax, nor
any embryo, (he introduces the pofierior part of her
body into a cell, and fixes to the bottom of it a fmall
white egg, which is compofed of a thin white mem¬
brane, full of a whitilh liquor. In this manner Ihe
fjoes on, till Ihe fills as many cells as fhe has eggs to
ay, which are generally many thoufands. Sometimes
more than one egg has been depofited in the fame cell;
when this is the cafe, the working bees remove the fu-
pernumerary eggs, and leave Only one in each cell.
On the firft or fecond day after the egg is lodged in
the cell, the drone-bee injedts a fmall quantity of whi-
tifh liquid, which in about a day is abforbtd by the
egg. On the third or fourth day is produced a worm
or maggot; which', when it is grown fo as to touch
the oppofite angle, coils itfelf up in the fhape of a fe-
•micircle, and floats in a proper liquid, whereby it is
tiourifhed and enlarged in its dimenfions. This liquor
is of a whitifh colour, of the thicknefs of cream, and of
an infipid tafte like flour and water. NaturaMs are
not agreed as to the origin and qualities of this liquid.
Borne have fuppofed, that it confifts of fome generative
matter, injected by the working bees into each cell, in
order to give fecundity to the egg: but the moft pro¬
bable opinion is, that it is the fame with what fome
writers have called the the bee-bread; and that it-is a
mixture of water with the juices of plants and flowers
collected merely for the nutrition of the young, whilft
they are in their weak and helplefs ftate. -Whatever
be the nature of this aliment, it is certain that the
common working bees are very induftrious in {apply¬
ing the worms with a fufficient quantity of'it. The
worm is fed by the working bees for about eight days,
till one end touches the other in the form of a ring; and
when it begins to feel itfelf un'eafy in its firft poilure,
it ceafes to eat, and begins to unrol itfelf, thrufting
that end forward towards the mouth of the cell which
is to be the head. The attendant bees, obferving thefe
fymptoms of approaching transformation, defift from
their labours in carrying proper food, and employ them-
felves in fattening up the top of the cell with a lid of
wax, formed in concentric circles, and by their natu¬
ral heat in cherifhing the brood and haftening the
birth. In this concealed ftate the worm extends itfelf
at full length, and prepares a web of a fort of filk, in
the manner of the filk-worm. This web forms a com¬
plete lining for the cell, and affords a convenient recep¬
tacle for the transformation of the worm into a nymph
or chryfalis. Some naturalifts fuppofe, that as each
cell is deftined to the fucceffive breeding of feveral
worms, the whole web, which is compofed of many
crufts or doubles, is in reality a collection of as many
webs as there have been worms. M. Maraldi appre¬
hends, that this lining is formed of the fltin of the
worm thrown off at its entrance into the nymph ftate j
but it is urged, that if the cells are opened when newly
covered by the bees, the worm within will be found in
its own form, and detcCted in the art of fpinning its
web ; -and by means of glaffes it will be found com¬
pofed of fine threads- regularly woven together, like
thofe of other fpinning animals. In the fpaee of 18
or 20 days the whole procefs of transformation is fi-
nifhed, and the bee endeavours to difcharge itfelf frcm
Confinement by forcing aii aperture with its teeth
through the covering of the cell. The paflage is gra*
dually dilated ; fo that one horn firft appears, then the
head, and afterwards the whole body. This is ufuaily
the work of three hours, and lometimes of half a day.
The bee, after it has difengaged itfelf, Hands on the
furface of the comb, till it has acquired its natural com¬
plexion, and full maturity and ilrength, fo as to be¬
come fit for labour. The reft of the bees gather round
it in this ftate, congratulate its.birth, and offer it ho¬
ney out of their own mouths. The exuviae and fcat-
tered pieces of wax which are left in the cell are' re¬
moved by the working bees; and the matrix is no
fooner cleanfed andfit fornew fecundation, but the queen
depofites another egg in it; infomuch that, Mr Maraldi
fays, he has feen five bees produced in the fame cell
in the fpace of three months. The young bees are eU-
fily diftinguiflied from the others by their colour : they
are grey, inflead of the yellowifti brown of the com¬
mon bees. The reafon of this is, that their body is
black, and the hairs that grow upon it are white, from
the mixture of which feen together refults a grey’;
but this colour forms itfelf into a brownifh yellow by
degrees, the rings of the body becoming more brown
and the hairs more yellow.
The eggs from w hich drones are to proceed, arc, as
already obierved, laid in larger cells than thofe of the
working bees. The coverings of thefe cells, when the
drones are in the nymph ftate, are convex or fwelling
outward, whilft. the cells of the working bees are flat.
This, with the privilege of leading idle effeminate lives,
and not working for the public flock, is wdrat diftin-
guifhes the drones.
The bees depart from their ufual ftyle of building
when they are to raife cells for bringing up fuch maggots
as are deftined to become queens. Thefe are of a longifh
oblong form, having one end bigger than the other,
with their exterior furface full of little cavities. Wax,
which is employed w-ith fo geometrical a thriftinefs in
the railing of hexagonal cells, is expended with pro-
fufion in the cell which is to be the cradle of a royal
maggot. They fometimes fix it in the middle, and at
other times on one fide of a comb. Several common
cells are facrificed to ferve as a bafis and fupport to it.
It is placed almoft perpendicular to the common cells,
the largeft end being uppermoft. The lower end is
open till the feafon for doling it comes, or till the mag¬
got is ready for transformation. It would be difficult
to conceive how a tender maggot can remain in a cell
turned bottom upmoft, if we did not find it buried in
a fubftance fcarcely fluid, and if it w'as not in kfelf, at
firft, fmall and light enough to be fufpended in this
clammy pafte. As it grows it fills all the upper and
larger part of the cell. As foon as the young queen
comes out of her cell, that cell is deftroyed, and its
place is fupplied by common cells ; but as the-founda-
tion of the royal cell is left, this part of the comb is
found
Bee. found thicker than any other. There are feveral fuch
"'"■v——' cells prepared: for if there was only one reared in
each hive,: the fwarms might often want a condudlrefs.
Many accidents may alfo deftroy the little maggot be¬
fore it becomes a bee. It is therefore neceflary that a
number of fuch cells fhould be provided ; and accord¬
ingly there are obferved feveral young queens in the
beginning of the fummer, more than one of which of¬
ten takes flight when a fwarm departs.
A young queen is in a 'condition to lead a fwarm
from a hive in which fhe was born in four or five days
1 after ftie has appeared in it with wings. The bees of
a fwarm are in a great ‘hurry when they know that
their queen is ready to Ipy. In this cafe, they give to
their new cells but £ rft of the depth they are to have,
| ' and defer the finifhing of them till they have traced
the number of cells reqtiifite for the prefent time. The
[j . cells firft made are intended only for working bees j
j < ^ thefe being the moft neceffary.
tf their Wheh the hive is become tdo much crowded by the
ivarming. addition of the young brood, a part of the bees think
of finding themfelves a more commodious habitation,
and with that view Angle out the moft forward of the
young queens. A new fwarm is therefore eonftantly
compofed of one queen at leaft, and of feveral thou-
fand working bees, as well as of fome'hundreds of
drones. The working bees are foms old, fome young.
Scarce has the colony arrived at its new habitation,
when the, working bet^s labour with the utmpft dili¬
gence to procure materials for food and building.
Their principal aim is not only to have cells in which
they may depofite their honey : a ftronger motive feem&
to animate them. They feem to know that their queen
is in hafte to lay her eggs. Their induftry is fuch, that
in twenty-four hours they will have made combs twen¬
ty inches long, and wide in proportion. They make
more wax during the firft fortnight, if the feafon is fa¬
vourable, than they do during all the reft of the year.
Other bees are at the fame time bufy in {topping all
the holes and crevices they find in ,their new hive, in;
order to guard againft the- entrance of infefts which
covet their honey, their wax, or themfelves ; and alfo
to exckide the cold air, for it is indilpenfably neceflary
that they be lodged warm.
When the bees firft fettle in fwarming, indeed when
they at any time reft themfelves, there is fomething
very particular in their method of taking their repofe.
It is done by colle&ing themfelves in a heap, and hang¬
ing to each other by' their feet. They fometimes ex¬
tend thefe heaps to a eonfiderable length. It would
feem probable to us, that the bees from which the
ethers hang muft have a confiderable weight fufpended
to them. All that can be faid is, that the bees muft
find this to be a fituation agreeable to themfelves. They
may perhaps have a method of diftending themfelves
with air, thereby to leflen their fpecific gravity; in the
lame manner as fiflies do, in order to alter their gravity
compared with water..
When a fwarm divides into two or more bands,,
which fettle feparately, this divifion is a hire fign that
there are two or move queens among them. One of
thefe clufters is generally larger than the other. The
bees of the fmaller clufter, or clufters, detach them¬
felves by little and little, till at laft the whole, together
with the queen or queens, unite with the larger clufter..
As foon as the bees are fettled, the fupernumerary
queen, or queens, muft be facrificed to the peace and
tranquillity of the hive. This execution generally*
raifes a confiderable commotion in the hive; and feve¬
ral other bees, as well as the queen or queens, lofe
their lives. Their bodies may be obferved on the
ground, near the hive. The queen that is chofen is of
a more reddifti colour than thofe which are deftroyed :
fo that fruitfulnefs feems to be a great motive of pre¬
ference in bees; for the nearer they are to the* time of
laying their eggs, the bigger, larger, and npre fhi-
ning are their bodies. The method of hiving thefe
fwarms will be explained hereafter.
Befides the capital inftin&s above mentioned, bees
are poflefled of others, fome of which are equally ne-
cefiary for their prefervation and happinefs.—They
anxioufly provide againft the entrance of infedts into
the hive, by gluing up with wax the fmalleft holes in
the fliep. Some (land as centinels at the mouth of the
hive, to prevent infedts of any kind from getting in.
But if a fnail, or other large infeft fttould get in,
notwithftanding all refiftance, they fting it to death;
and then cover it over with a coat of propolis, to pre¬
vent the bad ftneil or maggots which might proceed
from the putrefaction of fuch a large animal.—Bees
feem to be warned of the appearance of bad weather
by fome particular feeling. It fometimes. happens,
even when they are very affiduous and bufy, that they-
on a hidden ceafe from their work; not a fingle one
ftire out; and thofe that are abroad hurry home in fuch
-prodigious crowds, that the doors-of their habitations
are too fmall to admit them. On this occafion, look un ¬
to the iky, and you will foon difeover fome of thofe
black clouds which denote impending rain. Whether
they fee the clouds gathering for it, as fome imagine*,
or whether (as is much more probable) they feel fome
other effedts of it upon their bodies, is not yet deter¬
mined; but it is alleged, that no bee is ever caught
even in what we call a fudden fnower, unlefs it have
been at a very great diftance from the hive, or have
been before injured by fome accident, or be fickly and
unable to fly fo faft as the reft. — Cold is a great enemy
to them. To defend themfelves againft its effeCts du¬
ring a hard winter, they crowd together in the middle
of the hive, and buzz about, and thereby excite a
warmth which is often perceptible by laying the hand
upon the glafs-windows of the hive.—They feem to
underftandone another by the motions of their wings:.
When the queen wants to quit the .hive, flie gives a
little buzz; and all the others immediately follow her
example, and retire along with her.
As to the age of bees, the large drones live, but aA
little while, being deftroyed without mercy by the
working bees, probably to fave honey, as already noticed.
Bat of the other fort lately difcovered, no larger than
the working bees, and not eafily to be diftingufflaed.
from them, the age has not yet been afcertained.
Writers are not agreed as to the age of the working
bees. Some maintain that they are annual, and others-
fiippofe that they live many years. Many of them, ifo
is well’known, die annually of hard labour; and though.:
they may be preferved by fucceflion in hives or colonies
for feveral years, the moft accurate obfervors are of
opinion that their age is but a year, or at the longeft;
no more than two luinmsrs.
Coa»-
BEE
[
Concerning the fex and fecundation of bees, various
w-y—j experiments have been made of late years, by which
i9 new light has been thrown upon the fubjedt, and feve-
Opinions ral difficulties which embarraffed the procefs of gene-
concerning rat;on arnong thefe curious infers feem to have been
the fex and , b
fecundationrei”ove<^ u- X/T li- n--' A '
of bees. awammerdam, and after him Maraldi, diicovered in
the llrufture of the drones fome refemblance to the
male organs of generation, as has already been defcribed;
and from thence concluded that they were the males :
but neither of thofe accurate and induftrious obfervers
could deleft them in the aft of copulation. Swammer¬
dam, therefore, entertained a notion, that the female
or queen-bee was fecundated without copulation; that
it was fufficient for her to be near the males; and that
her eggs were impregnated by a kind of vivifying aura,
exhaled from the body of the males, and abforbed by
the female. However, M. Reaumur thought that he
had difcovered the aftual copulation of the drones with
the female bee, and he has very minutely defcribed the
a Burbut, procefs of it. A very ingenious naturalift * of the
Genera of prefent day, without taking any notice of recent dif-
p. coverjes> feems t0 have given into the fame' idea.
“ The office of the males or drones (fays he) is to
render the queen pregnant. One fingle female (hould
in the midft of feven or eight hundred males, one
would think, be inCeflantly aflailed. But nature
has provided againft that inconvenience, by making
them of a conftitution extremely frigid. The fe¬
male choofes out one that pleafes her; die is obliged
to make the full advances, and excite him to love by
her careffes. But this favour proves fatal to him;
fcarce has he ceafed from amorous dalliance, but he is
feen to periffi. The pleafure of thefe observations
may be taken, by putting a female with feveral males
into a bottle.”
Others again, as M. Schirach and M. Hattorff, re-
jeft the drones as bearing no fhare at all in the bufinefs
of propagation, and affert the queen-bee to be felf-
prolific. But for what purpofe then ffiould wife na¬
ture have furnifhed the drones with that large quantity
of feminal liquor; to what ufe fo large an apparatus of
fecundating organs fo well defcvibed by Reaumur and
Maraldi ? The faft is, that the above gentlemen have
founded their opinion upon obfervations that hives are
peopled at a time of the year when (as they fuppofed)
there are no drones in being. But we have already
•noticed, that nature has provided drones of diffe¬
rent fizes for the purpofe of impregnation, adapted
to different times, occafxons, and circumftances: And
the miftake of Meffrs Schirach and Hattorff feems to
have proceeded from their miffing the large-fized
drones, and not being acquainted with or not adverting
to the other fort fo hardly diftinguifhable from the work¬
ing bees.
JLaftly, many of the ancients as well as moderns
have fuppofed that the eggs of the female bee are not
impregnated with the male fperm, while in the body of
the creature, but that they are depofited unimpregna¬
ted in the cells ; and that the male afterwards ejefts
the male fperm on them as they lie in the cells, in the
fame manner as the generation of fifhes is fuppofed to
HU} Ac ’d Per^0,TnC(l by the males impregnating the fpawn af-
iSc.J 1711] p ter it is caft out by the females. M. Maraldi f long
' fince conjeftured that this might be the cafe; and he
<N5 44. 6
8 1 BEE
was confirmed in his opinion, by obferving a liquid
whitifh fubflance furrounding each egg at the bottom —-v—*■*
of the cell a little while after it has been laid, and
that a great number of eggs, which were not encom-
paffed by this liquor, remained barren in the cell.
This method of impregnation has been lately efta-
bliffied beyond all contradiftion by the obfervations of
Mr Debraw of Cambridge*. Having put fome bees ptil. Tranf
into glafs-hives with a large number of drones, he ob-vol.67.part:
ferved on the firft or fecond day (always before the**81^*
third) from the time in which the eggs were placed
in the cells, which the queen generally lays on the
fourth or fifth day after they are put into the hive,
that a great number of bees fattened themfelves to one
another, and formed a kind of curtain from the top to
the bottom of the hive, probably in order to conceal
the procefs of generation. Mr Debraw, however, Mr De-
could foon perceive feveral bees, whofe fize he was not draw’s er-
able to diftinguilh, inferting the pofterior part of theirPe^™y.nt*
bodies each into a cell, and finking into it; after a verie*. C°"1
little while they retired, and he could fee with the na¬
ked eye a fmall quantity of whitiffi liquor left in the
angle of the bafe of each cell, containing an egg ; this
liquor was lefs liquid than honey, and had no fweet
tatte.
In order to prove further that the eggs are fecun¬
dated by the males, and that their prefence is neceflary
at the time of breeding, Mr Debraw made the follow¬
ing experiments. They confift in leaving in a hive the
queen, with only the common or working bees, without
any drones, to fee whether the eggs flie laid would be
prolific. To this end, he took a iwarm, and ffiook all
the bees into a tub of water, leaving them there till
they were quite fenfelefs ; by which means he could
diftinguifh the drones, without any danger of being
flung : Leaving thefe out, therefore, he reftored the
queen and working-bees to their former ftate, by
fpreading them on a brown paper in the fun ; after
this he replaced them in a glafs hive, where they foon
began to work as ufuah. The queen laid eggs, which,
to his great furprife, were impregnated; for he ima¬
gined he had feparated all the drones or males, and
therefore omitted watching them ; at the end of twenty
days he found feveral of his eggs had, in the ufual
courfe of changes, produced bees, while fomc had wi¬
thered away, and others , were covered with honey.
Hence he inferred, that fome of the males had efcaped
his notice, and impregnated part of the eggs. To
convince himfelf of this, he took away all the brood
comb that was in the hive, in order to oblige the bees
to provide a frefh quantity, being determined to watch
narrowly their motions after new eggs ffiould be laid
in the cells. On the fecond day after the eggs were
placed in the cells, he perceived the fame operation
that was mentioned before, namely, that of the bees
hanging down in the form of a curtain, while others
thruft the potterior part of the body into the cells. He
then introduced his hand into the hive, and broke off
a piece of the comb, in which there were two of thefe
infefts: he found in neither of them any fling (a cir-
cumftance peculiar to the drones) : upon diffeftion,
with the affiftance of a microfeope, he difcovered the
four cylindrical bodies which contain the glutinous li¬
quor, of a whitiffi colour, as obferved by Maraldi in
the large drones. He was therefore now under a ne-
ceffity
BEE [ i
Bee. ceflity of repeating his experiments, in deftroying the
  males, and even thofe which might be fufpe&ed to be
fuch.
He once more immerfed the fame bees in water ; and
when they appeared in a fenfelefs date, he gently pref-
fed every one, in order to diftinguifh thofe armed with
flings from thofe which had none, and which of courfe
he fuppofed to be males : of thefe laft he found fifty-
feven, and replaced the fwarm in‘ a glafs hive, where
they immediately applied again to the work of making
cells; and on the fourth or fifth day, very early in the
morning, he had the pleafure to fee the queen-bee de-
pofite her eggs in thofe cells: he continued watching
moft part of the enfuing days, but could difcover no¬
thing of what he had feen before.
The eggs after the fourth day, inffead of changing
in the manner of caterpillars, were found in the fame
ftate they were the firft day, except that fome were
' covered with honey. A Angular event happened the
next day about noon : all the bees left their own hive,
and attempted to get into a neighbouring hive, pro¬
bably in fearch of males; but the queen was found
dead, having been killed in the engagement.
To be further fatisfkd, Mr Debraw took the broojl-
comb, which had not been impregnated, and divided
it into two parts : one he placed under a glafs bell,
ISP i. with honey-comb for the bees food, taking
care to leave a queen, but no drones, among the bees
confined in it: the other piece of brood-comb he pla¬
ced under another glafs bell, N° 2. with a few drones,
a queen, and a proportionable number of common
bees. The refult was, that in the glafs N° i. there
was no impregnation, the eggs remained in the fame
ftate they were in' when put into the glafs ; and on gi¬
ving the bees their liberty on the feventh day, they
all flew away, as was found to be the Cafe in the for¬
mer experiment: whereas in the glafs N° 2. the very
day after the bees had been put into it, the eggs were
impregnated by the drones, the bees did not leave their
hives on receiving their liberty, the eggs at the ufual
time underwent the neceflary transformations, and a
numerous young colony was produced.
Naturalifts have obferved, that the queen bees are
? produced' in a manner peculiar to themfelves, and dif¬
ferent from the drones and working bees. Some have
fuppofed, that the eggs laid by the queen in a hive,
and deftined for the produftion of queen bees, are of a
peculiar kind : but though this is not the cafe, as
M. Schirach has lately difcovered, yet there are parti¬
cular cells appropriated for this purpofe. Thefe cells
are generally near the edges, and at the bottom of the
Combs, and fometimes on the fides of a honey-comb :
they are of an oblong orbicular form, and very ftrong ;
and are more or lefs numerous in different hives as oc-
cafion feems to require. It has been alfo fuppofed,
that the matter with which they are nouriflied is of a
different kind and quality from that employed for the
nouriftiment of the other bees ; that which has been
collefted out of the royal cells being of a gummy glu¬
tinous nature, of a deep tranfparent red, and diffolving
in the fire rather than crumbling to powder.
It has been generally fuppofed, that the queeh-bee
t is the only female contained in the hive ; and that the
Nat' JeL working bees are neutral, or of' neither fex. But
Reine dcs M. Schirach * has lately eftabliflied a different doc-
&c. Vol. III. Part I.
29 ] BEE
trine, which has been alfo confirmed by the later ob- Bee.
fervations of Mr Debraw f. According to Mr Schi--v'—
rach, all the working or common bees are females in
difguife ; and the queen-bee lays only two kinds of parti,”
eggs, viz. thofe which are to produce the drones, and ji
thofe from which the working bees are to proceed: ^ch.i-
and from any one or more of thefe, one or more queens coyer;e,p
may be produced ; fo that every worm of the latter or
common kind, which has been hatched about three
days, is capable, under certain circumftances, of be¬
coming the queen, or mother of a hive. In proof of
this doftrine, nbw and Angular as it may feem, he al¬
leges a number of fatisfadtory and decifive experiments,
which have been fince verified by thofe of Mr Debraw.
In the early months of the fpring, and in any preceding
month, even fo late as November, he cut off from an old
hive, a piece of that part of the comb which contains
the eggs of the working bees ; taking care, however,
that it contained likewife worms which had been hatch¬
ed about three days. He fixed this in an empty hive,
or box, together with a portion of honey-comb, &c.
or, in other words, with a fufficiency of food and build¬
ing materials, or wax, for the ufe of the intended co¬
lony. He then put into, and confined within, the
fame box, a fufficient number of common working
bees, taken from the fame or any other hive. As foon
as the members of this fmall community found them¬
felves deprived of their liberty, and without a queen,
a dreadful uproar enfued, which continued generally,
with fome fhort intervals of filence, for the fpace of
about twenty-four hours; during which time it is to
be fuppofed they were alternately meditating and hold¬
ing council 6n the future fupport of the new republic.
On the final ceffation of this tumult, the general and
almoft conftant refult was, that they betook themfelves
to work; firft proceeding to the conftruftion of a
royal cell, and then taking the proper meafures for
hatching and feeding the brood inclofed with them.
Sometimes even on the fecond day the foundations of
one or more royal cells were to be perceived ; the view
of which furnifhed certain indications that they had
defied one of the inclofed worms to the fovereignty.
The operation has been hitherto condufted in the
houfe. This new colony may now be fafely trufted in
the garden, if the weather be warm, and have the li¬
berty allowed them of paffing out of the box; of which
they inftantly avail themfelves, and are feen in a Ihoru
time almoft totally to defert their new habitation. In
about two hours, however, they begin to re-enter it.
We ftiould not neglefl to obferve, that if they ftiould
be placed near the old hive, from which they were ta¬
ken, they will very often attempt to enter it, but are
as conftantly repulfed by their former companions and
brethren. It is prudent, therefore, to place them at
a diftance from the mother ftate, in order to avoid the
inconveniences of a civil war. The final refult of the
experiment is, that the colony of working bees thus
fliut up, with a morfel of common brood, . not only
hatch it, but are found, at the end of eighteen or
twenty days, to have produced from thence one or two
queens; which have apparently proceeded from worms
of the common fort, pitched upon by them for that
purpofe ; and which, under other circumftances, that
is, if they had remained in the old hive, there is rea-
foa to fuppofe would have been changed into com-
R mon
BEE [ 130 1 BEE
men working bees. In the prefent initance, the com¬
mon worm appears to be converted by them into a
queen bee, merely becaufe the hive was in want of one.
Hence we may juftly infer, that the kingdom of the
bees is not, if the expreffion may be ufed, a jure divino
or hereditary monarchy, but an tleclive kingdom ; in
which the choice of their future ruler is made by tho
body of the people, while fhe is yet in the cradle, or
in embryo} and who are determined by motives of
preference which will perhaps for ever elude the pene¬
tration of the molt fagacious naturalills.
The conclufions drawn by M. Schirach, from expe¬
riments of the preceding kind, often repeated by him-
felf and others with the fame fuccefs, are, that all the
common or working bees were originally of the female
fex ; but that when they have undergone their laft me-
tamorphofis, they are condemned to a ftate of perpe¬
tual virginity, and the organs of generation are oblite¬
rated ; merely becaufe they have not been lodged, fed,
and brought up in a particular manner, while they were
in the worm ftate. He fuppofes that the worm, de¬
signed by the community to be a queen, or mother,
owes its metamorphoiis into a queen, partly to the ex¬
traordinary fize of its cell, and its peculiar pofition in
it; but principally to a certain appropriate nourifli-
ment found there, and carefully adminiftered to it by
the working bees while it was in the worm ftate; by
which, and poffibly other means unknown, the deve-
lopement and extenfion of the germ of the female or¬
gans, previoufly ex-ifting in the embryo, is effected ;
and thofe differences in its form and fize are produced,
which afterwards fo remarkably diftinguilh it from the
common working bees.
This difeovery is capable of being applied towards
forming artificial fwarms, or new colonies of bees, by
which means their number might be increafed, and
their produce in honey and wax proportionably aug¬
mented.
Explanation of Plate XCVI. Fig. 1. is the queen-
bee. 2. Is the drone. 3. Is the working bee. 4.
Reprefents the bees hanging to each other by the feet,
which is the method of taking their repofe. 5. The
probofeis or trunk, which is one of the principal or¬
gans of the bees, wherewith they gather the honey
and take their nouriihment. 6. One of the hind-legs
of a working-bee, loaded with wax. 7. A comb, in
which the working bees Lare bred. The cells are the
i'malleft of any. Two of them have the young bees
inclofed. A royal cell is fufpended on one fide. 8. A
comb in which the drones are bred, being larger than
the former; the young drones being included in feve-
ral of them; with two royal cells fufpended on the
fide. 9. A fimilar comb, in which the royal cell is
fixed in the middle of the comb ; and feveral common
cells are facrifieed to ferve as a bafis and fupport to it.
In general, the royal cells are fufpended on the fide
of a comb, as in fig. 7, 8. To the fide of fig. 9,
two royal cells are begun, when they refemble pretty
much the cup in which an acorn lies. The other
royal cells have the young queens included in them-
Fig. 10. exhibits the fting and all its parts. The fting
is compofed of a Iheath or cafe, and twoftianks, united
to each other, and terminating in a lharp point, fo as
to look like a fingle part. If, The poifonous bag.
c, The tube that ferves to convey the poifon from its
bag to the thickeft part of the fling’s fheath. dd, The
two {hanks of the fting, mutually conveying to each
other, e e, The (heath of the fting. ff The thickeft
end of the {heath, where the tube opens into it, by
which it receives the infe&’s poifori. g. The extreme
point of the fting, formed by the two {hanks of that
organ, that are in this place clofely united, h h, The
beards with which the (hanks of the fting are armed
at their extremities, i, The tube that ferves to fecrete
the poifon, which it difeharges into the poifon-bag.
k k, The two blind extremities of the faid tube. ////,
Two pair of cartilages, of different forms, which are
for the moft part of a deep black, and articulated a-
mong themfelves and with the (hanks of the fting.
m m. Two other cartilages lefs confpicuous than the
former, with one pair of which they are articulated.
Thefe two cartilages m m, are almoft entirely of a
membranaceousfubftance. nnnnnnnn. Eight places
in which the foregoing cartilages are articulated among
themfelves, and with the (hanks of the fting dd. 0000,
Four mufcles ferving to move the fting different ways,
by the afliftance of the fame cartilages. //>, Two
mufcles which draw the (hanks of the fting into its
(heath, q q. Two appendages of the fting which are
moved along with it, and feem to anfwer no other pur-
po£e but that of ornament.—Fig. 11. The ovary.—
Fig. 1 2. Six eggs drawn after nature, and placed on
their ends : Thefe eggs are oblong, very (lender, but
fomewhat thicker on their upper parts.—Fig. 13. An
egg viewed with a microfcope : it refembles the (kin
of a fi(h, divefted of its fcale, but ftill retaining the
marks of their infertion.—Fig. 14. Worms of bees
of different fizes, drawn after nature. a, A worm
newly hatched, bede. Four worms that received,
more nouriftiment, and are more grown, f g, Two
worms ftill bigger than the former, having had more
time to make ufe of the nourifhment provided for
them. They are here reprefented as they lie doubled
in their cells, h, A worm placed on its belly, fo as to
(how on its back a black line, inclining to a light blue
or grey. This line denotes the ftomach, which ap¬
pears in this place through the tranfparent parts that
lie over it. /, A worm lying on its back, and begin¬
ning to draw in the hinder pail of its body, and move
its head.—Fig. 15. A full-grown worm viewed with a
microfcope. a a. Its 14 annular incifions or divifions.
h. The head and eyes, &c. ccc. Ten breathing-
holes.—Fig. 16. The worm forming its web. a a. The
fides of the cell that contain it. b, The bottom of.
the cell, c. The entrance or door of the cell. The
worm is here repreJfented as making its web in. the pro-
pereft manner to (hut up this entrance.—Fig. r y. Worm-
taken out of the web in which it had inclofed itfelf,
and juft ready to caft its (kin.—Fig. 18. A. cell con¬
taining the worm changed into a nymph, and per-
fe&ly lined with the faid worm’s web. Eikewife the
faid web entire, with the nymph contained in it, as
they appear on opening the. cell, a a, The fides of
the cell, lined with the worm’s web. b, The mouth;
of the cell, perfe&ly clofed by the web. c. The
bottom of the cell, d. The web entire, as it appears
on opening the cell, which it greatly refembles in form..
e. The upper part of the web, of a convex form. This
part.
BEE [ i
Bee. part fhows its filaments pretty dlllmftly. f, The in-
   clofed nymph appearing through the tranfparent fides
of the web. g. The bottom of the web, anfwering
to that of the wax-cell.—Fig. tp. Worm changed to
a nymph, of its natural fize and form, yet fo as to ex-
hib. t its limbs, which are folded up in a mod wonder¬
ful manner.—Fig. 20. The nymph of the bee viewed
with the microfcope, difplaying in a diftindt manner
all the parts of the inclofed infedt, and the beautiful
manner in which they are laid up. <7, The head,
bloated with humours, b b. The eyes, projedting
confiderably. c c, The horns, or antennas, d. The
lip. e e, The teeth, or jaw-bones, f f. The fird
pair of joints belonging to the probofcis. h, The pro-
bofcis itfelf. / /, The firll pair of legs, kk, Two
tranfparent ftiff little parts, lying againft; the low¬
ed joints of the fird pair of legs. Thefe little parts
are not to be found as they remain in the Ikin it
flreds on quitting the nymph date. / /, The fecond
pair of legs, m tn. The wings, n n. The blade-
bones. 0 0, The lad pair of legs, p p, The abdomi¬
nal rings, q, The hinder part of the body. The
ding projedts a little in this place, r. Two little parts
accompanying the ding, s, The anus.—Fig. 21.77,
A cell full of bees-bread, placed in layers, b, Little
grains, of which the faid fubdance, viewed with the
microfcope, appears to confid.
II. Of the Management of Bees, and mojl approved
Inventions for faving their Lives nubile nue take their
Honey and Wax.
Of the api- 1. Of the Apiary, and Hives. Columella diredts
„ry. that the apiary face the fouth, and be fituated in a
place neither too hot nor too much expofed to the
cold: that it be in a valley, in order that the loaded
bees may with the greater eafe defcend to their homes :
that it be near the manfion-houfe, on account of the
conveniency of watching them; but fo fituated as not
to be expofed to noifome fmells, or to the din of men
or cattle : that it be furrounded with a wall, which
however fhould not rife above three feet high: that, if
pofiible, a running dream be near them ; or, if that
cannot be, that water be brought near them in troughs,
with pebbles or fmall dones in the water, for the bees
to red on while they drink ; or that the water be con¬
fined within gently declining banks, in order that the
bees may have fafe accefs to it; they not being able to
produce either combs, honey, or food for their mag¬
gots, without water: that the neighbourhood of ri¬
vers or bafons of water with high banks be avoided,
becaufe winds may whirl the bees into them, and they
cannot eafily get on fliore from thence to dry them-
felves ; and that the garden in which the apiary dands
be well furnilhed with fuch plants as afford the bees
plenty of good padure. The trees in this garden
ihould be of the dwarf kind, and their heads bufhy, in
order that the fwarms which fettle on them may be the
more eafily hived.
The proprietor ihould be particularly attentive that
the bees have alfo in their neighbourhood fuch plants as
yield them plenty of food. Columella enumerates ma¬
ny of thefe fitted to a warm climate: among them he
mentions thyme, the oak, the pine, the fweet-fmelling
cedar, and all fruit-trees. Experience has taught us,
that furze, broom, mudard, clover, heath, &c. are
[?i ] BEE
excellent for this purpofe. Pliny recommends broom, Bee.
in particular, as a plant exceedingly grateful and very —v—
profitable to bees. a3
With regard to hives, thofe made of draw are gene- Lvejo
rally preferred, on feveral accounts: they are not liable
to be over-heated by the rays of the fun ; they keep
out cold better than wood or any other materials;
and the cheapnefs renders the purchafe of them eafy.
As the ingenious Mr Wildman’s hives are reckoned to
be of a preferable condru&ion to any other, we ihall
give an account of them in his own words.
“ My hives (fays he) are feven inches in height
and ten in width. The fides are upright, fo that the
top and bottom are of the fame diameter. A hive holds
nearly a peck. In the upper row of draw there is a
hoop of about half an inch in breadth ; to which are
nailed five bars of deal, full a quarter of an inch in
thicknefs, and an inch and quarter wide, and half an
inch afunder from one another 5 a narrow (hort bar is
nailed at each fide, half an inch didant from the bar*
next them, in order to fill up the remaining parts of
the circle ; fo that there are in all feven bars of deal,
to which the bees fix their combs. The fpace of half
an inch between the bars allows a fufficient and eafy
paffage for the bees from one comb to another. In or¬
der to give great deadinefs to the combs, fo that, up¬
on moving the hive, the combs may not fall off, or in¬
cline out of their direftion, a dick fhould be run thro’
the middle of the hive, in a direftion dire&ly acrofs
the bars, or at right angles with them. When the
hives are made, a piece of wood fhould be worked in¬
to the lower row of draw, long enough to allow a door
for the bees, of four inches in length, and half an inch
in height.
“ The proprietor of the bees fhould provide himfelf
with feveral flat covers of draw, worked of the fame
thicknefs as the hives, and a foot in diameter, that fa
it may be of the fame width as the outfide of the hives.
Before the cover is applied to the hive, a piece of clean
paper, of the fize of the top of the hive, fhould be
laid over it; and a coat of cow dung, which is the lead
apt to crack of any cement eafily to be obtained, fhould
be laid all round the ch-cumference of the hive. Let
the cover be laid upon this, and made fad to the hive
with a packing-needle and pack-thread, fo that nei¬
ther cold nor vermin may enter.
“ Each hive fhould dand Angle on a piece of deal,
or other wood, fomewhat larger than the bottom of the
hive : That part of the dand which is at the mouth of
the hive fhould projeft fome inches, for the bees to reft
on when they return from the field. This ftand fhould
be fupported upon a Angle pod, two and a half feet
high ; to which it fhould be fcrewed very fecurely, that
high winds, or other accidents, may not blow down
both dand and hive. A quantity of foot mixed with
barley chaff fhould be ftrewed on the ground round the
pod; which will effe&ually prevent ants, dugs, and
other vermin, from rifing up to the hive. The foot
and chaff fhould from time to time be renewed as it
is blown or wafhed away ; though, as it is flickered
by the dand, it remains a confiderable time, efpecially
if care be taken that no weeds rife through it. Weeds,
indeed, fhould not be permitted to rife near the hive ;
for they may give flicker to vermin which may be hurt¬
ful to the bees.
R %
“The
BEE
[ 132 I
BEE
Bee. “ The {lands for bees fhould be four yards afunder
or, if the apiary will not admit of fo much, as far a-
funder as may be, that the bees of one hive may not
interfere with thofe of another hive, as is fometimes the
cafe when the hives are near one another or on the
fame {land ; for the bees, mitlaking their own hives,
light fometimes at the wrong door, and a fray enfues,
34 in which one or more may lofe their lives.
©f the pro- “ The perfon who intends to ereft an apiary {hould
per feafon pUrcliafe a proper number of hives at the latter part of
fins hives t^ie year» w^en t^e7 are cheapeft. The hives {hould
ȣ bees. be full of combs, and well lloredwith bees. The pur-
chafer {hould examine the combs, in order to know the
age of the hives. The combs of that feafon are white,
thofe of the former year are of a darkilh yellow ; and
where the combs are black, the hives {hould be reje&ed,
becaufe old hives are molt liable to vermin and other
accidents.
“ If the number of hives wanted were not purchafed
in the autumn, it will be necefiary to remedy this ne¬
glect after the feverity of the cold is pall in the fpring.
At this feafon, bees which are in good condition will
get into the fields early in the morning, return loaded,
enter boldly, and do not come out of the hive in bad
weather; for when they do, this indicates they are in
great want of provifions. They are alert on the leaft
difturbance, and by the loudnefs of their humming we
judge of their llrength. They preferve their hives free
from all filth, and are ready to defend it againft every
enemy that approaches.
“ The fummer is an improper time for buying bees,
becaufe the heat of the weather foftens the wax, and
thereby renders the combs liable to break, if they are
not very well fecured. The honey, too, being then thin¬
ner than at other times, is more apt to run out of the
cells; which is attended with a double difadvantage,
namely, the lofs of the honey, and the daubing of the
bees, whereby many cf them may be dellroyed. A
firft and firong fwarm may indeed be purchafed ; and,
if leave can be-obtained, permitted to Hand in the fame
garden till the autumn ; but, if leave is not obtained,
it may be carried away in the night after it has been
hived.
“ I fuppofe, that, in the flocks purchafed, the bees
are in hives of the old conftruftion. The only di»
reclion here neceffary is, that the firft fwarm from
thefe flocks {hould be put into one of my hives ; and
that another of my hives {hould in a few days be put
under the old flock, in order to prevent its fwarming
again.”
Of Idvinw 2- Of Hiving. Bees, as has been already obferved,
the fwarms.never fwarm till the hive be too much crowded by the
young brood. They firft begin to fwarm in May, or
in the end of April, but earlier or later according to
the warmth of the feafon. They feldom fwarm before
ten in the morning, and feldom later than three in the
afternoon. We may know when they are about to
fwarm, by clufters of them hanging on the outfide of
the hive, and by the drones appearing abroad more
than ufual: But the moft certain fign is, when the bees
refrain from flying into the fields, though the feafon be
inviting. Juft before they take flight, there is an un¬
common filence in the hive ; after this, as foon as one
takes flight, they all follow. Before the fubfequpnt
fwarmings, there is a great noife in the luve, which
is fuppofed to be occafioned by a conteft whether the Bee.
young or the old queen {hould go out.^ When the bees
of a fwarm fly too high, they are made to defeend
lower, by throwing handfuls of fand or dull among
them, which they probably miftake for rain. For the
fame purpofe, it is ufual to beat on a kettle or fryipg-
pan : This pra&ice may have taken its rife from ob-
ferving that thunder or any great noife prompts fuch
bees as are in the fields to return home.
As foon as the fwarm is fettled,, the bees which
compofe it {hould be got into a hive with all convenient
fpeed, to prevent their taking wing again. If they
fettle on a fmall branch of a tree, eafy to come at, it
may be cut off and laid upon a cloth ; the. hive being
ready immediately to put over them. If the branch
cannot be conveniently cut, the bees may be fwept from
off it into a hive. Lodge but the queen into the hive,
and the reft w'll foon follow. If the bees muft be con-
fiderably difturbed in order to get them into a hive,
the moft advifable way is to let them remain in the place
where they have pitched till the evening, when,there
is lefs danger of their taking wing. If it be obferved
that they Hill hover about the place they firft alighted-
upon, the branches there may be rubbed with rue, or
elder-leaves, or any other thing diftafteful to them, to
prevent their returning to it.
The hive employed on this occafion {hould be clean¬
ed with the utmoft care, and its infide be rubbed very
hard with a coarfe cloth, to get off the loofe ttrawsj
or other impurities, which might coft them a great
deal of time and labour to gnaw away. It may then be
rubbed with fragrant herbs or flowers, the fmell of
which is agreeable to the bees; or with honey.
The hive {hould not be immediately fet on the {loot
where it is to remain; but {hould be kept near the place
at which the bees fettled, till the evening,, left fome
ftragglers {hould be loft. It {hould be {haded either
with boughs or with a cloth, that the too great heat
of the fun may not annoy the bees.
We fometimes fee a fwarm of bees, after having left
their hive, and even alighted upon a tree, return to
their firft abode. This never happens but when the
young queen did not come forth with them, for want
of ftrength, or perhaps courage to truft to her wings for
the firft time ; or poffibly from a confcioufnefs of her
not being impregnated. ^
When a fwarm is too few in number for a hive, an- of uniting
other may be added. The ufual method of thus unit- fwarms.
ing fwarms is very eafy. Spread a cloth at night upon
the ground clofe to the hive in which the two calls
or fwarms are to be united ; lay a ftick acrofs this
cloth ; then fetch the hive with the new fwarm, fet
it over the ftick, give a fmart ftroke on the top[of the
hive, and all the bees will drop down upon the cloth
in a clutter. This done, throw afide the empty hive,
take the other from off the ftool, and fet this latt over
the bees, who will foon attend into it, mix with thofe
already there, and become one and the fame family.
Others, inftead of ftriking the bees down upon the
cloth, place with its bottom upmoft the hive in which
the united fwarms are to live, and ftrike the bees of
the other hive down into it. The former of thefe hives,
is then reftored to its natural fituation, and the bees of
both hives foon unite. If fome bees Hill adhere to the
other hive,, they may be brulhed off on the cloth,, and
BEE [ 133 1 BEE
Bee. they will foon join their brethren. Or one may take
the following method, which gives lefs difturbance to
the bees. Set with its mouth upmoft the hive into
which the young fwarm has been put, and fet upon it
the other hive. The bees in the lower hive, finding
themfelves in c5n inverted fituation, will foon afcend in¬
to the upper.
Though all writers acknowledge, that one of the
queens i§ conftantly fiain.on thefe occafions, and gene¬
rally a confiderable number of the working bees; yet
hone of them, Columella excepted, has propofed the
; eafy remedy of killing, the queen of the latter call or
fwarm before the union is made; a.means by which
the lives of the working bees may be preferved. This
may be done either by intoxicating them and then
picking her out * or by fearching her out when the bees
are beaten' down upon the cloth ; for this being done
in the night, to prevent the battle which might other-
wife enfue, there will be no great difficulty in finding
her.
A large fwarm may weigh eight pounds, and fo
gradually lefs, to one pound: confequently a very good
one may weigh five or fix pounds. All fuch as weigh
lefs than four pounds fhould be ftrengthened, by uni¬
ting to each of them a lefs numerous fwarm. The fize
of the hive ffiould be proportioned to the number of
the bees; and, as a general rule, it ffiould be rather
under than over fized, becaufe bees require to be kept
27 warmer than a large hive will admit of.
Bee-hunt- Jn the Letters from an American Farmer, we have
Hi ericaA" t^e f°^ow*ng entertaining account of the fwarming of
bees, their flight into the woods, and the method of
difcovering them there. A little experience renders it
eafy t@ predict the time of their fwarming : but the
“ difficult point is, when on the wing, to know whe¬
ther they want to go to the woods or not. If they
have previoufly pitched in fome hollow trees, it is not
the allurements of fait and water, of fennel, hickory
leaves, &c. nor the fineft; bok, that can induce them to
flay. They will prefer thofe rude, rough, habitations,
to the belt poliffied mahogany hive. When that is the
cafe with mine, I feldom thwart their inclinations. It
is in freedom that they work. Were I to confine
them, they would dwindle away and quit their labour.
In fuch excurfions we only part for a while. I am
generally fure to find them again, the following fall.
This elopement of theirs only adds to my recreations.
I know how to deceive even their fuperlative inftinft.
Nor do I fear lofing them, though 18 miles from my
houfe, and lodged in the moft lofty trees in the molt
impervious of our forelts. After I have done fowing,
by way of recreation 1 prepare for a week’s jaunt in
the woods, not to hunt either the deer or the bears,
as my neighbours do, but to catch the more harmlefs
bees. I cannot boaft that this chace is fo noble or fo
famous among men : but I find it lefs- fatiguing, and
full as profitable ; and the laft confideration is the on¬
ly one that moves me. I take with me my dog, as
a companion, for he is ufelefs as to this game ; fny
gun, for no man ought to enter the woods without
one ; my blanket, fome provifions, fome wax, vermilion,
honey, and a fmall pocket-compafs. With thefe im¬
plements I proceed to fuch woods as are at a confide-
rable diftance from any fettlements. I carefully examine
whether they abound with large treesif fo, I make
a fmall fire, on. fome flat ftones, in a convenient place. ^ee-
On the .fire I put fome wax : clofe by this fire, on a-
nother ftone, I drop honey in diftindf drops, which I
furround with fmall quantities of vermilion, laid on the
Hone ; and then I retire carefully to watch whether
any bees appear. If there are any in that neighbour¬
hood, I reft affured that the fmell of the burnt wax
will unavoidably attraft them. The will foon find
out the honey, for they are fond of preying on that
which is not their own ; and, in their approach, they
will neceffarily tinge themfelves with fome particles of
vermilion, which will adhere long to their bodies. I
next fix my compafs, to find out their courfe ; whicfo
they keep invariably ftraight, when they are returning
home loaded. By the affiftance of my watch, I ob-
ferve how long thofe are returning which are marked
with vermilion. Thus poffeffed of the courfe, and,
in fome meafure, of the diftance, which I can eafily
guefs at, 1 follow the firft, and feldom fail of coming
to the tree where thofe republics are lodged. I then
mark it; and thus, with patience, I have found out
fometimes 11 fwarms in a feafon ; and it is inconcei¬
vable what a quantity of honey thefe trees will fome¬
times afford. It entirely depends on the fize of the
hollow, as the bees never reft nor fwarm till it is re-
pleniffied ; for, like men, it is only the want of room
that induces them to quit the maternal hive. Next I
proceed to fome of the. neareft fettlements, where I
procure proper affiftance to cut down the trees, get all
my prey fecured, and then return home with my prize.
The firft bees I ever procured were thus found, in the
woods by mere accident; for, at that time, I had no
kind of fliill in this method of tracing them. The bo¬
dy of the tree being perfectly found, they had lodged
themfelves in the hollow of one of its principal limbs,
which I carefully fawed off, and, with a good deal of
labour and induftry, brought it home, where I fixed it
up in the fame pofition in which I found it growing.
This was in April. I had five fwarms that year, and-
they have been ever fince very profperous. This bu-
finefs generally takes up a week of my time every fall,
and to me it is a week of folitary eafe and relaxa-
tion.” _ 3g
3. Of Jhifting the Abode of Bees. Great improve-shifting*
ments may certainly be made in the ellential article of the bees-
providing plenty of pafture for bees, whenever this fob- 'n fearcft
jedt fhall be more carefully attended to than has hi-0^ Paftur,:-
therto been. A rich corn country is well-known to be
a barren defart to them during the moft confiderable
part of the year;. and therefore the practice of other
nations, in ffiifting the places of abode of their bees,
well deferves our imitation..
Columella informs us, that, as few places are fo hap-Lil.in.^zic,.
pily fituated as to afford the bees proper pafture both
in the beginning of the feafon and alfo in the autumn,
it was the advice of CeHus, that, after the vernal pa-
ftures are confomed,. the bees ffiould be tranfported to
places abounding with autumnal flowers ; as was prac-
tifed by conveying the bees from Achaia to Attica,
from Euboea, and the Cyclad iftands to Scyrus; and
alfo in Sicily, where they were brought to Hybla fronv
other parts of the ifland.
We find by Pliny, that this was like wife the prac- r;/.-, TO,-;
tice of Italy in his time. “ As foon,” fays he, “ asv. i».
the fpring-food for bees has failed in. the valleys near
®ap.
BEE [ i
Be®. Gur towns, the hives of bees are put into boats, and
carried up againft the ftream of the river, in the night,
in fearch of better pafture. The bees go out in the
morning in queft of provisions, and return regularly to
their hives in the boats, with the ftores they have col-
lefted. This method is continued, till the finking of
•the boats to a certain depth in the water (hows that
the hives are fufficiently full; and they are then car¬
ried back to their former homes, where their honey is
taken out of them.” And this is Hill the praftice of
the Italians who live near the banks of the Po, (the
river which Pliny inftanced particularly in the above-
quoted paffage).
l-M. Maillet relates, in his curious Defcription of E-
4' gyP1* “ fpite of the ignorance and rufticity which
have got pelleffion of that country, there yet remain
in it feveral footfteps of the induftry and (kill of the
ancient Egyptians. One of their moft admirable con¬
trivances is, their fending their bees annually into di-
ftant countries, in order to procure them fuilenance
•there, at a time when they could not find any at home*
and their afterwards bringingthem back, like fhepherds
•who fhould travel with their flocks, and make them feed
as they go. It was obferved by the ancient inhabi¬
tants of Lower Egypt, that all plants bloflbmed, and
the fruits of the earth ripened, above fix weeks earlier
-in Upper Egypt than with them. They applied this
remark to their bees ; and the means then made ufe of
;by them, to enable thefe ufefully induflrious infe&s to
reap advantage from the more forward ftate of nature
there, were exaclly the fame as are now pra&ifed, for the
like purpofe, in that country. About the end of Oc¬
tober, all fuch inhabitants of the Lower Egypt as have
hives of hees, embark them on the Nile, and convey
them up that river quite into Upper Egypt; obfer-
ving to time it fo that they arrive there juft when the
'inundation is withdrawn, the lands have been fown, and
the flowers begin to bud. The hives thus lent are mark¬
ed and numbered by their refpe&ive owners, and pla¬
ced pyramidically in boats prepared for the purpofe.
After they have remained fome days at their fartheft
Ration, and are fuppofed to have gathered all the wax
.and honey they could find in the fields within two or
-three leagues around; their conductors convey them
in the fame boats two or three leagues lower down,
and there leave the laborious infedls fo long time as is
necefi'ary for them to coiled: all the riches of this fpot.
"Thus, the nearer they come to the place of their more
permanent abode, they find the productions of the earth,
and the plants which afford them food, forward in pro¬
portion. In fine, about the beginning of February,
after having travelled through the whole length of E-
-gypt, gathering all the rich produce of the delightful
banks of the Nile, they arrive at the mouth of that ri¬
ver, towards the ocean ; from whence they fet out, and
from whence they are now returned to their feveral
homes : for care is taken to keep an exaCt regifter of
every diftrid from whence the hives were fent in the
beginning of the feafon, of their numbers, of the names
of the perfons who fent them, and likewife of the mark
or number of the boat in which they were placed.”
In many parts of Franee, floating bee-houfes are
very common. They have on board one barge, three-
fcore or an hundred bee-hives, well defended from the
inclemency of an accidental ftorm. With thefe the
34 1 BEE
owners fuffer themfelves to float gently down the river, Be®,
the bees continually choofing their flowery pafture a-l—v—
long the banks of the ftream ; and thus a fingle-float-
ing bee-houfe* yields the proprietor a confiderable in¬
come.
They have alfo a method of tranfporting their bees
by land, well worth our imitation in many parts of
this kingdom. Their firft care is, to examine thole hives,
fome of whofe honey-combs might be broken or fepa-
rated by the jolting of the vehicle ; they are made fall
one to the other, and againft the fides of the hive, by
means of fmall fticks, which may be difpofed different¬
ly as occafion will point out. This being done, every
hive is fet upon a packing-cloth, or fomething like it,
the threads of which are very wide; the fides of this
cloth are then turned up and laid on the outfide of
each hive, in which ftate they are tied together with
a piece of fmall pack-tread wound feveral times round
the hive. As many hives as a cart built for that pur¬
pofe will hold, are afterwards placed in this vehicle.
The hives are fet two and two, the whole length of the
cart. Over thefe are placed others; which make, as
it were, a fecond ftory or bed of hives. Thofe which
are ftored with combs fhould always be turned topfy-
turvy. It is for the fake of their combs, and to fix
them the better, that they are difpofed in this manner.;
for fuch as have but a fmall quantity of combs in them,
are placed in their natural fituation. Care is taken in
this ftowage not to let one hive flop up another, it
being effentially neceffary for the bees to have air ; and
it is for this reafon they are wrapped up in a coarfe
cloth, the threads of which were wove very wide, in or¬
der that the air may have a free paffage, and leffen the
heat which thefe infe&s raife in their hives, efpecially
when they move about very tumultuoufly, as often hap¬
pens in thefe carts. Thofe ufed for this purpofe in
Yevre, hold from 30 to 48 hives. As foon as all are
thus flowed, the caravan fets out. If the feafen is ful-
try, they travel only in the night; but a proper ad¬
vantage is Inade of cool days. Thefe caravans do
not go fail. The horfes mult not he permitted even
to trot: they are led flowly, and through the fmooth-
eft roads. When there are not combs in the hives fuf-
ficient to fupport the bees during their journey, the
owner takes the earlieft opportunity of refting them
wherever they can colleft wax. The hives are taken
out .of the cart, then fet upon the ground, and after re¬
moving the cloth from over them, the bees go forth in
fearch of food. The firft field they come to ferves them
as an inn. In the evening, as foon as they are all re¬
turned, the hives are fhut up; and being placed again
in the cart, they proceed in their journey. When the
caravan is arrived at the journey’s end, the hives are
diftributed in the gardens, or in the fields adjacent to
the houfes of different peafants, who, for a very fmall
reward, undertake to look after them. Thus it is that,
in fuch fpdts as do not abound in flowers at all feafons,
means arq found to fupply the bees with food during
the whole year.
Thefe inftances of the great advantages which at¬
tend fhifeing of bees in fearch of pafture, afford an ex¬
cellent leffon to many places in this kingdom: they di¬
rect particularly the inhabitants of the rich vales, where
the harvdl for bees ends early, to remove their Hocks
to places which abound in heath* this plant continuing
BEE [ i
B Bee. in bloom during a confiderable part of autumn, and
- —v*—' yielding great plenty of food to b ees. Thofe in the
neighbourhood of hills and mountains will fave the bees
a great deal of labour, by taking alfo the advantage of
I fiiifting their places of abode.
lllanage- 4‘ Of feeding and defending Bees in Winter. Provi-
ii ifcm of dence has ordained, that infefts which feed on leaves,
t|r-es in flowers, and green fucculent plants, are in an infenfible
;4 inter. or torpid date from the time that the winter’s cold has
deprived them of the means of fubfiftence. Thus the bees
during the winter are in fo lethargic a ftate, that little
food fupports them: but as the weather is very change¬
able, and every warm or funny day revives them, and
prompts them to return to exercife, food becomes ne-
ceflary on thefe occafions.
Many hives of bees, which afe thought to die of cold
in the winter, in truth die of famine ; when a rainy
fummer has hindered the bees from laying inafufficient
ftore of provifions. The hives lhauld therefore be care¬
fully examined in the autumn, and fhould then weigh
at leaft 18 pounds.
Columella defcribes an annual diftemper which feizes
bees in the fpring, when the fpurge bloflbms, and the
elm difclofes its feeds; for that, being allured by the
firft flowers, they feed fo greedily upon them, that they
furfeit themfelves, and die of a loofenefs, if they are not
fpeedily relieved.
The authors of the Maifon Rufique impute this pur¬
ging to the bees feeding on pure honey, which does not
form a food fufficiently fubftantial for them, unlefs they
have bee-bread to eat at the fame time; and advife gi¬
ving them a honey-comb taken from another hive, the
cells of which are filled with crude wax or bee-bread.
There is ftill, however, a want of experiments to af-
certain both the time and the manner in which bees
flrould be fed. The common practice is to feed them
in the autumn, giving them as much honey as will bring
the whole weight of the hive to near 20 pounds. To
this end, the honey is diluted with water, and then put
into an empty comb, fplit reeds, or, as Columella di-
redfs, upon clean wool, which the bees will fuck per-
fedtly dry. But the dilution with water makes the ho-
| ney apt to be candied, and honey in that Hate is preju-
! dicial to bees.
. jo*. I. The following directions given in the Maifon Ru-
tf 435- fiique feem to be very judicious. Repleniih the weak
hives in September with fuch a portion of combs full
of honey taken from other hives as lhall be judged to be
a fufficient fupply for them. In order to do this, turn
up the weak hive, after taking the precaution of de¬
fending yourfelf with the fmoke of rags, cut out the
empty combs,, and put the full ones in their placewhere
fecure them with pieces of wood run a-crofs,. in fuch
manner that they may not fall down when the hive is
returned to its place. The bees will foon fix them more
effectually. If this method be thought too trouble-
;. fome, fet under the hive a plate of liquid honey, un¬
mixed with water, with ftraws laid acrofs it, and over
L thefe a paper pierced full of holes, through which the
bees will fuck the honey without daubing, themfelves.
This Ihould be done in cloudy or rainy weather,, when
the bees ftir leaft abroad ; and the hive fhould be co¬
vered, to proteCt the bees from robbers, who might be
allured to it by the fmell of the honey.
Another circumftance which may render it very ne-
35 1 BEE
ceflary to feed the bees is, when feveral days of bad
weather enfue immediately after they have fwarmed; "-v-—*
for then, being dellitute of every fupply beyond what
they carried with them, they may be in great danger
of ftarving. In this cafe, honey ihould be given them
in proportion to the duration of the bad weather.
The degree of cold which bees can endure has not
been afeertained. We find that they live in the cold
parts of Ruffia, and often in hollow trees, without any
care being taken of them. Their hives are frequently
made of the bark of trees, which does not afford them
much protection from cold. Mr White, therefore, ju¬
diciously obferves, that bees which ftand on the north
fide of a building whofe height intercepts the fun’s
beams all the winter, will wafte lefs of their provifions
(almoft by half) than others which ftand in the fun :
for coming feldom forth, they eat little ; and yet in
the fpring are as forward to work and fwarm as thofe
which had twice as much honey in the autumn before.
The owner fhould, however, examine their ftate in the
winter ; and if he finds, that, inftead of being cluftered
between the combs, they fall down in numbers on the
ftool or bottom of the hive, the hive ftiould be carried
to a warmer place, where they will foon recover. He
muft be cautious in returning them again to the cold,-
left the honey be candied.
Where the winters are extremely fevere, the authors
of the Maifon Rujiique advife to lay on the bottom of
an old calk the depth of half a foot of very dry earth,
powdered, and preffed down hard, and to fet on this the
ftool with the hive; then, to preferve a communication
with the air, which is abfolutely neceffary, to cut a hole
in the calk, oppofite to the mouth of the hive, and place
a piece of reed, or of alder made hollow, from the mouth
of the hive to the hole in the calk; and after this to
cover the hive with more of the fame dry earth. If
there be any room to fear that the bees will not have a
fufficiency of food, a plate with honey, covered as be¬
fore direCted, may be put under the hive. If the num¬
ber of hives be great, boxes may be made of deals nail¬
ed together, deep enough to contain the hives when
covered with dry earth. The bees will thus remain all
the winter free from any danger from cold, hunger, or
enemies.
5. Of taking the Honey and Wax. In this country it Methods off
is ufual, in feizing the ttores of thefe little animals, to taking the
rob them alfo of their lives. The common method iloney aiui
is, That when thofe which are doomed for llaughter
have been marked out (which is generally done in method in
September), a hole is dug near the hive, and a flick, this’coun-
at the end of which is a rag that has been dipped lry-
in melted brimftone, being ftuck in that hole, the
rag is fet on fire, the hive is immediately fet over it,
and the earth is inftantly thrown up all around, fo
that none of the fmoke can efcape. In a quarter of
an hour, all the bees are feemingly dead; and they will
foon after be irrecoverably fo, by being buried in the
earth that is returned back into the hole. By this laft
means it is that they are abfolutely killed : for it has
been found by experiment, that all the bees which have
been affedted only by the fume of the brimftone, reco¬
ver again, excepting fuch as have been finged or hurt
by the flame. Hence it is evident, that the fume of
brimftone might be ufed for intoxicating the bees, with <
fome few precautions. The. heavieft and the lighted:1
^ hives-
BEE [ 136 ] BEE
hives are alike treated in this manner: the former, be- mur and Du Hamel, in the Memoirs of the Royal A-
caufe they yield the moft profit, with an immediate re- cademy for that year, p. 331.
turn ; and the latter, becaufe they would not be able Attempts have been made in our own country, to
to furvive the winter. Thofe hives which weigh from attain the defirable end of getting the honey and wax
15 to 20 pounds are thought to be the fitteft for without deftroying the bees; the moft approved of
which we fhall now relate as concifely as poflible. ^
Mr Thorley, in his Inquiry into the Nature, Order, Mr Thor-
and Government of Bees, thinks colonies preferable tole>’’sol>fer'
hives, for the following reafons : Fi>Ji, Xhe more cer- vatlons,&‘
tain prefervation of very many thoufands of thefe ufe-
keeping.
More humane and judicious methods were praftifed
>fby ancients f ; and the following'fimple method is
”c ‘ 1 and* at t^‘s ^aJ praftifed in Greece, degenerate as it is.
VarrodcRe “ Moimt<'Hymethus is celebrated forthe beft honey in
Rujlica, all Greece. This mountain was not lefs famous in times ful creatures ; yersW/y, Their greater ftrength (which
16* paft for bees and admirable honey ; the ancients belie- conlifts in numbers), and confequently their greater
Greek me- v^nS t^iat bees were firft bred here, and that all other fafety from robbers ; thirdly. Their greater wealth, a-
thodof flia-bees were but colonies from this mountain; which if fo, rifing from the united labours of the greater number,
ring the ho-we affured ourfelves that it muft be from this part of He tells us, that he has in fome fummers taken two
beer*1 Sthe t^ie moiln1:a^n tbat the colonies were fent; both becaufe boxes filled with honey from one colony ; and yet fuf-
JVhecUSs t^ie ^oney here made is the beft, and that here they ficient ftore has been left for their maintenance during
never deftroy the bees. It is of a good confiftence, of the winter ; each box weighing 40 pounds. Add to
a fair gold-colour, and the fame quantity fweetens more thefe advantages, the pleafure of viewing them, with
water than the like quantity of any other doth. I no  " n r r ' • • -   
fooner knew that they never deftroy or impair the ftoek
.
Greece,
1MJI.
the greateft fafety, at all feafons, even in their bufieft
time of gathering, and their requiring a much lefs at-
of bees in taking away their honey, but I was inquifi- tendance in fwarming time. The bees thus managed
tive to underftand their method of ordering the bees
which being an art fo worthy the knowledge of the cu¬
rious, I (hall not think it beiide the purpofe, to relate
what I faw, and was informed of to that effe& by fuch
as had Ikill in that place.
“ The hives they keep their bees in are made of wil¬
lows or ofiers, faftiioned like our common duft-bafkets,
wide-at top and narrow at the bottom, and plaftered
with clay or loam within and without. They are fet
Pi XCVII as in fig. 1. with the wide end uppermoft. The tops
are covered with broad flat flicks, which are alfo pla-
itered over with clay ; and, to fecure them from the
weather, they cover them with a tuft of ftraw, as we
do. Along each of thefe flicks, the bees faften their
combs; fo that a comb may be taken out whole, with¬
out the leaft bruifing, and with the greateft eafe ima¬
ginable. To increafe them in fpring-time, that is in
March or April, until the beginning of May, they di¬
vide them ; firft feparating the flicks on which the
are alfo more efFe&ually fecured from wet and cold,
from mice and other vermin.
His boxes are made of deal, which, being fpongy,
fucks up the breath of the bees fooner than a more fo-
lid wood would do. Yellow dram-deal thoroughly fea-
foned is the beft.
An oflagon, being nearer to a fphere, is better than
a fquare form ; for as the bees, in winter, lie in a round
body near the centre of the hive, a due heat is*then
conveyed to all the out-parts, and the honey is kept
from candying.
The dimenfions which Mr Thorley, after many years
experience, recommends for the boxes, are ten inches
depth, and 12 or 14 inches breadth in the infide. He
has tried boxes containing a buflrel or more, but found
them not to anfwer the defign like thofe of a lefler fize.
The largeu are much longer in filling ; fo that it is later
ere you come to reap the fruits of the labour of the
bees: nor is the honey there fo good and fine, the ef-
combs and bees are fattened, from one another, with a fluvia even of their own bodies tainting it.
• /*/-» 4- o It- , /-v s-,11 «• 4-1 ^ 1—   J „ 4.   4. T  * t '1-. T .. fl ^ f 1 T   * a! * 1*1
knife : fo, taking out the firft comb and bees together
on each fide, they put them into another baflret, in the
fame order as they were taken out, until they have e-
qually divided them. After this, when they are both
again accommodated with flicks and plafter, they fet
the new baflcet in the place of the old one, and the old
e in fome new place. And all this they do in the
The beft and pureft honey is that which is gathered
in the firft five or fix weeks : and in boxes of lefs di¬
menfions you may take in a month or little more, pro¬
vided the feafon be favourable, a box full of the"fineft
honey.
The top of the box ftiould be made of an entire board
full inch thick after it has been planed ;• and it fhould
middle of the day, at fuch time as the greateft part of projeft on all fides at leaft an inch beyond the dimen-
the bees are abroad ; who at their coming home, with¬
out much difficulty, by this means divide themfelves e-
fions of the box. In the middle of this top there mull
be a hole five inches fquare, for a communication be-
qually. This device hinders them from fwarming and tween the boxes ; aad this hole fhould be covered with
fl,r.'r.rr Tr, A a flid{ng fhutter, of deal or elm, running eafily in a
groove over the back window. The eight pannels,
nine inches deep, and three quarters of an inch thick
when planed, are to be let into the top fo far as to
flying away. In Auguft, they take out their honey.
This they do in the day-time alfo, while they are a-
broad ; the bees being thereby, fay they, difturbed
leaft: at which time they take out the combs laden
with honey, as before ; that is, beginning at each out- keep them in their proper places ; to be fecured at the
fide, and fo taking away, until they have left only fuch corners with plates of brafs, and to be cramped with
a quantity of combs, in the middle, as they judge will wires at the bottom to keep them firm ; for the heat
be fufficient to maintain the bees in winter; fweeping in fummer will try their ftrength. There ftiould be a
thofe bees that are on the combs into the baflcet again,
and then covering it with new flicks and plafter.”
The Greek method above related was introduced in-
Jo ^France in 1754, as we are informed by M. de Reau-
^°44-
glafs-window behind, fixed in a frame, with a thin
deal-cover, two fmall brafs hinges, and a button to
faften it. This window will be fufficient for infpetting
the progrefs of the bees. Two brafs handles, one on
5 each
BEE
[ 137 1 BEE
Bee. each fide, are neceflary to lift up the box : thefe fhould
be fixed in with two thin plates of iron, near three in¬
ches long, fo as to turn up and down, and put three
inches below the top-board, which is nailed clofe down
with fprigs to the other parts of the box.
Thofe who choofe a frame within, to which the bees
may faften their combs, need only ufe a couple of deal
fticks of an- inch fquare, placed acrofs the box, and
fupported by two pins of brafs; one an inch and half
below the top, and the other two inches below it;
by which means the combs will quickly find a reft.
One thing more, which perfe&s the work, is, a paf-
fage, four or five inches long, and lefs than half an inch
deep, for the bees to go in and out at the bottom of
the box.
I. In keeping bees in colonies, an houfe is neceffary,
or at leaft a ftiade ; without which the weather, efpe-
jnies^and c^a^>r the heat of the fun, would foon rend the boxes
ri lethod of to pieces.
a iking their Your houfe m^y be made of any boards you pleafe,
| oncy aiK* but deal is the beft. Of whatever fort the materials
'*|r8X* are, the houfe muft be painted, to fecure it from the
weather.
The length of this houfe, we will fuppofe for fix co¬
lonies, fhould be full 12 feet and an half, and each co¬
lony fhould ftand a foot diftance from the other. It
fhould be three feet and an half high, to admit four
boxes one upon another; but if only three boxes are
employed, two feet eight inches will be fufficient. Its
breadth in the infide flioura be two feet. The four
corner-pofts fhould be made of oak, and well fixed in
the ground, that no ftormy winds may overturn it; and
all the rails fhould be of oak, fupported by feveral up¬
rights of the fame, before and behind, that they may
not yield or fink under 6, 7, or 8co weight, or up¬
wards. ‘ The floor of the houfe (about two feet from
the ground) fhould be ftrong and fmooth, that the
loweft box may ftand clofe to it.
This floor may be made with boards or planks of
deal the full length of the bee-houfe ; or, which is pre¬
ferable, with a board or plank to each colony, of two
feet four inches long, and fixed down to the rails ; and
that part which appears at the front of the houfe may
be cut into a femicircle, as a proper alighting place
for the bees. Plane it to a Hope, that the wet may
fall off. When this floor to a Angle colony wants to
be repaired, it may eafily be removed, and another be
placed in its room, without difturbing the other colo¬
nies, or touching any other part of the floor.
Upon this floor, at equal diftances, all your colonies
muft be placed, againft a door or paffage cut in the
front of the houfe.
Only obferve farther, to prevent any falfe ftep, that
as the top-board of the box (being a full inch broader
than the other-part) will not permit the two mouths
to come together, yon muft cut a third in a piece of
deal of a fufficient breadth, and place it between the
other two, fo clofe, that not a bee may get that way
into the houfe. And fixing the faid piece of deal down
to the floor w'ith two lath-nails, you will find after¬
wards to be of fervice, when you have occafion either
to raife a colony, or take a box of honey, and may prove
a means of preventing a great deal of trouble and mif-
chief.
The houfe being in this forwardnefs, you may cover
Vol. III. Part 1.
I .33
it /lanage-
:> tient of
it to your own mind, with boards, fine flates, or tiles. Bee.
But contrive their pofition fo as to^ carry off the wet, v—
and keep out the cold, rain, fnow, or whatever might
any way hurt and prejudice them.
The back-doors may be made of half-inch deal, two
of them to ftiut clofe in a rabbet, cut in an upright pil¬
lar, which may be fo contrived, as to take in and out,
by a mortife in the bottom rail, and a notch in the in¬
fide of the upper rail, and faftened with a ftrong hafp.
Place thefe pillars in the fpaces between the colonies.
Concluding your houfe made after this model, with¬
out front doors, a weather-board will be very neceffary
to carry the water off from the places where the bees
fettle and reft.
Good painting will be a great prefervative. Forget
not to paint the mouths of your colonies with different
colours, as red, white, blue, yellow, &c. in form of a
half-moon, or fquare, that the bees may the better
know their own home. Such diverfity will be a direc¬
tion to them.
Thus your bees are kept warm in the coldeft winter;
and in the hotteft fummer greatly refreftied by the cool
air, the back-doors being fet open, without any air¬
holes made in the boxes.
Dr Warder obferves, that in June, July, and Au-
guft, when the colonies come to be very full, and the
weather proves very hot, the appearance of a flower
drives the bees home in fuch crowds, that preffing to
get in, they flop the paffage fo clofe, that thofe with¬
in are almoft fuffocated for want of air ; which makes
thefe laft fo uneafy, that they are like mad things. In
this extremity, he has lifted the whole colony up a little
on one fide ; and by thus giving them air, has foon
quieted them. He has known *hem, he fays, come
pouring out, on fuch an occafion, in number fufficient
to have filled at once two or three quarts; as if they
had been going to fwarm. To prevent this inconve¬
nience, he advifes cutting a hole two inches fquare in
about the middle of one of the hinder pannels of each
box. Over this hole, nail, in the infide of the box, a
piece of tin-plate punched full of holes fo fmall that a
bee cannot creep through them ; and have over it, on
the outfide, a very thin Aider, made to run in grooves ;
fo that, when it is thruft home, all may be clofe and
warm ; and when it is opened, in very hot weather, the
air may pafs through the holes, and prevent the fuffo-
cating heat. Or holes may be bored in the pannels ■
themfelves, on fuch an emergency, in a colony already
fettled.
Such a thorough paffage for the air may be conve¬
nient in extreme heat, which is fometimes fo great as
to make the honey run out of the combs. The Me¬
moirs of the truly laudable Berne Society, for the year
1764, give us a particular inftance of this, when they
fay, that, in 1761, many in Swifferland were obliged
to fmother their bees, when they faw the honey and
wTax trickling down ; not knowing any other remedy
for the Ioffes they daily fuftained. Some fhaded their
hives from the fun, or covered them with clothes wet
feveral times a-day, and watered the ground all a-
round.
The beft time to plant the colonies is, either in
fpring with new flocks full of bees, or in fummer with
fwarms. If fwarms are ufed, procure if poffible two
of the fame day: hive them either in two boxes or in
S a
BEE
a hire and a box: at night, place them in the bee-houfe,
one over the other ; and with a knife and a little lime
and hair, flop clofe the mouth of the hive or upper
box, fo that not a bee may be able to go in or out but
at the front-door. This done, you will in a week or
ten days with pleafure fee the combs appear in the
boxes; but if it be an hive, nothing can be feen till the
bees have wrought down into the box. Never plant a
colony with a Angle fwarm, as Mr Thorley fays he has
fometimes done, but with little fuccefs.
When the fecond box, or the box under the hive,
appears full of bees and combs, it is time to raife your
colony. This fhould be done in the duflc of the even¬
ing, and in the following manner.
Place your empty box, with the Aiding Ihutter
drawn back, behind the houfe, near the colony that is
to be raifed, and at nearly the height of the floor: then
lifting up the colony with what expedition you can,
let the empty box be put in the place where it is to
fland, and the colony upon it; and fliut up the mouth
of the then upper box with lime and hair, as before di¬
rected.
When, by the help of the windows in the back of
the boxes, you find the middle box full of combs, and
a quantity of honey fealed up in it, the loweft box half
full of combs, and few bees in the uppermoft box, pro¬
ceed thus.
About five o’clock in the afternoon, drive clofe with
a mallet the Aiding fliutter under the hive or box that
is to be taken from the colony. If the combs are new,
the fliutter may be forced home without a mallet; but
be fure it be clofe, that no bees may afcend into the
hive or box to be removed. After this, fliut clofe the
doors of your houfe, and leave the bees thus cut off
from the reft of their companions, for the fpace of half
an hour or more. In this fpace of time, having loft
their queen, they will fill themfelves with honey, and
be impatient to be fet at liberty.
If, in this interval, you examine the box or boxes
beneath, and obferve all to be quiet in them, you may
be confident that the queen is there, and in fafety.
Hereupon raife the back part of the hive or box fo far,
by a piece of wood flipped under it, as to give the pri-
foners room to come out, and they will return to their
fellows: then lifting the box from off the colony, and
turning its bottom upmoft, cover it with a cloth all
night; and the next morning, when this cloth is re¬
moved, the bees that have remained in it will return to
the colony. Thus you have a hive or box of honey,
and all your bees fafe.
If the bees do not all come out in this manner. Dr
Warder’s method may be followed, efpecially if it be
with a hive. It is to place the hive with the fmall end
downward in a pail, peck, or flower-pot, fo as to make
it ftand firm ; then to take an empty hive, and fet it
upon the former, and to draw a cloth tight round the
joining of the two hives, fo that none of the bees may
be able to get out : after this, to ftrike the full hive
fo fmartly as to difturb the bees that are in it, but with
fuch paufes between the ftrokes as to allow them time
to afcend into the empty hive, which muft be held faft
whilft this is doing, left it fall off by the fliaking of
the other. When you perceive by the noife of the
bees in the upper hive, that they are got into this laft,
aarry it to a cloth fpread for this purpofe before the
BEE
colony, with one end faftened to the landing-place, Bee.
and knock them out upon it: they will foon crawl up
the cloth, and join their fellows, who will gladly re¬
ceive them.
Mr Thorley next gives an account of his narcotic,
and of the manner of ufing it.
The method which he has purfued with great fuc¬
cefs for many years, and which he recommends to the
public as the moft effectual for preferving bees in com¬
mon hives, is incorporation, or uniting two flocks into
one, by the help of a peculiar fume or opiate, which
will put them entirely in your power for a time to di¬
vide and difpofe of at pleafure. But as that dominion
over them will be of fhort duration, you muft be expe¬
ditious in this bufinefs.
The queen is immediately to be fearched for, and.
killed. Hives which have fwarmed twice, and are con-
fequently reduced in their numbers, are the fitteft to
be joined together, as this will greatly ftrengthen and
improve them. If a hive which you would take is
both rich in honey and full of bees, it is but dividing
the bees into two parts, and putting them into two
boxes inftead of one. Examine whether the ftock to
which you intend to join the bees of another, have ho¬
ney enough in it to maintain the bees of both: itftiould
weigh full 20 pounds.
The narcotic, or ftupifying fume, is made with the
fungus maximus or pulverulent us, the large muftiroom,
commonly known by the name of bunt, puckfijl, or
frog-cheefc. It is as big as a man’s head, or bigger :
when ripe; it is of a brown colour, turns to powder,
and is exceeding light. Put one of thefe pucks into a
large paper, prefs it therein to two-thirds or near half
the bulk of its former fize, and tie it up very clofe ;
then put it into an oven fome time after the houfehold
bread has been drawn, and let it remain there all night:
when it is dry enough to hold fire, it is fit for ufe. The
manner of ufing it is thus :
Cut off a piece of the puck, as large as a hen’s egg,
and fix it in the end of a fmall ftick flit for that purpofe,
and fliarpened at the other end; which place fo that the
puck may hang near the middle of an empty hive.
This hive muft be fet with the mouth upward, in a pail
or bucket which flrould hold it fteady, near the ftock
you intend to take. This done, fet fire to the puck,
and immediately place the ftock of bees over it, tying
a cloth round the hives, that no fmoke may come
forth. In a minute’s time, or little more, you will
hear the bees fall like drops of hail into the empty hive.
You may then beat the top of the full hive gently with
your hand, to get out as many of them as you can t
after this, loofing the cloth, lift the hive off to a table,
knock it feveral times againft the table, feveral more
bees will tumble out, and perhaps the queen among
them. She often is one of the laft that falls. If ftie
is not there, fearch for her among the main body in
the empty hive, fpreading them for this purpofe on a
table.
You muft proceed in the fame manner with the other
hive, with the bees of which thefe are to be united.
One of the queens being fecured, you muft put the
bees of both hives together, mingle them thoroughly,
and drop them among the combs of the hive which
they are intended to inhabit. When they are all in,
cover it with a packing or other eoarfe cloth which will
admit
[ «3* 1
BEE
admit air, and let them remain (hut up all that night
and the next day. You will foon be fenfible that they
are awaked from this fleep.
[ 139 1
BEE
rejoice if he could at any time preferve their lives, to
work for him another year; and that the main drift "
of his obfervations and experiments has therefore been,
The fecond night after their union, in the dufk of to difeover an eafy and cheap method, fuited to the
the evening, gently remove the cloth from off the mouth
of the hive (taking care of yourfelf), and the bees will
immediately fally forth with a great noife ; but being
too late, they will foon return : then inferting two
pieces of tobacco-pipes to let in air, keep them confined
for three or four days, after which the door may be left
open.
abilities of the common people, of taking away fo
much honey as can be fpared, without deitroying or
ftarving the bees; and by the fame means to encourage
feafonable fwarms.
In his direftions how to make the bee-boxes of his
inventing, he tells us, fpeaking of the manner of con-
ftrmfting a fingle one, that it may be made of deal or any
The beft time for uniting bees is, after their young other well-feafoned boards which are not apt to warp or
brood are all out, and before they begin to lodge
the empty cells. As to the hour of the day, he ad-
vifes young practitioners to do it early in the afternoon]
in order that having the longer light, they may the
more eafily find out the queen. He never knew fuch
combined flocks conquered by robbers. They will ei-
fplit. The boards fhould be near an inch thick; the fi¬
gure of the box fquare, and its heigth and breadth nine
inches and five eighths, every way meafuring within.
With thefe dimehlions it will contain near a peck and
an half. The front-part mull have a door cut in the
middle of the bottom-edge, three inches wide, and near
ther fwarm in the next fummer, or yield an hive full of half an inch in height, which will give free liberty to
honey.
Glafs-hives. Mr N. Thornley, fon of the abovementioned clergy¬
man, has added to the edition which he has given of his
father’s book, a poftfeript, purporting, that perfons
who choofe to keep bees in glafs-hives may, after un¬
covering the hole at the top of a flat-topped ftraw-hive,
or box, place the glafs over it fo clofe that no bee can
go in or out but at the bottom of the hive or box.
The glafs-hive muft be covered with an empty hive or
with a cloth, that too much light may not prevent the
bees from working. As foon as they have filled the
ftraw-hive or box, they will begin to work up into the
the bees to pafs through, yet not be large enough for
their enemy the moufe to enter. In the back-part you
muft cut a hole with a rabbet in it, in which you are to
fix a pane of the cleareft and beft crown-giafs, about
five inches in length and three in breadth, and fallen it
with putty : let the top of the glafs be placed as high
as the roof within-fide, that you may fee the upper
part of the combs, where the bees with their riches are
moftly placed. You will by this means be better able
to judge of their ftate and ftrength, than if your
glafs was fixed in the middle. The glafs muft be co¬
vered with a thin piece of board, by way of Ihutter,
glas-hive. He tells us, that he himfelf has had one of which may be made to hang by a firing, or turn up-
u:   -.1,~ 1 • _ j  •    n* 1 _ r 1  1 . ? it r
thefe glafs-hives filled by the bees in 30 days in a fine
feafon; and that it Contained 38 pounds of fine honey.
When the glafs is completely filled, Hide a tin-plate
between it and the hive or box, fo as to cover the paf-
r  • c-ir 1  .c- -i-r-   .1 * rr
on a nail, or Hide fideways between two mouldings.
Such as are defirous of feeing more of the bees works,
may make the glafs as large as the box will admit
without weakening it too much; or they may add a
fage, and in half an hour the glafs may be taken off pane of glafs on the top, which muft likewife be cover-
with fafety. What few bees remain in it, will readily
go to their companions. He has added a glafs win¬
dow to his ftraw-hives, in order to fee what progrefs
ed with a Ihutter, fattened down with pegs, to prevent
accidents. ^
The fide of the box which is to be joined to another
bees make ; which is of fome importance, efpecially if box of the fame form and dimen lions, as it will not be
one hive is to be taken away whilft the feafon ftillcon- -1  t j—r—: c
tinues favourable for their collefting of honey: for when
the combs are filled with honey, the cells are fealed up,
and the bees forfake them, and refide moftly in the
hive in which their works are chiefly carried on. Ob-
ferving alfo that the bees were apt to extend their combs
thro* the paffage of communication in the upper hive,
whether glafs or other, which rendered it neceffary to
divide the comb when the upper hive was taken away,
he now puts in that paffage a wire fereen or netting,
the melhes of which are large enough for a loaded bee
to go eafily through them. This prevents the joining
expofed to the internal air, may be made of a piece of
flit deal not half an inch thick. This he calls the fide
of communication^ becaufe it is not to be wholly inclo-
fed: a fpace is to be left at the bottom the whole
breadth of the box, and a little more than an inch in
height; and a hole or paffage is to be made at top,
three inches long, and more than half an inch wide.
Through thefe the bees are to have a communication
from one box to the other. The lower communication
being on the floor, our labourers, with their burdens,
may readily and eafily afeend into either of the boxes.
The upper communication is only intended as a paffage
between the boxes, refembling the little holes or nar-
of the combs from one box to the other, and confe-    0      
quently obviates the neceffity of cutting them, and of row paffes which may be obferved in the combs form-
fpilling fome of the honey, which running down among ed by our fagacious architects, to fave time and Ihorten
‘1 PI. XCVIl.a crowd of bees, ufed before to incommode them much, the way when they have occafion to pafs from one comb
it being difficult for them to clear their wings of it. to another; juft as in populous cities, there are narrow
I, Fig. 2. is a drawing of one of his colonies. lanes and alleys palling tranfverfely from one large
; Of bees in 2' The reverend Mr White informs us, that his ftreet to another,
exj boxes, and fondnefs for thefe little animals foon put upon him en- In the next place you are to provide a loofe board,
deavouring if poflible to fave them from fire and brim- half an inch thick, and large enough to cover the fide
H honey and1'^7^’ ^'.at thought he had reafon to be content to where you have made the communications. You are
< wax. hiare their labours for the prefent, and great reafon to likewife to have in readinefs feveral little iron ftaples,
I S 2 an
BEE
[ 140 ]
BEE
an Inch and half long, with the two points or ends
J bended down more than half an inch. The ufe of thefe
will be feen prefently.
You have now only to fix two flicks croffing the box
from fide to fide, and crofiing each other, to be a flay
to the combs; one about three inches from the bot¬
tom, the other the fame diftanee from the top; and
when you have painted the whole, to make it more du¬
rable, your box is finifhed.
The judicious bee-mafler will here obferve, that the
form of the box now defcribed is as plain as pofiible
winter’s fun, becaufe the warmth of this will draw the
bees from that lethargic {late which is natural to them,
as well as many other infedls in the winter-feafon. For
this purpofe, and alfo to fhelter the boxes from rain,
our ingenious clergyman has contrived the following
frame.
Fig. 4. reprefents the front of a frame for twelve co¬
lonies. a, a, are two cells of oak lying flat,on the ground*
more than four feet long. In thefe cells are fixed four
oaken polls, about the thicknefs of fuch as are ufed for
drying linen The two polls b, b, in the front,
for it to be. It is little more than five fquare pieces of about fix feet two inches above the cells: the other
board nailed together; fo that a poor cottager who has
but ingenuity enough to faw a board into the given
dimenfions, and to drive a nail, may make his own
boxes well enough, without the help or expence of a
carpenter.
No directions are neceffary for making the other box,
which mufl be of the fame form, and dimenfions. The
two boxes differ from each other only in this, that the
fide of communication of the one muil be on your right
hand; of the other, on your left. Fig. 3. reprefents
two of thefe boxes, with their openings of communica¬
tion, ready to join to each other.
Mr White’s manner of hiving a fwarm into one or
both of thefe boxes is thus:
two. Handing backward, five feet eight inches. You
are next to nail feme boards of flit deal horizontally
from one of the fore-polls to the other, to fereen the
bees from the fun. • Let thefe boards be feven feet
feven inches in length, and nailed to the infide of the
pods ; and be well feafoned, that they may not flirink
or gape in the joints, c, c. Are twp fplints of deal, to
keep the boards even, and flrengthen them.
Fig. 5. reprefents the back of the frame, d, d, d,
Are four llrong hoards of the fame length with the
frame, on which you are to place the boxes. Let the
upper fide of them be very fmooth and even, that the
boxes fnay {land true upon them : or it may be flill
more advifable, to place under every pair of boxes a
You are to take the loofe board, and faflen it to one fmooth thin board, as long as the boxes, and about a
©f the boxes, fo as to flop the communications. This quarter of an inch wider. The bees will foon faflen
may be done by three of the llaples before mentioned-; the boxes to this board in fuch manner that you may
one on the top of the box near the front; the two .0- move or weigh the boxes and board together, without
thers on the back, near the top and near the bottom, breaking the wax or refin, which for many reafons
Let one end of the flaple be thrufl into a gimlet-hole ought to be avoided. Thefe floors mufl be fupported
made in the box, fo that the other end may go as tight
as can be over the loofe board, to keep it from flipping
when it is handled. The next morning, after the bees
have been hived in this box, the other box fhould be
added, and the loofe board fhould be taken away. This
will prevent a great deal of labour to the bees, and
fome to the proprietor.
Be careful to faften the fhutter fo clofe to the glafs,
that no light may enter through it; for the bees feem
to look upon fuch light as a hole or breach in their
by pieces of wood or bearers, which are nailed from
poll to poll at each end. They are likewife to be well
nailed to the frame, to keep them from finking with
the weight of the boxes, f Reprefents the roof, which
projeils backward about feven or eight inches beyond
the boxes, to fhelter them from rain. You have now
only to cut niches or holes in the frame, over againft
each mouth or entrance into the boxes, at h, h, h> in
fig. 4. Let thefe niches be near four inches long; and
under each you mufl nail a fmall, piece of wood for the
houfe, and on that account may not fo well like their bees to alight upon.. The morning or evening fun will
habitation. But the principal thing to be obfer-. fhine upon one or both ends of the frame, let its afpeft
ved at this time is, to cover the box as foon as the bees
are hived with a linen cloth thrown clofely^over it, or
with‘green boughs to. proteft it from the piercing heat
of the fun. Boxes will admit the heat much fooner
than flraw-hives.; and if the bees, find, their houfe too
be what it will: but you may prevent its over-heating
the boxes,, by a loofe board fet up between the polls,,
and kept in by two or three pegs.
The fame gentleman, with great humanity, obferves,
that no time lover of bees ever lighted the fatal match.
hot for them,, they will be wife enough to leave it.. If without much concern ;. and that it is evidently more
the fwarm be larger than ufual, inflead of faflening the
loofe board to one box, you may join two boxes toge¬
ther with three ftaples, leaving the communication open
from one to the other, and then hive your bees into
both. In, all other refpe&s, they are to be hived in
boxes after the fame manner as in common hives.
The door of the fecond box fliouldbe carefully flop¬
ped up, and be' kept conflantly clofed, in order that the
bees may not have an entrance but through the firft
box.
When the boxes are fet in the places where they are
to remain, they mufl be fereened from the fummer’s
fun, becaufe the wood will otherwife be heated to a
greater degree than either the bees or their works-can
bear; and they fhould likewife be fereened from the
3
to our advantage, to fpare the lives of our bees, and,
be content with part of their llores, than to kill and,
take pofleffion of the whole.
About the latter end of Auguft, fays he, by a little
infpedlion through, your glades, you may eafily difeo-
ver which of your colonies you may lay under contri¬
bution. Such as have filled a box and an half with
their, works, will pretty readily yield you the half box.
But you are not to depend upon the quantity of combs
without examining how they are flored with honey..
The bees fhould, according to him, have eight or nine
pounds left them, by way of wages for their fummer’s
work.
The mofl proper time for this bufinefs is the middle
of the day ; and as you fland behind the frame, you
will;
ii
BEE [ 141 ] BEE
Bee. -wifi need no armour, except a pair of gloves. The
—y——1 operation itfelf is very fimple, and eafily performed,
thus: Open the mouth of the box you intend to take;
then with a thin knife cut through the refm with
which the bees have joined the boxes to each other, till
you find that you have feparated them; and after this,
thruft a fheet of tin gently in between the boxes. The
communication being hereby ftopped, the bees in the
fulleft box, where it is moil likely the queen is, will be
a little difturbed at the operation ; but thofe in the o-
ther box where we fuppofe the queen is not, will run
to and fro in the utmolt hurry and confufion, and
fend forth a mournful cry, eafily diftinguifhed from
their other notes. They will iffue out at the newly
opened door; not in a body as when they fwarm, nor
with fuch calm and cheerful activity as when they go
forth to their labours; but by one or two at a time,
with a wild flutter and vifible rage and diforder. This,
however, is foon over : for as foon as they get abroad
and fpy their fellows, they fly to them inftantly and
join them at the mouth' of the other box. By this
means, in an hour or two, for they go out flowly, you
will have a box of pure honey, without leaving a bee
in it to moleft you ; and likewife without dead bees,
which, when you burn them, are often mixed with
your honey, and both wafte and damage it,
Mr White acknowledges, that he has fometimes
found this method fail, when the mouth of the box to
be'taken away has not been conftantly and carefully
clofed : the bees will in this cafe get acquainted with
it as an entrance ; and when you open the mouth in
order to their leaving this box, many of them, will be
apt to return, and the communication being ftopped.
will in a fhort time carry away all the honey from
this to the other box; fo much do they abhor a fepa-
ration. When this happens, he has recourfe to the
following expedient, which he thinks infallible. He
takes a piece of deal, a little larger than will cover the
mouth of the box, and cuts in it a fquare nich fome-
what more than half an inch wide. In this nich he
hangs a little trapdoor, made of a thin piece of tin,
turning upon a pin, with another pin crofting the nich
a little lower fo as to prevent the hanging door from
opening both ways. This being placed clofe to the
mouth, the bees which want to get out will eafily thruft
open the door outwards, but cannot open it the other
way to get in again ; fo muft, and will readily, make
to the other box, leaving this in about the fpaee of two
hours, with all its ftore, juftly due to the tender heart¬
ed bee-mafter as a ranfom for their lives.
What led Mr White to prefer collateral boxes to
thofe before in ufe, was, to ufe his own words, his
“ compafiion for the poor bees, who, after traverfing
. the fields, return home weary and heavy laden, and
muft perhaps depofite their burden up two pair of flairs,
or in the garret. The lower room, it is likely, is not
yet furnifhed with flairs: for, as is well known, our
little archite&s lay the foundation of their ftrudlures
at the top, and build downward. In this cafe, the
weary little labourer is to drag her load up the fides
of the walls: and when fhe has done this, fhe will tra¬
vel many times backward and forward, as I have fre¬
quently feen, along the roof, before fhe finds the door
or paflage into the fecond ftory; and here again fhe is
perplexed with a like puzzling labyrinth, before fhe
gets into the third. What a wafte is here of that Bee-
precious time which our bees value fo much, and whichv v—'
they employ fo weli! and what an expence of ftrength
and fpirits, on which their fupport and fuftenance de¬
pend ! In the collateral boxes, the rooms are all on
the ground-flour; and becaufe I know my bees are
wife enough to value convenience more than ftate, I
have made them of fuch a moderate, though decent,,
height, that the bees have much kfs way to climb to
the top of them than they have to the crown of a
common hive.” ^
Mr Wildman’s hives have been already deferibed Of the ma-
(n° 23, 24.)' A good fwarm will foon fill one of thefenageme.11(:
hives, and therefore another hive may be put under it Wiki
the next morning. The larger fpace allowed the bees man’s hives.,
will excite their induftry in filling them, with combs.
The queen will lay fome eggs in the upper hive; but fo
foon as the lower hive is filled with combs, fhe will lay
moft of them in it. In little more than three weeks,
all the eggs laid in. the upper hive will be turned into
bees; and if the feafon is favourable, their cells will be
foon filled with honey.
As foon as they want room, a third hive fliould be
placed under the two former; and in a few days after
the end of three weeks from the time the fwarm was
put into the hive, the top hive may be taken away at
noon of a fair day ; and if any bees remain in it, carry
it to a' little diftance from the Hand, and turning its
bottom up, and'linking it on the fides, the bees will be
alarmed, take wing, and join their companions in the
fecond and third hives. If it is found that the bees are
very unwilling to quit it, it is probable that fhe queen
remains among them. In this cafe, the bees muft be
treated in the manner that fhall be diredled when we
deferibe Mr Wildman’s method of taking the honey
and the wax. The upper hive now taken away fhould
be put in a cool place, in which no vermin, mice, See.
can come at the combs, or other damage can happen to
them, and be thus preferved in referve.
When the hives feem to be again crowded, and the
upper hive is well ftored or filled with honey, a fourth-
hive fhould be placed under the third, and the uppec
hive be taken off the next fair day at. noon, and treated
as already directed. As the honey made during the
fummer is the heft, and as it is needlefs to keep many
full hives in ftore, the honey may be taken out of the
combs of this fecond hive for ufe.
If the feafon is very favourable, the bees may ftill fill
a third hive. In this cafe, a fifth hive muft be put under
the fourth, and the third taken away as before. The
bees will then fill the fourth for their winter ftore.
As the honey of the firft hive is better than the ho¬
ney colleiled folate as that in the third, the honey may
be taken out of the combs of the firft, and the third
may be preferved with die lame care as dire&ed for
that,.
In the month of September, the top hive fliould be
examined: if full, it will be a fufficient provifion for
the winter; but if light, that is, not containing 20
pounds of honey, the more the better, then, in the
month of Qftober, the fifth hive fliould be taken away,
and the hive kept in referve fliould be put upon the re¬
maining one, to fupply the bees with abundant provi-
fions for the winter. Nor need the owner grudge them
this ample ftore ; for they are faithful Rewards, and
BEE [ 142 1 BEE
will be proportionally richer and more forward in the to the empty one. Repeat the ftrokes rather quick
J fpring and fummer, when he will reap an abundant than ftrong round the hive, till all the bees are got
profit. The fifth hive which was taken away fhould out of it, which in general will be in about five minutes,
be carefully preferved during the winter, that it may It is to be obferved, that the fuller the hive is of bees,
be reftored to the fame flock of bees, when an addi- the fooner they will have left it. As foon as a num¬
ber of them have got into the empty hive, it fhould
be raifed a little from the full one, that the bees may
not continue to run from the one to the other, but ra¬
ther keep afcending upon one another.
So foon as all the bees are out of the full hive, the
hive in which the bees are muft be placed on the Hand
tional hive is wanted next fummer; or the firft fwarm
that comes off may be put into it. The combs in it,
if kept free from filth and vermin, will fave much labour,
and they will at once go to the colle&ing of honey.
It is almoft needlefs to obferve, that when the hives
are changed, a cover, as already dire&ed (fee n°23.) x  
fhould be put upon every upper hive; and that when a from which the other hive was taken, in order to receive
lower hive becomes an upper hive, the door of it fhould
be fhut up, that fo their only paffage out fhall be by
the lower hive ; for otherwife the queen would be apt
to lay eggs in both indifcriminately. The whole of
the above detail of the management of one hive may
be extended to any number: it may be proper to keep
a regifler to each fet; becaufe, in reftoring hives to the
bees, they may be better pleafed at receiving their own
labours than that of other flocks.
If in the autumn the owner has fome weak hives,
which have neither provifion nor numbers fufficient for
the winter, it is advifable to join the bees to richer
hives: for the greater number of bees will be a mutual
advantage to one another during the winter, and ac¬
celerate their labours much in the fpring. For this pur-
pofe, carry a poor and a richer hive into a room, a lit¬
tle before night: then force the bees out of both hives
into two feparate empty hives, in a manner that fhall
be hereafter dire&ed: fhake upon a cloth the bees out
of the hive which contains the feweft ; fearch for the
queen; and as foon as you have fectired her with a fuf¬
ficient retinue, bring the other hive which contains the
greater number, and place it on the cloth on which
the other bees are, with a fupport under one fide, and
with a fpoon fhovel the bees under it. They will foon
afcend; and, while under this impreffion of fear, will the entrance are to be preferred ; becaufe there they
the abfent bees as they return from the fields.
If this is done early in the feafon, the operator
fhould examine the royal cells, that any of them that
have young in them may be faved, as well as the combs
which have young bees in them, which fhould on no
account be touched, though by fparing them a good
deal of honey be left behind. Then take out the other
combs with a long, broad, and pliable knife, fuch as
the apothecaries make ufe of. The combs fhould be
cut from the fides and crown as clean as poffible, to
fave the future labour of the bees, who muft lick up
the honey fpilt, and remove every remains of wax; and
then the fides of the hive fhould be fcraped with a table-
fpoon, to clear away what was left by the knife. Du¬
ring the whole of this operation, the hive fhould be
placed inclined to the fide from which the combs are
taken, that the honey which is fpilt may not daub the
remaining combs. If fome combs were unavoidably
taken away, in which there are young bees, the parts
of the combs in which they are fhould be returned in¬
to the hive, and fecured by flicks in the beft manner
poffible. Place the hive then for fome time upright, that
any remaining honey may drain out. If the combs are
built in a diredlion oppofite to the entrance, or at right
angles with it, the combs which are the furtheft from
unite peaceably with the other bees; whereas,had they
been added to the bees of the richer hive, while in pof-
feffion of their caftle, many of the new-comers muft
have paid with their lives for their intrufion.
are beft ftored with honey, and have the feweft young
bees in them.
Having thus finifhed taking the wax and honey, the
next bufinefs is to return the bees to their old hive;
It appears from the account of the management of and for this purpofe place a table covered with a clean
bees in Mr Wildman’s hives, that there is very little
art wanting to caufe the bees to quit the hives which
are taken away, unlefs a queen happens by chance to
be among them. In that cafe, the fame means may be
ufed as are neceffary when we would rob one of the
common hives of part of their wealth. The method
is as follows :
His method Remove the hive from which you would take the
of taking wax and honey into a room, into which admit but
and waxf %bt» that it may at firft appear to the bees as
if it was late in the evening. Gently invert the hive,
placing it between the frames of a chair or other fteady
fupport, and cover it with an empty hive, keeping that
fide of the empty hive raifed a little, which is next the
window, to give the bees fufficient light to get up in¬
to it. While you hold the empty hive fteadily fup-
ported on the edge of the full hive, between your fide
and your left arm, keep ftriking with the other hand
all round the full hive from top to bottom, in the man¬
ner of beating a drum, fo that the bees may be fright¬
ened by the continued noife from all quarters; and
they will in ccnfequence mount out of the full hive in¬
cloth near the ftand, and giving the hive in which the
bees are a fudden (hake, at the fame time ftriking it
pretty forcibly, the bees will be ftiaken on the cloth.
Put their own hive over them immediately, raifed a
little on one fide, that the bees may the more eafily en¬
ter ; and when all are entered, place it on the ftand as
before. If the hive in wdiich the bees are be turned
bottom uppermoft, and their own hive be placed over
it, the bees will immediately afcend into it, efpecially
if the lower hive is ftruck on the fides to alarm
them.
As the chief objeft of the bees during the fpring
and beginning of the fummer is the propagation of their
kind, honey during that time is not collefted in fuch
quantity as it is afterwards: and on this account it is
fcarcely worth while to rob a hive before the latter
end of June; nor is it fafe to do it after the middle of
July, left rainy weather may prevent their reftoring
the combs they have loft, and laying in a flock of ho¬
ney fufficient for the winter, unlefs there is a chance
of carrying them to a rich pafture.
Bee is alfo ufed figuratively to denote fweetnefs, in-
duftry.
on
A. Med.
BEE [ 143 3 BEE
duftry, &c. Thus Xenophon is called the Attic bee,
on account of the great fwcetnefs of his ftyle. Anto-
nius got the denomination Meliffa or Bee, on account of
his colleftion of common-places.— Leo Allatius gave
the appellation apes urban# to the illuftrious men at
Rome from the year 1630 to the year 1632.
BeE’s-Bread. See Bee, n0 12. par. ult.
BEF.-Eate:-, in zoology. See Merops.
BEE'F/ower. See Op nays.
Bss-G/ue, called by the ancients propolis, is a foft,
unftuous, glutinous matter, employed by bees to ce¬
ment the combs to the hives, and to clofe up the cells.
See Bee, n° 13.
Bee-Hives- See Bee, n° 19, 34, 36.
BEECH-tree, in botany. See Fagus.
Beecb-Maji, the fruit of the beech-tree, faid to be
good for fattening hogs, deer, &c.—It has fometimes,
even to men, proved an ufeful fubftitute for bread.
Chios is faid to have endured a memorable fiege by
means of it.
Be ecu-Oil, an oil drawn by expreffion from the mail;
of the beech-tree, after it has been (helled and pounded.
This oil is very common in Picardy, and ufed there
and in other parts of France initead of butter; but
moft of thofe who take a great deal of it complain of
pains and a heavinefs in the Itomach.
BEEF, the flefh of black-cattle-prepared for food.
According to Dr Cullen f, beef, though of a more
firm texture and lefs foluble than mutton, is equally al-
kalefcent, perfpirable, and nutritious : and if in the
fouthern countries it is not efteemed fo, it is on account
of its imperfection there.
BEELE, a kind of pick-axe, ufed by the miners
for feparating the ores from the rocks in which they
lie: this inllrument is called a tubber by the miners of
Cornwall.
BEER, is a fpirituous liquor made from any farina¬
ceous grain, but generally from barley. It is, pro¬
perly fpeaking, the wine of barley. The meals of any
of thefe grains being extracted by a fufficient quantity
of water, and remaining at reft in a degree of heat re-
quifite for the fpirituous fermentation, naturally under¬
go this fermentation, and are changed into a vinous
liquor. But as all thefe matters render the water mu¬
cilaginous, fermentation proceeds flowly and imper-
feftly in fuch liquors. On the other fide, if the quan¬
tity of farinaceous matter be fo diminilhed that its ex¬
tract or decoCtion may have a convenient degree of
fluidity, this liquor will be impregnated with fo fmall
a quantity of fermentable matter, that the beer or
wine of the grain will be too weak, and have too little
tafte.
Thefe inconveniences are remedied by preliminary
operations which the grain is made to undergo.—Thefe
preparations confift in keeping it in cold water, that it
may foak and fwell to a certain degree ; and in laying
k in a heap with a fuitable degree of heat, by means
of which, and of the imbibed moifture, a germination
begins, which is to be flopped by a quick drying, as
foon as the bud (hows kfelf. To accelerate this drying,
and render it more complete, the grain is (lightly
roafted, by making it pafs down an inclined canal fuf-
ficiently heated. This germination, and this (light
roafting, changes confiderably the nature of the muci¬
laginous fermentable matter of the grain. The germi¬
nation attenuates much, and in fame meafure totally
deftroys, the vifeofity of the mucilage ; and it does this,
when not carried too far, without depriving the grain
of any of its difpofition to ferment. On the contrary,
it changes the grain into a faccharine fubllance, as may
be perceived by mafhing grains beginning to germi¬
nate. The flight roafting contributes alfo to attenuate
the mucilaginous fermentable matter of the grain.
When the grain is thus prepared, it is fit to be ground,
and to impregnate water with much of its fubftance
without forming a glue or vifeous mafs. The grain
thus prepared is called malt. This malt is then to be
ground; and all its fubftance, which is fermentable and
(oluble in water, is to be extricated by means of hot
water. This extract or infufion is fufficiently evapo¬
rated by boiling in caldrons ; and fome plant of an a-
greeable bitternefs, fuch as hops, is at that time added,
to heighten the tafte of the beer, and to render it ca¬
pable of being longer preferved. Laftly, this liquor is
put into cades, and allowed to ferment; nature per¬
forms the reft of the work, and is only to be affifted
by the other moft favourable circumftances for the fpi¬
rituous fermentation. See Fermentation.
Foreigners have framed divers conje&ures to account
for the excellency of the Britifti beer, and its fuperio-
rity to that of other countries, even of Btemen, Mons,
and Roftoch. It has been pretended our brewers
throw dead dogs flea’d into their wort,, and boil them
till the flefh is all confumed. Others, more equitable,
attribute the excellency of our beer to the quality of
our malt and water, and the (kill of our brewers in
preparing it.
Sour beer may be reftored divers ways ; as by fait
made of the aflies of barley-ftraw, put into the veflel
and ftirred ; or by three or four handfuls of beech-
afties thrown into the veflel, and ftirred ; or, where the
liquor is not very four, by a little put in a bag, with¬
out ftirring s chalk calcined, oyfter (hells, egg-(hells
burnt, fea-(hells, crabs eyes, alkalized coral, &c. do
the fame, as they imbibe the acidity, and unite with it
into a fweetnefs.—Beer, it is faid, may be kept from
turning four in fummer, by hanging into the veflel a-
bag containing a new-laid egg, pricked full of little
pin-holes, fome laurel-berries, and a few barley-grains ;
or by a new-laid egg and walnut-tree leaves. Glauber
commends his fal mirabile and fixed nitre, put in a
linen bag, and hung on the top of the cade fo as to
reach the liquor, not only for recovering four beer, but
preferring and (Lengthening it.
Laurel-berries,, their Hein being peeled off, will keep
beer from deadnefs ; and beer already dead may be re¬
ftored by impregnating it with fixed air.
Beer tajlingof the cajk maybe freed from it by put¬
ting a handful of wheat in. a bag, and hanging it in the:
veffel.
BEE ROTH, a village of Judea, fituated at the
foot of Mount Gabaon, feven miles from iElia or Je-
rufalem, on the road to Nicopolis (Jerome).
BEER-SHEBA (Mdfes), a city to the fouth of
the tribe of Judah,, adjoining to Idumea (Jofephus).
See Bersabe.
BEESTINGS, or Breastings, a term ufed by
country-people for the firft milk taken from a cow af¬
ter calving.—The beeftings are of a thick confidence,
and yellow colour, feeming impregnated with fulphur,.
Dr,
B:cr
II
Beefb'ng-s, •
BEG [ 144 ] BEG
Beet Dr Morgan imagines them peculiarly fitted and intend-
f} ed by nature to cleanfe the young animal from the re-
Bpgicrbeg. d-ements gathered in its ftomach and inteftines during
lrr"n^v its long habitation in utero. The like quality and vir¬
tue he fuppofes in womens firft milk after delivery ; and
hence-infers the necefiity of the mother’s fuckling her
own child, rather than committing it to a nurfe whofe
firft milk is gone;
BEET, in botany. See Beta.
BEETLE, in the hiftory of infers. See Scara-
B/E U S.
Beetle alfo denotes a wooden inftrument for dri¬
ving piles, &c. It is likewife called ajiamper, and by
paviors a rammer.
BEEVES, a general name for oxen. See Bos.
.BEFORT, a fmall but ftrong town of France, and
capital of Suntgawin Alface. It was ceded to France
by the treaty of Weftphalia in 1648. There are not
above 100 houfes in this town, but it is important on
account of the great road -by this place from Franche
Compte. The fortifications were greatly augmented
by Louis XIV. It is feated at the foot of a mountain.
E. Long. 6. 2. N. Lat. 47. 38.
BEG, or Bey, in the Turkiflraffairs. See Bey.
Beg is more particularly applied to the lord of a
banner, called alfo in the fame language fangiak-beg.
A beg has the command of a certain number of the
fpahis, or horfe, maintained by the province under
the denomination of timariots. All the begs of apro-
• vince obey one governor-general called begler-beg, or
beyler-beg, q. d. lord of lords, or of the beys of the
province.
Begs, or Beghs, of Egypt, denote twelve generals,
who have the command of the militia or Handing for¬
ces of the kingdom ; and are to fecure the country from
the infults of Arabs, as well as to proteft the pilgrims
in their annual expeditions to Mecca. The begs, feve-
ral of whom are defeended from the ancient race of the
Mamalukes, are very rich and powerful, maintaining
each 500 fighting men for their own guard, and the fer-
vice of their court. On difeontents, they have, fre¬
quently rifen in rebellion. They are often at variance
with the bafhaw, whom they have more than once
plundered and imprifoned.
BEGA (Cornelius), painter of landfcape, cattle,
and converfations, was born at Flaerlem in 1620, and
was the difciple of Adrian Oftade. Falling into a
difiipated way of life, he was difinherited by his fa¬
ther : for which reafon he call off his father’s name,
which was Begeyn, and affumed that of Bega; his
early pictures being marked with the former, and his
latter works with the other. He had a fine pencil,
and a delicate manner of handling his colours, fo as
to give them a look of neatnefs and tranfparence; and
his performances are fo much efteemed in the Low
Countries as to be placed among the works of the beft
artifts. He took the plague from a woman with whom
he was deeply enamoured ; and he fhowed fo much
fmcerity of affeftion, that, notwithftanding the expo-
ftulations of all his friends and phyficians, he would
attend her to the laft moments of her life, and died
a few days after, aged 44.
BEGHARDS. See Beguards.
BEGLERBEG, a governor of one of the princi¬
pal goverments in the Turkilh empire, and next in
N°44.
dignity to the grand vizier. To every beglerbeg thi Begnanh,
grand fignior gives three enfigns or ftaves, trimmed Beguinei,
with a horfe-tail; to diftinguilh them from the ba-
lhaws, v/ho have but two; and from fimple begs, or
fangiac .begs,' who have but one.
The province or government of beglerbeg is called
leglerbeglik, or beglierbeglik. Thefe are ef two forts ;
the firft called bafilo beglerbeglik, which have a certain
rent affigned out of the cities, countries, and figniories
allbtted to the principality ; the fecond called faliana
beglerbeglik, for maintenance of which is annexed a fa-
lary or rent, colle&ed by the grand fignior’s officers
with the treafure of the empire. The beglerbegs of the
firft fort are in number 22, viz. thofe of Anatolia, Ca- jfl
ramania, Diarbekir, Damafcus, Aleppo, Tripoli, Tre-
bizond, Buda, Temifwar, &c. The beglerbegs of the
fccond fort are in number fix, viz. thofe of Cairo, Ba¬
bylon, &c. Five of the beglerbegs have the title of
viziers, viz. thofe of Anatolia, Babylon, Cairo, Ro¬
mania, and Buda.
The beglerbegs appear with great ftate, and a large
retinue, efpecially in the camp, being obliged to bring
a foldier for eveiy 5000 afpers of rent which they en¬
joy. Thofe of Romania brought 10,000 effeilive men
into the field.
The beglerbegs are become almoft independent, and
have under their jurifdi6tion feveral fangiacs or parti¬
cular governments, and begs, agas, and other officers
who obey them.
BEGUARDS, or Beghards, religious of the
third order, of St Francis in Flanders. They were e-
ftablilhed at Antwerp in the year 1228, and took St
Begghe for their patronefs, whence they had their name.
From their firft inftitution they employed themfelves
in making linen cloth, each fupporting himfelf by his
own labour, and united only by the bonds of charity,
without having any particular rule. But, when Pope
Nicholas IV. had confirmed that of the third order of St
Francis in 1289, they embraced it the year following.
They were greatly favoured by the Dukes of Brabant,
particularly John II. and John III. who exempted
them from all contributions and taxes. In the year
1425, they began to live in common, and made folemn
vows in 1467, after having taken the habit of the Ter-
ciaries (or religious of the third order of St Francis)
of Liege. At laft, in 1472, they became fubjeft to
the general of the congregation of Zepperen in the
diocefe of Liege, to which they were united by Pope
Sixtus IV. *As the convent of Antwerp is fince be¬
come very confiderable, the name of Beguards has been
given to all the other religious of the fame congrega¬
tion. But, in 1650, Pope Innocent X. having fup-
preffed the general of the congregation of Zepperen,
all the convents of the third order of St Francis, in
the diocefes of Liege, Malines, and Antwerp, were
fubmitted to the vifitation, jurifdiction, and correction,
of the general of Italy, and eredted into a province,
under the title of the province of Flanders. This pro¬
vince has at prefent 10 or 12 convents, the principal
of which are thofe of Antwerp, Bruffels, Macftricht, . |]
and Louvain.
BEGUINES, a congregation of religious or nuns
founded either by St Begghe, founder likewife of the <
Beguards, or by Lambert le Begue ; of whom the
former died about the end of the feventh century, the
latter
B E H
Bee-nines, latter about the end of the 12th. They were eftafelirtied
Beheading. fjrft at Liege, and afterwards at Neville, in 1207 ; and
v from this lalt fettlement fprang the great number of
Beguinages, which are fpread over all Flanders, and
which have paffed from Flanders into Germany. In
the latter country, fome of thefe religious fell into ex¬
travagant errors, perfuading themfelves that it was pof-
fible, in the prefent life, to arrive at the highell per¬
fection, even to impeccability, and a clear view of
God ; in fhort, to fo eminent a degree of contemplation,
that there was no neceility, after this, either to obferve
the falls of the church, or fubmit to the direction and
laws of mortal men. The council of Vienna, in 1113,
condemned thefe errors, and abolilhed the order of
Beguines ; permitting, neverthelefs, thofe among them,
who continued in the true faith, to live in challity and
penitence, either with or without vows. It is by fa¬
vour of this latter claufe, that there Hill fublilt fo many
communities of Beguines in Flanders; who, fince the
council of Vienna, have conducted themfelves with fo
.much wifdom and piety, that Pope John XXII. by his
decretal, which explains that of his predeceffor made
in the council of Vienna, took them under his protec¬
tion ; and Boniface VIII. in another, exempted them
from the fecular tribunal, and put them under the ju-
rifdiCtion of the hilltops.
There is fcarce a town in the Low-Countries, in
which there is not a fociety of Beguines ; and, not-
withftanding the change of religion at Amfterdam,
there is a very flourilhing one in that city. Thefe fo-
cieties confill of feveral houfes placed together in one
inclofure, with one or more churches, according to
the number of Beguines. There is in every houfe a
priorefs, or miltrefs, without whole leave they dare not
ftir out. They make a fort of vow, which is conceived
in the following terms: “ I. N, promife to be obe¬
dient and challe as long as I continue in this Begui-
nage.” They obferve a three years noviciate before
they take the habit. The reCtor of the parilh is fupe-
rior of the Beguinage ; and he does nothing without
the advice of eight Beguines. They were formerly
habited in different manners ; fome in grey, others in
blue ; but at prefent they all wear black. When they
go abroad, in Amllerdam, they put on a black veil.
Formerly they had as many different ilatutes as there
were focieties. In the vilitations of the year 1600 and
i6oij- by tlie archbilhop Matthias Hovius, they were
forbidden, under the penalty of a fine, to have lap-dogs.
The fipeft,Beguinage in Flanders is that of Maiines.
That of Antwerp like wife is very fpacious, and ^as
two feparate churches.
BEHEADING, a capital punilhment, wherein the
head is fevered from the body by the ftrpke of an axe,
iword, or other cutting inltruinent.
Beheading was a military punilhment among the
Romans, known by the name of decollatio. Among
them the head was laid on.a cippus or block, placed in
a pit dug for the purpofe ; in the army, without the
valium; in the city, without the walls, at a place near
the porta decumana. Preparatory to the ilroke, the
criminal was tied to a Hake, and whipped with rods.
In the early ages the blow was given with an axe ; but
in after-times with a Iword, which was thought the
more reputable manner of dying. The execution was
but clumiily performed in the firff times; but after-
Vol. III. Part I.
[ 145 1
B E H
wards they grew more expert, and took the dread off Behemoth
clean, with one circular ftroke.
In England and France, beheading is the punifll- c >ln‘ ,
ment of nobles j being reputed not to derogate from
nobility, as hanging does.
In Scotland they do not behead with an axe, as in
England ; nor with a fword, as in Holland and France ;
but with an edged inllrument called the Maiden.
BEHEMOTH, the hippopotamus or river-horfe.
See Hippopotamus.
BEHEN, in botany. See Cucubalus.
BEHMEN. See Boehmen.
BEHN (Aphara), a celebrated authorefs, defcended
from a good family in the city of Canterbury, was
born fome time in Charles I.’s reign, but in what
year is uncertain. Her father’s name was JohnJbn,vf\xo
through the interdl of the Lord Willoughby, to whom
he was related, being appointed lieutenant-general of
Surinam and 36 illands, undertook a journey to the
Weft-Indies, taking with him his whole-family, amonjj
whom was our poetefs, at that time very young. Mr
Johnfon died in the voyage ; but his family reaching
Surinam, fettled there for fome years. Here it was
that fhe learned the hiftory of, and acquired a perfonal
intimacy with, the American prince Oroonoko and his
beloved Imoinda, whofe adventures fhe hath fo patheti¬
cally related in her celebrated novel of that name, and
which Mr Southerne afterwards made fuch an admirable
ufe of in adopting it as the ground-work of one of the
heft tragedies in the Englifh language.
On her return to London, fhe became the wife of
one Mr Behn, a merchant, refiding in that city, but
of Dutch extraftion. How long he lived after their
marriage, is not very apparent, probably not very long ;
for her wit and abilities having brought her into high
eflimation at court, KingCharles II. fixed on her as a
proper perfon to tranfadl fome affairs of importance a-
broad during the courfe of the Dutch war. To this pur-
.pofe fhe went over to Antwerp, where, by her intrigues
and gallantries, fhe fo far crept into the fecrets of Hate,
as to an fiver the ends propofed by fending her over. Nay,
in the latter end of 1666, fhe, by means of the influ¬
ence fire had over one Vander Albert, a Dutchman of
eminence, whofe heart was warmly attached to her, fhe
wormed out of him the defign formed by De Ruyter,
in cohjundlion with the family of the De Wits, of fail¬
ing up the Thames and burning the Englifh fhips in
their harbours, which they afterwards put in execution
at Rochefler. This fhe immediately communicated to
the Englifh court: but though the event proved her
intelligence to be well grounded, yet it was at that time
only laughed at; which, together probably with no
great inclination fliown to reward her for the pains fhe
had been at, determined her to drop all further thoughts
of political affairs, and during the remainder of her Hay
at Antwerp to give herfelf up entirely to the gaiety
and gallantries of the place. Vander Albert continued
his addrtlfes, and alter having made fome unfuccefsfut
attempts to obtain the poffeflion of her perfon on eafier
terms than matrimony, at length confented to make her
his wife ; but while he was preparing at AmHerckm
for a journey to England with that intent, a fever car¬
ried him off, and left her free from apy amorous en¬
gagements. In her voyage back to England, fhe was
very near being loll, the veffel fhe was in being driven
T on
Bthn
II
Beichlin-
B E I [ 146 ] BEL
on tlie coafl by a (lorm; but happening to founder with¬
in fight of land, the paffengers were, by the timely af-
fiftance of boats from the Ihore, all fortunately pre-
1 ferved.
From this period fhe devoted her life entirely to plea-
fure and the jnufes. Her works are extremely nume¬
rous, and all of them have a lively and amorous turn.
It is no wonder then that her wit Ihould have gained her
the efteem of Mr Dryden, Southerne, and other men of
genius, as her beauty, of which in her younger part of
life fhe pofTefied a great fhare, did the love of thofe of
gallantry. Nor does fhe appear to have been any ftranger
to the delicate fenfations of that paffion, as appears
from fome of her letters to a gentleman, with whom
fhe correfponded under the name of Lycida, and who
feems not to have returned her flame with equal ardour,
or received it with that rapture her charms might well
have been expedlecj to command.
She publifhed three volumes of Mifcellany Poems ;
two volumes of Hiftories and Novels ; translated Fon-
tenelle’s Plurality of Worlds, and annexed a Crjticifm
on it; and her Plays make.four volumes. In the dra¬
matic line, the turn of her genius was chiefly to co¬
medy. As to the character her plays fhould maintain
in the records of dramatic Liftery, It will be difficult to
determine, fince their faults and perfections Hand in
ftrong oppolition to each other. In all, even the moft
indifferent of her pieces, there are ftrong marks of ge¬
nius and understanding. Her plots are full of bufinefs
and ingenuity, and her dialogue fparkles with the daz¬
zling luftre of genuine wit, which every where glitters
among it. But then fhe has been accufed, and that
not without great juftice, of interlarding her comedies
with the moil indecent fcenes,aad giving an indulgence
in her wit to the moft indehcate expreflions. To this
accufation fhe has herfelf made fome reply in the Pre¬
face to the Lucky Chance; but the retorting the charge
of prudery and precifenefs on her accufers, is far from
being afuffieient exculpation of herfelf. The heft and
perhaps the only true excufe that can be made for it is,
that, as fhe wrote for a livelihood, fhe was obliged to
comply with the corrupt tafte of the times.
After a life intermingled with numerous difappoint-
ments, fee departed from this world on the r6th of
April 1689, and lies, interred in the cloyflers of Weft-
minfter-Abbey.
BEJA, an ancient town of Portugal, in the province
of Alentejo. It is feated in a very agreeable and fruit¬
ful plain, remarkable for excellent wine. There are
three gates remaining, which are of Roman architeo
ture, and a great many Roman antiquities are dug out
©f the earth. The town has a ftrong caftle for its de¬
fence, and is fituatedW. Long. 7. 20. N. Lat. 37.58.
It was taken from the Moors in 1162.
BEJAR, a town of Eftremadura in Spain,, famous
for its baths. It is feated in a very agreeable valley
furrounded with high mountains whofe tops are always
eovered with fnow. Here the dukes of Bejar have an
handfome palace. In this neighbourhood are forefts
filled with game,, and watered by fine fprings ; alfo a
lake abounding with excellent fifn, particularly trouts..
They pretend that this lake makes fuch a noife before
a ftorm, that it may be heard 15 miles off.
BEICHI.INGEN, a town of Thuringia in Upper
Saxony,, in It. Long. xx. 50. N. Lat. 51. 20.
BEILA, a town of Italy, in Piedmont. E. Long.
7. 45. N. Lat. 45. 2.
BEIL8TEIN, a town of the landgraviate of HefTe
in Germany, in E. Lon. 8. o. N. Lat. 50. 30.
BEINASCHI (Giovanni Battifla), called Cavalier
Beinafcbi, hiftory painter, was a Piedmontefe, and
born in 1634. He ftudied in Rome, under the direc¬
tion of Pietro del Po ; and fome authors affirm, that
he was afterwards the difciple ofLanfranc. It is cer¬
tain that he was peculiarly fond of the works of Lan-
franc, and at laft became fo thoroughly acquainted
with the ftyle, manner, and touch of that excellent
mafter, than many of the pi&ures of Beinafchi are at
this day accounted the work of Lanfranc’s own hand.
He was an admirable defigner; his lively invention
furnifhed him with a furprifing variety; his thought
was noble ; he was not only expeditious but corredt;
and as a public acknowledgment of his merit, the ho¬
nour of knighthood was conferred upon him.
BE1NHEIM, a fort of Alface in France, feated
on the river Sur, near its confluence with the Rhine, in
E. Long. 8. 12. N. Lat. 45. 2.
BEIRA, a province of Portugal, bounded on the
weft by the ocean, on the fouth by the Portuguefe E-
ftremadura, on the fouth-eaft by the Spanife province
of the fame name, on the eaft by the province of Tra>
los Montos, and on the north by the river Donro. It
extends in length about 34 leagues,, and in breadth a-
bout 30 leagues, and is divided into fix commarcas.
Within this province lies Lamego, where the firft af-
fembly of the ftates was held; the chief Epifcopal city of
Conimbra, or Coimbra, which is likewife an univerfity;
and Vifeo, alfo a bifhopric, and formerly the capital
of a dukedom. The country is equally agreeable and
fruitful, producing corn, wines, &c. in- abundance,
and the hills affording excellent pafture to cattle and
fheep. The fettled militia .conlifts of about 10,000
men.
BEIRAM, or B^uram. See Bajram.
BEIRALSTON, a town in Devonfeire, which
fends two members to parliament.
BEIZA, or Beizath, in Hebrew antiquity, a word;
fignifying an egg; as alfo a certain rheafure in ufe among
the Jews. The beiza was likewife a gold coin, weigh*,
ing 40 drachms, among the Perfians, who gave out,
that Philip of Macedon owed their king Darius iooo.
beizaths or golden eggs, for tribute-money ; and that
Alexander the Great refufed to pay them, faying, that
the bird which laid thefe eggs was flown into the othet
world.
BEKKER (Balthazar), one of the moft famous
Dutch divines, and author of the celebrated book, The
World bewitched, an ingenious piece againft the vult
gar notion of fpirits.. This railed a terrible clamour
againft him. He was depofed from the office of mini-
fter ;. but the magiilrates of Amfterdam continued him
his penfion. He died in 1698.
BEL (Matthias)., was born in Hungary, and be¬
came a Lutheran minifter at Prefhurg, and hiftorio-
grapher to the Emperor Charles VI. He wrote, among
others works, a Hiftory of Hungary, which was fa
much admired, that the emperor fent him letters of no¬
bility ; and notwithftanding his being a Lutheran, the
Pope, in 1736, fent him his pidlure, and many large-
gold medals. He was a member of the Royal Society
BEL E 147 3 BEL
Bel of London, and of the'academies of Berlin and Peterf-
II . burg ; and died in 1749, at 66 years of age.
Be emmtes. pEL) or £elus^ the fupreme god of the ancient
Chaldeans, or Babylonians. He was the founder of
the Babylonian empire ; and is fuppofed to be the Nim¬
rod of Scripture, and the fame as the Phoenician Baal.
This god had a temple eredte’d to him in the city of
Babylon, on the very uppvmoft range of the famous
tower of Babel, or Babylon, wherein were many fta-
tues of this deity ; and one, among the red, of mafTy
gold, 40 Feet high. The whole furniture of this ntag-
nificent temple was of the fame metal, and valued at
800 talents of gold.—This temple, with its riches, was
in being till the time of Xerxes, who, returning from
his unfortunate expedition into Greece, demoliihed it,
and carried off the immenfe wealth which it contained.
It was the ftatue of this god which Nebuchadnezzar,
being returned to Babylon after the end of the Jew-
jfh war, fet up and dedicated in the plain of Dura;
the dory of which is related at large in the third chap¬
ter of Daniel.
Bel and the Dragon (the hidory of); an. apocry¬
phal, and uncanonical, book of Scripture. It was al¬
ways rejected by the Jewifh church, and is extant nei¬
ther in the Hebrew nor the Chaldee language, nor is
there any proof that it ever was fo. St Jerom gives it
no better title than the Fable of Bel and the Dragon*
It is however permitted to be read, as well as the other
apocryphal writings, for the indrudion and improve¬
ment of manners.
BELAC, a fmall city of France, in the province of
the Lyonnois, and didrid of La Marche. E. Long.
1, 15. N. Lat. 46. 15.
BELAY, on board a (hip, figniftes the fame as fa-
den.—Ihus they fay, belay the (beet, or tack, that is,
faden it to the kevel, by winding it feveral times
round a lad, &c.
BELCASTRO, an epifcopal city of Italy in the
farther Calabria, and kingdom of Naples. It is feated
on a mountain, in E. Long. 17. ty. N. Lat. 39. 6.
BELCHITE, a town of Spain, in the kingdom of
Arragon, feated on the river Almcnazir, in W. Long.
•. 30. N. Lat. 41. 19.
BELCHOE, a town of Ireland, in the province of
TJlder, and county of Fermanagh, feated on Lough
Nilly, in W. Long. 6. 6. N. Lat. 54. 1.
BELEM, a town of Edremadtira in Portugal, about
a mile from Lifbon. It is feated on the north fide of
, the river Tajo, and is defigned to defend the entrance
to Lifbon ; and here all the (hips that fail up the river
mud bring to. In this place they inter the kings and
queens of Portugal.
BELEMNlTES, vulgarly called thunder-bolts or
thunder-Jlones. They are compofed of feveral cruds of
done encircling each other, of a conical form, and va¬
rious dzes; ufually a little hollow, and fomewhat tranf-
parent, formed of feveral drice radiating from the axis
to the furface of the done 5 and when burnt or rubbed
againd one another, or feraped with a knife, yield an
odour like rafped horn. Their fize is various, from a
quarter of an inch to eight inches; and their colour
and (hape dider. They are fuppofed to be originally
either a.part of feme fea production ; or a done formed
in the cavity of fome worm-lhell, which being of a ten¬
der and brittle nature, has perifhed, after giving its
form to the done. They are very frequently found in Be’erlum,
many parts of England ; and the common people have
a notion, that they are always to be met with after a v’ J
dorm. They are often inclofed in, or adhere to, other
dones; and are mod frequent amongd gravel, 'or in
clay : they abound in Gloucederlhire ; and are found
near Dedington in Oxfordfhire, where they fometimes
contain the filver marcafite.
BELERIUM, (anc. geog.), a promontory of the
Dumnonii or Damnonii, the wedmod Britons. Now
called the land's end, in Cornwall.,
BELESIS, or NANYBitus, faid to have been the
founder of the ancient Babylonifh empire, and in con¬
junction with Arbaces the Mede to have put an end
to the kingdom of the Adyrians by the defeat and
death of Sardanapalus. This firil prince is reprefented
as a crafty and mean-fpirited knave ; and at the fame
time, as nothing lefs than an hero. It is faid, he was
bafe enough to circumvent Arbaces his colleague and
friend in the mod fhameful manner ; by pretending a
vow he Had, in the midd of the war, made to his god
Belus, That if fuccefs was the event of it, and the pa¬
lace of Sardanapalus was confumed, as it was, he
would be at the charge and trouble of removing the
afhes that were left, to Babylon ; where he would heap
them up into a mount near the temple of his god; there
to dand as a monument to all who (hould navigate the
Euphrates, of the fubverfion of the Affyrian empire.
He, it feems, had been privately informed, by an eu¬
nuch, of the immenfe treafure which had been confu¬
med in the conflagration at Nineveh ; and knowing it
to be a fecret to Arbaces, his avarice fuggeded to him
this artifice. Arbaces not only granted him his re-
qued ; but appointed him king of Babylon, with an
exemption from all tribute. Belefis, by this artifice,
carried a prodigious treafure with him to Babylon ;
but when the feefet was difeovered, he was called to an
account for it, and tried by the other chiefs who had
been affidant in the war, and who, upon his confeflios
of the crime, condemned him to lofe his head. But
Arbaces, a magnificent and generous prince, freely
forgave him, left him in pofieffion of the treafure,
and alfo in the independent government of Babylon,
faying, The good he had done ought to ferve as a veil
to his crime ; and thus he became at once a prince of
great wealth and dominion.
In procefs of time, and Under the fuccelfor of Ar-
baees, he became a man of drefs, (hew, and effeminacy',
unworthy of the kingdom or province he held. Nany-
brus, for fo we mud now call Belefis, underdanding a
certain robud Mede, called Parfondas, held him in the
utmod contempt, and had folicited the emperor of the
Medes to dived him of his dominions, and to confer
them upon himfelf, offered a very great reward to the
man who (hould take Parfondas, and bring him to him.
Parfondas hunting fomewhere near Babylon with the
king of the Medes, and draggling from the company,
happened to fall in with fome of the feiwants of the Ba¬
bylonian Nanybrus, who had been tempted with the
promifed reward. They were purveyors to the king;
and Parfondas being very thirdy, aficed them for a
draught of wine; which they not only granted, but
prevailed upon him to take a meal with them. As he
drank freely, fufpefting no treachery, he was eafily
perfuaded to pafs that night in company with fome
T 2 beautiful
BEL [ 148 ] B E L
BeVfr. beautiful women, brought op purpofe to detain him.
But, while he was in a profound deep, the fervants
of Nanybriis rufhing upon him, bound him, and
carried him to their prince ; who bitterly reproached
him for endeavouring to eftrange his mailer the king
of the Medes from him, and by that means place liim-
felf in his room on the throne of Babylon. Parfon-
das did not deny the charge ; but with great intrepi¬
dity owned, that he thought himfelf more worthy of a
crown than fuch an indolent and effeminate prince as
he was. Nanybrus, highly provoked at the liberty he'
took, fwofe by the gods Belus and Molis, or rather
Mylitta, that Parfondas himfelf ihould in a ihort tinye
become fo effeminate as to reproach none with effemi¬
nacy. Accordingly, he ordered the eunuch who had
■ the charge of his mufic-women, to fhave, paint, and
drefs him after the manner of thofts women, to teach
him the art, and in-.fhort to transform him by all pof-
fible means into a v/oman. His orders were obeyed ;
and the manly Parfondas foon exceeded the faireit fe¬
male in finging, playing, and the other arts of allure¬
ments.
In the mean time the king of the Medes, having in
vain fought after his favourite fervant, and in vain of¬
fered great rewards to fuch as fhould give him any in¬
formation concerning him, concluded he had been de-
ftroyed by fome wild beaft in the chace. At length,
after feven years, the Mede was informed of his ftate
and condition by an eunuch, who, being cruelly fcour-
ged by Nanybras’s order, fled, at the infligation of
Parfondas, into Media; and there difclofed the whole
to the king, who immediately difpatched an officer to
demand him. Nanybrus pretended to know nothing
of any fuch perfon ; upon which another officer was
fent by the Mede, with a peremptory order to feize on
Nanybrus if he perlifted in the denial, to bind him with
his girdle, and lead him to immediate execution. This
order had the ddired effedl: the Babylonian owned
'what he had before denied, promifing to comply, with¬
out further delay, with the king’s demand ; and in the
mean time invited the officer to a banquet, at which
J 50 women, among whom was Parfondas, made their
appearance, finging and playing upon various inftru-
ments. But, of all, Parfondas appeared by far the moll
charming ; infomuch, that Nanybrus inquiring of the
Mede which he liked heft, he immediately pointed at
him. At this the Babylonian clapt his hands ; and,
falling into an immoderate fit of laughter, told him
who the perfon was whom he thus preferred to all the
reft ; adding, that he could anfwer what he had done
before the king of the Medes. The officer was no lefs
furprifed at fuch an aftoniihing change than his mafter
\yas afterwards, when Parfondas appeared before him.
The only favour Parfondas begged of the king, for all
In’s paft fervices, was, that he would avenge on the Ba¬
bylonian the bafe and highly injurious treatment he had
met with at his hands. The Mede marched accord¬
ingly at his inftigation to Babylon ; and, notwith-
itanding the remonftrances of Nanybras, urging, that.
Parfondas had, without the leaft provocation, endea¬
voured to deprive him of both his life and kingdom,
declared that in ten days time he would pafs the fen-
tence bn him which he deferved, for prefuming to abft
as judge in his own caufe, inftead of appealing to him.
But Nanybrus having in the mean time gained with a
large bribe Mitiaphemes the Mede’s favourite eunuch,
the king was by him prevailed upon to fentence the Belefme
Babylontari only to a fine ; which made Parfondas curfe jjum
the man who firft Pound out gold, for the fake of ,t?'lim*
which he was to live the fport and derifion of an effe¬
minate Babylonian,
BELESME, a town of Perche in France, in W.
Long. o. 16. N. Lat. 48. 23.
BELEZERO, a town of Ruffia, and capital of a
province of the fame name. It is fituated on the fouth-
eaft ihore of the White fea, in E. Long. 36. 10. N. Latr
61. 50.
BELFAST, a town of Ireland, in the county of
Antrim. It is feated at the bottom of Carrickfergus
bay, and is the chief town and port in this part of
Ireland, as well for beauty and the number of its in¬
habitants, as for its wealth, trade, and (hipping. It
has a confiderable trade with Glafgow, and the inha¬
bitants are moftly Scots, and of the prefbyterian reli¬
gion. W, Lon. 6. 15. N. Lat. 54. 38-.
BELFRY, Belfredus, is ufed by military writers-
of the middle age for a fort of tower ere&ed by befie-
gers to overlook and command" the place befiged. Bel¬
fry originally denoted a high tower, whereon centinals
were placed to watch the avenues of a place, and pre¬
vent furprife from parties of the enemies, or to give-
notice of fires by ringing a bell. In the cities of Flan¬
ders, where there is no belfry on purpofe, the tower of
the chief church ferves the fame end. The word belfry
is compounded of the Teutonic bell, and freid “ peace,”
becaufe the bells were hung for preferving the peace.
Belfry is alfo ufed for that part of a fteeple where¬
in the bells are hung. This is fometimes called by
middle-age writers campanile, clocaria, and trifle gum.
Belfry is more particularly ufed for the timber-
work which fuftains the bells in a fteeple, or that
wooden ftrucfture to which the bells in church fteeplea
are faftened.
BELGjE (anc, geog.j, a people of Britain, to the
weft: Now Hampftiire, Wiltffiire, and Someifetfhire,
(Camden).
BELGICA, a town of the Ubii in Gallia Belgica,
midway between the rivers Rhine and Roer: Now
called Balcbufen (Cluverius); a citadel of Juliers (Bau-
drand).
Belgiqa Gallia, one of Casfar’s three divifions of
Gaul, contained between the ocean to the north, the
rivers Seine and Marne to the weft, the Rhine to the
eaft, but on the fouth at different times within different
limits. Auguftus, inftituting every where a sew par¬
tition of provinces, added the Sequani and Helvetii,
who till then made a part of Celtic Gaul, to the Bel-
gic (Pliny, Ptolemy). The gentilitious name \s Belgee,
called by Casfar the braveil of the Gauls, becaufe un¬
tainted by the importation of luxuries. The epithet
is Belgicus (Virgil)'.
BELGARDEN, a town of Germany, in Eaft Po¬
merania, in the province of Caffubia, and fubjeft to
Pruffia. E. Long. 16. 5. N. Lat. 54, 10.
BELGINUM, a town of the Treviri, in Gallia Bel¬
gica : Now called Baldenau, in the deflorate of Triers.
BELGIUM, manifeftly diftinguiffied from Belgica,
as a part from the whole (Caefar); who makes Belgium
the country of the Bellovaci; Hirtius adding the Atre-
bates. But as the Ambiani lay between the Bellovaci
and Atrebates, we muft alfo add thefe ; and thus Bel¬
gium reached to the fea, beeaufe the Ambiani lay up-
BEL [ 149 J BEL
dgorod on it: and thefe three people conftituted the proper royal fociety at London ; a celebrated mathematician,
II and genuine Belgx (all the reft being adventitious, or« and author of a number of military traAs in which
6 ’ 0I‘' foreigners) ; and thefe were the people of Beauvais, the fcience of mathematics is applied to military ufes.
””"v Amie-ns, and Artois, Died in 176?, aged 70.
BELGOROD, a town of Ruflia, and capital of a
province of the fame name. It is feated on the river
Donnets, in E. Long. l8. 5. N. Lat. 51. 20.
Belgorod, a ftrong town of Beflarabia in European
Turkey, feated at the mouth of the river Neifter, on
the -Black Sea, 80 miles fouth eaft of Bender. E.
Long. 31. o. N. Lat. 46. 30.
BELGRADE, a city of Turkey in Europe, and
capital of Servia, feated at the confluence of the Save
and the Danube, in E. Long. 21. 2. N. Lat. 45. 10.
The Danube is very rapid near this city, and its wa¬
ters look whitilh. Belgrade is built on a hill, and was
once large, ftrong, and populous. It was furrounded
with a double wall, flanked with a great number of
towers, and had a caftle fituated on a rifing ground, anti
built with fquare ftones. The fuburbs are very exten-
five; and reforted to by Turkilh, Jewiih, Greek, Hun¬
garian, and SclavOnian merchants'. The ftreets where
the greateft trade is carried on are covered with wood,
to fhelter the dealers from the fun and rain. The ri¬
vers render it very convenient for commerce; and as the
Danube falls into the Black Sea, the trade is ealily ex¬
tended to diftant countries, which renders it the ftaple
town in thefe parts; and as the Danube runs up to
Vienna, they fend goods from thence with a great deal
of eafe. The Armenians have a church here, and the
Jews a fynagogue, both thefe being emploved as fac¬
tors. The (hops are but fmall; and the fellers fit on
tables, difpofing of their commodities out of a window,
for the buyers never go on the infide. The richeft
merchandize are expoled to fale in two bezefteins or
bazars, built croffwife. There are two exchanges,
built with ftone, and fupported with pillars not unlike
the Royal Exchange at London. There is likewife a
caravanfera or public inn, and a college for young ftu-
dents. It has been taken by the Turks and Imperialifts
alternately feveral times ; but was ceded to the Turks
in 1739, an^ tlie fortifications demolilhed.
BELGRADO, a town of Friuli, in the Venetian
territories in Italy. It Hands near the river Tejamento,
in E. Long. 13. 5. N. Lat. 46. o.
BELIA (anc.geog.), a town of hither Spain: Now
Belckite, in the kingdom of Arragon. See Belchite.
BELIAL, V'tn, a Hebrew word which fignifies a
wicked worthlefs man, one who is refolved to endure no
fubje&ion. Thus the inhabitants of Gibeah, who abu-
fed the Levite’s wife (Judges xix. 22.), have the name
of Belial given them. Hophni and Phineas, the high
prieft Eli’s fons, are likewife called fons of Belial
(1 Sam. ii. 12.), upon account of the feveral crimes-
they had committed, and the unbecoming manner in
which they behaved themfelves in the temple of the
Lord. Sometimes the name Belial is taken to denote
the devil. Thus St Paul fays (2 Cor. vi. 15.), “ What
concord hath Chrift with Belial?,, Whence it appears,
that in his time the Jews, under the name of Belial,
commonly underftood the devil in the places where this
term occurs in the Old Teftament.
BELIDOR (Bernard Foreft de), a Catalonian en¬
gineer in the lervice of France, and member of the a-
cademies of fciences at Paris and Berlin, and of the
BELIEF, in its general and natural fenfe, denotes
a perfuafion, or a ftrong aflent of the mind to the truth
of any propofition. In which fenfe, belief has no re¬
lation to any particular kirni of means or arguments,
but may be produced by any means whatever. Thus
we are faid to believe our fenfes, to believe our reafon,
to believe a witnefs, &c. And hence, in rhetoric, all
forts of proofs, from whatever topics deduced, are call¬
ed , becaufe apt to get belief of perfuafion touch¬
ing the matter in hand.
Belief, in its more reftrained and technical fenfe,
invented by the fchoolmen, denotes that kind of aflent
which is grounded only on the authority or teftimony
of fome perfon or perfons, afferting or attefting the'
truth of any matter propofed.
In this fenfe, belief Hands oppofed to knowledge
and fcience. We do not fay we believe that fnow is
white, or that the whole is equal to its parts ; but we
fee and know them to be fo. That the three angles of
a triangle are equal to two right angles, or that all mo¬
tion is naturally reftilinear, are not faid to be things
credible, but fcientifical; and the comprehenfion of
fuch truths is not belief but fcience.
But when a thing propounded to us is neither appa¬
rent to our fenfe, nor evident to our underftanding
neither cettainly to be colle&ed from any clear and
neceflary conne&ion with the caufe from which it pro¬
ceeds, nor with the effefts which it naturally produces^
nor is taken up upon any real arguments, or relation;
thereof to other acknowledged truths ; and yet, not-
withftanding, appears as true, not by manifeftation*
but by an atteftation of the truth, and moves us to af-
fent, not of itfelf, but in virtue of a teftimony given
to it — this is faid to be properly credible ; and an aflent
to this is the proper notion of belief or faiih.
BELIEVERS, an appellation given toward the-
clofe of the firft century to thofe Chriftians who had
been admitted into the church by baptifm, and inftruc-
ted in all the myfteries of religion. They had alio ac-
cefs to all the parts of divine worfliip* and were autho-
rifed to vote in the ecclefiaftical aflemblies. They-
were thus called in contradiftin&ion to the catechumens*
who had not been baptized* and were debarred from:
thefe privileges.
BELIQ(anc.geog.), a river of Lufitania, called other-
wife Lima as, Limoas, Limius, and Lethe or the River
of Oblivion: the boundary of the expedition of Decimus.
Brutus. The foldiers refufing out of fuperftition to
erofs, he fnatched an enfign out of the hands of the-
bearer, and paffed over, by which his army was encou¬
raged to follow (Livy). He was the firft Roman who*
ever proceeded fo far, and ventured to crofs. The
realon of the appellation, according to Strabo, is*
that in a military expedition a fedition arifing between
the Celtici and Turduli after crofling that river, in
which the general was flain, they remained difperfed
there ; and from this circumftance it came to be call¬
ed the River of Ret he or Oblivion. Now called El Li¬
ma, in Portugal, running weftward into the Atlantic*
to the fouch of the Minho.
BELISARIUS, general of the emperor Juftinian’s
army.
BEL t 150 ] BEL
Bellfarius, army, who overthrew the Perfians in the Eall, the
t Vandals in Africa, and the Goths in Italy. See Rome.
But after all his great exploits, he was falfely accufed
of a confpiracy againft the emperor. The real confpi*
rators had been detefted and feized, with daggers hid¬
den under their garments. One of them died by his
own hand, and the other was dragged from the fane-
tuary. Preffed by Eemorfe, or tempted by the hopes
of fafety, he accufed two officers of the houfehold of
Belifarius ; and torture forced them to declare that
they had afted" according to the fecret inftruftions of
their patron. Pofterity will not hailily believe, that an
hero who in the vigour of life had dildained the fairelt
offers of ambition and revenge, ffiould ftoop to the
murder of his prince, whom he could not long expeft
to furvive. His followers were impatient to fly ; but
flight muff have been fupported by rebellion, and he
had lived enough for nature and for glory. Belifarius
appeared bef®re the council with lei’s fear than indig¬
nation : after 40 years fervice, the emperor had pre¬
judged his guilt; and injuitice was fanftified by the
prefence and authority of the patriarch. The life of
Belifarius was gracioufly fpared: but his fortunes were
fequeftered; and, from December to July, he was
guarded as a prifoner in his own palace. At length
his innocence was acknowledged'; his freedom and ho*
nours were reftored ; and death, which might be ha*
ftened by refentment and grief, removed him from the
•world about eight months after his deliverance. That
he was deprived of his eyes, and reduced by envy to
beg his bread, “ Give a penny to Belifarius the gene¬
ral!” is a fidlion of later times; which has obtained
credit, or rather favour, as a ftrange example of the
viciffitudes of fortune.—The fource of this idle fable
may be derived from a mifcellaneous work of the izth
century,, the Chiliads of John Tzetzes, a monk. He
relates the blindnefs and beggary of Belifarius in ten
vulgar or political verfos (Chiliad iii. N° 88. 339—348.
in Corp. Poet. Grasc. tom. ii. p. 311 )•
Exa-Uyita £u\iw>v Xfnrav. ifax ta fu\ta
BtAia-a/’iJa ofiot.oi Son rm rpaTSXari;
Ov TU£» j(4£y tSo^OKTil, UlTOTUfkOI S’o f!)OVOC.
This moral or romantic tale was imported into Italy
with the language and manuferipts of Greece ; repeat¬
ed before the end of the 15th century by Crinitus,
Pontanus, and Volaterranus; attacked by Alciat for
the honour of the law, and defended by Barohius
(A. D. 561. N° 2, &c.) for the honour of the church.
Yet Tzetzes himfelf had read in other chronicles, that
Belifarius did not lofe his fight, and that he recovered
his fame and fortunes.—The ftatue in the Villa Borg-
hefe at Rome, in a fitting pofture, with an open hand,
which is vulgarly given to Belifarius, may be aferibed
with more dignity to Auguftiis in the aft of propitia¬
ting Nemefis (Winckchnan, Hiji. de l'Art, tom. iii,
p. 266.). “ Ex nofturno vifu etiam ftipem, quotannis,
die certo, emendicabat a populo, cavam manurn alfes
porrigentibus prebens” {Sueton. in Aug. c. 91.)
BELL, a well known machine ranked by muficians
among the mufical inftruments of percuffion.
The conftituent parts of a bell are the body or barrel,
%\\c clapper oil the infide, and the ear or cannon by which
it hangs to a large beam of wobd. The matter of
■whish it is ufually made is a compofition called beiU
4
metal. The thicknefs of a bell’s edges is ufually 4? Bv
of the diameter, and its height 12 times its thicknefs. •“■-'v
The bell-founders have a diapafon, or bell-fcale, where¬
with they meafure the fize, thicknefs, weight, and tone,
of their bells. For the method of calling bells, fee
Founbery.
The found of a bell is conjeftured to confift in a vi¬
bratory motion of its parts, much like that of a mufi¬
cal chord. The ftroke of the clapper mull neceffarily
change the figure of the bell, and of a round make it
oval 1 but the metal having a great degree of elaltici-
ty, that part will return back again which the llroke
drove fartheft. off from the centre, and that even fome
fmall matter nearer the Centre than before ; fo that the
two parts which before were extremes of the longeft
diameter, do then become thofe of the ffiortell; and
thus the external furface of the bell undergoes alternate
changes of figure, and by that means gives that tremu¬
lous motion to the air in which the found confifts.
M. Perrault maintains, that the found of the fame bell
or chord is a compound of the founds of the feveral
parts thereof, fo that where the parts are homogene¬
ous, and the; dimenfions of the figure uniform, there is
fuch a perfeft mixture of all thefe founds as conftitutes
one uniform, fmooth, even found; and the contrary
Circumllances produce hailhnefs. This he proves from
the bells differing in tone according to the part you
ftrike ; and yet llrike it any where, there is a motion
of all the parts. He therefore confiders bells as a com¬
pound of an infinite number of rings, which according
to their different dimenfions have different tones, as
chords of different lengths have ; and when llruck, the
vibrations of the parts immediately ftruck determine
the tone, being fupported by a fufficient number of
confonant tones in the other parts.
Bells are obferved to be heard farther placed'on plains
than on hills; and ftill farther in valleys than on plains;
the reafon of which will not be difficult to affign, if it
be confidered that the higher the fonorous body is, the
rarer is its medium; consequently, the lefs impulfe it
receives, and the lefs proper vehicle it is to convey it
to a diftance. \
Mr Reamur, in the Memoirs of the Faris Academy,
has the following obfervations relating to the fhape
moft proper for bells, to give them the loudeii and clear-
eft found. He obferves, “ that as pots and other vef-
fels more immediately neceffary to the fervice of life
were doubtlefs made before bells, it probably happened
that the obferving thefe veffels to have a found when
ffruck, gave occalion to making bells, intended only
for found, in that form ; but that it does not appear
that this is the moil eligible figure ; for lead, a metal
which is in its common ilate not at all fonorous, yet
becomes greatly fo on its being caff into a particular
form, and that very different from the common ffiape
of bells. In melting lead for the common occafions of
cafting in fmall quantities, it is ufually done in an iron
ladle ; and as the whole is feldom poured out, the re¬
mainder, which falls to the bottom of the ladle, cools
into a mafs of the fhape of that bottom. This is con-
fequently a fegment of a fphere, thickeft in the middle,
and thinner towards the edges; nor is the ladle any pe*
ceffary part of the operation, fince if a mafs of lead be
caff in that form in a mould of earth or fand, in any
BEL [ 151 J BEL
Bell. of thefe cafes it is found to be very fonoroUS. Now if
-V—'-' this fhape alone can give found to a metal which in
other forms is perfe&Iy mute, how much more muff it
neceffarily give it to other metals naturally fonorous
in whatever form? It Ihould feem, that bells would
much better perform their office in this than in any
other form: and that it ptufl particularly be a thing
of great advantage to the fmall bells of common
houfe-clocks, which are required to-have a fhrill note,
and yet are not allowed any great iize.” He adds,
; “ that had our forefathers had opportunities of being
acquainted with the found of metals in this fhape, we
ffiould probably have had all our bells at prefent of
this form.”
The ufe of bells is very ancient, as well as extenfive.
We find them among Jews, Greeks, Romans, Chri-
flians, and Heathens, varioufly applied; as on the necks
of men, beads, birds, horles, fheep : but chiefly hung
in buildings, either religious, as in churches, temples,
j' and monafferies; or civil, as in houfes, markets, baths;
or military, as in camps and frontier towns.
Among the Jews it was Ordained, that the lower
part of the blue tunic which the high pried wore
when he performed religious ceremonies, diould be
adorned with pomegranates and gold bells, intermixed
! . equally and at equal, diftances. As to the number of
I; the bells worn by the high pried, the feripture is illent;
I and authors are not very well agreed: but the lacred
. hidorian has let us into the ufe and intent of them in
thefe words (Exod. xxviii. 33—35.), “ And it (hall
r be upon Aaron to minider, and his found (hall be
heard when he goeth into the holy place before the
Lord, and when he cometh out, that he die not.”
The kings of Perfia are faid to have the hem of their
robes adorned like the Jewifh high-prieds with pome-
granates and gold bells. It was, in the opinion-of
'; Calmet, with a defign of giving notice that the high-
pried was paffing by, that he wore little bells on the
hem of his robe ; or rather it was as it were a kind of
public notice that he was going to the fandtuary : for
as, in the king of Perlia’s court, no one was fuffered
to enter the apartments without giving notice thereof
by the found of fomething; fo the high pried, out of
refpedt to the divine prefence redding in the holy of
holies, did, by the found of little bells fadened to the
bottom of his robe, defire as it were permiffion to en¬
ter, that the found of the bells might be heard, and he
not be punifhed with death for an unmannerly intru-
fion. The dgure of thefe bells is not known to us.
The propet Zachariah (xiv. 20.) fpeaks of bells hung
to war horfes. “ In that day (fays the prophet)
there (hall be upon the bells of horfes, Holinefs unto
, the Lord.”
Among the Greeks, thofc who went the nightly
rounds in camps or garrifons, carried with them a
little bell, which they rung at each centry-box to fee
y that the foldiers on watch were awake. A codono-
phorous or bell-man alfo walked in funeral proceffions,
, at a didance before the corps, not only to keep off the
crowd, but to advertife the flafnen dialh to keep out of”
the way, for fear of being polluted by the fight, or by
the funerary mufic. The prieft of Prolerpine at Athens,
called kierophantus, rung a bell to call the people to.
facrifice.
There were alfo bells in the houfes of great men to
call up the fervants in a morning. Zonaras affures us,
that bells were hung with whips on the triumphal cha-
riots of their vi&orious generals, to put them in mind
that they were dill liable to public judice.
Bells were put on the necks of criminals going to'
execution, that perfons might be warned by the noife
to get out of the way of fo ill an omen as the fight
of the hangman or the condemned criminal, who was
devoted and jud going to be facrificed to the dii
manes.
For bells on the necks of brutes, exprefs mention is
made of them in Phaedras,—Celfa cervice eminens, Cla~
r unique cello j a dans tintinnabulum. Taking thefe bells
away was condrued by the civil law, theft; and if the
bead was lod by this means, the perfon who took a-
way the bells was to make fatisfaftion.
As to the origin of church-bells^ Mr Whittaker f t of
obferves, That bells being ufed, among other purpofes, Manchefler*
by the Romans to fignify the times of bathing, were
naturally applied by the Chridians of Italy to denote
the hours of devotion, and fummon the people to
chtfrch. The fird application of them to this purpofe
is, by Polydore Virgil and others, aferibed to Pau-
linus bifhop of Nola, a city of Campania, about the
year 400. Hence, it is faid, the names nolee and cam-
panee were given them ; the one referring to the city*
the other to the country. Though others fay they took
the latter of thefe names, not from their being invented
in Camp&nia, b.ut be'caufe it was here the manner of
hanging and balancing them, now in ufe, was fird
practiled; at lead that they were hung on the model of
a fort of balance invented or ufed in Campania; for
in I>atin writers we find campana fiat era, for a deel-
yard ; and in the Greek and ponderarei
“ to weigh.” In Britain, bells were applied to church-
purpofes, before the conclufion of the leventh century,
in the monadic foeieties of Northumbria, and as early
as the fixth even in thofe of Caledonia. And they
were therefore ufed from the firll; erection of parilh-
- churdhes among us.-—Thofe .of France and England
appear to have been furnifired with feveral bells. lu
the time of Clothair II. king of France, and in the
year 610, the army of that king was frighted from the
liege of the city of Sens, by ringing the bells of St
Stephen’s church. The fecond excerption of Egbert,
about the year 750, which is adopted in a French Ca¬
pitulary of 801, commands every pried, at the proper
hours, to found the bells of his church, and then ter
go through the facred offices to God. And the coun¬
cil of Enham, in ion, requires all the mul&s for fins,
to be expended in the reparation of the church, clothing;
and feeding the minider of God, and the purchafe
of church-vedments, church-books, and church-bells-
Tfiefe were fometimes compofed of iron^ in France f
and in England, as formerly at Rome, were frequent¬
ly made of brafs. And as early as the nintlr century,,
there were many cad of a large lize and deep note-
Ingulphus mentions, that Turketulus abbot of Croy-
land, who died about the year 870, gave a great belli
to the church of that abbey, which he named Guth-
lac ; and afterwards fix others,, viz- two which he cal¬
led Bartholjmevj and B.ettelin, two called Turk etui
and Tatnuin, and two named Pega and Bega,aPPi which,
rang together; the fame author fays, Non erat tunc-
tanta conjonuntia campanarum in tota Anglia. Not
BEL [ 152 ] BEL
long after, Kinfeus arclibiftiop of York gave two
great bells to the church of St John at Beverly, and
at the fame time provided that other churches in his
diocei'e fhould be furnifhed with bells. Mention is
made by St Aldhem, and William of Malmefbury, of
bells given by St Dunftan to the churches in the well.
The number of bells in every church gave occaiion to
the curious and fingular piece of architedlure in the
campanile or bell-tower; an addition, which is more
fufceptible of the grander beauties of architecture than
any other part of the edihce, and is generally there¬
fore the principle or rudiments of it. It was the ton-
flant appendage to every parilh-ehurch of the Saxons,
and is actually mentioned as fuch in the law's of A-
thelftan.
The Greek Chriftians are ufually faid.to have been
unacquainted w>ith bells till the ninth century, when
their conilruCtion was firft taught them by a Venetian.
Indeed, it is not true that the ufe of bells .was entirely
unknown in the ancient eallern churches, and that they
called the people to church, as at prefeut, with wooden
mallets. Leo Allatius, in his diflertation on the Greek
temples, proves the contrary from feveral ancient wri¬
ters. It .is his opinion, that bells firft began to be dif-
ufed among them after the taking of Conftantinople
by the Turks ; who/ it feems, prohibited them, left
their found Ihould difturb the repofe of fouls, which,
according to them, wander in the air. He adds, that
they ftill retain the ufe of bells in places remote from
the intercourfe of the Turks; particularly, very ancient
ones in Mount Athos. F. Simon thinks the Turks
prohibited the Chriftians the ufe of bells, rather out of
political than religious reafons ; inafmuch as the ring¬
ing of bells might ferve as a fignal for the execution of
revolts, &c.
In the ancient monafteries we find fix kinds of bells
enumerated by Durandus, viz. Squilla, rung in the
refectory ; cymbalum, in the cloifter ; nola, in the choir-;
nolula or dupla, in the clock ; campana, in the lleeple ;
and Jignum in the tower. Bclethus has much the fame ;
only that for fquiila he puts tintinnabuium> and places
the campana in the tower, and campamlla in the cloifter.
Others place the tiniinnabulum or tinniolum in the refec¬
tory or dormitory ; and add another bell called ccrri-
giuncula, rung at the time of giving difcipline, to call
the monks to be flogged. The cymbal uni is fometimes
alfo faid to have been rung in the cloifter, Vo call tire
monks to meat;
In the funeral monuments of Weever, are the follow¬
ing particulars relating to bells“ Bells had frequently
■thefe infcriptions on them :
■“ Funer a plango, Fulgura frango, Sabbat a pangc,
“ Excito lentos, Dijfipo ventos, Faco ententes.
“ In the Little San&uary at Weilminiler King Ed¬
ward III. eredted a clcchier, and placed therein three
bells for the ufe of St Stephen’s chapelt about the
biggeft of them were call in the metal thefe words r
“ Ici; g EdwaidmaJe mee tlwrtie thoufand weight and three.
« Take n>e down and wey nice,and mote you ihali fynd mee.
“ But thefe bells bt iugtobe taken down in the reign of
King Henry VIII. one writes underneath with a coale t
“ But Henry the eight
“ Will bait me of my weight.” Ibid. 492.
Na 44*
This laft diftich alludes to a Tadl mentioned by Stow
in his furvey of London, ward of Farringdon Within,
to wit, that near to St Paul’s fchool ftood a clochkr,
in which were four bells called Jefus'slells^ the great eft
in all England, againft vyhich Sir Miles Partridge ilaked
an hundred pounds,and won them of King Henry VIII.
at a caft of dice. Neverthelefs it appears that abroad
there are bdlls of greater magnitude. In the ileeple of
the great church at Roan in Normandy is a bell with
this infeription :
Je Juts George de Atnbois,
Qui trente cinque mille pots.
Ales lui qui me pefera,
FrenteJix mill me trouera.
I am George of Ambois,
Thirtie five thoufand in pois:
But he that lhall weigh me,
Thirtie fix thoufaud ihali find me. Ibid.
And it is a common tradition that the bells of King’s-
college chapel, in the uniyerfity of Cambridge, were
taken by Henry V. from fome church in France, after
the battle of Agincourt.~ They were taken down
fome years ago, and fold to Phelps the bell-founder ia
White-Chapel, who melted them down.
The ufes of bells were fummed up in the following
diftich, as well as that firft abovementioned:
Laudo Deum verum, plebem vocb, conjugo clerum,
Defunfios ploro, pejlern fugo, fcjla decora.
Matthew Paris obferves, that anciently the ufe of
bells was prohibited in time of mourning'; though at
prefent they make one of the principal ceremonies of
mourning. Mabillon adds, that it was an ancient cu-
ftom to ring the bells for perfons about to expire, to
advertife the people to pray for them ; whence our paf-
fing-bells. The pafiing-bell, indeed, was anciently
rung forstwo purpofes : one, to befpeak the prayers of
all good Chriftians fdr a foul juft departing ; the other,
to drive away the evil fpirits who ftood at the bed’s
foot, and about the houfe, ready to feize their prey,
or at leaft to moleft and terrify the foul in its paffage :
but by the ringing of that bell (for Durandus informs
us, evil fpirits are much afraid of bells), they were
kept aloof; and the foul, like a hunted hare, gained
the ftart, or had what is by fportfmen called la<w.
Hence, perhaps, exclufive of the additional labour,
was occaiioned the high price demanded for tolling the
greateft bell of the church ; for, that being louder,
the evil fpirits muft go farther off* to be clear' of its
found, by which the poor foul got fo much more the
ftavt of them; befidcs, being heard farther off, it
would likewife procure thfc dying man a greater num¬
ber of prayers. This diilike of fpirits to bells is men¬
tioned in the Golden Legend, by W. de Worde. “ It
is faid, the evill fpirytes that ben in the regyon of
thayre, doubte moche when they here the belles ron-
gen : and this is the caufe why the belles ben rongen
whan it thondreth, and whan grete tempefte and out¬
rages of wether happen, to the ende that ‘the feinds
.and wycked fpirytes fhold be abafhed and flee, and
ceafe of the movynge of tempefte.” Lobineau ob¬
ferves, that the cuftom of ringing bells, at the ap¬
proach of thunder, is of fome antiquity ; but that
the deiigu was not fo much to lhake the air, and fo
q difiipate
BEL r 153 ] B E L
diffipate the thunder, as to call the people to church,
to pray that the parifh might be preferved from that
terrible meteor..
In the times of Popery, bells were baptized and
anointed sleo cbrifmatis: they were exorcifed, and blef-
fed by the bifhop ; from a belief, that, when thefe cere¬
monies were performed, they had power to drive the
devil out of the air, to-calm tempefts, to extinguifir
fire, and to recreate even the dead. The ritual for
thefe ceremonies is contained in the Roman pontU
fieal; and-it was ufual in their baptifm to give to bells
the name of fome faint. In Channcy’s hiftory of
Hertfordfiiire, page 383, is a relation of the baptifm
of a fet of bells in Italy with great ceremony, a ihort
time before the writing that/ book. The bells of the
pariih-church of Winnviigtoh in Bedfordfhire had their
names call about the verge of every one in particular,
with thefe rhiming hexameters :
Nomina Campanis htec indita funl quoqne nofiris.
1. Hoc figmitn Petri pulfatur nomine Chrifti.
2. Nomen Magdalene camp ana final me lode.
3. Sit nomen Domini benediftiim femper in sum.
4. Mufa Raphae'is'fonat auribus hnmanuelis.
4. Sum Rofa pulfata mundiqu? Maria vocata.
• Weev. Fun. 122.
By an old chartulary, once in the polfeffion of Weever
the antiquary, it appears that the bells of the priory of
Little Dunmow in Eifex were, anno 1501, new fcaft,
and baptized by the following names:
Prima in honore Sandli Michaelis Archangeli'.
Se cun da in honor e'S. Johannis Evanqeiijii.
’Tertia in homre S. ‘Johahnis Baptijii.
Quart a in honors Affumptionis heata Maria.
Quinta in honor efantii Trinitatis, ct omniumfanflornm.
Ib. 633.
The bells of Ofney abbey near Oxford were very
famous; their feveral names were Douce, Clement,
Auftin, Hautefter [potius Hautcleri], Gabriel, and
John
Nankin in China was anciently famotis for the large-
nefs of its bells; but their enormous weight brought
down the tower, the whole building fell to ruin, and
the bells have ever lain on the ground. One of thefe
bells is near 12 Engliih feet high, the diameter feven
and an half, and its circumference 23; its figure almoft
cylindric,. except for a fwelling in the middle ; and
the thicknefs of the metal about the edges feven inches.
From the dimenfions of this bell, its weight is compu¬
ted at 50,000 pounds, which is more than double the
weight of that of Erfort, faid by Father Kircher to be
the greateft bell in the world. Thefe. bells were call
:by the firlt emperor of the preceding dynafty, about
300 years ago. They have each their name; the hanger
\tchoui), the e&tcr {che), the fleeper {shoui), the will (fi’).
Father le Compte adds, that there are feven other bells
in Pekin, call in the reign-of Yonlo, each- of which
Weighs 120,000 pounds.' But the founds even of their
biggeft bells are very poor; being ftruck with a wooden
in lieu of an iron clapper.
The practice of ringing bells in change, or regular
peals, is faid to be peculiar to England ; whence Bri¬
tain has been termed the ringing ijland._ The cuftom
Lems to have commenced in the time of the Saxons-,
Vou III. Part I,
and was common before the conqueft. The ringing of IC’i.
bells, though a recreation chiefly of the lower fort, is ~
in itfelf not incurious. The tolling a bell is nothing Hi}} of *
more than the producing a found by a ftroke of the
clapper againft the fide of the bell, the bell itfelf being Vol IV ,
in a pendant pofition and at reft. In ringing, the bell, E i:'
by 'means of a wheel and a rope, is elevated to a per¬
pendicular ; in its motion to this fituation the clapper
flrikes forcibly on one fide, and in its return downwards
on the other fide of the bell, producing at each ftroke
a found. There are in London feveral focieties of ring¬
ers,. particularly one known by the name of the College
Youths : of this it is faid Sir Matthew Hale, lord chief
juftice of the court of King’s Bench, was, in his youth¬
ful days, a member ; and in the life of this learned and
upright judge, written by Bifhop Burnet, fome fa fl¬
are mentioned which favour this relation. In England
the praftice of ringing is' reduced to a fcience, and
peals have been composed which bear the name of the
inventors. Some of the moft celebrated peals now
known were compofed about 50 years ago by one Pa¬
trick. This man was a maker of barometers: in his
advertifements he ftyled himfelf Torricellian Operator,
from Torricelli, who invented inftruments of this kind.
In the year r684, one Abraham Rudhall, of the city
’of Gloueefter, brought the art of bell-founding to great,
perfeflion. His defeendants in fucceffion have conti¬
nued the bufinefs of calling bells ; and by a lift pub-
lifhed by them it appears, that at Lady day 1774 the
family, in peals and odd bells, had call to the amount,
of 3594. The peals of St Dunftan’s in the Ea-ft, and
St Bride’s, London, and St Martin’s in the Fields
Weftminiler, are in the 'number.
The mufic of bells1 is altogether melody; but the
pleafure arifing from it confifts in the variety of inter¬
changes, and the various fucceffion and general predo¬
minance of the confonances in the founds produced.
Mufical authors feem to have written but-little upon
this fubjeft.
Electrical Bruts are ufed in a variety of entertain^
ing experiments by eleftricians. The apparatus, which
is originally of German invention, confifts of three
ffnall bells fufpended from a narrow plate of metal;
the two outermoft by chains, and that in the middle,
from which a chain paffes to the floor, by a filkeil
firing. Two fmall knobs of brafs are alfo hung by
filken firings, one on each fide of the bell in the mid¬
dle, which ferve for clappers. When this apparatus
is connected with an electrified conductor, the outer¬
moft bells fufpended by the chains will be charged-, at-
traft the clappers, and be ftruck by them. The clap¬
pers becoming electrified likewife will be repelled by
thefe bells, and attracted by the middle bell, and difi-
charge themfelves upon it by means of the chain ex¬
tending to the floor. After this, they will be again
attracted by the outermoft bells; and thus, by ftriking
the bells alternately, occafion a ringing, which may
be continued at pleafure. Flafhes of light will be feen
in the dark between the bells and clappers ; and if the
electrification be ftrong, the difeharge will be made
without aCtual contaCt, and the ringing will ceafe.
An apparatus of this kind, connected with one of
thofe conductors that are ereCted for fecuring building*
from lightning, will ferve to give notice of the ap¬
proach and paffage of an eleCbical cloud.
Beli*
B. E L [ 154
Bell Bs.li-Animal. See ANiMAtcutE, n° 24—28.
Belial Bell-Metal. See Chemistry-zW^.v.
e'ai* , Bell, in chemiltry, denotes a glafs veffel placed
over fome matter in a ftate of exhalation, either to
colledt the vapour or gather the flowers. - Chemical
bells are a fort of receptacles chiefly ufed in preparing
the oil or fpirit of fulphur, for gathering and conden-
ling fumes into a liquor.
Dwing-BsiL. See Diving.
BsLL-Fomdery. See Foundery.
BsiL-Flo’wer, in botany. See Campanula.
BstL-Weed, in botany. See Jacea.
BELLA (Stefano de la)*, a molt eminent engra¬
ver, was born at Florence A. D. 1610. His father
was a goldfmith ; and he himfelf began to work at his
father’s bufinefs. But whilft he was learning to draw,
in order to perfect himfelf in that profefiion, fome of
the prints of Callot fell by accident into his hands
with which he was fo delighted, that he prevailed upon
his father to permit him to apply himielf to engraving ;
and he became the difciple of Canta Gallina, who was
alfo the inftruftor of Callot. De la Bella at fir It imi¬
tated the manner of Callot. His abilities foon began
to manifeft themfelves ; and as by degrees he acquired
a facility in the handling of the point, he quitted the
ftyle in which he only {hone as an imitator, and adopt¬
ed one entirely his own, which in freedom and fpirit
is faid even to have furpafied that of his fellow difciple.
He went to Paris A. D. 1642, where he formed an
acquaintance with Ifrael Silveilre, then newly returned
from Rome ; and he was much employed by Henriete
the uncle of Silveftre. Some time after. Cardinal
Richelieu engaged him to go to Arras and make draw¬
ings of the fiege and taking of that town by the royal
army ; which drawings he engraved at his return. He-
alfo went to Holland, where, it is reported, he faw
fome of the prints of Rembrant Gerretfz, and attempt¬
ed to imitate them t but finding he did. not fucceed to
his expedfations, he dropped that defign, and conti¬
nued to purfue his own manner, as moft fuitable to his
genius. After abiding fome confiderable time at Pa¬
ris, his family affairs obliged him to return to Florence^
where he obtained a penfion from the Great Duke,
and was appointed to inftrudf the prince Cofmus his
fon in the art of defign. Being fubjedf to violent
pains in the head, his life was rendered very uncom¬
fortable by this cruel diforder, which at lafl put an
end to it A. D. r664, when he was only 54 years of
age. De la Bella drew very corre&ly, and with great
tafte. His works manifeft much genius and vaft fer¬
tility of invention. The fire and animation which
appears in them compenfates for their flightnefsand
we may reafonably expeift to find them flight when we
are told that he engraved 1400 plates.
BELLAC, a town of La Marche in France, fitua-
ted on the little river Union. It contains about 770
houfes, and 3000 inhabitants, E. Long. 1. 14. N.
Lat. 46. 4.
BELLADONA, in botany, the trivial name of a
fpecies of Atropa. See Atropa.
BELLAI (William du), lord of Langey, a French
general, who fignalized himfelf in the fervice of Fran¬
cis I. He was alfo an able negociator, fo that the em¬
peror Charles V. ufed to fay, “ that Langey’s pen had
fought more againft him than all the lances in France.”
] BEL
He was fent to Piedmont in quality of viceroy, where Bella!,
he took feverai towns from the Imperialifts, His ad- Bcllarnniy
drefs in penetrating into the enemy’s defigns was fur- ~ v
prifing. In this he fpared no expence, and thereby
had intelligence of the moft fecret councils of the em.
peror and his generals. He was extremely adtive in
influencing fome of- the univerfities of France to give
their judgment agreeable to the defires of Henry VIII.
king of England,, when this prince wanted to divorce
his queen, in order to marry Anne Buften. It was
then the intereft of France to favour the king of Eng¬
land in this particular, it being an affront to the em¬
peror, and a gratification to Henry, which might ferve
to form a ftricl alliance between him and Francis I.
He was fent feverai times into Germany to the princes
of the Proteflant league, and was made a knight of
the order of St Michael. He was alfo a man of
learning, having given proofs of his abilities and ge¬
nius as.a writer. He compofed feverai works; the
moft "remarkable of which was, the Hiftory of his
Own Times, in Latin ; divided into ogdoades/ that is,
feverai parts, each con filling of eight books ; moft of
which, however, have been loft. When Langey was
in Piedmont in 1542 he had fom« remarkable intelli¬
gence which he was defirous himfelf to communicate
to the king, and being very infirm, he ordered a litter
for his conveyance ; but after having paffed the moun¬
tain of Tarara, betwixt Lyons and Roan, he found
himfelf fo extremely bad at St Saphorin that he was
obliged to flop there, where he died the 9th of Janu¬
ary, in the year 1543. He was buried in the church
of Mans, and a noble 'monument was erefted to his
memory.
BELLARMIN (Robert), an Italian Jefuit, one of
the beft controverfial writers of his time. In 1576 he
read ledlures at Rome on controverfies; which he did
with fuch applaufe, that Sixtus V. fending a legate into
France in 1590, appointed him as a divine, in cafe any
difpute in religion fhould happen to be difcufled. He
returned to Rome, and was raifed fuccefllvely to dif¬
ferent offices, till at laft, in 1599, he was honoured
with a cardinal’s hat; to accept of which dignity, it is
faid, they were obliged to force him by the threats of
an anathema. It is certain, that no Jefuit ever did
greater honour to his order than he ; and that no author
ever defended the caufe of the Romifh church in gene¬
ral, and that of the pope in particular, to more advan¬
tage. The Proteftants have owned this fufficiently :
for, during the fpace of 50 years, there was fcarcely
any confiderable divine among them who did not fix
upon this author for the fubjeft of his books of con-
troverfy. Notwithftanding the zeal with which this-
Jefuit maintained the power of the-pope over the tem¬
porality of kings, he difpleafed Sixtus V. in his work
De Romano Pontifice, by not infilling that the power
which Jefus Chrift gave to his vicegerent was direft,
but only indirect; and had the mortification to fee it
put into the index of the inquifition, though it was
afterwards removed. He left, at his death, to the
Virgin Mary one half of his foul, and to Jefus Chrift
the other—Bellarmin is faid to have been a man o£
great chaftity and temperance, and remarkable for his.
patience. His ftature was low, and his mien very
indifferent; but the excellence' of his genius might be
difcovered from the traces of his countenance. He
i expreffed
BEL [U5] BEL
Eellatrb cxprelTed himfelf with great perfpxcuity ; and the words
II which he firft made ufe of to explain his thoughts were
IBellegarde. genera]iy fQ proper, thjt there appeared no rafure in his
writings.
BELLATRIX, in aftronomy, a ruddy glittering
flar of'the fecond magnitude, in the left fhoulderof O-
rion. It takes its name from helium, as being anciently
fuppofed to have a great influence in kindling wars,
and forming warriors. Its longitude, according to He-
velius, for the year 1700, was 16'’ 47' 20" ; and its la¬
titude fouthward 160 52' 11".
BELLCLARE, a town of Ireland, in the province
of Connaught, and county of Sligo. W. Long. 9. 5.
N. Lat. 53. 56.
BELLE, a town of the French Netherlands, feated
in E. Long. 2 40. N. Lat. 50. 45.
BELLEAU (Remi), a French poet, born at No-
gent le Rotrou, in the territory of Perche, and province
of Orleanois. He lived in the family of Renatus of
Lorrain, marquis of Elbeuf, general of the French gal¬
leys ; and attended him in his expedition into Italy, in
1557. This prince highly efleemed Belleau for his
courage ; and having alfo a high opinion of his genius
and abilities, entrufted him with the education of his
fon Charles of Lorrain. Belleau w?s one of the feven
poets of his time who were denominated the French
Pleiades. He wrote feveral pieces; and tranflated the
odes of Anacreon into the French language, but in this
he is thought not to have preferved all the natural beau¬
ties of the original. His palloral pieces are in greatdl
efteem. His verfes in that way (according to his eu-
logifts) are exprefled with fuch beauty and fimplicity,
that they feem to be a living pi&ure of what they de-
fcribe. He alfo wrote an excellent poem on the na¬
ture and difference of precious {tones, which by fome
has been reputed his bell performance. Belleau died
at Paris, in the family of the duke d’Elbeuf, on the
6th of March, 1577. He was interred in the church
De Peres Auguflines, near the Pont-neuf: feveral eu-
logiums were made to his memory.
BELLEFOREST (Francis de), a French author,
born in the province of Guienne, in 1530. He was
but feven years of age when he loft his father; and his
nfother was left in poor circumftances, but flie contri¬
buted all in her power to his education. He was fup-
ported fome years by the queen of Navarre, After to
Francis I. Some time after he went to ftudy at Bour-
deaux ; thence he removed to Touloufe; and at laft
to Paris, where he got acquainted with feveral men of
learning, and was honoured with the friendftrip of many
perfons of quality. He wrote, 1. A hiltory of the
nine Charles’s of France ; 2. Annotations on the books
of St Auguftin ; 3. An univerfal hiftory of the world;
4. The chronicles of NicholasGillet,augmented; 5. An
univerfal cofmography ; 6. Annals, or a general hi¬
ftory of France : and many other works. In fhort, he
fupported his family by writing books on whatever
fubjeft was propofed to him by the bookfellers, ac¬
cording to the tafte of the public. He died in 1583.
BELLEGARDE, -a ftrong town of France in
Rouiillon, on the frontiers of Catalonia. It is an im¬
portant place on account of its being a paflage to the
Pyrenean mountains. E. Long. 3. 0. N. Lat. 42. 20.
Bellegar.de, a town of Burgundy in France, with
the title of a duchy. It is feated on the river Saoffe, Belie
in E. Long. 4. o. N. Lat. 46. 57,
BELLEISLE, an iflandof France, on the coaft of
Brittany. It is the largeft of all the European iflands
belonging to the French king, being between 12 and
13 leagues in circumference. It is a mixture of craggy
rocks and fertile foil; but the inhabitants are very poor,
and the only trade carried on in it is the curing of pil¬
chards. There are three harbours in the ifland, viz.
Palais, Sauzon, and Goulford ; every one of which la¬
bours under fome capital defedl, either in being expo-
fed', (hallow or dangerous in the entrance. It con¬
tains only one little city called Le Palais, three county
towns, 103 villages, and about 5000 inhabitants. The
ifland originally belonged to the earl of Cornouaille ;
but was afterwards yielded to the king, who in 1742
ere&ed it into a duchy, in favours of marftial Belleifle.
The town of Palais takes its name from a caftle be¬
longing to the duke de Belleifle, which flood in its
neigbourhood ; but was afterwards converted into a
citadel fronting the fea, and ftrongly fortified. Its for¬
tifications arc compofed principally of hornworks; and
it is provided with two dry ditches, the one next the
counterfcarp, and the other fo contrived as to fecure the
interior fortifications. This citadel is divided from the
largeft part of the town by an inlet of the fea, over
which tlxere is a bridge of communication. From the
other part of the town, and which is moft inhabited,
it is only divided by its own fortifications and a glacis.
In this Hate was the ifland in 1761, when an expedi¬
tion was undertaken againft it by a Britifh fleet under
the command of commodore Keppel, having on board
a confiderable land force commanded by general Hodg-
fon. The fleet failed from Spithead on the 29th of
March, and arrived before Belleifle on the 7th of April.
The next day it was agreed to attempt a landing on the
fouth-eaft part of the ifland, in a iandy bay, near Loch-
mana point. Here the enemy were in pofiefiion of a
little fort; they had moreover entrenched themfelves
on a hill exceihvely deep, the foot of which was fcar-
ped away. The attempt was made in three places with
great refolution ; but the Britifli were at laft repulfed
with the lofs of 500 men. It was not before the 25th
of April that the weather allowed a fecond attempt.
This was made on a very ftrong place, where the enemy
were rather lefs attentive, on account of the exceflive
fteepnefs and difficulty of climbing up the rocks. Be-
fides the principal attack, two feints were made at the
fame time to diilradt the enemy, whilft the men of war
directed their fire with great fuccefs on the hills, Thefe
manoeuvres gave brigadier-general Lambert, with an
handful of men, an opportunity of -climbing up a very
deep rock without moleftation. This little body formed
themfelves in good order without delay, and were im¬
mediately attacked by 300 French. The Britilh, how¬
ever, fuftained this attack until the whole corps of bri¬
gadier Lambert, which had now likewife afeended,
came to their affillance, with whofe help they repulfed
the enemy. The landing of all the forces being foon
after made good, the French were driven into the town
ot Palais. Here the chevalier de St Croix who com¬
manded them, a brave and experienced officer, refolved
to hold out to the laft extremity ; and it was not till
the 7th of June that he capitulated, and the garrifon
U 2 marched
EEL f 156 1 BEL
Belkifle, marched out with the honours of war. The ifland,
Beiknden. hovyever was reftored to the French by the treaty con*
v eluded in 1763.
Belueisle, an ifland of North America, lying at
the mouth of the llrait between the country of the
Efquimaux, or New Britain, and the north end of
Newfoundland ; whence the flraits take alfo the name
of Bplleijle. W. Long. 58. 5. N. Lat. 51. 50.
BELLENDEN, or Ballantine, (William), a
Scotch writer who flourhhed in the beginning of the
17th century, was profeffor of humanity or belles-lettres
at Edinburgh, and mailer of the requeits to James I. of
England. But the former is fuppofedd:o have been only
nominal, or early given up, and the latter alfo to have
confided in the name only, fince he appears to have re-
fided ahnoft conilantly at Paris, where by the favour of
his fovereign he was enabled to live in eafy circumftances.
There he publiihed, in 1608, his Cicero princeps, a fin*
gular work; in which he extracted, from Cicero’s
writings detached paifages, and comprifed them into
one regular body, containing the rules of monarchical
government, with the line of condudt to be purfued,
and the virtues proper to be encouraged, by the Prince
himfelf: And the treatife, when finiihed, he dedicated
from a principle of patriotifm and gratitude, to the
fon of his matter, Henry, then Prince of Wales. Four
years afterwards, namely, in 1612, he proceeded to
publifit another work of a fimilar nature, which he
called Cicero Ccnfi/l, Senator Senatufque Romanus, in
which he treated, with much perfpicuity, and a fund
of folid information, on the nature of the Confular
office, and the cpnftitution of the Roman Senate.
Finding thefe works received, as they deferved, with
the unanimous approbation of the learned, he con¬
ceived the plan of a third work, De Statu prifei Orbis,
which was to contain a hiftory of the progrefs of go¬
vernment and philofophy, from the times, before the
flood to their various degrees of improvement under
the Hebrews, Greeks, and Romans. He proceeded
fo far as to print a fey? copies of this work, in the year
1615, when it feems to have been fuggeited that his
treatifes, De Statu Principis, De Statu Rcipubliccey
and De Statu Orbis, being on fubjefls fo nearly refem-
bling each other, there might be a propriety in uniting
them into one work, by republifiling the two former,
and intitling the whole Bellendemis de Statu. With
this view, he recalled the few copies of his lall work
that wri abroad,' and after a delay of fome months,
puhlithcd the three treatifes together, under their new
title, fn 1616. Thefe pieces have been lately reprinted
by an ingenious political editor, who has thought pro¬
per to inferibe them to Mr Burke, Lord North, and
Mr Fox, whofe refpeftive portraits are prefixed to each
, dedication^ and whofe talents and virtues he celebrates
and defends in a preface of 76 pages, containing a ve¬
ry free and bold difculfion of our public men and mea-
fures in very claffical language, and a ftrong and fatiri-
cal reprefentation, under borrowed names of antiquity,
of the chiefs of the other party, or the prefent miniitry.
Bellenden wrote another work, publiflied after his
death, De tribus Luminibus Romamrwtt, whom he
conceives to be Cicero, Seneca, and the elder Pliny.
The editor gives an account of this work, from whence
he took his idea of drawing his characters of the three
luminaries of Great Britain. He marks the proficien¬
cy in Greek and Roman literature which once diftin- Bvl!era»
guifhed the Scotch, before the civil diflentions drove j^g’' '
their brighteft geniufes abroad, and celebrates the ar- LtUreSi
dour for philofophy and literature fo prevalent in North —-v——
Britain at prefent. Dr Middleton has been charged
with borrowing not only the matter, but the arrange¬
ment, of his “ Life of Cicero,” from Bellenden,
without the lead, acknowledgment, and the editor
Confelfes himfelf of this opinion. It is furprifing how
little is known of Beilenden or his writings; con¬
cerning his lineage, birth, private life, and death, no
notices have been tranfmitted even by tradition. 1
BELLEROPHON, in fabulous hiftory, the fon of
Glaucus king of Epirus, happening accidentally to kill
his brother fled to Prcetus king of Aargos, who gave
him a hofpitable reception : but Sthenobea, his queen,
falling in love with the beautiful ftranger, and finding
that nothing could induce him to injure his henefattor,
fine accufed him to her hjifband of an attempt to violate
her honour* Proetus, however, not being willing to
aCt contrary to the laws of hofpitalitv, fent him to lo-
bates king of Lyfia, and the father of Sthenobea, wfith
letters defiring him to put him to death : whence the
proverb BelJeropbcntis iiteras afferet, equivalent to Li¬
ter se Ur’te. That prince, at the receipt of thefe letters,
was celebrating a feflivalof nine days, which prevented
Belierophon’s deftrudion. lobates, however, fent him
in the meantime to fubdue the Solymi, the Amazons,
and Lyfians, and thought to get rid of him by expo-
fing him to the greateft dangers; but by his prudence
and courage he came off viritoriousi. lobates next em¬
ployed him to deftroy the Chimrera ; when Minerva, or,
according to others, Neptune, in confideration of his
innocence, furnifhed him with the horfe Pegafus, by
whofe affiftance he killed the Chimaera. lobates, on his.
return, being convinced of his truth and integrity, and
charmed with his heroic virtues, gave him his daughter
Philorioe in marriage, and declared him his fucceffor ;
which when bthenobea heard, fhe killed herfelf. Bel-
lerophon at length growing vain with his profperity,
refolved, by the affiftance of Pegafus, to afeend the
fhies ; when Jupiter checked his prefumption, by flri-
king him blind in his flight ; on which he fell down to
the earth, and wandered till his death in contempt and
mifery: but Pegafus mounting into heaven, Jupiter
placed him among the conflellations.
BELLES lettres. Whether we confult the vo¬
luminous didtionaries of the French language, or
thofe treatifes that profefs to point out the method of
ftudying and teaching the belles lettres, we find not, in
the one or the other, either a clear definition, or a fuc-
cindf explication of the words belles lettres, nor any
fummary of thofe fciences which are comprehended un¬
der that general and colle&ive denomination. It ap¬
pears to be a vague term, under which every one may
include whatever he thinks, proper. Sometimes we
are told that by the belles lettres is meant, the know¬
ledge of the arts of poetry and oratory ; fometimes.
that the true belles lettres are natural philofophy, geo¬
metry, and other effential parts of learning ; and fome-
times, that they comprehend the art of war, by land
and fea : in fhort, they are made to include all that we
know, and whatever we pleafe ; fo that, in treating on
the belles lettres, they talk of the ufe of the facra- #
ments. See. * Some comprehend under the term, all^
thofe Littees.
BEL [ >57 1
; thofe inftruftive and pleafing fciences which occupy the his Ikill
memory and the judgment, and do not make part ei- a profefforfhip in that fcience. This prince was often
BEL
anatomy, that the grand duke procured him Btfhnzona,
ther of the fuperior fciences, of the polite arts f, or of prefent at his le&ures, and was highly fatisfied with
. mechanic profeffions: hence they make hitlory, chro¬
nology, geography, genealogy, blazonry, philology,
&c. the belles lettres. In a word, it were an endltfs
talk to attempt to enumerate all the parts of literature
which different learned men have comprehended under
this title. Nor would it be of any ufe to -the reader
for us to pretend to fix the true import of the
term. Whatever arts or fciences it may be fuppofed
to include, they are feverally explained in the courfe
of this work.
BELLE-ville, a town of the Beaujolois in France,
feated near the river Saone, in E. Long. 4. 46. N- Lat.
45* 5-
BELLEVOIS, painter of fea-pieces, is known
through all parts of Europe as a good painter, though
no particulars have been handed down concerning his
life. He died in 1684. His fubjects are wews of ha¬
vens, fea-ports, fhores, calms, and Itorms at fea; but
in his "calms he fhows his peculiar excellence. Piclures
of this maftey are often in public fales; and fome of
them, which ftem of his bell ftyle, are fold for a tole¬
rable price.
BELLEY, or Bellay, a town of France, with a
b'fhop’s fee, and capital of Bujey. It is feated near the
river Rhone, in F. Long. 5. 50. N. Lat. 45. 43.
BELLINGHAM, a town of Northumberland in
England. W. Long 2. 10. N. Lat. 55. 10.
BELLINI (Gentil), a Venetian painter, born in
his abilities and performances. Bellini, after having
held his profefforfhip almoft 30 years, accepted of an
invitation to Florence, when he was about 50 jears of
age. Here he pra&ifed phyfic with great fuccefs, and
was advanced to be firfl phyfician to the grand'duke
Cofmus III. He wrote the following books in La¬
tin: 1. An anatomical difeourfe on the ftrudlure and
ufe of the kidneys. 2. A fpeech by way of thanks
to the ferene duke of Tufcany. 3. Some anatomical
obfervations, and a propofition in mechanics. '4. Of
the urine and pulfe, of blood-letting, fevers, and dif-
eafes of the head and breads, 5. Several trafts con¬
cerning urine, the motion of the heart, and bile, &c. He
died January 8th, 1703, being 60 years of age. His
works were read and explained publicly during his life,
by the famous Scotch phyfician Dr Pitcairn, profeffor
of phyfic in Leyden.
BELLINZONA, a town of Italy, in the Milanefe,
and one of the bailiwicks which the Swifs poffefs in
that country. It is feated on the river Jefirio, five milea
abpve the place where it falls into the Lago Maggiore,
and it is fortified with two ftrong caftles formerly joined
together by a wall flanked with towers; but the Swifs
have demolifhed a part of the fortifications. E. Long.
9. o. N. Lat. 46. 8.
BELLIS, the daisy: A genus of the fyngenefia
order, belonging to the polygamia fuperflua clafs.of
plants; and in the natural method ranking under the
the year 1421. Fie was employed by the republic of 49th order, Compofita-difcoides. The receptacle is na¬
ked and conic ; there is no pappus 1 the calyx is he-
mifpherical, with equal feales ; and the feeds are o-
vated.
Species, See. 1. The perennis, with a naked ftalk,
having one,flower^ This is the common daify, which
g ows naturally’in pafture-lands in moil parts of Eu¬
rope. It is often a troublefome weed in the grafs of
gardens, fo is never cultivated. Its leaves have a fub-
tile fabacid tafle.; and are recommended as vulneraries,
and in aflhmas and he&ic fevers, as well as in fuch dif-
orders as are occafioned by drinking cold liquors when
the body h?s been much heated. Ludovici prefers this
plant to thofe commonly ufed as antifcorbutics and re-
folvents of coagulated blood in hypochondriacal difor-
Venice, and to him. and his brother the Venetians are
indebted for the noble works which are to be feen in
the council-hall. We are told that Mahomet II. em¬
peror of the Turks, having feen feme of his perform¬
ances, was fo ftruck with them, that he wrote to the
republic, intreating them to fend him. The painter
accordingly went to Confiantinople, where he did many
excellent pieces. Amongft the red, he painted the de¬
collation of St John the Baptift, whom the Turks re¬
vere as a great prophet. Mahomet admired the pro¬
portion and fhadowing of the work ; but he remarked
one 4efe& in regard to the fkin of the neck, from
which the head was feparated; and in order to prove
the truth of his obfervation, he fent for a Have and >
dered his head to be ftruck off. This fight fo ihocked ders. 2. The annua, with leaves on the lower part of
the painter, that he could not be eafy till he had ob.
tained his difmiffion ; which the Grand Signior grant¬
ed, and made him a prefent of a gold chain. The re¬
public fettled a penlion upon him at his return, and
made him a knight of St Mark. He died in 1501, in
the 80th year of his age.
John Bellini, his brother, painted with more art and
fweetnefs than he; and died in 1512, aged 90.
Bellini (Laurence), an eminent phyfician, bom
at Florence in the year 1643. After having tinifined
hia ftudies in polite literature, he went to Pifa, where
he was affifted by the generofity of the grand duke Fer¬
dinand II. and ftudied under two of the moft learned
men of that age, Oliva and Borelli. Oliva inllrufted
him in natural philofophy, and Borelli taught him ma-
the ftalk, is a low annual plant growing naturally on
the Alps and the hilly parts of Italy. It feldom rifes
more than three inches high; and hath an upright ftalk
garnifhed with leaves on the lower part: but the upper
part is naked, fuppprting a fingle flower like that of
the common daily, but fmaller. 3. The hertenfis, or
garden daify, with a large double flower. This is ge¬
nerally thought to be only a variety of the common,
daify; but Mr Miller allures us, that he was never able
to improve the common daify by culture, or to make
the garden daify degenerate into the common fort ‘for
want of it. The varieties of this fpecies cultivated in
gardens are, the red and white garden daify; the double
variegated garden daify; the childing, or hen and chic¬
ken garden daify: and the cock’s-comb daify with red
thematics. At 20 years of age, he was chofen profef- and white flowers. The garden dailies flower in April
for of philofophy at PTa, but did not continue long in and May, when they make a pretty variety, being in-
this office; for he had acquired fuch a reputation for termixed withplants of the fame growth : they ffiould
kc
BEL [ 158 ] BEL
be planter! in a fhady border, and a loamy foil without antiquary and eonnoiffeur in the polite arts : Author
dung, in which they may be preferved without varying, of the lives of the modern painters, architects, and , Bc;ho\
provided the roots are parted and tranfplanted every fculptors, and of other works on antiquities and me-
autumn. This is all the culture they require, except dais. He died in 1696.
keeping them free from rveeds. Formerly they were BELLOVACI (anc. geog.), a people of Gallia '
^planted as edgings to borders; but for this purpofe they Belgica, reckoned the braved of the Belgae ; now the
are improper, becaufe whefe. fully expofed to the fun, Btauvafu, in the ifle of France.
they frequently die in large patches, whereby the ed- BELLOWS, a machine fo contrived as to exfpire
gings become bald in many places. and infpire the air by turns, by enlarging and con-
Bf.ij.is Major. See Chr.ysant.H'BTMTjm. trading its capacity. This machine is ufed in cham-
BELI.ON, a didemper common in countries where b.rs and kitchens, in forges, furnaces, and founderies,
they fmelt lead-ore. It is attended with languor, in- -to blow Up the fire : it ferves alfo for organs and other
tolerable pains and fenfations of gripings in the belly, pneumatic indruments, to give them a proper degree
and generally codivenefs.—Beads, poultry, &c. as well of air. All thefe are of various condruttions, according
as men, are fubfedt to. this diforder: hence a certain to their different purpofes ; but in general they are
fpace round the fmelting-houfes is called betlon-ground, compofed of two flat boards, fometimes of an oval,
becaufe it is dangerous for an animal to feed upon it. fometimes of a triangular figure : Two or more hoops,
BELLONA, in Pagan mythology, the goddefs of bent according to the figure of the boards, are placed
war, is generally reckoned the fifler of Mars, and fome between them; a piece of leather, broad in the middle,
reprefent her as both his fider and wife. She is faid to and narrow at both ends, is nailed on the edges of
have been the inventrefs of the needle ; and from that the boards, which it thus unites together ; as alfo on
indrument is fuppofed to have taken her name the hoops which feparate the boards, that the leather
fignifying a needle. This goddefs was of a cruel and may the eafier open and fold again: a tube of iron,
favage difpofition, delighting in bloodflied and flaugh- brafs, or copper, is fadened to the undermod board,
ter ; and was not only the attendant of Mars, but took and there is a valve within, that covers the holes in the
apleafure in firaring his dangers. She is commonly re- underboard to keep in the air.
prefented in an attitude expreffive of fury and didrac- Anacharfis the Scythian is recorded as the inventor
tion, her hair compofed of fnakes clotted with gore, and of bellows. The adtion of bellows bears a near affinity
her garments dained with blood: fhe is generally depic- to that of the lungs ; and what we call blowing in the
•tured driving the chariot of Mars, with a bloody whip latter, affords a good illndration of what is called re¬
in her hand ; but fometimes die is drawn holding a fairing in the former. Animal life itfelf may on fome
lighted torch or brand, and at others a trumpet. Bel- occafions be fubfided by blowing into the lungs with
lonaffiad a temple at Rome, near the Circus Flaminius, a pair of bellows. Dr Hooke’s experiment to this effedl
before which flood the column of war, from whence is famous: having laid the thorax of a dog bare, by
the conful threw his- lance when he declared war. cutting away the ribs and diaphragm, pericardium, &c.
She was alfo worffiipped at Comana, in Cappadocia ; and having cut off the afpera arteriabelow the epiglot-
and Camden obferves, that in the time of the emperor . tis, and bound it on the nofe ot a bellows, he found,
Severus, there was a temple of Bellona in the city of that as he blowed, the dog recovered, and as he ceafed,
York. fell convulfive ; and thus was the animal kept alter-
BELLONARII, in antiquity, priefls of Bellona, nately alive and dead above the fpace of an hour,
the goddefs of wars and battles. The bellonarii cut There are bellows made wholly of wood, without any
and mangled their bodies with knives and daggers in a leather about them ; one of which is preferved in the
cruel manner, to pacify the deity. In this they are repofitory of the Royal Society; and Dr Plot deferibes
Angular, that they offered their own blood, not that of another in the copper-works at Elladon in Staffordfliire.
other creatures, in facrifice. In the fury and enthu- Ant. della Fruta contrived a fubflitute for bellows, to
fiafm wherewith they were feized on thefe occafions, fpare the expence thereof in the fufion of metals. This
they ran about raging, uttering prophecies, and fore- is called by Kircher camera cedi a, and in England
telling blood and daughter, devadations of cities, revo- commonly the water-bellows ; where water falling thro’
lutions of dates, and the like: whence Martial calls a funnel into a clofe veffel, fends from it fo much air
them turba entheata Bellonx. In after-times, they continually as blows the fire. See the article Fux-
feem to have abated much of-their zeal and tranfport, nace, where different blowing machines of this kind
and to have turned the whole into a kind of farce, con- are defcribed.
tenting themfelves with maEing figns and appearances Smiths and founders bellows, whether Angle or
of cutting and wounds. Lampridius tells us, the em- double, are wrought by means of a rocker, with a
peror Commodus, out of a fpirit of cruelty, turned the firing or chain fadened thereto, which the workman
farce again into a tragedy, obliging them to cut and pulls. The bellow’s pipe is fitted into that of the
mangle their bodies really. tewel. Gne of the. boards is fixed, fo as not to play
BELLONIA (fo named from the famous Petrus at all. By drawing down the handle of the rocker,
Bellonius, who left many valuable trails on natural tire moveable board rifes, and by means of a weight
hidory, &c.), a genus of the monogynia order, belong- on the top of the upper board, finks again. The
ing to the pentandria clafs of plants. Of this genus bellows of forges and furnaces of mines ufually re-
there is only one fpecies known, wiz. the afpera, with ceive their motion, from the wheels of a water-mill,
a rough balm leaf. This is very common in the warm Others, as the bellows of enamellers, are wrought by
iflands of America. means of onetrr more fleps or treddles under the work-
BELLORI (John Peter), of Rome; a celebrated man’s feet. Laflly, the bellows of organs are wrought
by
B E L [
by a man called the blcwer; and in fmall organs by the
foot of the player. Butchers have alfo a kind of blaft
or bellows of a peculiar make, by which they bloat or
blow up their meat when killed, in order to piecing or
parting it the better.
Bone-BFiLorrs, fva-nhpfc ofMvoi, occur in Herodotus
for thofe applied by the Scythians to the genitals
of mares, in order to diftend the uterus, and by this
comprelfion make them yield a greater quantity of
milk.
HeJJian Bellows are a contrivance for driving air
into a mine for the refpiration of the miners. This
M. Papin improved, changing its cylindrical form in¬
to a fpiral one ; and with this, working itonly with
his foot, he could make a wind to raife two pound
weight.
Hydroftatic Bellows. See Hydrostatics.
BELLUNESE, a territory of Italy, belonging to
the Venetians. It lies between Friuli, Codorino, Fel-
trino, the bilhopric of Trent and Tirol. It has good
iron mines, but the only confiderable place is Belluno.
BELLUNO, a town of Italy, in the Venetian ter¬
ritories, and capital of the Bellunefe. It is a bilhop’s
fee; and is fituated among the Alps, on the river Piave,
between the towns Cadora and Trevigni, in E. Long.
12. i j. N. Lat. 46. 9.
BELLY, in anatomy, the fame with what is more
ufually called abdomen. See Anatomy, Part III.
BELMONTE, a town of Italy, in the hither Ca¬
labria, and kingdom of Naples. It is fituated on the
coaft of the Tufcan fea, in E. Long. 16. 50. N. Lat.
39. 20.
BELOMANCY; Belomantia, akind of divina¬
tion' by means of arrows., pradlifed in the eaft, but
chiefly among the Arabians. The word is of Greek
origin ; compounded of fa*-0! arrow, and ^avT-sia divi¬
nation.
Belomancy has been performed in different manners.
One was to mark a parcel of arrows, and put 11 or
more of them into a bag: thei'e were afterwards drawn
out; and according as they were marked or not, they
judged of future events.
Another way was to have three arrows, upon one
of which was wrote, “ God orders it me upon a-
nother, “ God forbids it meand upon the third
nothing at all; Thefe were put into a quiver, out
of which they drew one of the three at random ; if it
happened to be that with the firft infeription, the thing
they confulted about was to be done : if it chanced to
be that with the fecond infeription, it was let alone t but
if it proved that without infeription, they drew over
again.
Belomancy is an acient practice, and probably that
which Ezekiel mentions, chap. xxi. 21. At leaft St Je¬
rome underftands it fo, and obferves that the praftice
was frequent among the Affyrians and Babylonians.
Something like it is alfo mentioned in Hofea, chap. iv.
only that flaves are there mentioned inftead of arrows,
v’hich is rather rhabdomancy than belomancy. Gro-
tius, as well as Jerome, confounds the two together,
and {hows that it prevailed much among the Magi,
Chaldeans, and Scythians; whence it paffed to the Scla-
vonians, and thence to the Germans, whom Tacitus
obferves to make ufe of it.
BELON (Peter), of Le Mans, the capital of Le
159 ] BE L-
Maine a province of France, flourifhed about the mid¬
dle of the 16th century. He publilhed feveral books
in Latin. He wrote, in French, of birds, beafls, ,
filhes, ferpents, and the negle&ed culture of plants;
and a book of Travels, or obfervations. of many fingu-
laiities and memorable things found in Greece, Afiar
Judaea, Egypt, Arabia, and other foreign countries.
He w'as murdered near Paris by one of his enemies, in
I564* . ..
BELONE, in ichthyology, the trivial name of a
fpecies of efox. See Esox.
BELSHAZZAR, the lafl king of Babylon, gene¬
rally fuppofed to be the fon of Evil-merodach, and
grandfon to the great Nebuchadnezzar.— During the
time that Babylon was befieged by Cyrus, Bellhazzar
made an entertainment for a thoufand of his moll emi¬
nent courtiers (Dan. v. 1, &c.); and being heated w’itfo
wine, ordered that the veflels of gold and lilver which
his grandfather Nebuchadnezzar had taken out of the
temple at Jerufalem might be brought to the banquet¬
ing-houfe, that he and his princes, together with his
waves and concubines, might drink out of them, which,
accordingly was done ; and to add to their profanenefs,
in the midft of their cups, they fang fongs in praife of
their feveral idols. But it was not long before a damp-
was put to the king’s mirth, by an hand appearing
upon the wall, which in three words wrote the fentence-
of his condemnation. The king faw: the hand that
wrote ; and, being exceedingly affrighted, commanded
all his wife men, magicians, and aftrologers, to be im¬
mediately called, that they might read the writing,
and explain its meaning. When they came, the king
promifed, that whoever fhould expound this writing
fhould be made the third perfon of his kingdom in place
and power. But the Magi could comprehend nothing
of this writing ; which increafed the diforder and un-
eafinefs that the king'was in, together with his whole-
court: whereupon, at the inffance of the queen-mo¬
ther, Daniel was fent for. The king made him the
fame offer of honours and prefents that he had done to
his own magicians if he would explain the waiting.
Daniel modeftly refufed thofe offers:. but having un¬
dertaken to perform what he required of him, he firlt
reproved the king with great freedom for his ingrati¬
tude to God, who had advanced him to the rank of a
fovereign, and for the profanation of the veflels which
were confecrated to his fervice ; and then proceeded to
the interpretation of the words, which were thefe,.
Mens, Tekel, Upharjin. Mene, fays he, which figni-
fies number, intimates, that the days both of your life
and reign are numbered, or that you have but a fhort
time to live ; Tekel, which fignifies weight, intimates,
that you have been weighed in the balance of God’s
juftice, and found too light; and Upharjin (or Peres,
as Daniel has it, and means the fame thing), which
fignifies a fragment, intimates, that your kingdom fhali
be divided and given to the Medes and Perfians. Which,
accordingly came to pafs : for that very night, in the
midfl of their feafting and revelling, the city was taken
by furprife, Belfhazzar flain, and the kingdom tranfla-
ted to Cyaxares, whom the Scripture calls Darius the
Mede. See Babylon.
BELT, the Great, a famous ftrait of Denmark be¬
tween the ifland of Zeeland and that of Tunen, at the
entrance of the Baltic Sea. It is not however fo com¬
modious.
BEL [ 160
modioUS, nor fo much frequented, as the Sound. In 1658
the whole (trait was frozen fo hard, that Charles Gufta-
\ vus king of Sweden matched over it with a defign to
take Copenhagen. .
Belt, the I.effer, lies to the weft of the Great Belt,
between the ifland of Funen and the coaft of Jutland.
It is one of the paffages from the German Ocean to the
Baltic, though not three miles in breadth, and very
crooked.
Belt, Baltheus, properly denotes a kind of military
girdle, ufually of leather, wherewith the fword or other
weapons are fuftained.—Belts are known among the
ancient'and middle-age writers by divers names, as
zona, cingulum, reminicutum, ritica or ringa, and
baldrellus. The belt was an elfential piece of the an¬
cient armour ; infomuch that we fometimes find it ufed
to denote the whole armour. In later ages, the belt
was given to a per fop when he was railed to knight¬
hood; whence it has alfo been ufed as a badge or mark
of the knightly order.
The denomination belt is alfo applied to a fort of
bandages in ufe among furgeons, &c. Thus we meet
with quickfilver belts, ufed for the itch ; ■ belts for
keeping the belly light, and difcharging the water in
the operation of tapping, &c.
Belt is alfo a frequent difeafe in (lieep, cured by
cutting their tails off, and laying the fore bare ; then
calling mould on it, and applying tar and goofe
greafe.
Belts, in aftronomy, tyjo zones or girdles fur¬
rounding the body of the planet of Jupiter. See A-
STRONOMY.
Belts, in geography, certain ftraits between the
German Ocean and the Baltic. The belts belong to
the king of Denmark, who exafts a toll from all (hips
which pafs through them, excepting thofe of Sweden,
which are exempted.
BEL-tein, a fuperftitious enftom obferved inthe
Highlands of Scotland. It is a kind of rural facrifice,
performed by the herdfmen of every village on the firft
of May. They cut a fquare trench on the ground,
leaving a turf in the middle : on that they make a fire
of wood, on which they drefs a large caudle of eggs,
butter, oatmeal, and milk ; and bring, befides the in¬
gredients of the caudle, plenty of beer and whifky; for
each of the company muft contribute fomething. The
rites begin with fpilling fome of the caudle on the
ground, by way of libation : on that, every one takes
a cake of oatmeal, upon which are raifed nine fquare
knobs, each dedicated to fome particular being, the
fuppofed preferver of their flocks and herds, or to fome
particular animal, the real deftroyer of them : each
perfon then turns his face to the fire, breaks off a knob,
and flinging k over his (houlder, fays, This I give to
thee, preferve thou my horfes ; this to thee, prefet've thou
my Jheep ; and fo on. After that, they ufe the fame
ceremony to the noxious animal: This I give to thee,
0 fox!/pare thou my lambs; this to thee, 0 hooded croon!
this to thee, 0 eagle l When the ceremony is over, they
dine on the caudle; and after the feaft is finifhed, what
is left is hid by two perfons deputed for that purpofe ;
but on the next Sunday they re-affemble and finilh the
reliques of the firft entertainment.
BELTURBET, a town of Ireland in the county
N° 44- 5
] BEL
of Cavan, and province of Ulfter, fituated on the river
Earn, in W. Long. 7. 35. N. Lat. 54. 7.
BELTZ, or Belz-o, a province of Red Rnffia iff ^
Poland, bounded by Leopold on the fouth, by Chelm
on the north, Little Poland on the eail, and Vplhynia
on the weft. Its capital town is Beltz.
Beltz, or Beho, a town of Poland, and capital of
the province of the fame nahsc, feated on the confines
of Upper Volhynia, among"marihes, in E. Long. 25.
ty. N. Lat. Jo. J.
■ BELVEDERE, in the Italian architetture, &c.
denotes either a pavilion on the top of a building, or an
artificial eminence in a garden ; the word literally fig-
nifyinga fine profpeft.
Belvedere, a confiderable town of Greece, and ca¬
pital of a province of the fame name in the Morea.
The province lies on the weftern coaft: it is the mod
fertile and rich in all the Morea; and from it the reafins
called Belvederes take their name. The town is fituated
in E. Long. 22. o. N. Lat. 38. 5.
BELVIDERE, in botany. SeeChenopodjum.
BELUNUM, (anc. geog.), a town of Rhatia, a-
bove" Feltria, in the territory of the Veneti; now Bel-
luno, capital of the Bellunefe in the territory of Venice.
See Belluxo. ’
BELUS, (anc. gCog.), a fmall river of Galilee, at
the diftance of two ttadia from Ptolemais, running from
the foot of Mount Carmel out of the lake Cendevia.
Near this place, according to Jofephus, was a round
hollow or valley, where was a kind of fand fit for ma¬
king glafs ; which, though exported in great quanti¬
ties, was found to be inexhauftible. Strabo fays, the
whole of the coaft from Tyre to Ptolemais has a fand
fit for making glafs; but that the fand of the rivulet
Belus and its neighbourhood is a better fortand
here, according to Pliny, the making of glafs was firft
difeovered.
BEMA, in antiquity, denotes a ftep or pace. The
bema made a kind of itinerary meafure among the
Greeks, the length of which was equivalent to one cubit
and two thirds, or to ten palms. Whence alfo the term
bemati&ein, /?»..£*?«?«*, to rneafure a road.
Bema, in ecclefiaftical writers, denotes the altar or
far.rituary in the ancient churches. In which fenfe he'
ma made the third or innermoft part of the church,
anfwering to the chancel among us.
Bema was alfo ufed for the bilhop’s chair, feat, or
throne, placed in the fanftuary. It was called bema.
from the fteps by which it was to be afeended.
Bema was alfo ufed for the readers defk. This in
the Greek church was denominated in the
Latin church aitibo.
Bema is more peculiarly ufed for the Manichees al¬
tar, which was in a different place from that of the
Catholics.
Bema was alfo a denomination given by this fed! to
the anniverfary of the day when Manes was killed*
which with them was a folemn feaft . and day of rejoi¬
cing. One of the chief ceremonies of the feaft con¬
fided in fetting out and adorning their bema or altar
with great magnificence.
BEMBEA, a province of the kingdom of Angola
in Africa. It is divided into Higher and Lower; and
extends on one fide along the fea, and on the other di¬
vides
Bembo
n ii
: ■; Bench.
BEN [ i
vldes Angola from the foreign ftates on the fouth. The
country is large, populous, and abounding with cattle;
with the fat of which the inhabitants anoint their heads
and bodies, and clothe themfelves with their hides
coarfely dreffed. They are addicted to the fame idola¬
trous fuperftitions with the reft of the natives, but
fpeak a quite different language. The province is wa¬
tered by a river called Lutano, or San Francifco, which
abounds with crocodiles, fea-horfes, and monftrbus fer-
pents, that do a great deal of mifchief.
BEMBO (Peter), a noble Venetian, fecretary to
Leo X. and afterwards cardinal, was one of the belt
writers of the 16th century. He was a good poet both
in Italian and Latin ; but he is juftly cenfured for the
loofenefs and immodefty of fome of his poems. He pu-
blilhed, befides thefe, A Hiftory of Venice ; Letters ;
and a book in praife of the Duke and Duchefs of Ur-
bino. He died in 1547, in the yad year of his age.
BEMSTER, or Bemister, a town of Dorfetlhire
in England, feated on the river Bert, in W. Long. 3.
15. N. Lat. 50. 45.
BEN. See Behn.
Ben, in pharmacy, the name of an exotic purgative
fruit, of the fize and figure of a nut; whence it is alfo
called the len-nut, fometimes balanus myrepfica, orglans
unguent aria.
Naturalifts diftinguilh two kinds of bens; viz. the
great, ben magnum, which refembles the filbert, and
is by fome called avellana purgatrix, brought from A-
merica ; and the fmall, ben par vim, brought from E-
thiopia.
Ben-nuts yield, by expreffion, much oil, which,
from its property of not becoming rancid, at Icaft for
years, is ufed as a menftruum for the extraftion of the
odoriferous part of flowers of jefamin, violets, rofes,
hyacinths, lilies of the valley, tuberofes, jonquils,
clove julyflowers, and others, which like thefe yield
little or no effential oil by diftillation, but impart their
fragrance to expreffed oils. The method of impregna¬
ting oil of ben with the odour of flowers is this: Some
fine carded cotton is dipped in the oil, and put in the
bottom of a proper veffel. On this is fpread a thick layer
of frefh flowers, above which more cotton' dipt in oil
is placed ; and thus alternately flowers and cotton are
difpofed, till the veffel (which may be made of tin,
with a cover to be fcrewed on to it, or of porcelain) is
full. By digeftion during 24 hours in a water-bath, the
oil will receive the odour of the flowers.
BENARES. See Observatory.
BENAVARRI, a town of the kingdom of Arragon
in Spain, feated on the frontiers of Catalonia. E. Long,
o. 40. N. Lat. 41. 55.
BENAVENTO, a town of Spain, in the kingdom
of Leon, and Terra di Campos, with the title of a
duchy. It is feated on the river Ela, in W. Long.'y. o.
N. Lat. 42. 4.
BENAVIDUS, orBoNAvirus (Marcus Mantua),
a celebrated civilian, taught civil law with reputation,
during 60 years, at Padua the place of his birth ; and
died in 1582, aged 93. His principal works are,
1. Collefianea fuper Jus Ga-fareum. 2. Confrliorum,
tom. ii. 3. Problematum legalium. 4. De tllujlribus
Jurifconfultis, &c.
BENCH, or Banc, in law. See Banc.
Free-BENCH fignifies that eftate in copyhold-lands
Vol. III. Parti.
V
61 ] BEN
which the wife, being efpoufed a virgin, has, after the
deceafe of her hufband, for her dower, according to the
cuftom of the manor. As to this ffee-bench, feveral
manors have feveral cuftoms; and in the manors of Eaft
and Weft Enbourne, in the county of Berks, and other
parts of England, there is a cuftom, that when a copy-
hold tenant dies, the widow (hall have her free-bench
in all the deceafed hufband’s lands, whilft (he lives Angle
and chafte; but if five commits incontinency, ftie ftiall
forfeit her eftate : neverthelefs, upon her coming Into
the court of the manor, riding on a black ram, and
having his tail in her hand, and at the fame time re¬
peating a form of words prefcribed, the fteward is ob¬
liged, by the cuftom of the manor, to re-admit her to
her free-bench.
King's Bench, a court in which the king was for¬
merly accuftomed to fit in perfon, and on that account
was moved with the king’s houfehold. This was ori¬
ginally the only court in Weftminfter-hall, and from
this it is thought that the courts of common pleas and
exchequer were derived. As the king in perfon is ftili
prefumed in law to fit in this court, though only repre-
fented by his judges, it is faid to have fupreme autho¬
rity ; and the proceedings in it are fuppofed to be co~
ram nobis, that is, before the king. This court con-
fills of a lord chief juftice and three other juftices or
judges, who are invefted with a fovereign jurifdidlioa
over all matters whether of a criminal or public na¬
ture. The chief juftice has a falary of 5,5001. and the
other j udges 2,4001. each.
All crimes againft the public good, though they do
not injure any particular perfon, are under the cogni¬
zance of this court 5 and no private fubjedl can fuffer
any unlawful violence or injury againft his perfon, li¬
berty, or poffeffions, but a proper remedy is afforded
him here; not only for fatisfaftion of damages fuftained,
but for the punifhment of the offender; and wherever
this court meets with an offence contrary to the firft
principles of juftice, it may punilh it. It jfrequently
proceeds on indictments found before other courts, and
removed by certiorari into this. Perfons illegally com¬
mitted to prifon, though by the king and council, or
either of the houfes of parliament, may be bailed in it;
and in fome cafes even upon legal commitments.
Writs of mandamus are iffued by this court, for the re¬
ftpring of officers in corporations, &c. unjuftly turned
out, and freemen wrong/uily disfranchifed.
The court of King’s Bench is now divided into a
crown fide and plea fide; the one determining criminal,
and the other civil, caufes.
On the crown fide, or crown office, it takes cogni¬
zance of all criminal caufes, from high treafon down to
the moft trivial mifdemeanour or breach of the peace.
Into this court alfo indictments from all inferior courts
may be removed by writ of certiorari; and tried either
at bar, or at nijiprius, by a jury of the county out of
which the indictment is brought. The judges of this
court are the fupreme coroners of the kingdom. And
the court itfelf is the principal court of criminal jurif-
diction known to the laws of England. For which
reafon, by the coming of the Court of King’s Bench
into any county (as it was removed to Oxford on ac¬
count of the ficknefs in 1665), all former commiffions
of oyer and terminer, and general gaol-delivery', are at
once abforbed and determined ipfo facto: in the fame
X manner
BEN E ] BEN
Ecneher* mannef as, by the old Gothic and Saxon conftitutions,
„ yure vetufto obtinuit, quieviffe omnia inferior a judicia,
i... * , dicente jus rege. Into this Court of King’s Bench hath
reverted all that was good and falutary of the far-
vhamber.
On the plea fide, this court determines all perfonal
a&ions commenced by bill or writ; as a&ions of debt,
upon the cafe, detinue, trover, eje&ment, trefpafs,
wafte, &c. againtt any perfon in the cuftody of the
marfhal of the court, as every perfon fued here is fup-
poftd to be by law.
The officers on the crown fide are the clerk and fe-
condary of the Crown ; and on the fide of the pleas
there are two chief clerks or prothonotaries, and their
fecondary and deputy, the enftos brevium, two clerks
of the papers, the clerk of the declarations, the figner
and fealer of bills, the clerk of the rules, clerk of the
errors, and clerk of the bails; to which may be added
the filazers, the marihal of the court, and the crier.
Amicable Bench, See Amicable.
BENCHERS, in the inns of court, the fenior memr
fcers of the fociety, who are invefted with the govern¬
ment thereof.
BENCOOLEN, a fort and town of Afia, on the
fouth-weft coail of the ifland of Sumatra, belonging to
the Britifh. The, place is known at fea by a (lender
mountain called the Sugar Loaf which rifes about 20
miles inland. About a quarter of a mile from the fea
Hands an Indian village, whole honfes aie fniall and
low, and built on pods. The country about Ben-
coolen is mountainous and woody, and the air unwhole-
fome, the mountains being continually covered with
thick heavy clouds that produce lightning, thunder,
and rain. There is no beef to be had, except that of
buffaloes, which is not very palatable ; and indeed pro-
yifions of all kinds, except fruit, are pretty fcarce.
The chief trade is in pepper, of which great quantities
grow on the ifland. There are frequent bickerings be¬
twixt the natives and the fa&ory, to the no fmall in¬
jury of the Eaft-India Company. The factory was once
entirely deferred 5 and had not the natives found that
trade decreafed by reafon of their abfence, it is fcarce
probable that ever the Englifh would have been invited
there again. E. Long. iox. 5. S. Lat. 4. 5.
BEND, in heraldry, one of the nine honourable
ordinaries, containing a third part of the field when
charged, and a fifth when plain. It is fometimes, like
ether ordinaries, indented, ingrailed, See. and is either
dexter or finiffer. See Heraldry, n0 19, 20.
In Bend, is when any things, borne in arms, are
placed obliquely from the upper corner to the opp'ofite
lower, as the bend lies.
BENDER, atown of Beffarabia in European Turk y,
feated on the river Niefter, in E. Long. 29. 5. N. Lat.
•46.40. It is remarkable for ( being the place of re¬
treat of Charles XII. after he was defeated by the
Ruffians at the battle of Pultowa in 1709.
BENDERMASSEN, a town of the ifland of Bor¬
neo in Afia, and capital of a kingdom of the fame
same. It has a good harbour; and (lands in E. Long.
113.70. S. Lat. 2.40.
BENDIDA, in antiquity, a feftiVal, not unlike
the Bacchanalia,, celebrated by the Athenians in ho¬
nour of Diana.
BENDING, in a general fenfe, the reducing a
ftraight body into a curve, or giving it a crooked Bending
form. II
The bending of timber-boards, &c. is effe&ed by,
means of heat, whereby their fibres are fo relaxed that v
you may bend them into any figure.
Bending, in the fea-language, the1 tying two ropes
or cables together : thus they fay, bend the cable, that
is, make it fafl to the ring of the anchor; bend the
fail, make it fall to the yard.
BENDS, in a (hip* the fame with what is called
'wails, or stales; the outmoft timbers of a (hip’s £de*.
on which men fet their feet in climbing up. They are
reckoned from the water, and are called the firjl, fe-
cond^ or third bend. They are the chief (Irength of a
(hip’s,fides ; and have the beams, knees, and foot-hooks,
bolted to them.
BENDY, in heraldry, is the field divided into four,
fix, or more parts, diagonally, and varying in metal
and colour.—The general cuftom of England is to make
an even number; but in other countries they regard it
not, whether even or odd.
BENCAPED, among Tailors. A (hip is faid to be
'bencaped when the water dots not flow high enough to
bring her off the ground, out of the dock, or over th£
bar.
BENEDETTO (St), a confiderable town of the
Mantuan, in Italy, in E. Long. 11. 25. N. Lat. 45. O.
BENEDICITE, among ecdefiaftical writers, an
appellation given to the fong of the three children in
the fiery furnace, on account of its beginning with the
word benedicite.—The ufe of this fong in Chriftian
w or (hip is veiy ancient, it appearing to have been fung
in all the churches as early as St Chryfoflom’s time.
BENEDICT XIV. Pope, (Profper Lambertini of
Bologna), celebrated for his learning and moderation,
which gained him the efteem of all fenfible Proteftant?.
He was the patron of learned men and celebrated ar-
tifls ; and an elaborate writer, on theological fubjefits.
His works make 12 vols in folio. He died in 1758.
Benedict (St), the founder of the order of the Be-
nedi&in monks, was born in Italy, about the year 480.
He was fent to Rome when he was very young, and
there received the firff part of his education. At 14
years of age he was removed from thence to Sublaco,
about 40 miles diftant. Here he lived a mod afcetic
life, and (hut himfelf up in a cavern, where nobody
knew any thing of him except St Romanus, who, we
are told, ufed to defeend to him by a rope, and to
fupply him with provifions. But being afterwards dif-
covered by the monks of a neighbouring monaftery,.
they ehofe him for their abbot. Their manners, how¬
ever, not agreeing with thofe of Benedidt, he returned,
to his folitude; whither many perfons followed him,,
and put themfelves under his direction, fo that in a (liort.
time he built 12 monafteries. In the year 528, or the
following, he retired to fiiount Caffino, where idolatry
was ftill prevalent, there being a temple of Apollo e-
redled here. He inftrndted the people in the adjacent
country, and having converted them, he broke the
image of Apollo, and built two chapels on the moun¬
tain. Here he founded alfo a monaftery, and inftituted
the order of his name, which in time became fo fa¬
mous and extended over all Europe. It was here too
that he compofed his Regula Monachorum, which Gre¬
gory the Great fpeaks of as the moft fallible and beft:
written
A
BEN [ i
jnii Bcnedio written piece of that kind ever publiflied. Th&time of
*!) ■ his death is uncertain, but is placed between 540 and
|B: * 550. He was looked upon as the Elifha of his time;
and is reported to have wrought a great number of mi¬
racles, which are recorded in the fecond book of the
dialogues of St Gregory the Great.
Benedict, abbot of Peterborough, was educated
at Oxford, became a monk in the monaftery of Chrift’s
church in Canterbury, and fome time after was chofen
prior by the members of that fociety. Though he had
been a great admirer of Archbifhop Becket, and wrote
a life of that prelate, he was Co much efteemed by
Henry II. that by the influence of that prince he was
elefted abbot of Peterborough, A. D. 1 177. He af-
fifted at the coronation of Richard I. A.D. 1189; an<^
was advanced to be keeper of the great feal, A.D. 1 r 91.
But he did not long enjoy this high dignity, as he died
on Michaelmas day, A. D. 1193. Belides his Life o£^
Archbifhop Becket,he compofed aHiftoryof Henry II.
and Richard I. from A. D. 1170 to A, D. 1192; which
hath been much and juftly efleemed by many of our
greateft antiquaries, as containing one of the beft ac¬
counts of the tranfadtions of thofe times. A beauti-
fuledition of this work was publifhedat Oxford, in two
volumes, by Mr Hearne, A.D. J735.
BENEDICTINS, in chureh-biitory, an order of
'monks, who profefs to follow the rules of St Benedict.
The Benediftins, being thofe only that are properly
called monks, wear a loofe black gown, with large
wide fleeves, and. a capuehe, or cowl, on their heads,
ending in a point behind. In the canon law, they are
ftyled black friars, from the colour of their habit.
The rules of St Beneditf, as obferved by the Englifh
monks before the diffolution of the monafteries, were
as follows: They were obliged to perform their devo¬
tions feven times in 24 hours, the whole circle of which
devotions had a refpeft to the paffion and death of
Chrift : they were obliged always to go two and two
together : every day in lent they were obliged to fall
till fix in the evening, and abated of their ufual time of
deeping and eating; but they were not allowed to
praflife any voluntary aufterity without leave of their
fuperior: they never converfcd in their refeftory at
meals, but were obliged to attend to the reading of the
fcriptures: they all dept in the fame dormitory, but
not two in a bed ; they lay in their clothes : for fmall
faults they were flvut out. from meals; for greater, they
were debarred religious commerce, and excluded from
the chapel; and as to incorrigible offenders, they were
excluded from the monafteries. Every monk had two
coats, two cowls, a table-book, a knife, a needle, and
a handkerchief; and the Furniture of their bed was a
mat, a blanket, a rug, and a pillow.
The time when this order came into England is
well known ; for to it the Englifh owe their converfion
from idolatry. In the year 596, Pope Gregory Cent
hither Auguftin, prior of the monaftery of St An¬
drew at Rome, with feveral other Benedictin monks.
I j? St Auguftin became archbifhop of Canterbury ; and
the Benedi&ins founded feveral monafteries in England,
as alfo the metropolitan church of Canterbury, and all
the cathedrals that were afterwards eredled.
Pope John XXII. who died in 1334, after an cxaft
Inquiry, found, that, fince the firft rife of the order,
there had been of it 24 popes, near 200 cardinals,
63 ] BEN
7000 archbiihops, 15,000 bifhops, 15,000 abbots of Sened;
renown, above 4000 faints, and upwards of 37,0000 t“>n'
monafteries. There have been likewife of this order r
20 emperors and 10- empreffes, 47 kings and above
50 queens, 20 fons of emperors and 48 fonsof king-s ;
about 100 princeffes, daughters of kings and emperors;
befides dukes, marqueffes, earls, couuteffes, &c. innu¬
merable. The order has produced a vaft number of
eminent writers and other learned men. Their Raba-
nus fet up the fchool of Germany. Their Alcuinus
founded the univerfity of Paris. Their Dionyfius Ex-
iguus perfedled the ecclefiaftical computation. Their
Guido invented the fciile of m.ufic; and their Sylvefter,
the organ. They boaft to have produced Anfelmus,
Ildephonfus, Venerable Bede, &c.
There are nuns likewife who follow the rule of St Be*
nedift; amqng whom thofe who call themfelves miti¬
gated, cat ilefli three times a-week, on Sundays, Tuef-
days, andThurfdays: the others obferve the rule of St
Benedict in its rigour, and eat no flefli unlefs they are
fick.
BENEDICTION, in a general fenfe, the a£t of
blefiing, or giving praife to God, or returning thanks
for his favours. Hence alfo benediction is ftill applied
to the aft of faying grace before or after meals. Nei¬
ther the ancient Jews nor Chriftians ever eat without
a Ihoit prayer.' The Jews are obliged to rehearfe 1 op
benedictions per day ; of which 80 are to be fpoken
in the morning. The firft treatife of the firft order ip
the Talmud, intided Seraim, contains the form and
order of the daily benedictions. It was ufual to give
benediction to travellers on their taking leave; a prac¬
tice which is ftill preferyed among the monks. Bene¬
dictions were likewife given among the ancient Jews, as
well as Chriitians, by impofition of hands. And when
at length the primitive fimplicity of the Chriftian wor*
Ihip began to give way to ceremony; they added the
fign of the crofs, which was made with the fame hand,
as before, only elevated, or extended. Hence bene¬
diction, in the modern Rcmifti church, is ufed, in a
more particular manner, to denote the fign of the crofs
made by a biflipp, or prelape, as conferring fome grace
on the people. The cuftom of receiving benedidfion,
by bowing the head before the bilhops, is very ancient;
and was fo univerfal, that emperors themfelves did not
decline this mark of fubmillion;—-Under the name be-
nediclion, the Hebrews alfo frequently underftand the
prefervts which friends make to one another, in all pro¬
bability becaufe they are generally attended with blef-
fings and compliments, both from thofe who give and
thofe who receive them.
Nuptial Benediction, the external ceremony per¬
formed by the prieft in the pffice pf matrirpopy. This is
alfo called facerdqtal and matrimonial benediction, by
the Greeks and The nuptial bene?
diCtion is not effential to, but the confirmation of, a
marriage in the civil law.
Beatic Benepictisn, lenediftio beatica, is the via¬
ticum given to dying perfons.. The Pope begins all his
bulls with this form : Salutem et apojldicam benedifti-
onem. *
Benediction is alfp ufed for an ecclefiaftical cere¬
mony, whereby a thing is rendered facred or venera.-
ble. In this fenfe benediction differs from confecration,
as in the latter unCtion is applied, which is not in the
X 2 former:
BEN [ 164 ] BEN
Benefice, former : Thus the chalice is confecrated, and the pix
"r', ' blefled; as the former, not the latter, is anointed:
though, in the common ufage, thefe two words are ap ■
plied promifcuoufly.—The fpirit of piety, or rather of
fuperftition, has introduced into the Romifh church
benedictions for almoft every thing. We read of forms
of benedi&ions for wax-candles, for boughs, for alhes,
for church-vcfiels, and ornaments ; for flags or enfigns,
arms, firft-fruits, houfes, fhips, pafcal eggs, cilicium
or the hair-cloth of penitents, church-yards, &c. In
general, thefe benedictions are performed by afperfions
of holy water, figns of the crofs, and prayers fuitable
to the nature of the ceremony. The forms of thefe
benedictions are found in the Roman pontifical, in the
Roman miffal, in the book of ecclefiaftical ceremonies
printed in Pope Leo X.’s time, and in the rituals and
ceremonies of the different churches which are found
collected in father Martene’s work on the rites and
difcipline of the church.
BENEFICE in middle-age writers,
is ufed for a fee, fometimes denominated more peculiarly
leneficium mill tare. In this fenfe, benefice was an eflate
in land, at firft; granted for life only ; fo called, becaufe
it was held ex mero beneficio of the donor; and the te¬
nants were bound to fwear fealty to the lord, and to
ferve him in the wars. In after-times, as thefe tenures
became perpetual and hereditary, they left their name
of beneficia to the livings of the clergy ; and retained
to themfelves the name of feuds.
Benefice, in an ecclefiaftical fenfe, a church en¬
dowed with a revenue for the performance of divine
fervice ; or the revenue itfelf afligned to an ecclefiafti¬
cal perfon, by way of ftipend, for the fervice he is to
do that church.
All church-preferments, except bifhoprics, are called
benefices; and all benefices ^re, by the canonifts, fome¬
times ftyled dignities: but we now ordinarily diftinguifli
between benefice and dignity ; applying dignity to
bifhoprics, deaneries, archdeaconries, and prebendaries ;
and beneficg to parfonages, vicarages, and donatives.
Benefices are divided by the canonifts into fimple
and facerdotal. In the firft there is no obligation but
to read prayers, fing, &c. fuch are canonries, chaplain-
ihips, chantries, &c.: the fecond are charged with
the cure of fouls, or the direftion and guidance of
confciences ; fuch as vicarages, redories, &c.
The Romanifts again diftinguifh benefices into regu¬
lar and fecular. Regular or titular benefices are thole
held by a religious, or a regular, who has made pro-
feffion of fame religious order ; fuch are abbeys, prio¬
ries, conventuals, &c. ; or rather, a regular benefice is
that which cannot be conferred on any but a religious,
either by its foundation, by the inftitution of fome
fuperior, or by prefcription: for prefcription, forty
years poffeffion by a religious makes the benefice regu¬
lar. Secular benefices are only fuch as are to be given
to fecular priefts, i. e. to fuch as live in the world, and
are not engaged in any monaftic order. All benefices
are reputed fecular, till the contrary is made -to appear.
They are called fecular benefices, becaufe held by fe-
culars ; of which kind are almoft all cures.
The canonifts diftinguifh three manners of vacating
a benefice, viz. 1. De jure, when the perfon enjoying
it is guilty of certain crimes expreffed in thofe laws, as
' herefy, fimony, &c, z, Defafto, as well as dejure, by
the natural death or the refignation of the incumbent; Beneficiara
which refignation may be either exprefs, or tacit* as jj .
wjien he engages in a ftate, &c. inconfiftent with it,Bene ciwm;
as, among the Romanifts, by marrying, entering into
a religious order, or the like. 3. By the fentence of a
judge, by way of punifhment for certain crimes, as
concubinage, perjury, &c.
Benefices began about 500. The following account
of thofe in England is given as the fad by Dr Bprn,
viz. that there are 1071 livings not exceeding 10 1. per
annum; 1467 livings above 101. and not exceeding
201. per annum; 1126 livings above 20 L and not ex¬
ceeding 30 1. per annum; 1049 livings above 301. and
not exceeding 40 \.per annum; 884 livings above 401.
and not exceeding 501. per annum; 5597 livings un- - f
der yo 1. per annum. It muft be 500 years before
every living can be railed to 60 1. a-year by Queen
Anne’s bounty, and 339 years before any of them can
exceed 501. a-year. On the whole, there are above
1 r,ooo church preferments in England, exclufive of
bifhoprics, deaneries, canonries, prebendaries, prieft-
vicars, lay-vicars, fecondaries, &c. belonging to cathe¬
drals, or chorifters, or even curates to well beneficed
clergymen.
Benefice in commendatn is that, the diredion and
management of which, upon a vacancy, is given or
recommended to an ecclefiaftic, for a certain time, till
he may be conveniently provided for.
BENEFICIARII, in Roman antiquity, denote fob
diers who attended the chief officers of the army, being
exempted from other duty. Beneficiarii were alfo fol-
diers difcharged from the military ferviee or duty, and
provided with beneficia to fubfift on. Thefe were pro¬
bably the fame with the former, and both might be
comprifed in the fame definition. They were old ex¬
perienced foldiers, who, having ferved out their legal
time, or received a difcharge as a particular mark of
honour, were invited again to the fervice, where tjjey
were held in great efteem, exempted from all military
drudgery, and appointed to guard the ftandard, &c.
Thefe, when thus recalled to fervice, were alfo deno¬
minated evocati ; before their recal, emeriti.
BENEFiciaan was alfo ufed for thofe railed to a
higher rank by the favour of the tribunes or other
magiftrates. The word beneficiarius frequently occurs
in the Roman infcriptions found in Britain, where con-
fulis is always joined with it; but befides beneficiarius
confulis, we find in Grutar beneficiarius tribuni, preeto-
rii, legati, prafefti, proconfulis, &c.
BENEFICIARY, in general fomething that re¬
lates to^benefices.
Beneficiary, beneficiarius, is more particularly ufed
for a beneficed perfon, or him who receives and enjoys
one or more benefices. A beneficiary is not the pro¬
prietor of the revenues of his church ; he has only the
adminiftration of them, though unaccountable for the
fame to any but God.
Beneficiary is alfo ufed, in middle-age writers,
for a feudatory or vaffal. The denomination was alfo
given to the clerks or officers who kept the accounts
of the beneficia, and made the writings neceffary there¬
to.
BENEFICIUM, in military matters among the
Romans, denoted a promotion to a higher rank by the
favour of fome perfon in authority.
BENE- i
BEN E i<>5 1 BEN
BENEFIELD (Sebaftian), an eminent divine of Three doors (a type of the trinity, according to the Benevenfo
( the 17th century, was born in 1559, at Preftonbury rules eftablifhed by the myftical Vitruvii of thole ages) "
Jin Gloucefterfhiie, and educated at Corpus Chrifti open.iuto this facade. That in the centre is of bronze,
college in Oxford. In 1608, he took the degree of embofl'ed with the lifexrf Chrift, and the effigies of the
dodfor in divinity; and five years after, wras chofen Benev^ntine Metropolitan, with all his fuffragan bi-
Margaret profeffor in that univerfity. He had been Ihops. The infide offers nothing to the curious obfer-
prefented feveral years before to the reftory of Mey- ver but columns, altars, and other decorations, execu-
fey-Hampton, in Gloucefterihire. He publiflied Com- ted in the moft inelegant ftyle that any of the church-
mentaries upon the firft, fecond, and third chapters of building barbarians ever adopted. In the court Hands
Amos; a confiderable number of fermons ; and fome a fmall Egyptian obelilk, of red granite, crowded with
Latin treatifes. He died in 1630. hierogliphics. In the adjoining fquare, are a fountain
BENEFIT of Clergy. See Clergy. and a very indifferent ftatue of Benedidt the 13th, long
BENESOEUF, a town of Egypt, feated on the archbifliop of Benevento.
weftern flrore of the Nile, and remarkable for its hemp Of the Beneventine hiftory the following abftradl is -
and flax. E. Long. 31. o. N. Lat. 29. 10. given by Mr Swinburn, in his Travels in Sicily. Ac-
BENEVENTE, a town of the province of Leon cording to fome authors (he informs us), Diomed was
in Spain, feated on the river Efla, in W. Long. 5. 5. the founder of Beneventum; whence its origin muff
N. Lat. 42. 4. be referred to the “ years that immediately fucceeded
BENEVENTO, a city of Italy, in the kingdom of the Trojan war. Other writers affign it to the Sam-
Naples, with an archbifhop’s fee. It is fituated near nites, who made it one of their principal towns, where
the confluence of the rivers Sabato and Galore, in a they frequently took refuge when worfted by the Ro-
fertile valley called the Jlrait of Benevento, full of gen- mans. In their time, its name was Maleventum,2L word of
tlemens feats and houfes of pleafure. This town hath uncertain etymology : however, it founded fo ill in the
frequently fuffered terribly by earthquakes; particu- Latin tongue, that the fuperftitious Romans, after at-
Jarly in 1703, when a great part of it was overturned, chieving the conqueft of Samnium, changed it into Be-
and the reft much damaged. E. Long. 14. 57. N. neventum, in order to introduce their colony under
Lat. 41.6. fortunate aufpices. Near this place, in the 479th year
The arch of Trajan, now called the Porta Aurea, of Rome, Pyrrhus was defeated by Curius Dentatus.
forms one of the entrances to the city. This arch,though In the war againft Hannibal, Beneventum fignalized
it appears to great difadvantage from the walls and its attachment to Rome, by liberal tenders of fuccour
houfes that hem it in on both fides, is in tolerable and real fervices. Its reception of Gracchus, after his
prefervation, and one of the moft magnificent remains defeat of Hanno, is extolled by Livy; and, from the
of Roman grandeur to be met with out of Rome, gratitude of the fenate, many folid advantages accrued
The architefture and fculpture are both fingularly to the Beneventines. As they long partook, in a di¬
beautiful. This elegant monument was erefted in the ftinguiihed manner, of the glories and profperity of the
year of Chrift 114, about the commencement of the Roman empires, they alfo feverely felt the effedfs of its
Parthian war, and after the fubmiffion of Decebalus decline, and fhared in a large proportion the . horrors
hsd intitled Trajan to the furname of Dacicus. The of devaftation that attended the irruption of the nor •
order is compofite ; the materials, white marble ; the them nations.
height, 60 palms; length, 37 and a half; and depth “ The modern hiftory of this city,will appear inte-
24. It confifts of a fingle arch, the fpan of which is refting to thofe readers who do not defpife the events
20 palms, the height 35. On each fide of it, two of ages which, we ufually and juftly call dark and bar-
fluted columns, upon a joint pedeftal, fupport an en- barous. They certainly are of importance, to all the
tablement and an attic. The intercolumniations and prefent ftates of Europe ; for. at that period origi-
frize are covered with baffo-relievos, reprefenting the nated the political exiftence of moft of them. Had
battles and triumph of the Dacian war. In the attic no northern favages defcended from their fnowy
is the infcription. As the fixth year of Trajan’s con- mountains, to overturn the Roman coloffus, and break
fulate, marked on this arch, is alfo to be feen on all the afunder the fetters of mankind,. few of thofe powers,
milliary columns he erefted along his new road to which now make fo formidable a figure, would ever
Brundufium, it is probable that the arch was built to * have been fo much as heard of. The avengers of the
commemorate fo beneficial an undertaking. Except general wrongs were, no doubt, the deftroyers of arts
the old metropolis of the world, no city in Italy .can and literature, and brought on the thick .clouds of ig-
boaft of fo many remains of ancient fculpture as are norance, which for many centuries no gleam of light
to be found in Benevento. Scarce a wall is built of could penetrate; but.it is. to be remembered, alfo,
any thing but altars, tombs, columns, and remains of that the Romans themfelves had already made great
entablatures. progrefs in baniftiing true tafte and knowledge, and
The cathedral is a chimfy edifice, in a ftyle of Go- would very foon have been a barbarous nation, though
thic, or rather Lombard, architeffure. This church, neither Goths nor Vandals had ever.approached the
dedicated to the Virgin Mary, was built in. the fixth frontier.
century, enlarged in the 11 th, and altered confiderably “ The Lombards came the laft of the. Scythian
in the 13th, when archbilhop Roger adorned it with or Scandinavian, hordes, to, invade Italy^ After fixing
a new front. To obtain a fufficient quantity of mar- the feat of their empire at Pavia, they Lent a detach-
ble for this purpofe, he fpared neither farcophagus, ment to poffefs itfelf of the fouthern provinces. In
altar, nor infcription; but fixed them promifcuoufly and 571, Zotto was appointed duke of Benevento, as. a
irregularly in the. walls, of. his barbarous Llrufture. feudafory of. the king of Lombardy ; and feems tq
have _•
BEN [
B'.'neven- have confined his rule to the city alone, from which he
fallied forth to feek for booty. The fecond duke,
.Benfield. whofe name was Arechis, conquered almoft the whole
c_—v-— country that now conftitutes the kingdom of Naples.
His fucceffors appear long to have remained fatisfied
with the extent of dominion he had tranfmitted to
them. Grimtvald, one of them, ufurped the crown of
Tombardy ; but his fon Romwald, though a very fuc-
cefsful warrior, contented himfelf with the ducal title.
The fall of Dcfiderius, lall king of the Lombards, did
not affeft the Hate of Benevento. By an effort of po¬
licy or refolution, Arechis the fecond kept pofTeffion ;
and availing himfelf of the favourable conjundture, af-
leited his independence,—threw' off all feudal fubmif-
fjon,—affumed the flyle of Prince,^—and coined money
with his own image upon it; a prerogative exercifed
by none of his predeceffors as dukes of Benevento.
During four reigns, this date maintained itfelf on a
refpedtable footing-; \and might long have continued
fo; had not civil war, added to very powerful affaults
from abroad, haftened its ruin. Radelchis and Sico-
hulph afpired to the principality; and each of them
invited the Saracens to his aid. The defolation cau-
fed by this conflidt is fcarcely to be defcribed.. No
better method for terminating thefe fatal diffentions
could be devifed, than dividing the dominions into two
diflinft fovereignties. - In 851, Radelchis reigned as
Prince at Benevento ; and his adverfary fixed his court,
with the fame title, at Salerno. - From this treaty of
partition, the ruin of the Lombards became inevitable:
a want of union undermined their flrength,—foreign¬
ers' gained an afeendant over them, — irrefolution and
weaknefs pervaded their whole fyltem of government.
The eredtion of Capua into a third principality, 'was
another deftrudlive operation : and now the inroads of
the Saracens,—the attacks of the .eaflern and we.ftern
emperors,—anarchy and animefity at home—reduced
the Lombard ftates to fuch wretchednefs, that they
were able to make a very feeble refiftance to the Nor-
, man arms. The city of Benevento alone efcaped their
fway, by a grant which the emperor Henry II. had
made of it to the bifhop of Rome, in exchange for
the territory of Bamberg in Germany, where the Popes
enjoyed a kind of fovereignty. From the year 1054
to this day, the Roman See, with fome fhort interrup¬
tions of polfeffion, has exercifed temporal dominion
over this city. Benevento has given three popes to
the chair of St Peter ; vrz. Felix III. Viftor III. and
Gregory VIII. and what it is much prouder of, rec¬
kons St Januarius in the lift of its BifhopS.”
BENEVENTUM, (anc. geog.), a town of the
Samnites, formerly called Maleveniiwi from the un-
wholefomenefs of the wind, and under that appellation
it is mentioned by Livy ; but after a Roman colony
was led thither in the 485th year of the city, it came
to have the name of JB'eneventum, as a more auspicious
title. It is mentioned by Horace as an ancient city
faid to have been built by Diomedes before the Trojan
war.. Now Benfvento.
BENEVOLENCE, in morals, fignifies the lave of
mankind in general, accompanied with a defire to pro¬
mote their happinefs. See Morals.
BENFIELI), a town of Alface in France, whofe
fortifications were demolifhed in confequence of the
treaty of Weftphalia. E. Long. 7.45; N. Lat. 48. r4*
166 ] BE N
BENGAL, a country of Indoftan in Afia, bounded Bengal. .
on the eaft by the kingdoms of Aftem, Tipra, and Ar-i—
racan ; on the weft, by Malva and Berar ; on the north, j
by Gehud, Rotas, Benares, and Jefuat; and on the
fouth, by Orixa and the bay of Bengal. Its greateft
length from weft to eaft is about 720 miles, and its
breadth from fouth to north, where greateft, is not lefs
than 300; though in fome places not above 150; ex¬
tending from 21 to 25 degrees of north latitude, and
from 80 to 91 of eaft longitude. 1
As this country lies almoft entirely within the torrid Climate ezi j
zone, and in the middle of a very extenfive continent, UI1’1
it is fometimes fubjedl to fuch extremes of heat as ren- ea {
der it very fatal to European conftitutions. Dr Lind
is of opinion, that the climate of Bengal is the moft
dangerous in this refpedl of any of the Engliftr territo¬
ries excepting Bencoolen on the coaft of Sumatra. 4 ij
Part of this unhealthinefs arifes from the mere circum- Extreme >
ftance of heat ; for in all the fouthern parts of India, heat of tk
when the wind blows over land, it is fo extremely hot
and fulfocating as fcarcely to be borne. The reaion ofp^^J ^
this is evident from the mere infpeftion of a map of feds.°
Afia, where it is evident that whatever wind blows over
land, efpecially in the fouthern parts;' muft pafs over an
immenfe tra6l of country ftrongly heated by the fun ;
and as in every part of this extenfive continent there
are fandy defarts of very conliderable magnitude, the
heat is thus prodigioufly increafed. This becomes very-
evident on the falling of a (bower of rain at the time
the land-wind prevails; for if the wind in its way
pafles through the fliower, the air is agreeably cooled
though the Iky (houId be ever fo clear; while thofe
who refide only at a few miles diftance, but out of the
diredl line of the fnower, will be fainting under the
exceffive heat. Here indeed when the air is clear, the
fun-beams are much more powerful than in our cli¬
mate, infomuch that the light at noon day is too power¬
ful for the eyes to bear ; and the large-liars, as Venue
and Jupiter, ftiine with a furprifing luftre. Thus the
reflexion of the fun-beams from the earth muft necefla-
rily occafion an extraordinary degree of heat in the
atmofphere ; fo that from the winds abovementioned
very great inconveniences fometimes arife, fimilar to
thofe which are occafioned by the Harmattan in
Africa. Mr Ives tells us, that it is affirmed they will
fnap glafs if it be too much expofed to them ; he has
feeu the veneering dripped off from a cheft of drawers
by their means ; and they will certainly crack and
chap almoft every piece of wood that is not well fea-
foned. In'certain places they are fo loaded with fand,
that the horizon appears quite hazy where they blow,
and it is almoft impoffible to prevent the eyes from be- \ |
ing thus greatly injured. They have likewife a very
pernicious effedf on Inch people as are expofed to them
while deeping. This feldom fails to bring on a fit of
the barbien, a kind of paralytic diltemper attended
with a total deprivation of the ufe of the limbs, and
which the patient never gets the better of but by re¬
moving to fome other climate. Thefe hot winds are
made ufe of with great fuccefs for cooling liquors, by-
wrapping a wet cloth round the bottles and expofing
it to the air. The reafon of this is explained under
the article Evaporation. Mr Ives remarks, that it
will thus cool much fooner than by being expofed to j
the cool fea-breeze.
The
BEN
[ i
| Bengal The great caufe of the unhealthinefs of Bengal,
f““■v " 11 however, is owing to the inundations of the Ganges
3 . and Burrampooter, by which fuch quantities of pu-
'th^Gan- trefcible matters are brought- down as infeft the air
l,.S( &Ctlje. with the moft malignant vapours when the Waters re-
siribed. tire. Though the rainy feafon begins in Bengal only
in the month of June, the river begins to fwell in the
I mountains of Thibet early in April, and by the latter
I end of that month in Bengal alio. The reafon of this
is partly the melting of the fnow on the mountains of
Thibet, and partly the vail collection of vapours brought
by the foutherly or fouthweft monfoon, which are fud-
denly {topped by the high mountains of Thibet.
Hence it is obvious, that the accumulation and con-
denfation of thefe vapours muit firft take place in the
neighbourhood of the mountains wdiich oppofe them ;
and thus the rainy feafon commences fooneft. in thofe
places which lie neareit the mountains.
The rivers in Bengal begin to rife at firft very flowly,
the increafe being only at the rate of one inch per
day for the firit fortnight. It then gradually augments
to two and three inches before any quantity of rain
falls in the low countries; and when the rain becomes
general, the increafe at a medium is five inches per
day. By the latter end of July, all the lower parts of
Bengal, contiguous to the Ganges and Burrampooter,
are overflowed, and prefent a furface of water more
than too miles wide. This vail colleftion of fluid,
however, is owing in a great meafure to the rains which
fallen the low country itfelf; for the lands in the
neighbourhood are overflowed fame time before .the
bed of the river is filled. It muft be obferved, that the
ground on the bank of the river, and even to fome
miles diftance, is higher than that which is more re¬
mote ; and thus a reparation is made for a condderabA
time betwixt the waters of the land-flood and thofe of
4 the river.
ne lands As fome of the lands in Bengal would receive da-
rded mage from fuch a copious inundation, they muft for
JL.. nn this reafon be - guarded by ftrong dykes to refift the
fundation. waters, and admit only a certain quantity.' Thefe,
collectively taken, are faid to be more than i ooo_ miles-
in length, and are kept up at an enormous expence $
yet they do not ahvaysanfwer the purpofe, on account
of the loofenefs of the earth of which they are com-
pofed, even though fome are of the thickneis of an or¬
dinary rampart at the bafe. One particular branch of
the Ganges (navigable only in the rainy feafon, and
then equal in fize to the Thames at Chelfca) is con¬
duced for 70 miles'between dykes: and when full, the
paflengers look down, upon the adjacent country as
from an eminence..
As the tide lofes its power of eounterafting fuch an
impetuous torrent of frefli water, the height of the im
undation gradually diminiihes as it approaches the fea,
and totally vaniihes at the point of confluence; which
i® owing to the facility with which the waters of the
g inundation fpread over the level of the ocean. But
"afters when the force of winds confpires wk'h that of the
.aliened tide, the waters are retarded in fuch a manner as fome-
H jn_ times to raife the inundation two feet above the ordi-
H iation. nar7 level; which has been known to occafion the lofs
■ of whole crops of rice. In the year 1763, a melan¬
choly accident happened at Luckipour, when a ftrong
gale of wind, confpiring with a high fpring-tide, at a
67 ] BEN
feafon when the periodical flood was within a foot and Bengal,
an half of its higheft pitch, the waters are faid to have r"'*
rifen fix feet above their ordinary level. Thus the in¬
habitants of a particular diftriC were fwept away with
their houfes and cattle ; and to aggravate the diftrefs,
it happened in a part of the country where it was
fcarce poffible to find a tree for a drowning man to
efcape to.
For fome days before the middle of A uguft the in¬
undation is at a ftand, and then begins to abate by a
ceflation of rains in the mountains, though great
quantities ftill continue to fall on the low country. The
inundation does not, however, in its decreafe, always
keep pace with that of the river, by reafon of the
height of the banks ; but after the beginning of Oc¬
tober, when the rain has nearly ceafed, the remainder
goes off quickly by evaporation, leaving the ground
exceedingly fertilized._ 5
From the time that the monfoon changes in Odlo-Dangerous-
ber to the middle of March, the rivers are in a ftate <’f
of tranquillity ; when the north-weft winds begin, and weft^wirds,
may be expefted once in three or four days till the
commencement of the rainy feafon. Thefe are the
moft formidable -enemies of the inland navigation car¬
ried on by the large rivers. They are hidden and vio¬
lent fqualls, attended with rain ; and though their
duration is commonly but ihort, fometimes produce
fatal effects, whole fleets of trading boats having been
funk by them almoft inftantaneoufly. . They are more
frequent in the eaftern than the weftern part of Ben¬
gal, and happen oftener.towards the clofe of the day
than at any other time ; but as they are indicated fome
time before they approach by the rifing and fingular
appearance of the clouds, the traveller has commonly
time enough to feek for a place of ihelter. It is in
the great rivers alone that they are fo formidable, and
that about the end of May or beginning of June,,
when the rivers are much increafed in width. After
the commencement of the rainy feafon, which varies
■in different parts from the middle to the end of June,
tempeftuous weather occafionally happens. At this
feafon places of ihelter are more common than St any-
other time by the filling up of the creeks and inlets
as the river increafes: and on the other hand, the bad
weather, when it happens, is of longer continuance
than during the feafon of the north-wefters. The ri¬
vers being now fpread to the diftance oT fcveral miles,
large waves are railed on them, particularly when blow¬
ing in a dire&ion contrary to the rapid parts of the
ftream, which for obvious reafons ought to be a-
voided. ^
This navigation is performed in fafety during the Of the in-
interval between the end of the rainy feafon and the land navi-
beginning of the north-wefters; an ordinary degree8atl0P- in:
of attention being then only requifite to pilot the boat^™^’
clear of {hallows and ftumps of trees. The feafon of
the north-wefters requires the greateft care and atten¬
tion. Should one of thefe fqualls approach, and no
creek or inlet offer for fhelter, the ilcep bank of the
rivers fhould be always fought as a place of fhelter, if
it is not in a crumbling flats f, whether it be to thef See G<««
windward or leeward, rather than the other. If this^"*
cannot be done, the flat fide muft be taken up with ;
-and if it be a lee fhore the anchor fhould be thrown
out to prevent, driving upon it. In thefe cafes the maffc
BEN [ 168 ] BEN
Bengal. Is always fuppofed to be ftruck ; and, provided this
c—y—«/ ke done^and the cargo judicioufly difpofed of, there
is little danger of any of the boats commonly made
8 life of being overfet.
BuJgt>ows, The boats ufed in the inland navigation of Bengal
boats'1 de are ca^e^ hudgerows, and are formed fomewhat like a
fcribed. " ‘p^ea^ure*^arge* Some have cabins 14 feet broad and
proportionally long, drawing from four to five feet
-water. Their motion is very flow, not exceeding the
1 rate of eight miles a-day when moved by their oars ;
fo that their progrefs down the river muft depend prin¬
cipally on the motion of the current. From the be-
§ inning of November to the middle or latter end of
fay, the ufual rate of going down the ftream is about
40 miles in twelve hours, and during the reft of the
' year from 50 to 70 miles. The current is ftrongeft
while the waters of the inundation are draining off,
which happens in part of Auguft and September. In
many of the fliallow rivers, however, the current is
exceedingly flow during the dry months; infomuch
that the track-rope is frequently ufed in going down¬
wards. In towing againft the ftream the fteep fide of
the river is generally preferred on account of the depth
of water, though the current runs much ftronger
there than on the oppofite fide. On thefe occafions
it is neceflary to provide a very long track-rope, as
-well for avoiding the falling pieces of the fteep bank
on the one fide as the fliallow water on the other, when
it becomes neceffary to change fides through the bad-
nefs of the tracking ground. The anchor ftiould al¬
ways be kept ready for dropping in cafe the track-
rope breaks. The ufual rate of towing againft the
ftream is from 17 to 20 miles a-day ; and to make
even this progrefs the windings of the river require
the boats to be dragged againft the current at the rate
of four miles and an half per hour for 12 hours. When
the waters are high, a greater progrefs will be made,
•notwithftanding the fuperior ftrength of the current;
becaufe the filling of the river-bed gives many oppor¬
tunities of cutting off angles and turnings, and fome-
times even large windings, by going through creeks.
Bengal produces the vegetables and animals common
to other countries in the torrid zone. Its great pro¬
duce of grain is rice, which is commonly exported
from thence into other countries. By various acci¬
dents, however, the crop of rice fometimes fails, and
a famine is produced; and of this there have been ma¬
ny inftances in Bengal as well as in other parts of In-
Account of doftan. One of the molt deplorable of this kind hap-
a dreadful .pened in the year 1770. The nabob and feveral great
famine in men of the country diftributed rice gratis to the poor
until their flocks began to fail, when thofe dona¬
tions were of confequence withdrawn. Vaft multitudes
then came down to Calcutta, the capital Englilh
Settlement in the province, in hopes of meeting with
relief at that place. The granaries of the Company,
however, being quite empty, none could be afforded ;
.fo that when the famine had prevailed a fortnight, ma¬
ny thoufands fell down in the ftreets and fields; whofe
bodies, mangled by the dogs and vultures, corrupting
in the air, feemed to threaten a plague as the confe¬
quence of the famine. An hundred people were daily
employed on the Company’s account, with doolys,
fledges, and bearers, to throw them into the river.
At this .time the filh could not be eaten, the river be-
N°4j. 2
ing fo full of carcafes ; and many of thofe who ven- Bengal. .' i
tured to feed upon them died fuddenly. Hogs, ducks, ” 1 i *
and geefe, alfo fed moftly on carnage ; fo that the
only meat that could be procured was mutton ; and
this, from the drynefs of the feafon, was fo fmall,
that a quarter of it would fcarcely weigh a pound and
an half. _ 10 Ji
In the month of Auguft a moft alarming pheno- Surprifng
menon appeared, of a large black cloud at a diftance ,
in the air, which fometimes obfcured the fun, and’1 c *’ . !:j
feemed to extend a great way over and about Calcutta.
The hotter the day proved the lower this cloud feem¬
ed to defcend, and for three days it occafioned great
fpeculation. The bramins pretended, that this phe¬
nomenon, which was a cloud of infefts, fhould make
its appearance three times ; and if ever they defcended
to the earth, the country would be deftroyed by fome
untimely misfortune. They faid, that about 150 years
before there had been fuch another bad time, when
the earth was parched for want of water; and this
cloud of infefts made its appearance, though it came
much lower the fecond time than it had done before.
On the third day, the iveather being very hot and
cloudy, they defcended fo low that they could be
plainly feen. They feemed to be about the fize of a
horfe-ftinger, with a long red body, large head and
eyes, keeping clofe together like a fwarm of bees,
and, to appearance, flying quite on a line. None,
however, were caught, as the people were fo much
frightened by the prognoftications of the bramins.
Whilft it rained they continued in one pofition for near
a quarter of an hour ; then they rofe five or fix feet M
at once, and in a little time defcended as much, until 1 s
a ftrong north-weft wind blew for two days fucceftively.
During its continuance they afcended and defcended,but
more precipitately than before; and next morning the
air was quite clear. For fome days before the cloud
made its appearance, the toads, frogs, and infe&s,
which, during the rains, make a continual noife through
the night, difappeared, and were neither heard nor
feen, except in the river. n .
This dreadful famine was occafioned by a preterna- Caufe of |
tural drought. In this country they have two har-the fam*ne*3
veils, one in April, called the little harvefi, which con-
fifts of the fmaller grain ; the fecond, called the grand
harvejl, is only of rice. But by a drought which hap- I
pened in 1769 the great harveft of that year failed, as
did alfo the little one of 1770, which produced the
dreadful confequences already mentioned. I2 '3
Among the vegetables produced in Bengal Mr Ives Vegetable i
mentions the areca tree, the woody part of which is ProJuc* I 1 *•
as tough as whalebone. Here is alfo a beautiful tree tlons‘ '
called chulta, the flower of which is at firft a hard
green ball on footftalks about four inches in length.
This opens, and the calyx is compofed of five round
thick and fucculent leaves; the corolla confifts of the
like number of fine beautiful white petals. After one
day the corolla falls off and the ball clofes again, and
is fold in the markets. There is a fucceffion of thefe
for feveral months. The mango tree grows here alfo
in plenty. Its fruit is preferred to all others in the
country excepting very fine pine-apples ; the gentle¬
men eat little elfe in the hot months when thefe fruits
are in feafon. If no wine is drunk with them they
are apt to produce boils which are troublefome but
healthful.
BEN [
er.pal. healthful. In the walks of Bengal they have a tall
"'v'"-— tree called the tatoon, faid to have been firft brought
into England by Captain Birch. The leaves are of a
deep fhining green, the lower part rather paler where
if is ribbed, and undulated round the edges. The
fruit is of the fize, ftiape*and colour of an olive, with
a moderately thin huflc, and a kernel like that of the
date; five or fix grow on the fame pedicle. Near
Calcutta is a large fpreading tree cal'ed the ruj/h, which
makes a fine appearance when in full bloom. The na¬
tives fay that this and another near the Dutch fettle-
ment are the only two in Bengal. They pretend like-
wife that they can never find the feed ; but Mr Ives
informs us that this is to be met with in plenty, though
in a bad condition, the ants and other vermin being fo
fond of them, that not a Angle pod is ever to be met
with that is not touched by one or other of thefe fpe-
cies of infe&s. This tree bears flowers of bright crirn-
fon, and all the (hades from thence down to a bright
yellow. They are in fuch plenty as almoft to cover
tha tree, but have little or no fmell. The fruit is a
pod of the ftiape and fize of a large garden-bean, con¬
taining four or five flefhy feeds, which eafily fall into
two when dry. They are brown on the outfide, white
within, and nearly fquare, but convex on the fides.
iMs of an Among the animals to be met with in Bengal Mr
itraordi- Ives makes mention of a kind of birds named argil/
try fize. or hurgill (fee Ardea, fp. 6.). They are very large,
and in the evenings would majeftically flalk along like
as many naked Indians, for which our author at firft
miftook them. On difcovering that they were birds
he refolved to (hoot one of them ; which, however, was
very difficult to be done. The Indians (bowed evident
marks of difiatisfa&ion at the attempt; and informed
him that it was impoffible to fucceed, becaufe thefe birds
were pofTeffed by the fouls of bramins. At laft, how¬
ever, he fucceeded; and informs that the bird he (hot
extended 14 feet 10 inches between the tips of the
wings; from the tip of the bill to the extremity of
the claw was feven feet and a half: the legs were na¬
ked, as was alfo one-half of the thighs; the naked
parts being three feet in length. The feathers of the
wings and back were of an iron colour, and very ftrong;
thofe of the belly were very long, and on the bread
was a great deal of down all of a dirty white. The
bill was 16 inches round at the bafe, nearly of a tri¬
angular (hape, and of different colours. In the craw
was a land-tortoife to inches long ; and a large black
male cat was found entire in its ftomach.
anmerce Bengal is reckoned the richeft and mod populous
(and. province in the ehipire of Indoftan. Befides its own
Confumption, which is certainly very confiderable, its
exports are immenfe. One part of its merchandife is
carried into the inland country. Thibet takes off a
quantity of its cottons, befides fbme iron and cloths of.
European manufa&ure. The inhabitants of thofe
mountains fetch them from Patna themfelves, and give
mu(k and rhubarb in exchange.
But the trade of Thibet is nothing in comparifon
of that which Bengal carries on with Agra, Delhi,
and the provinces adjacent to thofe fuperb capitals, in
fait, fugar, opium, filk, filk-ftuffs, and an infinite
quantity of cottons, and particularly-mufiins. Thefe
articles, taken together, amounted formerly to more
than L. 1,750,000 a-year. So confiderable a fum was
Von. III. Part I.
169 ] BEN
not conveyed to the banks of the Ganges 5 but it was Bengal,
the means of retaining one nearly equal, which muft' v—
have iffued from thence to pay the duties, or for other
purpofes. Since the viceroys of the Mogul have made
themfelves nearly independent, and fend him no revenues
but fuch as they choofe to allow him, the luxury of the
court is greatly abated, and the trade we have been
fpeaking of is no longer fo confiderable. T f
_ The maritime trade of Bengal, managed by the na- Maritime,
tives of the country, has not fuffered the fame dimi¬
nution, nor was it ever fo extenfive, as the other. It
may be divided into two branches, of which Catek is
in poffeffion of the greater part.
Catek is a diftriA of fome extent, a little below the
moft weftern mouth of the Ganges. Balafore, fituated
upon a navigable river, ferves it for a port. The na¬
vigation to the Maldives, which the Englilh and French
have been obliged to abandon on account of the cli-
fnate, is carried on entirely from this road. Here
they load their veffels with rice, coarfe cottons, and fome
filk ftuffs, for thefe iflands ; and receive cowries in ex¬
change, which are ufed for money in Bengal, and are
fold to the Europeans.
The inhabitants of Catek, and fome other people of
the Lower Ganges, maintain a confiderable correfpon-
dence with the country of Affiam. This kingdom,
which is thought to have formerly made a part of Ben¬
gal, and is only divided from it by a river that falls
into the Ganges, deferves to be better known, if what
is afferted here be true, that gun-powder has been dif-
covered there, and that it was communicated from
Afham to Pegu, and from Pegu to China. Its gold,
filver, iron, and lead mines, would have added to its
fame, if they had been properly worked. In the midft
of thefe riches, which were of very little fervice to this
kingdom, fait was an article of which the inhabitants
were fo much in want, that they were-reduced to the
expedient of procuring it from a decodion of certain
plants.
In the beginning of the prefent century, fome Bra-
mins of Bengal carried their fuperllitions to Aftiam,
where the people were guided folely by the didates
of natural religion. The priefts perfuaded them,
that it would be more agreeable to Brama if they
fubftituted the pure and wholefome fait of the fea
to that which they ufed. The fovereign confented
to this on condition that the exclufive trade fliould be
in _his hands; that it (hould only be brought by the
people of Bengal; and that the boats laden with it
(hould (top at the frontiers of his dominions. Thus,
have all thefe falfe religions been introduced by the in¬
fluence and for the advantage of the priejls who teach,
and of the kings who admit, them. Since this arrange¬
ment has taken place, 40 veffels from yoe to 6do tons
burden each are annually fent from th^Ganges to Afham
laden with fait, which yields zao per cent, profit. They
receive in payment a (mail quantity of gold and filver,
ivory, muflc, eagle-wood, gum-lac, and a large quan¬
tity of filk.
Excepting thefe two branches of maritime trade,
which, for particular reafons, have been confined to
the natives of the country, all the reft of the veffels
fent from the Ganges to the different fea-ports of India
belong .to the Europeans, and are built at Pegu. See
Pegu.
Y A
BEN [ 170 ] BEN
Bengal. fUll more coufiderable branch of commerce, which
,,T '' the Europeans at Bengal carry on with the reft of In¬
dia, is that of opium. Patna, fituated on the Upper
Ganges, is the moft celebrated place in the world for
the cultivation of opium. The fields are covered with it.
Befides what is carried into the inland parts, there are
annually 3000 or 4000 chefts exported, each weighing
300 pounds. It fells upon the fpot at the rate of be¬
tween 24I. and 251. a chefton an average. This opium
is not purified like that of Syria and Perfia, which
we make ufe of in Europe; it is only a pafte that has
undergone no preparation, and has not a tenth part of
the virtue of purified opium.
The Dutch fend rice and fugar from their fettlements
to the coaft of Coromandel, for which they are paid in
fpecie, unlefs they have the good fortune to meet with
fome foreign merchandife at a cheap rate. They fend
out one or two veffels laden with rice, cottons, and
filk: the rice is fold in Ceylon, the cottons at Mala¬
bar, and the filk at Surat; from whence they bring
back cotton, which is ufefully employed in the coarfer
rnanufa£lures of Bengal. Two or three fhips laden
with rice, gum-lac, and cotton fluffs, are fent to Baf-
fora ; and return with dried fruits, rofe-water,. and a
quantity of gold. The rich merchandife carried to A-
rabia is paid for entirely in gold and filver. The trade
of the Ganges with the other fea-ports of India brings
1,225,000!. annually into Bengal.
Though this trade paffes through the hands of the
Europeans, and is carried on under their protection,
it is not entirely on their own account. The Moguls,
indeed, who are ufually fatisfied with the places they
hold under the government, have feldom any concern
in thefe expeditions; but the Armenians, who, fince
, the revolutions- in Perfia, are fettled upon the banks of
the Ganges, to which they formerly only made voyages,
readily throw their capitals, into this trade. The Inr-
dians employ ftill larger fums in it. The impofiibility
of enjoying their fortunes under an oppreffive govern¬
ment does. not deter the natives of this country from
labouring inceffantly to increafe them. As they would
run too great a rifk by engaging openly in trade,
16 they are obliged to have recourfe to clandcftine methods.
Oemoo Ag_ foon as an European arrives, the Gentoos, who
brokers. knovv mankin<j better than is couunonly fuppofed, ftudy
his chara&er; and, if they find him frugal,adive, and
well informed, offer to add as his brokers and cafhiers,
and lend or procure him money upon bottomry, or at
ihtereft. This intereft, which is ufually nine per cent.
at leaft, is higher when he is under a neceffity of
borrowing of the Cheyks.
Cheyks, a ’ Thefe Cheyks are a powerful family, of Indians,
powerful w}j0 have, time immemorial, inhabited the banks of
Indian fa- Qartgeg. Their riches have long ago procured
my' them the management of the bank belonging to the.
court, the farming of the public revenue, and the di-
re&ion of the money, which they coin affefh every
year in order to receive annually the benefit, arifing
from the mint. By uniting fo many advantages, they
are enabled to lend the government 1,750,000!.
2,625,0001. or even 4,375,090.1. at a time. When
the government finds it impofljble to refund the money,
they are allowed to indemnify themfelves by- oppreffnig
the people.
The. Europeans, who frequent the Ganges have not
been fufficiently alarmed at this defpotifm, which Bengal.
ought to have prevented them from fubmitting to a 
dependence upon the Cheyks. They have fallen into
the fnare, by borrowing confiderable fums of thefe a-
varicious financiers, apparently at nine, but in reality
at thirteen, per cent, if we take into the account the
difference between the money that is lent them and
that in which they are obliged to make their pay¬
ments. Tire engagements entered into by the French
and Dutch companies have been kept within fome
bounds ; but thofe of the Englifti company have been
unlimited. In 1 755, they were indebted to the Cheyks
about 1,225,000!.
The Portuguefe, who firft frequented this rich coun¬
try, had the wifdom to eftahlilh themfelves at Chati-
gan, a port fituated upon the frontier of Arracan, not
far from the moft eaftern part of the Ganges. The
Dutch, who, without incurring the refentment of an
enemy at that time fo formidable, were defirous of
fharing in their good fortune, were engaged in fearch-
ing for a port which, without obftrudling their plan,
would expofe them the leaft to hoftilities. In 1603,
their attention was direfted to Balafore; and all the
companies, rather through imitation than in confequence
of any well-concerted fchemes, followed their example..
Experience taught them the propriety of fixing as near
as poffible to the markets from whence they had their
merchanzife ; and they failed up that branch of the
Ganges which, feparating itfelf from the main river at
Mourcha above Caffimbuzar, falls into the £ea near Ba¬
lafore under the name of the river Hugbly. The go¬
vernment of the country permitted them to ereft ware-
houfes wherever there was plenty of manufactures, and
to fortify themfelves upon this river.
The firft town that is met with in.paffing up the river Pr- • ,
is Calcutta, the principal fettkment of the Englifti towns?"1
company. See Calcutta.
Six leagues higher is fituated Frederic Nagore,
founded by the Danes-in 1756, in order to fupply the
place of an ancient fettlement where they could not
maintain their ground. This new ettablifhment has
not yet acquired any importance, and there is all the
reafon imaginable to believe that it will never become
confiderable.
Two leagues and an half higher lies Chandernagore,
a fcttlement belonging to the French. See Chan-
DERNAGORE.
At the diftance of a mile from Chandernagore is
Chinfura, better known by the name of Dough, being
fituated near the fuburbs of. that anciently renowned
city. The Dutch have no other pofleffions there, but
merely, their fort; the territory, round it. depending
on the government of the country, which hath fre¬
quently made it feel its power by its extortions. Ano--
ther inconvenience attending this fettlement is a fand-
bank that prevents ftiips from coming up to it: they
proceed no farther than Tulta, which is .20 miles be-,
low Calcutta; and this'of courfe occafions an additional
expence to the government..
The Portuguefe had. formerly made Bandel, which
is eighty, leagues from the mouth of the Ganges, and
a quarter of a league above the Hughly, the principal
feat of their commerce. Their flag is ftill difplayed,
and there are a few unhappy wretches remaining there,
who have forgotten their country after having been.
for--
BEN [ i
|! Bengal forgotten by it. This factory has tiQ other employ-
S „ ii ment than that of fupplying the Moors and the Dutch
15f“with miftrefles.
19 The exports from Bengal to Europe confift of muflc,
| fexports. gum-lacj nicaragua wood, pepper, cowries, and fome
other articles of lefs importance brought thither from
other places. Thofe that are the immediate produce
of the country are borax, falt-petre, filk ftulfs, mufiins,
and feveral different forts of cottons.
It would be a tedious and ufelefs tafk to enumerate
• all the places where ticken and cottons, fit for table-
linen or intended to be worn plain, painted, or printed,
are manufa&ured. It will be fufficient to refer to Da-
ca, which may be looked upon as the general mart of
Bengal, where the greatefl variety of fineft cottons are
to be met with, and in the greateft abundance. See
Daca.
The fum total of the purchafes made in Bengal by
the European nations, amounted a few years ago to
no more than 870,000!. One third of this fitm was
paid in iron, lead, copper, woollens, and Dutch fpices:
the remainder was dil'charged in money. Since the
Englifh havfe made themfelves mafters of this rich
country, its exports have been increafed, and its im¬
ports diminifhed, becaufe the conquerors have carried
Iaway a greater quantity of merchandife, and pay for
it out of the revenues they receive from the country,
r ■ sphere is reafon to believe, that this revolution in the
trade of Bengal has not arrived at its crifis, and that
fooner or later it will be attended with more import¬
ant confequences and effects.
For the hiftory of Bengal, and its conqueft by the
Britifh, fee the article Ikdostak.
BENGQ, a. province of the kingdom of Angola in
Africa, having the fea on the weft, and the province
of Mofeche on the eaft. It produces plenty of ba¬
nana trees} but the Portuguefe have grubbed up vaft
quantities of thefe, and cultivated the land, which
now abounds with maize, and the maniac root of which
*JSee Ja- they make bread*. The province is divided into a
‘ffi/'&a, great number of diftrifts, of which the chiefs afe na¬
tives, but tributary to Portugal, and obliged to till the
lands belonging to the Portuguefe. They are Ghri-
ftians, and have eight churches.
BENGUELA, a province of the kingdom of An¬
gola in Africa, bounded on the eaft by the river Rim-
ba, on the north by the Coanza, and it extends weft-
ward quite to Cape Negro. Benguela was formerly
governed by its own kings; but was entirely ruined by
the incurfions of the barbarous Giagas, fo that its be¬
ing conquered by the Portuguefe proved a great hap-
pinefs. It ftill retains the title of kingdom, and is al¬
lowed to enjoy fome fmall privileges ; but is far from
being reftored to the ftate of plenty it enjoyed before
its deftrudion by the Giagas already mentioned. It
produces abundance of fait, but inferior in quality to
that which is made in the province of Ghiffama. The
zimbis alfo, whofe (hells are current as money through
], many count! tes of Africa, are caught upon the coaft.
The country, which is moftiy mountainous, abounds
with elephants, rhinocerofes, lions, tigers, crocodiles,
&c. which are very dangerous, and deftroy great num¬
bers of cattle.
BENHINNOM (anc. geog.), a valley in the fu-
burbs, and to the eaft of Jerufalem, either a part of or
] BEN
conjoined with the valley of Kidron, (Jofhua); infa- Benjamin
moils for facrificing children, or palling them through _ H.
the fire. The place in the valley where the idol flood . e'!in'. ,
to which the facrifice was made, was called Tophet,
2 Kings xxiii. 10. Jer. vii. 31, 32: and xix. 2.), from
beating drums or labours to drown the cries or Ihrieks
of the children ; called alfo Geenon or the Valley 0/
Ennon: whence fome derive Gehenna, the place of fu¬
ture punifhment.
BENJAMIN. See Benzoin and Styrax.
BENIARAX, an ancient and confiderable town ih
the kingdom of Algiers in Africa, feated in W. Longi
o. 30. N. Lat. 35. o*
BENIN, a country of Guinea, in Africa, has part
of the g.ulph called the Bite of Benin, and the Slave
Goaft, on the weft; part of Gago and Biafara, on the
north; Myjac and Makoko on the eaft; and Congo on
the fouth, where it extends about one degree beyond
the equinodlial line; the length from eaft to weft is
about 600 miles; but its north and fouth bounds are
not fo well determinedi The land in general is low
and woody; in fome parts it has rivers and lakes, but in
others there is a fcarcity of water. There are here a
great number of wild beafts, particularly elephants*
lions, tygers, leopards, baboons, monkeys, wild boars,
deer, &c. The birds are partridges, of which fome are
blue and fome green, turtles, wild ducks, woodcocks,
&c. Their grain is Indian corn s they have no po¬
tatoes ; but plenty of yams, which are of the potato
kind, but vallly larger and more coarfe: thefe are their
ordinary food, and ferve in the room of bread; they
have two forts of beans, like horfe-beans, but not near
fo good. Their fruits are cocoa-nuts, cormantine apples,
bananas, wild figs, &c.
The negroes have feveral colours which might ferve
for painting, and a good fort of foap made with palm-
oil and wood-a(hes; they have a great deal of cotton,
which not only ferves for their own ufe, but is exported
to diftant places. The river Rio or Benin has a great
many arms; fome of which are fo large, that they de-
ferve the name of rivers: it abounds with fi(h, which
the inhabitants eat fmoke-dried as well as frefti. The
place of trade in this river is at Arebo, about 120 miles
diftant from its mouth; and to this place the (hips may
fail up. Thofe who take this voyage fee the mouths
of a great many rivers fall into the principal channel to
the right and the left; but how far it afcends into the
country is not known. A little higher up, the country
is very low and marfhy, and-feems to be divided into
ifiands; and yet there are trees of all fizes growing on
the banksy this renders the country very unhealthy^ as
many of our Britifii failors have found to their coft ; it
is alfo incommoded with vaft numbers of flies, called
mttfqiiitoes, which fling terribly, and render the (kin
full of puftules. There are three principal villages, to
which the negroes come from the inland countries to
traffic. One is called Boodadou, and confilts of about 50
houfes, or rather huts, for they are made with reeds
and covered with leaves. The fecond, called Arebo,--was
mentioned above: this is much larger than the former,
and pretty well docked with inhabitants; and the houfes
have much more room, but they are built after the fame
manner. The third has the name of Agaton, and was
built upon a hill. It was almoft ruined by the wars ;
but the negroes lately rebuilt it, on account of its a-
Y 3 greeable
BEN [ 172 ] BEN
Great Benin is the place of refi- is the refidence of their kings, and is feated pretty far
the country: it Hands in a plain, and is about four
greeable fituation.
dence of the king.
. The inhabitants of Benin are very exaft in their
trading, and will not recede from any of their old cu*
Itoms : this renders them very flow in their dealings,
and backward to pay their debts, which fornetimes ob¬
liges the traders to fail before they receive fatisfac-
tion ; but then they are paid as foon as they return.
Some of the merchants are appointed, by the govern¬
ment, which demands a fort of cullom ; but it is very
trifling. There are three forts of officers under the
king ; the firft are always near him, and none can ad-
drels him but by their means: there are feveral of the
fecond fort; one takes care of the flaves, another of
the cattle, another of the ftreets, another of war, and
fo on.
Children go almoft naked till they are 14, and then
they wrap a cotton cloth round their middles: the
richer fort put on a fort of callico gowns when they
go abroad, with a kind of drawers; but within they
are contented with their ufual cloth: the better fort of
women wear their cotton cloths like petticoats, and
have a covering round their fhoulders, but take care it
{hall be open before.
The richer fort of the inhabitants of Benin live upon
beef, mutton, and poultry ; their drink is water, and
brandy when they can get it. The poorer fort live
upon dried fifh, bananas, and beans; their drink is
water and palm-wine. Their chief handicraft men are
fmiths, carpenters, and curriers ; but they perform all
their work in a very bungling manner. The men have
as many wives as they can keep, which they take with¬
out any ceremony except treating their relations. The
wives of the lower fort may go wherever they have a
mind ; but thofe of the rich are Unit up: they allow
their wives to be very familiar with the Europeans, and
yet pretend to be very jealous of their own country¬
men. When a woman is caught in adultery, fhe is
turned away, and the goods of the man are forfeited to
the hufband; but if the relations of the woman are rich.
miles in compafs. The llreets are long and broad; and
there are markets twice a-day, where they fell cows,
cotton, elephants teeth, European merchandizes, and
whatever the country produces. The houfes are large
with clay walls, and at a diftance from each other;
they are covered with reeds, ftraw, and leaves. The
women in this place are the greateft flaves; for they go
every day to market, manage the houfehold affairs,
take care of the children, cook the vidfuals, and till
the ground. The king’s palace makes great part of
the town ; and its great extent excepted, there is no¬
thing worth taking notice of, it being only a confufed
heap of buildings, made with boards and clay, without
regularity or neatnefs. In the middle, there is a
wooden tower, about 70 feet high, made like a chim¬
ney; and on the top is a brazen ferpent, hanging with
his head downwards: this is pretty well made, and is
the molt curious thing in tire town: there is a gal¬
lery of ftatues, but fo wretchedly carved, that there is
no knowing what they reprefent without being told:
behind a curtain there are 11 brazen heads, with an
elephant’s tooth on each ; thefe are the king’s idols :
his throne is made of ivory, on which he fits in a pavi¬
lion of India fluff. The king fliows himfelf but once
a-year, on the day of a certain feftival;. and then he is
furrounded with his wives and a great number of his
officers, who walk out in proceffion to begin the feaft
by facrificing to their gods; this done, he beftows vic¬
tuals and wine among the multitude, which is imitated
by his officers. All the inhabitants of this town and
country go under the denomination of the king's Jlaves ;
and fome relations fay, that none of them wear any ha¬
bit till given them by the kingbut this feems to be
only a falvo to account for the great number of men
and women that are daily feen naked in the ftreets;
for if it be true, that the king of Benin can bring
100,000 fighting men into the field, his fubjeCts muft
be very numerous; and probably his majefty is’not rich
they prevail with him to overloook the fault by dint of enough to beftow garments upon them alL The Eu-
prefents.
They ufe circumcifion, which is performed feven
days after the children are born, at which time the fa¬
ther makes a feaft for the relations; they have alfo cu-
icoms, relating to uncleannefs, refembling thofe of the
Jews. Thieves are punifhed by making the party a-
mends if they can, otherwife they are baftinadoed; but
murder is always punifhed with death. When a perfon
is only fufpedted of a crime, they have feveral ways of
putting him to a trial, like the fire ordeal, or the bit¬
ter water of the Jews; but they are of fuch a nature,
that the innocent may be as often condemned as the
With regard to their religion, they believe in an al¬
mighty and invifible God; yet worlhip images in a hu¬
man form, and in thofe of all forts of animals, making
them offerings, every one being his own prieft: they
look upon thefe leffer deities as mediators between him
ropeans refort hither to purchafe flaves. E. Long. 5.4.
N. Lat. 7. 40.
BENISH-days, among the Egyptians, a term for
three days of the week, which are days of lefs cere¬
mony in religion than the <jj:her four, and have theis
name from the benijb, a garment of common ufe, not
of ceremony. In Cairo, on Sundays, Tiiefdays, and
Thurfdays, they go to the pafhaw’s divan ; and thefe
are the general days of bufinefs. Fridays they flay at
home, and go to their mofques at noon ; but though
this is their day of devotion, they never abftain fronv
bufmefs. The three other days of the week are the
benifh-days, in which they throw off all bufinefs and
ceremony, and go to their little fummer-houfes in the
country.
BENNAVENTA, or Bennavenna, (AntonineJ,
a town of Britain, on the Aufona Major, or the An-
tona of Tacitus : fuppofed to be Northampton on the
and man; fome of thefe idols are in the houfe and fome Nen ; but Camden fays it is Wedon, a village fix miles
in cabins by themfelves. Every fifth day is holy ; ou to the weft of Northampton.
which the rich kill cows, fheep, and goats, and others
dogs, cats, and fowls, which they diftribute among
their poor neighbours.
Benin, the capital of a kingdom of the fame name,
6
BENNET (Henry), earl of Arlington, was born
of an ancient family in Middlefex. In the beginning
of the civil war, he was appointed under-fecretary to'
George Lord Digby, fecretary of Hate j afterward en¬
tered
f •
BEN [ I7J ] BEN
Bennet. tered himfelf as a volunteer for the royal caufe, and did
Y-—'his majefty good fervice, efpeeially at Andover in
| Hampfhire, where he received feveral wounds. When
the wars were ended, he left not the king when fuccefs
did, but attended his intereft in foreign parts. He
was made fecretary to the duke of York; received the
honour of knighthood from Charles II. at Bruges, in
1658 : and was fent envoy to the court of Spain. His
majeily, upon his return to England, called him home,
made him keeper of his privy purfe, and principal fe¬
cretary of ftate. He had always a peculiar hatred to
the lord chancellor Hyde ; who on the other hand
confidered him as a concealed Papift. In 1670 he was
I one of the council diftinguilhed by the title of the Ca-
B lal, and one of thofe who advifed fhutting up the ex¬
chequer. In 1672 he was made Earl of Arlington and
Vifcount Thetford, and foon after Knight of the Gar¬
ter. In 1673, was appointed one of the three ple¬
nipotentiaries from the court of Great Britain to Co-
logn, to mediate a peace between the emperor and the
king of France. The Houfe of Commons, in 1673,
drew up articles of impeachment againft him. In
1674 ^ie was made chamberlain of his majefty’s houfe-
hold, with this public reafon, that it was in recom-
penfe of his long and faithful fervice, and particularly
for his having performed the office of principal fecre¬
tary of ftate for the fpace of 12 years, to his majefty’s
great fatisfa&ion. But afterward his intereft began to
decline, while that of the earl of Danby increafed; for
upon his return from his unfuccefsful journey to Hol-
I land in 1675, his credit was fo much funk, that feveral
perfons at court diverted the king with mimicking his
perfon and behaviour; yet he held his lord chamberlain’s
place to the day of his death, in 1685. His efteemed
letters to Sir William Temple were publiftied after his
death.
Bennet (Chriftopher), an eminent phyfician in the
16th century, was the fon of John Bennet, of Rayn-
ton, in Somerfetftiire. He was educated at Lincoln
college, Oxford; and gave the public a treatife on con-
fumptions, intitled, Theatri Tabidorum Vejlibulum, &c.
alfo Exercitationes Diagnojlica*, cum Hijloriis demon-
Jirativis, quihus Alimentoruvi et Sanguinis vitia deie-
guntur in plerifque motbis, &-c.
Bennet (Dr Thomas), an eminent divine, born at
Salifbury on the 7th of May 1673,, and educated at
St John’s college, Cambridge. In 1700, he was made
retlor of St James’s, in Colchefter ; afterwards he was
ledfurer of St Olave’s, Southwark, and morning-
preacher at St Lawrence, Jewry ; and at laft was pre-
fented to the vicarage of St Giles’s, Cripple-gate,
worth 500I. a year. While he was in this ftation, he
was engaged in feveral expenfive law-fuits in defence of
the rights of the church, to which he recovered 150I.
a-year. He wrote, 1. An Anfwer to the Diflenters
Plea for Separation. 2. A Confutation of Popery.
3. A Difcourfe of Schifm. 4. An Anfwer to a book
intitled Thomas againft Bennet. 5. A Confutation of
|ji Quackerifm. 6. A brief Hiftory of the joint Ufe of
pre-conceived Forpis of Prayer. 7. An Anfwer to
Dr Clarke’s Scripture-doftrme of the Trinity, 8. A
Paraphrafe, with Annotations, on the Book of Com¬
mon-Prayer. 7. An Hebrew Grammar; and other
pieces. He died Q&ober 9th, 1728, in the 56th year
of his age.
BENOIT (Renatus), a famous do&or of the Sor- Eenoif,
bonne, and curate of Euftathius at Paris in the 16th ,Benf<:radeJ
century. He was a fecret favourer of the Proteftant' 'r~mU
religion ; and that his countrymen might be able to
read the bible in their own tongue, he publifhed at Pa¬
ris the French tranflation, which had been made by the
reformed minifters at Geneva. This tranflation was
approved of by feveral dodlors of the Sorbonne before
it went to the prefs, and king Charles IX. had granted
a privilege for the printing of it. Yet when it was pu¬
blifhed, it was immediately condemned. He had been
before that time confeftbr to the unhappy Mary queen
of Scotland, during her flay in France, and attended
her when fhe returned into Scotland. Some time be¬
fore the death of Henry III. Dr Benoit, or fome of
his friends with his affiftance, publifhed a book, intitled,
Apologie Catholique, i. e. The Catholic Apology; in
which it was fhowed, that the Proteftant religion, which
Henry king of Navarre profeffed, was not a fufficient
reafon to deprive him of his right of fucceeding to the
crown of France. When Henry IV. was refolved to
embrace the Catholic religion, he affifted at that af-
fembly in which king Henry abjured the reformed
religion. The king promoted him to the bifhoprick of
Troyes in Champagne-1597, but he could never ob¬
tain the pope’s bulls to be inftalled. However, he en¬
joyed the temporalities of that bifhopric till he re-
ligned it. He died in 1608.
BENSERADE (Ifaac de), an ingenious French
poet of the 17 th century, was born at Lyons. He made
himfelf known at court by his verfes and his wit, and
had the good fortune to pleafe the cardinals de Riche¬
lieu and Mazarin. After tire death of Richelieu, he got
into favour with the Duke de Breze, whom he accom¬
panied in mofl of his expeditions; and when this noble¬
man died, he returned to court, where his poetry be¬
came highly efteemed. He wrote, 1. A Paraphrafe
upon Job. 2. Verfes for Interludes. 3. Rondeaux
upon Ovid. 4. Several Tragedies. A fonnet which
he fent to a young lady with his Paraphrafe on Job
being put in competition with the Urania of Voiture,.
cauled him to be much fpoken of; for what an. honour
was it to be head of a party againft this- celebrated au¬
thor.'1 Thofe who gave the preference to Benferade’s
performance were ftyled the JobiJis, and their antago-
nifts the Uranijis.; and the difpute long divided the
whole court and the wits. Some years before his death,,
he applied himfelf to works of piety, and tranflated aV-
moft all the Pfalms.
M. L’Abbe Olivet fays, that Benferade, towards the
latter end of his life, withdrew from court, and made
Gentilly the place of his retirement. Whan he was a
youth, he fays it was the cuftom to vifit the remains of
the ornaments- with which Benferade had embelliflred
his houfe and gardens, vyhere every thing favoured of
his poetical genius. The bark of the trees were full of
infcriptions: and, amongft others, he remembers the;
hr ft which prefented itfelf w'as as follows :
Adieu fortune, honneurs adieu, vous et les votres,
Je viens ici vous outlier;
Adieu toi- meme amour, bien plus que les autres.
Difficile a congedier.
Fortune and honours, all adieu.
And whatfoe’er belongs to you.
I
BEN
> t to this retirement run,
All your vanities to thun.
Thou too adieu, O powerful love j
From thee ’tis hardeft to remove.
Mr Voltaire is of opinion that thefe infciiptions were
the beft of his produdtions, and he regrets that they
have not been eollefted.
Benferade fuffered at laft fo much from the ftone,
that,' notwithftanding his great age, he refolved to fub-
mit to the operation of cutting. But his conftancy
'was not put to this laft proof; for a furgeon letting
him blood, by way of precaution, pricked an artery.
174 ] BEN
of the epiftles, by a view of the hiflory of the times, 1
the occafion of the feveral epiftles, and the ftate of the 1
churches to whom they were addreffed, he eftablilhed
the truth of the Ghriftian religion on a number of fadts,
the moft public, important, and inconteftable. He alfo
wrote, The reafonablenefs of the Ghriftian Religion ;
The Hiftory of the Life of Jefus Ghrift; A Paraphrafe
and Notes on the feven Catholic Epiftles; and feveral
other works which procured him great reputation^
One of the univerfities *n Scotland fent him a diploma
with a dolor’s degree ; and many of high rank in the
church of England, as Herring, Hoadley, Butler,
and, inftead of endeavouring to Hop the effufion of Benfon, Coneybeare, &c. Ihowed him great marks of
blood, ran away. There was but juft time to call F. favour and regard. He purfued the fame ftudies with
Commire, his friend and confeffor, who came foon e- great application and fuccefs till the time of his death,
nough to fee him die; This happened the 19th of Oc- which happened in the year 1763, in the 64th year of
tober 1691, in the Sad year of his age.
BENSHEIM, a town of Germany in the Palatine of
the Rhine, feated in E. Long. 8.45; N. LaU 52. 23.
BENSON (Dr George), a learned diffenting mini-
fter, born at Great Salkeld, in Cumberland, in 1699.
His love of learning was fo fuccefsftll, that, at 11 years
of age, he was able to read the Greek Teftament. He
afterwards ftudied at Dr Dixon’s academy at White-
his age.
BENTHAM (Thomas), bifltop of Litchfield and
Coventry, was born at Shirburn in Yorkihire in the
year 1513, and educated in Magdalen college Oxford;
He took the degree of bachelor of arts in 1543, and
in 1546 was admitted perpetual fellow, and proceeded
mafter of arts the year following, which was that of
Edward VI.’s accefiion to the crown. He now threw
haven, from whence ha removed to the univerfity of off the malk of Popery, which during the equivocal
Glafgow. In 1721, he was chofen paftor of a con¬
gregation of Diffenters at Abingdon in Berkftiire ; in
1729, he received a Call from a fociety of diffenters in
•Southwark, with whom he continued x 1 years; and
reign of Henry VIII. he had worn with reludtance;
When Mary came to the crown, being deprived of his
fellowfhip by her vifitors, he prudently retired to Ba-
fil in Switzerland, where for fome time he expounded
in 1740, was chofen by the congregation of Crutched the Scriptures to the Englifh exiles in that city ; but,-
Friars, colleague to the learned and judicious Dr Lard-
ner. From the time of his engaging in the miniftry he
being folicited by fome Proteftants in London, he re¬
turned to London before the death of the Queen, and
propofed to himfelf the critical ftudy of the Scriptures^ was appointed fuperintendant of a private congregation
particularly of the New Teftament, as a principal part
■of his bufinefs. The firft fruits of thefe ftudies
which he prefented to the public was, A Defence of the
reafonablenefs of Prayer, with a Tranflation of a Dif-
courfe of Maximus Tyrius containing fome popular
Objeftions againft Prayer, and an Anfwer to thefe.
The light which Mr Locke had thrown on the obfcureft
parts of St Paul’s epiftles, by making him his own ex-
pofitor, encouraged and determined Mr Benfon to at¬
tempt to illuftrate the remaining epiftles in the fame
manner. In i73T,he publilhed A Paraphrafe and Notes
on the Epiftle to Philemon, as a fpecimem This was
well received, and the author encouraged to proceed in
his defign. With the epiftle to Philemon was pu-
bliftied “ A fhort differtation, to prove from the fpirit
and fentiments the apoftle difCovered in his epiitles,
that he was neither an enthtifiaft nor impoftor j andcon-
fequently that the religion which he afferted he received
immediately.from heaven, and confirmed by a variety of
miracles, is indeed divine.” This argument, hath fince
been improved and illuftrated, with great delicacy and
ftrength, in a review of the apoftle’s entire condudt and
character by Lord Littleton. Mr Benfon proceeded
with great diligence and reputation to publiih Para-
phrafes and Notes on the two Epiftles to the Theffalo-
nians, the firft and fecond to Timothy, and the Epiftle
to Titus j adding, Differtations On feveral important
Subjefts, particularly on Infpiration. In the year 173
in the city. Immediately on the acceffion of Elizabeth*
Bentham was preferred in the church, and in the fe¬
cond year of her reign was confecrated bilhop of Litch¬
field and Coventry. He died at Ecclefhal 111 Stafford-
fhire in 1578, aged 65. Pie was buried in the chan¬
cel of the church there; and a monument was eredted*
with the effigy of himfelf, his wife, and four children*
with the following infcription :
Hac jacet in tumha Bentbamus, epifcopus ille
Dottus, divinus, largus, pafcens, pius, almus.
Ob. 19. Peb. 1578.
Bifhop Bentham had the character of a pious and
zealous reformer* and was particularly celebrated for
his knowledge of the Hebrew language. His works
are, 1. Expofition of the Adis of the Apoftles; manu-
fcript. 2. A Sermon on Chi ill’s Temptation ; Lond;
8vo. 3. Epiftle to M. Parker; manufcript. 4. The
Pfalms, Ezekiel, and Daniel, tranflated into Englifh
in Queen Elizabeth’s Bible.
BENTIVOGLIO (Guy), cardinal, born at Ferrara*
in the year 1579. He went to ftudy at Padua, where
he made a coniiderable proficiency in polite-literature;
Upon his leaving the univerfity, he went to refide at
Rome, where he became univerfally efteemed. He was
fent nuncio to Flanders, and then to France; in both
which employments his behaviour was fuch as gave
great fatisfadlion to Paul V. who made him a cardinal*
author publilhed his Hiftory of the firft Planting of which was the laft promotion he made, a little before
Chriftianity, taken from the Adis of the Apoftles, and
their Epiftles, in 2 vols qto. In this work, befides
illuftrating throughout the hiftory of the Adis and moft
his death, which happened on the 28th of January
1621. Bentivoglio was at this time in France, where
Louis XIH. and all the French court congratulated
him
BEN [ i
- Kim on his new dignity; and when he returned to Rome,
his Chriftian majefty entrufted him with the manage-
_ ment of the French affairs at that court. Pope Ur¬
ban VII. had a high regard for him on account of his
fidelity, difintereftednefs, and confummate knowledge
in bufinefs. He was beloved by the people; and efteemed
by the cardinals ; and his qualities were fuch, that in
all probability he would have been railed to the ponti¬
ficate on the death of Urban, which happened on the
29th of July 1 644 ; but having gone to the conclave
during the time of the moft intolerable heats at Rome,
it affedled his body to fuch a degree, that he could not
fleep for 11 nights afterwards; and this want of reft
threw him into a fever, of which he died the '7th of Sep¬
tember 1644, aged 65. He has left feveral works ;
the moft remarkable of which are, A Hiftory of the
Civil Wars of Flanders, An Account of Flanders, with
Letters and Memoirs.
Bentivoglio, a fmall town of Italy in the territory
of Bologna, with a caftle, fituated in E. Long. 1 s. 34.
N. Lat. 44. 47.
BENTLEY (Richard), an eminent critic and di¬
vine, was born at Oulton, in the parifh of Rothwell,
near Wakefield. His anceftors, who were of fome con-
fideration, poffeffed an eftate, and had a feat at He-
penftall, in the parifh of Halifax. His grandfather
James Bentley was a captain in King Charles I.’s army
at the time of the civil wars; and being involved in the
fate of his party, had his houfe plundered, his eftate
confifcated, and was himfelf carried prifoner to Pomfret
Caftle, where he died. Thomas Bentley, the fon of
James, and father of Dr Bentley, married the daugh¬
ter of Richard Willis of Oulton, who had been a ma¬
jor in the royal army. This lady, who was a woman
of exceeding good underftanding, taught her fon Rich¬
ard his accidence. To his grandfather Willis, who
was left his guardian, he was .in part indebted for his
education ; and having gone through the grammar
fchool at Wakefield with fingular reputation, bothfbr
his proficiency and his exa<ft and regular behaviour, he
was admitted of St John’s college Cambridge, under
the tuition of Mr Johnfon, on the 24th of May 1676;
being than only four months above 14 years of age.
On the 22d of March i<58i-2, he ftood candidate for a
fellowfhip, and would have been unanimoully eledted,
had he not been excluded by the fiatuteson account of
his being too young for prieft’s Orders. He was then
a junior bachelor, and but little more than* 19 years
old. It was foon after this that he became a fchool-
xnafter at Spalding. But that he did not continue long
in this fituation is certain from a letter of his grand¬
father Willis’s, ftill preferved in the family, from which
it appears, that he was with Dr Stillingfleet at the
Deanery of St Paul’s on the 25th of April 1683. He
had been recommended by his college to the Dean as
preceptor to his fon ; and Dr Stillingfleet gave Mr
Bentley his- choice whether he would carry his pupil to
Cambridge or Oxford.. He fixed upon the latter uni-
verfity on account of the Bodleian library, to the con-
fulting of the manufcripts of which he applied with the
clofeft attention. Being'now of age, he made over, a
fmall eftate which he derived from his family to his
elder brother, and immediately laid out the money he
obtained for it in the purchafe of books. In July
1683, he took the degree of Mailer of Arts at St
75 1 ben
John’s college Cambridge. In 1692, his patfon be- Bendey.
ing advanced to the fee of Worcefter, collated him to '—
a prebend in that church, and alfo made him his do-
meftic chaplain. That learned prelate, as well as Dr
Will. Lloyd, then bifhop of Litchfield, had feen many
proofs of our author’s extraordinary merit, when they
concurred in recommending him as a fit perfon to open
the le&ures upon Mr Boyle’s foundation in defence of
natural and revealed religion. This gave him a fine
; opportunity of eftablifhing his fame. He faw- it well;
and refolved to puih it to the utmoft. Sir Ifaac New¬
ton’s Principia had been publilhed but a few years, and
the book was little known and Itfs underftood. Mr
Bentley therefore determined to fpare no pains in dif-
playing to the belt advantage the profound demonftra-
tions which that excellent work furnifticd in proof of
a Deity; and that nothing might be wanting to com¬
plete the defign, he applied to the author, and recei¬
ved from him the folution of fome difficulties which had
not fallen within the plan of his treatife*. In ffiort,
our author’s fermons at Boyle’s le&ures were univer- F/ur'
fally admired, and highly railed his reputation as aSw'ljei?™
preacher ; notvvithftanding that efcape which laid him Nentan to
open to the raillery of Dr Kiel, viz. of proving the I)r B‘nt:cy*
moon not to turn round her axis becaufe (He always
{hows the fame face to the earth. In 1693, he was'7,5 *
made keeper of the royal library at St James’s.
In the following year arofe the famous difpute be¬
tween him and the honourable Mr Boyle, in relation
to the epiftles of Phalaris; of which Mr Boyle had
publifned a very fine edition, with a Latin verfion of
the text.. Thefe epiftles the Dr aflerted to be fpu-
rious, the produftion of fome fophift, and altogether
contemptible as a literary performance. The princi¬
pal pieces which appeared in this noted controverfy
were, 1. Dr Bentley’s differtaticn upon the epiftles of
Themiftocles, Socrates, Euripedcs, Phalaris, and the
Fables of "jEfop, at the end of the fecond edition of
Mr Wotton’s Reflections on Ancient and Modern,
Learning : but afterwards printed by Dr Bentley en¬
tire, and added with great additions to his farther de¬
fence of it, in anfwer to Mr Boyle. 2. “ Dr Bentley’s
Diflertation on the Epiftles of Phalaris and the Fables
of jEfop examined by the Honourable Charles Boyle,.
Efq;” a book more commonly known by the title of
Boyle again/} Bentley. 3. Dr Bentley ’s Anfwer to the
above, commonly known by the name of Bentley a-
gain]} Beyle; a curious piece, interfperfed with a great
deal, of true wit and humour. From the caprice or
partiality of the age the victory was adjuded to Mr.
Boyle, and the ridicule of the wits exefeifed upon Dx
Bentley. Thus Dr Garth, in the Difpenfary
Sc Diamonds take a luftre from their foil.
And to a BENTLEY Vr/cue ewe a BOYLE.
Dr Bentley had alfo fome wags who were his enemies*
even at. Cambridge, who drew his picture in the hands
of Phalaris’s guards, who were putting him into their
mailer’s bull, and out of the Doctor's mouth came a
label with thefe words, 1 had rather be Roasted than.
Boylsd. And Dean Swift, in his Tale of a Tub,,
has fome ftrokes at Dr Bentley upon this cceafion, but
more efpecially in his Battle of the Books, where, on-
account of Dr Bentley’s differtation of Phalaris, &c,.
being annexed to Mr Wotton’s reflexions on learning,.
4-.- ' andl
BEN [ i
B*mley. and their being great friends, be makes Mr Wotton
an(l Dr Bentley, Handing fide by fide, in each other’s
defence, to be both transfixed to the ground by one
flroke of the javelin of Mr Boyle, and this he height¬
ens by the funile' of a cook’s fpitting a brace of wood¬
cocks. Nay, fo ftrong is the influence of literary pre¬
judice and falhion, that many even of Dr Bentley’s
friends confidered Boyle’s Examination as unanfvver-
able. Not could they be convinced of the contrary,
till the Doftor, firft afking them where it was fo im¬
pregnable, and confuting one article after another up¬
on the fpot, as fail as they inftanced, aflured them it
was all of the fame kind. This he effe&ually fhowed
in his anfvver. It now, however, feems to be the fet¬
tled opinion of the literary world, that the Do&or has
not only the evident advantage in rd'pedl of learning
and argument, but that he is little, if at all, inferior to
his antagonift in point of wit and fmartnefs. It may
not, however, be amifs to recite a few^teftimonies on
the fubjeft. Mr Walpole, fpeaking of Mr Boyle’s
tranflation of the Epiftles of Phalaris, fays, “ This
work occafioned the famous controverfy with Dr Bent¬
ley ;—who alone, and unworfted, fuftained the attacks
of the brighteft genius’s in the learned world, and
whofe fame has not fuffered by the wit to which it
gave occafion.” Mr Towers, in his Britifh Biography,
exprdfes himfelf in the following terms: “ In the
controverfy between him and Mr Boyle, the popular
clamour, indeed, was in favour of the latter ; but Bent¬
ley’s is unqueftionably a much more valuable perfor¬
mance than that of Boyle. The latter, coniidered as
a mere Englifhcompoiition, has the advantage in point
of Ityle; and-pleafed the generality, by the perfonal
fatire which it contained againfl Dr Bentley, who had
many enemies. But Bentley had greatly the fuperi-
ority with ryfpeft to juft reafoning, critical fagacity,
and extent of learning ; and his vindication of himfelf
alfo contained many Ihrewd and farcaftical ftrokes a-
gainft Mr Boyle and his performance. Much has been
faid in favour of Mr Boyle, as a genteel and polite
writer; and it muft be confeffed, that Dr Bentley’s
manner was often too affuming, and that he was defi¬
cient in point of civility. But notwithftanding this,
there was, perhaps, a much greater want of real can¬
dour and politenefs, whatever affeftation of them there
might be, in the very contemptuous and unfair man¬
ner in which Dr Bentley was treated throughout Mr
Boyle’s book, than in any thing which Bentley had
Taid againft Boyle. Bentley, with all his foibles, was
too refpeftable a charatter to be a proper fubjeft of
fuch .treatment; though Swift, Garth, and Pope, have
joined in countenancing the popular prejudices againft
him.” Mr Dodwell, who refided at Oxford during
the controverfy, who made himfelf in fome fort a party
in it, and who had a very particular court paid to him
by the Chrift-Chureh men, declared to them that he
never learned fo much from any book of the lize in his
life, as he had done from Dr Bentley’s Anfwer to
Boyle.
In 1696, at the public commencement, Mr Bentley
had been created Do&or of Divinity by the univerti-
tv of Cambridge ; and fome time thereafter admitted,
ad eundem, in the univerlity of Oxford.
In 17.00 he was preffinted to the mafterfliip of Tri-
jjity college, Cambridge, which is reckoned worth, near
N° 45-
76 ] BEN
1 pool, per annum. Upon this promotion he refigned Bentley,
his prebend of Worcefter ; and, in 1701, was collated v—<
to the archdeaconry of Ely. Being thus placed in a
ftate of eafe and affluence, he entered into matrimony,
and indulged his inclination in critical purfuits ; and
the fruits of his labours, which he occafionally publifti-
ed, all difplayed fuch erudition and fagacity, that, by
degrees, he obtained the charafter of being the great-
eft Critic of the age. In the mean while, however, he
carried matters tfrith fo high a hand in the government
of his college, that, in f 709, a complaint was brought
before the bifticp of Ely, as vifitor, againft him, by
feveral of the fellows, who charged him with embez¬
zling the college money, and other mifdemeanors.
In anfwer to this, he prefented his defence to the bi-
flrop, which he publifhed in 1710, under the title of
The prefent State of Trinity College, 8vo ; and thus be¬
gan a quarrel, which was carried on with the moft vi- •
rulent animofity on each fide, for above 20 years, when
it at laft ended in the Doftor’s favour. In 1716, upon
the death of Dr James, he was appointed regius pro-
feffor of divinity in the former univerfity ; annexed to
which was a good benefice in the bifhopric of Ely. His
Majefty King George I. on a viiit to the univerfity in
1717, having, as ufual, nominated by mandate feveral
perfons for a dodftor’s degree in divinity, onr profeflbr,
to whofe office it belonged to perform the ceremony
called creation, demanded four guineas from each per-
fon, befides a broad piece of gold, and abfolutely re-
fufed to create any do&or without thefe fees : hence
there arofe a long and warm difpute, during which,
the doftor was firft fufpended, and then degraded;
but on a petition to his Majefty for relief from that
fentence, the affair was referred to the Court of King’s
Bench, where the proceedings againft him being re-
verfed, a mandamus was iffued, charging the univerfity
to reftore him.—With regard to Dr Bentley’s long
difpute with his college, Mr Whifton reprefents his ha¬
ving been induced, in a Angle inftance, after four years
of unexceptionable conduct, to recede from the excel¬
lent rule of detur digniori, in the ele&ion to a fellow-
ihip, as the firft falfe flep which led to others, and
was very prejudicial to his own happinefs. A concife
and accurate account of his controverfies with his col¬
lege and the univerfity, and of the publications which
appeared on thefe occafions, may be feen in Mr Gough’s
anecdotes of topography. There are likewife, in the
Harleian colle&ion of manufcripts in the Britiflr Mu-
feum, N° -7523, .fome authentic papers, relative to the
proceedings of the univerfity againft Dr Bentley.—Dr
Bentley was endowed with a natural hardinefs of tem¬
per, which enabled him to ride out both thefe ftorms
without any extraordinary ditturbance, or interruption
to his literary purfuits. In his private charafter, tho*
he is generally allowed to have been too fond of money,
he was hearty, fincere, and warm in his friendflup, an
affectionate hufband, and a moft indulgent father. He
loved hofpitality aud refpect ; maintained the dignity
and munificence of the ancient abbots in houfe-keep-
ing at his lodge, which he beautified ; and, in conver-
fation, tempered the feverity of the critic with fuch a
peculiar ftrain of vivacity and pieafantry, as was very
entertaining. He died at his lodge in Trinity college,
on the 14th of.July 1742. at 80'years of age. To
his lateft hour, he could read the fmalleft Greek Te-
ftament
B E N [ 177 ] BEN
Bentley, {lament without fpe&acles; and he died of a young
—' man’s diforder, a pleuretic fever. He was of a large
and robuft frame of body, and of ftrong features.
Thefe gave a dignity, perhaps a feverity, to his afpeft,
which probably heightened the opinion many had con¬
ceived of the haughtinefs and roughnefs of his temper.
But, in fa£t, he was of fo tender a difpofition, that he
never read a touching ftory without tears. It was not,
indeed, till after he had been afflifted with a flight
paralytic ftroke, that this particular effe& of the foft-
nefs of his nature was in every cafe apparent; fo that
it may poffibly be imputed, in fome degree, to his dif¬
order. It is, however, certain, that previous to that
event, he was endued with great tendernefs and fenfi-
bility. In the conteft about the vifitatorial power,
when he met Biihop Moore, he was fo {truck with
feeing his old friend appear in a hoftile manner againft
him, that he fainted away in the court.
When we conlider the great abilities and uncommon
erudition of which Dr Bentley was pofiefled, it reflefts
fome difgrace on our country, fays Dr Kippis, that
even his literary reputation fhould be fo long treated
with contempt; that he fliould be reprefented as a mere
verbal critic, and as a pedant without genius. The
unjull light in which he was placed, was not entirely
owing to the able men who oppofed him in the Boylean
controverfy ; it arofe, perhaps, principally from the
poets engaging on the fame fide of the queftion, and
making him the object of their fatire and ridicule.
The “ flafliing Bentley” of Pope will be remembered
and repeated by thoufands who know nothing of the
Dodlor’s real merit. Having mentioned this epithet,
we fliall add the candid note of the poet’s right reve¬
rend editor. “ This great man, with all his faults,
deferved to be put into better company. The follow¬
ing words of Cicero defcribe him not amifs: “ Habuit
a natura genus quoddam acumhiis, quod etiam arte li-
m aver at, quod erat in reprehendis verbis verfutum et
filers ; fed fcepe Jlomachofum, nonnunquam frigidum,
interdum etiam facetusn.” In the fourth book of the
Dunciad, Mr Pope introduces our critic at greater
length, and with ftill greater feverity. Perhaps it may
be found, that the afperity of Mr Pope was not en¬
tirely owing to the combination of certain wits and
poets againft Dr Bentley, but to perfonal refentment.
We are told that Bifhop Atterbury, having Bentley and
Pope both at dinner with him, infifted on knov/ing
what opinion the Dodlor entertained of the Englifli
Homer. He for fome time eluded the queftion : but
at laft, being urged to fpeak out, he faid, “ The verfes
are good verfes, but the work is not Homer, it is Spon-
danus.” It muft, indeed, be acknowledged, that one
caufe of Dr Bentley’s having enemies, was his not al¬
ways bearing his faculties with fufficient meeknefs.
He appears to have had a confiderable degree of lite¬
rary pride, and to have fpoken of himfelf and others
with uncommon freedom. Mr Whifton informs us of
the Dodof’s having faid, “ That when he himfelf
fliould be dead, Waffe would be the moft learned man
in England.” Dr Salter, who was extremely devoted
to the memory of Dr Bentley, confefled that he was
remarkable for his fajius, efpecially towards his equals,
and for fpeaking highly of himfelf. But at the fame
time, he is defcribed by Dr Salter as having been a
very amiable and pleafant man in private life, and as
Vol. III. Part 1.
poffelfing much good nature, though he hath been o- Bentley,
therwife reprefented. This account agrees with the’Y*"-1*
moft authentic information from different quarters.
It is related of Dr Bentley, that he ufed to pull off his
hat to the younger ftudents, but would not do it to
the fellows of his college. Being afked the reafon for
making this difference, he anfwered, “ That the young
ones might come to fomething; but for the others,
they never could be good for any thing.”
The Dodor’s principal works, befides thofe already
mentioned, were, 1. His animadverfions and remarks
on the poet Callimachus. 2. Annotations on the twro
firft Comedies of Ariftophanes. 3. Emendations, &c.
on the Fragment of Menander and Philemon. 4. Re¬
marks uponCollins’sdifcourfeof Free-thinking. 5.Beau¬
tiful and corred editions of Horace, Terence, Phae-
drus, and Milton, with notes.
In 1721 he publiftied Propofals for printing a new
edition of the Greek Teftament, and St Hierom’s
Latin verfion; in which edition he intended to make
no ufe of any manufeript that was not at leaft 1000
years old. Upon thefe propofals Dr Middleton pub-
lifhed fome remarks ; and the work never made its ap¬
pearance. “ If Dr Middleton’s attack contributed to
this event (Dr Kippis obferves), he certainly did no
little differvice to the caufe of facred literature. The
completion of Dr Bentley’s noble undertaking was the
principal employment of the latter part of his life. He
had colleded and collated all the manuferipts of Eu¬
rope to which accefs could be obtained. For this pur-
pofe, his nephew Thomas Bentley, LL. D. well known
in the republic of letters, travelled through Europe at
his uncle’s expence. The work was of fuch magnitude,
that he found it neceffary, for the firft time, to pu-
blifli propofals for printing it by fubfeription. The
whole was completed for publication ; and he had re¬
ceived 2000 1. in part of the fubfeription, all of which
he returned to the fubferibers when he took the refo-
lution of not letting it appear in the world during his
own life. The work is now in the poffeffion of-his
executor Dr Richard Bentley, one of the fenior fel¬
lows of Trinity College, and reftor of Nailfton near
Afliby in Leicefterfhire; and it is hoped that at fome
future period it may yet fee the light.—Other valuable
remains of Dr Bentley are ftill in exiftence; fome of
which are in the hands of his executor, and fome in
thofe of Mr Cumberland his grandfon. The latter
gentleman is poffeffed of the Doftor’s clafiic books,
with his marginal notes. From thefe notes Mr Cum¬
berland hath publifhed an edition of Lucan ; which,
though not perfeft throughout, is full and complete
with regard to the four firft books. The fame gentle¬
man jhas a Homer of our great critic’s, with many
marginal notes and correftions, preparatory to an edi¬
tion of it which he intended to have given. Dr Bent¬
ley’s critical correfpondence with his numerous literary
acquaintance, which muft be very inflruClive and en¬
tertaining, is not only preferved, but defigned to be
laid before the public.”
The Doftor’s publication of Milton, it is faid, was
owing to Queen Caroline. Her Majefty reprefented
to him that he had printed no edition of an Englifti
claffic, and urged him to undertake Milton. His notes
upon this great poet have been the worft received of
any of his critical performances. The learned Bifhop
Z Newton
B E R [ 178 ] B E R
Benzoin Newton fpeaks of them with confiderable feverity, in-
Berberis term'xe<^> however, with fome applaufe.
■ BENZOIN, in materia medica, a concrete refinous
juice, obtained from a fpecies of ftyrax. See StYrax.
BERAMS, a coarfe cloth, all made with cotton-
thread, which comes from the Eaft Indies, and parti¬
cularly from Surat.
BERAR, a province of Afia, in the dominions of
the Great Mogul, near the kingdom of Bengal. It
abounds in corn, rice, pulfe, and poppies, from which
laft they extract opium ; and fugar-canes grow almoft
without cultivation. The capital town is called Ska-
pour.
BERAUM, a royal city of Bohemia, and capital of
a-circle of the fame name. E. Long. 14. 25. N. Lat.
£0. 2.
BERAY, a town of Normandy in France, fituated
in W. Long. 1. 20. N. Lat. 49. 6. ’
BERBERIS, the barberry, ox pipperidge bujh:
A genus of the monogynia order, belonging to the hex-
andria clafs of plants; the charafters of which are :
The calyx confifts of fix leaves ; the petals are fix, with
two glands at the ungues; it has no ftylus; and the
berry contains two feeds.
Species. 1. The vulgaris, or common barberry,
grows naturally in hedges in many parts of England,
as alfo in fome parts of Scotland ; buf is alfo cultiva¬
ted in gardens on account of its fruit, which is pickled
and ufed for garnifhing difhes. It rifes to the height
of eight or ten feet, with many ftalks, which have a
, white bark, yellow on the infide. The ftalks and
branches are armed with (harp thorns, which commonly
grow by threes; the leaves are oval, obtufe, and flightly
fawed on their edges. The flowers come out from the
wings of the leaves in fmall ramofe bunches, like thofe
of the currant bufh, and are of a yellow colour ; thefe
are fucceeded by oval fruit, which are at firft green,
but when ripe turn to a fine red colour. The flowers
appear in May, and the fruit ripens in September.
There are two or three Varieties of this fhrub, which
by fome have been taken for diftinft fpecies; one is
the barberry without ftone; another, the barberry with
white fruit; and a third is called by Tournefort ta//er
eafiern barberry, with a black fweet fruit. Of thefe Mr
Miller obferves, that the firft certainly depends on the
age of the plant; becaufe the fuckers taken from thofe
bulhes commonly produce fruit with ftones: the fecond,
he fays, feldom bears any fruit; the leaves are of a
' lighter green colour, and the bark of the ftalks are
whiter than thofe of the Common kind; the third ap¬
pears to be the fame with the common fort, excepting
the colour and flavour of its fruit, which can never in¬
dicate a fpecific difference. 2.. The canadenfis, is a
native of that country from whence it takes its name,
and was formerly much more common in Britifli gar¬
dens than at prefent. The leaves are much broader and
ftiorter than thofe of the common fort, and the fruit is
black when ripe.. 3. The cretica, with a Angle flower
in each footftalk, is at prefent very rare in Britain; the
plants being tender whilft young, and moft of them
killed by fevere froft. This never rifes more than three
or four feet high in Britain; but fends out many ftalks
from the root, which are ftrongly armed with fpines
at every joint: the leaves are produced without order,
and are fhaped like thofe of the narrow-leaved box-
tree : the flowers come out from between the leaves, Berlerus
each having a flender footftalk ; but they are not fuc- „ ^ .
ceeded by fruit in Britain. _ , Berc»,liu1f
Culture. The firft fort is generally propagated by
fuckers, which are fent out in great plenty from the
root; but fuch plants are very apt to fend out fuckers
in greater plenty than thofe that are propagated by
layers; fo the latter method is preferable. The beft
time for laying down the branches is in the autumn,
when the leaves begin to fall: the young flroots of the
fame year are the beft for this pus|>ofe; thefe will be
well rooted by the next autumn, when they may be
taken off, and planted where they are defigned to re¬
main. Where this plant is cultivated for its fruit, it
fhould be planted Angle, not in hedges as was formerly
the practice; the fuckers (hould be every autumn taken
away, and the grofs flioots pruned out: by this means
the fruit will be much fairer and in greater plenty than
on thofe that are fuffered to -grow wild. The other
forts may be propagated in the fame'manner; only the
third fhould be planted in pots,nnd flickered as foon as
the young fhoots are taken off, till the plants have ac¬
quired ftrength, when they may be turned out, and
planted in a warm fituation.
Medicinal and other qualities. The berries, which
are fo acid that birds will not feed upon them, are mo¬
derately aftringent; and have been given with fuccefs
in bilious fluxes, and difeafes proceeding from heat, a-
crimony, and thinnefs of the juices. Among the E-
gyp'tians barberries are ufed in fluxes and in malignant
fevers, for abating heat, quenching thirft, railing the
ftrength, and preventing putrefaction : the fruit is ma¬
cerated for a day and a night, in about 12 times its
quantity bf water, with the addition of a Iktle fennel
feed, or the like, to prevent offence to the ftomach ;
the liquor ftrained off, and fweetened with fugar or-
fyrup of citrons, is given the patient liberally to drink..
Profper Alpinus, from whofe treatife De MedicinaJEgyp-
toruni Dr Lewis extracted this account, informs us, that
he took this medicine himfelf with happy fuccefs,* in a
peftilentialfever accompanied with an immoderate bilious
diarrhoea. The leaves alfo are gratefully acid. The
flowers are often five to the fmell when near, but at a di-
ftance their odour is extremely fine. An infufion of the-
bark in white-wine is purgative. The roots boiled in ley
dye wool yellow. In Poland they dye leather of a moft
beautiful yellow with the bark of the root. The inner
bark of the ftems dyes linen of a fine yellow with the
afliftance of alum. This fhrub fhould never be permit¬
ted to grow in corn lands; for the ears of wheat that
grow near it never fill, and its influence in this refpeCl^
has been known to extend acrofs a field of 300 or 400-
yards. Cows, fheep, and goats, eat it; horfes and’
fwine refufe.
BERBICE, a river of Terra Firma in America,
which falls into the North Sea, in S. Lat. 6. 30. This-
is the only river in the country, and waters a great
number of plantations of cotton, &c. belonging to the
Dutch.
BERCARIA, Berqueria, or Berleria, in mid¬
dle-age writers, denotes a fheep-fold, fheep-cote, fheep-
pen, or other inclofure, for the fafe keeping a flock of
fheep.—The word is abbreviated from berbicaria ; of
berbex, detorted from vervex. Hence alfo a fhepherd
was denominated berbicaritu m& berquarius.
EERCHEROIT*
B E R
•SJercheroit BERCHEROIT, or Berkoits, a weight ufed at
li Archangel, and in all the Ruffian dominiofts, to weigh
rianifm" merchandizes as are heavy and bulky. It weighs
i ^ about 164 lib. Engliih avoirdupois weight.
BERCHEM, or Berg hem, (Nicholas), an excel¬
lent painter, was a native of Haerlem, and born in
1624. He received inftruftions from feveral very emi¬
nent mailers; and it was no fmall addition to their
fame that Berchem was their fcholar. The charming
pidlures of cattle and figures by this admirable mailer
are juilly held in the higheil eilimation. He has been
Angularly happy in having many of them finely engra¬
ved by John Visscher, an artiil of the firil rank.
Berchem had an eafy expeditious manner of painting,
and an inexpreffible variety and beauty in the choice of
fites for his landfcapes ; executing them with a furpri-
fing degree of neatnefs and truth. He poffeffed a
clearnefs and ftrength of judgment, and a wonderful
power and eafe in expreffing his ideas ; and although
his fubjedts were of the lower kind, yet his choice of
nature was judicious, and he gave to every fubjedt as
much of beauty and elegance as it would admit. The
leafing of his trees is exquifitely and freely touched;
his Ikies are clear; and his clouds float lightly, as if
fupported by air. The diftinguiftiing charadters of
the pidlures of Berchem are, the breadth and juft di-
llribution of the lights ; the grandeur of his mafles of
light and ftiadow; the natural eafe and fimplicity in
the attitudes of his figures, expreffing their feveral
charadiers; the juft degradation of his diftances; the
brilliancy and harmony, as well as the tranfparence, of
his colouring; the corredlnefs and true perfpedlive of
his defign ; and the elegance of his compofition ; and
where any of thofe marks are wanting, no authority
ought to be fufficient to afcribe any pidlure to him.
He painted every part of his fubjedts fo extremely well,
-as to render it difficult to determine in which he ex¬
celled moft ; his trees, buildings, waters, rocks, hills,
cattle, and figures, being all equally admirable.
BERCHETT^(Peter), an eminent hiftory-painter,
was born in France in 1659, and at the age of 18 was
employed in the royal palaces. He came to England
in 1681, to work under Rambour, a French painter
of architecture ; but, after {laying a year, returned to
Marli. He came again, and was fent by King William
to the palace he was building at Loo, where he was
employed 15 months ; and then came a third time to
England, where he had fufficient bufinefs. We are in¬
formed by Mr Walpole, that he then painted the ceil¬
ing of the chapel of Trinity college, Oxford, the ftair-
cafe at the Duke of Schomberg’s in Pall-Mall, asd the
fummer-houfe at Ranelagh. His drawings in the aca¬
demy were much approved. Towards the clofe of his
life he retired to Marybone, where he painted only
fmall pieces of fabulous hiftory, and diedthere in Ja¬
nuary 1720.
BERDASH, in antiquity, -was a name formerly
ufed in England for a certain kind of neck-drefs; and
hence a perfon who made or fold fuch neck-cloths was
called a berdajher, from which is derived our word ha*
Isrdajher.
BERECYNTHIA, the mother of the gods, in the
Pagan theology.
BERENGARIANISM, a name giveq by eccle-
fiallical writers to the opinion of thofe who deny the
B E R
truth and reality of the body and blood of Chrift in Berenice,
the eucharift. The' denomination took its rife from —-v—*"‘J
Berengarius, archdeacon and fcholiafticus of the church
of St Mary at Anjou about the year 1035, who main¬
tained, that the bread and wine, even after confecration,
do not become the true body and blood of our Lord,
but only a figure and fign thereof.
Berengarianifm was ftrenuoufly oppofed by Lanfranc,
Guitmond, Adelmannus, Albericus, &c. Divers fy-
nods were held, wherein the author was condemned at
Rome, Verfailles, Florence, Tours, &c. He retracted,
and returned again more than once; figned three feveral
Catholic confeffions of faith; the firft in the fecond
council of Rome, the fecOnd in the third, and the
third in the fourth council of the fame city. But he
ftill relapfed to his former opinion when the ftorm was
over; though Mabillon maintains he foon recovered
from his fourth fall, and died an orthodox Catholic in
1088.
BERENICE, daughter of Ptolemy Auletes king of
Egypt, fucceeded her father before his death. This
baniflied prince implored the affiftance of the Romans.
Pompey reftored him. Berenice, to fupport herfelf on
the throne, allured a prince, whofe name was Seleucus,
defcended from the kings of Syria, and admitted him
to her nuptial bed, and to her fceptre. She was foon
weary of him, and put him to death. She next caft
her eye on Archelaus, who married her, and put him-
felf at the head of her troops to repulfe the Romans.
He was killed in a battle. Ptolemy returned to Alex¬
andria and put his rebellious daughter to death.
Berenice, wife of Ptolemy Evergetes king of E-
gypt, cut off her hair in purfuance of a vow, and con-
fecrated it in the temple of Venus. This depofit be¬
ing afterwards loft, Connonthe mathematician, in com¬
pliment to her, declared that the queen’s locks had been
conveyed to heaven, and compofed thofe feven ftars
near the tail of the bull, called to this day coma Bere¬
nices.
Berenice, daughter of Cpftobarus and of Salome
After to Herod the Great, was married firft to Arifto-
bulus, fon of the fame Herod and Mariamne. He
having a brother who married the daughter of Arche¬
laus king of Cappadocia, often upbraided Berenice
that he was married below himfelf in wedding her.
Berenice related all thefe difcourfes to her mother, and
exafperated her fo furioufly, that Salome, who had
much power over Herod’s mind, made him fufpedl A-
riftobulus, and was the principal caufe that urged this
cruel father to get rid of him. She married again; and
having loft her fecond hufband, went to Rome, and
got into the favour of Auguftus. But, above all, ftie
iijfinu'ated herfelf into the good graces of Antonia, the
wife of Drufus, which in the end proved of great fer-
vice to Agrippa.
Berenice, grand-daughter of the preceding, and
daughter of Agrippa I. king of Judea, has been much
talked of on account of her amours. She was betrothed
to one Marcus, but he died before the marriage. Soon
after, Are married his uncle Herod, who at the defire
of Agrippa, both his brother and father-in-law, was
created king of Chalcis by the emperor Claudius. She
loft her hufband in the 8th year of the emperor Clau¬
dius ; and in her widowhood, it was rumoured fhe
committed inceft with her brother Agrippa. To put
Z 2 a
l 179 1
B E R [ 180 ] B E R
Berenice
II
Berg.
a flop to tKis report, {he offered herfelf Ifl marriage to
Polemon king of Cilicia, provided he would change his
„ religion. He accepted her offers, was circumcifed,
and married her. Berenice foon left him to follow her
own ways, and he abandoned Judaifm to return to his
former religion. She was always very well with her
brother Agrippa, and feconded him in the defign of
preventing the defolation-of the Jews. She got Titus
into her fnares; but the murmurs of the Roman people
hindering her from becoming his wife, there remained
nothing for her but the title of miftrefs or concubine of
the emperor. The French ftage, in the i 7th century,
refounded with the amours of Titus and Berenice.
Berenice (anc. geog.), the name of feveral cities,
particularly of a celebrated port-town on the Sinus A-
rabicus: Now Suez; which fee.
Berenice’s Hair, Coma Berenices. See Berenice.
BERE-regis, a town in Dorfetfhire in England,
in W. Long. 2. 15. N. Lat. 50. 40.
BERESOW, a devifion of the province of To-
Bolfk in Siberia. It is bounded on the north by the
ftraits of Waigatz, on the eaft by a large bay of the
frozen ocean which runs into the land towards the fouth,
and at the dyth degree of latitude feparates into two
arms; one of which is called the Ob/kaia-Guba, or
Oby-lay ; and the other Tazonufkaia-Guba, or the bay
of Tazonv. The river Oby empties itfelf into the former,
and the Taz into the latter. This diftritt was under
the Ruffian dominion long before the other parts of
Siberia were conquered, being reduced by the Czar
Gabriel fo early as the year 1530.
BEREWICHA, or Berewica, in our old writers,
denotes a village or hamlet belonging to fome town or
manor, fituate at fome diftance therefrom.—The word
frequently occurs in Doomfday-book : IJhz funt here-
•wicha ejufdem manerii.
BERG, a duchy of Germany, in the circle of Wefl-
phalia. It is bounded on the north by the duchy of
Cleves, on the weft by the county of Mark and the
duchy of Weftphalia, on the fouth by Wefteravia, and
on the eaft by the diocefe of Cologne, from which it is
feparatedby the Rhine. It is about 150 miles in length,
and 24 in breadth. It is very fruitful along the Rhine,
but mountainous and woody towards the county of
Mark. It is fubjeft to the elector Palatine, but his
right is difputed by Pfuffia and Saxony. The princi¬
pal town is Duffeldorp; and the principal rivers, befides
the Rhine, are the Wipper, Agger, and Sieg.
Berg (St Winox), a town of the Low Countries,
in the country of Flanders, fortified by Vauban, and
fubjedt to France. It is feated on the river Colme, fix
miles from Dunkirk, and 21 from Ypres. The air is
often very unwholefome, efpeciaily to ftrangers. It
has an hofpital for foldiers, taken care of by friars
called Bans Fieux, and two feminaries for young ftu-
dents. The river Colme ferves inftead of a canal to go
to Hondfhot, St Omer’s, and Gravelines. There is
likewife another canal to go to Dunkirk. The villages
in its territory are very famous for butter and cheefe,
of which they fend a great quantity to Flanders. Fort
Lapin and Fort Suifle are within a cannon’s fhot of
this place, and Fort St Francis is leated on the canal,
near three miles from the town. E. Long. 2. 35.
N. Lat. 50. 57.
Berg-zabern, a town of France in Alface, E.Bergamafeo
Long. 7. 55. N. Lat. 49. 4. II
Berg-G>k/«, in natural hiftory, the name of an iBerg^niot«
earth ufed in painting, and properly called green okre,
tho’ not known among the colour-men under that name.
It is found in many parts of Germany, , Italy, and Eng¬
land, commonly in the neighbourhood of copper-mines,
from particles of which metal it receives its colour.
In many parts of Germany, they have purer kind of
this, diftinguifhed by no peculiar name, but feparated
by art from the waters draining from the copper-mines,
and differing no otherwife from this native fubftance,
than as the walhed okres of Oxfordfhire, &c. do from
thefe fent us in their natural condition. T^e charafters
by which the native kind is known frotn other green
earths, are thefe: it is a denfe compaft fubftance, con*
fiderably heavy, and of a pale but not difagreeable
green ; of a rough and uneven, but not dufty furface,
and fomewhat undtuous to the touch. It adheres firmly
to the tongue ; does not break eafily between the fin¬
gers ; nor at all ftains the hands. It is of a brackilh
difagreeable tafte, and does not ferment with acids.
BERGAMASCO, a province of Italy, in the ter¬
ritory of Venice. It is bounded on the eaft by the
Breffan, on the north by the Valteline, on the weft
and fouth by the Milanefe. It extends about 36 leaguea
from north to fouth, and 30 from eaft to weft. It is
watered by feveral rivers which render it very fertile,
and particularly it produces a great number of chefnuts.
It has mines of iron, and quarries of marble, and other
ftones of which they make milftones. There are a
great number of villages, but no city except Bergamo
the capital. The people are very induftrious, and make
the beft of their natural productions. They are well
flocked with cattle, and make fine tapeftry. Their
language is the moil corrupt of any in Italy.
BERGAMO (James Philip de), an Auguftin
monk, born at Bergamo in 1434, wrote in Latin a
Chronicle from the creation of the world to the year
1503, and a Treatife of Illuftrious Women. He died
in 1518.
Bergamo, anciently Bergomum, a large and ftrong
town of Italy, in the Venetian territory, and capital of
the province of Bergamafco. It has a ftrong citadel,
and is the fee of a biihop. Its fituation near the Alps-
makes the inhabitantsfubjeft tofwellingsin theirthroats,
owing to the badnefs of the Alpine waters. E. Long.
9. 38. N. Lat. 45.42.
BERGAMOT, a fpecies of citron, produced atfirft
cafually by an Italian’s grafting a citron on the ftock.
of a bergamot pear-tree, whence the fruit produced by
this union participated both of the citron-tree and the
pear-tree. The fruit hath a fine tafte and’fmell, and
its effential oil is in high efteem as a perfume. The
effence of Bergamot is alfo called ejfentia de cedra. It
is extrafted from the yellow rindi of the fruit by firft:
cutting it in fmall pieces, then immediately fqueezing
the oil out of them into a glafs veffel. This liquor is-
an etherial oil. A water is diftilled from the peel as-
follows: Take the outer rind of three bergamots, a
gallon of pure proof-fpirit, and four pints-of pure wa«
ter; draw off a gallon in a balneum mariae, then add
as much of the beft white fugar as will be agreeable..
Or take of the ellence of bergamot, three drams and a
R E R [ j!
rgarae half, of rectified fpirit of wine three pint*, of volatile
I fal ammoniac a dram; diftil off three pints in a balneum
rgman. mar;2e<
Bergamot is alfo the denomination of a coarfe ta-
peftry, manufaftured with flocks of filk, wool, cotton,
hemp, ox, cow, or goat’s hair, and fuppofed to be in-
vented by the people of Bergamo in Italy.
BERGARAC, a very rich, populous, and trading
town of France, feated on the river Dordogne, in E.
Dong. o. 37. N. Lat. 5c. 57.
BERGAS, a town of Romania in European Turky,
and the fee of a Greek archbifhop. It is feated on the
river Lariffa, in E. Long. 27. 30. N. Lat. 41. 17.
BERGEN, anciently Bsrgi, a city of Norway, and
capital of the province of Bergenhus. It is the fee of
a bifhop, and has a ftrong caftle and a good port. It
is a large place; but is fubjeft to fires, as being all built
of wood. It is furrounded with mountains almoft in*
acceflible; and little or no corn grows in all the coun¬
try ; that which they ufe is all imported, and diftri-
buted from thence throughout the kingdom. The
principal trade is in ftock-fifh, firs, and deal-boards.
E. Long. 5.45. N. Lat. 60. 11.
Bergen, a town of Pomerania in Germany, and ca¬
pital of the Ifle of Rugen, fubjett to the Swedes. E.
Long. 13. o. N. Lat. 54. 30.
Bergen-op-zoom, a town of the Low Countries,
in Dutch Brabant, and in the marquifate of the fame
name. It is feated on an eminence, in the middle of
a morafs, about a mile and a half from the eaftern
branch of the Scheld, with which it has a communica¬
tion by a navigable canal. The houfes are well built,
and the market-places and fquares handfome and fpa-
eious. The church before the laft fiege was reckoned
a good building, and fo was the marquis’s palace. It
has a good tract of land under its jurifdidtion, with
feveral villages, and fome iflands in the Scheld. It has
a very advantageous fituation on the confines of Bra¬
bant, Holland, Zealand, and Flanders. It is ftrong by
nature as well as by art, being fo fecured by the mo-
rafles about it, which are formed by the river Zoom,
that it was reckoned impregnable. It was, however,
taken in 1747 by the French, but it is thought not
without the help of treachery. The fortifications are
allowed to be the mafter-piece of that great engineer
Cohorn. It had been twice befieged before without
fuccefs. The marquis of Spinola was the laft but one
who invefted it, and he was forced to raife the fiege
with the lofs of 10,000 men. E. Long. 4. 15. N.
Lat 51. 30.
BERGHEM. See Berchem.
BERGHMONT, an affembly or court held upon a
hill in Derbyfhire, for deciding controverfies among the
miners.
BERGMAN (Sir Torbern), a celebrated and na¬
tural philofopher, was born in the year 1735 at Ca-
tharineberg in Weftgothland. His lather was receiver-
general of the finances, and had deftined him to the
fame employment; but nature had defigned him for
the fciences. To them he'perceived an irrefiftible in¬
clination from his earlieft years, and nature proved
more powerful than the will of his friends. His firft
ftudies were confined to mathematics and phyfics ^ and
the efforts that were made to divert him from fcience
having proved ineffe&ual, he was fent to Upfal with
?i ] B E R
permilfion to follow the bent of his inclination. Lin¬
naeus at that time filled the whole kingdom with his'
fame. Inftigated by his example, the Swedilh youth
flocked around him: and accomplilheddifciplesleaving
his fchool, carried the name and the fyftem of their
mailer to the moft diftant parts of the globe. Bergman
was ftruck with the fplendor of this renown ; he at¬
tached himfelf to the man whofe merit had procured
it, and by whom he was very foon diftinguilhed. He
applied himfelf at firft to the ftudy of infers, and made
feveral ingenious refearches into their hiftory ; among
others into that of the genus of tentbredo, fo often and
fo cruelly preyed on by the larvae of the ichneumons,
that neftle in their bowels and devour them. He dif-
covered that the leech is oviparous ; and that the coc¬
cus aquaticus is the egg of this animal, from whence
iffue ten or twelve young. Linnaeus, who had at firft
denied this fadl, was ftruck with aftonilhment when he
faw it proved. Vidi et objhipui! were the words he pro¬
nounced, and which he wrote at the foot of the me¬
moir when he gave it his fan&ion. Mr Bergman
foon diftinguilhed himfelf as an aftronomer, naturaliil,
and geometrician; but thefe are not. the titles bjr
which he acquired his fame. The chair of chemiftry
and mineralogy, which had been filled by the celebra¬
ted Wallerius, becoming vacant by his refignation, Mr
Bergman was among the number of the competitors :
and without having before this period difcovered any
particular attention to chemiftry, he publilhed a memoir
on the preparation of alum that aftonilhed his friends
as well as his adverfaries. Nobody was able to con¬
ceive how in fo Ihort a time he could have made a
courfe of experiments fo complete, on a fubjedl fo new
to him. His differtation was warmly attacked in the
periodical publications, and Wallerius himfelf criti-
cifed without referve. But in the midft of fo many
enemies, he poffeffed a firm friend. The prince Guf-
tavus, now king of Sweden, and then chancellor of
the univerfity, took cognizance of the affair. After
having confulted two perfons, the moft able to give
him advice, and whofe teftimony went in favour of
Bergman, he addreffed a memorial, written with his
own hand, in anfwer to all the grievances alleged a-
gainft the candidate, to the confiftory of the univerfity
and to the fenate, who confirmed the wifhes of his
Royal Highnefs.
Mr Bergman had now a hard duty to fulfil: he had-
to fatisfy the hopes that were conceived of him; to
juftify the opinion of Swab; to fill the place of Wal¬
lerius ; and to put envy to filence. He did not follow
the common traft in the ftudy of chemiftry. As he
had received the leffons ^>f no mafter, he was tainted
with the prejudices of no fchool. Accuftomed to pre-
cifion, and having no time to lofe, he applied himfelf
to experiments without paying anyattention to theories:
he repeated thofe often which he confidered as the moft
important and inftruttive, and reduced them to me¬
thod ; an improvement till then unknown. He firft
introduced into chemiftry the procefs by analyfis, which
ought to be applied to every fcience; for there ftiould
be but one method of teaching and learning, as there
is but one of judging well. Thefe views have been
laid down by Mr Bergman in an excellent difcourfe,-
which contains, if we may fay fo, his profeffion of faith
in what relates to the fciences. It is here that he dif-
pkys
B E R [ 182 ] B E R
Bergman plays himfelf without difguife to his reader; and here leries and beryfields : the Ifpacious meadow between
it is of importance to ftudy him with attention. The Oxford and May was in the reign of king Athelftan
4 ^ " , prodnftions of volcanoes had never been analvfed when called ; as is now the largeft patlure-ground in ^
Mefffs Ferber and Troil brought a rich colle&ion of C^uarendon in the county of Buckingham, known by
thefe into Swedens At the fight of them Mr Berg- the name of Beryfield. And though thefe meads have
man conceived the defign of inveftigating their nature, been interpreted demefne or manor meadows, yet they
He examined firft of all the matters lead altered by the were truly any flat or open meadows that lay adjoin-
fire, and the forms of which were Hill to be difeerned: ing to any villa or farm.
he followed them in their changes progreflively; he BERING (Sinus), of Copenhagen, a Latin lyric
determined, he imitated their more complicated ap- poet, flourilhed about 1560.
pearances; he knew the effects which would refult BERINGS straits, the name of that narrow di~
from the mixture and decompofition of the faline fub- vifion of the Old and New World, where the breadth
fiances which are found abundantly in thefe produc- between Afia and America is only 13 leagues. They
tions. He difeovered fuch as were formed in the hu- are fo named from Captain Vitus, Bering, a Dane by
mid way ; and then in his laboratory he obferved the birth, and employed on the fame plan of difeovery in
procefs of nature ; that combat of flames and explo- thefe parts as our great countryman Cook was in the
lions; that chaos in which the elements feem to claih late voyage. He was in the fervice of Peter the
and to confound one another, Unveiled themfefves to Great; who by the ftrength of an extenfive genius,
his eyes. He faw the fire of volcanoes kindled in the conceiving an opinion of the vicinity of America to
midft of pyritical combinations, and fea-falt decompo- his Afiatic dominions, laid down a plan of difeovery
fed by clays ; he faw fixed air difengaged from pal- worthy of fo extraordinary a monarch, but died before
cined calcareous ftones, fpreading upon the furface of the attempt was begun ; but his fpirit furvived in his
the earth, and filling caverns In which flame and animal fucceflbr. Bering, after a tedious and fatiguing jour-
I life are equally extinguiflied; he faw the fulphureous ney through the wilds of Sibiria, arrived in Karnt-
acid thrown out in waves, convert itfelf into the vitri- fchatka, attended with the fcanty materials for his
olic by mere contadl with the air ; and diftilling thro’ voyage, the greatell part of which he was obliged to
the rocks, form the alum veins of the folfatara. He bring with him through a thoufand difficulties. He
‘faw the bitumens as they melted; the inflammable and failed from the river of Kamtfchatka on July 15th
fulphureous airs exhaling ; and the waters become mi- 1728 ; and on the 15th of Auguft faw Serdze Kamen,
•neral and impregnated with the fire and vapours of or the heart-fhaped rock, a name bellowed on it by
thefe ftupendous furnaces, preparing for the beings the firll difeoverer.—From Serdze Kamen, to a pro-
■that move and difpute on the cruft of the abyfs, a re- montory named by Captain Cook Eaji Cape, the land
medy for pain and a balfam for difeafe. trends fouth-eaft. The laft is a circular peninfula of
The continual application which Mr Bergman be- high cliffs, projedling far into the fea due eaft, and
■flowed on his ftudies having affefted his health, he was joined to the land by a long and very narrow ifthmus,
advifed to interrupt them if he wilhed to prolong his in lat. 66. 6. This is the Tfchutfld Nofs of our navi-
life : but he found happinefs only in ftudy, and wilhed gators, and forms the beginning of the harrow ftraits
mot to forfeit his title to reputation by a few years or divilion of the old and new world. The diftance
more of inaftivity and languor. He exhaufted his between Afia and America in this place, as already
ftrength, and died in the month of June in the year mentioned, is only 13 leagues. The country about
1784. The univerfity of Upfal paid the moft diftin- the cape, and to the north-weft of it, was inhabited,
guilhed honours to his memory; and the academy of About mid-channel are two fmall iflands, named by
Stockholm confecrated to him a medal to perpetuate the Ruffians the ijles of St Diomedes ; neither of them
the regret of all the learned in Europe for his lofs. above three or four leagues in circuit. It is extremely
His Phylical and Chemical Effays have been collefted extraordinary that Bering Ihould have failed through
and tranflated by Dr Edmund Cullen, and publillied in this confined paffage, and yet that the objedl of his
2 vols 8vo. miffion Ihould have efcaped him. His misfortune
BERGOMUM (anc. geog.), a town of the Tranf- could only be attributed to the foggy weather, which
padana, built by the Gauls on their incurfions into he mull have met with in a region notorious for mifts;
Italy. Now called Bergamo, in the territory of Ve- for he fays that he faw land neither to the north nor
nice. E. Long. 10. Lat. 45. 40. to the eaft. Our generous commander determined to
BERIA, Berie, Berry, fignifies a large open field; give him every honour his merit could claim, has dig-
and thofe cities and towns in England which end with nified thefe with the name of Bering’s Straits. The
that word are built on plain and open places, and do not depth of thefe ftraits is from 12 to 29 or 30 fathoms,
derive their names from boroughs as Sir Henry Spelman The greateft depth is in the middle, which has a Ilimy
imagines. Moft of our gloffographers in the names of bottom 5 the ftialloweft parts are near each fliore, which
places have confounded the word berie with that of bury confifts of fand mixedwith bones and (hells. The current
and borough, as if the appellative of ancient towns: or tide very inconfiderable, andwhat there was came from
whereas the true fenfe of the word berie is a flat wide the weft. From Eaft Cape the land trends fouth by weft,
campaign, as is proved from fufficient authorities by the In Lat. 65. 36. is the bay in which Captain Cook had
learned Du Frefne, who obferves that Beria Sand Ed- the interview with the Tfchutfki. Immediately beyond
mundi, mentioned by Mat. Patif. fub. ann. 1174, is not is the bay of St Laurence, about five leagues broad in
to be taken for the town, but for the adjoining plain, the entrance and four deep, bounded at the bottom by
To this may be added, that many flat and wide meads, high land. A little beyond is a large bay, either boun-
and other open grounds, are called by the name of ded by low land at the bottom, or fo extenfive as to
have
Bering
Beringsfi
B E R [ 1S3 1 B E 11
■ Berith, have the end invifible. To the fouth of this are two
ierkeley. other bays ; and in Lat. 64. ! 3. Long. 186. 36 is the
( , extreme fouthern point of the land of the Tlchutiki.
This formerly was called the Anadirjkoi Nofs. Near
it Bering had converfation with eight men, who came
i off to him in a baidar or boat covered with the Ikins
of feals ; from which Bering and others have named it
the Tfchutjki Nofs.
BERITH, a fimple mentioned in Scripture, ufed
for cleanfing of taking out fpots (Jer. ii. 22). Some
will have it to be the kali or falt-wort, from the afhes
of which foap is made ; and in our verfion it is render¬
ed Joap: others, after Rudbeck, made it to be the dye
of the purple-filh. f
[ ^ BERKELEY (George), the celebrated bifhop of
jl Cloyne, was the fon of a clergyman in Ireland, di-
i) ftinguifhed only by his piety and learning. He was
educated at Trinity college in Dublin, of which he
attained a fellowfhip. His firft efl'ays as a writer were
publiflied in the Spectator and Guardian, which enter¬
taining works he adorned with many pieces in favour
of virtue and religion. Hiy learning and virtues, his
wit and agreeable converfation, introduced him to the
acquaintance, and procured him the efteem and friend-
fhip, of many great and learned men; and among others
the Earl of Peterborough, Dr Swift, and Mr Pope.
The Earl made him his chaplain, and took him as his
companion on a tour through Europe. During his
abfence, he was eledled a fenior fellow of his college ;
and created D. D- per falturn, in 1717.
Upon his return, his acquaintance among the great
; was extended. Lord Burlington, in particular, eon-
j ceived a great efteem for him on account of his great
tafte and Ikill in archite&ure ; an art of which his
jS Lordfhip was an excellent judge and patron, and which
| MrBerkeley had made his particylar ftudy while in Italy.
By this nobleman he was recommended to the Duke
of Grafton lord lieutenant of Ireland, who took him
over to Ireland in 1721, after he had been abfent from
his native country more than fix years. In 1722, his
fortune received a confiderable increafe from a very un-
expefted event. On his firft going to London in the
year 1713, Dean Swift introduced him to the family
of Mrs Efther Vanhomrigh (the celebrated Vaneffa),
and took him often to dine at her houfe. Some years
before her death, this lady removed to Ireland, and
fixed her refidence at Cell-bridge, a pleafant village in
the neighbourhood of Dublin, moft probably with a
view of often enjoying the company of a man for whom
file feems to have entertained a very Angular attach¬
ment. But finding herfelf totally difappointed in this
expe&ation, and difcovering the Dean’s connexion
with Stella, ftie was fo enraged at this infidelity,
that fhe altered her intention of making him her heir,
and left the whole of her fortune, amounting to near
8coo 1. to be divided equally between two gentlemen
whom fhe named her executors? Mr Marfhal a lawyer,
afterwards one of the judges of the court of common
It pleas in Ireland, and Dr Berkeley. The Doftor re¬
ceived the news of this bequeft from Mr Marfhal with
great furprife, as he had never once feen the lady who
had honoured him with fuch a proof of her efteem
from the time of his return to Ireland to her death.
I’ In 1724, the Doftor refigned his fellowfhip; being
promoted by his patron the Duke of Grafton to the
&
deanery of Derry, worth tiool. per annum. In the Berkeley,
interval between this removal and his return from' v—
abroad, his mind had been employed in conceiving a
moft benevolent and charitable plan for the better fup-
plying of the churches in our foreign plantations, and
converting the favage Americans to Chriftianity, by
erefting a college in the Summer Elands. The pro-
pofal was well received; and he obtained a charter for
the foundation, with a parliamentary grant of 2o,oool.
toward carrying it into execution: but he could never
get the money; fo that, after two years flay in A-
merica on this bufinefs, the defign dropped. He
was warmly engaged too, in concert with Swift, Bo-
lingbroke, and others, in a fcheme for eftablifhing a
fociety for the improvement of the Englifh language,
in imitation of the academy of France. But Harley,,
the great patron of it, falling from power, this defign
too proved abortive. In 1728, the Dean entered in¬
to a marriage with Anne, the eldeft daughter of the
Right Honourable John Forfter, Efq; fpeaker of the
Irifh houfe of commons.
In the year 1734, he was advanced from the dean¬
ery of Derry to the bilhoprick of Cloyne, where he
diftinguifhed himfelf by paftoral vigilance and conftant
refidence; and at once endeared himfelf to his people;,
by promoting their temporal and fpiritual happinefs.
He endeavoured by all means to raife a fpirit of induf-
try, and propagate the arts of cultivation and agricul¬
ture in that negle&ed country.
The earl of Chefterfield, when he was lord lieutenant
of Ireland, offered him a richer fee ; but he declined
it, faying, his neighbours and he loved one another,,
and he could not think of forming new connexions in
his old days, and tearing himfelf from thofe friends-
whofe kindnefs to him was his gr.eateft happinefs.
In 1752? however, finding the infirmities of age come
upon him, and that he was unable to difeharge the
funXions of his office, he retired to Oxford, there
to fpend the remainder of his days in converfation
with learned men, and to fuperintend the education
of one of his fons: And that the revenues of the
church might not be mifapplied, nor the interefts
of religion fuffer by his abfence from his diocefe,.
he made great intereft for leave to refign his bi-
fhoprick, and to obtain in lieu of it a canonry of
Chrift-church. Failing of fuccefs in this, he aXually
wrote over to ‘the fecretary of ftate, to requeft that he
might have permiffion. to refign his bifhopric, worth at
that time at leaft L. 1400 per annum. So uncommon
a petition excited his Majefty’s curiofity to enquire
who was the extraordinary man, that preferred it: be¬
ing told that it was his old acquaintance Dr Berkeley,.
he declared that he fhould die a hifhop in fpite of him¬
felf, but gave him full liberty to refide where he plea-
fed. The bifhop’s laft aX before he left Cloyne was -
to fign a leafe of the demefne lands in that neighbour¬
hood, to be renewed yearly at the rent of L. 200,
which fum he direXed to be diftributed every year,,
until his return, among poor houfe-keepers-of Cloyne,
Youghal, and Aghadda. At Oxford he lived high¬
ly refpeXed by the learned members of that great
univerfity,. till the hand of Providence unexpeXedly
deprived them of the pleafure and advantage derived
from his refidence among them. On Sunday even*
ing,. January. 14th 17533 as he. was fitting in the
midfti
B E R [ 184 ] B E R
3«i'Ice!ey. midft of his family, lidening to a fermon of Dr Sher-
<~~v lock’s which his lady was reading to hinr, he was
feized with what the phyficians termed a palfy in
the heart, and inftantly expired. The accident was
fo fudden, that his body was quite cold, and his
joints ftiff^ before it was difcovered ; as the biihop
lay on a couch, and feemed to be afleep, till his
daughter, on prefenting him with a difh of tea, firft
perceived his infenfibility. His remains were inter¬
red at Chrift-church, Oxford, where there is an ele¬
gant marble monument ere&ed to his memory by
his lady, who had during her marriage brought him
three fons and one daughter. As to his perfon, he
was a handfome man, with a countenance full of mean¬
ing and benignity, remarkable for great ftrength of
limbs, and till his fedentary life impaired it, of a very
robuft conftitution. He was however often troubled
with the hypochandria, and latterly with a nervous
cholic. Mr Pope fums up his chara&er in one line :
After he has mentioned fome particular virtues that
characterize other prelates, he afcribes
To Berkeley ev’ry virtue under heav’n.
An admirable defcription is given of him in the fol¬
lowing anecdote. Bifhop Atterbury, having heard
much of Mr Berkeley, wifhed to fee him. According¬
ly he was one day introduced to that prelate by the
Earl of Berkeley. After fome time, Mr Berkeley
•quitted the room: on which Lord Berkeley faid to
the Biihop, ‘ Does my coulin anfwer your Lordlhip’s
expe&atians?” The Biihop, lifting up his hands in a-
ilonilhment, replied, So much underftanding, fo
much knowledge, fo much innocence, and fuch humi¬
lity, I did not think had been the portion of any but
angels, till I faw this gentleman.” His knowledge is
faid to have even extended to the minuteft objefts, and
included the arts and bufmefs of common life. Thus
Dr Blackwell, in his Memoirs of the Court of Auguftus,
having made an obfervation, u that the ingenious me¬
chanic, the workers in ftone and metal, and improvers
in trade, agriculture, and navigation, ought to be
fearched out and converfed with, no lefs ;than the pro-
felfors of fpeculative fcience,” adds the following eu-
logium on our prelate : “ In this refpett I would with
pleafure do jultice to the memory of a very great
though Angular fort of a'man. Dr Berkeley, better
known as a philofopher, and intended founder of an
univerfity in the Bermudas, of Summer Illands, than
as biihop of Cloyne in Ireland. An inclination to
Carry me out on that expedition, as one of the young
profeflbrs, on his new foundation, having brought us
often together, I fcarce remember to have converfed
with him on that art, liberal or mechanic, of which he
knew not more than the ordinary pra&itioners. With
the widell views, he defcended into a minute detail,
and begrudged neither pains nor expence for the means
•of information. He travelled through a great part of
Sicily on foot; clambered over the mountains and
crept into the caverns to inveftigate its natural hiftory,
and difcover the caufes of its volcanoes: and I have
known him fit for hours in forgeries and founderies to
infpeft their fucceffive operations. I enter not into
his peculiarities either religious or perfonal: but admire
the extenfive genius of the man, and think it a lofs to
the wellern world that his noble and exalted plan of an
N° 45. 1
American univerfity was not carried into execution, Berkeley.:)
Many fuch fpirits in our country would quickly make  v—
learning wear another face.”
He publilhed many ingenious works, particularly
The Principles of Human Knowledge, the Angular
notions in which gave rife to much controverfy: A
new theory of vifion : Alciphron, or the minute phi¬
lofopher; one of the moft elegant and genteel defences
of that religion which he was born to vindicate both
by his virtues and his ingenuity : and Siris, or a Tiea-
tife on tar-water, which, under his fanttion, became
for a while a very popular medicine. In the Gentle¬
man’s Magazine for January 1777, it is faid that the
Adventures of Signor Gaudentio di Lucca, have ge-JSiog. i
nerally been attributed to bifhop Berkeley ; and we
have obferved that this work is afcribed to him by the
bookfellers in their printed catalogues. It is a beauti¬
ful Utopian Romance, which was publif.ied between
30 and 40 years ago, and hath gone through feveral
editions. What external evidence there is for its ha¬
ving been written by our ingenious prelate we cannot
fay ; but we think that the book itfelf affords no in¬
ternal evidence to the contrary. There are no fenti-
ments in it but what might be fuppofed to come from
Dr Berkeley, allowing for the coftume neceffary to be
preferved in the work, according to the plan upon
which it is formed. The beauty and Angularity of
imagination difplayed in it, and the philanthropy and
humanity with which it abounds, are perfe&ly fuitable
to the bifhop’s chara&er. The mode of government
delineated in the Romance is agreeable to his ideas.
It is the patriarchal, and reprefented as being admi¬
rably contrived for promoting the general happinefs.
The defcription, in particular, of the European dif¬
covered in the fouthern wilds of Africa, and of his
atrocious conduft, as arifing from his being a modern
free-thinker, is quite in Berkeley’s ftyle of thinking.
BERKSHIRE, is an inland county of England,
which contained the whole of that Britifh principality
inhabited by the Atrebatii, who are fuppofed to have
been originally from Gaul. When Conftantine divi¬
ded the ifland into Roman provinces in 310, this prin¬
cipality was included in Britannia Prima, the firft divi-
fion, whofe boundaries were the Englifh channel on
the fouth, and the Thames and Severn on the north.
On the Romans quitting the ifland, and civil diffen-
tions enabling the Saxons to eftablifh the Heptarchy,
this part of the country was included in the kingdom
of the Weft-Saxons, which commenced in 519, and
continued till 828, when it became the only remain-'
ing fovereignty, having conquered all the others, and
they were incorporated by the name of England,
under Egbert; whofe grandfon, Alfred, a native of
Wantage in this county, in 889 divided his kingdom
into counties, hundreds, and parifhes, and at that time
this divifion firft received its appellation of Berk-
fhire or Berodhire. At prefent it is in the Oxford
circuit, the province of Canterbury, and diocefe of
Saliftmry. The general fliape of it fomewhat refembles
the form of a flipper or fandal. It contains an area
of 654 fquare miles, or 527,000 fquare acres, is 39
miles long, 29 broad, and is about 137 in circum¬
ference. It fupplies 560 men to the national militia, * f|
is fituated north-weft from London, has 140 parilhes,
62 vicarages, 12 market towns, but no city: 671
villages,
, B E 11 [ J
vIHagai, r3?,ooo inhabitants, 11,560 houfes that pay
Berlin, the tax, is divided into 20 hundreds, fends nine tnem-
'"""v*”-'' bers to parliament, two for the county, two for Wind-
for, two for Reading, two for Wallingford, and one
for Abingdon ; and pays 10 parts of the proportion
of the land-tax. Its principal river is the Thames.
It alfo has the Kennet, great part of which is navi¬
gable ; the Loddon, the Ocke, and the Lambourne,
a fmall ftream, which, contrary to all other rivers, rs
always higheft in fummer, and fhrinks gradually as
winter approaches.. The air of this county is healthy
even in the vales; and though the foil is not the moil
fertile, yet it is rerharkably pleafant. It is well ftored
with timber, particularly oak and beech, and produces
great plenty of wheat and barley. Its principal ma-
nufaCtures are woollen cloth, fail cloth, and malt.
Its market towns are Abingdon, Faringdon, Hun-
gerford, Eaft-Ilfley, Lower-Lambourne, Maidenhead,
Newbury, Ockingham, Reading, Wallingford, Wan¬
tage, and Windfor, remarkable for its royal caftle, as
the county is for White-horfe-hill, near Lambourne,
where is the rude figure of a horfe, which takes up
near an acre of ground on the fide of a green hill,
faid to have been made by Alfred in the reign of his
brother Ethelred, as a monument to perpetuate a vic¬
tory over the Danes in 871, at Alhdown now Afh*
bury-Park.
The Roman Watling-ftreet, from Dunftable, enters
Berkfhire at the village of Streatley, between Walling¬
ford and Reading, and crcfiing this county proceeds
to Marlborough. Another Roman road from Hamp-
ihire enters this county, leads to Reading and New¬
bury, the Spin® of Cambden, where it divides : one
branch extends to Marlborough in Wilts, and the o-
ther to Cirencefter in Glouceflerfiiire, A branch from
the Icknield-ftreet proceeds from Wallingford to Wan¬
tage.
There is aRoman camp near Wantage on the brow of
a hill, of a quadrangular form 5 there are other remains
of encampments at Eaft-Hampftead, near Ockingham,
near White-horfe-hill, near Pufey, and upon Sinodun-
hill, near Wallingford. At Lawrence Waltham is a
Roman fort, and near Denchworth is Cherbury caftle
a fortrefs of Canute. UfFington caftle, near White-
horfe-hill, is fuppofed to be Danifh ; and near it is
Dragon-hill, fuppofed to be the burying place of Uter
Pendragon, a Britilh prince. Near White-horfe-hill
are the remains of a funeral monument of a Daniftv
chief flain at Aftidown by Alfred. In this county the
following antiquities are worthy the notice of travel¬
lers : Abingdon church and abbey ; Aldworth caftle,
near Eaft Ilfl’ey; Byfham monaftery 5 Dunningtou
caftle ; Lambourne church ; Reading abbey; 'Sunning
chapel; Wallingford church and caftle ; Windfor
caftle beggars all defcription for fituation, See. Berk-
Ihire is an earldom belonging to a branch of the Ho¬
ward family, the reprefentative being earl of Suffolk
and Berkihire.
BERLIN, a city of Germany, capital of the elec¬
torate of Brandenburg, and of the whole Pruflian do¬
minions, feated in E. Long. 13. 37. N. Lat. 52. 53.
This city is one of the largeft, belt built, and belt
governed, of any in Germany. The ftreets arc large,
ftraight, clean, and well paved, and fome of them very
Jong and elegant. There are alfo feveral large and beau-
Vol. III. Part L ■
8$ ] B E R
tiful fquaree, with pleafant walks. It is furrounded
with handfome gardens, which produce excellent fruit.
The river Spree, that croffes the city, has a commu¬
nication with the Havel Oder, and Elbe, which
greatly facilitate commerce. The French refugees
have greatly contributed to the embellifhment of the
grandeur of Berlin; inafmuch as they have introdu¬
ced all kinds of manufadlures, and various arts.
Berlin is divided into five parts, without reckoning
the fuburbs, which are very large. The houfes in
thefe laft are almoft all of wood ; but fo well plaftered,
that they feem to be of ftone. In the fuburb called
Spandau is a houfe belonging to the royal family,
with well contrived apartments, and furniftied in a
very fine tafte. In the fuburb of Stralau is a houfe
and garden belonging to the king. The royal
gate of the city is defended by a half moon, and
two baftions, covered with brick ; it fronts the roy¬
al ftreet, which is one of the longeft and moft fre¬
quented in the city. It contains very haudfome
houfes, particularly thofe belonging to fome of the
minifters of fiate.
The royal ftreet is croffed by five others, which are
large and fine. On the new bridge, which is of ftone,
over the Spree, is an equeftriari ftatue of William the
Great, which is efteerned an exquifite piece of work-
manftiip. The ele&or is reprefented in a Roman ha¬
bit, and his horfe Hands on a pedeftal of white marble
adorned with baffo relievos, and four fiaves bound to
the bafe.
After this bridge is paft, the king’s palace appears,
which is a grand and fuperb edifice ; it is four ftories
high, and the apartments are extremely magnificent.
No place in Europe has fuch a great quantity of filver
tables, Hands, luftres, branched candlefticks, &c. In the
knights hall there is a buffet, which takes up all one
fide, where there are bafons and cirterns of gilt filver,
of extraordinary magnitude. The furniture of the
great apartment is extremely rich ; and there is a very
handfome gallery, adorned with paintings, reprefent-
jr-g the principal aftions of Frederic I. Formerly there
were fine gardens to the palace, but they are now
turned into a place of arms. The king’s ftables are
large, Hand near the palace, and front the great ftreet.
Externally they make a Gothic appearance, but within
they are very magnificent. The mangers are-of ftone,
and the pillars that divide the Halls are of iron, adorned
with the king’s cypher, gilt. Over.the racks are pic¬
tures reprefenting the fineft horfes which the king’s
ftud has produced. Over the ftables there are large
rooms, containing all forts of horfe-furniture, particu¬
larly the horfe-equipage of Frederic I. all the metallic
part of which is gold, fet with diamonds. Befides
thefe, there are handfome lodgings for the officers of
the ftables. Over the riding-houfe is a theatre, where
plays have been adled, and balls have been made for
the entertainment of the court.
The arfenal confifts of four grand buildings, that
form a court in the middle, like a college: each front
has three large portico’s. On the principal gate is a
medallion of Frederic II. in bronze ; and the four
cardinal virtues, of a coloffal ftature, placed on pede-
ftals on each fide of the portico, feem to look at the
portrait of the king, which is fupported by Fame and
Viftory. The Corinthian order is prevalent in the
A a firft
B E R t 186 ]
B E R
firft ftage, and is managed with a great deal of arf.
The whole edifice is furrounded in the upper part with
a balluftrade, adorned with trophies and ftatues, among
which is Mars feated on a heap of feveral forts of arms.
This altogether forms a noble and majeftic decoration.
It is bounded with iron in the fliape of cannon, which
are placed at proper diftances, and.fupport iron chains
that hang,like feftoons, to prevent paffengers from ap¬
proaching the windows below. The lower rooms are
filled with a great number of brafs cannon ; the walls
and pillars which fuftain the floor are fet off with cui-
rafles and.helmets. The upper ftory contains feveral
rooms filled with arms, which are difpofed in a curious
order. Behind the arfenal is the houfe of the general
of the artillery, which includes the foundery, where
they are continually at work. Befides this there are
other places where they keep the train of artillery.
The opera-houfe is an elegant modern edifice. The
front has a noble portico fupported by Corinthian co^
lujnns, and a pediment adorned with baflo relievos and
ftatues. The columns that fupport the roof throw the
whole into a grand faloon. It has three galleries, and
is faid to be capable of containing 2000 perfons.
A rampart and foffe feparate Worder from Dorothea
Stadt, or the New Town, inhabited chiefly by French.
There are feven great alleys or walks, which divide
this quarter into two parts. The middle walk is broader
than the reft, and is furrounded with balluftrades, ha¬
ving a grafs-plot in the middle.: this is for perfons
that take the air on foot. The alleys on each fide are
paved, and ferve for thofe that come abroad in coaches.
Thefe alleys, which are about three miles in length,
are terminated with a bar, that leads towards the park.
The alleys with trees are bounded by rows of houfes.
In one of thefe is a building, formerly called the hf-
fer/tables, and now made into lodgings for the guards.
The apartments above thefe are occupied by the aca¬
demy of painting and the academy of arts and fcien-
ces. Behind thefe is the obfervatory, where there is
a great number of aftronomical and mathematical in-
ftruments.
There are other things worthy of obfervation, fuch
as the cabinet of medals, and of the antiquities belong¬
ing to the king; that of natural curiofities; the che¬
mical laboratory, and its furnaces and medals, of a
new invention : the theatre for anatomical demonftra-
tions ; the royal library, which is one of the com-
pleteft in Germany, and has many fcarce books and
manufcripts.
The city was taken in 1760 by an army of Ruffians,
Auftrians, Saxons, &c. who entered on the gth of
October. They totally deftroyed the magazines, ar-
fenals, and founderies, feized an immenfe quantity of
military ftores, and a number of cannon and arms;
called firft for the immediate payment of 800,000
guilders, and then laid on a contribution of 1,900,000
German crowns: not fatisfied with this, many irregu¬
larities were committed by the foldiery; but on the
whole, though fome (hocking afticns were committed,
a far more exact difcipline was obferved than from fuck-
troops could have been expefted upon fuch an occa-
fion, where there was every incentive which could work
upon the licence of a conquering army. Their officers
no doubt with great difficulty preferved even that de¬
gree of order.
But though their behaviour was tolerable with re- Berlin
gard to the private inhabitants, there was fomething Berm*[d!W>
(hocking and ungenerous in their 'treatment of the ’ -t—
king’s palaces. The apartments of the royal caftle of
Charloftenburgh were entirely plundered, the precious
furniture fpoiled, the pidlures defaced, without even
fparing the antique ftatues colle&ed by cardinal Polig-
nac, which had been purchafed by the houfe of Bran-
denburgh. The caftle of Schonhaufeu, belonging to
the queen, and that of Fredericsfeld, belonging to the
Margrave Charles, were alfo plundered.
The palace of Potfdam, the famous Sans-fouci, had a
better fate; Prince Efterhafi commanded there, and it
was preferved from the fmalleft violation. The prince,
on viewing the palace, only alked which pi&ure of the
king refembled him mod ; and being informed, defined
that he rhight have leave to take it, together with two
German flutes which the king ufed, to keep them, he
faid, in memory of his majefty. This was a fort of
taking very different from pillage.
They (laid in the city four days : but hearing that
the king, apprehenfive of this ftroke, was moving to
the relief of his capital, they quitted it on the 13th of
O&ober ; and having wafted the whole country round
for a vaft extent, and driven away all the cattle and
horfes they could find, retreated by different routes out
of Brandenburgh.
Berlin, a fort of vehicle, of the chariot kind;
taking its name from the city of Berlin, in Germany;
though fome attribute the invention of it to the Italians,
and derive the word from berlina, a name given by them
to a fort of ftage, whereon perfons are expofed to pub¬
lic (hame. The berlin is a very convenient machine to
travel in, being lighter, and lefs apt to be overturned,
than a chariot. The body of it is hung high, on (hafts,
by leathern braces; there being a kind of ftirrup, or
footftool, for the conveniency of getting into it: in-
ftead of fide-windows, fome have fereens to let down in
bad, and draw up in good, weather.
BERME, in fortification, a fpace of ground left
at the foot of the rampart, on the fide next the coun¬
try, defigned to receive the ruins of the rampart, and
prevent their filling up the foffe. It is fometimes pali-
fadoed, for the more fecurity; and in Holland it is
generally planted with a quick-fet hedge. It is alfo
called liziere, relais, foreland, retrait, pais de fouris,
&c.
BERMUDAS, or summer-islands, a clufter of
fmall iflands in the Atlantic ocean, lying almoft in the
form of a (hepherd’s crook, in W. Long. 65. N. Lat.
32. 30. between 200 and 300 leagues diftant from the
neareft place of the continent of America, or any of
the other Weft-India iflands. The whole number of
the Bermudas iflands is faid to be about 400, but very
fewof them are habitable. The principal is St George’s,
which is not above 16 miles long, and three at mod in
breadth. It is univerfally agreed, that the nature of
this and the other Bermudas iflands has undergone a fur-
prifing alteration for the worfe fince they were, firft dif-
covered ; the air bekig much more inclement, and the
foil much more barren, than formerly. Thisisafcribed
to the cutting down thofe fine fpreading cedar-trees for
which the idands were famous, and which flickered
them from the blafts of the north-wind, at the fame
time that it protefked the undergrowth of the delicate
plants
B E R C 187 ] B E R
Bermudas, plants and herbs. In fliort, the Summer-iflands are now
far from being defirable fpots ; and their natural pro-
du&ions are but jull fufficient for the fupport of the
inhabitants, who, chiefly for that reafon perhaps, are
temperate and lively even to a proverb : at firft tobacco
was raifed upon thefe iflands; but being of a worfe
quality than that growing on the continent, the trade
is now almoit at an end. Large quantities of amber¬
gris were alfo originally found upon the coafts, and
afforded a valuable commerce; but that trade is alfo
reduced, as iikewife their whale trade, though the perqui-
fites upon the latter form part of the governor’s revenue,
he having L..40 for every whale that is caught. The
Bermudas iflands, however, might ftill produce fome
valuable commodities, were they properly cultivated.
There is here found, about three or four feet below the
furface, a white chalk ftone which is eafily chifleled,
and is exported for building gentlemens houfes in the
Weft-Indies. Their palmetto leaves, if properly ma-
nufa&ured, might turn to excellent account in making
womens hats; and their oranges are ftill valuable.
Their foil is alfo faid to be excellent for the cultivation
of vines, and it has been thought that filk and cochi¬
neal might be produced t but none of thefe things have
yet been attempted. The chief refource of the inha¬
bitants for fubfiftence is in the remains of their cedar-
wood, of which they fabricate fmall (loops, with the
afliftance of the New-England pine, and fell many of
them to the American colonies, where they are much
admired. Their turtle-catching trade is alfo of fer-
vice ; and they are ftill able to rear great variety of
tame- fowl, and have wild ones abounding in vaft plenty.
All the attempts to eftablifh a regular whale-fifhery on
thefe iflands have hitherto proved unfuccefsful; they
T have no cattle, and even the black hog breed, which
was probably left by the Spaniards, is greatly decreafed.
The water on the iflands, except that which falls from
the clouds, is brackifh ; and at prefent the fame difeafes
reign there as in the Caribbee iflands. They have fel-
dom any fnow, or even much rain ; but when it does
fall, it is generally with great violence, and the north
or north-eaft wind renders the air very cold. The ftorms
generally come with the new moon ; and if there is a
. halo or circle about it, it is a fure fign of a tempeft,
which is generally attended with dreadful thunder and
lightning. The inhabited parts of the Bermuda iflands
are divided into nine diftridts called tribes. 1. St George.
2. Hamilton. 3. Ireland. 4. Devonfhire. 5. Pem¬
broke. 6. Pagets. 7. Warwick. 8. Southampton.
9. Sandys. There are but two places on the large
ifland where a fhip can fafely come near the fhore, and
thefe are fo well covered with high rocks that few will
choofe to enter in without a pilot; and they are fo well
defended by forts, that they have no occafion to dread
an enemy. St George’s town is at the bottom of the
principal haven ; and is defended by nine forts, on which
are mounted 70 pieces of cannon that command the
entrance. The town has a handfome church, a fine
library, and a noble town-houfe, where the governor,
council, &c. affemble. Befides thefe there are about
1000 houfes well built. The tribes of Southampton
and Devonfhire have each a parifh-church and library,
and the former has a harbour of the fame name ; there
are alfo fcattered houfes and hamlets over many of the
iflands, where particular plantations require them. The
inhabitants are clothed chiefly with Britifh manufac- Bermudai,
tures, and all their implements for tilling the ground v—
and building are made in Britain.
It is uncertain who were the firft difeoverers of the
Bermudas iflands. John Bermudas a Spaniard is com¬
monly faid to have difeovered them in 1527 ; but this
is difputed, and the difeovery attributed to Henry May
an Englifhman. As the iflands were without the reach
of the Indian navigation, the Bermudas were abfo-
lutely uninhabited when firft difeovered by the Euro¬
peans. May abovementioned was fhipwrecked upon
St George’s 5 and with the cedar which they felled
there, affifted by the wreck of their own fhip, he and
his companions built another which carried them to
Europe, where they publifhed their accounts of the
iflands. When Lord Delawar was governor of Virgi¬
nia, Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George Summers, and
Captain Newport, were appointed to be his deputy-go¬
vernors ; but their fhip being feparated by a ftorm from
the reft of the fquadron, was in the year 1609 wrecked
on the Bermudas, and the governors difagreeing among
themfelves, built each of them a new fhip oTthe cedar
they found there, in which they feverally failed to Vir¬
ginia. On their arrival there, the colony was in fuch
diftrefs, that the Lord Delawar, upon the report which
his deputy-governors made him of the plenty they
found at the Bermudas, difpatched Sir George Sum¬
mers to bring provifions from thence to Virginia in the
fame fhip which brought him from Bermudas, and which
had not an ounce of iron about it except one bolt in
the keel. Sir George, after a tedious voyage, at laft
reached the place of his deftination, where, foon after
his arrival, he died, leaving his name to the iflands,
and his orders to the crew to return with black hogs to
the colony of Virginia. This part of his will, how¬
ever, the i’ailors did not choofe to execute ; but fetting
fail in their cedar fhip for England, landed fafely at
Whitchurch in Dorfetfhire.
Notwithftanding this dereli&ion of the ifland, how¬
ever, .Tit was not without Englifh inhabitants. Two
failors, Carter and Waters, being apprehenfive of
punifhment for their crimes, had fecreted themfelves
from their fellows when Sir George was wrecked upon
the ifland, and had ever fince lived upon the natural
produftions of the foil. Upon the fecond arrival of
Sir George they enticed one Chard to remain with
them ; but differing about the fovereignty of the ifland,
Chard and Waters were on the point of cutting one
anothers throats, when they were prevented by the
prudence of Carter. Soon after, they had the good
fortune to find a great piece of ambergris weighing
about 80 pounds, befides other pieces, which in thofe
days were fufficient, if properly difpofed of, to have
made each of them mafter of a large eftate. Where
they were, this ambergris was ufelefs ; and therefore
they came to the defperate refolution of carrying them¬
felves and it in an open boat to Virginia or to New¬
foundland, where they hoped to difpofe of their trea-
fure to advantage. In the mean time, however, the
Virginia Company claimed the property of the Ber¬
mudas iflands ; and accordingly fold it to 120 perfons
of their own fociety, who obtained a charter from King
James for their poffeffing it. This New Bermudas Com¬
pany, as it was called, fitted out a fhip with 60 planters
on board to fettle on the Bermudas, under the command
A a 2 of
B E R [ i
Bermuda’, of one Mr Richard Moor, by profeffion a carpenter.
The new colony arrived upon the ifl^nd juft at the time
the three failors were about to depart with their am¬
bergris ; which Moor having difcovered, he immedi¬
ately feized and difpofed of it for the benefit of the
company. So valuable a booty gave vaft fpirit to the
new company ; and the adventurers fettled themfelves
upon St George’s ifland, where they raifed cabins. As
to Mr Moor, he was indefatigable in his duty, and car¬
ried on the fortifying and planting the ifland with in¬
credible diligence ; for we are told, that he not only
built eight or nine forts or rather blockhoufes, but
inured the fettlers to martial difcipline. Before the firft
year of his government was expired, Mr Moor received
a fupply of provifions and planters from England ; and
he planned put the town of St George as it now ftands.
The fame of this fettlement foon awakened the jea-
loufy of the Spaniards, who appeared off St George’s
with fome veffels; but being fired upon from the forts,
they ffieered off, though the Englilh at that time were
fo ill provided for a defence, that they had fcarce a
Angle barrel of gunpowder on the ifland. During
Moor’s government the Bermudas were plagued with
rats which had been imported into them by the Eng-
liftifliips. This vermin multiplied fo fall in St George’s
ifland, that they even covered the ground, and had
nefts in the trees.. They deftroyed all the fruits and
corn within doors ; nay, they increafed to fuch a de¬
gree, that St George’s ifland was at laft unable to
maintain them, and they fwam over to the neighbour¬
ing iflands, where they made; as great havock. This
calamity lafted five years, though probably not in the
fame degree, and at laft it ceafed all of a fudden.
On the expiration of Moor’s government, he was
fucceeded by Captain Daniel Tucker, who improved all
his predeceffor’s fchemes for the benefit of the ifland,
and particularly encouraged the culture of tobacco.
Being a fevere difeiplinarian, he held all under him fo
rigidly to duty, that five of his fubjedls planned as bold
an enterprize for liberty as was perhaps ever put in exe¬
cution. Their names were Barker, who is faid to have
been a gentleman ; another Barker, a joiner > Good¬
win, a fhip-carpenter; Pact, a failor ;^and Saunders, who
planned the enterprize. Their management was as art¬
ful as their defign was bold. Underftanding that the
governor was deterred from taking the pleafure of
fifhing in an open boat, on account of the dangers at¬
tending it, they propofed to build him one of a parti¬
cular conftruflion, which accordingly they did in a fe-
cret part of the ifland ; but when the governor came to
view his boat, he underftood that the builders had put
to fea in it. The intelligcnce'was true : for the adven¬
turers, having provided themfelves with the few necef-
faries they wanted, failed for England ; and notwith-
ftanding the ftorros they encountered, their being plun¬
dered by a French privateer, and the incredible mife-
ries they underwent, they landed in 42 days time at
Corke in Ireland, where they were generoufly relieved
and entertained by the Earl of Thomond.
In 1619 Captain Tucker refigned his government
to Captain Butler. By this time the high charafter
which the Summer iflands bore in England rendered it
faftiionable for men of the higheft rank to encourage
their fettlement; and feveral of the firft nobility of
England had purchafed plantations among them. Cap-
88 ] B E R
tain Butler brought over with him 500 pafiengers, who Bermudas,
became planters on the iflands, and raifed a monument Bern»
to the memory of Sir George Summers. The ifland v—
was now fo populous (for it contained about a thou-
fand whites), that Captain Butler applied himfelf to
give it a new conftitution- of government by introdu¬
cing an affembly, the government till this time being
adminiftered only in the name of the governor and
council. A body of laws was likewife drawn up, as.
agreeable to the laws of England as the fituation of the
ifland would admit, of. One Mr Barnard fucceeded
Captain Butler as governor, but died fix weeks after
his.arrival on the ifland ; upon which the council made
choice of Mr Harrifon to be governor till a new one
flrould be appointed. No fewer, than 3000 Englifh
were now fettled in the Bermudas, and feveral perfons of
diftimftion had curiofity enough to vifit it from England.
Among thefe was Mr Waller the poet, a man. of for¬
tune, who being embroiled with the parliament and
commonwealth of England, fpent fome months in the
Summer iflands,. which he has celebrated in one of his
poems as the moft delightful place in the world. The
dangers attending the navigation, and the untowardly
fituation of thefe iflands, through their diftance from
the American continent, feem to be the reafons why the
Bermudas' did not now become the heft peopled iflands
belonging to England ; as we are told that fome time
ago they were inhabited by no fewer than 10,000
whites. The inhabitants, however, never (bowed any
great fpirit for commerce, and thus they never could
become rich. This, together with the gradual alter¬
ation of the foil and climate already taken notice of,
foon caufed them dwindle in their population ; and it is
computed that they do not now contain above half the
number of inhabitants they once did, and even thefe
feem much more inclined to remove to fome other place
than to ftay where they are ; fo that unlefs fome bene¬
ficial branch of commerce be found out, or fome ufe-
ful manufadture eftablifhed, the (late of the Bermudas
muft daily grow worfe and worfe.. -
BERN, one of the cantons of Switzerland, which
holds the fecond rank among the 13 ; but as it is by
far the largeft in extent, containing, almoft one-third of
the whole country, it feems juftly intitled to the firft.
It is bounded to the north by the cantons of Bafil and
Solothurn, and the Auftrian foreft-towns ;. to the fouth
by the lake of Geneva, the Valais, and duchy of Sa¬
voy ;. to the eaft by Uri, Underwald, Lucern, and the
county of Baden; and to the weft hy Solothurn,
Neufchatel, Franche-Compte, the diftridt of Biel, and
the land of Gex. It is the moft. fruitful, the richeft,,
and by much the largeft, of all the cantons, extending
in length about fixty leagues, and about thirty where
broadeft. It yields not only plenty of grain, fruit, and
pafture; but alfo good wine, a variety of coloured,
earths and clays, fand-ftone, mundick, gypfum, pit-
coal, fulphur, and iron-ore. Here likewife are large
herds of cattle, great and fmall; and, in confequence.
of-that, great quantities of milk, butter, and cheefe..
The rivers that water this canton are the Aar, the Emr
mat, the Wigger, the Aaa, the Rufz, the Limmat,
the Sanen, the Senfen, and the Kandel. The principal
lake is that of Geneva ; the length of which is about
18 leagues, and the greateft breadth between three and.
four. The depth in fome places is near 40Q fathom,
B E R [ i
in others not above 40. The Rhone enters it at the
eaft end near Bouveret, and iffues out again at the
weft clgfe by Geneva. In fummer its waters are much
'fwelled by the melting of the fnow on the mountains.
This lake, however, is not entirely furrounded by the
territory of Bern, but partly by Savoy and the country
of Gex ; the former of which belongs to the king of
Sardinia, and the latter to France, and the territory of
Sion. -Its borders are extremely fertile and beautiful,
being much embelliftied with vineyards, which yield ex¬
cellent wine, and interfperfed with towns and villages,
betwixt which a confiderable commerce is carried on.
The other great lakes, that are wholly or partly within
this canton, are thofe of Neufchatel, Biel, Murte,
Thun, Brien, and Halwyl, which all abound in filh,
particularly that of Geneva, where trouts are fometimes
caught weighing 40 or 50 pounds. In that of Biel,
called alfo the Nydau-lake, are two fmall illands, one
of which is very beautiful This lake is about three
leagues in length and one in breadth. Along the
whole weft and north-weft fides of the canton runs that
chain of mountains called by the general name of
Jura ; but the feveral mountains of which it is com-
pofed have all their particular names. This canton is
well cultivated, and very populous, the number of its
fubje&s being computed at 400,000. German is the
prevailing language, but almoft all the people of fafhion
fpeak either French or Italian ; even the common peo¬
ple in the Pais de Vaud, and other places that lie to
wards France or Italy, fpeak a corrupt French or Ita¬
lian, or a jargon compofed of both. The eftablilhed
religion here and the other Proteftant cantons is Cal-
■vinifra, the lame both in dodtrine and difeipline as in
Holland ; nor is any other tolerated, except in the
common bailiages, and the vale of Frick. The mi-
nifters are divided into deaneries and clafles, and hold
yearly chapters or fynods. ■ They are kept in a greater
dependence on the civil power here than, in the other
cantons, and not fuffered to interfere with matters of
ftate. The city of Bern firft joined the confederacy in
the year 1353. Towards the defence thereof the can¬
ton now furnifhes zooomen, Every male from 16
to 60 is inrolled in the militia,, and about a third of
them regimented. There are officers for every diltrict,
whofe province it is to fee that the men be regularly
exercifed ; that their arms, ammunition, and clothing,
be in good condition ; and that they be kept in a coa-
ftant readinefs to march. Once a-year they are drawn
out to a general review. The fame attention is paid to
thofe that belong to the train of artillery. Some regi¬
ments coulift of married, and fome of unman ied men ;
home of foot, others of dragoons. There is alfo one
regiment and a troop of cuiraffiers. The latter confifts
entirely of burghers of Bern. Both the horfemen and
footmen find their horfes, arms, and accoutrements.
Befides the arms and artillery in the arfenal at Bern, all
the caftles, where the country governors or bailiffs re-
fide, are well furniftied with them. At Bern is a con- .
Sant guard or garrifon of 20a men, and a fmall gar--
r.ifon at Fort Arburg. In the fame city is alfo an office,
which grants licences for levies to foreign powers, and
where the recruits make their appearance and are re-
giftered. The bailiffs have the chief direction of af¬
fairs in their feveral diftricls, being generals of the mi¬
litia, and prefiding in the courts of juftice ; but, in
89 ] B E R
civil caufes above a certain value, an appeal lies from
them to Bern ; and, in capital cafes, their fentence
mull be confirmed by the great council before it can be
executed. When any bailiwic is to be difpofed of, as
many balls as there are competitors are put into a bag,
whereof one is gilt, and he that draws that, has the
bailiwic.
Mr Key Her obferves, that the wealthieft peafants in-
Switzerland are thofe of Bern; it being difficult to
find a village without one, at leaft, who is worth be¬
tween 20,000 or 30,000 guilders, and fometimes even
60,000. He fays, the common people of both fexes
wear ftraw hats, and that the womens petticoats are
tied up fo near their arm pits, that hardly an hand’s-
breadth is left for their lhape ; that the inns, not only
in this canton but throughout Switzerland, are in ge¬
neral very good ; that the manners of the people were,
in many refpefts, greatly changed within 50 years be¬
fore he vifited them, which was about 50 years ago,
and confequently mult be much more fo now; that,
inftead of the plainnefs and honeft fimplicity of their
anceftors, the love of fuperfluities and high living
greatly prevailed ; that luxury, pomp, and that infa¬
tuation for foreign produclions which had infe&ed moll
parts of Europe, had alio extended its contagious in¬
fluence to Switzerland, though not to fuch a degree
as in many other countries. Dr Burnet fays, that
drinking is fo common, and produces fo many quarrels
and dilorders, that the bailiffs not only fubfift by the
fines payable for them, but often get eftates, carrying
perhaps 20,000 crowns at the end of five years to Bern;
that their law is. ffiort and clear, infomuch that the
moll intricate fuit is ended after two or perhaps three
hearings, either in the firft inftance before the bailiff,
or in the fecond at Bern ; that the civility expreffed
in this country to women, at firft meeting them, is not
by fainting them, but by (baking them by the hand,,
and that npne but ftrangers take off their hats to them.
Mr Addifon fays, that the peafants are generally
clothed in a coarfe kind of canvas, the manufacture
. of the country, and that their holiday-clothes go from
father to fon ; fo that it is not uncommon to fee a coun¬
tryman in his great-grandfather’s doublet and breeches;
that the belief of witchcraft prevailed among them fo
much, that there were fome executions on that account
while he was in the country; that the queftion, or tor¬
ture, is ufed not only in this canton but all over Swit¬
zerland ; that though the fubje&s of the ftate are rich,
the public is poor; and though they could oppofe a
fudden invafion, yet that their unkindly foil requires
fuch a number of hands to cultivate it, that they could
not fpare the reinforcements and recruits that would,
be neceffary in a long war. Upoa extraordinary occa-
fions, however, they boaft that they could raife 80,000
men in 24 hours. This canton is divided into the
German country, that is, that part of the canton in
which the German tongue is fpoken, and which is-alfo
called the ancient canton, extending from Morat to the
county of Baden; and the Roman, called alfo the.
Wdal, and Pais de Vaud. The former of thefe con¬
tains 35 bailiwicks and about 300 parifhes.
Bern, a city of Switzerland, and capital of the can¬
ton of that name, is fituated in E. Long. 7. 40. N.
Lat. 40. o. It is faid that the taking of a bear on the.
day on which the foundation of this city was laid, gave;
3 occafioo
B E R [ 190 ] B E R
Bern, occafion to ks name ; hence it ia often in Latin called
jlrftopolis, i. e. the city of the bear, and has a bear
for its coat of arms. It is almoft, furrounded by the
river Aar. The houfes are moftly built of white free-
ilone, and, in the principal ftreets, have piazzas or
arches under them, for the conveniency of walking dry
in wet weather. Mod of the ftreets are paved with
flints, and traverfed by a canal lined with free-ftone,
which is brought from a conflderable diftance, and is
very ufeful in carrying off the filth of the city, extin-
guilhing fires, and other purpofes. The city is large,
ilanding almoft in the middle of the canton, and con¬
taining feveral churches, of which one is called the
Great Church, and the firft minifter thereof the dean,
who is the head of the city-clergy. From an infcrip-
tion near the great door of this church, it appears, that
the firft ftone of it was laid in 1421. Over the fame
door is a reprefeptation of the laft judgment, in which
the fculptor hath placed the pope among the damned.
In this city is alfo a college with eight profeflbrs, a
large public library, and a mufeum ; a ftately granary,
in which a great quantity of corn is always kept ; a
guildhall; a well ftored arfenal; and feveral hofpitals.
In the arfenal is a wooden ftatue of the famous Tell,
which reprefents him as taking aim at the apple placed
on the head of his fon. There is alfo the ftatue of
Berch told von Zahringen, the founder of the city ;
and two large horns of buffaloes or wild bulls, called
in Latin Uri, fuch as are ufed in war by the canton
of Uri, inftead of trumpets, and taken from it in
the year 1712. Hard by alfo hang the grotefque
dreffes of thofe who blew them. The inhabitants of
Uri, who boaft their defcent from the old Tau, bear a
buffalo’s head on their rifci, coat of arms ; and the per-
fon who blows the great horn in time of war, is called
the bull of Uri. In the Dominican church, a hole in
the wall is always fhown to ftrangers, by means of
which, it having a communication with the cell of a
monk in an adjoining monaftery, the pious fraud of
making an image of the Virgin appear to fpeak was
once carried on, w'hich for a while anfwered the pur¬
pofes of the monks very well; but they were,at laft de¬
tected and punifhed. This city, though larger, is not
fo populous nor fo well built as that of Zurich. On the
eaft fide of it is a handfome ftone bridge ; and near the
great church is a very fine platform fome hundred feet
in height, which makes a moft delightful walk, being
planted with limes, and commanding a charming pro-
fpedt, particularly of the mountains of the Grifons, co¬
vered with fnow in the midft of fummer. In 1654 a
ftudent of divinity, being on horfeback, and in liquor,
leaped over this terrace without receiving any other
hurt than breaking a leg, and lived many years after,
but the horfe was killed. In the upper part of the city
are always kept a number of bears in two inclofures,
with fir-trees for them to clamber and play upon. Of
the burghers of Bern, only thofe are qualified for the
government and magiftracy of the city who are the
defcendants of fuch as were made burghers before the
year 1635. Other qualifications are alfo heceffary ; in
particular, they muft not be under 30 years of age,
and muft be inrolled in one of the 12 companies. To
obtain a country government, or to hold any conflder¬
able employment, the candidate alfo muft be married.
The great council, in which the fovereignty of the
canton is veiled, confifts, when full, of 229; but is ge- Bern-
nerally much fhort of that number, 80 or more often Machine,
dying before their places are filled up. The leffer
council fenate, or, as it is called, the daily council, be-
caufe it meets every day, Sundays and holidays ex¬
cepted, confifts of 27 members, including the two prae¬
tors or advoycrs, the four tribunes of the people, the
two treafurers, and the two heimlichers or fecrecy-.
men, fo called becaufe to them all fecrets relating to
the ftate are difcovered. The members of the great
and little councils mutually fill up the vacancies that
happen in thefe two colleges. How the bailiffs are
chofen we have already taken notice. Our limits will
not permit us to enter into any farther detail with re-
fpedt to the government: only it is to be obferved in
general, that all the officers of any note are chofen out
of the great or little .councils ; and that all the bailiffs
and caftellans of the canton continue fix years in office.
The trade of the city is not very great, but was lefs
before the French refugees fettled therein : fome, how¬
ever, doubt whether it has been a gainer by them ; as
by their introduftion of French modes and luxury, they
have helped to baniffi the ancient Helvetic fimplicity
and frugality. The territory immediately under its ju-
rifdi&ion is divided into four governments, with which
the four venners, or ftandard-beafers, are invefted. It
declared for the reformation in 1528, after a folemn
difputation. Here the Britiffi envoy to the cantons
refides.
Bern-Machine, the name of an engine for rooting up
trees, invented by Peter Sommer, a native of Bern in
Switzerland. ,
This machine is reprefented by a figure on Plate
XCV. drawn from a model in the machine-room of
the Society for the Encouragemept of Arts, &c.
It confifts of three principal parts; the beam, the
ram, and the lever. The beam ABC, (n° 1.) of
which only one fide is feen in the figure, is compofed
of two ftout planks of oak three inches thick at leaft,
and feparated by two tran'fverfe pieces of the fame wood
at A and C, about three inches thick. Thefe planks
are bored through with correfponding holes, as repre¬
fented in the figure, to receive iron pins, upon which
the lever adfs between the two fides of the beam, and
which is fhifted higher and higher as the tree is
raifed or rather pulhed out of its place. The fides J
are well fecured at the top and bottom by ftrong iron
hoops. The iron pins on which the lever refts (hould
be an inch and a quarter, and the holes through
which they pafs an inch and a half in diameter. The
pofition of thefe holes is fufficiently indicated by the
figure. The foot of the beam, when the machine is
in adtion, is fecured by flakes reprefented at G, dri¬
ven into the earth. The ram D, which is made of
oak, elm, or fome other ftrong wood, is capped wuth
three ftrong iron fpikes, reprefented at f, which take
fail hold of the tree. This ram is fix or eight inches
fquare ; and a flit is cut lengthwife through the middle
of it, from its lower end at K to the firft ferule a, in
order to allow room for the chain gh to play round the
pulley K, which, fhould be four inches thick, and nine
inches in diameter. This ram is raifed by means of the
chain g h, which fhould be about ten feet long, with •
links four inches and three quarters in length, and an
inch thick. One end of this chain is faftened to the
top
B E R [ >9' ] B E R
rr'!> Bern- top of the beam at C, while the other, after paffing
Bitachine. through the lower part of the ram, and over the pulley
~Y—y "—- ^ terminates in a ring or link reprefented n° 3. the
two ears m n of which ferve to keep it in a true poli-
tion between the two planks of the beam. In this ring
the hook P is inferted. The hook is reprefented in
ir profile n° 2. where F is the part that takes hold of
the ring. But it muft be obferved, that the parts of
this machine, reprefented in 11° 2, 3. are drawn on a
fcale twice as large as the whole engine. The hook
F, n° 2. fhould be made of very tough iron, as well as
the handle D, and the arch F. c. This handle fhould
be two inches thick at z, where it joins to the hook,
and the thicknefs gradually leffen' by degrees up to
the arch, which need not be more than half an inch
thick. On each fide of the pin z, is a femicircular
notch, Xjj, which refts alternately on the pins when
the machine is worked. The hole D, and the arch
E c, ferve to fix a long lever of wood E F, nc r. by
9 means of two iron pins; and by this contrivance the le-
vrer is either raiftd or depreffed at pleafure, in order to
I render the working of the machine eafy in whatever
part of the beam the lever may be placed: for with-
| out this contrivance the extremity of the lever E F,
would, when the handle is near the top of the beam,
be much higher than men ftanding upon the ground
could reach. It muft however be remembered, that
1; the lever is often fliortened by this contrivance, and
confequently its power leftened.
The machine is worked in the following manner : It
is placed againft a tree, in the manner reprefented in
the figure, fo that the iron fpikes at f may have hold
of the tree, and the end of the beam A be fupported
I by ftakes reprefented at G. The iron handle, n° 2. is
placed in the opening between the two planks of the
it beam, and the wooden lever fixed to it by means of the
Jif iron pins already mentioned. The hook F takes hold
I of the chain, and one of the iron pins is thruft into the
outer row of holes, by which means the outer notch x
will reft on the pin, which will be now the centre of
motion ; and the end of the lever E, n° 1. being prefled
downwards, the other notch y, n° 2. will be raifed,
and at the fame time the drain, and confeqnently the
ram. The other iron pin is now to be thruft into the
hole in the inner row, next above that which was be-
H'. fore the centre of motion, and the end of the lever E
elevated or pufhed upwards, the latter pin on which
the notch y refts now becoming the centre of motion.
By this alternate motion of the lever, and fhifting the
pins, the chain is drawn upwards over the pulley K,
and confequently the whole force of the engine ex-
I erted againft the tree. There is a fmall wheel at L,
in order to kffen the frittion of that part of the ma-
ehine.
From this account the reader will very eafily perceive
that the machine is nothing more than a fingle pulley
compounded with a lever of the firft and fecond order.
It muft however be remembered, that as the pufh of
the engine is given in an oblique dire&ion, it will exert
I' a greater or leiTer force againft the horizontal roots of
| the tree in proportion to the angle formed by the ma¬
chine with the plane of the horizon; and that the
angle of 45° is the maximum, or that when the ma-
* a chine will exert its greateft force againft the horizontal
I roots qf the tree.
BERNACLE, in ornithology, a fpecies of goofe. Bernacle,
See Anas. Benurd.
BERNARD (St), the firft abbot of Clairvaux, was v
born in the year 1091, in the village of Fountaine, In
Burgundy. He acquired fo great a reputation by his
zeal and abilities, that all the affairs of the church ap¬
peared to reft upon his fhoulders, and kings and prin¬
ces feemed to have chofen him for a general arbitrator
of their differences. It was owing to him that Inno¬
cent II. was acknowledged fovereign pontiff, and after
the death of Peter Leouis anti-pope, that Vi£tor, who
had been named fuccejfor, made a voluntary abdication
of his dignity. He con v idled Abelard at the council
of Sens, in the year 1140. He opppfed the monk
Raoul; he perfecuted the followers of Arnaud de
Breffe ; and, in 1148, he got Gilbert de la Porvicd, bi-
fiiop of Poitiers, and Eonde PEtoile, to be condemned
in the council of Rhcims. By fuch zealous behaviour
he verified (fays Mr Bayle) the interpretation of his
mother’s dream. She dreamed, when fhe was with
child of him, that die Ihould bring forth a white dog,
whofe barking Ihould be very loud. Being aftonilhed
at this dream, fire confulted a monk, who faid to her,
“ Be of good courage; you fhall have a fon who ftiall
guard the houfe of God, and bark loudly againft the
enemies of the faith.” But St Bernard went even be¬
yond the predi&ion, for he barked fometimes againft
chimerical enemies: he was more happy in extermi¬
nating the heterodox, than in ruining the infidels; and
yet he attacked thefe laft, not only with the ordinary
arms of his eloquence, but alfo with the extraordinary
arms of prophecy. He preached up the crufade under
Louis the Younger, and by ;this means he enlarged
the troops of the crufaders beyond expreffion ; but all
the fine hopes with which he flattered the people were
difappointed by the event; and when complaint was
made that he had brought an infinite number of
Chriftians to flaughter without going out of his own
country, he cleared himfelf by faying that thefins of the
Croifes had hindered the effedt of his prophecies. In
Ihort, he is faid to have founded 160 monafteries, and
to have wrought a great number of miracles. He died
on the 20th of Auguft, 1153, at 63 years of age. The
beft edition of his works is that of 1690, by father/
Mabillon.
Bernard (Dr Edward), a learned aftronomer, lin-
guift, and critic, was born at Perry St Paul, on the
2d of May, 1638, and educated at Merchant-Tay-
lor’s fchool, and St John’s college, Oxford. During
his ftay at fchool, he had laid in an uncommon fund of
claflical learning; fo that, on his going to the univerfi-
ty, he was a great matter of all the elegancies of the
Greek and Latin tongues, and not unacquainted with
the Hebrew. On his fettling in the univerfity, he ap¬
plied himfelf with great diligence to hiftory, philology,
and philofophy ; and made himfelf mafter of the He¬
brew, Syriac, Arabic, and Coptic languages, and then
applied himfelf to the ftudy of the mathematics under
the famous Dr Wallis. Having fuccefiively taken the
degrees of bachelor and mafter of arts, and afterwards,
that of bachelor of divinity in 1668, he went to L ey¬
den to confult feveral oriental manuferipts left to that
univerfity by Jofeph Scaliger and Leyinus Warnerus-
At his return to Oxford, he collated and examined the
moft valuable manuferipts in the Bodleian library;
which,
B E R
[ r92 1
B E R
T5ernard. wliich induced thofe who publifhed any ancient au'
thors, to apply to him for his obfervations or emenda¬
tions from the manufcripts at Oxford ; which he readily
imparted, grudging neither time nor pains to ferve the
learned; and by this means he became engaged in a
very extenfive correfpondence with the learned of moft
countries. In the year 1669, the famous Chriftopher
Wren, Savilian profeflbr of aftronomy at Oxford, ha¬
ving been appointed furveyor-general of his majefty’s
works, and being much detained at London by this
employment, he obtained leave to name a deputy at
Oxford, and pitched upon Mr Bernard, which enga¬
ged the latter in a more particular application to the
' ftudy of atlronomy. In 1676, he was fent by the earl
of Arlington to France, in order to be tutor to the
dukes of Grafton and Northumberland, fons to King
Charles II. by the dutchefs of Cleveland, who then li¬
ved with their mother at Paris : but the fimplicity of
his manners not fuiting the gaiety of the dutchefs’s fa¬
mily, he returned aboirt a year after to Oxford, and
purfued his ftudies; in which he made great proficien¬
cy, as his many learned aftronomica! and critical works
(how. He compofed tables of the longitudes, lati¬
tudes, right afcenfions, &c. of the fixed liars; Obfer¬
vations in Latin on the Obliquity of the Ecliptic ; and
other pieces inferted in the Philofophical Tranfaftions.
He alfo wrote, 1. A Treatife of the ancient Weights
and Meafures. 2 Chronologic Samaritancc Synopjis, in
two tables. 3.' Teftimonies of the Ancients concern¬
ing the Greek Verlion of the Old Teftament by the
Seventy ; and feveral other learned works. He was a
perfon of great piety, virtue, and humanity; and died
on the 12th of January, 1696, in the 59th year of his
age, leaving behind him a great number of learned and
valuable manufcripts.
Bernard (James), profeffor of philofophy and ma¬
thematics and miniller of the Walloon church at Ley¬
den, was born September id, 1658, at Nions in
Dauphine. Having lludied at Geneva, he returned to
France in 1679, ancl was chofen miniiler of Venterol,
a village in Dauphine. Some time after, he was re¬
moved to the church of Vinfobres in the fame province.
But the perfecutions raifed againll the Proteftants in
the Hague, the congregation of the Walloon church, at
Leyden became extremely defirous to have him for one of
their minitlers; and a vacancy happening in 1705,he was
unanimoufly chofen. About the fame time, Mr de Voi¬
der profefibr of philofophy and mathematics at Leyden
having refigned, Mr Bernard was appointed his fucceffor ;
and the univerfity prefented him with the degrees of
doftor of philofophy and mailer of arts. His public
and private le&ures took up a great part of his time ;
yet he did not negledt his palloral fuhdtion, but com¬
pofed his fermons with great care : he wrote alfo two
excellent treatifes, one on a late repentance, the other
on the excellency of religion. In 1716, he publilhed
a fupplement to Moreri’s didlionary in two volumes fo¬
lio. The fame year he refumed his Nouvelies de la re~
puhlique des lettres ; which he continued till his death,
which happened the 27th of April, 1718, in the 60th
year of his age.
Bernard the Great (St); a mountain in Savoy and
Switzerland, between Valais and the valley of Aouft,
at the fource of the rivers Drance ahd Doria. The
top is always covered with fnow; and there is a great
monallery feated thereon, where the monks always en¬
tertain travellers without diltin&ion of religion for three
days.
BERNARDINE (St), was born at Maffa in Tuf-
cany, in 1380. In 1404116 entered into a Francifcan
monallery near Sienna, where he became an eminent
preacher; and was afterward fent to Jerufalem, as
commilfary of the Holy Land. On his return to Italy,
he vifited feveral cities, where he preached with fuch
applaufe, that the cities of Ferrara, Sienna, and Ur-
bino, defined Pope Eugenius IV. to appoint him their
bilhop : but Bernardine refufed the honour, accepting
only the office of vicar-general of the friars of the ob-
fervance for all Italy. He repaired and founded above
300 monafteries in that country; died in 1444; was
canonized in 1450 by Pope Nicholas ; and his works
were publilhed at Venice in 1591, in 4 vols 4to.
BERNARDINE S, an order of monks, founded by
Robert abbot of Moleme, and reformed by St Ber¬
nard. They wear a white robe with a black fcapu-
lary; and when they officiate they are clothed with a
Bernard ■
II ■
Bwnera, u
France having obliged him to leave his native country, large gown, which is all white, and hath great lleeves,
he retired to Holland, where he w'as received with
great civility, and was appointed one of the penfion-
ary minillers of Gauda. In July 1688, he began a
political publication intitled Hiftoire ahregee de l’Eu¬
rope, 8cc. which he continued monthly till December
1688, and makes five volumes in i2mo. In 1692, he
began his Lettres Hifloriques, containing an account
of the mod important t ran factions dn Europe, with
neceffary reflections. He carried on this work, which
was alfo publilhed monthly, till the end of the year
1698. It w'as afterwards continued by other hands,
and confifts of a great many volumes. Mr Le Clerc
having left off his Bibliotheque Univerfelle, in 1691,
Mr Bernard wrote the greateft part of the 20th vo¬
lume, and by himfelf carried on the five follow'ing to
the year 1693. I11 he colk&ed and publilhed
jdftes et negociations de la paix de Ryfwic, in four vo¬
lumes 12mo. In 1699 he began the Nouvelies de la re¬
pub li que des lettres, which continued till December
1710. Mr Bernard having acquired great reputation
by his works, as well as by his fermons at Ganda, and
N°45’
with a hood of the fame colour.—The Bernardines dif¬
fer very little from the Cillercians. They had their ori¬
gin toward the beginning of the T2th century.
BERNAY, a towm of Upper Normandy in France,
feated on the river Carantone, in E. Long. 0.50. N.
Lat. 49. 6.
BERNBURG, a town of Germany, in the circle of
Upper Saxony, and principality of Anhalt, where a
branch of the houfe of Anhalt refides. It is feated on
the river Sara, in E. Long. 1 2. 30. N. Lat. 5 r. 55.
BERNERA, one of the Wellern Ifles of Scotland,
lying about two leagues to the fouthward of Harries.
It is about five miles in circumference; the foil is fandy,
but when manured with the alga marina, extremely
fertile, producing an increafe of thirty-fold of barley ; nay
one grain has been known to produce 14 ears when the
feafon was remarkably favourable. The face of the
ifland is extremely agreeable in fummer, exhibiting a
pleafing variety of corn fields and clover paftures Here
is a frefli water lake called Lochbruis, diverfified with
fmall iflands, and abounding with eels, which the na¬
tives
1
Berricra
I!
Bernier.
B E R [
lives ty the help oflights, catch in the night-time, as
they fall down a rivulet towards the. fea in heaps twilled
together. There are two chapels in this ifland dedica¬
ted to St Afaph and St Columbes; and near the for*
tner is a Hone Handing about eight feet above the ground.
At the call end of this illand there is a ftrange reci¬
procation of the flux and reflux of the fea* and. another
no lefs remarkable upon the weft fide of the long iflarid.
The tides from the fouth-weft run along northward; fo
that during the ordinary courfe of the tides the flood
runs eaft in the frith, where Bernera lies, and the ebb
runs weft: thus the fea ebbs and flows’ regularly for
four days before, and as long after, the full ahd change
of the moon ; the fpring tides generally rifing 14 feet
perpendicular, and the others proportionably: but for
four day before, and as many after, the quarter moons,
there is a lingular variation ; at that time a foutherly
moon making high water, the courfe-of the tide being
eaftward, it begins to flow at half an hour after nine in
the morning, and continues to flow till half an hour afr
ter three in the afternoon, when it is high water ; but
when it begins to ebb, the current Hill runs eaftward,
until it is low water; fo that the tide runs eaftward 12
hours together* that is, from half paft nine in the morn¬
ing till half paft nine at night; yet when the night-
tide begins to flow, the current turns and runs weftward
all night for 12 hours, during both flood and ebb: thus
the reciprocations continue, one flood ahd ebb running
eaftward and another weftward, till within four'days
of the full and change of the moon ; then they refume
their ordinary courfe, running eaft during the fix hours
of flood, and weft during the fix hours of ebb. There
is another phenomenon in thefe tides no lefs remark¬
able than that juft now mentioned. Between the vernal
and autumnal equinox, that is, during One half of the
year, the tides about the quarter moons run all day eaft¬
ward and all night weftward; and during the other fix
months their courfe is reverfed, being weftward in the
day and eaftward in the night.
BERNICLA, in ornithology, the trivial name of a
fpecips of goofe. See Anas.
BERNICLE, in zoology* a fpecies of lepas. See
Lepas.
BERNIER (Nicholas); an eminent mufician and
tompofer, was born at Mante on the Seine, in the year
1664. By his merit in his profeffion he attained to be
condudtor of the mufic in the chapel of St Stephen,
and afterwards in that of the king. The regent duke
of Orleans admired bis works, and patronized their au¬
thor. This prince having given him a motet of his
own compofition to examine, and being impatient for
his obfervations thereon, went to the hottfe of Bernier,
and entering his ftudy, found the abbe de la Croix
there criticifing his piece, while the mufician himfelf
Was in another room caroufingand-finging with a com¬
pany of his friends. The duke broke in upo.n and in¬
terrupted their mirth, with a reprimand of Bernier for
his inattention to the talk affigned him. This mufician
died at Paris in 1 734. His five books of Cantatas and
Songs for one and two voices, the words of which were
Written by Rouffeau and Fufelier, have procured him
great reputation. There are befides of his compofition
Les Nuits de Sceaux, and many motets, which are ftill
in great efteem.
Bernier (Francis), furnamed-the Mogul, on ac-
Vol. III. Part I.
193 ] B E R
count of his travels and refidence in that country, was
born at Angers in France; and after he had taken his
degree of dodtor of phyfic at Montpellier, left his coun¬
try in 1654, went to Egypt, to the Holy Land, and
to the kingdom of the Mogul, where he was phyfician
to that monarch, attended him in his journeys, and
ftayed there r 2 years. Upon his return to France, he
publilhed the Hiftory of the countries he had vifited 5
and fpent the remainder of his life in compofing vari¬
ous other works, particularly an Abridgment of the
philofophy of Gaffendus in 8 vols izmo. His firft work
is efteemed to be the beft account we have of the coun¬
tries which are the fubjedt of it.
BERNINI (John Laurence), commonly called Ca-
v a Hero Bcrnin, a Neapolitan, famous for his fltill in
painting, fculpture, architecture, and mechanics. He,
firft began to be known under the pontificate of Paul V-.
Rome is indebted to this artift for fome of its greateft
ornaments ; and there are in the church of St Peter no
lefs than 15 different works of his hand. He died at
Rome in 1680.
BERNO, abbot of Richenou, in the diocefe of Con-
ftanc^, who flourifhed about the year 1008, is celebra¬
ted as a poet, rhetor, mufician, philofopher, and divines
He was the author of feVeral treatifes on mufic, parti¬
cularly of one De In/lrumentis Mujicalibus, beginning
with the words Muf.cam non ejfe contem! which he de¬
dicated to Arrabon, Archbifhop of Mentz. He alfo
wrote De Menfura Moriochordi. But the moft celebra¬
ted of his Works is a treatife Ide Mujica feu Tonis-,
which he wrote and dedicated to Pelegrines archbifhop
of Cologne, beginning Vet o mundi ijli advent et pere-
grim. This latter traft is part of the Baliol manu-
fcript, and follows the Enchiridion of Odo : it contains
a fummary of the doftrines delivered by Boetius, an
explanation of the eccleliaftical tones, intermixed with
frequent exhortations to piety, and the application of
mufic to religious purpofes. He was highly favoured
by the emperor Henry II. for his great learning and
piety ; and fueceeded fo well in his endeavours to pro¬
mote learning, that his abbey of Richenou was as fa¬
mous in his time as thofe of St Gaul and Cluni, then
the moft celebrated in France. He died in 1048 ; and
was interred in the church of his monaftery, which but
a fliort time before he had dedicated to St Mark.
BERNOUILLI (James), a celebrated mathema¬
tician, born at Bafil the 27th of December 1654. Ha¬
ving taken his degrees in the univerfity of Bafil, he ap¬
plied himfclf to divinity, notTfo much from inclination
as complaifance to his father. He gave very early
proofs of his genius for mathematics, arid foon became
a geometrician, without any affiftance from mafters,
and at firft almoft without books: for he was not al¬
lowed to have any books of this kind ; and if one fell
by chance into his hands, he was obliged to conceal it,
that he might not incur the reprimands of his father,
who defigned him for other ftudies. This feverity made
him choofe for his device, Phaeton driving the chariot
of the fun, with thefe words, Invito patreftdera verfo,
“ I traverfe the ftars againft my father’s inclination:”
This had a particular reference to aftrono ny, the part
of mathematics to which he at firft applied himfelf.
But the precautions of his father did not avail, for he
purfued his favourite ftudy with great application. In
1656 he began his travels. When he was at Geneva,
B b he
Bernini
II ..
Bernoulli?.
B E R [ 194 ] B E R
BcrnouilH. he fell upon a method to teach a young'girl to write, of John Bernouilli,” and never would fuffer any other
though (he had loft her fight when Ihe was but two to be added to it. This work appeared in Italy with
months old. At Bourdeaux he compofed univerfal gno- the great inquifitor’s privilege added to it, and it claffed
monic tables, but they were never publilhed. He re- Bernouilli in the rank of inventors. He gained or di-
turned from France to his own country in 1680. About vided nine prizes, which were contended for by tjhe
this time there appeared a comet, the return of which moft illuftrious mathematicians in Europe, from the
he foretold; and wrote a fmall treatife upon it, which academy of fciences. The only man who has had fuc-
|ie afterwards tranflated into Latin. He went foon af- cefs of the fame kind is Euler, his countryman, difciple,
ter to Hi Hand, where he applied himfelf to the ftudy of riv.al, and friend. His firft prize he gained at 24.
the new philofqphy. After having vifited Flanders and years of age.. In 1734 he divided onp with his father:
Brabant, he went to Calais, and paffed over from thence but this hurt the family union; for the father conftrued
to England. At London he contra&ed an acquaint- , the conteft itfelf into a want of refpedt; and the fon
ance with all the moft eminent men in the feveral fci- did not fufficiently conceal that he thought (what was
ences ; and had the honour of being frequently prefent really the cafe) his own piece better than his father’s,
at the philofophical focieties held at the houfe of the Belides this, he declared for Newton, againft whom
famous Mr Boyle. He returned to his native-country his father had contended all his life. In 1740, Mr
in 1682; and he exhibited at Bafil a courfe of experi- Bernouilli divided the prize “ On the Tides of the Sea’r
merits in natural philofophy and mechanics, which con- with Euler and Maclaurin. The academy at the fame
fifted of a variety of new difeoveries. In 1682, he pu- time crowned a fourth piece, whofe only merit was
blifhed his effay of a new fyftem of comets; and the that of being Cartefian; but this was the laft public aft
year following, his diflertation on the weight of air. of adoration paid by it to the authority of the author
Mr Leibnitz, about this time, having publilhed in the of the Vortices, which it had obeyed perhaps too long.
slfla Eruditorum atLeiplic fome eflay of his new Cal- In 1 748, Mr Daniel Bernouilli fucceeded his father in
cuius differentialis, or infinhnens petits, but concealed the academy of fciences, and was himfelf fucceeded by
the art and method of it; Mr Bernouilli, and one of his brother John ; this place, fince its firft ereftion,
his brothers, difeovered, by the little which they faw, i. e. 84 years, never having been without a Bernouilli
the beauty and extent of it: they endeavoured to un- to fill it. He was extremely refpefted. at Bafil;
ravel the fecret; which they did with fuch fuccefs, that and to bow to Daniel , Bernouilli, when they met
Mr Leibnitz declared, that the invention belonged to him in the ftreets, was one of the firft lefibns which
them as much as to himfelf. In 1687, the profeffor- every father gave every child. He ufed to tell two
fhip of mathematics at Bafil being vacant, Mr Bernou- little adventures, which he faid had given him more
illi was appointed his fucceffor. He difeharged this pleafure than all the other honours he had received. He
truft with uniyerfal applaufe ; and his reputation drew was travelling with a learned ftranger, who, being plea-
a great number'of foreigners from all pacts to hear his fed with his converfation, alked his name : “ I am
leftures. He had an admirable talent in teaching, and Daniel Bernouilli,5’ anfwered he, with great modefty ;
adapting himfelf to the different genius and capacity “ And I,” faid the ftranger (who thought he meant
of his fcholars. In 1699, he was admitted into the aca- to laugh at him), “am Ifaac Newton.” Another
demy of fciences at Paris as a foreign member, and in time he was giving a dhmer to the famous Koenig the
1701 the fame honour was conferred upon him by the mathematician, who boafted, with a fufficient degree
academy of Berlin. He wrote feveraFpieces in the of felf-complacency, of a difficult problem he had refol-
Atta Eruditorum of Leipfic, the Journal des Scavans, ved with much trouble. Bernouilli went on doing the
v.Vi&t\\zHiJloire del’Academie des Sciences. His affiduous honours of bistable; and, when they went to drink
application to his ftudies brought upon him the gout, coffee, prefented him with a folution of the problem
and by degrees a flow fever, of which he died the 16th more elegant than his own. He died in March 1782.
of Auguft 1705, in the 58th year of his age.—Archi- BEROEA (anc. geog.), a noble city of Macedonia,
medes having found out the proportion of a fphere to to the fouth of Edeffa, or iEgae, and fouth-eaft of Cyr-
a cylinder circumfcribed about it, ordered it to been- tus. The people are commended in Scripture for their
graven upon his monument. In imitation of him, Mr reception of the Gofpel on a fair and impartial exami-
Bernouilli appointed, that a fpiral logarithmical curve nation.—Anoxhtr Beroea of Syria (Stephanus)’; called
fhould be inferibed upon his tomb, with thefe words, alfo Beroe, and by the inhabitants Berdea. It is the
Eadem mutata refur go ; in allufion to the hopes o£ the Handing tradition for fome ages, that it is the modern
refurreftion, which are reprefented in fome meafure by Aleppo ; called Chalep in Nicetas, Nicephorus, and
the properties of the curve which he had the honour of Zonaras; from which it is fuppofed the prefent appel-
difeovering. . lation Aleppo is derived; diftant 90 miles from the Le-
Bernooilh (Daniel), a celebrated phyfician and vant Sea and the port of Scanderoon, and about too
philofopher, was born at Groningen, February 9th miles weft of the Euphrates. E. Long. 36. o.
1700. He w'as intended by his parents for trade, but Lat. 36. 30.
his genius led him to different purfuits. He paffed BEROOT, or Bairout, a town of Phoenicia, a
fome time in Italy, and at 24 refufed to be prefident province of Syria in Turkey in Afia. It is the ancient
of an academy meant to have been eftabliffied at Genoa. Berytus ; but there are now no remains of its former
He fpent feveral years at St Peterffiurg with great ere- beauty, except its fituation. It Hands in a plain, which
dit; and in 1733 returned to Bafil, where he fuccefs- from the foot of Lebanon runs out into the fea, nar-
fively filled the chair of phyfic, natural and fpeculative rowing to a point, about two leagues from the ordina-
philofophy. In his firft work, Exercitationss Mathe- ry line of the fhore, and on the north fide forms a
mat is a, he took the only title he then had, viz. “ Son pretty long road, which receives the river of Nahr-el-
Salib.
Bernoulli
II 1
Beroot.
B E R [ «95 3 B E R
(f ;|' 8erojt Salib, called alfo Nahr-Bairtut, This river has fuch
1 gj|re frequent floods in winter, as to have occafioned the
. ^re' building of a confiderable bridge; but it is in fo ruin¬
ous a ftate as to be impaflable. The bottom of the
road is rock, which chafes the cables, and renders it
very infecure. From hence, as we proceed weftward
towards the point, we reach, after an hour's journey,
the town of Bairout. This belonged to the Druzes,
till lately that it was taken from'them, and a Turkilh
garrifon placed in it. Still, however, it continues to
be the emporium of the Maronites and the Druzes,
v'here they export their cottons and iilks, almoft all of
which are deftined for Cairo. In return, they receive
rice, tobacco, coffee, and fpecie, which they exchange
again for the corn of the Bekaa and the .Hauran. This
commerce maintains near 6000 perfons. The dialed!
of the inhabitants is juftly cenfured as the moft corrupt
of any in the country : it unites in itfelf the 12 faults
enumerated by the Arabian grammarians.—The port
of Beroot, formed like all the others on the coail by a
pier, is like them choaked up with fand and ruins.
The town is furrounded by a wall, the foft and fandy
ftone of which may be pierced by a cannon ball with¬
out breaking or crumbling ; which was unfavourable
to the Ruffians in their attack : but in other refpedts
this wall, and its old towers, are defencelefs. Two
inconveniences will prevent Beroot from ever becoming
a place of ftrength ; for it is commanded by a chain of
hills to the fouth-eaft, and is entirely deftitute of wa¬
ter, which the women are obliged to fetch from a well
at the diftance of half a quarter of a league, though
what they find there is but indifferent. By digging
in order to form refervoirs, fubterraneous ruins have
been difeovered; from which it appears, that the mo¬
dern town is built on the ancient one. The fame may
be obferved of Latakia, Antioch, Tripoli, Saide,
and the greater part of the- towns on the coaft,
which have been occafioned by earthquakes that have
deftroyed them at different periods. We find likewife,
without the walls to the weft, heaps of rubbifh, and
fome /hafts of columns, which indicate that Beroot has
been formerly mucl» larger than at prefent. The plain
around it is entirely planted with white mulberry trees,
wrhich §re young and flourifhing; by which means.the
filk produced here is of the very fineft quality. In
defeending from the mountains (fays M. Volney), no
proipeCt can be more delightful than to behold, from
their fummits or declivities, the rich carpet of verdure
formed by the tops of thefe ufelul trees in the diftant
bottom of the valley. In fummer, it is inconvenient
to rdide at Beroot on account of the heat and the
warmth of the water: the town, however, is not un¬
healthy, though it is faid to have been fo formerlv.'
It has ceafed to be unhealthy fince the Emir Fakr-el-
din planted a wood of fir trees, which is ftill ftanding
a league to the fouthward of the town. E. Long. 35.
38.' N. Lat. 34. 18.
BEROSUS, prieft of the temple of Belus at Baby-
|' Ion, in the time of Ptolemy Philadelphus, wrote tire
Hiftory of Chaldea, which is often cited by the an¬
cients, and of which Jofephus gives feme curious frag¬
ments. The Athenians, according to Pliny, caufed his
I ftatue, with a golden tongue, to be placed in their Gym-
v ll - nafium.
BERRE, a town of Provence in France, feated on
a lake of the fame name. It is remarkable for the Bcrretinl
quantity and goodnefs of the fait that is made there, _ P
but the air is very unwholefome. E* Long. 4. 32. ei‘‘luar1'
N. Lrtt. 43. 32.
BERRE PINI i>a Cortona (Pietro), painter of
hiftory and landfcape, was born at Crotona in 1596;
and, according to fome writers, was a difciple of An¬
drea Commodi; though others affirm that he was the
difciple of Baccio Ciarpi, and the author of the Abrege
fays he was fucceffively the author of both : but he is
allowed to have been as great and as enlarged a genius
as any of his profeffion, and to have painted more
agreeably than moft of the artifts who were his cotem¬
poraries. He went young to Rome, and applied him-
felf diligently to ftudy the antiques, the works of Ra¬
phael, Buonaroti, and Polidoro ; by which he fo im¬
proved his tafte and his hand, that he diftinguiihed
himfelf in a degree fuperior to any of the artifts of his
time. He worked with remarkable eafe and freedom;
his figures are admirably grouped ; his diftribution is
truly elegant; the chiaro-fcuro isjudicioufly obferved;
and through his whole compofitions there appears un¬
common grace: but De Piles obferVes, that it was
not fuch a grace as was the portion of Raphael and
Correggio ; but a general grace, confifting rather in a
habit of making the airs of his heads always agreeable,
than in a choice of expreffions fuitable to each fubjedt.
In his large compofitions, the colouring had a good
effeft; but his colouring in frefco is far fuperior to
what he performed in oil: nor do his eafel pidlures ap¬
pear as finiihed as might be expected from fo great
a mafter, when compared with what he painted in a
larger fize. By the beft judges it feems to be agreed,
that although this mafter was frequently incorred!;
though not always judicious in his expreffions; though
irregular in his draperies, and apt to defign his figures
too fhort and too heavy; yet, by the magnificence of
his compolition, the delicate airs of his figures, the
grandeur of his decorations, and the aftoniffiing beauty
and gracefulnefs of the whole together, he muft be al¬
lowed to have been the moft agreeaBle mannereft that
any age hath produced.-- He died in 1669. Some of
his moft capital works are in the Barberini palace at
Rome, and the Palazzo Pitti at Florence.
BERRETONI (Nicolo), hiftory-painter, was born
at Macerata in 1617, and was a difciple of Carlo Ma-
ratti, with whom he ftudied defign and colouring for
fome years; and attained fuch excellence, that he ex¬
cited even the jealoufy and envy of his mafter, who
feemed to be appreh&nfive of finding a powerful com¬
petitor and rival in his pupil.—His early works, after
he quitted the fchool of Maratti, were in the ityle and
tafte of Guido; and they could not poffibly have a
more high encomium or recommendation. He died in
1682.
BERRIMAN (Dr William), was the fon of Mr
John Berriman apothecary in Bifhopfgate-ftreet, Lon¬
don, where he was born in 1688. He ftudied at
Oriel-college, Oxford, where he took hi; leveral de¬
grees, and became curate and le&urer of All-hallows
in Thames-ftreet, and le&urer of St Michael’s, Queen-
hithe. In 1720, he was appointed domeitic chaplain to
Dr Robinfori biftiop of London, who foon after collated
him to the living of St Andrew’s Underfhaft; and in
1727, he was eledled fellow of Eton-college. He died
B b 2 in
B E R [ 196 ] B E R
in 1750, in the 62A year of his age. He wrote, 1.
A feafonable Review of Mr Whiiton’s Account of
Primitive Doxologies. 2. An Hiilorical Account of
the Trinitarian Controverfy, in eight fermons, at Lady
Moyer’s lefture. 3. Brief Remarks on Mr Chandler’s
Introdudlion to the Hiftory of the Inquiiition. 4. Ser¬
mons at Boyle’s leftures, 2 vols 8vo. 5. Chriflian Doc¬
trines and Duties explained and recommended, in 2 vols
8 vo ; and other works.
BERRY. See Bacca.
Berry, a province of France, with the title of a
duchy. It is bounded on the north, by Solome; on
the fouth, by Marche ; on the eaft, by Mivernois and
Bourbonnoife; and on the weft, by Touraine. It is 90
miles in length from north to fouth, and 73 in breadth
from eaft to weft. . The air is very temperate; and the
foil produces wheat, rye, and wine little inferior to
Burgundy; that of Sancerre, St Satur, and Laver-
nuffe, is the belt. -The fruits are in plenty, and pretty
good. The paftures are proper to fatten Iheep. This
country produces alfo a good deal of hemp and flax.
There are mines of Iron and filver, but they are neglec¬
ted. The ftone quarries, within half a league of Bour-
ges, are very ferviceable. In the parifti of St Hilare
there is a mine of oker, made ufe of in melting metals
and for painting. Near Bourges there is a cold mine¬
ral fpring, which has a clammy fat pellicle over it every
morning, of different colours. It lets fall a fine black
fmooth fediment, which has the fame fmsll, and almoft
the fame tafte, as guflpowder, which makes fome con¬
clude it partakes of fulphur, vitriol, and oker.. The
pellicle is as thick as a crown-piece ; and. when put oni
a red-hot fire-fhovel, will bounce and fparkle, as will alfo
the fediment. It is certain there is fakpetre in thefe
waters, though vitriol feems to be the moft predomi¬
nant. Thefe waters, drank on the fpot,. temperate the
heat of the blood and humours, open obftrudiions, and
ftrengthen the fibres. Berry is watered by feveral ri¬
vers ; the principal of which are the Loire, the Creufe,
the Cher, the Indre, the Orron, the Evre, the Aurette,
the Maulon, the Great and Little Saudre, the Nerre, &c..
Near Liniers, there is a lake 20 miles round. Berry is
divided into the. Upper and the Lower, and Bourges is
the capital city. The inhabitants of Bourges carry on
a fmall trade with corn down the Loire; but that of the
wine above mentioned is much more confiderable, it be¬
ing tranfported tp Baris by means of that river and the
canal of Briare. But the principal commerce confifts
in the fat cattle which they fend to Paris,, and the great
number of ftieep; thefe laft bear fine wool, which is
ufed in the manufactures of this province and other parts
of the kingdom. There are two forts of manufactures
in Berry ; the one for cloths and ferges, and the other
for knit and wove ftockings; There is likewife a great
quantity of hemp, which is tranfported elfewhere ; for.
they have not. yet got the art of manufacturing itthem-
felves. At Aubigny there are 2000 perfons generally
employed in the making of cloth.
BERSABE (anc,. geog.), a town in the tribe of
Simeon (Jolhua),; the fouth boundary not only of its
own tribe but of the whole land of Ifrael, as appears
from the common exprefiion “ from Dan to Berfabe
in our tranflation it is Beer-Sheba. It was the refi-
dence of the patriarchs; as firft of Abraham, from
whom it,took its name, and of Ifaac. It lignifies the
well or fountain of the oath; dug by Abraham, and Berfarii
claimed as his property by covenant and the religion II.
of an oath, againft the infults of the Philiftines. Eu-, Beiyick*f
febius and Jerome fay, that there was a citadel and " Y
large village of that name in their time. It was called
Beerjbebacf Judah in 1 Kings xix. 3. not to diftinguifti
it from the Beerflreba of Galilee, which probably did
not then exift, but to afeertain the limits of the king
of Judah. In the lower age called Cajlrum Verfa-
bini.
BERSARII, in writers of the middle age, a kind
of hunters or fportfmen, who purfued wild beafts in
forefts and chaces. The word feems derived from the
barbarous Latin berfare, “ to ihoot with a bow on
which principle it fliould properly denote archers on¬
ly, or bowmen. Or it might be derived from berfat
“ the fence or pales of a parkin which view, it
fhould primarily import thole who hunt or poach in
parks or forefts.
Hincmar fpeaks of a kind of inferior officers in the
court of Charlemagne, under the denomination of ber¬
farii, vsltrarii, and beverarii. Spelman takes the firft
to denote thofe who hunted the wolf ; the fecond, thofe
who had the fuperintendency of the hounds for that,
ufe ; and the third, thofe who hunted the beaver.
BERSELLO, a fortified towm of Italy in the Mo-
denefe. It wras taken by Prince Eugene in 1702; and
by the French in 170,3, who were obliged to abandon it
in 1707. It is feated near the confluence of the rivers
Linza and Po, in E, Long. to. 30. N. Lat. 44. 55.
BERSUIRE, a towm of France in Lower PoiCtou.
W. Long. o. 27. N. Lat. 46. 52.
BERTINERO, a town of Romagniain Italy, with
a ftrong citadel. It is the fee of a bilhop; and Rfeated
on an hill, in E. Long. 11. 47. N. Lat. 44. 8.
BERTRAND (St), an epifcopal town of France
in Gafcony, and capital of the country of Comminges^
E. Long, o. 38. N. Lat. 43. 2.
BERVY, a fea-port and parliament town in the
county of Mearns in Scotland. W. Long. 2. o.,
N. Lat. 56. 40.
BERWICK (the Duke of), wTas natural fon of
James II. by Mrs Arabella Churchill, filler to the great
Duke of Marlborough. He followed the fate of his
father, and came into France after the revolution with
James II. Here the Duke of Berwick was recommend¬
ed to the court by his fuperior merit. He was created
marlhal of France, knight of the Holy Ghoft, duke
and peer of France, grandee of Spain, commander iu-
chief of the French armies; in all u-hich ftations his
behaviour was fuch, that few equalled, perhaps none
furpaffed, him. He lived in an age when the renowned
Prince of Orange and many other of the greateft men
commanded againft him. His courage was of the cool,
Heady kind; alwayspoffeffinghimfelf; taking all advan¬
tages; not foolilhly, ralhly, or wantonly throwing away
the lives of his foldiers. He kept up on all occafions the
moft ftridl difeipline; and did not fpare punilhment a-
mong his foldiers for marauding and other crimes, when
properly deferved; for which fome inconiiderate people
have blamed him. He has been refledled upon by the
very zealous and violent adherents of the Stuart family
for not being fufficiently attached to that party, which
was his own family. But by a cool examination of his
actions, it will appear, that his behaviour in this par¬
ticular,
B E R [
Berwick, ticular was, as in moft parts of his life, fenfible and
■"""y juft. When he accepted of employments,“received ho¬
nours, dignities, and became a naturalized Frenchman,
he thought it his duty, as an honeft man, to become a
Frenchman, and a real fubjeft to the monarch who
gave him bread; and to be, or not to be, in the intereft
of the Stuart family, according to the will and com¬
mands of the fovereign whom he ferved, and in the in¬
tereft of France according to time and circumftances ;
for there is no ferving two mafters well. But when
ordered by his king to be in that family’s intereft,
he adled with the greateft fincerity ; and, took the
moft effectual and fenfible methods to ferve that un¬
happy houfe, as the following anecdote, if true, and it
has great appearance and probability on its fide, prpves.
The Duke of Marlborough, after the ligning of the
treaty of Utrecht, was cenfured by the Britifli parlia¬
ment for fome of the army contracts in relation to
bread and forage; upon which he retired into France:
and it was then credibly afferted, the Duke of Marlbo¬
rough was brought over to the intereft of the Stuart
family; for it is now paft a doubt, that Queen Anne had
a very ferious intention of having her brother upon the
throne of England after her death: and feveral circum-
ftances, as well as the time of that Duke’s landing in
England, make many people believe he was gained
over to the Stuart party. If the Duke of Berwick was,
direttly or indirectly, the means of gaining his uncle
over to that intereft, he more effe&ually ferved it than
that ralh mock army of unhappy gentlemen who were
taken prifoners at Prefton in 1715 had it in their power
to do. In a word, the Duke of Berwick was, without
being a bigot, a moral and religious man ; and (bowed
by his life and actions, that morality and religion are
very compatible and confident with the life of a ftatef-
man and a great general; and if they were oftener
united in thole two profeffions, it would be much hapr
pier for the reft of mankind. He was killed by a can¬
non-ball at the fiege of Philipfburgh in 1738.
Berwick, one of the beft cultivated counties in
Scotland ; bounded by the river Tweed, on the foutht
by Lothian, on the north ; by .the German Ocean, on
the call; and by Tiviotdale, on the weft. It abounds
with corn and grafs, and has in it feveral feats of per-
fons of quality. The principal rivers are the Tweed,
the Whiteater, Blackadder, Eye, and Ednel. The
chief place is the town and caftle of Dunfe. Eymouth
is the fea-port, where a great deal of grain is (hipped,
ft Lauder is the only royal borough, though Greenlaw
is the county-town. It fends one member to parlia¬
ment.
Berwick (North), a royal borough and fea-port in
the county of Eaft Lothian in,Scotland. W. Long.
2. 29. N. Lat. 5. 56.
BF.RfriCKrUpon-T'weed, is a town on the borders of
England and Scotland, and a county of itfelf. It Hands
on the north or Scottifti fide of the river Tweed; and is
pleafantly fituated on an eafy declivity, almoft clofe to
the fea. It has a ditch on the north and eaft ; but on
the fouth and weft it has high walls, regularly fortified,
and planted with cannon, and to which the river ferves
as a moat. The houfes are generally well built; and
f.j the town-houfe is a handfome ftrufture, with a lofty
turret, in which are eight bells, and a fine clock which
tells the quarters, with .four dials, one on each fide. the.
197 ] B E R
fquare. The church is a neat building, but has no- Eery,
bells. The bridge is 947 feet long, and is fupported Beryl,
by fifteen arches. The barracks form a large regular v'“”
fquare, and will hold two regiments of foot very con¬
veniently. The town is governed by a mayor, recor¬
der, town-clerk, and four bailiffs; and has a coroner,
a treafurer, four ferjeants at mace, and a water bailiff.
It had a ftrong caftle, which now lies quite in ruins.
It has a market on Saturdays, extremely well fupplied;
and a fair on Friday on Trinity-week for black cattle
and horfes. Corn and eggs are (hipped from hence for
London and other ports; but the principal trade is
the falmon which are caught in the Tweed, and rec¬
koned to be as-good as any in the kingdom. Some are
fent alive, and fome pickled in kits by perfons who fub-
fift on that employment, and are called falmon coopers.
The living is a reftory, rated at 201. a-year in the
king’s books. Though this town, is not admitted to-
be either in England or Scotland, the Engliftt judges
hold aflizes here; and it is fubjeft to the bifhop of-
Durham. It fends two members to parliament. W.
Long. 1. 35. N. Lat. 55. 58.
BERY, or Bury, the vill or feat of habitation of a
nobleman, a dwelling or manfion houfe, being the chief
of a manor: from the Saxon beorg, which fignifies a.
hill ox cajlle; for heretofore noblemens feats were caftles.
fituated on hills, of which we have ftill fome remains
as in Herefordftiire there are the beries of Stockton,,
Hope, &c. It was anciently taken for a fanctuary.
Eery. See Beria.
BERYL, in natural hiftory, called by our lapida¬
ries aqua marina, is a pellucid gem of a bluifti green-
colour, found in the Eaft Indies and about the gold
mines of Peru: we have alfo fpme from Silefia, but
what are brought from thence are oftener colpured:
cryftals than real beryls ;' and when they are genuine,. •
they are greatly inferior both in hardnefs and luftre to-
the oriental and Peruvian kinds.
The beryl, like moft other gems, is met with both in.
the pebble and columnar form, but in the latter moil
frequently. In the pebble form at ufually appears of a.
round!ih but flatted figure, and commonly full of fmall
Hat faces, irregularly difpofed. In the columnar or:
cryftalline form it always confifts of hexangular co¬
lumns, terminated by hexangular pyramids. It-never
receives any admixture of colour into it, nor lofes the
blue and green, but has its genuine tinge in the degrees
from a very deep and dufky to the paleft imaginable ofi
the hue of lea-water.
The beryl, in' its perfect (late, approaches to the
hardnefs of the garnet, but is often fofter; and its-
fize is-from that of a fmall tare to that of a pea, a
hor-fe-beah, or even a walnut. It may be imitated by¬
adding to 20 pounds of cryftal-glafs made without
magnefia, fix ounces of calcined brafs or copper, and
a quarter of an ounce of prepared zaffre.—The pro¬
perties of the beryl were very wonderful in the opinion
of the ancient naturalifts ; it kept people from falling
into ambufeades of enemies, excited courage in the
fearful, and cured difeafes of the eyes and ftomach. It
does none, of thefe things now; becaufe people are.
not fimple enough to believe it has the virtue to do,
them.
BiRYL-cryfal, in natural hiftory, a fpecies of what,
Dr Hill calls illippmacrofyla, or imperfedt cryftals,,is,
B E 8 [ 198 ] B E S
Berytas 0f an extreme pure, clear, and equal texture, and
Bda''-on ^carce ever to ^ie flighted films or blemiflies.
^ It is ever conflant to the peculiarity of its figure, which
is that of a long and flender column, remarkably ta¬
pering towards the top, and very irregularly hexangu-
lar. It is of a very fine tranfparence, and naturally of
a pale brown ; and carries fuch evident marks of di-
ftindtion from all brown cryftals, that our lapidaries call
it, by way of eminence, the beryl-cryjlal, or Amply the
I 6<?ry/.
BERYTUS (anc. geog.), a fea-port town of Phoe¬
nicia on the Mediterranean, fo ancient as to be thought
to have been built by Saturn. It was deftroyed by
Tryphon, but rebuilt by the Romans. Agrippa placed
here two legions, whence it became a colony. It enjoyed
the Jus Italicum, and had an excellent fchool for the
ftudy of the law in Jullinian’s time. Now Beroot ;
which fee.
BES, or Bessis, in Roman antiquity, two-thirds of
the as. See As.
Bes alfo denotes two thirds of the jugerum. See
J UGERUM.
BESAILE, fignifies the father of a grandfather.
Besaile, in law, a writ that lies where the great¬
grandfather was feized in fee of any lands, Sec. at
the time of his death : and after his deceafe a ftran-
ger enters thereon, the fame day, and keeps out the
heir.
BES ANCON, a city of France, capital of the
Franche Compte, and one of the molt ancient cities of
Europe. It is the fee of an archbilhop, and has a
parliament as well as a univerfity. It is feated on the
river Dreux, which divides it into two parts, the great-
eit of which is a peninfula. The entrance is (hut up
by a mountain, on which they have built a large cita¬
del, which commands all the city. There are many
names of places in and about the city, that are plainly
corruptions of the Latin, and are marks of its anti¬
quity, as Chamars, Campus Martis, Chamufe, Campus
Mufarum, Chandane, Campus Dianas, &c. The me¬
tropolitan church is bnilt at the bottom of St Stephen’s
hiil; and is a very handfome ftruflure with a high
tower fteeple. The great altar is placed in the middle
choir, where on high days they expofe reliques in filver
fhrines, enriched with gold and jewels. There are feve-
ral tombs and other things lemarkable in the churches ;
and after you have palt the church of Notre Dame;
and the fquare that it looks into, you come to a trium¬
phal arch, eredfed in honour of the emperor Aurelian,
on which are feveral figures <^f men and animals, pretty
entire. It ferves as a gate to the cloifter of St John the
Great. The great hofpital of the order of the Holy
Ghoft is a ftruflure worth feeing, The ftreets are
wide and handfome ; and the houfes are well built with
free-flone, and covered with Hate, chiefly about the
fquare called Battan, which is-adorned with a fountain,
' the water of which proceeds from the ftatue of Bac¬
chus. The ri'ver Dreux is parted over on a ftone bridge,
to enter from one part of Befancon into the other.
The market-place is at the entrance; and on the left is
another fquare, adorned with a fountain, where the
great Itreet begins, which traverfes all this part, from
the bridge to St John the Great. The new fquare is
not far from this ilreet, from whence you go to the
tovvn-houfe, which is a large ftrudture with four wings,
before the frdnt of which is the ftatue of Charles V. Befant
in bronze, with a globe in one hand and a fword in II .
the other. The imperial eagle is raifed over a large e °^/A'
bafon, and fpouts out water by both his beaks. The
governor’s palace is the moft magnificent in the pro¬
vince, and there is a fountain a little farther, adorned
with the figure of a naked woman, with water fpring-
ing out at her nipples. E. Long. 6. 10. N. Lat.
47. 26.
BESANT, or Bezant, a coin of pure gold, of an
uncertain value, ftruck at Byzantium, in the time of
the Chriftian emperors ; from hence the gold offered
by the king at the altar is called befant or bifant.
BESANTED, or Bezanted. This word means
full of befants ; and is ufed to denote a field, ordinary,
or charge, covered with above eight befants: for if
there be but eight or fewer, their number muff be par¬
ticularly mentioned.
BESELEEL and Ooliah, archite&s, fculptors,
and painters, fuppofed to have made all the ornaments
in brafs, filver, &c. of the firft tabernacle in the wil-
dernefs, 1490 B. C.
BESIERS, or Beziers, an ancient and handfome
town of France, in Lower Languedoc, with a birtiop’s
fee, and the title of a vifeounty. It has a delightful
fituation ; and the country in which it (lands is fertile
in com, oil, and produces excellent wine. It is feated
on a hill near the river Orbe, in E. Long. 3. 23. N. Lat.
43- 21 ■
BESISTAN, or Berstein : Thus at Conftantino-
ple, Adrianople, and in fome other towns within the
Grand Signior’s dominions, they call thofe places
where the merchants have their (hops, and expofe their
merchandizes to fale. Each fort of merchants have
their particular befiftan, which muft alfb be underftood
of the workmen, all thofe of the fame trade working
in the fame place. Thefe befifians are commonly large
galleries, vaulted over, whofe gates are (hut every night.
Sometimes the wardens and keepers of the befiftans
will anfwer for the merchandizes, on paying them a
very moderate perquifite for every {hop.
BESLERIA (from Bafilius Befler an apothecary
at Nuremberg, author of a book, intitled, Hortis Ey-
fetenfis), a genus of the angiofpermia order, belonging
to the didynamia clai's of plants. Of this genus there
are three fpecies ; the melittifolia,lwith branching foot-
{talks and oval leaves ; the lutea, with Ample footftalks
growing in clufters, and fpear-rtraped leaves; and the
criftata, with {talks growing Angle, and a five-leaved
involucrum. All thefe are natives of the warm parts
of America, and cannot be preferved in this country
without artificial heat. But as they are remarkable
neither for beauty nor any other property, we forbear
any particular defeription.
BESORCH, a coin of tin, or fome alloyed metal,
''current at Ormus, at the rate of ^ parts of a farthing
fterling.
BESOZZI, or Bezutius (Ambrogio), a painter
of confiderable eminence, was born at Milan in 1648.
He worked fome time under Giofeffo Danedi, called
Montalti: he afterwards went to Rome, where he ihi-
di-d from the antiques and the pi&ures of the greateft
3nailers; and at laft perfe&ed himfelf in the fchool of
Ciro Ferri. His great excellency confifted in painting
archite&ure, friezes, imitations of bafs-relieves, and
other
B E S L 199 J BET
Beffarabia other decorations. He died at Milan in 1706, aged
J. 58 years.
Be<rica- , BESSARABIA, a territory of Turky in Europe,
r~mm' lying between Moldavia, the Danube, the Black Sea,
and Little Tartary. It is inhabited by independent
Tartars, who maintain themfelves by their cattle, huf-
bandry, and by robbery. Their religion, manners,
and cuftoms, are the fame of thofe with the Grim Tar¬
tars. When there are any forces fent againft them,
they retire among the mountains near the Black Sea,
where it is impoffible to come at them on account of
the moraffes and defiles.
BESSARION, titular patriarch of Conftantinople
and archbifhop of Nice, and one of thofe illuftrious
perfons who contributed to the refurrection of letters
in the 15th century, was born at Trebifond. He was
very zealous to reunite the Greek with the Latin
church, and engaged the emperor John Paleologus to
intereft himfelf in bringing this great work about. He
palled into Italy, appeared at the council of Florence,
harangued the fathers, and made himfelf admired as
well by his modetty as by his uncommon abilities. The
Greek Schifmatics conceived fo mortal an averfion to
him, that he was obliged to remain in Italy; where
pope Eugenius IV. honoured him with the purple in
1439. He fixed his abode at Rome, and would have
been raifed to the Papal chair, if cardinal Alain had
not oppofed it, as injurious to the Latin church, to
choofe a Greek however illuftrious. He was employ¬
ed in feveral embaffies, but that to France proved fatal
to him. When legate at this court, he happened to
vifit the duke of Burgundy, before he faw Louis XI.
which fo difconcerted the capricious haughty monarch,
as to occaiion him a very ungracious reception. Nay,
the king even took the cardinal legate by his. moil
magnificent beard, faying in his fine Latin, Barbara
Grteca genus retinent quod habere folebant: and this
affront fo chagrined the cardinal, as to occafion his
death at Ravenna upon his return in 1472. This at
leaft is what Matthieu relates in his Hiftory of Louis
XI. Beffarion loved the literati, and protehted them.
Argyropilus, Theodore of Gaza, Poggius, Laurentius
Valla, &c. formed in his houfe a kind of academy. His
library was large and curious; and the fenate of Ve¬
nice, to whom he gave it, preferve it to this day with
attention and regard. He left fome works, which rank
among thofe that helped to revive letters ; as, Defenfto
Dottrinee Platonicee, See. Tranflations of fome Pieces
of Ariftotle. Orations, Epiftles,
BESSICA (anc. geog), a diftrift of Thrace towar ds
mount Hsemus to the fouth of the Hebrus. It was
inhabited by a fierce and barbarous people noted for
their robberies. Their chief city Ufcudama is now
known by the name of Adrianople. They lived under
their own kings till the confulate of M. Licinius Lu-
cullus and C. Caffms Varus; when the conful Lucullus
invaded their country, and having gained a great vic¬
tory over them, took their metropolis, and fubjedted
the whole nation to the Roman laws. The Romans,
notwithftanding they had fubdued them by force of
arms, ftill fuffered them to live under their own kings ;
lor Pifo, while he governed Macedon in quality of pro-
conful, having treacheroufly feized Rabocentus, whom
Suetonius calls prince of the BeJJi, caufed him to be
publicly beheaded. This affront ib exafperated the
whole nation that they revolted; but were overthrown
in a great battle by Odtavius the father of Auguftus.
During the civil wars of Rome they attempted anew „
to recover their liberty, but were again defeated by the
famous M. Brutus. In the reign of Auguftus one Vo-
logefus, a native of the country, and prieft of Bacchus,
having, under pretence of religion, drawn together
great crowds of people, made himfelf mafter of the
whole country ; and entering the Cherfonefus, com¬
mitted there the moft dreadful ravages. He was at
laft, however, overcome by L. Pifo; who obliged the
lavage inhabitants to lay down their arms, and fubmit
to fuch conditions as he was pleafed to impofe upon
them. From this time the Belli continued fubjeft to
the Romans without attempting any more to regain
their liberty.
BESSIS- See Bes.
BESTAIL, or Bestial, in ancient ftatutes, all
kinds of beafts or cattje, efpecially thofe purveyed for
the king’s provilion.
BESTIARII, in Roman antiquity, fuch as fought
againft beafts, or thofe who were expofed to them by
fentence of the law. There were four kinds of befti-
arii : the firft were thofe who made a trade of it, and
fought for money; the fecond were fuch young men as,,
to Ihow their ftrength and dexterity in managing their
arms, fought againft beafts; the third kind was, where
feveral beftiarii were let loofe at once, well armed,,
againft a number of beafts; and the fourth kind were
thofe condemned to the beafts, confifting either of ene¬
mies taken prifoners in war, or as being Haves, and
guilty of fome enormous crime ; thofe were all expofed
naked, and without defence.
BESTRICIA, a town of Tranfylvania, remarkable
for the gold mines in its neighbourhood. E. Long.
22. 5. N. Lat. 48. o.
BETA, the Beet; a genus of the digynia order,
belonging to the pentandria clafs of plants ; and in the
natural method ranking under the 12th order, Holora:-
cea. The calyx has four leaves ; there is no corolla ;
the feeds are kidney-lhaped, and fituated within the
bafe of the calyx.
Species. 1. The maritima, or fea-beet, grows na¬
turally by the fea-fide, and in fait marlhes, in many
parts of England, as alfo on the Bafs ifland at the
mouth of the Forth in Scotland. It has been fuppofed
by many to be only a variety of the common white
beet ; but Mr Miller affures us he has been unable to-
make any variation in them by culture-. 2. The hor-
tenfis, or common white beet, is cultivated in gardens,
for the fake of its leaves which are frequently ufed in.
foups. The root of this fort feldom grows larger than
a man’s thumb ; the fpikes of flowers come out from
the wings of the leaves, which are long, and have nar¬
row leaves placed between the flowers. The lower
leaves of the plant are thick and fucculent, and their -
footftalks broad. The varieties of this are, the white
beet, the green beet, and the Swifs or chard beet..
Thefe will vary from the one to the other, but have
never been found to change to the firft or third fort.
3. The vulgaris, or red beet, with a pyramidal root,
hath large, thick, fucculent leaves, which are for the
moft part of a dark-green or purple colour. The roqts
of this are large, and of a deep red colour. The lar¬
ger thefe roots grow, the tenderer they areand the
6 deepen
BET r 200 1 BE T
deeper their colour, the more they are efteeitaed* The
varieties of this fpecies are, the common red beet, the
turnip-rooted beet, and the green-leaved red beet.
4. The cicla, or root of fcarcity 5 for which fee A-
GRICULTURE, n° 52.
Culture. The common white beet is commonly
fown by itfelf in the beginning of March, upon an
open fpot of ground, not too moift. When the plants
have put out four leaves, the ground ihould be hoed
as is pra&ifed for carrots, carefully cutting up all the
weeds, and alfo the plants where they are too near each
other, leaving them at leaft fix inches afunder. In
three weeks or a month’s time the ground Ihould be
hoed a fecond time to Cut Up the weeds and thin the
plants to a greater diltance, for by this time they will
be out of danger 5 fo Ihould not be left nearer than
eight or nine inches, if regard is had to the goodnefs
of the leaves ; and if it is of the Swifs kind, with broad
leaves, the plants mull not be nearer than a foot. In
fix weeks after, the ground Ihould be hoed over a third
time, which if properly done will deftroy all the weeds.
After this the plants will fpread and prevent the weeds
from growing, therefore will want but little cleaning
for a confiderable time, and the leaves will foon be fit
for ufe.- The outer larger leaves fhould.be firft gathered,
leaving the fmaller inner ones to grow large; by which
method a fmall fpot of ground will fupply a moderate fa¬
mily for a whole year, provided the plants are not allowed
to run to feed, for in that cafe they wiH. not be good.
The red beet is frequently fown with onions, car*
rots, or parfnips; but if thefe are not to be foon re
moved, the beets ought to be fown by themfelves;
This fort requires a deep light foil; the feeds fliould
be fown in March, and muft be treated in the fame
manner as the former fort: but the plants fhould not
be left nearer than a foot diftance, or in a good land
a foot and a half; for the leaves will cover the ground
at that diftance. The roots will be fit for ufe in
autumn, and continue good all winter ; but in the
Spring, when they begin to ilioot, they will be hard
and ftringy.
Medicinal and other ufes. Decoftions of beets gen¬
tly loofen the belly; hence they have been ranked a-
mong the emollient herbs : the plants remaining after
the boiling are fuppofed to have rather a contrary ef-
feCl. They afford little nourifhment, and are faid by
fome to be prejudicial to the ftomach. The juice ex-
preffed from the roots is a powerful errhine. The
root of the red beet is fometimes ufed to improve the
colour of claret ; and Mr Margraff found that good
fugar might be produced from the roots of the white
kind by the methods praftifed abroad for procuring it
from the fugar cane. By fome it is recommended to
cultivate the white beet in large quantities as food
for cattle. See Agriculture, ny 51.
BETANZOS, a town of Galicia in Spain, feated
on the Mandeo, and a bay of the fea, in W. Long. 7.
50. N. Lat. 43. 21.
BETEL, or I^etle, in botany, an Indian plant
(a fpecies of Piper), of great ufe and efteem in the
eaft, where it makes a confiderable article of commerce.
See Piper.
BETELFAGUI, a towm of Afia, in Arabia Felix,
famous for the vaft quantity of coffee bought and fold
there ; being the mart where the country people bring
. N°45- * 4
their coffee to fell; and where the Europeans come, or
fend their factors-or brokers, to purchafe it. E. Long.
57. 20. N. Lat. 15 40.
BETHABARA (anc. geog.), a term denoting a
pajage; and therefore by many referred to the paf-
fage at Jericho, where the ifraelites paffed over dry-
ftiod ; by Lightfoot, to the paffage at Scythopolis:
but Cellarius refers it to the mid-way between both ;
becaufe there were doubtlefs feveral paffages or fords
on the Jordan. Here John is faid to have baptized
on the other fide Jordan, (Evangelifts).
BETHAGLO, or Beth-hagla (anc. geog.), a
town of the tribe of Benjamin (Jofttua xviii. 21.). In
Jerome’s time there was a village called -Agla, ten mile?
from Eleutheropolis, towards Gaza, and fuppofed to
be Bethagla.
BETHANY (anc. geog.), a village at the foot of
mount Olivet, on the eaft fide, about two miles to the
eaft of Jerufalem, (John, Jerome) ; where Lazarus
dwelt and was railed from the dead ; and where hap¬
pened the afcenfion of our Saviour.
BETHARAMPHTHA (ane. geog.), a town of
Galilee, (Ptolemy); of the Peraea, (Jofephus); which
being, walled round by Herod Antipas, was called
Julias, after Julia, the daughter of Auguftus, and
confort of Tiberius: it flood to the north of the lake
of Genefareth, at the influx of the Jordan into that
lake; and here Dr Well’s places Bethfaida.
BETHARAN (anc. geog), a towm of the Peraea,
or on the other fide Jordan. Said to be called Liviasi
or Libias, in the Greek manner, by Herod in honour
of Li via, (Eufebius, Jerome); and of the fame lati¬
tude almoft with Jerufalem, (Ptolemy ; called Julias by
Jofephus, who always calls the Livia of Auguftus lia.
BETHAVEN (anc. geog.), a town in the tribe of
Ephraim, ancj a name given Bethel by Hofia, after the
eftabliihment of the idolatry of Jeroboam there; mean¬
ing it to have become the houfe of iniquity, from being
the houfe of God: but Bethaven was adiftinft town
(Joftma vii. 2.) to the fouth-eaft of Bethel.
BETHEL (anc. geog.), a city of Samaria, on the
borders of the tribe of Benjamin, anciently called Luz,
(Mofes) 5 but they feem to be diftinguiftied, (Joftma
xvi. 2.). They were, however, contiguous places.
Bethel was properly the place of Jacob’s vifion; and
Luz, or Lus, an adjoining town, afterwards called
Bethel, the former name being loft in that of Bethel.
It was twelve miles to the north-eaft of Jerufalem,
(Jerome) ; and called Bcihaven, (Hofea).
BETHESDA, (called in the Greek, xoxtutC»8/>«
irf oZuity.*, and thence in the Vulgate, Pifeina Probati-
ca, becaufe, according to fome, the flieep were walhed
in it, which were appointed for facrifices), was the
Hebrew name for a pool or public bath, which had
five porticos, piazzas, or covered walks around it.
This bath, for its lingular ufefulnefs, was called Beth-
efda, mon m, Beth Chezda, or the houfe of Mercy, be¬
caufe, as Pool, in his Annotations, obferves the ereft-
ing of baths was an ad: of great kindnefs to the com¬
mon people, whofe indifpolitions in hot countries re¬
quired frequent bathing. However, fome will have
the word Bethefda to be mvN ira, or the Jink-houfe, or
drain, becaufe the waters which came from the temple,
and the place where the vidims were walked, flowed
thither. From the Greek word being ufed
BET [ 201 ] BET
thefda. by Jofephiis (Antiq. xv. 3.) to denote the baths at Je-
"v richo, Dr Macknight, in his Harmony of the Gof-
pels, concludes that their opinion feems to be without
a proper foundation who affirm, that this pool ferved
for walking the flieep defigned for facrifice before they
were driven into the temple, and for walking the en¬
trails of the bealls faCrificed there : befides, he thinks
it inconfillent with the lituation.of Bethefda, near the
Jhee[>-gate (or market, as our Englilh tranflators have
rendered the Greek. rn wpofalix* x.o\vp.C>i(ipa, though
fome copies have it, e» See.) in the fouth-eall wall
of the city ; or, according to the compilers of the U-
niverfal Hiftory, in that which was on the north-eaft,
a great way from the temple. However this may be,
\ve are told (John v. 2, 3,&c.) that in the porticos of
this bath, at the time of a certain feaft (which is ge¬
nerally fuppofed to have been the paflbver), there lay a
multitude of impotent folk, fuch as the blind, halt, and
withered, waiting for the moving of the water : for an
angel went down at a certain feafon into the pool, and
troubled the water ; that is, moved it in a fenfible man¬
ner. Whofoever then firft, after the troubling of ther
water, ftepped into it, was made whole of whatever
difeafe he had. Some writers confine the miracle of
the pool of Bethefda to the feafon of this particular
feaft mentioned ih verfe 1. of this chapter, becailfe they
underftand xaT-x xa<fov, by times (verfe 4.), which our
tranflators render, a certain feafon, meant at that fea¬
fon ; that is, the feafon mentioned verfe 1.; and lince
the evangelill does not fay that the water of Bethefda
bad their fanative quality at any other feaft, we are at
liberty to make what fuppofition feems moll convenient.
Perhaps the lilence of Philo and Jofephus upon this
miracle may induce fome to think, that it happened
only at one paflbver: for though many infirm people
lay in Bethefda, if the angel, as is probable, defeended
frequently during that folemnity, the miracle would be
no fooner known, than multitudes would come and wait
at the pool to be cured by the moving of the waters:
however, if the number of the fick who gathered on
this occafion, and the phrafe wrx xa/^v, fhall incline
any perfon to believe that the waters of Bethefda had
an healing quality at other paflbvers alfo, Dr Mac¬
knight obferves, that the filence of the writers before
mentioned needs not be muclf regarded ; it being well
known that they have omitted greater tranfa&ions
which they had an opportunity to know, viz.-that mul¬
titude and ' variety of miracles which our Lord per¬
formed in the courfe of his miniftry. That the waters
of Bethefda fhould at this time have obtained a mira¬
culous healing quality was, without doubt, as that wri¬
ter remarks, in honour of the perfonal appearance of
the fon of God on earth. Perhaps it was intended to
fliow that Lzekiel’s {xlvii.) vifion of waters iffuing out
of the famftuary was about to be fulfilled, of which
waters it is faid, (ib. verfe 9.) “ They fhall be healed,
and every thing fhall live whither the river cometh.”
But it muft be obferved, that the fotirth verfe of this
chapter of St John is not in the Cambridge MSS.
which formerly was Beza’s, nor in one or two more
of great authority. See Dr Mill’s judgment of it in
that part of his Prolegomena to which he refers the
reader in his note on the text. But though it fhould
be rejefted, the difficulty for which fome would have
it cancelled, Dr Macknight obfaves, remains ftijl: be-
Voi. III. Part I.
caufe the feventh verfe implies that cures were per- Beth
formed in this pool, and that only one at a time was Bethk
cured, and confequently that thefe cures were miracu- ^
lous. If fo, it is as eafy to conceive that an angel
moved the water, and gave it its healing quality, as to
fancy thofe cures were performed miraculoufly any o-
ther way. Grotius thinks, that'the angel is faid to
have defeended, not becaufe he was ever feen to do fo, .
but becaufe the Jews were perfuaded that God brought
fuch things to pafs by the miniftration of angels ; fo
that from that violent motion of the water, and the cure
following it, the prefence of an angel was with reafon
fuppofed. Dr Hammond fuppofes, that the waters
became medicinal by being impregnated with a healing
warmth from the blood and entrails of the facrificed
beafts that were wafhed there; and that the ayUnsr,
angel, or mejfenger, in the text is not to be underftood of
thofe celeftial beings that are ufually diftinguifhed by
that name, but only of a common meflenger, viz. an
officer or fervant of the prieft, who at a proper feafon
was fent by him to ftir the pool.
BETHLEPIEM, a town of Palefiine, famous for
the birth of Jefus Chrift. It was once a flourifliing
town, but is now only a poor village. It is fituated
two leagues fouth-eaft of Jerufalem, on an eminence,
in a country full of hills and valleys, and might be ren¬
dered very agreeable. The foil is the beft in all thefe
diitri&s: fruits, vines, olives* and fefamum fucceeii
here extremely well; but cultivation is wanting. They
reckon about 600 men in this village capable of bear¬
ing arms upon occafion ; and this often occurs, fome-
times to relift the Pacha, fometimes to make war with
the adjoining villages, and fometimes in confequence
of inteftine diflentions. Of thefe 600'men, about ico
are Latin Chriftians, who have a vicar dependent on
the great convent of Jerufalem. Formerly their whole
trade confifted in the manufacture of beads ; but the
reverend fathers not being able to find a fale for all
thhy could furnilh, they have refumed the cultivation
of their lands. They make a white wine, which juf-
tifies the former celebrity of the wines of Judea, but
it has the bad property of being very heady. The
neceffity of uniting for their common defence prevails
over their religious differences, and makes the Chriftians
live here in tolerable harmony with the Mahometans,
their fellow-citizens. Both are of the party Tamani,
which, in oppofition to that called Kaiji, divides all
Paleftine into two fadions, perpetually at variance.
The courage of thefe peafants, which has been fre¬
quently tried, has rendered them formidable through
all that country. Here is a church built by St He¬
lena, in the form of a crofs, which is very large ; and
from its top may be feen all the country round about.
The roof is lofty, flat, and compofed of cedar on the
infide, and leaded without. Both Tides of the nave
are fupported by two rows of marble pillars, each made
of one piece, and eleven in a row, infomuch that they
make as it were five naves, fepavated from each other
by thefe rows of pillars, in each of which is the pic¬
ture of fosne faint- On the wall over the pillars there ’
is a very beautiful Mofaic work, on a gold ground.
The walls were formerly overlaid with fine marble,
but the Turks have taken it to adorn their mofques.
The three upper ends of the crofs terminate in three
£emicircl§3, having in each an altar. ,Over the chan-
C c cel
BET [ 202 ] BET
Bethlehem cel there Is a {lately cupola, covered with lead on the
Beth eor out^e’ an^ within adorned with Mofaic work; Clofe
, e ^peor; to the church is the monaftery of the Francifcans;
which is large, but indifferently built. The gardens
are defended with flrong walls, and at the north-weft
of them ftands a tower now almoft in ruins. Their
chapel is better taken care of Through this there is
a paffage to a fquare cave, where they fay the Inno¬
cents were buried. Beyond this there are paffages to
the tombs of St Jerom, St Paula, Euftochium, and
Eufebius of Cremona. Beyond thefe there is a grot
or cell, which they fay was the lodging-place of St
Jerom when he tranflated the Bible. Another en¬
trance leads to a vault or chapel, 12 feet wide and 40
long, whofe floor is paved, and fides lined with white
marble, and the roof is adorned with Mofaic work,
now much decayed. At the end of this there is an
arched concavity, with an altar, over which is a pic¬
ture of the nativity, and under it a vault, the middle of
which is a ftar made with ftones of various colours, to
mark the place where they fay our Saviour was born ;
and near this is the manger where they pretend he was
laid ; it is hewn out of a rock, and is now flagged with
white marble.
Bethlehem, a town of the Netherlands, in the
province of Brabant, fubjedt to the honfe of Auftria.
E. Long. 4. 40. N. Lat. 51.2.
BETHLEHEMITES, or Bethlemites, in
Church Hiftory, a fort of monks introduced into Eng¬
land in the year 1257, habited like the Dominicans,
except that, on their breaft, they wore a ftar with five
rays, in memory of the ftar or cemet which appeared
over Bethlehem at the nativity of our Saviour. They
were celled at Cambridge, and had only one houfe in
England.
There is alfo an order of Bethlehemites ftill fubfifting
in Peru, who have convents at Lima; one called of
the incurables, the other of our Lady of mount Car¬
mel. Thefe Bethlehemites came originally from the
city of Guatimala in Mexico, where they were inftitu-
ted by the venerable Peter Jofeph of Betaneur, for the
fervice of the poor. Innocent XI. in 1687, approved
the inftitute. They have already nine convents in Peru.
The Bethlehemites, though outwardly of great fim-
plicity, pafs for the moft refined politicians; infomuch
as to be called the quinteffence of - the Carmelites and
Jefuits. They are all fryars. For their almoner they
ehoofe a fecular prieft, whom they hire, and who has
no vote in the chapter.
BETHORON, (aoc. geog.), a town of Samaria;
Upper and Nether, and both in the tribe of Ephraim,
built by Shera grand daughter of Ephraim, 1 Chron.
viii. 24. both which were reftored by Solomon, after
falling to decay, 1 Kings ix. 17. and 2 Chron viii. 5.
Their diftanee was almoft the whole breadth of the
tribe of Ephraim, the Upper being in the north, the
Nether in the fouth, of that tribe, Jofhua xvi. We
know more of the Nether than of the Upper : it was
fituate on a mountain,and therefore Jofephus and Jerome
mention going up or afcending ; and it flood on the
public road to Lydda and Caefarea, diftant an hun¬
dred ftadiu, or twelve miles from Jerufalem : and on
account of this vicinity, fome allot it to the tribe of
Benjamin.
BETH-PEOR, (anc. geog.) a town of. the Reu-
benites, on the other fide Jordan, at mount Fogoi-, 0- Betbphage-
ver againft Jericho, fix miles above Livias. It had li
a temple facred to the idol Baal Peor, Numbers xxv. 3. Ihdu'i'e. ^
called Beel-Phegor by the Vulgate, interpreted Pria- v ’
pus by Jerome. * ; • ^
BETHPHAGE, (anc. geog.) a place at the weft
defcent or declivity of mount Olivet, Matthew xxi. 1.
From which it may be gathered, that the whole of that
declivity, with a part of the valley, - and the extreme
flcirts of the city, went under the common name of
Bethphage.
BETHSAIDA, See Betharjsmphtha.
BETHSAN, or Bethsean, (anc. geog.) a town
of Samaria, in the half tribe of Mahafleh, on the bor¬
ders of Galilee, about half a league from Jordan, on
this fide, having half of its territory in the Peraea : it
was afterwards called Scythopolis: it was diftant from
Tiberias, fituate on the lake Genefareth, 120 ftadia,
or 15 miles, to the fouth ; and from Jerufalem to the
north, 600 ftadia,. or 75 miles. As to the origin of
the appellation Scythopolis, there fcarce appears any
thing in hiftory that has a relation to it, but the irrup¬
tion of the Scythians, in the time of the Medes, when
they over-ran all Afia. It was the greateft city of all
the Decapolis, (Jofephus.) It is called Baefon by
Stephanus.
BETHUNE (Maximilian de), Duke of Sully, grand
matter of the artillery, and marihal of France, fove-
reign prince of Enrichemont and Bois-Bell, Marquis
of Rofny, and one of the ableft and moft upright mi-
nifters France ever had, wasdefcended from an illuftri-
ous houfe, and was bom in 1560. He entered very-
young into the fervice of Henry of Bourbon then king
of Navarre, afterwards Henry IV. of France, who was
juft feven years his elder. He was bred in the reform¬
ed religion, and continued in the profcffion of it to
the end of his life, though from political motives he
advifed his mailer to abjure it, as the only method of
putting an end to the miferies of France. After Hen¬
ry had gained pofleflion of the kingdom. Sully per¬
formed all the duties of a great and good minifter^
while his matter exercifed all the offices of a great and’
good king. He had been at the battles of Contras,
Arques, and Ivry; at the fieges of Paris, Noyon,
Rouen, and Laon; and fignalized himfelf on every
important occafion. In 1597 he was made chief over-
feer of the highways of France ; and the following year
was raifed to the poft of fuperintendant of the finances.
Though he was then but 40 years of age, and had hi¬
therto fignalized himfelf only in the army, he put the
king’s finances in fuch order, that he paid his debts,
which amounted to two hundred millions of livres, and
laid up great fums in the king’s treafury. In 1601
he was made grand-mafter of the artillery, the next-
year governor of the Baflile, and afterwards fuperin¬
tendant of the fortifications. He was then fent into
England as ambaflador extraordinary ; and had, at his
return, the government of Poiftou. At laft Henry IV.
in 16c6, erected in his favour the territory of Sully onr
the Loire into a duchy and peerage, and made him
grand-mafter of the ports and havens. After the mur¬
der of that great prince in 1610, thet Duke of Sully,
who had ferved him with the greateft zeal and fidelity,
was obliged to retire to one of his houfes, where he en¬
joyed a private life ; but in 1634 he was made marihal
of
BET [ 203 ] BET
Bethune 0f France, upon which he refigned the pofl: of grand-
II. matter of the artillery. He died in his cattle of Vd-
Betonica. lebon on tbe j)eceinber X641, at 82 years of
age. His Memoirs are ranked among the heft books
of French hiftory : they contain a mott particular ac¬
count of whatever patted from the peace of 1570 to
the death of Henry IV. in i6ro: and acquire addi¬
tional value from the many curious perfonal anecdotes
preferred in them. They were tranflated into Engliih
by Mrs Lennox in 1 757.
Bethune, a town of France, in Artois, containing
upwards of 5000 inhabitants. There is an entrance
into this city through four gates, and it is furrounded
with walls and fortified. The city and the cattle taken
together are of a triangular figure, but the cattle itfelf
is a very irregular building. The houfes are very in¬
different, and the ftreets ill paved ; however, there is
a large handfome fquare, and feveral churches. In the
marfhy lands near the city there are feveral canals cut
for the conveniency of whitening linen. It is feated
on a rock by the river Belfe. E. Long. 2. 48. N.
Lat. 50. 32.
BETIS, governor of Gaza under Darius, famous
for his valour and loyalty ; he defended a place of con-
fequence with a few men againft Alexander, who was
there fhot through the fhoulder. Betis thinking him
Pain, returned triumphantly to the city ; but in a fe-
■cond afiault he was wounded and brought to Alexander,
who cruelly ordered him to be put to death.
BETLEY, a town of Staffordfhire in England.
It is feated on the confines of the county, next to
Chefliire, in a barren fandy foil. W. Long. 2. 15.
N. Lat. 53. o.
BETLIS, a ftrong town of Armenia or Turcomania
belonging to a bey or prince of the country, who is
very powerful, and is fubjed to neither the grand fig-
nior nor king of Perfia. It lies on the road from Tau-
ris to Aleppo, and the prince can flop caravans when¬
ever he pleafes; for the paffage between the mountains
is fo narrow, that ten men can defend it againft 1000.
The town is feated between two mountains about a can-
non-fhot from each other, and the caftle is on an emi¬
nence exactly in the middle. This eminence is in the
ftiape of a fugar-loaf; and is fo fteep on all fides, that
it is impofiible to get up but by winding round about
it. The people in and about the town are fhepherds,
but are ready to take up arms at the command of their,
prince. E. Long. 42. 40. N. Lat. 37. 20.
BETON, a name given by the French engineers to
a kind of mortar, which they ufe in railing the foun¬
dations of mafonry. under water. It confifts of twelve
parts of pozzolans or Dutch tarrafs, fix of good fand,
nine of unflaked lime, thirteen of ftone fplinters about
the fize of an egg, and three of tile-duft or cinders,
cr feales of iron out of a forge ; this being well work¬
ed together, is left to Hand for about 24 hours, or till
it becomes fo hard as not to be feparated without a
pick-axe. <,
BETONICA, Betony; A genus of the gymno-
fpermia order, belonging to the didynamia clafs of
plants; and in the natural method ranking under the
42d order, verticUlata:. The calyx is awned ; the up¬
per lip of the corolla is afeending and flattifti; and
the tube is cylindric.
species, See. Of this genus botanical writers enu¬
merate the following fpecies. 1. The ofHcinalis, purple Betoniea
or wood betony. 2 The danica, or greater Danifli H
betony. 3. The alpina, or leaft Alpine betony. 4. The BetuJton'
orientalis, or eaftern betony, with very long narrow
leaves, and a thicker fpike of flowers. 5. The incana,
or hoary Italian betony, with a flefli-coloured flower.
Of thefe the firft fpecies only deferves notice. It is a
low plant growing in woods and fhady places in feveral
parts both of England and Scotland ; the flowers come
forth in June and July, of a purpliflt colour, and ftand
in fpikes on the top of the ftalks. The leaves and
flowers have an herbaceous, roughifli, fomewhat bit-
terifli tafte, accompanied with a very weak aromatic
flavour. This herb has been long a favourite among
writers on the materia medica, who have not failed to
attribute to it abundance of good qualities. Experience,
however, does not difeover any other virtue in betony
than that of a mild corroborant: as fuch, an infufion
or light decodlion of it may be drank as tea ; or a fa-
turated tin&ure in re&ified fpirits given in fuitable
dofes, in laxity or debility of the vifeera, and difeafes
proceeding from thence. The powder of the leaves
fnuffed up the nofe provokes fneezing ; and hence be¬
tony is fometimes made an ingredient in fternutatory
powders : this effedf does not feem to be owing, as is
generally fuppofed, to any peculiar ftimulating virtues
in the herb, but to the rough hairs with which the
leaves are covered. The roots of this plant differ greatly
in their quality from the other parts : their tafte is
very bitter and naufeous ; taken in a fmall dofe, they
vomit and purge violently, and are fuppofed to have
fomewhat in common with the roots of hellebore.
According to Simon Paulli and Bartholinus, this plant
affe&s thofe who gather any confiderable quantity of
it with a diforder refembling drunkennefs. Its leaves
are fometimes fmoked like tobacco.
Betonica Aquatica. See Scrophularia.
Betonica Pauli. See Veronica.
BETONY. See Betonica.
BETROTHMENT, a mutual promife or compaft
between two parties for a future marriage. The
word imports as much as giving one’s troth ; that is,
true faith, or promife. Betrothment amounts to the
fame with what is called by civilians and canonifts fpon-
falia, or “ efpoufalsfometimes defponfation, and by
the French fiancailles.
BETTERTON (Thomas), the celebrated after,
was the fon of Mr Betterton under-cook to King
Charles I. and was born in Tothil-ftreet Weftmintter
in the year 1635. Having received the fidl rudiments
of a genteel education, his fondnefs for reading indu¬
ced him to requeft of his parents that they would bind
him an apprentice to a bookfeller, which was readily
complied with, fixing on one Mr Rhodes near Charing-
crofs for his matter. This gentleman, who had been
wardrobe-keeper to the theatre in Blackfriars before
the troubles, obtained a licence in 1659, from the
powers then in being, to fet up a company of players
in the Cock-pit in Drury-Lane, in which company
Mr Betterton entered himfelf, and, though not much
above 20 years of age, immediately gave proof of the
moft capital genius and merit.
Prefently after the reftoration, two diftinft theatres
were eftablifhed by royal authority ; the one in Drury-
Lane in confequence of a patent granted to Henry
C c 2 Killigrevv,
BET
Betterton. Killigrew, Efq; which was called the King's Company :
*“ v ~ the ether in Idncoln’s-Inn-Fields, who ftyled them-
i'elves the Duka of York’s Servants, the patentee of
which was the ingenious Sir William Davenant: which
laft mentioned gentleman having long had a clofe inti¬
macy with and warm friendfliip for Mr Rhodes, enga¬
ged Mr Betterton, and all who had adted under Mr
Rhodes, into his company; which opened in 1662
with a new play of Sir William’s, in two parts, called
the Siege of Rhodes. In this piece, as well as in the
fubfequent charadters which Mr Betterton performed,
he increafed his reputation and efteem with, the public,
and indeed became fo much in favour with King
Charles II. that by his majelty’s fpecial command he
went over to Paris to take a view of the French llage,
that he might the better judge what would contribute
to the improvement of our own ; and it was upon this
occalion, as is generally fuppofed, that moving feenes
were firll introduced upon the Engliih theatre, which
before had been only hung with tapeilry.
In the year 1670 he married one Mrs Sanderfon,
a female performer on, the fame ilage ; who, both as an
a&refs and a woman, was every thing that human per¬
fection w'a.; capable of arriving at, and with whom he
through the whole eburfe of his remaining life poffdfed
every degree of happinefs that a perfedl union of hearts
can bellow.'
When the, duke’s company removed to Dorfet-Gar-
dens, he (till continued with them ; and on ,the coali¬
tion of the two companies in 1684, he acceded to the
treaty, and remained among them ; Mrs Betterton
maintaining the fame foremoft. figure among the wo¬
men that her hufband fupported among the male per¬
formers. And fo great was the ellimatiofl that they
were both held in, that in the year 1675, when a pa-
floral called Calijh or the Chafe Nymph, written by
Mr Crown at the defire of Queen Catherine confort to
Charles II. was to be performed at court by perfons
of the greateil diltinttion, our Englilh Rofcius was em¬
ployed to inftrucl the gentlemen, and Mrs Betterton
honoured with the tutorage of the ladies, among whom
were the two princefi’es Mary and Anne, daughters of
the Duke of York, both of whom fucceeded to the
crown of thefe realms. In grateful remembrance of
which, the latter of them, when queen, fettled a pen-
fion of E. 100 per annum on her old inftruCtrefs.
In 1693, Mr Betterton having founded the incli¬
nations of a feledl number of the a&ors whom he found
ready to join with him, obtained, through the influ¬
ence of the Earl of Dorfet, the royal licence for a£t-
ing in a feparate theatre ; and was very foon enabled,
by the voluntary fubferiptions of many perfons of qua¬
lity, to eredl a new playhoufe within the walls of the
Tennis-Court in Lincoln’s-Inn-Fields. To this flep
Mr Betterton is laid to have been induced, partly by
ill treatment from the managers; and partly with a view
to repair, by the more enlarged profits of a manager,
the lofs of his whole fortune (upwards of L. 2000)
which he had undergone in the year 1692, by adven¬
turing it in a commercial fcheme to the Eaft-Indies.
Be this, however, as it will, the new theatre opened in
1695 with Mr Congreve’s Love for Love, the fuccefs
of which was amazingly great. Yet in a few years it
appeared that the profits arifing from this theatre, op-
pofed as it was by all the ftrength of Cibber’s and Van-
B E T
brugh’s writings at the other houfe, were very inligni- Bettcptom
ficant; and Mr Betterton growing now into the infir- •
mities of age, and labouring under violent attacks of
the gout, he gladly quitted at once the fatigues of ma¬
nagement and the hurry of the ftage.
The public, however, who retained a grateful fenfe
of the pleai’ure they .had frequently received from this
theatrical veteran, and fcnfible of the narrownefs of his
circumflances, refolved to continue the marks of their
efleem to him by giving- him a benefit. On the 7th
of April 1709 the comedy of Love for Love was per¬
formed for this purpofe, in which this gentleman him-
felf, though then upwards of 70 years of age, adted
the youthful part of Valentine ; as in the September
following he did that of Hamlet, his performance of
which the author of the Taller has taken a particular
notice of. On the former occafion, thofe very eminent
performers, Mrs Barry, Mrs Bracegirdle, and Mr Dog-
get, who had all quitted the ftage ibme years before,
in gratitude to one whom they had had fo many obli¬
gations to, adled the parts of Angelica, Mrs Frail, and
Ben ; and Mr Rowe wrote an epilogue for that night,
which was fpoken by the two ladies, fupporting be¬
tween them this once powerful fupporter of the Eng¬
lilh ftage. The profits of this night are faid to have
amounted to upwards of L. 500, the prices having been
raifed to the fame that the operas and oratorios are at
prefent; and when the curtain drew up, almoft as large
an audience appearing behind as before it.
The next winter Mr Betterton was prevailed on by
Mr Owen M‘Swinney, then manager of the opera-
houfe in the Hay-market (at which plays were adled
four times a-week), to continue performing, though but
feldom. In conftquence of which, in the enfuing
fpring, viz. on the 25th of April 1710, another play
was given out for this gentleman’s benefit, viz. The
Maid’s Tragedy of Beaumont and Fletcher, in which
he himfelf performed his celebrated part of Melanthus:
This, however, was the laft time of his appearing up¬
on the ftage. For having been fuddenly feized with
the gout, and being impatient at the thoughts of difap-
pointing his fiiends, he made ufe of outward applica¬
tions to reduce the fwellings of his feet, which enabled
him to walk on the ftage, though oblige!? to have his
foot in a flipper. But although he adled that day with
unufual fpirit and brilknefs, and met with univerfal ap-
plaufe, yet he paid very dear for this tribute he had
paid to the public ; for the fomentations he had made
ufe of occafioning a revullion of the gouty humour ta
the nobler parts, threw the diftemper up into his head,
and terminated his life on the 28th of that month.
On the 2d of May his body was interred with much
ceremony in the cloyfter of Weftminfter, and great
honour paid to his memory by his friend the Tatler,
who has related in a very pathetic, and at the fame
time the moft dignified manner, the procefs of the ce¬
remonial. As an author, Mr Betterton had a conli-
derable degree of merit. His dramatic works are,
1. Amorous Widow, a comedy. 2. Dioclefian, a dra¬
matic opera. 3. Mafque in the Opera of the Pro-
phetefs. 4. Revenge, a comedy. 5. Unjuft Judge, a
tragedy. 6. Woman made a Juftice, a comedy. As
an attor, he was certainly one of the greateft of either
his own or any other age ; but thofe who are deiirous
of having him painted out in the moft lively colours
to
[ 204 ]
BET [ 205 ] BET
Betue, to their imagination, we muft refer to the defcription
Betula. g;ven Gf hJm by his cotemporary and friend Colley
j ~T ' Cibber, in the Apology for his own life.
BETUE, or Betaw, a territory of the Low Coun¬
tries in the duchy of Guelderland, between the rivers
Rhine and Leek. The ground is very moiil, and the
1 rains often render the roads impalfable. It is divided
into the Upper and Lower.
BETULA, the Birch-tree : A genus of the te-
trandria order, belonging to the monoecia clafs of
plants; and in the natural method ranking under the
50th order, Amentacex. The calyx of the male is
monophyllous, trifid, and triflorous; and the corolla
is parted into four fegments: The female calyx is mo-
| nophyllous, tritid, and biflorous: The feeds have a
membranaceous wing on both fides.
Species. 1. T. he alba, or common birch-tree, is fo
well known as to need no defcription. It is in general
; , of a humble growth ; however, in a foil and fituation
it affedls, it will rife to a great height, and fwell to a
conliderable i;ze. There is a fprucenefs in its general
I;- appearance in fummer ; and in winter its bark fome-
times exhibits, in its variegations of red and white, no
[T inelegant object. Were it not for its being fo com-
| monly feen upon poor foils, and in bleak inhofpitable
I fituations, as well as for the mean and degrading pur-
pofes toi which it is univerfally put, the birch would
i ■ have fome claim to being admitted to a place among
I the ornamentals. 2. The nana, or dwarf-birch, with
roundifh leaves, grows naturally in the northern parts
of Europe and on the Alps. It feldom riles above
j two or three feet high, having flender branches garnilh-
ed with round leaves, but feldom produces flowers here.
It is preferved in fome curious gardens for the fake of
r variety, but is a plant of no ufe. 3. The lenta, or
j: Canada birch, grows to a timber-tree of 60 or more
feet in height. The leaves are heai t-fhaped, oblong,
fin both, of a thin confidence, pointed, and very Iharp-
ly ferrated. They differ in colour; and the varieties
I of this fpecies go by the names of, 1. Dulky Canada
birch ; 2. White-paper birch ; 3. Poplar-leaved Canada
birch ; 4. Low-growing Canada birch, &c.—4. The
nigra, or black Virginia birch-tree, will grow to up-
1 wards of 60 feet in height. The branches are fpotted,
|i and more fparingly fet in the trees than the common
r forts. The leaves are broader, grow on long footttalks,
I and add a dignity to the appearance of the tree ; and
as it is naturally of upright and fwift growth, and ar¬
rives at fo great a magnitude, Hanbnry thinks it ought
£0 have a lhare among our foreff-trees, and to be plant-
6 ' ed for ftandards in open places, as well as to be joined
|i with other trees of its own growth In plantations more
|j immediately dellgned for relaxation and pleafnre. There
t - are feveral varieties of this fpecies, differing in the co¬
lour, fize of the leaves, and Ihoots ; all of which have
names given them by nurferymen^ who propagate the
I different forts for fale ; fuch as, 1. The broad-leaved
Virginian birch ; 2. The poplar-leaved birch ; 3. The
j paper birch ; 4. The brown birch, &c.—5. The alnus,
or alder-tree, will grow to a large timber tree. Like
111 the birch, it fuffers, as an ornamental, from an affoci-
j| ation of ideas; we not only fee it very common, but
J] we fee it in low, dreary, dirty fituations : neverthelefs,
ji if the alder be fuffered to form its own head in an
J|j open advantageous lituation, it is by no means an un-
fightly tree : in Stow Gardens, in what is called the Betula-
old part, there are fome very fine ones; and in coming ' v~“
round from the houfe by the road leading to Bucking'-
ham, there is one which is truly ornamental, flacked
and disfigured in the manner in which alders in gene¬
ral are, they have but little effeft in doing away the
unfightlinefs of a fwamp ; but if they were fuffered ta
rife in groups and finglets, open enough to have room
to form their full tops, and clofe -enough to hide fuf-
ficiently the unfeemlinefs of the furface, even a moor
or a morafs feen from a diftance might be rendered an
agreeable objefl. Where ver the foil is or can be made
paftiirable, the alder ihould by no means be permitted
to gain a footing. Its fuckers and feedlings poifon the
herbage ; and it is a faft well known to the obfervant
hulbandman, that the roots of the alder have a pecu¬
liar property of rendering the foil they grotv in more
moift and rotten than it would be if not occupied by
this aqueous plant. Plantations of alders Ihould there¬
fore be confined to fwampy, low, unpaflurable places ;
except when they are made for the purpofes of orna¬
ment ; and in this cafe the native fpecies ought to give
place to its more ornamental varieties, of which Han-
bury makes five ; namely, 1. The long-leaved alder;
2. The white alder ; 3. The black alder 44. The hoary-
leaved alder ; 5. The dwarf alder.
Culture. The firft fortes eafilyr propagated : it may
be raifed either from feeds or layering; and it wiik
fiouriih in almoff any foil and fituation. The method
of propagating the foreign forts of birch is, i.i From
feeds. WNe receive the feeds from America, where
they are natives ; and if we fow them in beds of fine
mould, covering them over about a quarter of an inch
deep, they will readily grow. During the time they
are in the feminary, they muft be cortftantly weeded',
watered in dry weather, and when they are one or two
years old, according to their ftrength, they ftiould be
planted in the nurfery in rows in the ufual manner.
Weeding muft always be obferved in fummer, and dig¬
ging between the rows in winter ; and when the plants
are about a yard or four feet high, they will be of a
good fize to be planted out for the Ihrubbery-quarters.
A part, therefore, may be then taken up for fuch
purpofes ; whilft, the remainder may be left to grow
for ftandards, to anfwer fuch other purpofes as may be
wanted. 2. Thefe trees may alfo be propagated by
layers ; and this is the way to continue the peculiari¬
ties in the varieties of the different forts. A fufficient
number of plants ftiould be procured for this purpofe,
and fet on a fpot of double-dug ground, three yards
diftance fron^ each other. The year following, if they
have made no young ihoots, they ihould be headed to
within half a foot of the ground, to form the ftools,
which will then ihoot vigoroufly the fummer following ;
and in the autumn the young ihoots ihould be plaihed
near the ftools, and the tender twigs layered near their
ends. They will then ftrike root, and become good
plants by the autumn following ; whilft freih twigs
will have fprung up from the rtools, to be ready for
the fame operation. The layers, therefore, ihould be
taken up, and the operation performed afreih. If the
plants defigned for ftools have made good ihoots the
firft year, they need not be headed down, but plaihed
near the ground, and all the young twigs layered.
Thus may an immediate crop be raifed this way; whilft
5 yo«ng
BET [ aoS 3 BET
Betula. young (hoots will fpring out in great plenty below the fugar, this juice makes a pleafant wine. The bark of
plafhed part, in order for layering the fucceeding year, the Canada birch is very light, tough, and durable ; (M
This work, therefore, may be repeated every autumn and the inhabitants of America ufe it for canoes. Not- Bevell:in
or winter ; when fome of the (Irongeft layers may be withftanding thefe ufes to which the birch is applicable
planted out, if they are immediately wanted ; whilft when already in poffefiion, the planting of it is not »-e~
the others may be removed into the nurfery, to grow commended, except in bleak and barren fituations
to be ftronger plants, before they, are removed to their where no other tree will thrive, and except as a (kreen
deftined habitations. 3. Cuttings alfo, if fet in a moift and guardian to nurfe up and defend from chilling blafts
(hady border the beginning of Oftober, will frequent- plants of greater value.
ly grow : But as this is not a fure method, and as thefe The alder tree flourifhes bed in low marfhy fituations,
trees are fo eafily propagated by layers, it hardly de- in which it is frequently planted to make hedges, and
ferves to be put in practice. is alfo of great ufe for fecuring the banks of rivers.
The propagation of the alder, like that of the other Grafs grows well beneath its (hade: the wood is foft
aquatic natives, is very eafy : it may be raifed either and brittle ; but lads a long time under water, and
from fuckers, from cuttings, or by layering ; and no confequently is of ufe for pipes, and to lay under the
doubt from feed, though this mode of propagation is foundations of buildings fituated upon bogs. Womens
feldom pradtifed in this country. Evelyn mentions a fiioe heels, ploughman’s clogs, and various articles of
peculiar method of raifing this tree from cuttings or the turner kind, are made of it. The bark gives a red
truncheons, which he calls the Jerfey-manner: he fays, colour, and with the addition of copperas a black : it
I received it from a moft ingenious gentleman of is chiefly ufed by fifhermen to (lain their nets. In
that country : it is, to take truncheons of two or three the Highlands of Scotland near Dundonnel, Mr Pen-
feet long at the beginning of the winter, and to bind nant fays, the boughs cut in the fummer, fpread
them in faggots, and place the ends of them in water
till towards the fpring, by which feafon they will have
contracted a dwelling fpire or knur about that part,
which being fet does (like the gennet-moil apple-tree)
never fail of growing and ftriking root.” Millar re¬
commends truncheons of three feet long, two feet of
which to be thruft into the ground. Hanbury fays
that truncheons are uncertain, and ftrongly recom¬
mends layering ; which for preferving the varieties, as
well as for ornamental plantations of alders in general,
is the beft method.
Ufes. In fome of the northern parts of Europe the
wood of the white birch is much ufed for making car¬
riages and wheels, being hard and of long duration.
In France it is generally ufed for making wooden (hoes,
and in Britain for making womens (hoe-heels, packing-
boxes, brooms, hoops, &c. It alfo makes very good
fuel, and is planted along with hazel to make charcoal
for forges. The bark of the birch tree feems in a man¬
ner incorruptible. In Sweden the houfes are covered
with it, and it lads many years. It frequently hap¬
pens that the wood is entirely rotten, when the bark
is perfectly found and good. In Kamptfchatka it is ufed
for making drinking cups. It abounds with a refinous
matter, to which its durability is certainly owing. In
confequence of this matter, it is highly inflammables
and in the northern countries torches are made of this
bark fliced and twitted together. The bark itfelf con-
fifts of two different fubftances; a thick brittle brqwnifli
red one ; and feveral very, thin, fmooth, white, tranf-
parent membranes. In thefe laft the inflammable
property refides. The thick brittle part is lefs refi-
nous, and has a roughifh tatte. It has been thought
to poffefs fome medical virtues, but concerning thefe
experience has as yet determined nothing certain. Up¬
on deeply wounding or boring the trunk of the tree in
the beginning of fpring, a fweetiflr juice iffues forth,
fometimes,-as is faid, in fo large quantity as to equal the
weight of the whole tree and root; one branch wjll bleed
a gallon or more in a day. This juice is recommended in
fcorbutic diforders, and other foulneffes of the blood;
its moft fenfible effeCl is to promote the urinary dif-
charge. By proper fermentation with the addition of
the fields, and left to rot in the winter, are found to
anfwer as a manure. In March, the ground is cleared
of the undecayed parts, and then ploughed. The fre(h
gathered leaves are covered with a glutinous liquor;
and fome people drew them on their floors to kill fleas.
Thefe infe&s are faid to be entangled in the glutinous
liquor of the leaves, as birds are by birdlime. The
whole plant is aftringent, and its bark has been recom¬
mended in intermittent fevers. The bark of the black
berry-bearing alder is faid to be the moft certain purge
for horned cattle in obftinate conftipations of the bowels.
Horfes, cows, goats, and (heep, eat the leaves of all
the fpecies of betula; but fwine refufe them. When
eaten by cows, they are faid greatly to increafe the
quantity of the milk.
BETULEIUS (Sixtus), an able grammarian, a
good Latin poet, and philofopher, born at Memmin-
gin in the year 1500; his true name was Birck. He
taught the belles lettres and philofophy with reputation;
and became principal of the college of Auglburg,
where he died on the 16th of June 1554. He pub-
liihed feveral works in profe ; and his dramatic pieces
of Jofeph, Sufannah, and Judith, are efteemed.
BEVLCUM, a town of the Auftrian'Netherlands,
in the province of Brabant. E. Long. 4. 50. N. Lat.
50. 45.
BEVEL, among mafons, carpenters, &c. a kind
of fquare, one leg whereof is frequently crooked, ac¬
cording to the fweep of an arch or vault. It is move-
able on a centre, and fo may be fet to any angle.
Bevel-Angle, any other angle bdides thofe of 90 or
45 degrees.
BEVELAND (North and South), two iflands in
the province of Zealand, between the eaftern and weft-
ern branches of the river Scheld, making part of the
United Provinces.
BEVELLING, in (hip-building, the art of hew¬
ing a timber with a proper and regular curve, accord¬
ing to a mould which is laid on one fide of its furface.
“ In order to hew any piece of timber to its proper
bevel, it will be neceffary, (irft, to make one fide fair
and out of 'winding; a term ufed to fignify that the
fide of a timber (hould be a plane. If this fide be up-
permoft,
B K V r 207 ] B E V
wage permoft, and placed Horizontally, or upon a level, it
II is plain, if the timber is to be hewed fquare, it may be
'er an ‘ done by a plummet and line; but if the timber is not
hewed fquare, the line will not touch both the upper
and lower edge of the piece ; or if a fquare be applied
to it, there will be wood wanting either at the upper
or lower fide. This is called ’within or ’without a fquare.
When the wood is deficient at the under fide, it is call¬
ed under-bevelling; and when it is deficient on the up¬
per fide, it is called Jianding-bevelling: and this defi¬
ciency will be more or lefs according to the depth of
the piece ; fo that, before the proper bevellings of the
timbers are found, it wall be fometimes very convenient
to nffign the breadth of the timbers ; nay, in moft ca¬
fes it will be abfolutely necelfary, efpeciaHy afore and
abaft: though the breadth of two timbers, or the timber
and room, which includes the two timbers and the
fpace between them, may be taken without any fenfible
error, as far as the fquare body goes.- For as one line
reprefents the moulding fide of two timbers, the fore-
fide of the one being fuppofed to unite with the aft-
fide of the other ; the two may be confidered as one
entire piece of timber.” Murray's Ship-building.
BEVERAGE, in a general fenfe, fignifies a drink:
hence neilar is faid to be the beverage of the gods. In
writers of the middle age, beverage, leveragium, or bi-
beragium, denotes money given to an artificer, or other
perfon, to drink, over and above his hire or wages.
BEVERIDGE (William), a learned Englifh biftiop,
in the beginning of the 18th century, was born in the
year 1638, and educated in St John’s college Cam¬
bridge, where he diftinguifiied himfelf very early by
his extenfive learning, and particularly by his knowledge
of the oriental languages. Upon the deprivation of
Dr Thomas Ken, bilhop of Bath and Wells, for not
taking the oath's to the government in 1691, he refufed
the offer of that fee, tho’ he was then chaplain to King
William and Queen Mary. In 1704 he was confecrated
to the bifhopric of St _Afaph ; in which high function
he fo behaved himfelf all along, and difcharged it in
fo exemplary a manner, that he approved himfelf a truly
primitive prelate. He died at his lodgings in the Cloi-
fters in Weftminfter-abbey in 1707, aged 71. As
his whole life was fpent in a&s of piety and charity, fo
he gave remarkable inftances of both at his death,
leaving the bulk of his eftate for the propagation of
the gofpel, and promoting of Chrifti’an knowledge, at
home as well as abroad. His Private Thoughts upon
a Chriftian Life is a very popular, though in many
points a very exceptionable, book. He wrote feveral
other works on various fubjefts, particularly on the
oriental tongues.
BEVERLAND (Hadrian), a man of excellent ge¬
nius in the end of the 16th centuty, but who proftitu-
ted it in the ftudy and compofition of books of a very
obnoxious kind. He was a perfedf mafter of OWd,
Catullus, Petronius, and authors of that ftamp. He
is famous for his book on Original Sin, in which he
maintained, that Adam’s fin confifted in his commerce
with his wife, and that original fin is nothing elfe
but the inclination of the fexes to each other: it was
condemned to be burnt. He led a fcandalous life, but
feems to have repented of his wicked manners and lewd
writingsfor he publilhed a treatife in the end of his
life, De Fornlcatlone cavenda, in 1698. It is faid he Beverley,
died mad. Beverly.
BEVERLEY, a town of Yorkfhire, governed by v'
a mayor, a recorder, 12 aldermen, &c. and fends two
members to parliament. The minfter here is a very
fair and neat^ftrudlure, and the roof is an arch of
ftone. In it are feveral monuments of the Percies, Earls
of Northumberland, who had added a little chapel to
the choir, in the windows whereof there, are feveral
pictures of that family painted on glafs. At the upper
end of the choir, at the right of the altar-place, Hands
the freed-ftool, made of one entire ftone, to which
every one that fled had a right of protection. At the
upper end of the body of the church, next the choir,
hangs an ancient table, with the picture of King Athel-
ftane, who founded the church. Between them is this-
infcription:
Als free make I thee.
As heart can wifh, or egh can fee.
Hence the inhabitants pay no toll in any town or port
in England. Tn the body of the church Hands an an¬
cient monument, called the Virgins Tomb^ becaufe two
virgin-filters lie buried there, who gave the town ar
piece of land, into which any free man may put three
milk cows from Lady-day to Michaelmas. At the
lower end of the body of the church is a large font
of agate (tone.
Near the minfter, on the fouth fide of it, is a place
called Hall-Garth, wherein they keep a court of record,
called Provojl's Court. In this caufes arifing within the
liberties may be tried for any fum. The liberties con¬
tain above 100 towns and parts of towns, in Holder-
neffe and other parts of the eaft-riding belonging to
it. The town is a mile in length, having pleafant
fprings running quite through it. It is beautified with
two ftately churches; and has a free-fchool, with two
fellowlhips, fix fcholarfhips, and three exhibitions in
St John’s college, Cambridge, belonging to it; befides
fix alms-houfes, where none are admitted but thofe that
give bond to leave their effe&s to the poor when they
die. The principal trade of this town is making malt,
oat-meal, and tanned leather; and the poor people
chiefly fuppoft themfelves by making bone-lace. A-
bout a mile eaft from the town, there is a mineral wa¬
ter, which cures eruptions of the fkin, and is benefo
cial in the king’s evil. E; Long. o. 9. N. Lat. 53.
50.
BEVERLY (John of), in Latin yoannes Beverla-
cius, archbilhop of York in the eighth century, was
born of a noble family at Harpham in Northumber¬
land, and was juftly efteemed one of the bell fcholars
of his time. He was firft a monk, and afterwards
abbot of the monaftery of St Hilda, when his merit
recommended him to the favour of Alfred king of
Northumberland, who in the year 685 advanced him.
to the fee of Haguftald or Hexham, and in 687'
tranflated him to the archbilhopric of York. This,
prelate was tutor to the famous Bede; and lived in the
ftridleft friendlhip with Acca and other Anglo-Saxon,
dodtors, feveral of whom he engaged to write comments
on the Holy Scriptures. In 704, he founded a college
at Beverly for fecular priefts; and after he had go¬
verned the fee of York 34 years, being tired of the
tumults-
B E V [ 208 ] B E V
Bevefun- tumults and confufions that prevailed in the church,
divefted himfelf of his epifcopal charafter, and retired
Bevin* t0 Beverly; where he died four years after, on the 7th erf
w—y- May .721. — Bede and other monkifh writers aferibe
feveral miracles to him. Between 300 and 400 years
after his death, his body was taken up by Alfric arch-
bifliop of York, and placed in a ihrine richly adorned
with fiver, gold, and precious Hones': and in 1416,
the day of his death was, by a fynod held at London,
appointed a feilival. We are told that William the
Conqueror, when he ravaged Northumberland with a
numerous army, fpared Beverly alone, out of a reli¬
gious veneration for St John of that place. This pre¬
late wrote fome pieces which are mentioned by Bale
and Pits, viz. x. Pro Luca exponsnda. 2. Ihmilia in
Evangelia. 3. Epiflola’ ad Hildam Abbatiffam. 4. E-
piftolx ad Herebaldum, Andenum, et B'crlinum.
BEVERUNGEN, a town of Germany, in the
diocefe of Paderborn, feated at the confluence of the
rivers Beve and Wefer, in E. Long. 9. 30. "N. Lat.
51.4°.
BEVILE, in heraldry, a thing broken or opening
like a carpenter’s rule: Thus we fay, he beareth argent,
a chief bevile, vert, by the name of beveriii.
BEVIN (Elway), a mufician eminently /killed in
the knowledge of pra&ical cOmpofition, flouriflied to¬
wards the end of Queen Elizabeth’s reign. He was of
Welch extraftion, and had been educated under Tallis,
upon whofe recommendation it was that in 1589 he
was fworn in gentleman extraordinary of the chapel;
from whence he was expelled in 1637, it being difeo-
vered that he adhered to the Romilh communion. He
was alfo organift of Briftol cathedral, but forfeited
that employment at the fame time with his place in the
, chapel. Child, afterwards Do&or, was his fcholar.
2JuhofMu- He has compofed fundry fervices, and a few anthems.
fc. Before Bevin’s time the precepts for the compofltion of
canon were known to few. Tallis, Bird, Waterhoufe,
and Farmer, were eminently Ikilled in this moll abltrufe
part of mufical practice. Every canon, as given to the
public, was a kind of enigma. Compofitions of this
Idnd were fometimes exhibited in the form of a crofs,
fometimes in that of a circle ; there is now extant one
refembling a horizontal fun-dial: and the refolution (as
it was called) of a canon, which was the refolving it in¬
to its elements and reducing it into fcore, was deemed
a work of almoft as great difficulty as the original
compofition. But Bevin, with a view to the improve¬
ment of lludents, generoufly communicated the refult
of many years ftudy and experience in a treatife which
is highly commended by all who have taken occafion
to fpeak of it. This book was publilhed in 410 1631,
and dedicated to Goodman bifirop of Gloucelter, with
the following title : ‘ A briefe and flrort inllruftion of
‘ the art of muficke, to teach how to make difeant of
* all proportions that are in ufe : very neceflary for .all
‘ fuch as are deflrous to attain to knowledge in the art;
‘ and may by pradlice, if they can fing, foone be able
‘ to compofe three, four, and five parts, and alfo to
‘ compofe all forts of canons that are ufuall, by thefe
‘ direllions of two or three parts in one upon the
‘ plain fong.’ The rules contained in this book for
compofition in general are very brief; but for the com¬
pofition of canon there are in it a great variety of ex¬
amples of almoll all the poffible forms in which it is
N° 46.
capable of being conftriidled, even to the extent of 60
parts.
BEWDLY, a town of Worcefterfliire in England,
feated on the bank of the river Severn, in W. Long.
2. 20. N. Lat. 52. 25. It has its name Bvwdleg,
Beawley, or Beaulieu, from its pleafant fituation on the
declivity of a hill overlooking the river, and command¬
ing a fine profpeft of the country, and formerly of the
forett of Wyre, remarkable for its tall llately oaks and
other trees, which have lince been either blown or cut
down. It was formerly accounted fo delightful a place,
that Henry VII. built a houfe here for prince Arthur,
which he called Tiken-halk Bewdley fent burgefles to
parliament very early, and had charters and great pri¬
vileges from Edward IV. and Henry VII. which were
confirmed, with the addition of others, by Henry VIII.
in whofe time it was annexed to the county of Wor-
ce/ler. King James I. granted it a charter ; of which
a furrender was procured in Charles II.’s time, and
the corporation was new-modelled. King James II.
compelled it to accept of a new charter; but the
former furrender, upon a trial, was held void, and a
new charter was obtained of Q_ueen Anne. In confe-
quence of this it is governed by a bailiff and burgeffes,
recorder, Reward, town-clerk, &c. The town is neat
and well built; and carries on a con/idtrable trade, by-
means of the Severn, in fait, glafs, iron-ware, and
Manchefter goods; but its chief manufacture is in
caps, commonly called Monmouth caps. It has a good
market for corn, malt, leather, and hops.
BEWITS, in falconry, pieces of leather, to which
a hawk’s bells are fa/tened, and buttoned to his legs.
BEY, among the Turks, fignifies a governor of a
country or town. The 'Turks write it begb, or bek, but
pronounce it bey.
This word is particularly applied to a lord of a ban¬
ner, whom, in the fame language, they call fangiac
beg or bey. Every province in Turky is divided into
feven fangiacs, or banners, each of which qualifies a
bey ; and thefe are all commanded by the governor of
the province, whom they alfo" call begler-beg, that is,
lord of all the beghs or beys of the province : thefe
beys are much the fame as bannerets were formerly in
England.
Bet of Tunis., denotes a prince or king thereof;
anfwering to what at Algiers is called the dey. In the
kingdom of Algiers, each province is governed by a
a bey, or vice-roy, who is appointed and removed at
pleafure by the dey ; but has a defpotic power within
his jurifdidlion ; and at the feafon for collecting the
tribute from the Arabs, is affi/led by a body of troops
from Algiers.
BEYS (Giles), a celebrated printer at Paris, in the
16th century, and the fir/l introducer of the confonants
j and v.
BEZA (Theodore), one of the principal pillars of
the reformed church, was born at Vezelai, in Burgun¬
dy, June 24th, 1519. He was brought up by his
uncle Nicholas de Beza, cobnfellor of the parliament
of Paris, till the month of December 15 28, when he
fent him to ftudy at Orleans, and afterwards at
Bourges, where he was under the care of Melchior
Wolmar, under wliom he made an extraordinary pro-
grefs in polite learning, and from him imbibed the
principles of Calvinifm. His uncle intended him for
B E Z [ 209 j B E Z
tKebar? but tlie law not fuiting his difpofition, he
v {pent moft of his time in reading the Greek and Latin
authors, and in compofing verfeS. In 1539, he took
up his licentiate’s degree, and went to Paris. He fell
into fnares in his youth, and wrote fome licentious
things. Sicknefs awakened him; and he purfued a
vow he had formerly made, of entering into the re¬
formed religion. According to this refolution he went
to Geneva, and made public profeffion of the reformed
religion. In 1549, he accepted of the Greek pro-
fefTorfhip at Laufanne, where he alfo read le&ures in
French on the NewTeftament to the refugees of both
fexes who dwelt in that city. Having fettled at Geneva,
he adhered to Calvin in the ftri&eft manner, and be¬
came in a little time his colleague in the church and in
the univerfity. He was fent to Nerac, at the felicita¬
tion of fome great men of the kingdom, to convert
the king of Navarre, and to confer with him upon af¬
fairs of importance. This was when the Guifes had
got the authority under the reign of Francis II. to the
prejudice of the princes of the blood. The king of
Navarre having teftified, both by letters and deputies,
that he defired that Beza might afiift at the conference
of Poifii, the fenate of Geneva confented. The af-
fembly hearkened attentively to his harangue, till,
fpeaking of the real prefence, he faid, that the body
of Jefus Chrift was as diftant from the bread and wine,
as the higheft heaven is from the earth. This made a
murmur: fome cried-out, Blafpkemavit! others got up
to go away. Cardinal de Tournon, who fat in the
firft placed defired the king and queen either to filence
Beza, or to permit him and his company to withdraw.
The king did not dir, nor any of the princes, and
leave was given to go on. Throughout the whole con¬
ference he behaved himfelf with great ability. He
often preached before the queen Gf Navarre, the prince
of Conde, and in the fuburbs of Paris. After the
maffacre of Vaffi, he was deputed to the king to com¬
plain of this violence. The civil war followed foon
after, during which the Prince of Cond^ kept him
with him ; and while the prince was imprifoned, he
lived with Admiral de Coligni, and did not return to
Geneva till after the peace 1*63. In 1571, he was
chofen moderator at the national fynod of Rochelle ;
and the year after, affiled at that of Nifmes ; after
this, he affifted at the conferences of Monthcliard, and
at thofe of Bern. The infirmities . of old age be¬
ginning to fall heavy upon him in 1397, he could fel-
dom fpeak in public: and at laft he left it off entirely
in the beginning of the year 1600. However, in 1597,
he wrote fome animated verfes againft the Jefuits, on
occafion of the report that was made of his death, and
of his having before he died made profeffion of the
Roman faith He lived till the .13th of Oitober 1605.
He was a man of extraordinary merit, and one who
did great fervices to the Proteftant caufe. This, how¬
ever, expofed him to innumerable • flanders and calum-
' nies ; but he fhowed both to the Catholics and Luthe- <
rans, that he underftood how to defend himfelf. He
wrote, 1. A Tranflation of the New Teftament;
2. Turned the Pfalms into Latin verfe ; 3. Publiihed
a Treatife on the Sacraments 5-4. Some Sermons on
the Paffion of Jefus Chrift and on Solomon’s Song ;
5- -A- Verfion of the Canticles, in lyric verfe ; 6. A
Vol. III. Part I.
French tragi-comedy, intitled, The Sacrifice of Abra- Bezans
ham ; and many other pieces. R
BEZANS, cotton cloths, which come from Ben- 1 * t
gal; fome are white, and others ftriped with feveral
colours.
BEZANTLER, the branch of a deer’s horns next
below the brow-antler.
BEZOAR, in natural hiftory and medicine, a ge¬
neral name for certain animal-fubflances fuppofed to be
effedlual in preventing the fatal confequences of poifon.
The word comes from the Perfian badzcher, bazcher,
or pahazar, which fignifies an antidote.
The firil mention made ofbezoaris in Avenzoar,
an Arabian phyfician, who gives a very romantic ac¬
count of its origin. He deferibes it as generated of
the tears Or gum of the eyes of flags ; who, after eat¬
ing ferpents, ufed to run into the water up to the nofe,
where they flood till their eyes began to ooze a hu¬
mour, which, collefting under the eye-lids, gradually-
thickened and coagulated, till, being grown hard, it
was thrown off by the animal in rubbing frequently.
Other opinions no lefs fabulous obtained till the time
of Garcias al Horto, phyfician to the Portuguefe vice¬
roy of the Indies, who gave the firfl genuine account
of it. Kempfer afterwards gave a defeription of it, with
fome new particulars.
TJie bezoar is a calculous concretion found in the
flomach of certain animals of the goat kind. See
Capra. It is compofed of concentrical coats fur-
rounding one another, with a little cavity in the middle,
containing a bit of wood, flraw, hair, or the like fub-
ftances.
There are two forts of bezoar; one brought from
Perfia and the Eafl-Indies, the other from the Spanifh
Well-Indies. The firft or beft fort, called oriental be¬
zoar, is of a Ihining dark-green or olive colour, and
an even fmooth furface; on removing, the outward coat,
that which lies underneath it appears likewife fmooth
and fhining. The occidental has a rough furface, and
lefs of a green colour than the foregoing ; it is likewife
much heavier, more brittle, and of a loofer texture;
the coats are .thicker, and on breaking exhibit a num¬
ber of ftrise curioufly interwoven. The oriental is ge¬
nerally lefs than a walnut; the occidental for the^moft
part larger, and fometimes as big as a goofe egg. The
firft is univet fally moft efteemed, and is the only fort
now retained by the London college : the Edinburgh,
in the edition of their pharmacopoeia preceding the pre-
fent, dire died both ; but they now feem to allow them
to be ufed promifeuoufly, retaining in their catalogue
only the name bezoar lapis.
This ftone is in high efteem among the Perfians, and
even of greater value than in Europe ; which, with
fundry other circumftances needlefs to relate here, has
given occafion to many to fufpedl, that the true bezoar
is never brought to us. Some authors relate with great
confidence, that all the Hones commonly fold under this
name are artificial compofitions. That fome of them
are fo, is evident ; hence the great differences in the
accounts which different perfons have given of then-
qualities : the ftones examined by Slare as oriental be¬
zoar did not diffolve in acids; thofe winch Grew and
Boyle made trial of, did ; thofe employed by Geoffroy
(in fome experiments related in the French memoirs
D d (1710
B E Z [ 210 ] B I A
1710) did not fecm to be aided on by rc&ified fpirit 5
wliilft fome of thofe examined by Neumann at Berlin
almoft totally diffolved therein. The common mark
of the goodnefs of this flone, is its ftriking a deep
green colour on white paper that has been rubbed with
chalk.
Be/.oar was not known to the ancient Greeks, and
is firfl. taken notice of by the Arabians (as above men¬
tioned), who extol it in a great variety of difcrders,
particularly againft poifons. Later writers alfo bellow
extraordinary commendations on it as a fudorific and
alexipharmac ; virtues to which it certainly has no pre¬
tence. It has no fmell or tafte, is not digeftible in the
ftomach of the animal in wdiich it is found, and is fcarce
capable of being added on by any of the juices of the
human body. It cannot be confidered in any other
light than as an abforbent; and is much the weakell
of all the common fubllances of that clafs. It has
been given to half a dram, and fometimes a whole
dram, without any fenfible effedl; though the gene¬
ral dofe (on account of its great price) is only a few
grains.
Bezoar, in a more extenfive fenfe, includes all fub-
ftances formed ftratum fuper ftratum in the llomachs or
inteftines of animals; in which fenfe pearls, the con¬
cretions called crabs eyes. See. belong to the clafs of
bezoars. To this alfo belong the hippolithus, or bs-
zoar equinum, a Hone fometimes found in the ftomach
or inteftines of a horfe ; the monkey-bezoar, a ftone
faid to be found in the ftomachs of certain monkeys in
Brazil and the Eaft-Indies, harder than the oriental be¬
zoar, of a dark-green colour, and very coldly on ac¬
count of its fcareity.—Beziar bovinuni, is a yellowifn
ftone found in the ox’s gall-bladder.— Human bezears
are ftony fubftances found in the inteftines of feveral
perfons, formed from the Hones of plums, or other
fruits, retained in the ccecum or other guts, and grow¬
ing coated over, of which we have an inftance given
by Dr Cole, Phil. Tranf. n° 255.— Bezoar microcofmi-
cum is the fame wdth the human calculus ; and is vari¬
ous in its degrees of hardnefs, as well as in its fize and
figure. It has been ufed in the place of the mqre coldly
forts.— As to the bezoar hyftricis, a concretion found-
in the gall-bladder of an Indian porcupine ; and the
German bezoar, or that found in mountain-deer, efpe-
cially on the Alps ; thefe,. not being Hones, are more
properly called by late writers tcgagrofnLc ; the for¬
mer confiding of wmolly fibres, and a bitter friable
matter, having neither lamina nor membranes; the
latter being a ball of hair or herbs, or perhaps roots,
compafited in the ftomach of the animal.—They are all,
as medicines, unworthy of regard.—The bezoar bovi-
num, or ox-bezoar, is ufed by miniature-painters in
feveral calls of yellow.
BRzoAR-minerai. See Pharmacy-/W(3'A.
Fcfil Bezoar, is a kind of figured ftone, formed,
like the animal bezoar, of feveral coats or ftrata ranged
round fome extraneous body which forms a nucleus,
and fuppofed to have the fame virtues. It is found
chiefly in Sicily, in fand and clay pits. It is of a pur¬
ple colour, with a rough furface, the fize of a walnut,
and light. When broken, it is found to be an irony
cruft, containing in its hollow a fine greenilh white
earth,, refetnbling pale bezoar. The earth is ufed, and
rot the fhells. It feems to be of the nature of bole Bezoardi
armeniac. It is alfo called Sicilian earth. II
BEZOARDIC, an appellation given to whatever Bijnch^
partakes of the natureof bezoar; alfo to compound^
medicines whereof bezoarmakes an ingredient.
BIA, in commerce, a name given by the Siamefb
to thofe fmall Ihells which are called coiuries through¬
out almoft all the other parts of the Eall Indies. See
Cowries.
BLEUM, £<atisv, in rhetoric, denotes. a< kind of
counter-argument,, whereby fomething alleged for the
adverfary is retorted againft him, and made to conclude
a different way: for inftance, Occidijli, quia adftitiJU
interfMo.— Immo quia adjhti interfecto, non oc-
cidi ; nam ft id ej)ei, in fugam me conjeciffem. “ You
killed the perfon, becaufe you were found Handing by
his body. Bixum, Rather I did not kill him becaufe
I was found Handing by his body ; fince, in the other
cafe, I Ihould have fled away.*’
Bi^eum, in the Grecian laws, was an addion brought
againft thofe who ravilhed women, or ufed violence to
any man’s perfon.
BIAFAR, or Biapra, a kingdom of Africa, fitu-
ated to the eaft of Benin, to the weft of Medra, from
which it is divided by a chain of mountains, and ex¬
tending fouthward to the fourth degree of north lati¬
tude. The natives are the mold of all negroes addided
to, and infatuated with, magic; imagining themfelves-.
capable of caufing rain, thunder, and lightning: there¬
fore they worlhip the devil with great zeal, and even
facrifice their children to him.
BIAFORA, in the cuftoms of the middle age, a
form of cry or alarm to arms; on the hearing whereof,
the inhabitants of towns or villages were to iffue forth,
and attend their prince. The word feems originally
from Gafcony; and the Italians even now on a fudden
infurreddion of the people, commmonly, cry, Via-fora*.
by an ufual change of the letter B into V.
BIARCHUS, an officer in the court of the empe¬
rors of Conftantinople, intrufted with the care and in-
fpeddion of the provifions of the foldiery.
BIALOGOROD; or Akerman, a ftrong town of
Beffarabia, in European Turky. It is feated on a lake
called Vidono, near the fea-fide, in E. Long. 22. 50..
N. Lat. 46. 24.
BIANA, a town of Afia in the dominions of the
Great- Mogul, remarkable for its excellent indigo. E.
Long. 77. o- N. Lat. 26. 20.
BIANCHI (Francefco), called 11 Frari, an emi¬
nent painter, was born at Modena; and had the ho¬
nour of being mafter to one of the mold efteemed pain¬
ters that ever appeared, Antonio Correggio. His co¬
louring was delicately fine ; his attitudes full of grace;
and his invention extremely grand. His works had an
aftonilhing beauty,, and are prized as highly as even
thofe of Correggio. He died in 1520.
BIANCHINI (Francis), one of the mold learned
men of his time, was born at Verona in 1662, of a noble
and ancient family. His tafte for -natural philofophy
and mathematics induced him to eidablilh the academy,
of Aletofili, at Verona. He went to Rome in 1684;
and was made librarian to cardinal Ottcboni, who was-,
afterwards Pope under the name of Alexander VIIL.
He alfo became canon, of St. Mary de la Rotonda, and
BIB [2
Bias at length of St Lawrence in Damafo. He was efteem-
L ed by the learned; and was a member of many acade-
1 ^ e~ mies. He publifhed feveral ingenious diflertations,
&c. and died in 1729, aged 67.
BIAS, one of the feven fages of Greece, flourifii-
ed about 608 before Chrift. He was accuftomed to
fay, “ It is a ficknefs of the mind to with for impof-
fible things.” During the fiege of Priena, his native
city, being aiked why he was the only one who retired
from the place without carrying any thing with him,
he replied, That he carried his all with him; meaning,
that his knowledge and virtue were the only bleffings
that were peculiarly his own, lince they could not be
taken from him. He expired while pleading for one
of his friends.
Bias, or Biafs, in a general fenfe, the inclination or
bent of a perfon’s mind to one. thing more than ano¬
ther.— It alfo lignifies the lead or weight put into a
bowel, that drawls or turns the courfe of it any way to
which the bias looks.
BIBERACH, a free and imperial city of Suabia in
Germany. It has a large mar.ufadlure in fuftians, and
is feated in a pleafant fertile valley on the river Rufs.
E. Lon?. 10. 2. N. Lat: 48. 4.
BIBERSBERG, a town of Upper Hungary, fitu-
ated in E. Long. 17. 25. N. Lat. 48. 35.
BIBIENA (Ferdinand Galli), an excellent painter
and architedl, was born at Bologna in 1657 ; and was
furnamed Bibitna from a territory of that name in
Tufcany, in which his father was born. He acquired
fuch reputation by his {kill in architefture, the deco¬
rations of the theatre, and perfpe&ive, that the duke of
Parma invited him to his court, and made him his fird
painter and architect. Bibiena at length went to the
emperor’s court, where he had the fame honouis and
advantages. He wrote two books of architefture; and
died at Bologna, at above 80 years of age. His fons
followed with fuccefs the fame profcfiions.
BIBLE (in Greekthe book), a name applied
by Chriftians by way of eminence or dillinftion to the
colleftion of facred wmitings, or the holy feriptures of
the Old and New Teftaments ; knowm alfo by various
other appellations, as, the Sacred Books, Holy Writ,
Infpired Writings, Scriptures, &c. The Jews ftyled
the Bible (that is, the Old Teftament) mikra; which
lignifies LeJJon or Lcfture.
This collection of the facred writings containing
thofe of the Old and New' Teflament, is juftly looked
upon as the foundation of the Jewiili as well as the
Chrillian religion. The Jews, it is true, acknow¬
ledged only the feriptures of. the Old Teilament, the
correcting and publifliing of which is unanimoufly
aferibed, both by the Jews and Chiiilians, to Ezra.
Some of the ancient fathers, on no other foundation
than that fabulous and apocryphal book, the fecond
book of Efdras, pretend, that the feriptures were en¬
tirely loit and deftroyed at the Babyloniih captivity,
and that Ezra reftored them all again by divine revela¬
tion. What is certain is, that in the reign of Jofiah
there was no other book of the law extant befides that
found in the temple by Hilkiah; from which original,
by order of that pious king, copies were immediately
written out, and fearch made for all the other parts of
the feriptures, (2 Kings xxii.) ; by which means co¬
pies of the itfhole became multiplied among the people,
who carried them with them into their captivity. Af-
3
[i ] BIB
ter the return of the Jews from the Babyloniih capti¬
vity, Ezra got- together as many copies as he could of
the Sacred writings, and out of them all prepared a cor-
reCI edition, difpoling the feveral books in their proper
order, and fettling the canon of feripture for his time.
Thefe books he divided into three parts. 1. The Law.
2. The Prophet?. 3. The Cetubim or Hagiographia,
1. e. The Holy Writings.
I. The Law contains. 1. Genefis. 2. Exodus.
3. Leviticus. 4. Numbers. 5. Deuteronomy.
II. The writings of the prophets are, 1. Jofhua.
2. Judges* with Ruth. 3. Samuel. 4. Kings. 5. I-
faiah. 6. Jeremiah, with his Lamentations. 7. E-
zekiel. 8. Daniel. 9. The twelve minor Prophets,
lb. Job. if. Ezra. 12. Nehemiah. 13. Eft her.
III. And the Hagiographia confifts of, I. The
Pfalms. 2. The Proverbs. 3. Ecclefiaftes. 4. The
Song of Solomon. This divifion was made forthe fake
of reducing the number of the facred books to the num¬
ber of the letters in their alphabet, which amount to
22. At prefent, the Jews reckon 24 books in their
canon of feripture, in difpofingof which the law Rands
as it did in the former divifion, and the prophets are di-
ftributed into the former and latter prophets.
The former prophets are,
Jolhua, Judges, Samuel, Kings.
The latter prophets are,
Ifaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and the 12 minor prophets.
And the hagiographia confifts of
The Pfalms, the Proverbs, Job, the Song of Solomon,
Ruth, the Lamentations, Ecclefiaftes, Efther, Daniel,
Ezra, the Chronicles.
Under the name of Ezra, they comprehend Nehe¬
miah. It is true this order hath not always been ob-
ferved, but the_variations from it are of.little or no mo¬
ment.
The five books of the law are divided into 54 fec-
tions. This divifion‘many of the Jews hold to have
been appointed by Mofes himfelf; but others, with
more probability, aferibe it to Ezra. The deiign of
this divifion was, that one of thefe fedfions might be
read in theirsfynagogues every fabbath-day. The num¬
ber was 54, becaufe in their intercalated years a month
being then added, there were 54 fabbaths. In other:
years, they reduced them to 52, by twice joining to¬
gether two fhort fedfions. Till the perfecution of An-
tiochus Epiphanes, they read only the law; but the
reading of it being then prohibited, they fubftituted in
the room of it 54 fedlions out of the prophets; and
when the reading-of the law was reftored by the Mac¬
cabees, the fedtion which was read every fabbath out
of the law ferved for their firft leflbn, and the fedfion
out of the prophets for their fecond. Thefe fedlions
were divided into verfes, of which divifion, if Ezra was
not the author, it was introduced not long after him,
and feems to have been defigned for the ufe of the Tar-
gumifts or Chaldee interpreters : for after the return
of the Jews from the Babylonifti captivity, when the
Hebrew language ceafed to be their mother tongue, and
the Chaldee grew into ufe inftead of it, the cuftom was
that the law ftrould be firft: read in the original Hebrew,
and then interpreted to the people in the Chaldee lan¬
guage, for which purpofe thefe ftiorter fedlions or pe¬
riods were very convenient.
The divifion of the feriptures into chapters, as we at
prefent have them, i? of much later date. Some attri-
D d a bute
I B
BIB [ 212 ] B
bute it to Stephen Langton, archbiihop of Canterbury,
in the reigns of John and Henry III. But the true
author of the invention was Hugo de Sanfto Caro, com¬
monly called Hugo Cardinalis, becaufe he was the firft
Dominican that ever was railed to the degree of cardi¬
nal. This Hugo flourifhed about the year 1240. He
wrote a comment on the fcriptures, and projedted the
firft concordance, which is that of the vulgar Latin Bi¬
ble. The aim of this work being for the more eafy
finding out any word or paffage in the fcriptures, he
found it neceffary to divide the book into fedtions, and
thefections into fubdivifions; for till that time the vul¬
gar Latin Bibles were without any divifion at all.
Thefe fe&ions are the chapters into which the Bible
hath ever fince been divided. But the fubdivifion of
the chapters was not then into verfes, as it is now.
Hugo’s method of fubdividing them was by the letters
A, B, C, D, E, F, G, placed in the margin at an e-
qual diftance from each other, according to the length
of the chapters. The fubdivifion of the chapters into
verfes, as they now ftand in our Bibles, had its origi¬
nal from a famous Jewiih rabbi, named Mordecai Na¬
than, about the year 1445. This rabbi, in imitation
of Hugo CardiiTalis, drew up a concordance to the He¬
brew Bible, for the ufe of the Jews. But though he
followed Hugo in his divifion of the books Into chap¬
ters, he refined upon his invention as to the fubdivi¬
fion, and contrived that by verfes : this being found
to be a much more convenient method, it has been
ever fince followed. And thus, as the Jews borrowed
the divifion of the books of the holy fcriptures into
chapters from the Chriftians, in like manner the Chri-
ftians borrowed that of the chapters into verfes from
the Jews.
The order and divifion of the books of the Bible,
as well of the Old as the New Teftament, according
to the difpofition made by the council of Trent, by
decree I. feffion iv. are as follow: where we are to ob-
ferve, that thofe books to which the afterifms are pre¬
fixed, are reje&ed by the Proteftants as apocryphal..
Genefis,
Exodus,
Leviticus^
Numbers,
Deuteronomy,.
Joftiua,
Judges and Ruth,
1 Samuel, or t Kings,
2 Samuel, or 2 Kings,
1 Kings, otherwife called 3 Kings,
2 Kings, otherwife called 4 Kings,
1 Chronicles,
2 Chronicles,
1 Efdras (as the LXX and Vulgate call it), or the
book of Ezra,
* Ecclefiafticus, *
Ifaiah,
Jeremiah and * Baruch,
Ezekiel,
Daniel,
Hofea,
Joel,
Amos,
Obadiah,
Nahum, which we place immediately after Micah,
before Habakkuk.
Jonah, which we place immediately after Obadiah.
Micah,
Hebakkuk,,
Zephaniah,
Haggai,
Zechariah,
Malaehi,
* x Maccabees,
* 2 Maccabees.
The Gofpel of
The Epiftle of,
St Paul to
The books of the New Teftament are,.
St Matthew,
St Mark,
St Luke,
St John.
The A£ts of the Apoftles.
'the Romans,
the Corinthians, I.
the Corinthians, II.
the Galatians,
the Ephefians,
the Philippian s,
the Coloffians,
the Theffalonians,. L
the Theffalonians, II.
Timothy, I.
Timothy, IL
Titus,
Philemon,
the Hebrews,
St James,
St Peter, L
St Peter, II.
St John, I.
St John, II.
St John, III.
tSt Jude,
Revelation of St John-
The general
Epiftle of
The I
The apocryphal books of the Old Teftament, ac¬
cording to the Romanifts, are, the book of Enoch (fee
Jude 14 ), the third and fourth books of Efdras, the
third and fourth books of Maccabees, the prayer of
Manafleh, the Teftament of the twelve Patriarchs, the
Pfalter of Solomon, and fome other pieces of this na¬
ture.
2 Efdras or (as we have it) the book of Nehemiah,
* Tobit,
* Judith,.
Either,
Job,
Pfalms,.
Proverbs,
Ecclefiaftes,
Song of Solomon,
* The book of Wifdom,.
The apocryphal books of the New Teftament are,
the epiftle of St Barnabas, the pretended epiftle of St
Paul to the Laodiceans, feveral fpurious gofpels, A£t$
of the Apoftles, and Revelationsthe book of Her-
mas, intitled, the Shepherd, Jefus Chrift’s Letter to
Abgarus, the epiftles of St Paul to Seneca, and feveral
other pieces of the like nature, as may be feen in the
colleftion of the apocryphal writings of the New Tefta¬
ment made by Fabricius.
The books which are now loft and cited in the Old
a Teft ament
BIB [2
Bible. Teilament are thefe, the book of the Righteous, dr of
■—v—-' J:\fher, as our verfxon of the Bible has it (Jofh. x. 1 3.
and 2 Sam. i. 18.); the book of the wars of the Lord,
(Numb. xxi. 14.); the annals of the kings, of Ifrael, fo
often cited in the books of the Kings ^nd Chronicles.
The authors of thefe annals were the prophets, who li¬
ved in the kingdoms of Judah and Ifrael. We have
likewife but a part of Solomon’s JOOO proverbs and his
1005 fongs, (1 Kings iv. 32..)^ and we have entirely
loft what he wrote upon plants, animals, birds, fifties,
and reptiles.
Ezra, in the opinion of molt learned men, publifhed
the fcriptures in the-Chaldee charafter: for that lan¬
guage being grown wholly into ufe among the Jewrs,
he thought proper to change the old Hebrew cha-
rafter for it, which hath fince that time been retained
only by the Samaritans, among whom it is preferved to
this day.
Prideaux is of opinion that Ezra made additions in
Several parts of the Bible, where any thing appeared
neceffary for illuftrating, connedfing, or completing
the work; in which he appears to have been aflifted
by the fame fpirit in which they were firft written.
Among fuch additions are to be reckoned the laft chap¬
ter of Deuteronomy, whetein Mofes feems to give an
account of his own death and burial, and the fucceffion
of Joftiua after him. To the fame caufe our learned
author thinks are to be attributed many other interpola¬
tions in the Bible, which created difficulties and objec¬
tions to the authenticity of the facred text, no ways to
be folved^without allowing them. Ezra changed the
names of feveral places which were grown obfolete, and
inftead of them put their new names, by which they
were thefi called in the text. Thus it is that Abra¬
ham is faid to have purfued the kings who carried Lot
away captive, as far as Dan ; whereas that place in
M<$fes’s time was called Laifls ; the name Dan being
unknown till the Danites, long after the death of Mo¬
les, pofleffed themfelves of it.
The Jewiffi canon of Scripture was then fettled by
Ezra, yet not fo but that feveral variations have been
made in it. Malachi, for inftance, could not be put in
the Bible by him, fince that prophet is allowed to have
lived after Ezra ; nor could Nehemiah be there, fince
mention is made, in that book, of Jaddus, as high-prieft,
and of Darius Codomannus, as king of Perfia, who
were at leaft 100 years later than Ezra. It may be
added, that in the firft book of Chronicles, the gehea-
logy of the fons of Zerubbabel is carried down for fo
many generations as'mull neceffarily bring it to the
time of Alexander, and confequently this book could
not be in the canon in Ezra’s days. It is probable, the
two books of Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, Efther, and
Malachi, were adopted into the Bible in the time of
Simon the Juft,, the Lft of the men of the great fyna-
gogue.
The Jews, at firft, were very referved in communi¬
cating their fcripture to ftrangers: defpifing and
ffiunning the Gentiles, they would not difelofe to them
any of the treafures concealed in the Bible. We may
add, that the people bordering on the Jews, as the E-
gyptians, Phoenicians, Arabs, &c. were not very cu¬
rious to know the laws or hiftory of a people, whom
in their turn they hated and defpifed. Their firft ac-
v quaintance with.thefe books was not till after the fe-
r3 ] BIB
veral captivities of the Jews, when the fingularity of
the Hebrew laws and ceremonies induced feveral to
defire a more particular knowledge of them. Jofe-
phus feems furprifed to find fuch flight foot-fteps of
the fcripture-hiftory interfperfed in the Egyptian,
Chaldean, Phoenician, and Grecian hiftory; and ac¬
counts for it hence, that the facred books were not as
yet tranflated into Greek or other languages, and
confequently not known to the writers of thofe na¬
tions.
The firft verfion of the Bible was that of the sep-
tuagint into Greek, in the time of Ptolemy Phila-
delphus; though fome maintain that the whole was
not then tranflated, but only the Pentateuch ; be¬
tween which an$ the other books in the verfion called
of the Seventy, the critics find a great diverfity in
point of ftyle and expreffion, as well, as of accuracy.
Hebrew Bibiks, are either manufcript or printed..
The beft manufcript Bibles are thofe copied by the
Jews of Spain. Thofe copied by the Jews of Ger¬
many are lefs exadl, but more common. The two
kincR are eafily diftinguiihed from each other; the
former being in beautiful characters, like the Hebrew
Bibles of Bomberg, Stephens, ajid Plantin ; the lat,
ter in characters like thofe of Munfter and Gryphius.
F. Simon obferves, that the oldeft manufcript Hebrew
Bibles are not above fix or feven hundred years old
nor does rabbi Menaham, who quotes a vaft number
of them, pretepd that any of them exceed fix hun¬
dred years.
Dr Kennicot, in his Diflertati® Generalis prefixed
to his Hebrew Bible, p. 21, obferves, that the moft
ancient manufcripts were written between tire years-
900 and 1100 : but though thofe that are the moft-
ancient are not more than 800 or 900 years old, they
were tranfcribed from others of a much more ancient,
date. The manufcript prelerved in the Bodleian libra¬
ry is not lefs than 800 years old. Another manufcript,.
not lefs ancient, is preferved in the Casfarean library,
at Vienna.
The moft ancient printed Hebrew Bibles are thofe
publiftred by the Jews of Italy, efpecially of Pefaro
and Brefle. Thofe of Portugal alfo printed fome
parts of the Bible at Lifbon, before their expulfion.—
This may be obferved in the general, that the beft
Hebrew Bibles are thole printed under the infpec-
tion of the Jews; there being fo many mi nut tee to be
obferved, that it is fcarce pcffible for any other to fuc-
ceed in it.
In the beginning of the 16th century Dan. Bom¬
berg printed feveral Hebrew Bibles in folio and quar¬
to at Venice, moft of which are efteemed both by the
Jews and Chriftians: the firft in 1517, which is the
leaft exadl, and generally goes by the name of Felix
Pratenfis, the perfon who revifed it. This edition
contains the Hebrew text, the targum, and the com¬
mentaries of feveral rabbins. In 1528, the fame Bom¬
berg printed the folio Bible of rabbi Benchajim, with
his preface, the maforetical divifions, a preface of
Aben Ezra, a double mafora, and feveral various read¬
ings. The third edition was printed in 1618; it is
the. fame with the fecond, but much mgre corredt.
From the former editions it was, that Buxtorf, the fa¬
ther, printed his rabbinical Hebrew Bible at Bal'd in
1648; which though there are many faults in it, is
more
BIB [ 214 1 BIB
more correft than any of the former. In 1623 ap¬
peared at Venice a new edition of the rabbinical Bible
by Leo of Modena, a rabbin of that city, who pre¬
tended to have corredted a great number of faults in
the former edition ; but, befides that it is much infe¬
rior to the other Hebrew Bibles of Venice, with re¬
gard to paper and print, it has paffed through the
hands of the inquifitors, who have altered many paf-
fages in the commentaries of the rabbins.
As to Hebrew Bibles in qto, that of R. Stephens
is efleemed for the beauty of the charafters; but it
is very incorredf. Plantin alfo printed feveral beauti¬
ful Hebrew Bibles at Antwerp : one, in eight co¬
lumns, with a preface by Arias Montanus in 1571,
which far exceeds the Complutenlian in paper and
print, and contents; this is called the Royal Bible,
bccaufe it was printed at the expence of Philip II. of
Spain : another at Geneva in 1619; befides many
more of different fizes, with and without points.
Manafleh Ben Ifrael, a learned Portuguefe Jew, pub-
lifhed two editions of the Hebrew Bible at Amiter-
dam ; the one in 410 in 1635; the other in 8vo in
"1639 : the firft has two columns, and for that reafon
is commodious for the reader. In 1639, R. Jac.
Lombrofo publifned a new edition in 410 at Venice,
with fmall literal notes at the bottom of each page,
■where he exjdains the Hebrew words by Spanifh
words. This Bible is much efteemed by the Jews at
Conllantinople: in the text they have diftinguilhed
between words where the point carnets is to be read
with a camets-katuph, that is, by 4, and not. an a.
Of all the editions of the Hebrew Bible in 8vo, the
moil beautiful and correct are the two of Jo. Athias,
a Jew of Amfterdam. The firft, of 1661, is the beft
paper ; but that of 1667 is the moft exaft : that,
however, publifhed fince at Amfterdam by Vander
Hooght, in 1705, is preferable to any of them.
After Athias, three Hebraizing Proteftants enga¬
ged in revifingand publifhing the Hebrew Bible ; viz.
Clodiqs, Jablonfki', and Opitius.—Clodius’s edition was
publifhed at Franckfort in 1677, in 410. At the bot¬
tom of the page it has the various readings of the for¬
mer editions; but the author does not appear fuffi-
cicntly verfed in the accenting, eipecially in the poeti¬
cal books; befides, as it was not publifhed under his
eye, many faults have crept in. That of Jablonfki in
1699, in 410, at Berlin, is very beautiful as to letter
and print : but, though the editor pretends he made
ufe of the editions of Athias and Clodius, fome critics
find it fcarce in any thing different from the 410 edi¬
tion of Bomberg. That of Opitius is alfo in 4to at
Keil, in 1709 ; the charafter is large and good, but
the paper bad : it is done with a great deal of care ;
but the editor made ufe of no manuferipts but thofe
of the German libraries ; negledling the French ones,
which is an omiffion common to all three. They
have this advantage, however, that befides the divifions
ufed by the Jews, both general and particular, into
para/kes and pefukim, they have alfo thofe of the
Chriftians, or of the Latin Bibles, into chapters and
verfes ; the keri ketib, or various readings, Latin fum-
maries, &c. which made thpm of cor.fidcrable ufe,
with refpeft to the Latin editions and the concoid-
ances.
The little Bible of R.Stephens, in i6to, is very much
prized for the beauty of the charadter. Care, how¬
ever, muft. be taken ; there being another edition of
Geneva exceedingly like it, excepting that the print is
worfe, and the text lefs correft. To thefe may be
added fome other Hebrew Bibles without points, in
8vo and 24to, which are much coveted by the Jews ;
not that they are more exadl, but more portable than
the reft, and are ufed in their fynagogues and fchools :
of thefe there are two beautiful editions, the one of
Plantin, in 8vo, with two columns, and the other in
2410, reprinted by Raphalengius at Leyden in 1610.
There is alfo an edition of them by Laurens at Amfter¬
dam in 1631, in a larger charadler; and another in
12mo, at Franckfort, in i694,.full of faults, with a pre¬
face of M. Leufden at the head of it.
Houbigant publiftied an elegant edition of the He¬
brew Bible at Paris in 1753, contained in four vols.
folio. The text is that of Van der Hooght, without
points, to which he has added marginal notes, fupply-
ing the variations of the Samaritan copy. Dr Kenni-
cott, after almoft 20 years laborious collation of near
700 copies, manufeript and printed, either of the whole
or of particular parts of the Bible, did, in 1776, publifh
the firft volume of his Hebrew Bible in folio. The
ttxt is that of Everard Van der Hooght, already men¬
tioned, differing from it only in the difpofition of the
poetical parts, which Dr Kennicott has printed in he-
miftichs, into which they naturally divide themfelves:
however the words follow one another in the fame or¬
der as they do in the edition of Van der Hooght.
This edition is printed on an excellent type; the Sa¬
maritan text, according to the copy in the Londcm
Polyglott, is exhibited in a column parallel with the
Hebrew text; thofe-parts of it only being introduced
in which it differs from the Hebrew. The numerous
variations both of the Samaritan manuferipts from the
printed copy of the Samaritan texts, and of the Hebrew
manuferipts from the printed text of Van der Hooght,
are placed feparately at the bottom of the page, and
marked with numbers referring to the copies from which
they are taken. The editor regrets, that the differtatio
generalis, which would help much to enrich this article,
is not to be publifhed till the fecond volume is ready.
Greek Biblf.s.—There is a great number of edi¬
tions of the Bible in Greek ; but they may be all re¬
duced to three or four principal ones, viz. that of
Gomplutum, or Alcala de Henares, that of Venice,
that of Rome, and that of Oxford. The firft was
publifhed in 1515, by Cardinal Xirnenes, and inferted
in the Polyglot Bible, ufually called the Complutenfian
Bible: this edition is not juft, the Greek of the Seventy
being altered in many .places according to the Hebrew
text. It has, however, been reprinted in the Polyglot
Bible of Antwerp, in that of Paris, and in the 410
Bible, commonly called VatabluPs Bible.
The fecond Greek Bible is that of Venice, printed
by Aldus in 1518. Here the Greek text of the Sep-
tuagint is reprinted juft as it flood in the manufeript,
full of faults of the copyifts, but eafily amended. This
edition was reprinted at Strafburg in 1526, at Bafil in
1545, at Franckfort in 1597, and other places, with
fome alterations to bring it nearer the Hebrew. The
moft commodious is that of Franckfort; there being ad¬
ded to this little fcholia, which fhow the different in¬
terpretations of the old Greek tranflators : the author
of this colledlion has not added his name, but it is
commonly aferibed to Junius.
The
BIB [2
The third Greek Bible is that of Rome^or the Va-
tican, in 1587, with Greek fchaha collefted from the
manufciipts in the Roman libraries by Pet. Morin. It
was firil fet on foot by Cardinal Montalbo, afterwards
Pope Sextus Qmntus. This fine edition has been re¬
printed at Paris in 1628 by J. Morin, priefl of the
oratory, who has added the Latin tranflation, which
in the Roman was printed feparately, with fcbolia.
The Greek edition of Rome has been printed in the
Polyglot Bible of London ; to which are added, at
bottom, the various readings of the Alexandrian ma-
nufcript. This has been alfo reprinted in England in
4to and i2mo; with fome alterations. It has been
again publifhed at Franeker in 1709 by Bos, who has
added all the various readings he could find.
The fourth Greek Bible is that done from the Alex¬
andrian manufcript, begun at Oxford by Dr Grabe in
1707. In this the Alexandrian manufcript is not
printed fuch as it is, but fuch. as it was thought it
fhould be ; /. e. it is altered wherever there appeared
any fault of the copyifts, or any word inferted from
any particular dialed! : this fome think an excellence,
but others- a fault; urging, that the manufcript fhould
have been given abfolutely and entirely of itfelf, and
all conjeftures as to the readings fhould have been
thrown into the notes.
Latin Bibles, how numerous foever, may be all re¬
duced to three clafl.es ; the ancient vulgate, called alfo
Jtalica, tranflated from the Greek Septuagint; the
modern vulgate, the greateft part of which is done
from the Hebrew text; and the new Latin tranflations,
done alfo from the Hebrew text, in the 16th century.
We have nothing remaining of the ancient vulgate,
ufed in the primitive times in the weflern churches,
but the Pfalms, Wifdom, and Ecclefiaft.es. Nobilius
has endeavoured to retrieve it from the works of the
ancient Latin fathers; but it was impoflible to do it
exaftly, becaufe moft of the fathers did not keep clofe
to it in their citations.
As to the modern vulgate, there are a vaft number
of editions very different from each other. Cardinal
Ximenes has inferted one in the Bible of Complutum,
corre&ed and altered in many places. R. Stephens,,
and the doftors of Louvain, have taken great pains in
corfedting the modern vulgate.
The heft edition of' Stephens’s Latin Bible is that
of 1540, reprinted in 1545, in which are added on
the margin the various readings of feveral'Latin ma-
nufcripts which he had confulted. The dodtors of
Louvain reviled the modern vulgate after R, Stephens
and added the various readings of feveral Latin manu-
fcripts. The beft of the Louvain editions are thofe
at the end of which are added the critical notes of
Francis Lucas of Bruges.
AH thefe reformations of the Latin Bible were made
before the time of Pope Sixtus V. and Clement VIII.
fince which people have not dared to make any altera¬
tions, excepting in comments and fep^iate notes.
The corredlion of Clement VIII. in 1592, is now the
ftandard throughout all the Romifli churches: that
pontiff made two reformations; but it is the firft of
them that is followed. From this the Bibks of Plan-
tin were done, and from thofe of Plantin all the reft;
fo that the common Bibles have none of the after cor-
tedlions of the fame Clement VIII. It is a heavy
i> ] BIB-
charge that lies oh the editions of Pope Clement, viz.
that they have fome new texts added, and many old
ones altered, to countenance and confirm what they
call the Catholic dodfrine ; witnefs that celebrated
paflage of St John, trss fuut, Sic. There are a great
number of La in Bibles of the third clafs, comprehend¬
ing the verfions from the originals of the facred books
made within thefe 200 years. The firft is that of
Santts Pagninus, a Dominican, under the patronage
of Pope Leo X. printed at Lyons, in 410, in 1527,.
much efteemed by the Jews. This the author impro¬
ved in a fecond edition. In 1542, there was a beau¬
tiful edition of the fame at Lyons, in folio, with fcholia,
publifhed under the name of Michael Villanoyanus, i. e.
Michael Servetus, author of the fcho'ia. Thofe of
Zurich have likewife publifhed an edition of Pagni-
nus’s Bible in 410 ; and R. Stephens reprinted it in
folio, with the vulgate, in 1557, pretending to give it
more corredl than in the former editions- There is
alio another edition of 1586, in four columns, under
the name of Vatablus; and we find it again in the
Hamburgh edition of the Bible in four languages.
In the number of Latin Bibles is alfo ufualiy ranked
the verfion of the fame Pagninus corredted, or rather
rendered literal, by Arias Montanus; which corredfipn
being approved of by the dodlors of Louvain, &c. was
inferted in the Polyglot Bible of Philip II. and fince in
that of London. There have been various editions of
this in folio, 410, and 8vo ; to which have been added;
the Hebrew text of the Old Teftament, and the Greek
of the New. The beft of them all is the firft, which:
is in folio, 1571..
Since the Reformation there have been feveral La¬
tin verfions of the Bible from the originals, by Pro-
teftants. The moft efteemed are thofe of Munfter,.
Leo Juda, Caftalio, and Tremellius; the three left
whereof have been reprinted various times. Munfter
published his verfion at Bafil in 1534, which he after¬
wards revifed ; he publifhed a corredl edition in 1546.
Caftafto’s fine Latin pleafes moft people ; but there are
fome who think it too much affedled ;. the beft edition
thereof is that in 1573. Leo Juda’s verfion, altered
a little by the divines of Salamanca, was added to the
ancient Latin edition, as publifhed by R. Stephens,,
with notes, under the name of Valablus’s Bible, in
1545. It was condemned by the Parifian divines, but
printed with fome alterations by the Spanifh divines
of Salamanca. That of Junius and Tremellius is pre¬
ferred, efpdcially by the Calvinifts, and has undergone
a great number of editions.
One may add a fourth clafs of Latin Bibles, com¬
prehending the vulgate edition corredted from the ori¬
ginals. The Bible of Ifidorus Claims is of this num¬
ber : that author, not being contented with reftoring
the ancient. Latin copy, has corredted the tranflator in
a great number of places, which he thought ill render¬
ed. Some Proteflants have followed the fame me¬
thod ; and among others, Andrew and Luke Ofian-
der, who have each publifhed a new edition of the vul¬
gate, corredted form the originals.
Oriental Bibles.— At the head of the Oriental ver¬
fions of the Bible mull be placed the Samaritan ; as
being the moft ancient of all, though neither its age
nor author have been yet afeertained, and admitting
no more for holy ferigture but the Pentateuch, or five
bookfi.
BIB [21
books of Mofes. This tranflatlon is _ made from the
Samaritan Hebrew text, which is a little different from
the Hebrew text of the Jews. This verfion has never
heen printed alone; nor any where but in the Poly¬
glots of London and Paris.
Chaldee Bibles, are only the glolfes or expofitions
made by the Jews in the time when they fpake the
Chaldee tongue., Thefe they call by the name of
Targumim, or paraphrafet, as not being any ftrift vef-
•fions of the Scripture. They have been inferted entire
in the large Hebrew Bibles of Venice and Bafil; but
are read more commodioufly in the Polyglots, being
•there attended with a Latin tranflation.
Syiac Bmlp.s—There are extant two verfions of
the Old Teftament in the Syriac language : one from
the Septuagint, which is ancient, and made probably
about the time of Conftantine ; the other called antiqua
■et /implex, made from the Hebrew, as fome fuppofe,
about the time of the apoftles. This verfion is printed
in the Polyglots of London and Paris.
In the year 1562, Widmanftadius printed the whole
New Teftament in Syriac, at Vienna, in a beautiful
•charadter: after him there were feveral other editions ;
and it was inferted in the Bible of Philip IT. with a
Latin tranflation. Gabriel Sionita alfo publifhed a
‘beautiful Syriac edition of the Pfalms, at Paris, in
1525, with a Latin interpretation.
Arabic Bibles.—In the year 1516, Aug. Juftinian,
bifhop of Nebio, printed at Genoa an Arabic verfion
•of the Pfalter, wtth the Hebrew text and Chaldee
•paraphrafe, adding Latin -interpretations. There are
alfo Arabic verfions of the whole fcriptures in the Poly¬
glots of London and Paris; and we have an edition of
the Old Teftament entire, printed at Rome in 1671,
by order of the congregation de propaganda fide; but
it is of little efteem, as having been altered agreeably
to the vulgate edition. The Arabic Bibles among us
nre not the fame with thofe ufed with the Chriftians
in the Eaft. Some learned men take the Arabic ver¬
sion of the Old Teftament, printed in the Polyglots,
to be that of Saadias, who lived about the year 900 ;
■at leaft in the main. Their reafon is, that Aben Ezra,
u great antagoniil of Saadias, quotes fome paffages of
his verfion, which are the fame with thofe in the Ara¬
bic verfion of the Polyglots; yet others are of opinion,
that Sadias’s verfion is not extant. In i62'2, Erpeni-
■us printed an Arabic Pentateuch, called alfo the Pen¬
tateuch of Mauritania, as being made by the Jews of
Barbary, and for their ufe. This verfion is very lite¬
ral, and efteemed very exact. The four Evangelifts
have alfo been publifhed in Arabic, with a Latin ver¬
fion, at Rome, in 1591, folio. Thefe have been fince
reprinted in the Polyglots of London and Paris, with
fome little alterations of Gabriel Sionita. Erpenius
publilhed an Arabic New Teftament entire, as he found
it in his manufcript copy, at Leyden, in 1616.
There are fome other Arabic verfions of late date
mentioned by Walton in his Prolegomena ; particular¬
ly a verfion of the Pfalms preferved in Sion College,
London, and another of the Prophets at Oxford; nei¬
ther of which have been publilhed.
Cophtic Bibles.—There are feveral manufcript co¬
pies of the Cophtic Bible in fome of the great libraries,
Specially in that of the French king. Dr Wilkins
publilhed the Cophtic New Teftament in 410 in the
1-6 ] BIB
year 1716, and the Pentateuch alfo in pto in 1731,
with Latin tranflations. He reckons thefe verfions to
have been made in the end of the fecond, or the begin¬
ning of the third century.
Ethiopic Bibles.—The Ethiopians have alfo tranf-
lated the Bible into their language.—-There have been
printed feparately, the Pfalms, Canticles,-fome chap¬
ters of Genefis, Ruth, Jod, Jonah, Zephaniah, Mala-
chi, and the New Teftament; all which have been
fince reprinted in the Polyglot of London- As to the
Ethiopic New Teftament, which was firft printed at
Rome in 1548, it is a very inaccurate work, and is
reprinted in the Englilh Polyglot with all its faults.
Armenian There is a very ancient Arme¬
nian verfion of the whole Bible, done from the Greek
of the Seventy,' by fome of their do&ors about the time
of Chryfoftom. This was firft printed entire in 1664,
by one of their bifhops at Amfterdam, in 410 ; with
the New Teftament in 8vo.
Perfian -S/s/wr. —Some of the fathers feem to fay,
that all the fcripture was formerly tranflated into the
language of the Perfians ; but we have nothing now
remaining of the ancient verfion, which was certainly
done from the Septuagint. The Perfian Pentateuch
printed in the London Polyglot is, without doubt, the
work of Rabbi Jacob, a Perfian Jew. It was publifh¬
ed by the Jews at Conllantinople, in the year 1551.
In the fame Polyglot we have likewife the four Evan¬
gelifts in Perfian, with a Latin trauflation ; but this
appears very moderrt, incorredl, and of little ufe,
Walton fays this verfion was written above 400 years
ago. Anothef verfion of the Gofpels was publifhed
at Cambridge by Wheloc in the laft century : there
are alfo two Perfian verfions of the Pfalms made in the
laft century from the vulgar Latin.
Gothic Bibles.—It is generally faid, that Ulphilas,
a Gothic bifhop, who lived in the fourth century, made
a verfion of the whole Bible, excepting the book of
Kings, for the ufe of his countrymen. That book he
omitted, becaufe of the frequent mention of the wars
therein ; as fearing to infpire too much of the milita¬
ry genius into that people. We have nothing remain¬
ing of this verfion but the four Evangelifts, printed in
4to, at Dorr, in 1665, from a very ancient MS.
Whilst the Roman empire fubfifted in Europe, the
reading of the Scriptures in the Latin tongue, which
was the univerfal language of that empire, prevailed
every where. But fince the face of affairs in Europe
has been changed, and fo many different monarchies e-
redled upon the ruins of the Romaai empire, the Latin
tongue bas by degrees grown into difufe : whence has
arifen a neceffity of tranflating the Bible into the re-
fpedfive languages of each people ; and this has produ¬
ced as many different verficns of the Scriptures in the
modern languages, as there are different nations pro-
fefiing the Chriftian religion.^ Plence we meet with
French, Italian, Spanifh, German, Flemifh, Danifh,
Sclavonian, Polifh, Bohemian, and Ruffian or Mufco-
vite Bibles; befides the Anglo-Saxon, and modern Eng-
lifh and Irifh Bibles.
French Bibles. The oldeft French Bible we hear of
is the verfion of Peter de Vaux, chief of the Waldenfei,
who lived about the year 1160. Raoul de Prefle tranf-
lated the Bible into French in the reign of Charles V.
king
BIB [ 2
king of France, about the year 1380. Befides thefe,
there are feveral old French tranflations of particular
parts of the Scripture. The doftors of Louvain pub-
liihed the Bible in French at Louvain, by order of the
emperor Charles V. in 1550. There is a verfion by
Ifaac le Maitre de Sacy, publifhed in 1672, with expla¬
nations of the literal and fpiritual meaning of the text,
■which was received with wonderful applaufe', and has
been often reprinted. As to the New Teftaments in
French, which have been printed feparately, one of the
inoft remarkable is that of F. Amelotte of the oratory,
compbfed by the direction of fome French prelates, and
printed with annotations in the year 1666, 1667, and
1670. The author pretends he had been at the pains
to fearch all the libraries in Europe, and collate the
oldeft manufcripts. But, in examining his work, it ap¬
pears that he has produced no confiderable various read¬
ings, which had not before been taken notice of either
in the London Polyglott or elfewhere. The New Te-
ftament of Mons printed in 1665, with the archbifhop
of Cambray’s permiffion, and the king of Spain’s li¬
cence, made a great noife in the world. It was con¬
demned by Pope Clement IX. in r 668, and by Pope
Innocent XL in 1679, and in feveral bilhoprics of
France at feveral times. The New Teftament publilh-
ed at Trevoux in 1702, by M. Simon, with literal and
critical annotations upon difficult paffages, was con¬
demned by the biffiops of Paris and Meaux in 1 702.
F. Bohours, a Jefuit, with the affiflance of F. F. Mi¬
chael Tellier, and Peter Bernier, Jefuits likewife, pub-
iifhed ^ tranflation of the New Teftament in 1697 :
but this tranflation is, for the molt part, harfti and
obfcure", which was owing to the author’s keeping too
iirictly to the Latin text from which he tranflated.
There are likewife French trandations publiffied by
Proteftant authors ; one by Robert Peter Olivetan,
printed at ^Geneva in 1535, and fince often reprinted
with the cpnedtions of John Calvin and others ; ano¬
ther by Sjbaftian Caftalio, remarkable for particular
ways of ei preffion never ufed by good judges of the
language. John Diodati likewile publilhed a French
Bible at Geneva in 1644; but fome find fault with his
method, in that he rather paraphrafes the text than
tranfiates it. Faber Stapalenfis tranflated the New Te¬
ftament into French, which was revifed and accommo¬
dated to the ufe of the reformed churches in Piedmont,
and printed in 15-4. Laftly, M. John LeClercpub¬
lilhed a New Teftament in French at Amfterdam in
1703, with annotations taken chiefly from Grotius and
Hammond ; but the ufe of this verfion was prohibited
in Holland by order of the States-General, as tending
to revive the errors of ‘Sabellius and Socinus.
Italian Bibles. The firft Italian Bible publilhed by
the Romanifts is that of Nicholas Malerme, a Bene-
dicftine monk, printed at Venice in 1471. It was tranf¬
lated from the Vulgate. The verfion of Anthony Bru-
eioli, publilhed at Venice in 1532, was!prohibited by
the Council of Trent. The Calvin ills likewife have
their Italian Bibles. There is oij£ of John Diodati in
1607 and 1641, and another of Maximus Theophilus
in 1551, dedicated to Francis de Medicis Duke of Tuf-
cany. The Jews of Italy have no entire verfion of the
Bible in Italian ; the inquilition conftantly refufmg to
allow them the liberty of printing one.
, Sbanijh Bibles. The firft Spanilh Bible that we hear
Von. III. Part 1.
17 ] BIB
of is that mentioned by Cyprian de Valera, which he BiM-
fays was publilhed about the year 1500. The Epiftles
and Gofpels were publilhed in that language by Am-
brofe de Montefin in 1512 ; the whole Bible by Caffio-
dore de Reyna, a Calvinift, in 1569 ; and the New Te¬
ftament, dedicated to the emperor Charles V. by Fran¬
cis Enzinas, otherwife called Driandsr, in 1543. The
firft Bible which was printed in Spanilh for the ufe of
the Jews was that printed at Ferrara in 1553, in Go¬
thic charafters, and dedicated to Hercules d’EftDuke
of Ferrara! This verfion is very ancient, and was pro¬
bably in ufe among the Jews of Spain before Ferdi¬
nand and Ifabella expelled them out of their dominions
in 1492.
German Bibles. The firft and moft ancient tranlla-
tion of the Bible in the German language is that of
Ulphilas bilhop of the Goths, about the year 360. This
bilhop left out the book of Kings, which treat .chieflv
of war, left it Ihould too much encourage the martial
humour of the Goths. An.imperfedl manufcript of this
verfion was found in the abbey of Verden nearCologn,
written in letters of filver, for which reafon it is called
Codex Argenteus ; and it was publilhed by Francis Ju¬
nius in 1665. The oldeft German printed Bible extant
is that of Nuremberg, printed in 1447 ; but who the
author of it was is uncertain. John Emzer, chaplain to
George Duke of Saxony, publilhed a verfion of the
New Teftament in oppofition to Luther. There is a
German Bible of John Eckius in 1537, with Emzer’s
New Teftament added to it; and one by Ulembergius
of Weftphalia, procured by Ferdinand Duke of Ba¬
varia, and printed in 1630. Martin Luther having
employed eleven years in tranflating the Old and New
Teftament, publilhed the Pentateuch in 1522, the hi-
ftorical books and the Plalms in 1524, the books of
Solomon in 1527, Ifaiah in 1529, the Prophets in
1 ;3 1, and the other books in 1530 : he publiihed the
New Teftament in 1522. The learned agree, that his
language is pure, and the verfion clear and free from
intricacies : it was revifed by feveral perfons of quality,
who were mafters of all the delicacies of the German
language. The German Bibles which have been print¬
ed in Saxony, Switzerland, and elfewhere, are for the
moft part the fame as that of Luther, with very little
variation. In 1604 John Pifcator pubblhed a verfion
of the Bible in German, taken from that of Junius
and Tremellius: but his turn of expi'effidn is purely
Latin, and not at all agreeable to the genius of the
German language : the Anabaptifts have a German
Bible printed at Worms in 1529. John Crellius pub¬
lilhed his verfion of the New Teftament at Racovia in
1630; and Felbinger his at Amfterdam in 1660.
Flemijh Bibles. The Flemilh Bibles of the Roma¬
nifts are very numerous, and for the moft part have no
author’s name prefixed to them, till that of Nicolas
Vinck, printed at Lovain in 1548. The Flemilh ver-
fions made ufe of by the Calvinifts till the year 1637,
were copied principally from that of Luther. But
the fynod of Dort having in 1618 appointed a new
tranllation of the Bible into Flemilh, deputies were
named for the work, which was not finilhed till the
year 1637.
Danijb Bibles. The firft Danilh Bible was publifhed
by Peter Palladius, Olaus Chryfoftom, John Synnin-
gius, and John Maccab£eus,.in 1550, in which they foL
E e lowed
BIB [21
Bibles, lowed Luther’s firft German verfion. There are two
—' other verfions, the one by John Paul Refenius bifhop of
Zealand, in 1605 ; the other, being the New Tefta-
ment only, by John Michel, in 1524.
S’W&dijh Bible. In 1534 Olaus and Laurence pub-
lilhed a Swedifb Bible from the German verfion of Mar¬
tin Luther. It was revifed in 1617, by order of king
Guftavus Adolphus, and was afterwards almofl univer-
fally received.
Bohemian, Polijh, Rujfian or Mufcovite, and Sclavo-
man Bibles. The Bohemians have a Bible tranllated
by eight of their doftors, whom they Lad fent to the
fchools of Wirtemberg and Bafil, on purpofe to ftudy
the original languages. It was printed in Moravia in
the year 1539. The firft Polifh verfion of the Bible, it
is faid, was that compcfed by Hadewich wife of Jagel-
lon Duke of Lithuania, who embraced Chriftianity in
the year 1390. In 1599 there was a Polifh tranflation
of the Bible publifhed at Cracow, which was the work
of feveral divines of that nation, and in which James
Wieck, a Jefuit, had a principal fhare. The Proteftants,
in 1596, publifhed a Polifh Bible from Luther’s Ger¬
man verfion, and dedicated it to Uladiflaus IV. king of
Poland. The Ruffians or Mufcovites publifhed the
Bible in their language in 1581. It was tranflated
from the Greek by St Cyril, the apoftle of the Scla-
vonians; but this old verfion being too obfcure, Erneft
Gliik, who had been carried prifoner to Mofcow after
the taking of Narva, undertook a new tranflation of
the Bible in Sclavonian ; who dying in 1705, the Czar
Peter appointed fome particular divines to finifh the
tranflation : but whether it was ever printed, we can¬
not fay.
Englijh-Saxon Bibles. If we inquire into the ver¬
fions of the Bible of our own country, we fliall find
that Adelm bifhop of Sherburn, who lived in 709,
made an Englifh-Saxon verfion of the Pfalms ; and that
Eadfrid, or Ecbert, bifhop of Lindisferne, who lived
abour the year 730, tranflated feveral of the books of
Scripture into the fame language. It is faid likewife,
that venerable Bede, who died in 785, tranflated the
whole Bible into Saxon. But Cuthbert, Bede’s dif-
ciple, in the enumeration of his mailer’s works, fpeaks
only of his tranffation of the Gofpel; and fays nothing
of the reft of the Bible. Some pretend, that King
Alfred, who lived in 890, tranllated a great part of the
Scriptures. We find an old verfion in the Anglo-Sax¬
on of feveral books of the Bible, made by Elfric ab¬
bot of Malmefhury :,it was publilhed at Oxford in 1699,
There is an old Anglo-Saxon verfipn of the four Go-
fpels, publilhed by Matthew Parker archbilhop of Can¬
terbury in 1571, the author whereof is nnknown. Dr
Mill obferves, that this verfion was made from a Latin
copy of the old Vulgate.
Saxon Bibles.—The whole Scripture is faid by fome
to have been tranllated into the Anglo-Saxon by Bede
about the year 70.1, though others contend he only
tranflated the Gofpels.
We hkve certain books or parts.of the Bible by fe¬
veral other tranllators; as, 1. The Pfalms, by Adelm
bifhop of Shireborn, contemporary with Bede; though
by others this verfion is attributed to King Alfred, who
lived 20Q years-after. Another verfion of the Pfalms
in Anglo-Saxon was publifhed by Spelman in 1640.
a# The Evangdills, .{till extant, done from the. ancient
8 ] BIB
vulgate, before it was reviled by St Jerom, by an au- Bible*,
thor unknown, and publifhed by Matth. Parker in 1571. --v——
An old Saxon verfion of feveral books of the Bible,
made by Elfric abbot of Malmelbury, feveral frag¬
ments of which were publilhed by Will. Lilly in 1638,
the genuine copy by Edm. Thwaites in 1699, at Ox¬
ford.
Indian Bible.—A tranllation of the Bible into the
North American Indian language by Elliot was pub¬
lilhed in 410 at Cambridge in 1685.
Englifo Bibles.—The firft Englifh Bible we read
of was that tranflated by J. Wickliffe about the year
1 360; but never printed, though there are MS. copies
of it in feveral of the public libraries. J. de Trevifa,
who died about the year 1398, is alfo faid to have
tranllated the whole Bible ; but whether any copies of
it are remaining, does not appear.
Tindall.—The firft printed Bible in our language
was that tranllated by Will. Tindal, affifted by Miles
Coverdale, printed abroad in 1526 ; but moft of the
copies were bought up and burnt by Bifhop Tunftal
and Sir Thomas More. It only contained the New
Teftament, and was revifed and republifhed by the fame
perfon in 1530. The prologues and prefaces added
to it refledt on the bilhops and clergy ; but this edition *
was alfo fuppreffed, and the copies burnt. In 1532,
Tindal and his affociates finilHed the whol? Bible ex¬
cept the Apocrypha, and printed it abroad : but while
he was afterwards preparing for a fecond edition, he
was taken up and burnt for herefy in Flanders.
Matthews's.—On Tindal’s death, his work was
carried on by Coverdale, and John Rogers fuperintend-
ant of an Englifh church in Germany, and the firft:,
martyr in the reign of Queen Mary, who tranflated,
the Apocrypha, and revifed Tindal’s tranflation, com¬
paring it with the Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and Ger¬
man,- and adding prefaces and notes from Luther’s
Bible. He dedicated the whole to Henry VIII. in
1537, under the borrowed name of Thomas Matthews;,
whence this has been ufually called Matthews's Bible.
It was printed at Hamburgh, and licence obtained for.
publifhing it in England by the favour of Archbifhop
Cranmer and the Bilhops Latimer and Shaxtom
Cranmer's.—The firft Bible printed by authority in
England, and publicly fet up in churches, was the
fame Tindal’s verfion, revifed, compared with the He- l-l
brew,, and in many places amended, by Miles Coverdale
afterwards biftiop of Exeter; and examined after him by
Archbifhop Cranmer, w’ho added a preface to it: whence-
this was called Cranmer’s Bible. It was printed by Graf¬
ton, of the largeft volume, and publifhed in 1540; and,
by a royal proclamation, every parifh was obliged to
fet one of the copies in their church, under the penalty
of 40 (hillings a-month; yet, two years after, the Poj iih
bifhops pbtained its fuppreffion of the King. It was re-
ftored under Edward VI. fuppreffed again under Queen
Mary, and reftored again in the firft year of Queen Eli--
zabeth, and a new edition of it given in 1562.
Geneva.—Some Englifh exiles at Geneva in Queen i
Mary’s reign, Coverdale, Goodman, Gilbie, Sampfon,.
Cole, Whittingham, and Knox, made a new tranfla--
tion, printed there in 1560, the New Teftament ha¬
ving been printed in 1557; hence called the' Geneva
Bible; containing the variations of readings, marginal I
annotations, &c. on account of which it was much va¬
lued,
BIB [2
Bibles, lued by the puritan party in that and the following
reigns.
Bifhop's.— Archbifhop Parker refolved on a new
tranllation for the public ufe of the churchy and engaged
the bifhops and other learned men to take each a lhare
or portion. Thefe being afterwards joined together*
and printed with (hort annotations in 1568, in a large
folio, made what was afterwards called the Great Eng-
iijh Bible, and commonly the Bijhop's Bible. The
following year it was alfo publifhed in 8vo, in a fmall
but fine black letter: and here the chapters were di¬
vided into verfes; but without any breaks for them,
in which the method of the Geneva Bible was followed,
which was the firft Englifh Bible where any diftinftion
of verfes was made. It was afterwards printed in large,
folio, with corrections, and feveral prolegomena* in
X572 : this is called Matthew Parker’s Bible. The
initial letters of each tragflator’s name were put at the
end of his part: e. gr. at the end of the Pentateuch,
W. E. for William Exon ; that is, William Bifhop of
Exeter, whofe allotment ended there : at the end of
Samuel, R. M. for Richard Menevenfis, or bifiiop of
St David’s, to whom the fecond allotment fell: and
the like of the reft. The Archbifhop overfavV, direct¬
ed, examined, and finiihed the whole. This tranlla¬
tion was ufed in the churches for 40 years, though the
Geneva Bible was more read in private houfes, being
printed above 30 times in as many years. King James
bore it an inveterate hatred on account of the notes }
which at the Hampton-court conference he charged as
partial, untrue, feditious, &c. The Bilhop’s Bible
too had its faults. The King frankly owned he had
^et feen nd good tranllation of the Bible in Englilh 5
buc he thought that of Geneva the worft of all.
Rbemifi?—After the tranllation of the Bible by the
bilhops, two other private verlions had been made of
the f{ew Teftament: the firft by Laur. Thomfon,
made from Beza’s Latin edition, together with the
notes of Beza, publilhed in 1582 in 4X0, and aftef-
wards in 1589, varying very little from the Geneva
Bible ; the fecond by the Papifts at Rheims in 1584,
called the Remijl) Bible, ox Rheniijb Tranjlation. Thefe
finding it impoffible to keep the people from having
the Scriptures in the vulgar tongue, refolved to give a
Verfion of their own as favourable to their caufe as might
be. It was printed on a large paper, with a fair letter
and margin. One complaint againft it was its retaining
a multitude of Hebrew and Greek words untranllated,
for want, as the editors exprefs it, of proper and ade¬
quate terms in the Englilh to render them by; as the
words azymes, tunike, rational, holocauft, prepuce, pafche,
&c. However, many of the copies were feized by
the Queenls fearchers and confifcated ; and Th. Cart¬
wright was folicited by fecretary Walfingham to re¬
fute it: but, after a good progrefs made therein, Arch-
bilhop Whitgift prohibited his further proceeding
therein, as judging it improper the doCtrine of the
church of England Ihould be committed to the defence
of a puritan, and appointed Dr Fulke in his place,
who refuted the Rhei mills with great fpirit and learn¬
ing. Cartwright’s refutation was alfo afterwards pnb-
lilhed in 1618, under Archbilhop Abbot. About 30
years after their New Teftament, the Roman Catholics
publilhed a tranllation of the Old at Doway, 1609 and
: 1610, from the vulgate, with annotations; fo that the
19 ] BIB
Englilh Roman Catholics have now the whole Bible Bibles,
in their mother-tongue ; though it is to be obferved, 1
they are forbidden to read it without a licence.from
their fuperiors.
King James’s.—The lall Englilh Bible was that
which proceeded from the Bampton coUrt conference
in 1603, where many exceptions being made to the
Bilhop’s Bible, King James gave order for a new one}
not, as the preface expreffes it, for a tranllation alto¬
gether new, nor yet to make of a bad one a good one,
but to make a good one better, or of many good ones
one belli Fifty-four learned perfons were appointed
for this office by the King, as appears by his letter to
the archbilhop, dated in 1604 ; which being three
years before the tranflation was entered upon, it is pro¬
bable feven of them were either dead or had declined the
talk, fince Fuller’s lift of the tranllators makes but 47 }
who being ranged under fix divifions, entered on their
province in 1607. It Was publifned in 1613, with a
dedication to James, and a learned preface, and is
commonly called King James’s Bible. After this, all
the other verfions dropped and fell into difufe, except
the Epiftlee and Gofpels iri the Common Prayer Book,
which were Hill continued according to the Bilhop’s
tranllation till the alteration of the liturgy in 1661,
and the Pfalms and Hymns, which are to this day
continued as in the old verfion.
The judicious Selden, in his Table Talk, fpeaking
of the Bible, fays, “ The Englilh tranllation of the
Bible is the bell tranllation in the world, and renders
the fenfe of the original bell, taking in for the Englilh
tranllation the Bilhop’s Bible, as well as King James’s.
The tranllators in King James’s time took an excellent
way. That part of the Bible was given to him who
was moll excellent in fuch a tongue (as the Apocrypha
to Andrew Downs), and then they met together, and
one red the tranfiation, the reft holding in their hands
feme Bible either of the learned tongues, or French,
Spanilh, Italian, &c» If they found any fault, they
fpoke ; if not, he read on.”
King James’s Bible is that now read by authority in
all the churches in Britain.
Welch Bibles.—There was a Welch tranllation of
the Bible made from the original in the time of Queen
Elizabeth, in confequence of a bill brought in to the
lioufe of commons for this purpofe in 1563. It was
printed in folio in 1588. Another verfion, which is
the llandard tranllation for that language, was printed
in 1620. It is called Parry’s Bible. An impreffion
of this was printed in 1690, called BiJhop'Loyd’s Bible.
Thefe were in folio. The firft 8vo impreffion of the
Welch Bible was made in 1630.
Irijh Bible.—Towards the middle of the 16th cen¬
tury, Bedell, bilhop of Kilmore, fet on foot a tran¬
llation of the Old Teftament into the. Irilh language ;
the New Tellament and the Liturgy having been be¬
fore tranllated into that language. The bilhop ap¬
pointed one King to execute this work, who, not un-
derllanding the oriental languages, was obliged to
tranflate it from the Englilh. This work was received
by Bedell, who, after having compared the Irifli tran¬
llation with the Englilh, compared the latter with the
Hebrew, the LXX. and the Italian verfion of Diodati.
When this work was finiihed, the bilhop would have
been himfelf at the charge of the impreffion, but his
E e 2 defign
BIB C 220 ] BID
ander defigTi was flopped upon advice given to tlie lord lieu-
II ^ tentant and the archbifhop of Canterbury, that it would
^ e' prove a fhameful thing for a nation to publifh a Bible
tranflated by fuch a defpicable hand as King. How¬
ever, the manufcript was not lofl, for it went to prefs
in the year 1685.
Erfe Bible.—There is alfo (lately finifhed at Edin¬
burgh) a verfion of the Bible in the Gaelic or Erfelan-
guage.
BIBLIANDER (Theodore), profeffor of divinity
at Zurich in the 16th century. As he underftood the
oriental languages, he fet about a new edition of the
Koran ; the text of which he corrected, by collating
the Arabic and Latin copies. To this edition he fub-
joined the life of Mahomet and his fucceffors ; and pre¬
fixed an apology by way of preface, which has been,
loudly exclaimed againft.
BIBLIOGRAPHIA, a branch of archseographiay
employed in the judging and perufing of ancient manu-
fcripts, whether written in books, paper, or parchment.
The fenfe of it is now extended -r and it fignifies a
work intended to. give information concerning the firfl
or befl editions of books, and the ways of feledting and
dillinguifhing them properly. In fhort, it is ufed for
a notitia or defcription of printed books, either in the
order of the alphabet, of the times when printed, or
of the fubjedt matters. In which fenfe, bibliographia.
amounts to much the fame with what is otherwife call¬
ed bibliotheca.
Literary journals afford alfo a kind of bibliographia.
BIBLIOMANCY, a kind of divination performed
by means of the Bible. This amounts to much the fame
with what is otherwife called fortes biblical or fortes
fanflorum. It conlifted in taking paffages of Scripture
at hazard, and drawing indications thence concerning
things future; as in Auguftin’s tolle Iff lege. It was
much ufed at the confecration of bifhops.—F. J. Da-
vidius, a Jefuit, has publifhed a bibliomancy under the
borrowed name of Veridicus Chrijlianus.
BIBLIOTHECA, in its original and proper fenfe,.
denotes a library, or place for repofiting books.
Bibliotheca, in matters of literature, denotes a
treatife giving an account-of all the writers on a certain
fubjedt: thus, we have bibliothecas of theology, law,
philofophy, &c.
There are likewife univerfal bibliothecas, which treat
indifferently of all kinds of books alfo feledt biblio¬
thecas, which give account of none but authors of re¬
putation.
Many of the bibliothecas agree, in mofl refpedts,.
with what are otherwife called memoirs or journals of
literature, except that thefe laft are confined to new
books; but there are other bibliothecas, that differ
in nothing from catalogues of the writers on certain,
fubjedts.
BIBLISTS, fo the Roman-catholics call thofe
Chriftians who make Scripture the foie rule of faith j
in which fenfe, all Proteflants either are or ought to
be biblifts.
BIBLUS, QiGe®1, in botany, an aquatic plant in E-
gypt, called alfo papyrus; of the fkin whereof the an¬
cient Egyptians made their paper. See Papyrus.
BIBRACTE (anc. geog.), a citadel of the iEdui,
according to Strabo; but Caefar defcribes it as a town
well fortified, very large and populous, and of the
greatefl authority among that nation : Now Beureft,
or Bevray; a defolate place four miles to the north-well
of Autun.
BIBROCI (anc. geog.), an ancient people of Bri¬
tain : Now the Hundred of Bray in Berks.
BICANER, a city of Afia, on the river Ganges,,
belonging to the great Mogul. E. Long. 87. 20*
N. Lat. 28. 40.
BICE, or Bise, among painters, a blue colour pre¬
pared from the lapis armenus.
Bice bears the bcft body of all bright blues ufed in
common work, as houfe-painting, &c. but it is the
paleft in colour. It works indifferently well, but in¬
clines a little to fandy, and therefore requires good
grinding. Next to ultramarine, which is too dear to
be ufed in common work, it lies befl near the eye of
all other blues.
BICEPS, the name of feveral mufcles: as the biceps-
humeri, or cubiti; biceps tibiae; &e. See Anatomy,
Table of the Mufcles.
BICESTER, a flraggling town of Oxfordfhire in
England, feated on the road between Oxford and
Buckingham.
BICHET, a quantity or meafure of corn, which
differs according to the places where it is ufed. The.
bichet is not a wooden meafure, as the minot at Paris,,
or the bufhel at London; but is compounded of feverab
certain meafures. It is ufed in many parts of France, &c.
BICLINIUM, in Roman antiquity, a chamber
with two beds in it; or when two beds only were,
round a table.
BICORNES, an order of plants in the fragment a
methodi naturalis of Linnaeus, fo termed from the an-
therae having in appearance two horns.. See Botany-
BIDACHE, a town of Lower Navarre in France,
feated on the river Bidoufe. W. Long. 10. o. N. Lat-
41- 3I*
BLDAL, or Bidale, in our ancient cufloms, denotes,
the invitation of friends to drink ale at fome poor man’s
houfe, who in confideration hereof expedts fome con¬
tribution for his relief. This cuflom flill obtains in;
the weft of England, and is mentioned in fome of our
ancient ftatutes.
BIDDLE (John), one of the moft eminent Eng-
lilh writers among the Socinians, was born at Wot-
ton-under-Edge in Gloucefterlhire, and educated in
the free fchool of that place. Being a hopeful youth,
he was taken notice of; particularly by Lord George
Berkeley, who allowed him an exhibition of ten
pounds a-year. This caufed him vigoroufly to ap¬
ply himfelf to his ftudies; and he was, while at
fchool, author of a tranflation of Virgil’s Bucolics,
and of the two firft fatires of Juvenal. He conti¬
nued at fehool till he was 13 years of age. However,
having manifefted in that early period a Angular piety
and contempt of fecular affairs, he was fent to the uni-
verfity of Oxford, and entered a ftudent in Magdalea.
hall. In 1641, the magiftrates of Gloucefter chofe
him matter of the free fchool of that city ; and he was
much efteemed: but falling, into fome opinions con¬
cerning the Trinity different from thofe commonly
received, and expreffing his thoughts with too much
freedom, he fuffered various perfecutions and imprifon-
ments in the time of the commonwealth. During one of
thefe confinements, which lafted for feveral years, being
reduced.
BID [
Biddiford reduced to great indigence, he was employed by Roger
. II Daniel of London to correft the impreffion of the Greek
Bl~'^gas, , Septuagint Bible, which that printer was about to
publiih with great accuracy. In 1651, the parliament
publiihed a general aft of oblivion, which reilored him
to his full liberty. He was afterwards imprifoncd on
dtcount of his tenets; and at laft the Proteftor banifned
him for life to St Mary’s caftle in the ifle of Seilly,
and fent him thither in Oftober 1655. Soon after, he
was allowed 100 crowns a-year for fubfittenee. In
1658, he was fet at full liberty. After the reftoration
of King Charles II. he was fined in 1001. and each of
his hearers in 201. to lie in prifon till paid; which
being put in execution, the want of the frefh air and
exercife made him contraft a difeafe, of which' he
died on the 22d of September j 662, in the 47th year of
his age. His life was publifhe^ in Latin in 1682,
by Mr Farrington of the Innei1 Temple, who repre*
fents him as poffefTed of extraordinary piety, charity,
and humility. He would not difcourfe of thofe points
in which he differed from others with thofe that did
not appear religious according to their knowledge ;
and was a ftrift obferver himfelf, and a fevere exafter
in others, of reverence in fpeaking of God and Chriit.
He had fo happy a memory, that he retained word
for word the whole New Teftament, not only in Eng-
lifh, but in Greek, as far as the fourth chapter of the
Revelations of St John. •
BIDDIFORD, a town of Devonfhire, feated on the
river Toridge, over which there is a fine flone-bridge
with 24 arches. It is a large and populous place, and
carries on a confiderable trade. W. Long. 4. 10. N.
Lat. 51. 10.
BIDDING, or Offering, denotes the raifing the
price of a thing at a fale or auftion. The French
calls this encherir. It anfwers to what the Romans call¬
ed licitari: they ufed to bid by holding up the hand
or finger.
Bidding is alfo ufed for proclaiming or notifying.
In which fenfe we meet with bidding of the banns,
the fame with what is otherwife called ajking.
Bidding-Prayer. It was one part of the office of
the deacons in the primitive Chriftian church, to be a
fort of monitors and direftors of the people in the exer¬
cife of their public devotions in the church. To which
end they made ufe of certain known forms of words, to
give notice when each part of the fervice began. This
was called by the Greeks x»ft/TT«v, and by the Latins
free die are: which therefore do not ordinarily fignify
to preach, as feme millake it; but to perform the of¬
fice of a crier (or preeco'] in the affembly: whence
Synefius and others call the deacons the
holy criers of the church, appointed to bid or exhort
the congregation to pray and join in the feveral parts
of the fervice of the church. Agreeable to this ancient
praftice is the form Let us pray, repeated before feve¬
ral of the prayers in the Englifh liturgy.
Bidding of the Beads, a charge or warning which
the parifh-prieft gave to his pariihioners at certain fpe-
cial times, to fay fo many pater-nofters, &c. on their
beads.
BIDENS, WATER-HEMP AGRIMONY I A genilS of
the polygamia aequalis order, belonging to the fynge-
nefia clafs of plants ; and in the natural method rank¬
ing under the 49th order, Cowpofitx-oppofitifdice. The
221 ] BID
receptacle is paleaceous ; the pappus has ereft fcabrous Bidemai
awns; and the calyx is imbricated. Of this genus .11
Linnaeus enumerates 13 fpecies ; but none of them ap- 1 '.
pear to merit notice except the tripartita, frequently
found by the fides of rivulets, ditches, and lakes, both
in Scotland and England. This grows to the height
of two feet; and hath its leaves divided into three, or
often five, lanceolate ierrated lobes, with yellow flowers*-
which are fucceeded by flattilh angular feeds, having
two beards arifing from the angles, which are hooked
or barbed downwards ; and -generally they have ano¬
ther fhorter beard arifing from the middle of the back
of the feed. “ As this plant (fays Mr Lightfoot f) f Flora Sco~
is found by a chemical analyfis to poffefs much the A*,
fame qualities as the celebrated verbefiua acmela, a plant
belonging to a genus very nearly related to this, it is
probable it would have the fame good effefts in expel¬
ling the ftone and gravel. A decoftion of this plant
with alum dyes yarn of a yellow colour. The yarn
mull be firft fteeped in alum water, then dried and
fteeped in a decoftion of the plant, and afterwards
boiled in the decoftion. The feeds have been known
lometimes to deftroy the cyprinus auratus, or gold-filh*
by adhering to their gills and jaws.”
BIDENTAL, in Roman antiquity, a place blafted
with lightning ; which was immediately confecratedby
an harufpex, with the facrifice of a bidens. This
place was afterwards accounted facred, and it was un¬
lawful to enter it or to tread upon it; for which reafon
it was commonly furrounded with a ditch, wall, hedge,
ropes, &c. See next article.
BIDENTALES, in Roman antiquity, pridls in-
ftituted to perform certain ceremonies and expiations
when thunder fell on anyplace. Their principal offica
was the facrificing a fheep of two years old, which in
Latin is called bidens ; from whence the place (truck
with thunder got the name of bide-ntah.
BIDENTES, in middle-age writers, denotes two
yearlings, or (heep of the fecond year. The wool of
thefe bidentes, or two years old (heep, being the firft
(heering, was fometimes claimed as a heriot to the king;
on the death of an abbot. Among the ancient Ro¬
mans, the word was extended further to any forts of
beads ufed for victims, efpecially thofe of that age -
whence we meet with fues bidentes.-
BIDET, a nag or little- horfe, formerly allowed
each trooper and dragoon, for his baggage and other
occafions. Bidets are grown into diiufe, on account
of the expencej thereof, and the diforders frequently-
arifing from thofe who attended on them, &c.
BIDIS, (anc. geog. )va fmall city of Sicily, not far-
from Syracufe, whofe ruins are dill- to be feen in the
territory of Syracufe, about 15 miles to the fouth-wefi,.
with a church called S. Giovanni di Bidinii
BIDLOO (Godfrey), author of feveral treatifes in
anatomy, was born at Amderdam, March 12th, 1649^
In 1688, he was profeffor of anatomy at the Hague ;
and, in 1694, at Leydenwhen king William III. of
England appointed him his phy.fician ; which he would
not accept but on condition of holding his profeffor-
(hip, which was readily granted him. He publidied*
in Latin, 1. The Anatomy of the human Body, de»
monftrated in 105 cuts, explained by the difeoveries oS
the ancient and modern writers. 2. An Oration upon,
the Antiquity of Anatomy. 3. A Letter to Anthony.
Leew.enh.oeck.
13 T E [ 222
Lecwenlioeck on the animals fometimes found in the
liver of fheep and other animals. 4. Two Decades
of Differtations in Anatomy and Chirurgery 5 and
other pieces. He died at Leyden, in April 171
BIDON, a liquid meafure, containing about five
pints of Paris, that is, about five quarts Englifii wine-
meafure. It is feldom ufed but among (hips crews.
BIE, (de Adrian,) an eminent painter, was born
at Liere in I594* After learning the rudiments of
the art from different mailers, he travelled to Rome,
where he .fpent fix years in ftudying the vyorks of the
beft mailers. His indullry was then rewarded with
proportionable fuccefs ; for he found encouragement
among the moll honourable perfons at Rome, and in
every part of Italy through which he travelled, from
perfons of the firll dillin£lion. His. penciling was fa
exceedingly neat, and his touch and colouring fo very
delicate, that he was frequently employed to paint on
jafpar, agate, porphyry, and other precious materials.
BIEEZ, atown of Poland, in the palatinate of Cra-
covia, remarkable for its mines of vitriol. It is feated
om the river Wefeloke, in E. Long. 2. 21. N. Lat.
49. 50.
BIEL. See Biekna.
BIELA, a town of Raffia, and capital of A pro¬
vince of the fame name, feated on the river Opfchaw,
in E. Long. 34. 55. N. Lat. 55. o.
Biela Osero, or Belozero, a town of the Ruf¬
fian empire, capital of a duchy, and fituated on a lake
of the fame name, at the mouth of the river Confa, in
E. Long. 39. 10. N. Lat. 58. 55.
Biela, a town of Piedmont in Italy, and capital
of the Bellefe ne§,r the rivet Gerva, in E. Long. 8. 3.
N. Lat. 45. 22.
BIELSKI, a town of Poland, in the palatinate of
Polachia,. near one of the fources of the river Narew.
E. Long. 22. 55. N. Lat. 53. 50.
BIELSKOI, a town of Ruffia, in the province of
Smolenfko. E. Long. 35. 5. N. Lat. 56 4©.
BIENNA, a town of Switzerland, feated on a lake
of the fame name. The inhabitants are Protellants,
and in alliance with thofe of Bern, Soleure, and Fri-
burg. E. Long. 7. 14. N. Lat. 47. 11.
BIENNIAL plants ; plants, as the title biennial
imports, that are only of two years duration. Nume¬
rous plants are of this tribe, which being railed one
year from feed, generally attain perfection either the
fame, or in about the period of a twelvemonth, or a
little lefs or more, and the following fpring or fummer
fhoot up ftalks, flower, and perfeft feeds 5 foon after
which they commonly periih ; or if any particular fort
furvive another year, they affume a dwindling and
flraggling growth, and gradually die off; fo that bien*
nials are always in their prime the firfl: or fecond fum^
men Biennials conlift both of efculents and flower
plants. Of the efculent kinds, the cabbage, favoy,
carrot, parfnip, beet, onion, leek, &c. are biennials.
Of the flowery tribe, the Canterbury-bell, French ho*
ney-fuckle, wall-flower, flock-July-flower,, fweet-Wil-
liam, China-pink, common-pink, matted-pink, carna¬
tion, 'fcabious, holly-hock, tree-mallow, vervain-mal¬
low, tree-primrofe, honefty, or moonwort, &c. are all
of the biennial tribe; all of which being fown in March,
April, or May, rife the fame year, and in fpring fol¬
lowing fhoot up into ftalks, flowfer, and perfeCl feeds in
4
] BIG
autumn ; after which moft of them dwindle : though Bidr1
fometimes the wall-flowers, hollyhocks, carnations, . H
pinks, will furvive and flower the following year ; but
the plants become draggling, the flowers fmall and
badly coloured 5 it is therefore eligible to raife a
fupply annually from feed ; although wall-flowers, car¬
nations, and pinks, may be continued by flips and
layers.
BIER, a wooden machine for carrying the bodies
of the dead to be btiried. The word comes from the
French biere, which fignifies the fame. It is called in
Latin feretru?n, a fet endo.—Among the Romans the
common bier, whereon the poorer fort were carried,
was called fandapila ; that ufed for the richer fort,
leftica, lettica fanebris, fometimes lecius. The former
was only a fort of wooden cheft, t)ilis area, which was
burnt with the body ; the latter was enriched and gil¬
ded for pompi It was carried bare, or uncovered,
when the perfon died a natural and eafy death ; when
he was much disfigured or diftorted, it was veiled of
covered over.
Bier is more particularly ufed for that whereon the
bodies of faints are placed in the church to reft, and
expofed to the veneration of the devout. This is alfd
cafled, in middle-age writers, left us, feretrum, lefiica,
and loculus ; and was ufually enriched with gold, filver,
and precious ftones, which was the caufe that the bier
of Sc BenediA was pillaged, and all its ornaments car*
fied off.
BIEROLIFT, a town of the Netherlands in Dutch
Flanders, where William Bruckfield; or Beukelings, who
invented the method of pickling herrings, died in
1397. E. Long. 3. 42. N. Lat. 51. 25.
BIFERjE, plants tlvt flower twice a-year, in
fpring and autumn, as is common between the tro¬
pics.
BIFRONS, a peffon double-fronted, or two-faced.
Bifrons is more peculiarly an appellation of Janus,
\?ho was reprefented by the ancients with two faces,
as being fuppofed to look both backwards and for¬
wards : though other reafons for it are recited by Phi*
tarch. Sometimes he was painted with four faces,
quadrifons, as refpeAing the four feafons*
BIGA, in antiquity, a chariot drawn by two horfes
abreaft. Chariot-races, with tWo horfes, were intro*
duced into the Olympic games in the 93d Olympiad }
but the invention was much more ancient, as we find
that the heroes in the Iliad fight from chariots of that
kind. The moon, night, and the morning, are by
mythologifts fuppofed to be carried in big#, the fun in
quadriga. Statues in biga were at firft only allowed
to the gods, then to conquerors in the Grecian games;
under the Roman emperors, the like ftatues, with bigaSi
were decreed and granted to great and well-deferving
men, as a kind of half triumph, being ere&ed in moft
public places of the city. Figures of bigit were alfa
ftruck on their coins. The drivers of biga were cal*
led bigarii; a marble bull of one Florus a bigarius is
ftill feen at Rome.
BIGAMY, properly fignifies being twice married ;
but with us is ufed as fynonymous to polygamy, or ha*
•ring a plurality of wives at once. Such feeond mar¬
riage, living the former hufband or wife, is fimply void,
and a mere nullity, by the ecclefiaftical law of Eng*
land : and yet the legiflature Jaas thought it juft to
make
*B I G
-
I Bigati make it felony, by reafon of its being fo'great a viola-
- . .II tion of the public ceconomy and decency of a well or-
Hl; ®Ignon- dered ftate. For polygamy can never be endured un¬
der any rational civil eftablilhment, whatever fpecious
reafons may be urged for it by the eaftern nations, the
fallacioufnefs of which has been fully proved by many
fenfible writers : but in northern countries the very na¬
ture of the climate feems to reclaim againil it; it never
having obtained in this part of the world, even from
the time of our German anceftors, who, as Tacitus
informs us, “ props foil barbarorum Jingulis uxoribus
“ contenti funt.” It is therefore punilhed by the
laws both of ancient and modern Sweden with death.
And in Britain it is enafted by ftatute I Jac. I.
c. it. that if any perfon being married, do after¬
wards marry again, the former hulband or wife being
alive, it is felony ; but within the benefit of clergy.
The firft. wife in this cafe fhall not'be admitted as an
evidence againil her hulband, becaufe {he is the true
wife ; but the fecond may, for fire indeed is no wife at
all: and fo, vice verfa, of a fecond hufband. This
aft makes an exception to five cafes, in which fuch
fecond marriage, though in the three firft it is void, is
yet no felony. I. Where either party hath been,con¬
tinually abroad for feven years, whether the party in
England hath notice of the other’s being alive or no..
2. Where either of the parties hath been abfent from
the other fevpn years within this kingdom, and the re¬
f 223 ]
B I G
it is ufual to fend children to fchool. At ten years of Bignoni*.
age he gave the public a fpecimen of his learning, in a ——v—
Defcription of the Holy Land; and two years after,
he publifhed a Difcourfe concerning the principal anti¬
quities and curiofities of Rome; and A fummary trea-
tife concerning the eleftion of Popes. Henry IV. de-
fired to fee him, and appointed him page to the dau¬
phin, who was afterwards Louis XIlI. He appeared
at court with all the politenefs of manners imaginable.
He wrote at that time a Treatife of the precedency
of the kings of France, which he dedicated to Hen¬
ry IV. who gaveliim an exprefs order to continue his
refearches on that fubjeft: but the death of that prince
interrupted his defign. He publifhed, in 1613, the
Formulae of Marculphus. He was in 1620 made advo¬
cate-general in the grand council; and difeharged that
poll with fuch reputation, that the king nominated:
him fome time after counfellor of ftate, and at laft ad¬
vocate-general in the parliament. He refigned his of¬
fices in 1641 ; and the year following was appointed
chief library keeper of .the king’s library. He was
obliged to refume his office of advocate-general, and.
held it till his death. He was employed in the moft
important affairs of ftate. At laft this great man, who
had always made religion the bafis of his other virtues,,
died with the moft exemplary devotion in 1656.
BIGNONIA, Trumpet-flower, or Scarlet
Jasmine: A genus of the angiofpermia order, be-
maining party hath had no knowledge of the other’s longing to the didynamia clafs of. plants ; and in the
being alive within that time. 3. Where there is a dr
vorce (or feparation a menfa et thoro) by fentence in
the ecclefiaftical court, 4, Where the firft marriage is
declared abfolutely void by any fuch fentence, and the
parties loofed a vinculo. Or, 5. Where either of the.
parties was under yhe age of confent at the time of the
firft marriage ; for in fuch cafe the firffi marriage was
voidable by the difagreement of either party, which
the fecond marriage very clearly amounts .to.. But, if
at the age of confent the parties had agreed to the
marriage, which, completes the contraft, and is indeed
the real marriage; and afterwards one of them ftiould
marry again ; Judge Blackftone apprehends that fuch
fecond marriage would be within the reafon and pe¬
nalties of the aft.
BIGATI, in antiquity, a kind.of ancient Roman
filver coins, on one fide whereof Was reprefented a biga,
or chariot drawn by two horfes. TheAfgata/ was pro¬
perly the Roman denarius, whofe impreffion, during the
times of the commonwealth, was a chariot driven by
4Viftory, and drawn either by two horfes or four ; ac¬
cording to which it was either denominated ligatui ox
quadrigatus.
BIGGLESWADE, a town of Bedfordffiire in
England, feated on the river Ivel, over which there is
a handfome bridge, The town is much more confide-
rable now than formerly, on account of its commodious
inns for paffengers, it lying on the principal road from
London to York. W. Long, o, 15. N. Lat. 52. 5
natural method ranking in the 40th order Perfonata:.
The calyx is quinquefid and cup-form: The corolla.is-
bell-ffiaped at the throat, quinquefid, and bellied under¬
neath: The filiqua is bilocular; and the feeds have
membranous wings.
Species. Gf this genus Linnasus enumerates 17 fpe-
cies; of which the following are the moft remarkable:
1. The radicans, or climbing afh-leaved bignonia, is
a native of Virginia and Canada. It rifes 30 or 40 feet -
high, having pinnated oppofue leaves of four pair of
ferrated lobes,, and an odd one: all the (hoots and
branches being terminated by beautiful clufters of large
trumpet-fhaped fcarlet flowers. The humming birds de¬
light to feed on thefe flowers, and bythruftingthemfelves
too far into them are fometimes caught. Of this fpecies
there is a variety with fmaller flowers. 2. The femper-
virens, or evergreen climbing Virginia bignonia, is a na ¬
tive of Virginia, Carolina, and the Bahama iflands.
The ftalks are more (lender than thofe of. the former
fpecies; yet they rife, upon proper fupports, to the
height of 20. or 30 feet; the flowers are. trumpet-
(haped, ereft, and of a yellow colour, proceeding from
the.fides and ends of the ftalks and branches.. 3. The
catalpa is a native of the fame countries. It hatha
ftrong woody ftem and branches, rifing 20 feet high,
ornamented with large heart-fhaped leaves, five or fix
inches long, .and almoft as broad, placed by threes, with
whitifh yellow-ftriped flowers coming out in panicles
towards the end of the branches. This deferves a
BIGHT, among feamen, denotes one roll or round: place in all curious fhrubberies, as during the fummer
of a cable or rope, when coiled-up..
BIGNON (Jerome), a French writer, was born at
Paris in 1590. He gained an uncommon knowledge,
under the care of his father, in philofophy, mathema¬
tics, hiftory, civil law, and divinity, in a very (horttime;
and was almoft. at the end of his (Indies at . an age when
feafon no tree makes a more beautiful appearance: for
which reafon it fhould be placed confpicuonfly; or
fome might be planted fingly upon fpacious lawns or
other large opens of grafs-ground, and permitted to take,
their nat'jral growth. 4. The unguis, or claw-bignonia,,
a deciduous climber,, is a native of Barbadoesand the,
other-
Bignonia.
BIG [ 224 ] B I L '
other Well India iflands. It rifes by the help of claw¬
like tendrils, the branches being very flenderand weak;
and by thel'e it will over-top bufhes, trees, &c. twenty
or thirty feet high. The branches, however, (how
their natural tendency to afpire, for they wind about
every thing that is near them: To that, together with
the afliftance nature has given them of tendrils, it is no
wonder they arrive at fo great an height. Thefe bran¬
ches, or rather ftalks, have a fmooth furface, are often
of a reddilh colour, particularly next the fun, and are
very tough. The tendrils grow from the joints; they
are bowed, and are divided into three parts. The
leaves grow in pairs at the joints, and are four in num¬
ber at each. Thefe are of an oblong figure, have their
edges entire, and are very ornamental to the plant; for
they are of an elegant green colour: their under fur-
face is much paler than their upper; and their footftalks,
midrib, and veins, alter to a fine purple. The flowers
are monopetalous and bell-lhaped. The tube is very
large, and the rim is divided and fpreads open. They
grow from the wings of the leaves in Auguft, two ufually
at each joint; and they are fucceeded in the countries
where they grow naturally by long pods 5. The ca-
preolata, or tendril bignonia, a native of North Ame¬
rica, is another fine climber, which rifes by the affift-
ance of tendrils or clafpers. The leaves grow at the
joints oppofite by pairs, though thofe which appear at
the bottom frequently come out fingly. They are of
an oblong .figure, and continue on the plant all winter.
The flowers are.produced in Auguft from the wings of
the leaves:; they are of the fame nature, and of the
fliape nearly of the former ; are large, of a yellow co¬
lour, and fucceeded by flrort pods.
Culture and Propagation. Of the climbers 4 1. If
the {hoots are laid upon the ground, and covered with
a little mould, they will immediately ftrike root, and
become good plants for fetting out where they are
wanted. 2. They will -all grow by cuttings. The
bottom part of the ftrongeft young fhoots is the beft ;
and by this method plenty may be foon raifed. 3.
They are to be raifed by feeds; but this is a tedious
method, efpecially of the pinnated-leaved forts; for it
will be many years before the plants raifed from feeds
will blow. As to the catalpa, whoever has the con-
veniency of a bask-bed may propagate it in plenty, f.
By cuttings; which being planted in pots, and plunged
into the beds in the fpring, will food ftrike root, and
may afterwards be fo hardened to the open air, that they
may be fet abroad in the (hade before the end of fum-
mer : in the beginning of Odlober, they fhould be re¬
moved jnto a green-houfe, or under fome {belter to be
protected from the winter’s froft. In the fpring, af¬
ter the bad weather is paft, they may be turned out of
the pots, and planted in the nurfery-way, in a well
flickered place; arid if the foil be rich, and rather in¬
clined to be moift, it will be the better. Here they
may Hand for four or five years, the rows being dug in
winter and weeded in iurnmer, when they will be of a
proper fizeto be planted out to ftand. Thefe cuttings
will often grow in a rich, fliady, moift, border; fo that
whoever,can have plenty of them, fhould plant them
pretty thick in fucK a place, and he may be tolerably
lure, by this way, of railing many plants. 2. From feed;
which muft be procured from America, and fltould be
<N° 46. 6
fown in a fine warm border of light rich mould, or elfe
in pots or boxes; the feedling plants requiring more
than a common care.
BIGORRE, a territory or county of France, in
the province of Gafcony. It is bounded on the eaft
by the valley of Aure, the vifcounty of Nebouffa, Ri¬
viere Verdun, and Pardiac; by Bearn on the weft ; on
the fouth, by the valleys of Brotou and Penticoufe in
Arragon; and on the north, by the county of Riviere-
Bas incorporated with Armagnac. It is 40 miles long
from north to fouth, and 30 in breadth from eaft to
weft. It is divided into three parts, the mountains,
the plains, and the Ruftan. The mountains are inclo-
fed between thofe of the valley of Aure on the eaft,
thofe of Arragon on the fouth, and of Bearn on the
weft. This part contains two principal valleys, Lave-
dan and Barege. The valley of Bigorre is of an oval
form, and has the hills of Ruftan on the eaft. The re¬
markable towns are Tarbes the capital, Bagueres,
Lourd, &c. The mountains are a barrier between
France and Spain, and there are four different paffages
which the inhabitants are obliged to guard. Bigorre
yields marble, jafper, ftone, and flate : • there are alfo
mines of feveral forts, but they are not worked. The
rivers are the Adour, the Elches, the Arrofet, and the
Gave of Lavedan; there are alfo three lakes.
BIGOT, a perfon obftinately and perverfely wedded
to fome opinion or pra&ice, particularly of a religious
nature. Cairfbden, perhaps, has hit upon the true ori¬
ginal of the word. He relates, that when Rollo, Duke
of Normandy, received Gifla, the daughter of Charles
the FooHJh, in marriage, together with the inveftiture
of that dukedom, he would not fubmit to kifs Charles’s
foot: and when his friends urged him by all means to
comply with that ceremony, he made anfwer in the
Englilh tongue, Nf. se by God, i. e. Not'fo by God.
Upon which, the king and his courtiers deriding him,
and corruptly repeating his anfwer, called him bigot;
from whence the Normans were called, bigodi, or bigots.
Bigot, in Italian bigontia, is ufed to denote a Ve¬
netian liquid meafure, containing the fourth part of
the amphora, or half the boot.
BIHAEZ, a ftrong town of Croatia in Hungary,
feated in an ifle formed by the river Anna, in E. Long.
j‘6. 2. N. Lat. 44. 35.
BILANDER, in navigation, a fmall merchant-
ftiip with two mails, diftinguiftied from other veffels
of the fame kind by the’ form of- the main-fail. Few
veffels are now rigged in the maimer of bilanders; the
name has been varioufly applied in different countries.
BILBILIS, (anc. geog.), a town of Hifpania
Citerior, the birth-place of Martial; now fuppofed
to be Calatajud in Arragon on the Xalon.
BILBO A, alarge, handfome, and rich town of Spain,
capital of Bifcay, with a well frequented harbour. It
is remarkable for the wholefomenefs of its air and the
fertility of the foil about it. The inhabitants have al¬
ways preferved themfelves from a mixture with the
Jews and Moors; and therefore will admit no family
to fettle among them but who can prove themfelves to
be of Chriftian extraftion, nor will they admit any
flaves among them as in the other parts of Spain. The
exports are wool, and fword-blades, with fome other
manufatlures of iron and fteel. The town is feated at
the
i
BieorN
h y
Bliboa.] r
B I L [ 225 1 B I L
Sflbowa the mouth of the river Ibaicabal, in W. Long. 4. 30.
N. Lat. 43. 33. r _ ,
BILBOWS, a pumihment at lea, anfwenng to the
flocks at land. The offender is laid in irons, or flocks,
which are more or lefs ponderous according to the qua¬
lity of the offence of which he is guilty.
BILDESTON.a town of Suffolk in England, feated
on a creek on the river Breton. The principal manu¬
facture is in woollen goods, efpecially blankets. E.
Long. o. 45. N. Lat. 53. zo.
BILDGE of a fhip, the bottom of her floor, or the
breadth of the place the fhip refls on when fhe is a-
ground. Therefore, bildge-'iuater is that which lies on
her floor, and cannot go to the well of the pump.:
And bildge-pumps, or burr-pumps, are thofe that carry
off the bildge-water. They likewife fay .the fhip is
bildged, when fhe has fome of her timber flruck off on
a rock or anchor, and fprings a leak.
BILE, a yellow, bitter jftice, Separated from the
blood in the liver, collected in the porus bilarius and
gall-bladder, and thence difcharged by the common
dud into the duodenum. See Anatomy, n° 97, 98.
BILEDULGERID, or Belad Al Jerid, the
Country of dales, a kingdom of Africa, It is almoft
of a fquare form, extending itfelf more than 80 leagues
everyway, from 28. 30. to 32. 50. north latitude, and
from 6 to 12 degrees of weft longitude. It is bounded
on the north by the kingdom of Tunis, on the eaft by
a ridge of lofty mountains which divide it from Tripoli
and part of Gudamis, on the weft by the countries
of Zeb and Mezeb, and on the fouth by the province
of Verghela. The whole country is barren, fandy, and
mountainous, producing little or nothing befides dates,
which grow here in fuch profufion, that the face of
half the kingdom is covered over with date-trees, and
from hence the whole country takes its name. The
•climate is hot and unhealthy: the people lean, fwarthy,
and fhrivelled in their complexions^; with their eyes in¬
flamed, owing to the reflection of the fun-beams from
the white hard foil; and the fhowers of dull and fand
driven by the high winds that blow here at certain fea-
fons are frequently fo violent as to bury men and
cattle under them. Another inconvenience with which
the inhabitants are afflifted, for which no other rea-
fon is given befides their conftant living on dates, is,
an inveterate fcurvy in their gums, whence all their
teeth drop out; though it frequently fpreads over their
whole bodies, and then they become the moll unhappy
and loathfome obje&s. They are almoft entirely free
from other difeafes: fo that, when not afflicted with this,
they live to a good old age ; though it is obfervable,
that they difcover a furrowed countenance, ftirivelled
ikin, hoary locks, and other fymptomsof old age, very
early in life, and before decrepitude, infirmity, or any
decay of their faculties, appear. The plague is not
known in Biledulgerid, though fo frequent in Barbary,
and though a conftant intercourfe is kept up between
the two countries ; whence it would feem, that in cer¬
tain cafes this terrible diftemper is not fo infectious as
It is ufually thought to be. The fame may be faid of
the fmall-pox, a difeafe little lefs contagious and fatal
in hot countries than the plague itfelf. The natives
are reprefented as a lewd, treacherous, thievilh, and
lavage people, who delight in murder and robbery.
Vox.III. Parti.
They are moftly a mixture of Africans and wild Arabs Biledulge-
who mingled themfelves with them. The former live r|^
with fome regularity and civil order in a kind of villages gug
compofed of a number of little huts; the latter in tents, e—-y—«j
ranging from place to place in quell of food and plun¬
der. The Arabs, who pride themfelves in their fuper
riority of birth and talents above the primitive inhabi¬
tants, are wholly independent and free, frequently hi¬
ring themfelves in the fervice of the neighbouring prin¬
ces at war ; from which policy arife the moll valuable
branches of their public revenue, if any thing can be
called common or public in a nation of lawlefs rob¬
bers. The reft purfue no other occupation befides
hunting and plundering ; the firft of which is their
common employment, efpecially hunting of oftriches,
which are faid to be of a prodigious ftature in this
country, and as high as a man mounted on a tall
horfe. The inhabitants eat the flelh of thefe ani¬
mals ; barter their feathers for corn, pulfe, and other
things they want; ufe their hearts in their necroman-
tic and religious rites, their fat as a medicine of fove-
reign virtue, their talons for ear-pendants and other or¬
naments, and their Ikins they convert into pouches and
knapfacks, fo that not a part of the animal but is em¬
ployed in fome ufeful purpofe. Befides dates and
oftriches, the Arabs live likewife on the flelh of goats
and.camels; drinking either the liquor or broth in which
that flelh is boiled, or the milk of their camels ; for
they feldom talle water, that element being more fcarce
in this country than milk itfelf. In the whole coun¬
try there is fcarce a town of any note, or even a ftream
of water that deferves notice, or that is not dried up
half the year.
BILEVELT, a town of Germany, in the circle of
Weftphalia and county of Ravenlburg, fubjedl to the
king of Pruffia, in E. Long. 8. 20. N. Lat. 52. e.
BILINGUIS, in a general fenfe, fignifies one that
fpeaks two languages; but in law, is ufed for a jury
that paffes in any cafe between an Englifnman and a
foreigner, whereof part ought to be Englilh and part
llrangers.
BILIOUS, in general, denotes fomethingbelonging
to, or partaking of, the nature of bile. Hence,
Bilious Fevers are thofe occalioned by the over-co-
pioufnefs or bad qualities of the bile.
BILL, in mechanics, an inftrument made of iron,
edged in the form of a crefcent, and adapted to a
handle. It is ufed by plumbers, to perform feveral
parts of their work ; by bafleet-makers, to cut the lar-
geft pieces of chefnut-trees and other wood ; and by
gardeners, to prune trees. When fhort, it is called a
band-bill; and when long, a hedge-bill.
Bill, in law, a declaration in writing; expreffing
either fome wrong the complainant has fuffered from the
defendant, or a fault committed by the perfon com¬
plained of againft fome law or ftatute.—This bill is
fometimes exhibited to jufticesat the general affixes, by¬
way of indiftment, or referred to others having jurit-
diciion ; but is more generally addreffed to the lord
chancellor. It contains the fad. complained of, the
damage fuflained, and a petition or procefs againft the
defendant for redrefs; and is ufed both in criminal
and civil cafes. In the fonner, the words billa vera
are indorfed by the grand jury upon a prefentment,
F f implying
B I L r 226 1 B I L
implying that they find the fame founded on pro¬
bable evidence, and therefore worthy of further confi-
deration.
In Scots law, every fummary application in writing,
by way of petition to the court of feffion, is called a
lill.
Bill of Attainder. See Attainder.
Bill of Appeal. See Appeal.
Bill fignifies alfo a paper, either written or printed,
in very large chara&ers, which is polled up in fome o-
pen and public place, to give notice of the fale of any
merchandize or ihip, or of the failing of any velfel in¬
to foreign parts.
Bill, in trade, both wholefale and retail, as alfo
among workmen, fignifies an account of merchan¬
dizes or goods delivered to a perfon, or of work done
for one.
Bill, in commerce, denotes a fecurity for money
under the hand and fometimes feal of the debtor, with¬
out any condition or forfeiture in cafe of non-perform¬
ance ; in which it is diilinguilhed from a bond or ob¬
ligation. It has been ufually defined, a writing where¬
in one man is bound to another to pay a fum of mo¬
ney, on a day that is future, or prefently on demand,
according to the agreement of the parties at the time
when it is drawn ; on which, in cafe of failure, dili¬
gence or execution may be immediately done to force
payment. Thefe bills mull be on llamped paper: if
under L.50, the llamp to be 6d. ; if for L.50 or up¬
wards, 1 s.
Bank-BiLL is a note or obligation figned on behalf
of the company of the bank, by one of their calhiers,
for value received. Or it is an obligation to pay on
demand either to the bearer or to order; in Scotland,
it is underftood to be to order.
Bill of Entry, an account of the goods entered at
the cuftom-houfe, both inwards and outwards. In
this bill mull be expreffed, the merchant exporting or
importing ; the quantity of merchandize, and_the di¬
vers fpecies thereof; and whither tranfported, or from
whence.
Bill of Exchange, is a fecurity, originally invented
among merchants in different countries, for the- more
eafy remittance of money from the one to the other,
which has fince fpread itfelf into alniolt all pecuniary
tranfadlions. It is an open letter of requell from one
man to another, defiring him to pay a fum named there¬
in to a third perfon on his account •, by which means
a man at the moll dillant part of the world may have
money remitted to him from any trading country. If
A lives in Jamaica, and owes B who lives in England
X.. 1000 ; now if C be going from England to Jamaica,
he may pay B this L.iooo and take a bill of exchange
drawn by B in England upon A in Jamaica, and re¬
ceive it when he comes thither. Thus does B receive
his debt, at any dillance of place, by transferring it
to C; who carries over his money in paper-credit,
without danger of robbery or lofs This method is
faid to have been brought into general ufe by the Jews
and Lombards, when banilhed for their ufury and
other vices : in order the more ealily to draw their ef-
fe£ls out of France and England into thofe countries
in which they had chofen to refide. But the invention
of it was a little earlier •> for the Jews were banilhed
out of Guienne in 1287, and out of England in 1290,
and in 1236 the ufe of paper-credit was introduced in¬
to the Mogul empire in China.—In common fpeech,
fuch a bill is frequently called a draught; bat a bill of
exchange is the more legal as well as mercantile ex-
preffion. The perfon, however, who writes this letter
is called, in law, the drawer; and he to whom it is
written, the drawee} and the third perfon or negociator
to whom it is payable (whether fpecially named or
the bearer generally) is called the payee.
Thefe bills are either foreign or inland; foreign,
when drawn by a merchant refiding abroad upon his
correfpondent in England, or vice vefa ; and inland,
when both the drawer and the drawee refide within the
kingdom. Formerly foreign bills of exchange were
much more regarded in the eye of the law than inland
ones, as being thought of more public concern in the
advancement of trade and commerce. But now by two
ftatutes, the one 9 and 10 W! III. c. 17. the other 3
and 4 Ann. c. 9. inland bills of exchange are put upon
the fame footing as foreign ones ; what was the law
and cuftom of merchants with regard to the one, and
taken notice of merely as fuch, being by thofe ftatutes
exprefsly enabled with regard to the other. So that
there is now in law no manner of difference between
them. In drawing foreign bills of exchange, it is cu-
ftomary to give two or three of the fame date and tenor
to be fent by different conveyances, that in cafe of acci¬
dents the perfon to whom they are fent may not be dif.
appointed ; in which cafe it is mentioned in the body
of the bill, that it is the ill, 2d, or 3d bill of exchange ;
fo that when one is paid it difeharges all the reft. Fo¬
reign bills for any fum muft be on 6d. ftamped paper.
Bill of Lading, an acknowledgment figned by the
mafter of a ftiip, and given to a merchant, &c. contain¬
ing an account of the goods which the mafter has re¬
ceived on board from that merchant, &c. with a pro-
mife to deliver them at an intended place for a certain
falary. Each bill of lading muft be treble, one for the
merchant who loads the goods, another to be fent ta
the perfon to whom they are configned, and the third
to remain in the hands of the mafter of the flap. It
muft be obferved, however, that a biff of lading is ufed
only when the goods fent on board a Ihip are but part
of the cargo : for wrhen a merchant loads a whole vef-
fel for his own perfonal account, the deed paffed between
him and the mafter of the ftiip is called charter-party..
See CuARTER-party.
Bills of Mortality , are accounts of the numbers of
births and burials within a certain diftrifk, every week,
month, quarter, or year. In this fenfe we fay weekly:
bills, monthly bills, quarterly bills, yearly bills. The
London bills of mortality, which were the firft, are
compofed by the company of parilh-clerks, and exprefs,
the number of chriftenings of each fex, and the number
of deaths from each difeafe.
Bill of Parcels, an account given by the feller to the
buyer, containing the particulars of all the forts and
prices of the goods bought.
Bill of Sale, is when a perfon wanting a fum of
money delivers goods as a fecurity to the lender, to>
whom he gives this bill, impowering him to fell the
goods, in cafe the fum borrowed is not repaid, with:
intereft,. at the appointed time.
B.ILL
B I L L 227 ] B I L
15tLL of Store, a licence granted at the cuftom-houfe
to merchants, by which they have liberty to carry, cu-
ftom-free, all fuch ftores and provifions as they may
have occafion for during their voyage.
Bill of Sufferance, a licence granted to a merchant,
at the cuftom-houfe, fuffering him to trade from one
Englifti port to another without paying cuftom.
Lombard Bills, are inftruments of an uncommon
kind and figure, ufed in Italy and Flanders, and of late
alfo in France; confifting of a piece of parchment, cut
to an acute angle about an inch broad at top, and ter¬
minating in a point at bottom-; chiefly given where
private perfons are concerned in the fitting out a fhip
on any long voyage. The manner is thus: The party,
who is defirous to be concerned in the cargo or venture,
carries his money to the merchant, who fits out the
Ihip, where it is entered down in a regifter: at the fame
time the merchant writes down on a piece of parch¬
ment, upwards of an inch broad, and feven or eight
inches long, the name of the lender and the fum lent;
which being cut diagonal-wife, or from corner to cor¬
ner, each party retains his half. On the return of the
veffel, the lender brings his moiety to the merchant;
which being compared with the other, he receives his
dividend accordingly. Much the fame is pra&ifed in
Holland by thofe who lend money on pledges: the
name of the borrower and the fum are written on a
like flip of parchment, which is cut in twm, and half
given to the borrower, and the other half ftitched to
the pledge; that, upon comparing them together again,
the borrower may receive his goods on paying the mo¬
ney ftipulated.
Bill in Parliament, a paper containing propofitions,
offered to the houfes to be paffed by them, and then
prefented to the king to pafs into a law.
To bring a bill into the houfe, if the relief fought
by it is of a private nature, it is firft neceffary to pre¬
fer a petition ; which muft be prefented by a member,
and ufually fets forth the grievance defired to be reme¬
died. This petition (when founded on fa£ts that may
•be in their nature difputed) is referred to a committee
•of members, who examine the matter alleged, and ac¬
cordingly report it to the houfe ; and then (or, other-
wife, upon the mere petition) leave is given to bring in
the bill. In public matters, the bill is brought in upon
motion made to the houfe, without any petition at all.
Formerly all bills were drawn in the form of petitions,r
which were entered upon the parliament-rolls, with the
king’s anfwer thereunto fubjoined ; not in any fettled
form of words, but as the circumftances of the cafe re¬
quired : and at the end of each parliament the judges
drew them into the form of a ftatute, which was en¬
tered on the ftatute-rolls. In the reign of Henry V. to
prevent miftakes and abufes, the ftatutes were drawn
up by the judges before the end of the parliament;
and in the reign of Henry VI. bills in the form of a&s,
.according to the-modern cuftom, were firft introduced.
The perfons dire&ed to bring in the bill, prefent it
•in a competent time to the houfe, drawn out on paper,
with a multitude of blanks, or void fpaces, where any
-thing occurs that is dubious, or neceffary to be fettled
by the parliament itfelf (fuch efpecially as the precife
■date of times, the nature and quantity of penalties,
or of any firms of money to be railed) ; being indeed
only the Ikeleton of the bill. In the houfe of lords,
if the bill begins there, it is (when of a private nature)
referred to two of the judges, who examine and report
the ftate of the fads alleged, to fee that all neceffary
parties confent, and to fettle all points of technical pro¬
priety. This is read a firft time, and at a convenient
diftance a fecond time; and after each reading, the
fpeaker opens to the houfe the fubftance of the bill,
and puts the queftion, Whether it fhall proceed any far¬
ther ? The introdu&ion of the bill may be originally
oppofed, as the bill itfelf may at either of the read¬
ings ; and, if the oppofition fucceeds, the bill muft be
dropped for that feffion; as it muft alfo, if oppofed
with fuccefs in any of the fubfequent ftages.
After the fecond reading, it is committed ; that is,
referred to a committee: which is either felefted by the
houfe in matters of fmall importance ; or elfe, upon a
bill of confequence, the houfe refolves itfelf into a com¬
mittee of the whole houfe. A committee of the whole
houfe is compofed of every member ; and, to form it,
the fpeaker quits the chair (another member being
appointed chairman), and may fit and debate as a pri¬
vate member. In thefe committees the bill is debated
claufe by claufe, amendments made, the blanks filled
up, and fometimes the bill entirely new modelled. Af¬
ter it has gone through the committee, the chairman
reports it to the houfe with fuch amendments as the
committee have made ; and then the houfe reconfiders
the whole bill again, and the queftion is repeatedly put
upon every claufe and amendment. When the houfe
hath agreed or difagreed to the amendments of the
committe, and fometimes added new amendments of
its own, the bill is then ordered to be engroffed, or
written in a ftrong grofs hand, on one or more long
rolls (or preffes) of parchment fewed together. When
this is finiflied, it is read a third time, and amendments
are fometimes then made to it; and if a new claufe be
added, it is done by tacking a feparate piece of parch¬
ment on the bill, which is called a ryder. The fpeaker
then again opens the contents; and, holding it up in
his hands, puts the queftion, Whether the bill fliall pafs ?
' If this is agreed to, the title to it is then fettled; which
ufed to be a general one for all the a<fts paffed in the
feffion, till in the fifth year of Hen. VIII. diftindl titles
were introduced for each chapter. After this, one of
the members is diredted to carry it to the lords, and
defire their concurrence; who, attended by feveral more,
carries it to the basr of the houfe of peers, and there
delivers it to their fpeaker, who comes down from his
woolfack to receive it.
It there paffes through the fame forms as in the other
houfe (except engroffing, which is already done); and,
if rejefted, no more notice is taken, but it paffes fub
Jilentio, to prevent unbecoming altercations. But if it
is agreed to, the lords fend a meffage by two mafters
in chancery (or fometimes two of the judges) that they
have agreed to the fame: and the bill remains with the
lords, if they have made no amendment to it. But if
any amendments are made, fuch amendments are fent
down with the bill to receive the concurrence of the
commons. If the commons difagree to the amend¬
ments, a conference ufually follows between members
deputed from each houfe ; who for the moft part fettle
and adjuft the difference : but if both houfes remain
F f 3 inflexible.
B I L [ 228 ] B I L
inflexible, tbe bill is dropped. If the commons agree
to the amendments, the bill is fent back to the lords by
one of the members, with a meffage to acquaint them
therewith. The fame forms are obferved, mutatis mu-
tandis, when the bill begins in the houfe of lords. But
when an aft of grace or pardon is pafled, it is firft
figned by his majelty, and then read once only in each
of the houfes, without any new engrofling or amend¬
ment. And when both houfes have done with any bill,
it always is depolited in the houfe of peers, to wait the
royal aflent; except in the cafe of a bill of fupply,
which after receiving the concurrence of the lords is
fent back to the houfe of commons.
The royal affent may be given two ways: 1. In per-
fon ; when the king comes to the houfe of peers, in
his crown and royal robes, and fending for the com¬
mons to the bar, the titles of all the bills that have
paffed both houfes are read ; and the king’s anfwer is
declared by the clerk of the parliament in Norman-
French: a badge, it mull be-owned (now the only one
remaining), of conqueft ; and which one could wifli to
fee fall into total oblivion ; unlefs it be referved as a fo-
lemn memento to remind us that out liberties are mor¬
tal, having been once deftroyed by a foreign force. If
the king confents to a public bill, the clerk ufually de¬
clares, Le roy le veut, “ The king wills it fo to be if
to a private bill, Soit fait come il eji defire, “ Be it as
it is delired.” If the king refufes his affent, it is in
the gentle language of Le toy favifera, “ The king will
advife upon it.” When a bill of fupply is paffed, it
is carried up and prefented to the king by the fpeaker
«f the houfe of commons ; and the royal affent is thus
expreffed, Le roy remercie fes loyalfubjetts, accepie lour
benevolence, et aujfi le veut; “ The king thanks his loyal
fubjefts, accepts their benevolence, and wills it fo to
be.” In cafe of an aft of grace, which originally pro¬
ceeds from the crown and has the royal affent in the tirft
flage of it, the clerk of the parliament thus pronoun¬
ces the gratitude of the fubjeft: Les prelats, feigneurs,
et commons, en ce prefent parliament ajfemblees, au nom
de touts vous autrcs fubjetts, remercieni tres humblement
votre majejle, et prient a Dieu vous donner en fante bone
vie et longue; “ The prelates, lords, and commons, in
this prefent parliament affembled, in the name of all
your other fubjefts, moft humbly thank your majefty,
and pray to God to grant you in health and wealth
long to live. 2. By the ftatute 33 Hen. VIII. c. 21.
the king may give his affent by letters patent under his
great feal, figned with his hand, and notified in his ab-
ience to both houfes affembled together in the high
houfe. And when the bill has received the royal affent
in either of thefe ways, it is then, and not before, a fta¬
tute or aft of parliament.
This ftatute or aft is placed among the records of
the kingdom; there needing no formal promulgation
to give it the force of a law, as was neceffary by the
civil law with regard to the emperor’s edifts: becaufe
every man in Britain is, in judgment of law, party to
the making of an edift of parliament, being prefent
thereat by his reprefentatives. However, a copy thereof
is ufually printed at the king’s prefs for the informa¬
tion of the whole land. And formerly, before the in¬
vention of printing, it was ufed to be publifhed by the
fheriff of every county; the king’s writ being fent to
him at the end of every feffion, together with a tran-
feript of all the afts made at that feffion, commanding BUI
him, ut fatuta ilia, et omnes articulos in eifdem conten- J! (
tos, in Jingulis loch ubi expedire viderit, publice procla- ^d.iarcs.
mari, et firmiter teneri et obfervari faciat. And the v
ufage was to proclaim them at his county court, and
there to keep them, that whoever would might read
or take copies thereof; which cuftom continued till the
reign of Henry VII.
An aft of parliament thus made is the exercife of
the higheft authority that this kingdom acknowledges
upon earth. It hath power to bind every fubjeft in the
land, and the dominions thereunto belonging; nay,
even the king himfelf, if particularly named therein.
And it cannot be altered, amended, difpenfed with,
fufpended, or repealed, but in the fame forms and by
the fame authority of parliament: for it is a maxim in
law, that it requires the fame ftrength to diffolve as to-
create an obligation. It is true, it was formerly held,
that the king might in many cafes difpenfe with penal
ftatutes; but now by ftatute 1 Wil. and M. ft. 2. c. 2.
it is declared, that the fufpending or difpenfing with
laws by regal authority, without confent of parliament^
is illegal.
Bill of Rights. See the article Liberty.
BILLERICAY, a town of Effex in England, feated
on a hill, in E. Long. o. 25. N- Lat. 51. 35.
BILLET, in heraldry, a bearing in form of a long
fquare. They are fuppofed to reprefent pieces of cloth
of gold or filver; but Guillem thinks they reprefent a
letter fealed up, and other authors take them for bricks.
Billete fignifies that the el'cutcheon is all over ftrewed
with billets, the number not afeertained.
BiLLEr-lVood, fmall wood for fuel, cut three feet and
four inches long, and feven inches and a half in compafs j
the affize of which is to be inquired of by juftices.
BILLETING, in military affairs^ is the quartering
of foldiers in the houfes of a town or village.—And,
among fox-hunters, it fignifies the ordure and dung of
a fox.
BILLIARDS, an ingenious kind of game, played
on a reftangular table, with little ivory balls, which
,are driven into hazards or holes, according to certain
rules of the game.
This game was invented by the French, when it
was played in a different manner from what it is at
prefent, by having a pafs or iron fixed on the table,
through which the balls at particular periods of the
game ufed to be played; but now this method is quite
laid afide.
Soon after the French, the Germans, the Dutch,
and Italians, brought this game into vogue throughout
moft parts- of Europe, at which they became great pro¬
ficients ; and in a few years afterwards it became a fa¬
vourite diverfion in many parts of England, particularly
with perfons of the firft rank. Since that time, indeed,
it has been in a great meafure proftituted by the de-
figning and vulgar fort of people : notwithftanding, it
will never be out of faihion, being of itfelf very enter¬
taining, and attended with that kind of moderate ex¬
ercife which renders it the- more agreeable.
The table on which the game is played is generally
about twelve feet long and fix feet wide, or rather in.
the exaft form of an oblong; it is covered with fine
green cloth, and furrounded with cufliions to prevent
the balls rolling off, and to make them rebound.
There
B I L
[ 229
lizards. There arc fix holes, nets, or pockets : thefe are fixed ball
] B I L
running, lofes one. 20. He who ftiikes the Blinardt.
J at the four corners, and in the middle, oppofite to each table with the ftick, or plays before his turn, lofes one. ^
other, to receive the balls, which when put into thefe
holes or pockets are called hazards. The making of a
hazard, thlt is, putting the adverfary’s ball in, at the
ufual game reckons for two in favour of the player.
The game is played with ilicks, called maces, or
with cues; the firft confiil of a long Araight ftick, with
a head at the end, and are the moft powerful inftru-
ments of the two : the cue is a thick ftick diminiihing
gradually to a point of about half an inch diameter;
this inftrument is played over the left hand, and fup-
ported by the fore-finger and thumb. It is the*>nly
!l. He who throws the ftick upon the table, and hits
the ball, lofes one. 22. If the hail Hands upon the
edge of the hole, and after being challenged it falls in,
it is nothing, but muft be put up where it was before.
23. If any perfon not being one of the players, ftops a
ball, the ball muft Hand in the place where it was (top¬
ped. 24. He who plays without a foot upon the floor
and holes his adverfary’s ball, gets nothing for it, but
lofes the lead. 25. He who leaves the game before
it is ended, lofes it. 26. Any perfon may change his
ftick in play, 27. If any difference arife between
inftrument in vogue ^abroad, and is played with ama- players, he who marks the game or the majority of the
zing addrefs by the Italians and fome of the Dutch ;
but in England the mace is the prevailing inftrument,
which the foreigners hold in contempt, as it requires players. 29. If any perfon lays any wager, and does
company muft decide it. 28. Thofe who do not play
muft ftand from the table, and make room for the
not near fo much addrefs. to play the game with, as
when the cue is made ufe of; but the mace is prefer¬
red for its peculiar advantage, which fome profeffed
not play, he lhall not give advice to the players upon
the game.
Different kinds of games played at billiards—Befidea
players have artfully introduced, under the name of the common winning game, which is twelve up, there
trailing, that is, following the ball with the mace to are feveral other kinds of games, viz. the loling-game,
fuch a convenient diftance from the other ball as to make the winning and lofing, choice of balls, bricole, caram-
it an eafy hazard. The degrees of trailing are various, bole, Ruffian carambole, the bar-hole, the one-hole, the
and undergo different denominations amongft the con-
noiffeurs at this game ; namely, the (hove, the fweep,
the long ftroke, the trail, and the dead trail or turn up,
all which fecure an advantage to a good player accord-
four-game, and haanrds.
The lojing-game, is the common game nearly rever-
fed ; that is to fay, except hitting the balls, which is
abfolutely neceffary, the player gains by lofing. By
ing to their various gradations : even the butt end of putting himfelf in, he wins two ; by putting his ad-
the cue becomes very powerful, when it is made ufe of
by a good trailer.
Rules generally obferved at the common or ufual game.
:rfary in; he lofes two ; but if he pockets both balls*
he gets four. This game depends greatly upon parti¬
cular ftrengths, and is therefore very neceffary to be
— 1. For the lead, the balls muft be put at one end, known to play the winning game well.
and the player muft ftrike them againft the farthermoft
culhion, in order to fee which will be neareft the cuftrion
The nuinning and hjing game is a combination of
botft games ; that is to fay, all balls that are put in by
that is next to them. 2. The neareft to the cuftiion is ftriking firft the adverfary’s ball, reckon towards game;
to lead and choofe the ball if he pleafes. 3. The lead- and holing both balls reckons four. At this game and •
er is to place his ball at the nail, and not to pafs the the lofing, knocking over or forcing the balls over the
middle pocket; and if he holes himfelf in leading, he cufhion, goes for nothing, the ftriker only lofes the
lofes the lead. 4. He who follows the leader muft lead.
ftand within the corner of the table, and not place his
ball beyond the nail. 5. He who plays upon the run-
Choice of balls, is choofing each time which ball
the player pleafes, which is doubtlefs a great advan-
ning ball lofes one. 6. He who touches the ball twice, tage, and is generally played againft lofing and win-
and moves it, lofes one. But thefe two rules are fel- ning.
dom or ever enforced, efpecially in England,
who does not hit his adverfary’s ball, lofes one.
7. He
8. He
Bricole, is being obliged to hit a culhion, and make
the ball rebound or return to hit the adverfary’s ball.
who touches both balls at the fame time, makes a foul otherwife the player lofes a point. This is a great
ftroke, in which cafe if he Ihould hole his adverfary, difadvantage, and is reckoned between even players to
nothing is gained by the ftroke ; but if he Ihould put be equal to receiving about eight or nine points.
himfelf in, he lofes two. 9. He who holes both balls
lofes two. 10. He who ftrikes upon his adverfary’s
ball, and holes himfelf, lofes two. 11. He who plays
at the ball without ftriking it, and holes himfelf,
lofes three. 12. He
the table, lofes two.
Carambole, is a game newly introduced from France.
It is played with three balls, one being red, which is
neutral, and is placed upon a fpot on a line with the
{fringing nail (/. e. that part of the table from whence
ho ftrikes both balls over the player ftrikes his ball at firft fetting oft’, and which
3.. He who ftrikes his ball is generally marked with two brafs nails). Each an-
over the table, and does not hit his adverfary’s ball, tagonift at the firft ftroke of a hazard, play from a
lofes three. 14. He who retains the end of his ad- mark which is upon a line with it at the other end of
verfary’s ftick when playing, or endeavours to baulk the table. The chief obje£f at this game is, for the
15. He who plays another’s ball player to hit with his own ball the two other balls,
which is called a carambole, and by which the player
wins two. If he puts in the red ball he gets three, and
when he holes his adverfary’s ball he gets two ; fo that
and being near the hole lofes two. 18. He who blows feven may be made at one ftroke, by caramboling and
upon the ball when running lofes one, and if near the putting in both balls. This game refembles the lofing,
hole lofes two. 19. He who (hakes the table when the depending chiefly upon particular ftrengths, and is ge¬
nerally
his ftroke, lofes o
or ftioke without leave, lofes one. 16. He who takes
up his ball, or his adverfary’s without leave, lofes one.
17. He who ftops either ball when running lofes one,
B I L [ 230 ] B I L
Btlliarda. net ally played with the cue. The game is fixteen up;
'“—'v"' neverthelefs it is reckoned to be fooner over than the
■common game. The next obje& of this game, after
making what we have dilUnguilhed by the caramboU,
is the baulk ; that is, making the white ball, and bring¬
ing the player’s own ball and the red one below the
ftringing nail, from whence the adverfaries begin. By
this means the opponent is obliged to play bricole from
the oppofite cufhion, and it often happens that the
.game is determined by this fituation.
The Rujjian carambok, is a game that has ftill more
lately been introduced from abroad, and is played in the
following manner: The red ball is placed as ufual on
the fpot made for that purpofe; but the player when
he begins, or after having been holed, never places his
ball on any particular place or fpot; he being at liber¬
ty to put it where he pleafes. When he begins to
play, inftead of ftriking at the red ball, he leads his
own gently behind it, and his antagonill is to play at
which he thinks proper; if he plays at the red ball
and holes it, he fcores three as ufual towards the game,
which is twenty-four inftead of fixteen points; and
the red ball is put upon the fpot again, at which he
may ftrike again or take his choice which of the two
balls to pufti at, always following his ftroke till both
.balls are off the table. He is intitled to two points
each time that he caramboles, the fame as at the other
game ; but if he caramboles and puts his own ball into
.any hole, he lofes as many as he might have got had
he not holed himfelf: for example, if he ftrikes at the
red ball, which he holes, at the fame time caramboles
and holes himfelf^ he lofes five points ; and if he holes
both balls when he caramboles, and like wife his own,
he lofes feven, which he would have got if he had not
holed his own balk In other refpefts it is played like
the common carambole game.
The bar-hole, is fo called from the hole being barred
which the ball ftiould be played for, and the player
Itriking for another hole; when this game is played
againft the common game, the advantage for the latter,
between equal players, is reckoned to be about fix.
The player at the one-hole, though it feems to thofe
who are not judges of the game to be a great difad-
vantage, has in fad! the beft of it; for as all balls that
go into the one hole reckon, the player endeavours to
lay his ball conftantly before that hole, and his antagonift
frequently finds it very difficult to keep one or other
ball out, particularly on the leads, when the one hole
player lays his ball (which he does as often as he can)
on the brink of the hole ; leading for that purpofe from
the oppofite end, which in reality he has no right to do;
for the lead ffiould be given from the end of the table
at which the hazard is made: but when a perfon hap¬
pens to be a novice, this advantage is often taken.
The four-game, confifts of two partners on each
fide, at the common winning game; who play by
fucceffion after each hazard, or two points loft. The
game is fifteen up ; fo that the point or hazard is an
odd number, which makes a mifs at this game of more
confequence than it is at another; being as much at
four, fix, or eight, as it is at five, feven, or nine, at the
lingle game.
Hazards, are fo called becaufe they depend entirely
upon the making of hazards, there being no account
kept of any game. Any number of perfons may play,
5
by having balls that are numbered ; but the number Biliingha
feldom exceeds' fix, to avoid confufion. The perfon ^ W ^
whofe ball is put in, pays fo much to the player ac- 1 r
cording to what is agreed to be played for each ha¬
zard ; and the perfon who miffes, pays half the price
of a hazard to him whofe ball he played at. The on¬
ly general rule is not to lay any ball a hazard for the
next player, which may be in a great meafure avoided,
by always playing upon the next player, and either !
bringing him dole to the culhion or putting him at a
diftance from the reft of the balls. The table, when
hazards are played, is always paid for by the hour.
BILJLINGHAM, a town of Northumberland in
England, feated in W. Long. 1. 35. N. Lat. 55. 20.
BILLON, in the hiftory of coins, a compofition of 1
precious and bafe metals* where the latter predominate.
Wherefore gold under twelve carats fine, is called billon
of gold; and filver under fix penny-weight, billon of fi¬
ver. So little attention was paid formerly to the purity
of gold and filver, that the term billon of gold was ap¬
plied only to that which was under twenty-one carats,
and billon of fiver to that which was lower than ten
penny-weight.
Billon, a town of Auvergne in France, fituated in
E. Long. 3. 30. N. Lat. 45. 36.
BILSDON, a fmall town of Leicefterlhire in Eng- 1
land, fituated in W. Long. o. 15. N. Lat. 52. 40.
BILSEN, a town of Germany, in the circle of Weft-
phalia and biftiopric of Liege, feated on the river Dem- |
er, in E. Long. 5.42. N. Lat. 50. 48.
BILSON(Thomas), bilhop of Winchefter, in which
city he was born and educated. In 1565, he was ad-
mitted perpetual fellow of New college, and in 1570
completed his degrees in arts. He was made bachelor
of divinity in 1579, and deftor the year following.
His firft preferment was that of mailer of Winchefter
fchool; he was next made prebendary, and afterwards j
warden, of Winchefter college. In 1596 he was con-
fecrated bilhop of Worcefter; and about a year after,
tranflated to the fee of Winchefter, and fworn of queen
Elizabeth’s privy council. He was one of the prin¬
cipal managers of the Hampton-court conference in
1604; and the Englilh tranllation of the Bible in the
reign of king James I. was finally corredled by this
prelate, and Dr Miles Smith biihop of Gloucefter.
He died in the year 1616; and was buried in Weft-
minfter abbey, near the entrance of St Edmund’s cha¬
pel, on the fouth fide of the monument of king Ri¬
chard II. The feveral authors who have mentioned
bilhop Bilfon, agree in giving him the charadler of a
learned divine, an able civilian, and an upright man.
His ftyle is in general much more eafy and harmonious
than that of-cotemporary ecclefiaftics. His works are,
1. Several Latin poems and orations. Manufcript, in
Ant. Wood’s library. 2. The true difference between
Chrifian fubjeftion and unchrifian rebellion. Oxf. lyHy,
4to. Lond. 1586, 8vo. 3. The perpetual government
of Chrif's church. Lond. J593, 4to, Black Letter.
4. The effett of certain fermons touching the full re¬
demption of mankind by the death and blood of Chrif,
&c. Lond. 1599, 4to. 5. The furvey of Chriffs fuf-
fering for man's redemption, and of his defeent to Hades
or Hell. Lond. 1604, fol. 6. A fennon preached before
kina Tames I. and his queen at their coronation. Lond.
1603, 8vo.
BIMEDIAL,
i Medial
Jinary.
BIN [ 231 ] BIN
BIMEDIAL, in mathematics.' If two medial lines,
as AB and BC, commenfurable only in power, con¬
taining a rational re&an'gle, are compounded, the
whole line AC will be irrational, and is called a firjl
bimedial line.
B
A  —  + C
See Euclid, lib x. prop. 38.
BIMINI, one of the Lucaya iflands in North A-
merica, near the channel of Bahama. It is about eight
miles in length, and as much in breadth, covered with
trees, and inhabited by the native Americans. It is
very difficult of accefs on account of the ffioals, but
is a very pleafant place. W. Long. 79. 30. N. Lat.
25. o.
BIMLIPATAN, a fea-port town of Golconda in
the Eaft Indies, feated on the weft fide of the bay of
BengaL Here the Dutch have a very fmall faftory,
defigned for buying up the cloth manufactured by the
inhabitants. E. Long. 83.5. N. Lat. 18. o.
BINACLE, a wooden cafe or box, which contains
the compaffes, log-glafies, watch glaffes, and lights
to Ihow the compafs at night. As this is called bittacle
in all the old fea-books, even by mariners, it appears
evidently to be derived from the French term babitacle
(a fmall habitation), which is now ufed for the fame
purpofe by the feamen of that nation. The binacle
(Plate XCV. fig. 4.) is furniffied with three apart¬
ments, with Hiding (butters: the two fide ones, a b,
have always a compafs in each d, to direft the (hip’s
way ; while the middle divifion, c, has a lamp or candle
with a pane of glafs on either fide to throw a light upon
the compafs in the night, whereby the man who (leers ,
may obferve it in the darkeft weather, as it (lands im¬
mediately before the helm on the quarter deck. There
are always two binacles on the deck of a drip of war,
one being defigned for the man who (leers, and the
other for the perfon who fuperintends the (leerage,
whofe office is called conning.
BINAROS, a fmall town of Spain, in the kingdom
of Valentia, remarkable for good wine. It is feated
near the fea, in E. Long. o. 15. N. Lat. 40. 24.
BINARY arithmetic, that wherein unity or land
o are only ufed. This was the invention of M. Leib¬
nitz, who (hows it to be very expeditious in difcover-
ing the properties of numbers, and in conilruding
tables: and Mr Dangecourt, in the hillory of the
royal academy of fciences, gives a fpecimen of it con¬
cerning arithmetical progreffionals ; where he (hows*
that becaufe in binary arithmetic only two chara&ers
are ufed, therefore the laws of progreffion may be
more eafily difcovered by it than by common arithmetic.
All the characters ufed in binary arithmetic are o and
1 ; and the cypher multiplies every thing by 2, as in
the common arithmetic by 10. Thus 1 is one j 10,
two; it, three; 100, four; 101, five; no, fix;
lit, feven; ioqo, eight; 1001, nine; 1010, ten;
which is built on the fame principles with common
arithmetic. Hence immediately appears the reafon of
the celebrated property of the duplicate geometrical
proportion in whole numbers ; viz. that one number
of each degree being had, we may thence compofe all
the other whole numbers above the double of the high-
eft degree* It being here, v. gr. as if one (hould fay,.
11 f is the fum of 4, 2, and 1, which proper¬
ty may ferve effayers to weigh all kinds of
maffes with a little weight; and may be ufed
in coins, to give feveral values with fmall
pieces. This method of expreffing numbers
once eftablifhed, all the operations will be ea-
fy : in multiplication particularly, there will
be no need for a table, or getting any thing by heart.
The author, however, does not recommend this me¬
thod for common ufe, becaufe of the great number of
figures required to exprefs a number ; adding, that if
the common progreffion were from 12 to 12, or from
16 to 16, it would be dill more expeditious ; but its
ufe is in difcovering the properties of numbers, in con-
(IruCling tables, &c. What makes the binary arith¬
metic the more remarkable is, that it appears to have
been the fame with that ufed 4000 years ago among
the Chinefe, and left in tenigma by Fohi, the founder
of their empire, as well as of their fciences.
Binary Meafure, in mufic, is a meafure which is
beaten equally, or where the time of riling is equal to
that of falling. This is ufually called common time.
Binary Number, that compofed of two units.
BINCH, a fmall fortified town of the Low Coun¬
tries, in the county of Hainault, fubjedt to the houfe
of Aullria. E. Long 3. 21. N. Lat. 50. 23;
BIND, a country word for a (lalk of hops.
Bind of Eds, a quantity, confiding of 230, or IO-
ftrikes, each containing 25 eels.
BIND-weed, in botany. See Convolvulis.
BINDBROKE, a town of Lincolnffiire in Eng¬
land, feated in E. Long. o. 10. N. Lat. 53. 32.
BINDING-joists, in architefture, are thofe joifta
in a door, into which the trimmers of dair-cafes,
or well-holes of the ftairs, and chimney-ways, are
framed : they ought to be dronger than common
joids.
Binding, in the art of defence, a method of fecuring
or eroding the adverfary’s fword with a predure, accom¬
panied with a fpringfrom the wrift. See Beating.
Unlefs a man, by fome kind of crofs, fecure, as \V
were, or render his adverfary’s fword incapable to of¬
fend him during the time of his performing a ledon
upon him, it is impoffible for him to be certain but
that he may receive from his adverfary, either a for¬
tuitous contretemps, or an exchanged thruft, before
the recovery of his body, or going off after a thrull—
The great objection made by fome people, particularly
thofe time-catchers, againft the frequent ufe of bind¬
ing, is, that when a man, in performing it, cleaves too'
much to his adverfary’s fword, he is liable to his ad¬
verfary’s dipping of him, and confequently of receiving
either a plain thrud, or one from a feint.
Binding is a term in falconry, which implies tiring,,
or when a hawk feizes.
Binding of Books. See BooK-Binding.
BING, in the alum-works,.denotes a heap of alum
thrown together in order to drain.
BINGAZI,a fea-port town of Africa, in the king¬
dom of Tripoli. E. Long. 19. 10. N. Lat. 32. 20.
BINGEN,, am ancient and handfome town of Ger¬
many, in the archbiffiopric of Mentz-, feated at the
place where the river nave falls into the Rhine. E«
Long. 7. 48. N. Lat. 50. 3.
BINGHAM
/
B I N
[ 232 ]
B I
BINGHAM (Jofeph), a learned divine, born at of his difciple Mofchus. His few pieces which are left
Waketield in Yorklhire, in September 1668, educated
j at Univerfity college in Oxford, and afterwards pre-
do not contradict this teftimony. See Mqschus.
Bion, firnamed Boryjihemtcs, becaufe he was of Bo- J
fented by John Radcliffe, M. D. to the reCtory of ryfthenes, was a philofopher of a great deal of wit, but
Headbournworthy, near Wincheiter. In this country of very little religion : he flouriihed about the 120th.
retirement he began his learned and laborious work, Olympiad ; but falling lick, he, like other profane
Origines Ecclejiaftica:; or. The Antiquities of the Chri- perfons, became fuperititious.
ftian church. The firft volume of which was publilhed
in 1708, and it was completed afterwards in nine vo¬
lumes more. He publilhed alfo feveral other bookg.
But notwithftanding his great learning and merit, he
BIORNBURG, a town of north Finland in Swe¬
den, feated on the river Kune near its mouth in the
Gulf of Bothnia. E. Long. 22. 35. N. Lat. 62. 6.
BIOTHANATI (from £<*, violence, and S-aw*
had no other preferment than that of Headbournwor- death), in fome medical writers, denotes thofe who die
thy till the year 1712, when he was collated to the rec¬
tory of Havant, near Portfmouth, by Sir Jonathan
Trelawney bilhop of Winchefter, to whom he dedi¬
cated feveral of his books. He died Auguft 17 th, 1723,
in the 55th year of his age.
Bingham, a town of Nottinghamllure in England,
feated in the vale of Belvoir, in W. Long. 1. 1 o. N.
Lat. 50. 3.
B1NGIUM, (ane. geog.), a village or town of fices of the church,
a violent death. The word is alfo written, and with
more propriety, biathanati; fometimes biaothanti.
In a more particular fenfe, it denotes thofe who kill
themfelves, more properly called autothanati. In this
fenfe it is that the word is ufed both by Greek and La¬
tin writers. By the ancient difcipline of the church,
they were punilhed by denying them burial, and refu-
fing all commemoration of them in the prayers and of-
the Vangiones in Gallicia Belgica, feated at the con¬
fluence of the Nave and Rhine. Now Bingen, which
fee.
Biothanati (fuppofed by fome to be derived from
r, life, and S-avam, death, and alluding to the be¬
lief of a future life after death), was alfo a name of re-
BINGLEY, a town in the weft riding of York- proach given by the Heathens to the primitive Chri-
Ihire, feated on the river Aire, in W. Long. 1. 35.
N. Lat. 53. 20.
BINN, binna, a fort of cheft or cupboard, wherein
ftians, for their conftancy and forwardnefs to lay down
their lives in martyrdom.
BIOTHANATOS is alfo ufed in fome writers of
to lock up bread, meat, or other provifions. The word the barbarous age for wicked, damnable, or accurfed.
is alfo ufed for a place boarded up to put corn in.
BIOUAC, Bivouac, or Biovac, in the military
B,inn, or Bin. The peafe and oatmeal, ufed at art, a nightly guard performed by the whole army,
fea, «are apt to fpoil in cafes. Dr Hales propofes when there is an apprehenfion of danger from the ene-
to prevent this, by putting them into large binns, with
falfe bottoms of hair cloths laid on bars, whereby frefh
air may be blown upwards through them, at proper
times, with fmall ventilators.
BINOCULAR telescope, a kind of dioptric te-
my. The word is formed by corruption from the Ger¬
man 'weywaght, a double watch or guard.
BIPENNIS, a two-edged axe, ufed anciently by the
Amazons in fight; as alfo by the feamen, to cut afun-
der the ropes and cordage of the enemy’s veffels. The
lefcope fitted with two tubes, joined in fuch a manner bipennis was a weapon chiefly of the oriental nations,
that one may fee a diftant objeft with both eyes at the made like a double axe, or two axes joined back to
fame time. See Optics. back, with a ftiort handle. Modern writers ufually
BINOMIAL, in algebra, a root confifting of two compare it to our halbard or partizan ; from which it
members conne&ed by the fign + or —. Thus a+b, differed in that it had no point, or that its fhaft or handle
and 8—3, are binomials, confifting of the fums and was much fhorter.
differences of thefe quantities. See Algebra.
BINTAN, an ifland of Afia, in the Eaft Indies, to
the fouth of the peninfula of Malacca, fituated in E.
Long. 103. 50. N. Lat. 1.0. o , 
BIOGRAPHER, one who writes the lives of par- tion railed to the fourth power, or where the unknown
tir'lllur* rtpHonQ- P’lnfar/'Vl Sintaf no £/- r> .niiantitvr r\$ r\x^e± rtf f f ^ v, ^  /!    frit
BIQUADRATE, or Biquadratic, is the next
power above the cube, or the fquare multiplied by it-
felf.
BIQUADRATIC equation, in algebra, an equa-
ticular perfons, as Plutarch, Suetonius, &c. Seethe quantity of one of the terms has four dimenfions: Thus
next article.
BIOGRAPHY, a fpecies of hiftory which records
the lives and characters of remarkable perfons. This is
A^+ax^bx^cx-j-dzzo is a biquadratic equation.
See Algebra.
^BisvADRAric Parabola, in geometry, a curve line
at once the moft entertaining and inftru&ive kind of of the third order, having two infinite legs tending the
hiftory. It admits of all the painting and pafiion of ro- fame way. See Parabola.
mance ; but with this capital difference, that our paf- Bivvadratic Power of any number, is the fourth
fionsare more keenly interefted, becaufe the characters power or fquared fquare of that number: Thus 16 is
for 2X2 = 4, and
and incidents are not only agreeable to nature, but
ftri&ly true. No books are fo proper to be put into
the hands of young people. See the Preface to this
Work ; and History, n° 95.  
BION, a bucolic poet, native of Smyrna, lived dratic root of 81 is 3 ; for the fquare root of 81
at the fame time with Ptolemy Philadelphus, whofe and the fquare root of 9 is 3.
reign reachtd from the fourth year of the 123d Olym- ‘ ~
piadto the fecond ye&r of the 133d. He was an in-
the biquadratic power of
4X4=16.
Biquadratic Root of any number, is the fquare root
of the fquare root of that number: Thus the biqua-
BIQUALAR, in the cuftoms of the Algerines, _
cook of the divan.—The janizaries, whom the Alge-
comparable poet, if we may believe the lamentations rines call oldackis, after ferving a certain term as com-
.
jjiqmntile
Birch.
BIE. [ 233 ] B I R
mon foldlers, are preferred to be biqualars, or cooks Colleftion. In 1732 he was recommended to the
of the divan, which is the firft ftep towards arriving at friendlhip and favour of the late lord high chancel-
higher preferment. Biqualars have the care of furnifh- lor Hardwicke, then attorney-general; to which noble
ing the officers and commanders of the Algerine fol- peer, and to the prefent Earl of Hardwicke, he was
diery with meat and drink in the camp, in garrifon, indebted for all his preferments. The firil proof he
&c. From biqualars they are made odobachis ; that is, experienced of his patron’s regard was the living of
corporals of companies, or commanders of fquadrons. Ulting in the county of Efiex, in the gift of the
BIQUINTILE, an afpeft of the planets, when crown, to which he was prefented 1732. In 1734 he
they are 144 degrees diftant from each other. It is was appointed one of the domeftic chaplains to the
thus called, becaufe they are dillant from one another unfortunate Earl of Kilmarnock, who was beheaded
by twice the fifth part of 360 degrees. 174*5- Mr Birch was chofen a member of the Royal
BIR, or Berr, a town of the province of Diarbeck Society, Feb. 20. 1734-5 ? an(^ t^ie Society of An-
in Turky in Alia, with a caille where the governor re- tiquaries, Dec. 11. 1735, of which he afterwards be-
fides, feated on the eaftern bank of the river Euphrates, came dire&or till his death. Before this, the Ma-
near a high mountain in a very pleafant and fertile coun- rifchal college of Aberdeen had conferred on him, by
tiy. E. Long. 38. 6. N. Lat. 36. 10. diploma, the degree of Mailer of Arts. In 1743, by
B1RAGUE (Clement), a Milanefe engtaver, and the intereil of Lord Hardwicke, he was prefented by
the inventor of the art of cutting diamonds, flouriihed the crown to the'finecure redlory of Landewy Welfrey
about the year i58o» in the county of Pembroke ; and in 1743-4 was Pre‘
BIRCH-tree, in botany. See Betula. ferred, in the fame manner, to the reftory of Siding-
BiRCH-Bark being bituminous, and confequently ton St Peter’s, in the county and diocefe of Glouce-
warm and emollient, is ufed in fumigations to corredt Her. We find no traces of his having taken pofleffion
a diftempered air. The inner filken bark was anciently of this living ; and indeed it is probable that he quit-
ufed for writing-tables before the invention of paper; ted it immediately for one more fuitable to his incli-
though Ray rather affigns the office of paper to the nations and to his literary engagements, which requi-
cuticle, or outer fkin, which peels off yearly. And red his almoft conftant refidence in town ; for on the
with the outward, thicker, and coarfer part, are houfes 24th of February 1743-4, he was infiituted to the
in Ruffia, Poland, and other northern tra&s, covered, linited redtories of St Michael Woodftreet and St
inllead of dates and tyle. The Indians make pinnaces Mary Staining ; and in 1745-6, to the united redtories
with white cedar, which they cover with large flakes of St Margaret Pattens and St Gabriel, Fenchurch-
of birch-bark; fewing them with thread of fprufe-roots, ftreet (by lord chancellor Hardwicke, in whofe turn
and pitching them, as the ancient Britons did, with the prefentation then was). In January 1752, he was
the willow. Pliny fpeaks of a bitumen adtually pro- eledled one of the fecretaries of the Royal Society, in
cured from the birch-tree. the room of Dr Cromwell Mortimer, deceafed. In
Fungus of Birch, an excrefcence growing on its January 1753, the Marifchal college of Aberdeen cre-
trunk. It is aftringent, and good againft hemorrha- ated him Dodlor of Divinity; and in that year the
gies. When boiled, beaten,' and dried in an oven, it fame degree was conferred on him by Archbifhop Her-’
makes excellent fpunk or touchwood. ring. He was one of the truftees of the Britifh Mu-
Birch-Leaves are of ufe in the dropfy, itch, &c. ei- feum ; for which honour he was probably indebted to
ther internally or externally applied. the prefent Earl of Hardwicke, as he was for his laft
BiRCH-Tnvigs ferve to make rods and brooms1: ftneer- preferment, the reftory of Depden in Effex, to which
ed with bird-lime, they are ufed by fowlers; to fay no- he was indu&ed Feb. 26. 1761. In the latter part of
thing of the ancient fafces carried by lictors. his life he was chaplain to the Princefs Amelia. In
BsRCH-Wine is made by fermenting the vernal juice. 1765 he refigned his office of fecretary to the Royal
Formerly it was in great repute againft all nephritic ' Society, and was fucceeded by Dr Morton. His
diforders, but is left out in the modern London prac- health declining about this time, he was ordered to
tice. The preparation of birch-wine is well and am- ride for the recovery of it; but being a bad horfeman,
ply defcribed in a book intitled Vinetum Britanni- and going out Jan. 9. 1766, he was unfortunately
cum. thrown from his horfe, on the-road betwixt London
Birch (Dr Thomas), an eminent hiltorical and and Hampflead, and died on the fpot, in the 61 ft
biographical writer, was born in London in 1705. His year of his age, to the great regret of the Doftor’s
parents were both of them Quakers; and his father, numerous literary friends ; and was buried in St Mar-
Jafeph Birch, was a coffee-mill maker by trade, garet Pattens. Dr Birch had in his lifetime been very
Thomas being put to fchool, was indefatigable in generous to his relations; and none that were nearly
his application, and dole many hours from fleep to allied to him being living at his deceafe, he bequeath-
increafe his flock of knowledge. By this unremit- ed his library of books and manufcripts, with his pic
ting diligence, though he had not the happinefs of an ture painted in 1735, an<^ other pidlures and
univerfity education, he foon became qualified to take prints not otherwife difpofed of by his will, to the Bri-
holy orders in the church of England, to the furprife tiih Mufeum. He likewife left the remainder of his
of his acquaintance. In 17.28 he married the daugh- fortune, which amounted to not much more than 500I.
ter of the Rev. Mr Cox, to whom he was curate: to be laid out in government-fecurities, for the purpofe
but his felicity was of ftiort duration, Mrs Birch dy- of applying the intereft to increafe the ftipend of the
ing of a puerperal fever in lefs than 12 months after three affiftant librarians: thus manifefting at his death,
their marriage ; an event which he deplores in a very as he hath done during his whole life, his refped^ for
elegant and pathetic poem, preferved in Nichols’s literature, and his defire to promote ufeful know-
Vol. III. Part I. G g ledge.
B I R [ *34 1 B I R
ledge. To the Royal Society he bequeathed his pic¬
ture painted by Wills in 1737, being the original of
the mezzotinto print done by Fauber in 1741. His
principal publications were, x. “ The General Dic¬
tionary, Hiftorical and Criticalincluding a new
tranflation of Mr Bayle, and interfperfed with feveral
thoufand new lives. Dr Birch’s affociates in this un¬
dertaking were, the Rev. John Peter Bernard, Mr
John Lockman, and Mr George Sale. The whole
defign was completed in 10 volumes folio. 2. Dr
Cudworth’s “ Intellectual Syftem (improved from the
Latin edition of Molheim), his Difcourfe on the
true Notion of the Lord’s Slipper, and two Sermons,
with an Account of his Life and Writings,” 2 vols 4to,
1743. 3. “ The Life of the Hon. Robert Boyle,”
1744 5 prefixed to an edition, of that excellent philo-
fopher’s works, revifed by Dr Birch. -4. “ The Lives
of Illuilrious Perfons of Great Britain,” annexed to
the engravings of Houbraken and Vertue, 1747—
1752. 5. “ An Inquiry into the Share which King
Charles I. had in the TranfaCtions of the Earl of Gla¬
morgan,” 1747, 8 vo. 6. An edition of “Spenfer’s Fairy
Queen, 1751,” 3 vols quarto, with prints from defigns by
Kent. 7. “ The Mifcellaneous Works of Sir Walter Ra¬
leigh to which was prefixed the Life of that great, un¬
fortunate, and injured' man, 1751, 2 vols 8vo. 8. “ The
Theological, Moral, Dramatic, and Poetical Works
of Mrs Catharine Cockburn ; with an Account of the
Life of that very ingenious Lady,” 1751, 2 vols 8vo.
9. “ The Life of the Moft Reverend Dr John Tillot-
fon, Lord Archbilhop of Canterbury. Compiled
chiefly from his original Papers and Letters,” 1752,
8vo. 10. “Milton’s Profe Works,” 1753, 2 vols
4to; with a new Life of that great poet and writer.
11. “ Memoirs of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth,
from the year 1581 till her death. In which the fe-
cret intrigues of her court, and the conduft of.her fa¬
vourite Robert Earl of Efiex, both at home and
abroad, are particularly illuftrated. From the origi¬
nal papers of his intimate friend Anthony Bacon, Efq;
and other manuferipts never before publifhed,” 1754,
2 vols 410. 12. “ The Hiftory of the Royal Society
of London for improving natural knowledge, from its
firft rife. In which the moft confiderable of thofe
papers communicated to the Society, which have hi¬
therto not been publiihed, are inferted in their proper
order, as a fupplement to the Philofophical Tranfac-
tions.” 1756 and 1757, 4vols4to. 13. “ The Life
of Henry Prince of Wales, eldeft Son of King James I,
Compiled chiefly from his own papers and other manu¬
feripts never before publiflied.” 1760, 8vo. His
numerous communications to the Royal Society may
be feen in the Philofophical Tranfa&ions 5 and his po¬
etical talents are evident from the verfes already refer¬
red to.
BIRD (William), an eminent mufician and com-
pofer, was one of the children of the chapel in the reign
of Edward VI. and, as it is afierted by Wood in the
Alhmolean MS. was bred up under Tallis. It ap¬
pears, that in 1575 Tallis and Bird were both gentle¬
men and alfo organifts of the royal chapel; but the time
of their appointment to this latter office cannot now be
afeertained.
The compofitions of Bird are many and various 5
thofe of his younger years were moftly for the fervice
3
of the church. He cempofed a work entitled Sa-
crarum Cantionum, quinque vocum, printed in 1589;
among which is that noble compofition Civitas fanfti
tut, which for many years paft has been fung in the
church as an anthem to the words “ Bow thine ear,
O Lord. He was alfo the author of a work entitled
GraduaHa, ac Cantiones faerts, quints, quaternis, tritiif-
que vocibus concinnata. lib. primus. Of this there are
two editions, the later publiflied in 1616. Although
it appears by thefe his works that Bird was in the ftridb-
eft fenfe a church mufician, he occafionally gave to the
world compofitions of a fecular kind : and he feems
to be the firft among Englifli muficians that ever made
an eflay in the compofition of that elegant fpecies of
vocal harmony, the madrigal; the La Verginvlla of A-
riofto, which he fet in that form for five voices, being
the moft ancient mufical compofition of the kind to be
met with in the works of Englifti authors. Of his com-
pofnions for private entertainment, there are extant,
‘ Songs of fundry natures, fome of gravitie, and others
of myrth, fit for all companies and voyces, printed in
1589;’ and two other collections of the fame kind,
the laft, of them printed in i6xt. But the moft per¬
manent memorials of Bird’s excellencies are his motets
and anthems ; to which may be added, a fine fervice
in the key of D with the minor third, the firft com¬
pofition in Dr Boyce’s Cathedral Mufic, vol. III. and
that well-known canon of his, Non nobis Domihe.
Befides his falaries and other emoluments of his pro-
feffion, it is to be fuppofed that Bird derived fome ad¬
vantages from the patent granted by queen Elizabeth to
Tallis and him,for the foie printing of mufic and mufic-
paper : Dr Ward fpeaks of a book which he had feen
with the letters T. E. for Thomas Eaft, Eft, or Efte,
who printed mufic under that patent. Tallis dying in
1585, the patent, by the terms of it, furvived to Bird,
who, no doubt tor a valuable confideration, permitted
Eaft to exercife the tight of printing under the pro-
tefrion of it; and he in the title-page of moft of his
publications ftyles himfelf the ajjignee of William Byrd,
Bird died in 1623.
BIRD, in zoology. See Zoology, n° 8.; Com-
yakat\\k-Anatomy, chap. ii. ; and Op.nithology.
Beam-BiKD, or Petty-chaps. See Motacilla.
Blatk-BiRD.
Blue-BiRD.
Call- Bird.
Canary-BiRD.
Hung-Bird.
Humming-BiRD.
Mocking-Bird.
Bird of Paradife.
Turdus.
Motacilla.’
Bird- Catching, infra-
FringilLa.
Upupa.
TaocHiiLus.
Turdi**.
Paradisea
BiRD-Call, a little ftick cleft at one end, in wdiich
is put a leaf of fome plant, wherewith to counterfeit
the cryer’s call of feveral birds, and bring them to the
net, or fnare, or lime-twig, to be taken. A laurel-
leaf fitted on the bird-call, counterfeits the voice of
lapwings ; a leek that of nightingales, &c.
JbiRD-Cate king, the art of taking birds or wild-fowl,
whether for food, for the pleafure of their fong, or for
their deftruAion as pernicious to the hulbandman, &c-
The methods are by bird-lime, nets, decoys, &c. See
BiRD-Lmi?, infra; and Decoy.
In the fuburbs of London (and particularly about
Shoreditch) are feveral weavers and other tradefmen,
who,.
Bird
B I R
who, during the months of O&ober and March, get
their livelihood by an ingenious, and, we may fay, a
fcientifie, method of bird catching, which is totally un-
[ 235 1
B I R
are good : a gentle wind to the fouth-weft generally
produces the beft fport.
The bird-catcher, who is a fubftantial man, and
known in other parts of Great Britain. The reafon of hath a proper apparatus for this purpofe, generally
this trade being confined to fo fmall a compafs, arifes
from their being no confiderable fale for finging-birds
except in the metropolis: as the apparatus for this
purpofe is alfo heavy, and at the fame time muft be
lington. carried on a man’s back, it prevents the bird- catchers
going to above three or four miles diftance.
This method of bird-catching muft have been long
praftifed, as it is brought to a moft fyftematical per-
feftion, and is attended with a very confidcrable ex¬
pence.
The nets are a moft ingenious piece.of mechanifm ;
are generally twelve yards and a halfloftg, and two
yards and a half wide ; and no one, on bare infpeftion,
would imagine that a bird' (who is fo very quick in all
its motions) could be catched by the nets flapping over
each other, till he becomes eye-witnefs of the pullers
feldom failing.
The wild birds (as the bird-catchers term it)
chiefly during the month of Oftober, and part of Sep¬
tember and November ; as the flight in March is much
lefs confiderable than that of Michaelmas. It is to be
noted alfo, that the feveral fpecies of birds of flight do
not make their appearance precifely at the fame time,
during the months of September, O&ober, and No¬
vember. The pippet (a), for example, begins to fly
about Michaelmas; and then the woodlark, linnet,
goldfinch, chaffinch, greenfinch, and other birds of
flight fucceed ; all of which are not eafily to be caught,
or in any numbers, at any other time, and more par¬
ticularly the pippet and the woodlark.
Thefe birds, during the Michaelmas and March
flights, are chiefly on the wing from day-break to
noon, though there is afterwards a fmall flight from
two till night; but this however is fo inconfidera-
ble, that the bird-catchers always take up their nets
at noon.
It may well deferve the attention of the naturalift
whence thefe periodical flights of certain birds can
arife. As the ground, however, is ploughed during
the months of October and March for fowing the
winter and lent corn, it ftiould feem that they are thus
fupplied with a great profufion both of feeds and in-
fedts, which they cannot fo eafily procure at any other
feafon.
It may not be improper to mention another cir-
cumftance, to be obferved duriug their flitting, viz.
that they fly always againft the wind : hence there is
great contention amongft the bird-catchers who fhall
gain ihat point; if (for example) it is wefterly, the
bird-catcher who lays his nets molt to the eaft, is fure
almoft of catching every thing, provided his call-birds
carries with him five or fix linnets, (of which more are
caught than any finging bird), two gold-finches, two
green-finches, one wood-lark, one red-poll, a,yellow-
hammer, tit-lark, and aberdavine, and perhaps a bull¬
finch ; thefe are placed at fmall diftances from the nets
in little cages. He hath, befides, what are called fiur~
birds, which are placed within the nets, are raifed upon
the flur (b) and gently let down at the time the wild
bird approaches them. Thefe generally confift of the
linnet, the gold-finch, and the green-finch, which are
fecured to the flur by what is called a brace (c) ; a
contrivance that fecures the birds without doing any
injury to their plumage.
It having been found that there is a fuperiority be¬
tween bird and bird, from the one being more in fong
than the other ; the bird-catchers contrive that their
call-birds Ihouid moult before the ufual time. They
therefore, in June or July, put them into a clofe box
under two or three folds of blankets, and leave their
dung in -the cage to raife a greater heat; in which ftate
they continue, being perhaps examined but once a-week
to have frelh water. As for food, the air is fo putrid,
that they eat little during the whole ftate of confinement,
which lafts about a month. The birds frequently die
under the operation ; and hence the value of a flopped
bird rifes greatly. When the bird hath thus prema¬
turely moulted, he is in fong whilft the wild birds are
out of fong, and his note is louder and more piercing
than that of a wild one ; but it is not only in his note
he receives an alteration, the plumage is equally im¬
proved. The black and yellow in the wings of the
gold-finch, for example, become deeper and more vi¬
vid, together with a moft beautiful glofs, which is not
to be feen in the wild bird. The bill, which in the
latter is likewife black at the end, in the ftopped-bird
becomes white and more taper, as do its legs : in ihort,
there is as much difference between a wild and a ftop¬
ped-bird, as there is between a horfe which is kept in
body-clothes and one at grafs.
When the bird-catcher hath laid his nets, he dif-
pofes of his call-birds at proper intervals. It muft be
owned, that there is a moft malicious joy in thefe call-
birds to bring the wild ones into the fame ftate of cap¬
tivity ; which may likewife be obferved with regard to
the decoy-ducks. See Decoy.
Their fight and hearing infinitely excels that of the
bird-catcher. The inftant that the (d) wild birds are
perceived, notice is given by one to the reft of the call-
birds, (as it is by the firft hound that hits on the feent
to the reft of the pack) ; after which, follows the fame
fort of tumultuous ecftacy and joy. The call-birds,
G g 2 while
1a) A fmall fpecies of lark, but which is inferior to other birds of that genus in point of fong.
(b) A moveable perch to which the bird is tied, and which the bird-catcher can raife at pleafure by means'
of a long ftring fattened to it.
(c) A fort of bandage, formed of a flender filken ftring that is faftened round the bird’s body, and un¬
der the wings, in fo artful a manner as to hinder the bird from being hurt, let it flutter ever fo much in
the raffing.
(d) It may be alfo obferved, that the moment they fee a hawk, they communicate the alarm to each other
by a plaintive note; nor will they then jerk or call though the wild birds are near.
Bird.
f Lit, x.
c.z9.
B I R [ 236 ] B I R
while the bird is at a diftance, do not fing as a bird does
in a chamber ; they invite the wild ones by what the
bird-catchers call Jhort jerks, which, when the birds are
good, may be heard at a great diftance. The afcend-
ency by this call or invitation is fo great, that the wild
bird is ftopped in its courfe of flight; and, if not already
acquainted with the nets (e), lights boldly within 20
yards of perhaps three or four bird-catchers, on a fpot
which otherwiie it would not have taken the leaft notice
of. Nay, it frequently happens, that if half a flock
only are caught, the remaining half will immediately
afterwards light in the nets, and (hare the fame fate ;
and ftiould oiily one bird efcape, that bird will i’uffer
itfelf to be pulled at till it is caught; fuch a fafciuating
power have the call-birds.
While we are on this fubjett of the jerking of birds
we cannot omit mentioning, that the bird-catchers fre¬
quently lay confiderable wagers w'hofe call-bird can jerk
the longeft, as that determines the fuperiority. They
place them oppofite to each other, by an inch of can¬
dle ; and the bird who jerks the ofteneft, before the
candle is burnt out, wins the wager. We have been
informed, that there have been inftances of a bird’s giving
170 jerks in a quarter of an hour; and we have known
a linnet, in fuch a trial, perfevere in its emulation till
it fwooned from the perch r thus, as Pliny fays of the
nightingale, vitta morte jitiit frepe vitam, fpiritu prius
dejiciente quam cantu\. It may be here obferved, that
birds when near each other, and in fight, feldom jerk
or fing. They either fight, or ufe fhort and wheedling
calls ; the jerking of thefe call-birds, therefore, face
to face, is a moft extraordinary inftance of contention
for fuperiority in fong.
To thefe we may add a few particulars that fell within
our notice duringour inquiries amongthe bird-catchers;
fiuch as, that they immediately kill the hens of every
fpecies of birds they take, being incapable of finging,
as alfo being inferior in plumage ; the pippets likewife
are indifcriminately deftroyed, as the cock does not
fing well: they fell the dead birds for three-pence or
fourpence a dozen. Thefe fmall birds are fo good,
that we are fuprifed the luxury of the age neglects fo
delicate an acquifition to the table. The modern Ita¬
lians are fond of fmall birds, which they eat under the
common name of beccajicos : and the dear rate a Roman
tragedian paid for one difti of finging birds is well
known ; (fee the article JEsop).
Another particular we learned, in converfation with
a London bird-catcher, was the vaft price that is fome-
times given for a Angle fong-bird, which had not learned
to whiftle tunes. The greateft fum we heard of, was
five guineas for a chaffinch, that had a particular and
uncommon note, under which ft was intended to train
others : and we alfo heard of five pounds ten {hillings
being given for a call-bird linnet.
A third Angular circumftance, which confirms an
obfervaticn of Linnaeus, is, that the male chaffinches fly
by themfelves, and in the flight precede the females;
but this is not peculiar to the chaffinches. When the
tit-larks are caught in the beginning of the feafon, it
frequently happens, that forty are taken and not one
female among them : and probably the fame would be
obferved with regard to other birds (as has been done
with relation to the wheat-ear), if they were attended
to. An experienced and intelligent bird-catcher in¬
formed us, that fuch birds as breed twice a year, ge¬
nerally have in their firft brood a majority of males,
and in their fecond, of females, which may in part ac¬
count for the above obfervation.
We muft not omit mention of the bullfinch, though
it does not properly come under the title of a iinging-
bird, or a bird of flight, as it does not often move '
farther than from hedge to hedge; yet, as the bird
fells well on account of its learning to whiftle tunes,
and fometimes flies over the fields where the nets are
laid, the bird-catchers have often a call-bird to enfnare
it, though mo ft of them can imitate the call with their
mouths. It is remarkable with regard to this bird,
that the female anfwers the purpofe of a call-bird , as
well as the male, which is not experienced in any o-
ther bird taken by the London bird-catchers.
The nightingale is not a bird of flight, in the fenfe
the bird-catchers ufe this term. Like the robin, wren,
and many other finging birds, it only moves from hedge
to hedge, and does not take the periodical flights in
O&ober and March. The perfons who catch thefe
birds, make ufe of fmall trap-nets, without call-birds ;
and are confidered as inferior in dignity to other bird-
catchers who will not rank with them. The arrival of
the nightingale is expected by the trappers in the
neighbourhood of London, the firft week in April: at
the beginning, none but cocks are taken; but in a few
days the hens make their appearance, generally by
themfelves, though fometimes a few males come along
with them. The latter are diftinguiffied from the fe¬
males not only by their fuperior fize, but by a great
fwefling of their vent, which commences on the firft ar¬
rival of the hens. They are caught in a net-trap, the
bottom of which is furrounded with an iron ring ; the
net itfelf is rather larger than a cabbage net. When
the trappers hear or fee them, they ftrew fome freffi
mould under the place, and beat the trap with a meal¬
worm from the baker’s {hop. Ten or a dozen nightin¬
gales have been thus caught in a day.
The common way of taking larks, of which fo
many are ufed at our tables (fee Alauda), is ia the
night, with thqfe nets which are called trammels. Thefe
are ufually made of 36 yards in length, and about fix
yards over, with fix ribs of pack-thread, which at the
ends are put upon two poles of about 16 feet long, and
made lefler at each end. Thefe are to be drawn over the
ground by two men, and every five or fix fteps the net is
made to touch the ground, otherwife it will pafs over
the birds without touching them, and they will efcape.
When they are felt to fly up againft the net, it is
clapped down, and then all are fafe that are under it.
The darkeft nights are propereft for this fport; and
the net will not only take larks, but all other birds that
rooft on the ground; among which are woodcocks,
fnipes, partridge, quails, field-fares, and feveral others.
In the depth of winter people fometimes take great
numbers of larks by noofes of horfe-hajr. The method
(e) A bird, acquainted with the nets, is by the bird-catchers termed a JJ.arper ; which they endeavour to
drive away, as they can have no fport whilft it continues near them.
BIR [ 237 ] B I R
Bird. is this: Take 100 or 200 yards of packthread; faften
at every fix inches a noofe made of double horfe-hair;
at every 20 yards the line is to be pegged down to the
ground, and fo left ready to take them. The time to
ufe this is when the ground is covered with fnow, and
the larks are'to be.allured to it by fome white oats
fcattered all the way among the noofes. They muft
be taken away as foon as three or four are hung, other-
wife the reft will be frighted ; but though the others
are feared away juft where the fportfman comes, they
will be feeding at the other end of the line, and the
fport may be thus continued for a long time.—Thofe
caught in the day are taken in clap-nets of fifteen yards
length, and two and a half in breadth ; and are en¬
ticed within their reach by means of bits of looking-
glafs, fixed in a piece of wood, and placed in the mid¬
dle of the nets, which are put in a quick whirling
motion by a ftring the larker commands ; he alfo
makes ufe of a decoy-lark. Thefe nets are ufed only
till the 14th Novetnber: for the larks will not dare, or
frolic in the air, except in fine funny weather; and of
courfe cannot be inveigled into the fnare. When the
weather grows gloomy, the larker changes his engine,
and makes ufe of a trammel net, twenty feven or
twenty-eigKt feet long, and five broad; which is put
on two poles, eighteen feet long, and carried by men
under each arm, who pafs over the fields and quarter
the ground as a fetting dog : when they hear or feel a
lark hit the net, they drop it down, and fo the birds
are taken.
Multitudes of the inhabitants of each clufter of the
Orkney Ifles feed during the feafon on the eggs of
the birds of the cliffs. The method of taking them is
fo very hazardous, as to fatisfy one of the extremity
to which the poor people are driven for want of food.
Copinftia, Hunda, Hoy, Foula, and Nofs-head, are
the moft celebrated rocks; and the neighbouring na¬
tives the moft expert climbers and adventurers after
the game of the precipice. The height of fome is
above fifty fathoms ; their faces roughened with fnelves
or ledges fufficient only for the birds to reft and
lay their eggs. To thefe the dauntlefs fowlers will
afeend, pafs intrepidly from the one to the other, col-
ledt the eggs and birds, and defeend with the fame in¬
difference. In moft places the attempt is made from
above : they are lowered from the dope contiguous to
the brink, by a rope, fometimes made of ftraw, fome-
times of the brillles of the hog : they prefer the laft
even to ropes of hemp, as it is not liable to be cut by
the fharpnefs of the rocks; the former is apt to un-
twift. They truft themfelves to a Angle affiftant, who
lets his companion down, and holds the rope, depend¬
ing on his ftrength alone; which often fails, and the
adventurer is fure to be dalhed to pieces, or drowned
in the fubjacent fea. The rope is often drifted from
place to place, with the impending weight of the
fowler and his booty. The perfon above receives fig-
r.als for the purpofe, his affociate being far out of
fight; who, during the operation, by help of a ftaff,
fprings from the face of the rocks, to avoid injury
from the projedling parts.
But the moft lingular fpecies of bird-catching is on
the holm of Nofs, a vaft rock fevered from the ifie of
Nofs by fome unknown convulfion, and only about
fixteen fathoms diftant. It is of the fame llupendous
height as the oppofite precipice, with a raging fea
between ; fo that the intervening chafm is of match-
lefs horror. Some adventurous climber has reached
the rock in a boat, gained the height, and faftened
feveral ftakes on the fmall portion of earth which is to
be found on the top ; correfpondent ftakes are placed
on the edge of the correfpondent cliffs. A rope is
fixed to the ftakes on both fides, along which a ma¬
chine, called a craddle, is contrived to Aide ; and, by
the help of a fmall parallel chord faftened in like man¬
ner, the adventurer wafts himfelf over, and returns
with his booty.
The manner of bird-catching (fee Pi. XCVII. fig. 7.)
in the Feroe iflands is fo very ftrange and hazardous,
that the defeription Ihould. by no means be omitted.
Neceffity compels mankind to wonderful attempts.
The cliffs which contain the objefts of their fearch are
often two hundred fathoms in height, and are attempt¬
ed from above and below. In the firft cafe, the fowlers
provide thtmfclves with a rope 80 or too fathoms in
length. The fowler fallens cne end about his waift and
between his legs, recommends himfelf to the prote&ion
of the Almighty, and is lowered down by fix others, who
place a piece of timber on the margin of the rock, to
preferve the rope from wearing againll the lharp edge.
They have befides a fmall line faftened to the body of
the adventurer, by which he gives fignals that they
may lower or raife him, or Ihift him from place to
place. The laft operation is attended with great dan¬
ger, by the loofening of the ftones, which often fall
on his head, and would infallibly deftroy him, was it
not protefted by a ftrong thick cap ; but even that is
found unequal to fave him againft the weight of the
larger fragments of rock. The dexterity of the fowl¬
ers is amazing ; they will place their feet againft the
front, of the precipice, and dart themfelves fome fa¬
thoms from it, with a cool eye furvey the places where
the birds neftle, and again Ihoot into their haunts.
In fome places the birds lodge in deep receffes. The
fowler will alight there, difengage himfclf from the
rope, fix it to a ftone, and at his leifure colledt the
booty, faften it to his girdle, and refume his pendu¬
lous feat. At times he will again fpring from the
rock, and in that attitude, with a fowling-net placed
at the end of a ftaff, catch the old birds which are.
flying to and !from their retreats. When he hath fi-
niftied his dreadful employ; he gives a fignal to his
friends above, who pull him up, and fliare the hard-
earned profit. The feathers are preferved for expor¬
tation : the flefti is partly eaten freih, but the greater
portion dried for winter’s provifion.
The fowling from below has its fliare of danger.
The party goes on the expedition in a boat; and when
it has attained the bafe of the precipice, one of the
moft daring, having faftened a rope about his waift,
and furniftied himfelf with a long pole with an iron
hook at one end, either climbs or is thruft up by his
companions, who place a pole under his breech, to the
next footing fpot he can reach. He, by means of the
rope, brings up one of the boat’s crew ; the reft are
drawn up in the fame manner, and each is furniftied with
his rope and fowling-ftaff. They then continue their
progrefs upwards in the fame manner, till they arrive
at the region of birds ; and wander about the face of
the cliff in fearch of them. They then a£l in pairs ;
2 one
B I R [ 238 ] B I R
Bird, one faftens hlmfelf to the end of-his affociate’s rope,
'—-y-— jn plaCes where birds have neftled beneath his
footing, he permits himfelf to be lowered down, de¬
pending for his fecurity on the ftrength of his compa¬
nion, who has to haul him up again ; but it fometimes
happens that the perfon above is overpowered by the
weight, and both inevitably perifh. They fling the
fowl into the boat, which attends their motions, and
receives the booty. They often pafs feven or eight
days in this tremendous employ, and lodge in the
crannies which they find in the face of the precipice.
In fome remote parts of Ruffia there is prattifed a
PI. XCVII. Angular invention for taking great quantities of geli-
% 8. nottes or grous. They choofe the moft open places
in the birch woods; and there they plant long forks in
the earth oppofite the larger trees. On thefe forks is
laid a horizontal flick, gallows-wife, to which are tied
fmall bundles of ears of corn. At a fmall diftance from
this part of the contrivance,'is a kind of large funnel
or inverted cone, made with long birch twigs, thin
and flexible, the kwer extremities of which are flunk
in the earth, very near to one another; but by fpread-
ing towards the top, forms there an opening of above
a yard in diameter. In this opening is placed a wheel
made of two circles that interfe£l each other, and are
furrfiunded with ftraw and ears of corn. This wheel
turns on an axis faftened to the Tides of the funnel in
fuch a manner, that there is room enough between the
flicks of the cone and the circles to admit of the wheel’s
turning freely about. The birds firft perch upon the
tranfverfe flick near the tree ; and when they, have a
mind to fall upon the corn tied to the wheel, they muft
neceflarily ftand upon one of the proje&ing parts of
the circles of which it- is compofed. At that inftant
the wheel turns, and the gelinotte falls, head foremoft,
to the botton of the trap, which is there fo contra&ed
that he cannot get out. They fometimes find the ma¬
chine half full of gelinottes.
The following method of netting or catching of v/ild
pigeons is eagerly purfued as a diverfion in different
parts of Italy, particularly by the inhabitants of Cava
in the Hither Principato, and is thus deferibed by
Mr Swinburne. The people “ affemble in parties; and
if any ftranger chances to flray to their rendezvous,
give him a moft cordial welcome. I am not in the
leaft furprifed (fays Mr Swinburne) at their paffionate
fondnefs for this fport, as I found it extremely be¬
witching, keeping the attention conftantly alive, and
the fprings of the mind pleafingly agitated by expec¬
tation ; the fituations where the toils are fpread are
incomparably beautiful, the air is pure and balfamic,
and every thing around breathes health and fatisfac-
tion. When the periodical flights of flock-doves re¬
turn from the northern and wettern parts of Europe to
gain warmer regions for their winter abode, the fowler
repairs to the mountain and fpreads his nets acrofs
the intermediate hollows, the paffes through wdiich
the birds direct their courfe, to avoid unneceffary
elevation in their flight. Thefe nets are hung upon a
row of large trees planted for the purpofe. The
branches being very thick and clofe at top, and the
bole lofty and bare, a great opening is left below for
the toils, which reach to the ground; and by means
of pulleys, fall in a heap with the leaft effort. Some¬
times they are extended upon poles that exceed the
height of the trees. At a fmall diftance is a lofty
circular turret, like a column with a little capital or
cap, upon which a man is flationed to watch the ap¬
proach of the game. As he commands a free view
over all the country, and pra&ice has made his fight
as acute as that of the lynx, he deferies the birds at a
wonderful diftance. The doves advance with great ve¬
locity ; but the alert watchman is prepared for them;
and juft as they approach his poft, hurls a ftone above
them with a fling: upon this th6 whole flock, whofe
fears have birds of prey for their great object, fuppo-
fing the ftone to be an enemy of that kind ready to
pounce them, dart down like lightning to avoid the
blow by paffing under the trees ; but there they rufh
into the jaws of death, by dafhing againft the net,
which inftantly drops and fo entangles them that not
one of them can efcape the aftive hands of the fowler.
Thefe birds are fometimes taken by dozens at one fall,
and are accounted fine eating. The dexterity with
which the (lingers manage their weapon is very remark¬
able ; they throw the ftone to a great height without
any violent effort, and even wnthout whirling the fling
round before they difeharge the pellet. In the Pyre¬
nean mountains, where the fame diverfion is followed,
the watchmen ufe a bow' and arrow, trimmed with the
feathers of a hawk.”
The following Ample but ingenious method of catch¬
ing aquatic birds is «fed in Mexico by the natives.
The lakes of the Mexican vale, as well as others of the
kingdom, are frequented by a prodigious multitude of
ducks, geefe, and other water-birds. The Mexicans
leave fome empty gourds to float upon the water,
where thofe birds refort, that they may be accuftomed
to fee and approach them without Tear. The bird-
catcher goes into the water fo deep as to hide his
body, and covers his head with a gourd: the ducks
come to peck at it; and then he pulls them by the feet
under water, and in this manner fecures as many as he
pleafed.
Bird-Lime, a vifeid fubftance, prepared after dif¬
ferent w'ays. The moft common bird-lime among us
is made from holly-bark, boiled ten or t welve hours;
when the green coat being feparated from the other, it
is covered up a fortnight in a moift place; then pounded
into a tough pafte, fo that no fibres of the wood are
difcernible, and wafhed in a running ftream till no
motes appear ; put up to ferment four or five days,
(kimmed as often as any thing arifes, and laid up for
ufe. To ufe it, a third part of nut-oil, or thin greafe,
muft be incorporated with it over the fire.
The juice of holly-bark is a very peculiar fubftance.
But if trials were made, it feems probable, that many
other juices would be found to have the fame clammy
nature. The mifletoe affords a juice, even Tuperior to
that of the holly ; and if a young (hoot of the com¬
mon alder be cut throngh, there will a ftringy juice
draw out in threads, and follow the knife like bird-lime
or the juice of the holly. It feems in this tree to be
lodged, notin the bark, but in certain veins juft within
the circle of the wood. The roots of all the hyacinths
alfo afford a tough and ftringy juice of the fame kind;
and fo does the afphodel, tie narciffus, and the black
bryony root, in a furprifing quantity.
When twigs, &c. fmeared with bird-lime, are to be
put in places fubjedt to wet, the common bird-lime is
apt
B I R
d. apt to have its force foon taken away. It is neceflary,
therefore, to have recourfe to a particular fort, which
from its property of bearing water unhurt, is called <u)«-
tsr bird-lime ; and is prepared thus: Take a pound of
ftrong and good bird-lime; wa(h it thoroughly in
fpring-water, till the hardnefs is all removed; and then
beat it well, that the water may be clean feparated, fo
as not a drop remains; then dry it well, and put it into
an earthen pot; add to it as much capon’s greafe as
will make it run. Then add two fpoonfuls of ftrong
vinegar, one fpoonful of oil, and a fmall quantity of
Venice turpentine. Let the whole boil for fome mi¬
nutes over a moderate fire, ftirring it all the time. Then
take it off; and when there is occafion to ufe it, warm
it, and coyer the fticks well with it. This is the beft
fort of bird-lime for fnipes and other birds that love
wet places.
The moft fuccefsful method of ufing the common
bird-lime is this: Cut down the main branch or bough
of any buihy tree whofe twigs are thick, ftraight, long,
and fmooth, and have neither knots nor prickles. The
willow and the birch-tree afford the beft of this kind.
Let all the fuperfluous ftioots be trimmed off, and the
twigs all made neat and clean ; they mull all be well
covered with the bird-lime, within four inches of the
bottom ; but the main bough from which they grow,
mull not be touched with the lime. No part, of the
bark, where the lime Ihould come, mull be left bUre :
but it is a nice matfer to lay it on properly; for if it be
too thick it will give the birds a diftafte, and they will
not come near it; and if there be too little of it, it
will not hold them when they are there. When the
bulh is thus prepared, it muft be fet up in fome dead
hedge, or among fome growing bulhes near the out-
Ikirts of a town, a farmer’s back-yard, or the like, if
it be in the fpring ; for thefe places are the refort of
the fmall birds at that time. If it be ufed in fummer,
the bulh mull be placed in the midft of a quick-fet
hedge, or in groves, bulhes; or white-thorn trees, near
fields of corn, hemp, flax, and the like; and in the win¬
ter, the proper places are about Hacks of corn, hovels,
barns, and the like. When the lime-bulh is thus planted,
the fportfman muft Hand as near it as he can, without
being difeovered ; and with the mouth, or othenvife,
make fuch fort of notes as the birds do when they at¬
tack or call to one another. There are bird-calls to be
bought for this ufe ; but the moft expert method is to
learn- the notes of call of the feveral birds, and imitate
them by a fort of whiftling. When one bird is thus
enticed to the bulh, and hung fall, the bufinefs of the
fportfman is not to run up to take it, but to be patient;
for it will hang itfelf more fall, by its ftruggling to get
away; and itg fluttering will bring more to the bulh,
fo that feveral may be taken together. The time of
the day for this fport is from fun-rife to ten o’clock,
and from one to fun-fet. Another very good method
of bringing the birds together, is by a ftale: a bat
makes a very good ftale; but it mull be faftened, fo as
B I R
to be in fight at a diftance. An owl is a ftill better Bird,
ftale ; for this bird never goes abroad but it is followed -v——^
by all the fmall birds in the neighbourhood. They
will gather together in great numbers about it; and
having no convenient place to fit oh but the lime-
bulh, will be taken in great numbers. If a living owl
or bat is not to be had, the Ikin Huffed will ferve the
purpofe, and will laft twenty years. Some have ufed
the image of an owl carved in wood, and painted in
the natural colours ; and it has been found to fucceed
very -well.
Divination by Birds. T Augury.
Migration of Birds. C See ^Migration.
Nidification of Birds, j ( Ornithology.
Singing Birds are, the nightingale, blackbird, ftar-
ling, thrulh, linnet, lark, throftle, Canary-bird, bul-
finch, goldfinch, &c. See fome very curious experi¬
ments and obfervations on the tinging of birds, Phil.
Tranf. vol. Ixiii. part ii. NJ 31. Their firft found is
called chirp, which is a Angle found repeated at Ihort
intervals ; the next call, which is a repetition of one
and the fame note; and the third found is called
cording, which a young bird, continues to do for ten
or eleven months, till he is able to execute every part
of his fong ; and when he is perfedl in his le(Ton, he is
faid to fng his fong round. Their notes are no more
innate than language in man ; they all fing in the fame
key. The honourable author Caines Barrington has
there attempted to reduce their comparative merits to
a fcale : and to explain how they firft. came to have
particular notes. See Sonq of Birds.
Methods of preferving Birds from putrefaftion, and
fo as to retain their natural form andpefition, as •well as
the beauty of their colours and plumage—A good anti-
feptic for animal fubftances has been much inquired
after; as for tvant of it, many curious animals, and
birds particularly, come to our hands in a very imper-
fe£t ftate; fome from foreign parts entirely mifearry,
and others of the fineft plumage are devoured by infe&s.
Various methods of prefervation, therefore, have been
of late deferibed*; but the following improved me-* See
thods by Dr Lettfornffeem to be theleaft troublefome Tranf. for
and the moft complete. I77o’
“ After opening the bird by a longitudinal incifionf Natural-'
from the breaft to the vent; differing the fleflry parts'Aw
from the bones; and removing the entrails, eyes, Traveller's
brains (f), and tongue ; the cavities and infide of the pfeq,
fkin are to be fprinkled with the powders mentioned be¬
low: the eyes (g) arethentobe inferted, and the head
Huffed with cotton or tow: in the next place, a wire
is to be paffed dqwn the throat through one of the no-
ftrils, and fixed into the breaft-bone: wires are alfo to
be introduced through the feet, up the legs and thighs,,
and inferted into the fame bone; next, fill the body
with cotton to its natural fixe, and few the Ikin over it :
the attitude is laftly to be attended to; and in whatever
pofition the fubjeft is placed to dry, that fame pofition.
will be retained afterwards.
“ The
C 239 ]
(f) In large birds, the brains may be extra&ed by the eyes ; the beft inftrument for this purpofe is a direftor
ufed by furgeons, which may be had of an inftrument-maker at a trifling expence.
(g) Wax (ufed by fome) is not a proper fubftance for eye$ ; there are perfons in London, whofe bufinefs it
is to make glafs-eyes of any fixe or colour, at a penny or two-pence a pair.
B I R
u The drying compound is as follows :
Corrofive fublimate, - - ^ IB.
Saltpetre prepared or burnt, - 4 lb.
Alum burnt, - - - i lb.
Flow ers of fulphur, - .4. lb.
Camphor, - - - lb.
Black pepper, - - 1 lb.
Tobacco ground coarfe,' - T lb.
Mix the whole together, and keep it in a glafs velfel
flopped clofe.
“ Small birds may be preferved in brandy, rum, ar¬
rack, or firft runnings ; though in this manner the co¬
240 ] B I R
you may pafte on a fecond paper, and it will be whiter:
let the fecond.paper dry ; then get ready any bird that '
you would reprefent, and draw it as exa& as may be
on your papered pannel, of its natural lize (middle-
fized birds are belt for this work) ; then paint what
ground-work, or tree, or other thing, you defign to
fet your bird on, together with the-bill and legs of the
bird in water-colours, leaving the bird to be covered
with its own natural feathers. You muft firft prepare
the part to be feathered, by laying on pretty thick
gum Arabic, diffolved in water, with a large hair-pen¬
cil : then lay the pannel flat, and let it dry. hard ; and
lour of the plumage is liable to be extrafted by the when dry, cover it with your gum-water a fecond time,
fpirit. and let it dry ; and then a third, in cafe you do not
" Large fea-fowl have thick ftrong fltins, and fuch find it lie with a good body on the paper; the thick-
f Plil.
Vranf. Vol.
LX. p.319.
may be fleinned $ the tail, claws, head, and feet, are
carefully to be preferved, and the plumage ftained as
little as poffible with blood. The infide of the flein
may be fluffed as recommended above.
“ Kuckahn obfervesf, that ‘ baking is not only
< ufeful in frdh prefervations, but will alfo be of very
‘ great fervice to old ones, deftroying the eggs of in-
‘ fefts ; and it fhould be a conftant praftice once in
‘ two or three years to bake them over again, and to
‘ have the cafes frefh walhed with camphorated fpirit,
* or the fublimate folution, which would not only pre-
‘ ferve collections from decay much longer, but alfo
* keep them fweet.’
nefs of a {hilling, when dried hard, is fufficient. When
your piece is thus prepared, take the feathers off from
your bird as you ufe them ; beginning always at the
tail and points of the wing, and working upwards to
the head ; obferving to cover that part of your draught
with the feather that you take from the fame part in
your bird, letting them fall one over another in their
natural order : you muft prepare your feathers by Cut-
ting off the downy part that is about their bottoms ;
and the larger feathers muft have the infides of their
ftrafts fliaved off with a knife to make them lie flat ;
the quills of the wings muft have their inner webs
clipped off, that in laying them the gum may hold
! One of the bell prefervatives, is to procure clofe them by their drafts. When you begin to lay them,
boxes, well glazed : with fuch a precaution I have kept take a pair of fteel pliers to hold, the feathers in ; and
' them in a dr7 room many years without the leaft ap¬
pearance of injury.—Baking is apt to crimp and injure
the plumage, unlefs great care be ufed ; and therefore
the proper degree of heat ffrould be afeertained by
means of a feather, before fuch fubjefts are baked.
have fome gum-water, not too thin, and a large pen¬
cil, ready to moiften the gummed ground-work by
little and little as you work it: then lay your feathers
on the moiftened parts ; which muff not be waterilh,
but fomething tacky or clammy to hold the feathers.
! When the fubjcdl is to be kept for fome time in You ftiould prepare a parcel of fmall leaden weights,
a hot climate, it ftiould be fecured in a box filled with in the form of fugar-loaves; which you may call in
tow, oakum, or tobacco, well fprinkled with the fubli- fand, by firft making holes in its furface with a point-
mate folution.” ed flick: thefe weights will be neceffary to fet on the
In Guiana, the number and variety of beautiful feathers you have newly laid on, to hold them to the
Birds is fo great, that feveral perfons in the colony ad- gum till they are dry and fixed : but you muft be cau-
vantageoufly employ themfelves, with their Haves and
dependants, in killing and preferring thefe animals for
the cabinets of naturaiifts in different parts of Europe.
* Natural ^'^e method of doing this, as related by Mr Bancroft *,
Hi/lory of is, “ to put the bird which is to be preferved in a pro-
Uuiana. per veffel, and cover him with high wines, or the firft
tious left the gum come through the feathers ; for it
not only fmears them, but dries to the bottoms of the
weights, and you wall be apt to pull off tjie feathers
with the weights, which will diforder your work : when
you have wholly covered your bird with feathers, you
muft with a little thick gum ilick on a piece of paper
running of the diftillation of rum. In this fpirit he is cut round, of the bignefs and in the place of the eye,
fuffered to remain for 24 or 48 hours, or longer, ac- which you muft colour like the eye of the bird. When
cording to his fize, till it has penetrated through every the whole is dry, drefs the feathers round the outline
part of his body. When this is done, the bird is ta¬
ken out ? and his feathers, which are no ways changed
by this immeriion, are placed fmooth and regular. It
is then put into a machine, made for the purpofe, a-
mong a number of others, and its head, feet, wings,
tail, &c. are placed exaflly agreeable to life. In this
that may chance to ftare a little, and reftify what may
be mended in any other part: then lay a flieet of clean
paper on it; and on that a heavy book, or fome fuch
thing, to prefs it : after which it may be preferved in
a frame covered with a glafs.
Birds, in heraldry, according to their feveral kinds,
pofition they are all placed in an oven, very moderately reprefent either the contemplative or active life. They
heated, where they are flowly dried ; and will ever af¬
ter retain their natural pofition, without danger of pu-
trefadlion.”
Mr Edwards's Recipe for making Piflures of Birds,,
t iNat. Hijl. With their natural fathers f. Firft, take a thin board,
of Birds, or pannel of deal, or wainfeot well feafoned, that it beft fitting the propriety of their natural adions of
Vol. II. may not flirink ; then fmoothly pafte on it white paper, going, fitting, .Handing, flying, &c. Birds that are
p. 119, &c. an(j jet jt . an(j if j-f g wooc} cafl.s colour through, either whole-footed, or have their feet divided, and yet
N646. - hr v have
are the emblems of liberty, expedition, readiuefs, fwift-
nefs, and fear. They are more honourable bearings
than fifties, becaufe they participate more of air and
fire, the two noble ft and higheft elements, than of earth
and water. —Birds muft be borne in coat-armour, as is
B I R C 241 3 B I R
Wid. have no talons, are faid to be meinbered; bat the cock,
and all birds of prey with (harp and hooked beaks and
talons for encounter or defence, are termed armed.
In the blazoning of birds, if their wings be not dif-
played, they are faid to be borne clofe ; as, he beareth
an eag/et Jkc. c\ok.
. BiRDS-Nefls, in cookery, the neft of a fmall Indian
rattdo. ^ very delicately tailed, and frequently mixed
among foups. On the fea-coafts of China, at certain
feafonsof the year, there are feen vaft numbers of thefe
birds ; they leave the inland country at their breeding
time, and come to build in the rocks, and falhion their
nefts out of a matter which they find on the fhore,
walhed thither by the waves. I he nature of this fub-
ftance is fcarcely yet afcertained. According to Kemp*
fer, it is mollufcae or fea-worms; according to M. le
Poivre, filh-fpawn; according to Dalrymple, fea-weeds ;
and according to Linnaeus, it is the animal fubftance
frequently found on the beach, which filhermen call
blubbers or jellies. The nefts are of a hemifpheric fi¬
gure, and of the fize of a. goofe’s egg, and in fub¬
ftance much refemble the ichthyocolla or ifmglafs. The
Chinefe gather thefe nefts, and fell them to all parts
of the world; they diffolve in broths, &c. and make a
kind of jelly of a very delicious flavour.
Thefe nefts (Mr Marfden informs us) are found in
great abundance in the ifland of Sumatra, particularly
about Croe, near the fouth end of the ifland. Four
miles up the river of that name is a large cave, where
the birds build in vaft numbers. The nefts are diftin-
guifned into white and black ; of which the firft are
by far the more fcarce and valuable, being found in
the proportion of one only to twenty-five. “ The
white fort (fays Mr Marfden) fells in China at the rate
of 1000 to 1500 Spanifti dollars the pecul; the black
is ufually difpofed of at Batavia for about 20 dollars
the fame weight, where it is chiefly converted into
glue, of which it makes a very fuperior kind. The
difference between the two has by feme been fuppofed
to be owing to the mixture of the feathers of the birds
with the vifeous fubftance of which the nefts are form-
f ed ; and this they deduce from the experiment of fteep-.
ing the black nefts for a fhort time in hot water, whem
they are faid to become in a great degree white. A-
mong the natives I have heard a few affert that they
are the work of a different fpecies of bird. It was
fuggefted to me, that the white might, probably be the
j ' recent-nefts in which they were taken ; and the black,
fuch as had been ufed for a number of years fuccefiive-
ly. This opinion appearing plaufible, I was particu¬
lar in my inquiries as to that point, and learned what
feemed much to corroborate it. When the natives
j prepare to take the nefts, they enter the caves with
torches, and forming ladders according to the ufual
mode, of a Angle bamboo notched, they afeend and
pull down the nefts, which adhere in 'numbers toge-
| ther, from the fide and top of the rock. They in-
< formed me, that the more frequently and regularly the
L cave is ftripped, the greater proportion of white nefts
they are fure to find, and that on this experience they
often make a pra&ice of beating down and deftroying
the old nefts in larger quantities than they trouble them-
felves to carry away, in order that they may find white
nefts the next feal'on in their room. The birds, during
the building time, are feen in large flocks on the beach,
Vol. III. Parti.
colledling in their bills the foam which is thrown up Birrmis.
by the furf, of which there is little doubt but they . H.
conftruft their nefts, after it has undergone perhaps a ham.S*
preparation, from a commixture with their faliva, or ' . f
other fecretion with which nature has provided them
for that purpofe.”
BIREMIS, in Roman antiquity, a veffel with two
rows of oars ; concerning the difpbfition of which au¬
thors are not agreed.
BIRETUM, or Birretum, a fort of black bonnet,
or covering of the head, in form of a pyramid, much
ufed in Italy and France, about 500 or 600 years a-
go, as a badge of victory, honour, or facerdotal pre¬
ferment.
BIRKENHEAD, or Berkenhead (Sir John), a
famous political author, born about the year 1615.
Being recommended to Dr William Laud archbilhop
ol Canterbury, he became his fecretary; in which of¬
fice he ftiowed fuch capacity and diligence, that the
archbilhop, by his diploma, created him mailer of arts
in 1639 ; and in the year following, by letter commen*
datory from the fame prelate, he was chofen proba¬
tioner fellow of All-Soul’s College. This obliged him
to refide conftantly at Oxford; and on King Charles I.’s
making that city his head-quarters during the civil
war, our author was made choice of to write a kind of
journal in defence of the royal caufe, by which he
gained great reputation. By his majefty’s recommen¬
dation, he was chofen reader in moral philofophy ;
which employment he enjoyed till 1648, when he was
expelled by the parliament vifitors. He retired after¬
wards to London, where he wrote feveral poetical pie¬
ces ; and having adhered fteadily to his principles, he
acquired the title of the loyal poet, and fufferdd feveral
imprifonments. He publilhed, while he thus lived in
obfeurity, fame very fatirical compofitions, moftly le¬
velled againft the republican grandees, and written
with great poignancy. Upon-the reftoration of King
Charles II. our author was rewarded for his loyalty.
Fie was created, April 6. 1661, on the king’s letters
fent for that purpofe, do&or of the civil law by the u-
niverfity of Oxford; and in that quality, as an eminent
civilian, was confulted by the convocation on the que-
ftion, Whether bifhops ought to be prefent in capital
cafes ? He was about the fame time eledled to ferve in
parliament for Wilton in the county of Wilts. He
was knighted November 14. 1662 ; and upon Sir
Richard Fajiftiaw’s going in a public charadler to the
court of Madrid, he was appointed to fucceed him as
mailer of requefts. He lived afterwards in credit and
efteem, and received various favours from the court,
which, however, drew upon him fame very fevere at¬
tacks from thofe who oppofed the court. Mr Wood
has treated him with, great feverity ; but his memory
has been tranfmitted with honour to pefterity by others,
particularly by Dryden, Langbaine, and Winltanly.
He died in Weftminfter December 4.' 1679 > an<^ was
interred in St Martin’s in the Fields.
BIRKENFIELD, a town of Germany, capital of
a county of the fame name in the circle of the Upper
.Rhine. It is feated-near the river Nave, in E. Long.
7. 9. N. Lat. 49. 35.
BIRMINGHAM, a very large town of Warwick-
fhire in England, fituated in W. Long. 1. 35. N.
Lat. 52. 30. It is no corporation, being only go-
H h vented
B I R [ 242 ] B I R
Biron verned by two conftables and two bailiffs ; and it is
therefore free for any perfon to come and fettle there ;
‘ which has contributed greatly not only to the increafe
of the buildings, but alfo of the trade, which is the
moft flourifhing of any in England for all forts of iron
work, befides many other curious mamafaftures. The
town Hands on the fide of a hill, nearly in the form of
a half-moon. The lower part is filled with the work-
(hops and warehoufes of the manufafturers, and con-
fifts chiefly of old buildings. The upper part of the
town contains a number of new and regular ftreets, and
a handfome fquare elegantly built. It has feveral
churches; particularly one in the lower part of the
town, which is an ancient building with a very tall
fpire ; and another, which is a very grand modern
ftrufture, having a fquare Hone tower with a cupola
and turret above it. The houfes in this town amount
to between 7000 and 8000, and their number is con¬
tinually increafing.
BIRON (Armand de Gontault, Lord of), Marflral
of France, and a celebrated general in the. 16th cen¬
tury, fignalized himfelf by his valour and conduct in
feveral fieges and battles. He was made grand mafter
of the artillery in 1569, and no body dared to affault
him at the maffacre of St Bartholomew. He was the firft
who declared for Henry IV. He brought a part of Nor¬
mandy under his fubje&ion, and diffuaded him from re¬
tiring to England or Rochelle*. But he was killed by
a cannon-ball, at the fiege of Epernay, on the 26th of
July 1592. He was a very uni.verfal fcholar : and ufed
to carry a pocket-book, in which he wrote down every
thing that appeared remarkable ; which gave rife to a
proverb very much ufed at court: When a perfon hap¬
pened to fay any thing uncommon, they told him, You
have found that in Biron’s pocket-book.
BIROTA, or Birotum, in Roman antiquity, a
kind of vehicle, fo denominated from its moving upon
two wheels. It carried about 200 pound weight,, and
was drawn by three mules.
BIRRUS, in Roman antiquity,, a cloak,, made of
woollen cloth, worn by the foldiers. Alfo a robe an¬
ciently worn by the prrefts or bifhops.
BIRTH, in midwifery, lignifies the fame with de¬
livery. See Midwifery.
Birth is alfo ufed for a perfon’s defeent; and is
faid to be high or low according to the circumftances
of his anceftry.
There is fcarce any truth (Mr Knox obferves in his
Effays) of which the world has been more frequently
reminded by the moralifts, than the unreafonablenefs
of that veneration which is paid to birth. They have
been told, that virtue alone is true nobility; but though
they have acknowledged the affertion to be founded in
reafon, they have continued, with uniform perfeve-
rance, in the fame error.. The luminous glory of an
illuftrious anceftor, feems to have diffufed a brilliancy
over a long line of defeendants, too opaque of them-
felves to emit any original irradiations.,
“ Gratitude (continues our elegant author), which
firft raifes a benefaftor to a diftinguifhed rank in civil
honours, is willing to continue its kindnefs to his im¬
mediate offspring. The diftinftion is rendered here¬
ditary. This predileftion for an anceftor foon leads
to the accumulation of honours and poffefiions in his
{ucceffors ; and the incenfe originally offered, becaufe
it was deferved, is at laft lavifhed at the fttnne of opu- Birun
lence, independently of merit. y—
“ Subordination is, indeed, effentialto fociety. The
order of nobles, as hereditary guardians of the laws, is
found an ufeful political eftabliftiment; and none feem
fo well adapted to fupply it, as they who have been
railed to eminence by their anceftors, and who poffefs
a territorial patiimony in the land which they are to
proteft. All that is contended for is, that the recom¬
mendation of birth may not fet afide or depreciate real
merit, the praife of learning, and the intrinfic value of
virtuous exertions.
“ It is a remarkable circumftance in the hiftory of
mankind, that fume of the belt books have been writ¬
ten, and fome of the greateft atchievements performed,
by thofe whofe origin was truly plebeian. The politeft
and genteeleft books, whether the fenfiments or the
ftyle be confidered, have been produced by Haves, or
the defeendants of ftaves. Horace, Phcedrus, and Te¬
rence, wrote in a ftyle which muft have been the ftand-
ard of a court, to an intercourfe with which they were
by no means intitled by their extraftion. The foun-
ders of the moft diftinguifhed families emerged from
the middle and the lower claffes, by the fuperior vigour
of their natural abilities, or by extraordinary efforts,
aftifted by fortune : and unlefs the adventitious cir¬
cumftances of wealth and civil honours can effeft a
change in the conftituent principles of the mind and
body, there is certainly no real filperiority to be deri¬
ved in a boafted pedigree of Tudors and Plantagenets*
And yet there have appeared flatterers who have
indireAly fuggefted, that the minds of the nobility
feem to be caft in a finer mould, and to have an ele¬
gance inherent in their original conftitution. Accor¬
ding to this hypothefis, we muft go on to fuppofe, that
the mind of a commoner exalted to tl e higher order
of fenators, catches this elegance by the contagion of
invifible effluvia. On his creation he undergoes a kind
of new birth, and puts off the exuvhe which encum¬
bered and degraded him in,the lower regions.. Thus-
are all the occult perfections of noble blood to be in-
fufed by the mandate of a monarch. ‘ But no,’ faid
Maximilian to a man who afked to be ennobled by
him, ‘ though I can give you riches and a title, I
cannot make you noble.’
“ In truth, there is many a nobleman,, according
to the genuine idea of nobility, even at the loom, at
the plough, and in the fhop; and many more in the
middle ranks of mixed fociety. This genuine idea
contains in it generofity,, courage, fpirit, and benevo¬
lence, the qualities of a warm and open heart, totally
unconne&ed with the accidental advantages of riches-
and honour ;. and many an Englifli failor has poffeffed
more of the real hero than a lord of the admiralty.
“ If indeed there is any fubftantial difference in the*
quality of their blood, the advantage is probably on
the fide of the inferior claffes. Their indigence and
their manual employments require temperance and ex-
ercife, the beft purifiers of the animal juices. But the
indolence which, wealth excites, and the pleafures
which fafhionable life admits without reftraint, have a.
natural tendency to vitiate and enfeeble the body as
well as the mind: and among the many privileges
inherited by him who boafts nobility in his veins, he
commonly receives the feeds of the moft painful and.
SIR l i
Mirth, the impUreft difeafes. He dtfplays indeed a coronet
“‘“■V""—'' on his coat of arms, and he has a long pedigree to
perufe with fecret fatisfa&ion ; but he has often a gout
or a fcrophula, which make him with to exchange every
drop derived from his Norman anceftors, for the pure
tide that warms a peafant’s bofom.
“ The fpirit of freedom, moral, mental, and politi¬
cal, which prevails in Britain, precludes that unreal
fonable attachment to birth, which, in the countries of
defpotifm, tends to elevate the noble to a rank fuperior
to humanity. In our neighbour^ land, the region of
external elegance united with real meannefs, the im¬
plicit veneration paid to birth adds to the . weight of
legal oppteffion. A Frenchman of the plebeian order
attends to. a Count or. a Marquis with all the fxlent
fubmillion of idolatry: on the contrary, there is no
doubt but that an Englilh gondolier would box with
the belt lord in the land, if he were affronted by him,
without the leaft regard for his ftar and ribbon. It
would indeed be an additional pleafure to the natural
delight of coriqueft, to have bruifed a puny lord.
Even the more refined and polilhed do not idolife il-
luftrious birth. In truth, wealth appeals to be the ob¬
ject of more univerfal Veneration. Noble blood and
noble titles, without an eftate to fupport them, meet
with great compafiion indeed, but with little refpedt;
nor is the man who has raifed himfelf to eminence, and
who behaves well in it, negleCted and defpifed becaufe
he derives no luftre from his forefathers. In a com¬
mercial country, where gain is the general objeCt, they
who have been moft fuccefsful in its puirfuit will be re¬
vered by many, whatever was their origin. In France,
where honour is purfued from the monarch to the
cleanfer of a jakes, the diftinftion of birth, even with
extreme poverty, is enviable. The brother of a Mar-
•quis would rather ftarve on a beggarly penfion, than
pollute himfelf with a trade by which he might ac¬
quire the revenues of a German kingdom. In our
land of good fenfe this folly is lofing ground 5 and the
younger brothers of noble houfes, often think it no
difgrace to rival the heir in a princely fortune acquired
by honourable merchandife.
“ As the world becomes more enlightened, the ex¬
orbitant value which has been placed oh things not
really valuable will decreafe; Of all the effects of
man’s capricious admiration, there are few lefs ration¬
al than the preference of illuftrious defeent to perfonal
merit, of difeafed and degenerate nobility to health,
to courage, to learning, and to virtue. Of all the ob-
je£ts of purfuit which are not in our own power, the
want of diftinguilhed birth may moft eafily be difpen-
fed with, by thofe who poffefs a folid judgment of
that which makes and keeps us happy. There may¬
be fome reafon to repine at the want of wealth and
famebut he who has derived from his parent health,
vigour, and all the powers of perception, need not la¬
ment that he is uhnoticed at the herald’s office;
“ It has been obferved, that virtue appears more
hniiable when accompanied with beauty ; it may be
added, that it is more ufeful when recommended to
the notice of mankind by the diftinftion of an honour¬
able anceftry.. It is then greatly to be wiftied, that
the nobly born would endeavour to deferve the refpedt
which the world pays them with alacrity, by employ^
4i 1 . BIS
ing their influence to benevolent purpofes ; to thofe
purpofes which can at all times be accomplilhed, even
when the patriotic exertions of the field and cabinet
are precluded.”
BiRTh, or Berth, the ftation in which a (hip rides
at anchor either alone or in a fleet, or the diftance be¬
tween the (hip and any adjacent objedt, comprehend¬
ing the extent of the fpace in which (he ranges at the
length of her cables : as, Jhe lies in a good birth, i. e.
in a convenient fituation, or at a proper diffance from
the (liore and other veffels 5 and where there is good
anchoring ground, and (belter from the violence of the
wind and fea;
Bir+h alfo fignifies the room or apartment where
any particular number of the officers and (hip’s company
ufually mefs and refide. In a (hip of war there is com¬
monly one of thefe between every two guns.
$uiTH-Day, the anniverfary return of the day where¬
on a perfon was born. The ancients placed a good
deal of religion in the celebration of birth-days, and
took omens from thence of the felicity of the coming
yean The manner of celebrating birth-days was by
a fplendid drefs: wearing a fort of rings peculiar to
that day : offering facrifices j the men to their genius,
of wine, frankincenfe 5 the women to Juno: giving
fuppers, and treating their friends and clients; who
in return made them prefents, Wrote and fuhg their
panegyrics, and offered vows and good willies for the
frequent happy returns of the fame day. The birth¬
days of emperors were alfo celebrated with public fports,
feafts, vows, and medals ftruck on the oceafion.—But
the ancients, it is to be obferved, had other forts of
birth-days. befides the days on which they were born.
The day of their adoption was always reputed as a
birth-day, and celebrated accordingly. The emperor
Adrian, we are told, obferved three birth-days; viz.
the day of his nativity, of his adoption, and of his inau¬
guration; In thofe times it was held, that men were
not born only on thofe days when they firft came into
the world, but on thofe alfo when they arrived at the
chief honours and commands in the commonwealth,
e. gr. the confulate. Hence that of Cicero in his ora¬
tion mI ^uirites, after his return from exile : A paren
tibus, id quod neceffe erat, parvus fum procreatus ; avobis
status fum confularis.
BirthWort, in botany. See Aristolochu.
BIRVIESCA, a town of Old Caftile in Spain, and
capital of a fmall territory called Burevd. W. Long,
2. 15. N. Lat. 56. 35.
BIRZA, a town of Poland in the province of Sa-
mogitia. E. Long. 25. 5. N. Lat. 56. 35.
BISA, or Biza, a coin of Pegu, which is current
there for half a ducat. It is alfo a weight ufed in that
kingdom.
B1SACCIA, a fmall handfome town of Italy, in
the Ulterior Principato, and in the kingdom of Na¬
ples, with a bilhop’s fee. E. Long. 13. 35. N. Lat.
41.3.
BISACUTA, in middle-age writers, an axe with
two edges, or which cuts either way ; or a miffive
weapon pointed at both ends, Walfingham reprefents
the fecuris bifacuta as peculiar to the Scottiffi nation.
See Battle-Axe.
BISBuEA, a feaft celebrated by the Meffapii afteir
H h 2 thr
BIS [ 244 ] BIS
Blfcani, the pruning of their vines, to obtain of the gods that
•Blfcay' they might grow again the better. The word is form-
v ed from /we», ufed by fome for a vine.
BISCARA, a town of Africa in the kingdom of
Algiers, feated in the eaftern or Levantine government,
in E. Long. 5. 50. N. Lat. 3J. to. This city be¬
longed to the province of Zeb in Numidia, which lies
fouth of the kingdom of L'abez ; but the Algerines,
in their annual inroads to carry off flaves, made them-
felves matters of Bifcara, in order to facilitate their en¬
trance into the fouthern provinces. It retains ftill fome
remains of the ancient city that gave name to this ter¬
ritory ; and hath a gairifon to keep the inhabitants in
awe, and who ufually bring lions, tigers, and other
wild beafts for fale to ftrangers. The city of Algiers
is never without a great number of Bifcarans, who are
employed in the hardeft and lowed offices, as cleanfing
of ttreets, emptying of vaults, fweeping chimneys, &c.;
and when they have got about 1 o or 12 crowns by this
drudgery, they return to their country, where they are
refpe&ed as worthy men on account of their money,
the inhabitants of this province being almoft entirely
deftitute of coin, and reckoned the moft miferable of
all the Arabian tribes.
BISCAY, a province of Spain, bounded on the
north by the fea called the Bay of Bifcay, on the fouth
by Old Caftile, on the weft by Afturias of Santilana,
and on the eaft by the territories of Alava and Gui-
pufcoa. It is in length about feventy-four miles; but
the breadth is much lefs, and very unequal. This
, country in general is mountainous and barren ; but in
fome places it produces corn, and every where a great
quantity of apples, oranges, and citrons. They make
cyder with the apples, which is their common drink.
Belides this, they have wine called chacolino, which is
pleafant, but will not keep long, and therefore is ufed
inftead of fmatt beer. Their valleys produce a little
flax, and their hills a great deal of timber for fhips.
The fea affords them excellent fifh of all forts. The
wool that is exported here comes from Old Caftile;
but their greateft riches are produced by their mines of
iron; which metal is extremely good, and is tranfported
to all parts. They have likewife artificers that work in
iron ; and are, in particular, famous for working fwords
and knives. Bifcay is the country of the ancient Canta-
bri, fo imperfeftly fubdued by Auguftus, and fo flightly
annexed to the Roman empire. Their mountains have in
all ages afforded them temptations and opportunities of
withdrawing themfelves from every yoke that has been
attempted to be impofed upon them. Their language is
accounted aboriginal, and unmixed with either Latin,
French, or Spanifti. It is fo totally different from the
Caftilian, that we feldom meet with any of the peafants
that underftand one word of Spanifh. The Bifcayners
are ftout, brave, and choleric to a proverb. The beft
failors in Spain belong to the ports of Bifcay, and its
mountains produce, a very valuable race of foldiers.
Their privileges are very extenfive, and they watch
over them with a jealous eye. They have no bilhops
in the province, and ftyle the king only Lord of Bif-
eay. The men are well-built and active, like all
mountaineers. The moft lingular thing in their drefs
is the covering of their legs: they wrap a piece of
coarfe grey or black woollen cloth round them, and
fatten it on with many turns of tape. The women are
beautiful, tall, light, and merry; their garb is neat Bifcsy’
and paftoral; their hair falls in long plaits down their "
backs ; and a veil or handkerchief, twilled round in a
coquetilh manner, ferves them for a very becoming
head-drefs. On Sundays they generally wear white,
tied w'ith rofe-coloured knots. The chief towns in it
are Bilboa, Ordunna, Durango, Fontarabia, St Seba-
ftian, Tolofa, and Victoria.
Biscay (New), a province of North America, in
the audience of Guadalajara. It has New Mexico on
the north,^Culiacan on the weft, Zacatecas on the
fouth, and Panuca with Florida-.on the eaft. It is
about 300 miles from eaft to weft, and 360 from north
to fouth. In general it is well watered, fruitful, mo¬
derately temperate, and abounds in all forts of provi-
fions, except^the mountains of Topia, which are bar¬
ren. The original inhabitants are not all brought un¬
der fubjedlion, they having four large towns in themo-
raffes, that are of difficult accefs; for this reafon the
Spaniards have built three fmall fortified towns, which
are well inhabited, for the defence of their filver mines.
The latitude is from 25 to 28 degrees.
BISCHOFISHEIM, a town of Germany, in the
archbifhopric of Mentz, and circle of the Lower
Rhine, feated on the river Tauber, near the. frontiers
of Franconia, E. Long. 9. 37. N. Lat. 49. 40.
BISCHOFF-zell, a town of Switzerland, belong¬
ing to the bilhop of Conftance. There is a caftle
■wherein the bilhop’s bailiff refides, who receives half
the fines; but he has nothing to do with the town, nor
is there any appeal from the council of the town. It is
feated on the Thur, at the place where the Sitter falls
into this river almoft half way between Conftance and
St Gall. E. Long. 9. 23. N. Lat. 47. 33.
BISCHOP, or Biskop, (John de), an excellent
artift, born at the Hague in 1646. He is fpbken of
with great commendation as a painter, and his draw¬
ings from the great mailers are held in the higheft efti*
mation by the curious. In thefe he has fucceeded fo
happily, as to preferve with the greateft exadftnefs the
ftyle of the painter whole piftnres he copied. But as
an engraver he is moft generally known; and his works
are numerous. They are chiefly etchings, harmonized
with the graver ; and though flight, yet free, fpiritedy
and pleafing. He gives a richnefs to the colour, and a
roundnefs to the figures, far beyond what is ufually
done with the point, fo little affifted by the graver.
His figures in general are well drawn ; but. in a man¬
nered, rather than a cor reft, ftyle. The extremi¬
ties indeed are not always well marked, or his heads
equally expreffive or beautiful. It is faid of him, that
he owed his excellency to his own genius alone, having
never ftudied under any mailer by whole inllruftion
he might have been benefited. He worked chiefly at
Amfterdam, where he died in i686> aged 40 years.
Bischop (Cornelius), portrait and hiftory painter,
was born at Antwerp in 1630, and was the difciple of
Ferdinand Bol. His pencil, his tint of colouring, his
llyle and manner, had a ftrong refemblance of his ma¬
iler; and by many competent judges he is efteemed
not inferior to him in hiltorical fubjefts as well as in.
portrait, having been* always affiauous to ftudy after
nature. A painting by this mailer, confilling of a few
figures by candle light, was fo much admired by Louis
XIV. that he purchafed it at an high price, and it is
placed.
BIS L 245 ] BIS
ifchop placed in the royal collection ; and the King of Den-
. II mark admitted his works among thofe of the belt ma-
iferu. fters> However, notwithftanding the encomiums be-
' /lowed on this mafter by the Flemi/h writers, an im¬
partial judge would perhaps think Kis compofitions but
heavy and without expreflion, and his works in gene¬
ral not worthy of all that commendation which is la-
vi/hed upon them. He died in 1674.
Bischop (Abraham), fon of Cornelius Bifchop,
was inftruCted by his father to defign hi/torical fubjefts
and portraits ; but preferred the painting of fowl, par¬
ticularly thofe of the domeftic kind,, to any other lub-
je&s which were recommended to him. He de/igned
every objeft after nature, and ufually painted in a large
lize, fuch as ornamental furniture for grand halls; and
every fpecies of fowl was fo exadlly like nature in its
attitude, charafter, and plumage, that his works were
beheld with univerfal approbation.
BISCHWELLER, a fortrefs of Alface, feat'ed in
• E. Long. 7. o. N. Lat. 48. 40.
BISCHROMA, in mufic, the fame as our triple
quaver. See Chroma.
BISCUTELLA, buckler-mustard, or Ba/iard
Mithridate-nmftard: A genus of the tetradynamia or¬
der, belonging to the filiculofa clafs of plants; and in
the natural method ranking under the 39th order, 5/7/-
qmfts: The iilicula is flat-compreffed, rounded, above
and below two-lobed, and the leaves of the calyx are
gibbous at the bafe.
Of this there are three fpecies: the auriculata, with
fmall pods joined to the ityle; the didyma, with a
double orbicular pod diverging from the ftyle; and the
apula, with flowers growing in fpikes, and a /hotter
ftyle. They are natives of France, Italy, and Ger¬
many.
BISEGLIA, a populous town of Italy in the king-
, dom of Naples and Terra de Bari, with a Bi/hop’s fee,
feated near the Gulph of Venice, in E. Long. 16. 49.
N. Lat. 41. .8.
BISERRULA: A genus of the decandria order,
belonging to the diadelphia clafs of plants; and in the
natural method ranking under the 3 2d order, Papi-
lionacea: The legumen is bilocular and flat; and the
partition contrary. Of this genus there is only one
fpecies known ; viz. the pelecinus, an annual plant
with purple flowers, growing in Italy, Sicily, Spain,
and the fouth of France.
BISERTA, a town of the kingdom of Tunis in
, Africa, feated on a gulf of the fame name, in E. Long,
xo. 40. N. Lat. 37. 20. The gulf is a very large one,
and the Sinus Hipponenfis of the ancients. It is formed
by the Capes Blanco and Ziebeb; and has a. beautiful
fandy inlet near four leagues wide, which once admitted
the large/t veflels, but through the negligence of the
Turks can now admit only thofe of the fmalleft fize,
and is in danger in a Zhort time of being totally choaked
up. Some remains of the great pier of Hippo are /till
extant; by which it appears to have run out into the
fea fo as to break the north-eaft wind, and make this
one of the fafeft and moll beautiful heavens inthefe
parts. On the fouth, this gulf hath a communication
with a lake of the fame name, fo as to form a kind of
canal between it and the Mediterranean Sea. T hrough
this canal a conllant ftream is obferved alternately dif-
charging itfelf from the fea to the lake, and from the
lake to the fea, in the fame manner as the Atlantic Ocean Biferta.
is obferved to do in the Mediterranean, and back again; v—
fo that what the lake lofes by exhalations is foon re-
^cruited by the fea, which in hot feafons runs into it
with a very briflt current to keep up the equilibrium.
The millets of this lake are the bed in Barbary ; great
quantities of their roes dried and made into Bqtargo,
are fent from hence into the Levant, where they are
accounted a great dainty. The town was' formerly
very confiderable ; and, though not above a mile in
circuit, is faid to have contained 6000 houfes ; where¬
as both it and the villages under it now fcarce contain
that number of inhabitants. It has Hill, however,
fome llrong callles and batteries to defend it, e/peci-
ally towards the fea. There are alfo two very capa¬
cious prifons for /laves, a large magazine or ware-
houfe for merchandize, and two towers with fome
other outworks to defend the entrance of the haven.
The city, though fo near the fea, is well fupplied with
fre/h water from fprings that furround it on every
lide.towards the land. It is likewife well furni/hed with
variety of fi/h from the adjacent lake. Mo/l of the in¬
habitants of Biferta, as well as of the adjacent coun¬
try on both fides of the canal, are employed in the fiilir
ing trade, which begins about the end of October,. and
ends in the beginning of May ; for the rains then,
fweetening the waters, make the fi/h come into it in
vail quantities during that feafon ; but afterwards they
either difappear or grow lean, dry, and unfit to eat.
The people here are extremely poor; yet very proud,,
ill-natured, and faithlefs ; infomuch that Muley Hafun
Bey, one of their fovereigns, ufed to fay, that none of
his fubjedls deferved his refentment fo much as they,,
fince neither fear nor love could keep them faithful.—
Biferta hath about eight villages under its government
a large plain called Matter or Mater; and the terri¬
tory of Chores, the Clypea or Corohis of the ancients-
This is a tradl of great extent, and would be very fer¬
tile were it not for the frequent incurfions of the Arabs..
The people are very poor, live meanly, and go worfe
clad. Their choice/l dainty is their coufcou, a kind
of cake made of flour, eggs, and fait, which they
dry and keep all the year round. Their drefs is no¬
thing elfe than a piece of coarfe cloth wrapped round
their bodies, and another round their heads by way of
a turban ; and mo/l of them go barefooted and bare¬
legged. The poorer fort have nothing but a few Heins-
laid on the floor to fleep upon; but the rich have narrow
couches fixed againft the wall, about five or fix feet high,
to which they mount by a ladder. They are very expert
horfemen, as moil in thefe countries are, and ride with¬
out faddle or bridle; nor do they ever /hoe their horfes.
They are /till more miferable from the neighbourhood
of the Arabs, who living altogether by plunder, rob¬
bery, and murder, opprefs the poor inhabitants with
their frequent inroads and cruel exadtions- The Bi-
fertines, both of the city and country, are the moft fu-
perftitious people in Barbary, fcarce going any where
without hanging a quantity of amulets about their
own, or if they ride, their horfes. neck alfo. Thefe
amulets are only feraps of parchment or paper, with
fome ilrange characters written upon them, which they
few up in a piece' of leather, fiik, &c. and imagine
when worn about them to be a prefervative againit all
accidents;
BISET
BIS [ 24C ] BIS
Bifet, BISET (Charles Emanuel), a painter of confider- and popes, ufurped the power. The eleftion was to'
, 1 ; able eminence, was born at Mechlin in 1633; and be within three months after the vacancy of the fee ;
even in his early productions {bowed a lively and ready and the perfon to be chofen out of the clergy of that
invention. He was remarkable for introducing a mul- church. Formerly the biftiop claimed a {hare in the
titude of figures into his defigns, with an extraordinary election of an archbifhop ; but this was fet afide by
variety of drapery peculiar to every nation. His ge*
neral fubjeCts were converfations, balls, concerts, and
afiemblies of gay and genteel perfons, which were cor-
reCtly defigned and well coloured; though their aCtions
and attitudes were fometimes very indelicate. His
. pictures had a ftrong effeCt at a diftance; yet, when
they were iriore nearly infpeCted, they {bowed a neat-
nefs of pencil, a fpirited touch, and a good exprefiion.
BISHOP, a prelate or perfori confecrated for the
fpiritual government and direction of a diocefe. The
word comes from the Saxon bifchcp, and that from the
Greek an over/eer or infpettor : which was a
title the Athenians gave to thofe whom they fent into
the provinces fubjeCt to themj to fee whether every
thing were kept in order; and the Romans gave the
the popes.
In England, during the Saxon times, all eeclefiafti-
cal dignities were conferred by the king in parliament.
At length, however, after feveral contefts, efpecially
between atchbifirop Anfelm and Henry I. in conic-
qtience of a grant of king John, recognized in Magna
.Charta, and ellablilhed by flat. 25 Edw. III. fiat. 6.
$ 3. bifliops were eleCIed by the chapters of monks or
canons, fome fhadow of which ft ill remains in the pre-
fent method of difpofing of bifhoprics; but by fiat.
25 Hen. VIII. cap. 20. the right of nomination was
reftored to the crown..
Ordinarily at leaft three biftiops are required in the
ceremony of eonfecrating a bilhop ; but in fome cafes
a fingle one might fuflice. The Englilh fucceffion of
fame title to thofe who were infpedors and vifitors of Proteftant bilhops Hands on this laft: ground. In Eng-
the bread and provifion. It appears from a letter of land, the king being certified of the death of a bilhop
Cicero, that he himfelf had a bifhoprie j being ep if cop us
Ora & Campania.
A biftiop differs from an archbiftiop in the following
particulars; That an archbiftiop with biftiops confe-
crate a biftiop as a biftiop with priefts ordain a priefl: 5
that the archbiftiop vifits a province as the biftiop a
by the dean and chapter, and his leave requefted t
eleCt another, the conge d'eUre is fent to them, with a
letter milfive, nominating the perfon whom he would
have chofen. The eleCfion is to be within twelve!
days after the receipt of it, otherwife the king by let¬
ters patent appoints whom he pleafes; and the chapter
diocefe; that the archbiftiop ConvoCates a provincial in cafe of refufing the peifon named by the king, im
fynqd as the bifhop a diocefan one ; and that the arch- curs a pramunire. After ele&ion, and its being ac-
biftiop has canonical authority over all the biftiops of cepted of by the bifhop,. the king grants a mandate
his province as the biftiop over the priefts in his dio^
cefe. It is a long time llnce biftiops have been diftin-
guiftied from mere priefts or prefbyters ; but Whether
that diftinftion be of divine or human right, whether
it was fettled in the apoftolical age or introduced fince,
is much controverted. But whether the apoftles fet¬
tled any thing of this kind themfelves, or whether they
left the fpiritual ceconomy in the hands of the prelhy-
under the great feal for confirmation; which the
biftiop configns to his vicar-general; confifting moftly
in a folemn citation of fuch as have any objections to
the biftiop eledt, a declaration of their contumacy in
not appearing, and an adminiftration of the oaths of
allegiance and fupremacy, of fymony, and canonical
obedience. Sentence being read by the. vicar-general,-
the biftiop is in flailed in the province of Ganterbury by
ters, or of thofe together with the people, it appears the arch-deacon ; the fa& is recorded by a public no-
that in a little time the fundtions of the priefthood
were divided, and the priefts diftinguiftied into degrees;
v the political part of religion being, according to fome,
affigned principally to biftiops, and the evangelical to
the priefts, &c. Or, according to others, the func-
tary; and the bifliop is invefted with full powers to
exercife all fpiritual jurifdidtions, though he Cannot fue
for his temporalities till after confecration. Then
follows the eonfecration by the archbifhop or fome
other bifliop appointed by lawful commiffions, and two
tions of teaching and preaching were referved to the affiftant biftiops: the ceremony of which is much the
biftiop, and that of ordination fuperadded ; which was fame as in the Romifti church, fave that having put on
their principal dillindlion, and the mark of their fa- the epifcopal robes, the archbiftiop and bifhops lay
vereignty in their diocefe. their hands on the new prelate’s head, and confecrate
By the ancient difcipline, biftiops Were to be married him with a certain form of words. The procefs of
once, and not to put away their wives on pretence of the tranflation of a biftiop to another bifhopric only
religion ; but a fecond marriage was a difqualification differs in this, that there is no confecration. The age
for this order. If they lived chafte, they were ranked of a bifliop is to be at leafl thirty years; and by the
as confeffcrs. Some biftiops, in the middle age, on ac- ancient difcipline, none were to be chofen but thofe
count of their regalia or temporalities, were obliged to who had paffed through all the inferior orders ; but in
a military fervice called hojiis, by which they were to fome cafes of neceffity this was difpenfed with, and
lead their vaffals into the field, and attend the king in
his military expeditions. This Charlemagne excufed,
and even forbid: but the prohibition was little re¬
garded ; fince we find the thing often pradlifed after¬
wards.
The election of bifliops was anciently placed in the
clergy, and the people of the parifti, province, or dio-
eefe; but afterwards, princes and magiftrates, patriarchs
deacons, nay laymen, were railed per faltum to the'
epifcopal dignity.
The form of confecrating a biftiop is different in dif¬
ferent churches. In the Greek church, the bifliop
ekft, being by the alGftant biftiops prefented for con-
fecratiop, and the inftrument of eledlion put in his
hand; after feveral prayers (the fir ft called diaconicwn')
demanding confecration, makes profeffion of his faith j
4
after
■j^iiTiop.
BIS [ .
after which he receives a benedi&ion. He is then in¬
terrogated as to the belief of the Trinity; to which
he anfwers by a long profefion of faitbx and receives a
fecond benediction. Laitly, he is aiked what he thinks
of the incarnation; to which he anfwers in a third
profefion of faith ; which is followed by a third bene-
diftion : after which the confeerator gives him the
paftoral ftaff: then he is led up to the altar; where,
after certain prayers, and three crofles on his head, he
receives the pallium, if he be an archbiihop or patriarch;
he then receives the kifs of peace of his confecrator
and two affiftants ; and fitting down, reads, prays, and
gives the communion to his confecrator and others.
In the Romifh church, the biihop eleft being pre-
fented by the.elder affiftant to the confeerator, takes
the oath : he is then examined as to his faith; and af¬
ter feveial prayers, the New Teftament is drawn over
his- head, and he receives the chrifm or undlion on his
head. The paftorakftaff, ring, and Gofpel, are then
given him ; and after communion, the mitre is put on
his head: each ceremony being accompanied with
proper prayers, &c. the confecration ends with Te
X)eum. Thefe laft mentioned ceremonies are laid afide
in the confecration o? Engliih bifhops. Neverthelefs,
the book of confecration fet forth in the time of Ed¬
ward VI. and confirmed by adl of parliament, in which
fome of them are enjoined, is declared to be the ftan-
dard for this purpofe by the thirty-fixth article.
The fun&ion of a biihop in England may be con-
fidered as two-fold; viz. what belongs to his order,
and what belongs to his jurifdi&ion. To the epifcopal
order belong the ceremonies of dedication,, confirma¬
tion, and ordination; to the epifcopal jurifdiAion, by
the ftatute law, belong the licenling of phyficians,
chirurgeons, and fchoolmalters, the uniting fmall pa-
rilhes (though this laft privilege is now peculiar to the
biihop of Norwich), aflifting the civil magiftrate in the
execution of ftatutes relating to ecclefiaftical matters,
and compelling the payment of tenths and fublidies
due from the clergy. By the common law, the biihop
is to certify the judges, touching legitimate and illegi¬
timate births and marriages ; and by that and the ec¬
clefiaftical law, he is to take care of the probate of wills
and granting adminiftrations ; to collate to benefices,
grant inftitutions on the prefentation of other patrons,
command indudlion, order the colle&ing and prefer-
ving the profits of vacant benefices for the ufe of the
fucceffors, defend the liberties of the church, and vifit
his diocefe once in three years. To the biihop alfo
belong fufpenfion, deprivation, depofition, degradation,
and excommunication.
All bilhops of England are peers of the realm, ex¬
cept the biihop of Man; and, as fuch, fit and vote in the
Houfe of Lords : they are barons in a threefold man¬
ner, viz. feudal, in regard to the temporalities annexed
to their bilhoprics ; by writ, as_ being fummonec^ by
writ to parliament; and laftly, by patent and creation:
•accordingly they have the precedence of all other ba¬
rons, and vote as barons and bilhops; and claim all the
privileges enjoyed by the temporal lords, excepting
that they cannot be tried by their peers, becaufe, in
cafes of blood, they themfelves cannot pafs upon the
trial, for they are prohibited by the canons of the
church (as already obferved) to be judges of life and
death* They have the title vl Lords and Right Rove-
■47 1 BIS
rend Fathers in God. Befides two archbilhops, there
are 24 bilhops in England; exclufive of the biihop So-
dor and Man, who has no feat in the Houfe of Peers:
The bilhops of London. Durham, and Winchefter,
take place from the other bilhops, who are to rank
after them according to their feniority of confecration.
—There is .now alfo a biihop in our fettlement of No¬
va Scotia.—^In Scotland, before the Prelbyterian efta-
blilhment, there were two archbilhoprics and 12 bi¬
lhoprics.
Bishop’s Court, an ecclefiaftical court, held in the
cathedral of each diocefe, the judge whereof is the bi-
Ihop’s chancellor, who judges by the civil and canon
law; and if the diocefe be large, he has his commif-
faries in remote parts, who hold what' they call con-
fiftory courts, for matters limited to them by their com-
miffion.
Bishop and his Qlerks, fome little illands and rocks
on the coaft of Pembrokelhire near St David’s in Wales,
which are very dangerous to mariners.
Bishop’s-Aukland. See Aukland-.
Bishop’s Cajlle, a town of Shropfhire in England,
feated near the river Gun. It is a corporation, fends,
two members to parliament, and its market is much
frequented by the Welch. W. Long. 2. 55. N. LaU
52. 30. ' ■
Bishop's-Stortford, a town of Hertfordlhire in Eng¬
land, feated on the fide of a hill, in E. Long. o. 25,
‘N. Lat. 51. 50. It has feveral good inns, but the
ftreets are not paved. It has a large church, one Pref-
byterian, and one Quaker meeting: Here was for¬
merly a caftle called IVeymore cafile, wherein a garrifoiv
was kept, but no remains of it are now left.
BISHOPING, a term among horfe-dealers, to de¬
note the fophiftications ufed to make an old horfe ap¬
pear young*, a bad one good, &c.
BISHOPRIC, the diftricft over which a bifhop’s
jurifdiftion extends, otherwife called a diocefe.
In England there are 24 bilhoprics befides that of
Sodor and Man ; in Scotland, none at all; in Ireland 18-
BISI (Bonaventura), a celebrated miniature'paint-
ter, was born at Bologna, and was a difciple of Lu-
cio Maffari. But his foie delight was in miniature
painting, and in that way he arrived at great excel¬
lence. Inftead of working from his own invention,
or original defign, he employed himfelf to imitate, in
fmall lize, the pidlures-of Guido, Correggio, Titian,
and other great mafters, and thofe he finiftied with a-
ftoniftiing grace, neatnefs, and beauty. A great num¬
ber of the works of this matter are in the Duke’s gal¬
lery at Modena, and are highly valued* He died in
1662, his age unknown.
BISIGNANO, a town of Italy, in the kingdom of
Naples, and in the Hither Calabria. It hath a ftrong;
fort, a bilhop’s fee, and the title of a principality. It
is feated on a mountain near the river Boccona, in E..
Long. 16. 40. N. Lat. 39.37.
BISK, or Bisque, in cookery, a rich fort of broth:
or foup, made of pigeons, chickens, force-meat, mut¬
ton-gravy, and other ingredients. The word is
French, formed, as fome think, from bifcotta-, becaufe
the bifque, confifting of a diverfity of ingredients, needs
feveral repeated codtions to bring it to perfedlion..
There is alfo a demi-hifque, made at a low expence, in
which only half the ingredients are ufed ; and a bif-
uue:
Blfhop
II
Biflc.
BIS [248
que of fifh, made of carps, minced with their roe* and
lobfters.
BISKET, a kind of bread prepared by the confec¬
tioners, of fine flour, eggs, and fugar, and rofe or o-
range water ; or of flour, eggs, and fugar, with ani-
feeds and citron-peel, baked again and again in the
Oven, in tin or paper moulds. There are divers forts
of bilkets ; as feed-bifket, fruit-bUket, long-bifket,
round-bHket, Naples-biflcet, fponge-biflcet, &c.
Sea-BisKpT, is a fort of bread much dried by paf-
fing the oven twice, to make it keep for fea-fervice.
For long' voyages they bake it four times, and prepare
it fix months before the embarkation. It will hold
good a whole year.
To preferve fea-bifket from infe&s; Mr Hales advifes
to make the fumes of burning brimftone pafs through
the calks full of bread. Biflcet may be likewife preferved
a long time, by keeping it in calks-- well calked, and
lined with tin.
The ancients had their bilket prepared after the
like manner, and for the like ufe, as the moderns. The
Greeks called it apl™ Xivvpov, q. d. bread put twice to
the fire. The Romans gave it the name of pants ?iau-
ticus, or capia. Pliny denominates it vetus aut nauti-
cus pants tufas at que iter am coitus. By which it ap¬
pears, that, after the firft: baking, they ground or
pounded it down again for a fecond. In fome middle-
age writers, it is called paxitnas, paximus, and pants
paximatus. A mong the Romans, we alfo meet with
a kind of land-bilket for the camp-fervice, called buc-
Cellatdm\ fometimes expeditionalis annona, which was
baked much, both to make it lighter for carriage, and
Rfs .liable to corrupt, the coftion being continued till
the bread was reduced one-fourth of its former
weight.
BISKOP, See Bischop.
BISMILLAH, a folemn form ufed by the Maho¬
metans at the beginning of all their books and other,
writings, fignifying. In the name of the mojl merciful
God.
Bismillah is alfo ufed among the Arabs as a word
of invitation to eat. An Arab prince will frequently
fit down to eat in the fireet before his own door, and
call to all that pais, even beggars, in this word, who
do not fail to come and fit down to eat with him; for
the Arabs are great levellers, and fet every body upon
a footing with them.
BISMUTH, or Tin-glass, one of the femi-me-
tals, of a reddiflior yellowifh-white colour and a lamel-
lated texture, and moderately hard and brittle, fo that
it not dnly breaks into pieces under the ftrokes of the
-/■hammer, but may even be beat into powder. It is the
heavieft of all the femimetals, weighing from 9.600
to 9.700, and is about as fufible as lead. It is found,
1. Native. Bifmuth is found more commonly in a
native ftate than any other metallic fubflance. . P is
ufually cryftallized in cubes or oftagons, of in the ffirtn -
of dendrites or thin himinse •iovelHng • the«8es of other
metals, particularly cobalt. *■»-
2. Native Calx of BifnjutH. m which the metal is
mineralized by aerial acid, is either in form of a powder
or indurated like mortar. It is frequently of a green*,
ilh-yeliow colour, being mixed with the ores of other
metals. The red and yellow part is mod commonly
cobalt ore ; though it ,has often been miftaken for bif-
47-
1
B I S
muth. It is frequently found in glittering particles I
interfperfed through flones of various kinds. Silver, “
iron, and other metals, are alfo found in it.
3. Mineralized by the Vitriolic' Acid. This is faid
to be of a yellowilh, reddifh, or variegated colour,
and to be found mixed with the calx of bifmuth in-
crufting other ores.
4. By Sulphur. This is found chiefly in Sweden,
is of a bluifh-grey colour, a lamellated texture and
tefielar form like galena, but much heavier; fometimes
prefenting parallel Arias like antimony. It is faid to
contain cobalt and arfenic as well as bifmuth. It is
very fufible, and the fulphur it contains may be moil-
ly feparated by fcorification.
5. By Sulphur and Iron. This ore is faid to be of
a lamellar cuneiform texture, and to be found in Nor¬
way. This kind of ore yields a fine radiated r.egulus ; for
which reafon it has been ranked among the antimonial
ores by thofe who have not taken proper care to melt
from it a pure regulus, or one ^Jeftitute of fulphur.
In Schneeberg they iiave what is called columbine bif¬
muth and /i/mwo/c’biffnuth ; the former taking its name
from the colour, the latter from its texture. The lat¬
ter is faid to contain a great quantity of cobalt.
6. With Sulphur and Arfenic. This ore is generally
of a whitifh-yellow or afli colour, has a Alining ap¬
pearance, and is compofed of fmall feales or plates in¬
termixed with fmall yellow flakes. Its texture is hard
and folid ; fometimes it ftrikes fire with fieel. It has
a difagreeable fmell when rubbed; does not effervefee
with acids, but is partially diflblved by the nitrous
acid. The folution, diluted with water, becomes a
kind of fympathetic ink; the words written with it
on white paper being inviiible when dry, but afluming
a yellowilh colour when heated before the fire. There
is alfo a grey bifmuth ore of the avfenicated kind, with
a ftriated form, found at Hellingland in Swedarand
at Annaberg in Germany. Another of the fame kind,
with variegated colours of red, blue, and yellowilh-
grey, is likewife found at Schneeberg in Saxony. At
Mifnia in Germany, and at Gillebeck in Norway, it
is alfo found ftriated with green fibres like an amian¬
thus. At Georgenftadt in Germany, and at Annaberg
in Saxony, it is intermixed with reddilh-yellow fhining
particles, called by the Frei^h. Mines de Bifmutk 77-
greas. The minera bifmuthi arenacea mentioned by
Wallerius and Bomare belongs- alfo to the fame kind
of arfenicated ores.
This femimetal is fearcely altered by expofure to
the light. In clofe vefiels it fublimes without any al¬
teration ; and if permitted to cool flowly, it cryfiallizes
in Greek volutes. It cryftallizes alfo more ealily than
any other metallic fubftance. Heated with accefs of
air, its furface, when melted, foon becomes covered
with a greenifh-grey or brown calx. If the metal be
heated at once to ignition, it burns with a fmall blue
flame fcarcely fenfible, and the calx evaporates in a
ytilowiih fmoke, which condenfes into flowers of the
fame colour. Mr Geoffrey obferved, that the flowers
which rife laft are of a beautiful yellow colour like or-
piment. By expofure to the heat of a porcelain furr
nace, a part of th femimetal flowed out through a
crack in the veffel, and the pertio" which remained
in the veflel formed a glafs of a. dirty violet Colour,
while the bifmuth melted in contad with the external
6 air
1
■tfcfmuth.
BIS [ *49 I BIS
air was yellowifh. By expofure to the atmofpliere the
furface of this metal becomes fomewhat tarnifhecl, and
its furface covered with a whitiih ruft. It is not at¬
tacked by water, nor does it combine with earths ; J?ut
its calces give a greeniih-yellow tinge to glaffes. It is
employed by pewterers to communicate hardnefs to
tin ; and may be ufed inftead of lead in the cupellation
of metals. It refembles lead in many refpefts, and is
thought to be dangerous when taken internally.
Mqft metallic fubftances unite with bifmuth, and are
thereby rendered more fufible than before ; hence it is
ufed in the making of folder, printers types, &c. as
well as pewter. When native, it is of a yellowjih-white
colour, and fo fufible that it melts at the flame of a
candle. ^ By calcination it gains about half an ounce
in the pound. This calx is faid to promote the vitri¬
fication of earths, and of the refraftory metallic calces
more powerfully than lead, and likewife to aft as a
more violent corrofive on crucibles than the glafs of
lead itfelf. Hence it is preferable to lead for the pu¬
rification of gold and filver, deftroying more effeftual-
ly the bafer metals with which they have been adul¬
terated. In all operations of this kind, where fulphur
makes one of the heterogeneous matters to be deftroy-
ed, bifmuth is of the greateil ferviee, on account of
its forming with fulphur an extremely fufible compound,
while that of lead and fulphur proves very refraftory.
Bifmuth readily amalgamates with mercury, and the
compound adheres to iron. On expofing the iron, thus
poated with amalgam, to a confiderable heat, the mer¬
cury exhales, and' the greateft part of the bifmuth ad¬
heres to the iron, which thus looks as if it had been
filvered. If mixtures of bifmuth with fome other me¬
tals, particularly lead, be amalgamated, the lead be¬
comes fo thin as to pafs through leather along with the
mercury; but on ftanding, the bifmuth is thrown up
to the furface in form of a dark-coloured powder, the
quickfilver and lead remaining'united. From this pro¬
perty it is too often ufed for the purpofe of adultera¬
ting quickfilver ; as rendering a very confiderable por¬
tion of lead intimately combined with it. One part
of this metal with another of bifmuth, may be united
with three of quickfilver, without affefting its fluidity.
The quickfilver thus adulterated is not only unfit for
medicinal ufes, but even for the common mechanical
purpofes of gilding and filvering ; -as the workmen
find, in this cafe, that it leaves a leaden hue upon the
gold or filver, which fpoils the fine appearance of the
work. If the abufe happens to be difeovered, the mer¬
cury may be purified by diftillation to a certain degree,
though, according to Boerhaave, it is impoffible ever to
free it totally from a mixture of any of the dmperfeft
metals.
This femimetal readily unites by cementation with
'fulphur, and melts with a more gentle heat than when
alone ; but on continuing the fire, a reparation takes
place, the bifmuth falling to the bottom, and a ful-
phureous fcoria fwimming on the furface. Sulphur is
likewife very readily abforbed by the calx of bifmuth.
A curious needk-formed mafs is the produft of their
union, in appearance exaftly refembling antim®ny,
but contrafting a reddifli tinge on the outfide by ex¬
pofure to the air. The calx cannot take up quite half
its weight of fulphur.
Silver melts with the compound of calx* of bifmuth
Vol.HI. Part i.
and fulphur in a very gentle heat into a brittle regulus.
With a ftronger fire gold alfo unites with it, forming
a brittle compound, whofe particles fomewhat refemble
an ore, with fome ftriae and fhining ones among them.
Copper melts with it in a gentle heat, and the com¬
pound retains a remarkable degree of fufibility: on the
addition of lead a new combination takes place ; the
copper and fulphur rife to the top in fcoria refembling
an ore, whilft the bifmuth and lead unite into a regu-
lus at the bottom. Zinc and bifmuth will not unite ;
the former melting and burning on the furface as it
does by itfelf. Equal pans of lead, tin, and bifmuth,
form a blackifli fparkling compound refembling the
fmall dried ores of lead.
The fpecific gravity of a mixture of bifmuth and
copper is exaftly the mean betwixt that of the two
ingredients unmtxed. With iron the compounds are
fpecifically lighter than each of the ingredients; but
with gold, filver, tin, lead, and regulus of antimony,
they turn out heavier than either of the ingredients.
Bifmuth reduced to powder, and applied with the
white of-eggs to turned wood, makes it look as if it
had been filvered, after being properly dried and rub¬
bed over with an hard polifher. Some pretend that
the calx of bifmuth, by long reverberation, becomes
red like that of lead ; but this is found to be a miflake.
In this cafe it fcarcely even retains the form of a calx •
for a part of the bifmuth is foon revived into its me¬
tallic ftate by the contaft of the flame. None of the
deftruftible metallic fubllances is capable of being re¬
vived fo eafily as bifmuth. The calx heated ftrongly
in a clofe veflel melts into glafs.
This femimetal is moft commonly lodged in cobalt-
ores ; which, when of a high red, or peach-bloom co¬
lour, are called bifmutb-blmm or flowers of bifmuth. It
has been fuppofed, that bifmuth communicates to glafs
the fame blue colour with cobalt, becaufe the drofs
which reniaius, after the bifmuth has been melted out,
and called by the fmelters bifmutb-grain, fometimes
produces that efleft. But as no fuch grains or colour¬
ing-matter remains from pure bifmuth, it is plain, that
this property muft depend on fomething mixed with
the femimetal, and which was undoubtedly nothing
but fome cobalt-ore united with the bifmuth.
To the fame mixture we muft aferibe the property
which bifmuth-ore has*of making fympathettc ink of
the fame kind with that formed direftly by foluticn
of regulus of cobalt. For this purpofe a tinfture is
to be drawn from the ore with aquafortis, and this
afterwards mixed with a faturated folution of fea-falt,
and infpiflated, yields a reddifh fait: its watery folu¬
tion is the curious 'liquor called Green Sympathetic
Ink; though there is an impropriety in calling it
green, when in faft it is red. If any words are writ¬
ten with this ink on white paper, the charafters dif-
appear as foon as dry ; but on holding the paper to
the fire, they become gree.i and legible ; on cooling
they difappear again, and this repeatedly any number
of times. Bomare informs us, that words written with
this fympathetic ink may alfo be rendered legible, by
wetting them with a fponge or pencil dipped in an a-
queous folution of bepar fiilpburis. The experiments
fucceed beft when the tinfture drawn from the calci¬
ned ore is mixed with a folution of one-fourth its
weight of fea-falt: this mixture is then evaporated
I i nearly
BIS [ 250 ] BIS
Biisjiipf, nearly to drynefs, and the refkluum diffolv^d in wnter, of 100,000,©00 of gold j befide# the royal ebair for Bifnow
which is then the fympathetic ink. If the tinaure ftate days, whole price could not be eftimated. The II I
be mixed with nitre or borax inftead of fea-falt, the vidors, however, found a diamond of the fize of an BimiROji-.
charaaers will become rofe-coloured when warmed ; ordinary egg, befides another of a fize fomewhat in-
and by pafiing fea-falt over them they afterwards be- ferior, and leveral other jewels ofimmenfe value. Af-
comeblue; but if mixed with as much alkali as is terwards, however, they were forced to abandon the
lufficient to faturate the acid, they change by heat kingdom, as being too large for them to keep in their
to a purple and red colour. See Chemistry-TWcx. hands. From this time the kingdom of Bifnagar re-
_ BISNAGAR, formerly a very large and powerful mainedpretty muchunmoleftedtill about theyear’tbzy,
kingdom of Afia, comprehending the kingdoms of when it was fubdued by. Aurengzebe, fecond fon to
Kanara, Meffowr, Travankor, Madura, Marava, and Shah Jehan, and hath ever farce remained fubjedf to
Tanjour. It was called Bifnagar horn Its capital city, the Great Mogul. In fome places of this kingdom it
and took the name of Narjjnga from one of its rajahs is faid the roads have great foreits of bamboos on each
or kings. We know nothing certain concerning this fide, which are fo thick that it is impoflible for a man
kingdom before the year X520, when Khrifna Rajah, to pafs, Thefe forefts are full of monkeys ; and what
king of Bifnagar, made war with Adel Khan king of is lingular, thofe on the one fide feem to be enemies to
Viiiapur, from whom he refolved to take the city of thofe on the other; for if a balket of rice is fet down
Rachol, fituated in the ifland of Salfette near Goa,
which he faid had belonged to his anceftors. The
king of Bifnagar’s army confided of 733,000 foot,
35,000 horfe, 586 elephants with towers on their backs,
each of which had four men in it; befides thefe were
12,000 water-carriers, and the army was followed by
20,000 common women. The city, however, refilled
this formidable army for three months ; at the end of
which, Adel Khan came to its relief with an army of
120,000 foot, 18,000 horfe, 150 elephants, and many
heavy cannon. In the engagement the king of Bif¬
nagar proved viftorious, arid almofl entirely dellroyed
the army of Adel Khan, taking from him 4odb horfes,
100 elephants, 400 cannon, &c. Soon after he took
the city by affault; but confented to rellore the booty
taken in the former battle, provided Adel Khan con¬
fented to come and kifs his foot as the fovereign lord
of Kanara. This bafe condition was accepted, but
accidentally prevented from being put in execution.
From this time we hear of nothing remarkable till the
year 1558, when a Portuguefe of the city of Mdiapur
or St Thomas, on the coall of Coromandel, perfuaded
Rama Rajah, then king of Bifnagar,. to march againft
that, place, telling him the plunder would be worth
2,000,000, and that the deft.ru£tion of Meliapur would
be of great fervice to the images in the Pagods which
were thrown down by the Chriftians. The king fet out
accordingly with an army of 500,000 men ; but the in¬
habitants, inftead of preparing for their defence, fent
him a prefent of 4000 ducats. This fomewhat ap-
peafed him : however, he would not enter the city, but
ordered the inhabitants of both fexes, with all their
valuable effefts, to be brought into his prefence ; which
being done, he found that the value of their whole fub-
ftance did not exceed 80,000 ducats. On this he or¬
dered the informer to be thrown to the elephants, who
tore him in pieces; after which he difmifled the citi¬
zens, and reflored all their goods fa punftually, that
only a filver fpoon happening to be miffing, it was
fought for, and returned to the owner. In 1565, the
happy Rate of this kingdom excited the envy of the
kings of Dekan ; who, having raifed an army 0^500,000
foot and 50,000 horfe, defeated and killed the king of
Bifnagar, though at the head of an army almofi. twice as
numerous, and took the royal city itfelf. They are faid
to have fpent five months in plundering it, although
the inhabitants had before carried off 1550 elephants
loaded with money and jewels to the amount of upwards
on the road with a parcel of fmall flicks about it, the
monkeys on each fide will come out, and fall a-fighting
with the flicks till one of the parties retreats. This,
it is faid, is often done by travellers for diveifion. They
catch the wild elephants here in pitfalls, and then tame
them by means of others already tamed : the latter
feldom fail of beating the wild ones into a good beha¬
viour. The town of Bifnagar is lituated in E. Long.
78. o. N. Lat. 13. 20.
BISNOW, or Bischnou, a fe<ft of the Banians in
the Eafl Indies ; they call their god Ram-ram, and
give him a wife : They adorn his image with golden
chains, necklaces of pearls, and all forts of precious
flones. . They fing hymns in honour of their god,' mix¬
ing their devotion with dances and the found of drums,
flagelets, brazen bafons, and other inflruments. This
fe£t lives wholly upon herbs and pulfe, butter and milk.
In this fe6l, the wives do not burn themfelves after
their hufbands death, as is praftifed by thofe of the fa-
marath fedl; but content themfelves with a perpetual
widowhood.
BISOMUM, or Disomum, in Roman antiquity,
a tomb for two dead bodies, or the afhes of two. The t'
ancients frequently buried two, three, or four bodies j
in the fame fepiilchre, difpofed afide of each other;
for it was held an impiety to lay one a-top of another.
Hence the fepulchres of the primitive Chriflians had
the words bifomi, trifomi, quadrifomi, &c. inferibed oa
them to indicate the number of bodies depofited in
them.
BISON, in zoology, the trivial name of a fpecies
of bos. See Bos.
BISQUET, or Bisket. See Bisket.
BISSAGOS, a duller of ifiands on the coafl of i
Negroeland in Africa, fituated between the mouth of
the river Gambia and Rio Grande. Their names are,
Bui am, Cajfuabac, La Gallinci, Cazegut, Calacha, M
and Oranguana, with fome other fmall ifiands; but
the only one which merits a particular defcriptioit is.
that of Bulam. Each of thefe ifiands is governed by
a king of its own ; and as all thofe petty monarchs-are
quite independent, they frequently make war with,
each other, yet they always unite againft the inhabi¬
tants of Biafara, who are their common enemies. They
have canoes that carry from 25 to 40 men with their
provifions and arms, which are fabres, and bows, and ar¬
rows. The inhabitants are negroes; who are tall,ftrong,,
and healthy^ though they live only on fiih, nuts, and
palm-
BIS C 251 ] BIS
-Biflao, palm-oil; choollng rather to fell the rice, mullet, and a-
 —^ ther grain produced in their country, to the Europeans,
than not td gratify their paffion for trinkets and orna¬
ments. In general, they are idolaters; cruel and favage
in their dil'pofition, not only to ftrangers but to one
another, when they happen to quarrel, as they fre¬
quently do about trifles ; and if they happen to he 'dif-
appointed of their revenge, they frequently drown or
ftab themfelves.
BISSAO, an ifland on the' coaft of Africa, a few
leagues to the fouth-eaft of the river Gambia, and fe-
parated from the continent only by the channel of the
river Geves. In this ifland the French have a fadtory,
and there is alfo a fort belonging to the Portuguefe,
at both of which a great trade is carried on. Tl^e
ifland is about 35 or 40 miles in circumference, ha¬
ving an agreeable profpedt to the fea, from which it
riles by a gentle alcent on every fide to an eminence
in the centre of the ifland. There are however a great
many hills inferior in height to that in the middle, and
feparated by beautiful and fertile valleys divided by
little rivulets, which at the fame time augment the rich-
nefs and elegance of the fcene. So rich is the foil of
Biflao, that wheat and maife fpring up to the fize of
Indian corn, or rather referable a field covered over
with reeds or bamboos. The cattle alfo are of an ex¬
traordinary fize, and feem to keep pace with the ex¬
travagant growth of the corn. Milk and wine are in
the greateit abundance ; but the ifland affords neither
hdgs nor horfes. The former are forbid by the natives
to be imported,; and fomething in the foil or climate
renders it unfit for the increafe of the latter, which
never thrive here. The drefs of the men of all ranks
in Biflao is only a Ikin fixed to the girdle before and
behind. The drefs of the married women confifts of
a cotton petticoat; but virgins go entirely naked,
wearing only bracelets of different kinds on their arms
and legs. If they are of high quality, their bodies are
marked or painted with a variety of hideous forms of
fnakes and other'figures, which, as their colour is jet-
black, gives their fkins fomewhat the appearance of
flowered fattin. Even the princefs royal herfelf, the
eldefb daughter of the emperor, is only diftinguifhed
from other women by the elegance of thofe paintings
and the richnefs of her bracelets. One very extraor¬
dinary ornament ufed in this country is a large iron
ring with a flat. round furface on the outfide inflead
of a ftone, upon which the ring changes with a bit of
iron, in fuch a manner as to converfe with the greatefl
facility Jay means of the different founds produced;
but this kind of language is ufed only among the po¬
lite and the great. AH the Biflaons are idolaters,
nor has commerce introduced the fmalleft change in
their manners, but their ideas of religion are exceed¬
ingly confufed. Their chief idol is a little image cal¬
led China, of which the worfhippers give very abfurd
accounts; but, befides this, every man invents a god for
himfelf: trees are held’ facved ; and if not adored as
gods, are wor-fliipped as the refidence of fome divinity.
The government is defpotic, the will of. the emperor
being a law to his people. Of this we have an in-
ftance in Biffao, not to be matched in any other coun¬
try whatever. This is no other than a prefent which
one fubject may make of the houfe and eflate of his
neighbour to the emperor: and as it is moft commonly
his majefly’s pleafure to accept of fuch prefents, the Biflat,
proprietor dares not refift, but immediately fets about Blffeni;uur.i
building another houfe, though even this he cannot do "" v ’ J
without the prince’s leave ; and if this fhould not be
readily granted, he muft live with his family in the
open air till permiflion to build a new houfe can be
obtained.
BISSAT (Peter), profeffor of canon law in the
univerfity of Bononia in Italy, was defcended from the
earls of Fife in Scotland, and born in that county in
the reign of James V. He was educated at St An¬
drew’s : from thence he removed to Paris ; and, having
fpent fome time in that univerfity, proceeded to Bo¬
nonia, where he commenced doftor of laws, and was
afterwards appointed profeflbr of canon law. He cpn-
tinued in that honourable employment feveral years
with great reputation, and died in the year 1568. He
is faid to have been pot only a learned civilian, but an
excellent poet, orator, and philofqpher. Patricii Bif-
farti opera omnia, viz. poemata, orationes, lettiones
feriales, £sV. Lib. de irregularitate, &c, were publiflied
at Venice in 1565,410.
BISSENPCUR, a fmall diftrift of the kingdom of
Bengal, in the Eaft Indies, which has all along pre-
ferved its independence. It has been governed time
immemorial by a Bramin family of the tribe of Rajah-
puts. Here the. purity and equity of the ancient po¬
litical fyftem of the Indians is found unadulterated.
This Angular government, the fineft and moil finking
monument in the world, has till now been beheld with
too much indifference. We have no remains of ancient
nations but brafs and marble, which fpeak only to
imagination and conjecture, thofe uncertain interpreters
of manners and cuftoms that no longer exift. Were a
philofopher tranfpoi ted to Biffenpour, he would imme¬
diately be a witnefs of the life led by the firft inhabi¬
tants of India many thoufand years ago; he would
Converfe with them ; he would trace the progrefs of
this nation, celebrated as it were from its very infancy;
he would fee the rife of a government whioh, being
founded in happy prejudices, in a fimplicity and purity
of manners, in the mild temper of the people, and the in¬
tegrity of the chieftains, has furvived thofe innumerable
fyffems of legiflation, which have made only a tranfitory
appearance in the ftage of the world with the genera¬
tions they were defigned to torment. More folid and
durable than thofe political ftru&ures, which, railed by
impotture and enthufiafm, are the fcourges of human
kind, and are doomed to perilh with the foolifh opi¬
nions that gave them birth, the government of Biffen¬
pour, the offspring of a juft attention to order and the
laws of nature, has been eftablilhed and maintained
upon unchangeable principles, and has undergone no
more alteration than thofe principles themfelves. The
Angular fituation of this country has preferved to the
inhabitants their primitive happinefs and the gentlenefs
of their character, by fecuring them from the danger
of being conquered, or of imbruing their hands in the
blood of their fellow-creatures. Nature has furrounded
them wi;h water ; and they need only open the fluices %
of their rivers to overflow the whole country. The
armies fent to fubdue them have fo frequently been
drowned, that the plan of enflaving them has been laid
afide ; and the proje&ors of it have thought proper to
content themfelves with an appearance of fubmiffion.
I i 2 Liberty
BIS [ 252 ] BIT
Biffextlle Liberty and property are facred in Biffenpour.
Robbery, either public or private, is never heard of.
1 1 re‘ As foon as any ftranger enters the'territory, he comes
under the proteftion of the laws, which provide for
his fecurity. He is fui nifhed with guides at free coft,
who condudt him from place to place, and are anfwer-
able for his perfqn and effedls. When he changes his
condudtors, the new ones deliver to thofe they relieve
an atteftation of their conduft, which is regiftered and
afterwards fent to the Raja. All the time he remains
in the country, he is maintained and conveyed with his
merchandife at the expence of the ftate, unlefs he
de£res leave to flay longer than three days in the fame
place. In that cafe, he is obliged to defray his own
expences; unlefs he is detained by any diforder, or o-
ther unavoidable accident. This beneficence to ftran-
gers is the confequence of the warmth with which the
citizens enter into each others interefts. They are fo
far from being guilty of an injury to each other, that
whoever finds a purfe, or other thing of value, hangs
it upon the firft tree he meets with, and informs the
neareft guard, who give notice of it to the public by
beat of drum. Thefe maxims of probity are fo ge¬
nerally received, that they diredl even the operations
of government. Out of about 350,000 1. on an ave¬
rage it annually receives, without injury to agriculture
or trade, what is not wanted to fupply the unavoidable
expences of the Hate, is laid out in improvements.
The Raja is enabled to engage in thefe humane em¬
ployments, as he pays the Moguls only what tribute
and at what times he thinks proper.
BISSEXTILE, in chronology, a year confifting
of 366 days, being the fame with our leap-year. See
Chronology.
BISTJ, in commerce, a fmall coin of Perlia : Some
fay that it is among the current filver coins of Perfia,
and worth only a little above three farthings of our
money; others fpeak of it again as a money of ac¬
count.
BISTONIS, (anc. geog.), a lake of Thrace near
Abdera, on which dwelt the Billones : hence Bijlor.ius
7yrannus is by Lucan ufed to denote Diomedes king
of Thrace, who fed his horfes with human flelh ; and
Bijlonius turbo, a wind blowing from Thrace.
BISTORT, or Knotgrass, in botany, the trivial
name of a fpecies of polygonum. See Polygonum.
BISTOURY, in furgery, an inftrument for making
incilions ; of which there are different kinds, fome be¬
ing of the form of a lancet, others ftraight and fixed
in the handle like a knife, and others crooked with the
iharp edge on the infide.
BISTRE, among painters, fignifies the burnt oil
extracted from the foot of wood.
It is of a brown tranfparent colour, having much
the fame effedl in water-painting, where alone it is
ufed, as brown pink in oil. Though this colour is
extremely ferviceable in water-colours, and much va¬
lued by thofe who know and can procure it; yet it is
not in general ufe here, perhaps on account of its not
being eafily procured of a perfedt kind ; hardly any of
it being good, except that imported from France.
Perhaps the principal reafon for this is, that dry beech-
wcod affords the heft foot for making it : and it is not
eafy to procure fuch here without mixture of the foot of
green wood, or other combuftibles that deprave it for
this purpofe : or it is poffible.that they who have pre¬
tended to prepare it, have been ignorant of the pro¬
per means; there not being any recipe or diredlions in
books that treat of thefe matters, from whence they
could learn the proper procefs.
Biftre may, however, he prepared with great eafe
in the following manner.—Take any quantity of foot
of dry wood, but let ii be of beech wherever that can
be procured. Put it into water in the proportion of
two pounds to a gallon ; and boil them half an hour :
then after the fluid has flood fome .little time to fettle,
but while yet hot, pour off the clearer part from the
earthy fediment at the bottom; and if on Handing
longer it forms another earthy fediment, repeat the
fame method, but this fhould be done only while the
fluid remains hot: evaporate then the fluid to drynefs ;
and what remains will be good biflre, if the foot was
of a proper kind.—Thegoodnefs of biftre may be per¬
ceived by its warm deep brown colour, and tranfparen-
cy when moiftened with water.
BISTRICZ, a handfome flrong town ofTranfil-
vania, feated on a river of the fame name, in E. Long..
25. 3. N. Lat.47. 33.
BIT, or Bitt, an effential part of a bridle. Its
kinds are various. 1. The mufrol, fnafflle, or water¬
ing-bit. 2. The canon-mouth, jointed in the middle.
3. The canon with a fail mouth, all of a piece, only-
kneed in the middle, to form a liberty or fpace for the
tongue; fit for horfes too fenfible, or ticklifh, and
liable to be continually bearing on the hand. 4. The
canon-mouth, with the liberty in form of a pigeon’s
neck; proper where a horfe has too large a tongue.
5. The canon with a port mouth, and an upfet or
mounting liberty; where a horfe has a good mouth,
but large tongue. 6. The fcatch-mouth, with an up¬
fet ; ruder but more ftcure than a cqnon mouth.
7. The canon mouth with a liberty ; proper for a
horfe with a large tongue, and round bars. 8. The
mafticadour, or flavering bit, &c. The feveral parts
of a fnaflle, or curb-bit, are the mouth piece, the
cheeks and. eyes, guard of the cheek, head of the
cheeks, the port, the welts, the campanel or curb and
hook, the bofles, the bolfters and rabbets, the water-
chains, the fide-bolts, and rings, kirbles of the bit or
curb, trench, top-rol, flap and jieve. The importaj
tion of bits for bridles is now prohibited.
Bit, or Bitts, in {hip-building, the name of two
great timbers, ufually placed abaft the manger, in the
{hip’s loof, through which the crofs-piece goes: The
ufe of it is to belay the cable thereto, while the {hip
is at anchor.
Bit is alfo ufed in commerce for a piece of coin
current in Jamaica, and valued at yjd.
B1TBURGH, a town of the Netherlands, in the
duchy of Luxemburg. E. Long. 6.43. N. Lat. 50. o.
BITCH, the female of the dog kind. See Canis.
B1TCHE, a town of Lorrain, capital of a terri¬
tory of the fame name, and feated at the foot of the
mountains near the river Swolbe. E. Long. 7. 44.
N. Lat. 49.5.
B1TETO, a town of Italy, in the kingdom of Na¬
ples, and in the Terra di Barri. E. Long. 16. 56.
N. Lat. 41. 8.
BITHYNIA, an ancient kingdom of Afia, formerly
known by the names of Myfia, Mygdonia, Babryiciat
Mariandynia}.
Biflricz
11 J
Bhhynia.
BIX [ 253 ] B L A
Bitonto Mariandynia, and Btthynia. It was bounded on the
Ji weft by the Bofporus Thracius and part of the Pro-
pontis, on the fouth by the river Rhyndacus and mount
Olympus, on the north by the Eiixine fea, and on
the eaft by the river Parthenius. The chief cities were
Myrlea, Nicomedia, Chalcedon, Heradea, and Prufa.
—As to its hiftory, we find nothing of moment re¬
corded ; except the famous condutt of Pruffias, one of
its kings, in delivering up to the Romans Hannibal,
the great Carthaginian general, who fled to him for
proteftion. His great grandfon Nicomedes IV. be¬
queathed the kingdom to the Romans. From them
it was taken by the Turks, to whom it ftill remains
fubjeft, but has no modern name.
BITONTO, an epifcopal town of Italy, in the
kingdom of Naples and Terra di Bari. It is feated in
a plain eight miles fouth of the gulph of Venice, in
E. Long. 16. 52. N. Lat. 41. 13.
BITTACLE. See Binacle.
BITTER, an epithet given to all bodies of an op-
pofite tafte to fweetnefs. For the medical virtues of
bitters, fee Materia Medica.
Bitter, a fea-term, fignifying any turn of the ca¬
ble about the bits, fo as that the cable may be let out
by little and little. And when a fliip is flopped by a
cable, Ihe is faid to be brought up by a bitter. Alfo that
end of the cable which is wound about the .bits is cal¬
led the hitter end of the cable.
Bitter-Apple, in botany. See Colcynthis.
BifTER-Salt. See ErsoM-Salt,
Bitter-Sweet, in botany. See Solanum.
BITTERN, in ornithology. See Ardea.
Bittern, in the falt-works, the brine remaining af¬
ter the fait is concreted: this they laddie off, that the
fait may be taken out of the pan, and afterwards put
in again ; when, being farther boiled, it yields more
fait. See Salt.
BITUMENS, in natural hiftory, are oily matters,
of a ftrong fmell, and of different confiftencies, which
are found in many places within the earth. See
Chemistry, Index.
BITUMEN judaicum, See Asphaltum.
BITUREX, Bituriges, or Biturica, afterwards
corrupted to Bourges; the name of Avaricutn, from
the cuftom of the Lower age of calling towns from the
names of the people. See Avaricum-.
BITURIGES (Caefar) ; Bituriges Cuhi (Strabo,
Pliny, Ptolemy) : a people in that part of Gallia Cel-
tica afterwards affigned to Aquitania. Now called
Berry.
Bituriges Vibifi^ Ptolemy) s a people of Aquitain.
BIVALVES, a term fometimes ufed for fuch fliells
as confift of two pieces.— It is alfo an appellation given
by botanifts to fuch pods or capfules as confift of two
valves inclofing the feeds. ,
BIVENTER, in anatomy, called alfo digafric, or
two-bellied, a mufcle of the lower jaw. See Anato¬
my, Table of the Mufcles.
BIUMBRES, in geography, an appellation given
to the inhabitants of the torrid zone, by reafon, at.
two different feafohs of the year, their fhadows are
proje&ed two different ways. The biumbres are the
fame with thofe otherwife denominated amphifcii.
BIXA, the Roucou or Arnotto-Tree v A genus of
the Monogynia order, belonging to the polyandria clafs - SIxa
of plants; and in the natural method ranking under the
37th order, Columniferx. The corolla is ten-petaled; the ac
calyx quinquedented; the capfule hifped and bivalved.
Of this genus there is but one fpecies known, viz.
the orellana, a native of the warm parts of America.
This rifes with an upright ftem to the height of eight
or ten feet, fending out many branches at the top
forming a regular head, garniflied with heart-fhaped
leaves ending in a point, and having long footftalks.
The flowers are produced in loofe panicles at the end
of the branches : thefe are of a pale peach colour, ha¬
ving large petals, and a great number of briftly ftami-
na of the fame colour in the centre. After the flower
is paft, the germen becomes a heart-fhaped, or rather
a mitre-lhaped, veffel, covered on the outfide with
bridles opening with two valves, and filled with angular
feeds. Thefe feeds are covered with a red waxen
pulp or pellicle, from which the colour called Anot-
ta is prepared, according to the procefs defcribed un¬
der that article. Thefe plants, in the countries where
they grow, thrive belt in a cool rich foil, and ftioot
moft luxuriantly near fprings and rivulets. With us,,
they may be propagated by feeds procured from Ame¬
rica. Thefe are to be fown in pots in the fpring, and
plunged in a bed of tanner’s bark : the plants mull af¬
terwards be removed into feparate pots, and always
kept in the ftove.
BIZARRE, denoting, ctapricious, &c. a-term ufed
among florifts for a particular kind of carnation, which
has its flowers ftriped or variegated with three or four
colours.
BIZ ARRO, in the Italian mufic, denotes a fanciful
kind of compofition, fometimes fall, flow, foft, llrong,
&cr according to the fancy of the compofer.
BIZOCHI, or B.isochi, in church-hiilory, certain
heretical monks, faid to have, affumed the religious ha¬
bit contrary to the canons,rejected the facraments, and.
maintained other errors.
BLACK, a well known colour, fuppofed to be ow¬
ing to the abfence of light, moft of the rays falling
upon black fubftances being not refledled but abforbed
by them. Concerning the peculiar ftruclure of fuch
bodies as fits them for appearing of this or that parti¬
cular colour, fee the article Colour.
Concerning black colours in general,.we have the
following remarks by Dr Lewis.
“ 1. Of black, as of other colours, there are many
lhades or varieties ; different bodies, truly aftd Amply Philofiph. ■
black, or which have no fenfible admixture of any of Commerce
the reft of the colours,..as black velvet, fine black cloth, U
the feathers of the raven,. &c. appearing, when placed^-
together, of teints very fenfibly different.
“ 2. One and the fame body alfo aflumes different
degrees of blacknefs, according to- the dilpofition of
the fenfible part of its furface ; and in this refpedl,
there is not, perhaps, any other colour which is fo
much affedled by an apparent mechanifnn Thus black
velvet, when the pile is raifed, appears intenfely black,
much more fo than the filk it was made from ; but on
preffing the pile fmooth, it looks pale, and in certain
pofitions ftrows fomewhat even of a whitifti call,
“ 3. This obfervation is agreeable to the phyficaL.
theory, which afcribes the blacknefs of bodies to the
luminous
B L A .
Black, luminous rays, that fall upon' them, being in great
“-“■v * part abforbed or ftifled in their pores. When the fur-
face is compofed of a multitude of loofe filaments, or
fmall points, with the extremities turned towards the
eye, much of the light is ftifled in the interftices be¬
tween them, and the body appears dark : when the fi¬
laments are preffed clofe, or the furface fmoothed and
polilhed, more of the light is refle&ed from it, and the
intenfity of the blacknefs is diminifhed ; though the
beauty may be improved by the gloffingfs which refults
from the fmoothing.
“ 4. There is one cafe, however, in which a high
polifh may, on the fame principle, produce blackneis,
in bodies other wife even white. We find that fpecula
of white metal, or of quickfilvered glafs, which refleft
the rays of light to one point or in one dire&ion, look
always dark, unlefs when the eye is dire&ly oppofed
to the refle&ed rays.
“ 5. As the abforption of the luminous rays, except
in the cafe juft mentioned, makes the phyfical caufe of
blacknefs ; it is concluded that black bodies, receive
heat more freely than others. Black marble or tiles,
expofed to the fun, become fenfibly hotter than white
ones. Black paper is kindled by a burning glafs much
fooner than white, and the difference isftrongly marked:
a burning-glafs, too weak to have any vifible effeft at all
upon white paper, ftiall readily kindle the fame paper
rubbed over with ink. Hence black clothes when wet¬
ted, are faid to dry fafter; black habits, and rooms
hung with black, to be warmer; black mould to be a
hotter foil for vegetables; and garden walls, painted
black, to anfwer better for the ripening of wall-fruit
than thofe of lighter colours.
“6. It ifr not, however, to be affirmed that the like
differences obtain in the impreffions made by common
fire. Black paper, held to the fire, does not feem to
be affefted fooner, or in a greater degree, than fuch as
is white. It may be proper to obferve alfif that the
combuftibility of the paper may be increased, by im¬
pregnating it with fubrtances of themfelves not com-
buftible, and which give no Colour to it. This is the
foundation of one of the fympathhic inks, as they are
called, made of a ftrong folution of fal ammoniac in
water, which, though colourlefs when written with on
paper, becomes very legible on expofing the paper to
the fire ; that is, it occafions the parts moiftened with
it to fcorch or burn, before the reft of the paper is
hurt, to a brown or black. All the falts I have tried
produced this effeft in a greater or lefs degree; ni¬
tre, alum, tartar, very weakly; fea-ftjt more ftrong¬
ly ; fixed alkaline falts ftill more fo ; fal ammoniac the
moft ftrongly of all. Metallic folutions, made in acids,
and diluted fo as not to Corrode the paper, afted in the
fame manner.
“ 7. Befides the fimple blacks, there are a multi¬
tude of compound ones,, inclining more or lefs to other
colours. Thus the painters have blue-blacks, brown-
blacks, &c. which may be made by mixing pigments
of the refpedtive colours with fimple black ones, in
greater or lefs quantity, according to the /hade required.
The dyers alfo have different blacks^ and often darken
other colours by (lightly paffing them through the
black dying liquor; but the term IrO’wn-black is in
this bufinefs unknown, brown and black being here
looked upon as oppofite to one another. In cfie61,
4 1 , B L A
the colour called brown-blank is no other than that
which ill-died black clothes change to in wearing: no "
wonder then that it is excluded from the catalogue of
the dyers colours.
“ 8. The true or fimple blacks, mixed with white,
form different (hades of gray, lighter or darker accord¬
ing as the white or black ingredients prevails in the
mixt. The black pigments, fpread thin upon a white
ground, have a like effeft.
“ 9. Hence the painter, with one true black pig¬
ment, can produce on white paper, or on other white
bodies, all the (hades of grey and black, from the
(lighted difcoloration of the paper up to a full black :
and the dyer produces the fame effeft on white wool,
filk, or cloth, by continuing the fubjefts for a ftiorter
or longer time in the black bath, or making the bath
it-felf weaker or ftronger.
“ 10. Hence alfo the dilution of black pigments
with \yhite, or the fpreading of them thin upon a white
ground, affords a reaidy method of judging of the qua¬
lity or fpecies of the colour; which if it be a true
black, will in this diluted date look of a pure or fimple
grey; but if it has a tendency to any other colour, that
colour will now betray itfelf.
“11. All the colours in a very deep or concentra¬
ted (late.approach to blacknefs. Thus the red liquor
prepared by boiling or infufing madder-root in water,
and the yellow deco6tion or infufion of liquorice-root,
evaporated in a gentle heat till they become thick, look
of a daik black colour, or of a. colour approaching to
blacknefs and thefe thick maffes, drawn out into (len¬
der firings, or diluted with water, or rubbed on paper,
exhibit again the red and yellow colours, which the li¬
quors had at firft. Nature affords many black obje&s,
whofe blacknefs depends upon the fame principle, being
truly a concentration of feme of the other colours.
Thus in black-berries, currants, elderberries, &c. what
feems to be black is no other than an opaque deep red:
their juice appears black when its furface is looked doWn
upon in an opaque veffel, but red when diluted or fpread
thin. The black flint, as it is called, of the ifland of
Afcenfion, held in thin pieces between the eye and the
light, appears greenifh; and one of the deep black
ftones called black agate, viewed in the fame manner,
difeovers its true colour to be a deep red.”.
The moft remarkable black colours in the mineral
kingdom -are, Black Chalk, Pit-CoAi, Black Sands,
and Black Lead (fee thefe articles).—The only native
vegetable black is the juice,of the anacardium orientale,
which pcffibly may be the tree that produces the ex¬
cellent black varnifh of China and Japan (fee Var¬
nish).—The juices of moft aftringent vegetables pro¬
duce a black with iron, and for this purpofe fome of
them are ufed in dyeing and callico-printing (fee thd
article Dyeing).—There are alfo a number of black
colours artificially prepared for the ufe of painters, fuch
as lamp-black, ivory-black, German-black, &c. for an
account of the preparation and qualities of which, fee
the article Colour-Making.
Black-Aft; the ftatute of 9 Geo. I c. 22. is com¬
monly called the Waltham black aft, becaufe it was oc-
cafioned by the devaftations committed near Waltham
in Effex, by perfons in difguife, or with their faces black¬
ed. By this ftatute it is ena&ed, that perfons hunting
armed and difguifed, and killing or dealing deer, or
robbing
B L A [ 255 J B L A
robbing warrens, or ftealing fiffi out of any river, &c. iagrountl to hold the wore black to be here a comip-
or any perfons unlawfully hunting in his majefty’s fo- tion of blank or white, and confequently to fignify a
refts, &c. or breaking down the head of any filh-pond, rent paid in a fmall copper coin called blanks. This
or killing, &c. of cattle, or cutting down trees, or fet-
tirig fire to hpufe, barn, or wood, or {hooting at any
perfon, or fending letters either anonymous or figned
with a fictitious name demanding money, &c. or ref-
cuing fuch offenders, are guilty of felony, without be¬
nefit of clergy. This ao; is made perpetual by 31
Geo. 11, c. 42.
BLACK-Bird, in ornithology. SccTurdus.
BLACK-Bcok.ifJhe Exchequer. See Exchequer.
Black- Bocks, a name given to thofe which treat of
necromancy, or, as fome call it, mgromancy The
black-book of fhe Englifh monafteries was a detail of
the fcandalous enormities praftifed in religious houfes,
compiled by order of the vifitors under king Hen. VIII.
to blacken, and thus halten their diffolution.
BhAcx-Capj'in ornithology. See Motacilla.
BLACK-Cock. See Tetrad.
BiACK-Eagle. See Falco.
Black Eunuchs, in the cuftoms of eallern nations,
are Ethiopians caftrated, to whom'their princes com¬
monly commit the care of their women. See Eunuch.
Black-Forejl, a foreft of Germany, in Suabia, run¬
ning from north to fouth between Ortnau, Brifgaw,
part of the duchy of Wirtemberg, the principality of
Fuftemburg towards the fource of the Danube, as far
as the Rhine above Bafil. It is part of the ancient
Hyrcahian fore It.
Bi.ACK-Friars, a name given to the dominican order;
called alfo predicants and preaching friars ; in France,
jacobins. '
Black-Jack, or Blend, is a mineral called diio falfe
galena, blinde, 8cc. See Blinde.
Black-Land, in agriculture, a term by which the
hulbandmen denote a particular fort of clayey foil,
which, however, they know more by its other proper¬
ties than by its colour, which is rarely any thing like
a true black, and often but a pale grey. This, how¬
ever pale when dry, always blackens by means of rains,
and when ploughed up at thefe feafons it {ticks to the
ploughfirares, and the more it is wrought the muddier
and dulkier coloured it appeal s. This fort of fuil al¬
ways contains a large quantity of fand, and ufually a
great number of fmall white Hones.
Black-Lead {Plumbago). See Black-LRAD.
Black Leather, is that which has paffed the curriers
hands, where, from the ruffet as it was left by the tan¬
ners, it is become black, by having been fcored and
rubbed three times on the grain-fide with coperas-
water. See Leather.
BzACK-Legs, a name given in Leicefterlhire to a
difeafe frequent among calves and flreep. It is a kind
of jelly which fettles in their legs, and often- in the
neck, between the {kin and fleih.
Black- Mail, a certain rate of money, corn, cattle,
or other matter, anciently paid by the inhabitants of
towns in Wdlmoreland, Cumberland, Northumber¬
land, and Durham, to divers perfons inhabiting on or
near the borders,, being men of name, and allied with
others in thofe parts, known to be great robbers and
fpoil-takers ; in order to be by them freed and protefi-
ed from any pillage. Prohibited by 43 El. c. 13.
The origin of this word is much contcfled, yet there
may receive fome light from a phrafe Hill ufed in Pi¬
cardy, where fpeaking of a perfon who has not a iingle
halfpenny, they fay, il »’ a pas me Manque rnaille.
Black-Monks, a denomination given to _the Bene-
dt&ines, called in Latin nigri monachi, or nigro mona-
chi; fometimes o>-do nigrorum, “ the order of blacks/'*
BiACK-Oats. See Oats.
Black-Procejfion, in ecclefiaftical writers, that which
is made in black habits, and* with black eniigns and
ornaments.” See Procession. Anciently at Malta
there was a black-proceffion every Friday, where the
whole clergy walked with theirfaces covered with a black.
veil.
Black-Rents, the fame with black-mail, fuppofed
to be rents formerly paid in provifions and flefh, not
in fpecie.
BsACK-Rod. See Rod.
Black-Row Grains, a fpecies of iron-ftone or ore
found in the mines about Dudley in Staffordihire.
BiACK-Sea. See EuxiNE-Sea.
BiACK-Sheep, in the Oriental hiiloiy, th.e enfign or-
fiandard of a race of Turkmans fettled in Armenia and
Mefopotatnia ; hence called the dynajly of the black'
Jbeep.
Black-Stones and Gems, according to Dr Wood¬
ward, owe their colour to a mixture of tin in their
compofition.
Black- Strqkes, a range of planks immediately above
the wales in a {hip’s fide. They are always covered-
with a mixture of tar and lamp-black.
BiACK-Fin, in mineralogy, a denomination given to.
the tin-ore when dreffed, liamped, and walked ready
for the blowing-houfe, or to be melted into metal. It.
is prepared into this Rate by means of beating and
wafhing,; and when it has paffed through feveral bud¬
dies or waffling troughs,, it is taken up in form of a.
black powder, like fine fand, called black-tin.
Black-Wadd, in mineralogy, a kind of ore of man-
ganefe, remarkable for its property of taking fire when
mixed with linfeed-oil in a certain proportion. It is
found in Derbyfhire, and is ufed as a drying ingredient
in paints ; for when, ground with a large quantity of
oily matter, it lofes the property above mentioned-
-See Mangan-ese.
BhACK-lVater, the name of two rivers in Ireland 4
one of which runs through the counties of Cork and-
Waterford, and' falls in Yougal Bay ; and the other,
after watering the county of Armagh, falls into Lough-
Neah.
Black- Whytlof in our old writers, bread of a mid¬
dle finenefs betwixt white and brown, called in fome
parts ravel-bread. In religious houfes, it was the
Head made for ordinary guefis, and diftinguilhed from
their houfehold loaf, or panis conventualis, which was.
pure manchet, or white bread.
BLACK-lVork, iron wrought by the blackfmith ; thus
called by way of oppofition to that wrought by white--
fmiths.
BLACKALL (Dr Offspring), bilhop of Exeter,
in the beginning of the 18th century, was born at
London 1654, and educated at Catharine-Hall, Cam¬
bridge- For two years he refufed to take the oath o£
allegiance
Black,
B'ackall-
B L A
BacManlc allegiance to King William and Queen Mary, but at
|. laft fubmitted to the government, though he feemed to
i ^ g', condemn the Revolution, and all that had been done
purfuant to it. He was a man of great p'iety, had
much primitive fimplicity and integrity, and a cpnftant
evennefs of mind. In a fermon before t!*j houfe of
commons, Jan. 30th 1699, he animadverted on To-
land’s aflertion in his Life of Milton, that Charles I.
was not the writer of the Icon Bafilike, and for fome-
xnfinuations againft the authenticity of the Holy Scrip¬
tures ; which produced a controverfy between him and
that author. In r7QO, he prtfeched a courfe of fer*
mons in St Paul’s at Boyle’s lefture, which were af¬
terwards publiflied; and was confecrated biihop of Ex¬
eter in X707. He died at Exeter in 1716, and was
interred in the cathedral there.
BLACKBANK, a town of Ireland, in the county of
Armagh and province of Ulfter, feated in W. Long.
(0. 55. N. Lat. 54. 12.
BLACKBERRY, in botany. See Rubus.
BLACKBURN, a town of Lancafhire in England,
feated near the river Derwent,. It takes its name from
the brook Blackwater which runs thro’ it. W. Long.
2. 15. N. Lat. 53. 40.
BLACKING is fometimes ufed for a factitious
Black; as lamp-black, _lhoe-black, &c. A mixture
of ivory or lamp-black with linfeed-oil makes the com¬
mon oil blacking. For a {tuning blacking, fmall-beer
or water is ufed inftead of oil, in the proportion of
about a pint to an ounce of the ivory-black, with the
addition of half an ounce of brown fugar,and as much
gum arabic. The white of an egg fubftituted for the
gum makes the black more fhining; but is fuppofed to
hurt the leather, and make it apt to crack.
BLACKMORE (Sir Richard), a phyfici^n, and
voluminous writer of theological, poetical, and phy-
ficalworks. Having declared himfelf early in favour
of the Revolution, King William, in 1697, chofe him
one of his phyficians in ordinary, and conferred the-
honour of knighthood on him, On Queen Anne’s ac-
ceffion, Sir Richard was alfo appointed one of her
* phyficians, and continued fo for fome time. Dryden
and Pope treated the poetical performances of Black-
more with great contempt; and in a note to the men¬
tion made of him in the Dunciad, we are informed that
his “ indefatigable mufe produced no lefs than fix
epic poems 1 Prince and King Arthur, 20 books; Eli¬
za, I o Alfred, 12; The Redeemer, fix; be fide 'Job,
in folio ; the whole book of Pfalms; The Creation,
{'even books; Nature of Man, three books; and many
more.” But notwithftanding Blackmore was much
ridiculed by the wits, he is not without merit ; and
Aildifon has, in the Spectator, bellowed fome liberal
commendations on his poem on the Creation. It muft.
be mentioned too in honour of Sir Richard, that he
was a chafte writer, and a warm advocate for virtue,
at a time when an almoft univeifal degeneracy prevailed.
He had been very free in his cenfures on the libertine
writers of his age; and it was owing to fome liberty he
had taken of this kind, that he drew upon him the re*
fentment of Mr Dryden. He had likewife given of¬
fence to Mr Pope ; for having been informed by Mr_
Curl that he was the author of a traveftie on the firft:
Pfalm, he took occafion to reprehend him for it in his
Effay on Polite Learning. Befides what are above men-
N° 47-
B L A
tioned, Sir Richard wrote fome theological tracts, and Blackneli
feveral treatifes on the plague, fmall-pox, confumptions,—^,^- ’|j
the fpleen, gout, dropfy, &c. and many other poetical \
pieces. He died October 9. 1729.
BLACKNESS, the quality of a black body; or a
colour ariling fromfuch a texture and fituation of the
fuperficial parts of the body as does as it were deaden, ,j
or rather abforb, the light falling on it, without re-
fiedting any, or very little of it, to the eye. —In which
fenfe, blacknfs Hands divedtly oppofed to onhitenefs;
which confifts in inch a texture of parts as indifferent¬
ly refledts all the rays thrown upon it, of what colour
foever they be.
Defcartes, fays Dr Prieftley, though miftaken with
refpedt to the nature of light'and colours, yet diftin-
guilhes juftly between black and white ; obferving, that
black fuffocates and extinguilhes the light that, falls
upon it, but that white refledts them. See Black,.
BLACKS, in phyfiology. See Negroes.
Blacks is alfo a name given to an affociation of
diforderly and ill-defigning perfons, formerly herding
chiefly about Waltham in Effex, who deftroyed-deer,
robbed filh-ponds, ruined timber, &c. See Black-AR,
BLACKSTONE (Sir William), an eminent Eng*
lifh lawyer, was born at London in July 1723., His
father, Mr Charles Blackftone, a filk-man, citizen,
and bowyer of London, died fome months before the
birth of our author, who was the yougeft of four chil¬
dren ; and their mother died before he was 1 2 years
old. Even from his birth, the care both of his e-
ducation and fortune was kindly undertaken by his
maternal uncle Mr Thomas Bigg, an eminent fur-
geon in London, and afterwards, on the death of his
elder brothers, owner of the Chilton eftate, which is
Hill enjoyed by that family. In 1730 being about
feven years old, he was put to fchool at the Charter-
houfe; and in 1735 was, by the nomination of Sir Ro¬
bert Walpole, on the recommendation of Charles Wi¬
ther of Hall in Hampfhire, Efq; his coufin by the mo¬
ther’s fide, admitted upon the foundation there. In
this excellent feminary he applied himfelf to every
branch of youthful education, with the fame affiduity
which accompanied his ftudies through life. His.*
talents and induitry rendered him the favourite of his
maflers, who encouraged and aflifted him with the ut-
moft attention ; fo that at the age of 15 he was at the
head of the fchool, and although fo young, was thought
well qualified to be removed to the univerfity. He
was accordingly entered a commoner at Pembroke col¬
lege1 in Oxford, on the 30th of November 1738, and
was the next day matriculated. At this time he was
jele&ed to one of the Charter-houfe exhibitions by the
governors of that foundation, to commence from the
Michaelmas preceding; but was permitted to continue
a fchalar there till after the 12th of December, being
the anniverfavy commemoration of the founder, to give
him an opportunity of fpeaking the cuftomary oration
which he had prepared, and which did him much cre¬
dit. About this time alfo he obtained Mr Benfon’s
gold prize-medal of Milton, for verfes on that poet.
In the February following, the fociety of Pembroke
college unanimoufly eledled him to one of Lady Hol-
ford’s exhibitions for Charter-houfe fcholars in that
houfe. Here he profecuted his (Indies with unremit¬
ting ardour; and although the claflics, and parti-
5 cularly [
[ ^6 ]
FB L A [2
, cularly the Greek and Roman poets, were his fa¬
vourites, they did not entirely engrofs his attention :
logic, mathematics, and the other fciences, were not
neglefted. At the early age of 20, he compiled a
treatife entitled Elements of Architecture, intended
for his own ufe only, and not for publication; but
efteemed by thofe judges who have perufed it, in no
refpeft unworthy his maturer judgment and more ex-
ercifed pen.
Having determined on his future plan of life, and
made choice of the law for his profeflion, he was en¬
tered in the Middle Temple on the 20th of Novem¬
ber 1741. He now found it neceffary to quit the more
amufing purfuits of his youth, for the feverer ftudies
to which he had dedicated himfelf; and betook him-
felf ferioufly to reading law. He expreffed his dif-
, agreeable fenfations on this occafion in a copy of
; ; verfes, fmce publifhed by Dodfley in vol. 4th of his
mifcellanies, intitled The Laywer’s Farewell to his
Mufe; in which the ftruggle of his mind is expreffed
fo ftrongly, fo naturally, with fuch elegance of fenfe
and language, and harmony of verfification, as muff
convince every reader that his paffion for the mufes
was too deeply rooted to be laid afide without much
reludtance; and that, if he had purfued that flowery
path, .he would perhaps have proved inferior to few of
our Englifli poets. Several little fugitive pieces be-
fides this, have at times been communicated by him
to his friends; and he left (but not with a view of publi¬
cation) a fmall colleftion of juvenile pieces, both ori¬
ginals and tranflations, infcribed with this line from
Horace,
Nec lufijfe pudet, fed non incidere ludum.
Some.notes on Shakefpeare, which juft before his
death he cbmmunicated to Mr Steevens, and which
were inferted by him in his laft edition of that au¬
thor, ftiow how well he underftood the meaning, as
well as Che beauties, of that his favourite among the
Englilh poets.
In November J743, he v/as elefted into the fociety
of Aft-Souls college ; and in the November following,
he fpoke the ^anniverfary fpeech in. commemoration of
archbiftiop Chictley the founder, and the other bene-
faftors to that houfe of learning, and was admitted ac¬
tual fellow. From this period he divided his time be*
|;K tween the univerfity and the'Temple, where he took
chambers in order to attend the courts : in the former
he purfued his academical ftudies, and on the 12th of
June 1745 commenced bachelor of civil law; in the lat¬
ter he applied hirofelf clofely to his profeffion, both in
the hall and in his private ftudies, and on the 28th of
November 1 746 was called to the bar. Though he
was little known or diftinguilhed in Weftminfter-hall, he
|, was actively employed, during his occafional refidence
at the univerfity, in attending to its interefts, and ming¬
ling with and improving its interior concerns. In May
1749, as a fmall reward for his fervices, and to give
him further opportunities of advancing the interefts of
the college, Mr Blackftone was appointed fteward of
their manors. And in the fame year, on the refignation
1 of his uncle Seymour Richmond, Efq; he was elefted
recorder of the borough of Wallingford in Berkftiire,
and received the king’s approbation on the 30th of
f May. The 26th of April 1750, he commenced doc-
i| , tor of civil law, and thereby became a member of thecon-
Vol. IIL Part I.
57 ] B L A
vocation, which enabled him to extend his views be-BhiAftone.
yond the narrow circle of his own fociety, to the ge- v
neral benefit of the univerfity at large. In the fum-
mer 1753, he took the refolution of wholly retiring
to his fellowfhip and an academical life, Hill continuing
the practice of his profeffion as a provincial counfel.
His Ledhires on the Laws of England appears to
have been an early and favourite idea ; for in the Mi¬
chaelmas term, immediately after he quitted Weftmin¬
fter-hall, he entered on the province of reading them
at Oxford ; and we are told by the author of his life,
that even at their commencement, fuch were the expec¬
tations formed from the acknowledged abilities of the
le&urer, they were attended by a very crowded clafs of
young men of the firft families, charadlers, and hopes ;
but it was not till the year 1758, that the leftures la.
the form they now bear were read at the univerfity,
Mr Viner having by his will left not only the copy¬
right of his abridgment, but other property to a com
fiderable amount, to the univerfity of Oxford, to found
a profefforftiip, fellowfliips, and fcholarfhips of common
law, he was on the 20th of October 1758 unanimoufly
elefted Vinerian profeffor ; and on the 25th of the
fame month read his firft introduftory lefture, which
he publifhed at the requeft of the vice-chancellor and
heads of houfes, and afterwards prefixed to the firft
volume of his Commentaries. His leftures had now gain¬
ed fuch univerfal applaufe, that he was requefted by a no¬
ble perfonage who fuperintended the education of our
prefent fovereign then prince of Wales, to read them
to his Royal Highnefs; but as he was at that time en¬
gaged to a numerous clafs of pupils in the univerfity, he
thought he could not, confidently with that engagement,
comply with this requeft, and therefore declined it. But
he tranfmitted copies of many of them for the perufal of
his royal highnefs; who, far from being offended at an
excufe grounded on fo honourable a motive, was pleafed
to order a handfome gratuity to be prefented to him,
'It is doubtful whether the Commentaries were ori¬
ginally intended for the prefs ; but many imperfedt
and incorreft copies having got abroad, and a pirated
edition of them being either publiffied, or preparing
for publication in Ireland, the learned lecturer thought
proper to print a correft edition himfelf; and in No¬
vember publifhed the firft volume, under the title
of Commentaries on the Laws of England; and in the
courfe of the four fuccecding years, the remaining parts
of this admirable work. It ought to be remarked,
that before this period the reputation his le&ures de-
fervedly acquired him had induced him to refume his
praftice in Weftminfter-hall; and in a courfe fomewhat
inverted from the general progrefs of his profeffion, he
who had quitted the bar for an academic life, was fent
back from the college to the bar, with a confiderable
increafe of bufinefs. He was likewife defied into
parliament, firft for Hindon, and afterwards for Weft-
bury in Wilts ; but in neither of thefe departments
did he equal the expeflations his writings had raifed.
The part he took in the Middlefex eleflion drew
upon him the attack of fome perfons of ability in the
fenate, and likewife a fevere animadverfion of one of
the keeneft polemical writers* in the paper-war of that ♦ Junlut,
day. This circumftance probably ftrengthened the
averfion he profeffed to parliamentary attendance;
“ where, (he faid) amidft the rage of contending par-
K k tics,
B L A [ 258 ] B L A
BlackwaJI, ties, a man of moderation mud expert to meet with
Blackwell. no qUarter from any flcleand when, on the refig-
V * nation of Mr Dunning in 1770, he was offered the
place of folicitor-general, he refufed that office ; hut
fhortly afterwards, on the promotion of Sir Jofeph
Yates to a feat in the court of common-pleas, accepted
a feat on the bench, and by the death of Sir Jofeph
fucceeded him there alfo. As a judge, he was not
inadlive ; but, when not occupied in the duties of his
ftation, was generally engaged in fome fcheme of pu¬
blic utility. The aft for detached houfes for hard la¬
bour for convifts, as a fubflitute for tranfportation,
owed its origin in a great meafure to him.
It ought not to be omitted,, that the laft augmen¬
tation of the judges falaries, calculated to make up the
deficiencies oceafioned by the heavy taxes they are
fubjeft to, and thereby render them more independent,
was obtained irv a great meafure by his induftry and
attention.. This refpeftable and valuable man died on
the t4th of February 1780, in the 50th year of his age.
BLACKWALL, (Anthony, A. M.), a learned
author, after completing his academical education at
Emanuel college, Cambridge, was appointed head ma¬
tter of the free fchool at Derby, and lefturer of All¬
hallows there, where he firft diflinguifhed himfelf in
the literary world by an edition of Theognis,. printed
at London in 1706, and was afterwards head mafter
of the free fchool at Market-Bofworth in Leicefter-
ffiire. The Grammar whereby he initiated the youth
under his care into Latin,, was of his own compofihg,
and fo happily fitted for the purpofe,.that he was pre¬
vailed on to make it public, though his modefty would
not permit him to fix his name to it,..becaufe he would
not be thought to preferibe to other inflruftors of
youth. It is intitled, “ A New Latin Grammar;
being a fhort, clear, and eafy. Introduftion of young
Scholars to the Knowledge of the Latin Tongue; con¬
taining an exaft Account of the two firft Parts of Gram-
mar.” In his “ Introduftion to the Claffics,” firft
publifhed in 1718, izmo, he difplayed the beauties
of thofe admirable writers of antiquity, to the under-
flanding and imitation even of common capacities;
and that in fo concife and clear, a manner, as feemed
peculiar to himfelf. But his greateft, and moft cele¬
brated work was, “ The Sacred Claffics defended and
illuftrated ; .or, An Effay humbly offered towards pre-
ferving the Purity, Propriety, and True Eloquence of
the Writers of the New Teftament,” in 2 vols. Mr
Blackwall had the felicity to bring up many excellent
fcholars in his feminaries at Derby and Bofworth ;
among others, the celebrated Richard Dawes,, author
of the Mifcetianea Critica. A gentleman who had been
his fcholar, being patron of the church of Clapham in
Surrey, prefented him to that Hying as a markpf his gra-
titudeandefteem. This happening late in life, and Black-
wall having occafion to wait upon the bifho'p of the dio-
cefe,hewas fomewhat pertly queftioned by ayoung chap¬
lain as to the extent of his learning. “ Boy (replied the
indignant veteran), I have, forgot more than , ever you
knew!” He died at Market-Bofworth, April8. 1730.
BLACKWELL (Thomas), an eminent. Scottifh
writer, was fon of a minifter at Aberdeen, and born
there 1701. He had his grammatical learning at a
fchool in Aberdeen, ftudied Greek and philofopy in
the Marifchal college there, and took the degree of
M. A. in 1.718. Being greatly diftinguifhed by un- Blacfewe;
common parts, and an early proficiency in letters, he   *
was, Dec.. 1723, made Greek profeffor in the college
where he. had been educated; and continued to teach
that language with applaufe even to his death. In.
1737, was publifhed at London, but without his name,
“ An Enquiry into the life and writings of Homer,”
8vo ; a fecond edition, of which, appeared in 1736;,.
and not long after, “ Proofs of the Enquiry into Ho¬
mer’s life and writings,” which was a tranflation of the
Greek, Latin, Spanifh, Italian, and French notes, fub-
joined to the original work. In 174.8, he publifhed'
“ Letters concerning Mythology,” 8vo; without his
name alfo. The fame year, he was made principal of
the Marifchal. college in Aberdeen, , and is the only
layman who hath been appointed principal of that col¬
lege, fince the patronage came to the Crown, by the
forfeiture of the Marifchal family, in 1716; all the
other principals having been minifters of the church of
Scotland., March 1752, he took the degree of doftor
of laws: and the year following came out the firft
volume of his Memoirs of the Court of Auguftus, 4to..
The fecond volume appeared in 1755 ; and the third,,
which was pofthumous, and left incomplete by the au¬
thor, was fitted for the prefs by John Mills, Efq; and-
publifhed in 1764. At the fame time was publifhed a
third edition of the two former volumes : Which is a.
proof of the good reception the work met with from:
the public; though it muft be acknowledged that the.
parade with which it is written, and the peculiarity of.
its language, expofed it to fome feverity of cenfure.
Soon after he became principal of his college,. he
married a merchant’s daughter of Aberdeen, by whom
he had no children. Several years before his'death^
his health began to decline ; his diforder was of the,
confumptive kind, and thought to be forwarded by an<
excefs of ahftemioufnefs which he impofed upon him-
felf. His difeafe increafing, he was advifed to travel,
and accordingly fet out in Feb. 1757; however, he wast.
not able to go farther than Edinburgh,, in which city
he died the 8th of March following, in his 56th year..
He was a very ingenious and very learned man : he had.
an equable flow of temper, and a truly philofophic.
fpirit, both which he feems to have preferved to the
laft ; for on the day of his death, he wrote to feveral >
of hisfriends. •
BLACKWELL (Alexander), fon of a dealer in
knit hofe at Aberdeen, where he received a liberal,
education, ftudied phyfic under Boerhaave at Leyden,.
took the degree of M. D. and acquired a proficiency
in the modern languages. On his return home, hap¬
pening to flay fome time at the Hague, he contrafted
an intimacy with a Swedifh/ nobleman. Marrying a
gentleman’s daughter in the neighbourhood of Aber¬
deen, he propofed praftifing his profeffion in that part
of the kingdom; but in two years finding his expefta-
tions difappointed, he came to London, where he met
with ftill lefs encouragement as a phyfician, and com-.
menced correftor of: the prefa for Mr Wilkins a prin¬
ter. After,fome years fpent in this employment, he
fet up as a printer himfelf;.and,carried on feveral large
works till 1734, when he became bankrupt. In what
manner he fubfifted from this event till the above-men¬
tioned application we do not learn, unlefs it was by the
ingenuity of his wife, who publifhed “ A curious
3 Herbal.
1
B L A [ 259 ] B L A
■ Bladder. Herbal containing 500 Cuts of the moil ufeful Plants
' —v-~' which a$;e now ufed in the Practice of Phyfic, engraved
on folio Copperplates, after Drawings taken from the
Life, by Elizabeth Blackwell. To which is added, a
fhort Defcription of the Plants, and their common
Ufes in Phyfic, 1739,” 2 vols folio. In or about the
year 1740 he went to Sweden, and renewing his inti¬
macy with the nobleman he knew at the Hague, again
aflumed the medical profefiion, and was very well re¬
ceived in that capacity ; till turning projector, he laid
a fcheme before his Swedifh majeily for draining the
fens and marlhes, which was well. received, and ma¬
ny thoufands employed in profecuting it under the
doctor’s direftion, from which he had fome fmall al¬
lowance from the king. This fcheme fucceeded fo
well, he turned his thoughts to others of greater im¬
portance, which in the end proved fatal to him. He
was fufpe&ed of being concerned in a plot with Count
Teflin, and was tortured ; which not producing a con-
feffion, he was beheaded Auguft 9th 1748; and foon
after this event appeared “ A genuine/Copy of a Let¬
ter from a merchant in Stockholm, to his correfpon-
dent in London ; containing an Impartial Account of
Dodtor Alexander Blackwell, his Plot, Trial, Charac¬
ter, and Behaviour, both under Examination and at
the Place of Execution ; together with a Copy of a
Paper delivered to a Friend upon the Scaffold.” He
pofleffed a good natural genius, but was fomewhat
flighty and a little conceited. His converfation, how¬
ever, was facetious and agreeable; and he might be
confidered on the whole as a well-bred accompliflied
r gentleman.
BLADDER, in anatomy, a thin expanded mem-
f, branous body, found in feveral parts of an animal, fer-
ving as a receptacle of fome juice, or of fome liquid ex-
11.: crement; from whence it takes various denominations,
; as urine-bladdery gall-bladder, &c.
Bladder, by way of eminence, is a large veflel
which ferves as a receptacle of the urine of animals,
after its fecretion from the Blood in the kidneys. This
is fometimes alfo called, by way of diftinftion, the uri¬
nary bladder, veftca urinaria. The bladder is fituated
in the pelvis of the abdomen ; in men immediately on
the redum; in women on the vagina uteri. See A-
, NATOMY.
Though the urinary bladder be naturally Angle, yet
there have been inftances of nature’s varying from her-
felf in this ’particular. The bladder of the famous
Cafaubon, upon diffedfing his body after his death, was
found to be double; and in the Philofophical Tranf-
adtions, we have an account of a triple bladder found
in the body of a gentleman who had long been ill and
; ! 1 no one could guefs the caufe.
The urinary bladders of brutes are differently con¬
trived from the human bladder, and from each other
according to the Rrudture, oeconoiiiy, and manners of
living of each creature. See Comparative Anatomy.
Bladders, when below a certain magnitude, are more
!]' ufually denominated by the diminutive veficles, vejlcu-
Ix. Of thefe we meet with many forts both in the ani¬
mal and vegetable world; fome natural, as in the lungs,
efpecially of frogs, and as fome alfo imagine, in the
mufcles ; others morbid or preternatural, as the hyda-
tidis, and thofe obfervable in the itch. Naturalifts
have alfo difcovered bladders in the thorax and abdo¬
men of birds, as well as others in the belly of fifties, Blade
called air-bladders and f<vjims. II
Vegetable bladders are found every where in the agfav’e-'
ftru&ure of the bark, the fruit, pith, and parenchyma
or pulp ; befides thofe morbid ones railed on the fur-
face of leaves by the punfture of infefts.
BiADEER-Nut. See Staphylasa,
Br.ADDER-Senna. See Colutea.
BLADE, in commerce, a thin flender piece of me¬
tal either forged by the hammer or run and caff in
moulds to be afterwards ftiarpened to a point, edge, or
the like.
Sword-blades are made by the armourers, knife-
blades by the cutlers, &c. The Englifti and Damaf-
cus blades are moft efteemed among the French, thofe
of Vienne ih Dauphiny have the preference. The
conditions of a good blade of a fmall fword are, that, it
be light and tough, apter to bend than break. When
it will Hand in the bend, it is called a poor man's blade.
BLADEN, (Martin), a tranflatorand dramatic au¬
thor, was formerly an officer in the army, bearing the
Commiffion of a lieutenant-colonel in queen Anne’s
reign, upder the great duke of Marlborough, to whom
he dedicated a tranflation of Casfar’s Commentaries,
which he had completed, and which is to this day a
book held in good eftimation. In 1714, he was made
one of the Lords Commiffioners of Trade and Planta¬
tions ; and in 1717 was appointed envoy extraordinary
to the court of Spain, in the room of Brett, Efq;
but declined it, choofing rather to keep the poll he al¬
ready had, which was worth L. 1000 per annum, and
which he never parted with till his death, which was
in May 1746. He was alfo many years member of
parliament for the town of Portfmouth. He wrote
two dramatic pieces; both of which (for-the one is only
a mafque introduced in the third a£t of the other) were
printed in the year 1705, without the author’s confent.
Their names are, 1. Orpheus and Euridice, a Mafque.
2. Solon, a Tragic Comedy.
BLADUM, in middle-age writers, is taken for all
fort of. handing corn in the blade and ear. The word
is alfo written blatum, blava, and blaviuni.
In our old charters, the word bladum included the
whole produdt of the ground, fruit, corn, flax, grafs,
&c. and whatever was oppofed to living creatures. It
was fometimes alfo applied to all forts of grain or corn
threfhed on the floor. But the word was more pecu¬
liarly appropriated to bread-corn, or wheat, called in
French ble. Thus the knights Templars are faid to
have granted to Sir Wido de Meriton’s wife duasfum-
mas bladi.
BLAEU (William), a famous printer of Amfter-
dam, a difciple and friend of Tycho Brahe’s : his At¬
las, his Treatife of the Globes, Aftronomical Inilitu-
tions, &c. and his fine impreffions, have fecured his
memory. He died in 1638.
BLAFART, in commerce, a fmall coin, current
at Cologn, worth fomething more than a farthing of
our money.
BLAGRAVE (John), thefecond fon of John Bla-
grave, of Bulmarfli-court near Sunning in Berklhire,
defcended of an ancient family in that country. From
a grammar-fchool at Reading he was fent to St John’s
college in Oxford, where he applied himfelf chiefly to
the ftudy of mathematics, and without taking any
K k 2 degree.
B L A r 260 1 B L
degree, afterwards retired to his patrimonial feat of
Southcole-lodge near Reading, where he fpent the re¬
mainder of his life. In this manfion he died in the
year 161 x ; and was burid in the church of St Law¬
rence, where a fumptuous monument was erefted to his
memory. Having never married, he bequeathed to all
the pollerity of his three brothers, the fum of 50 /. each
payable at the age of 26; and he calculated his dona¬
tion fo well, that near fourfcore of his nephews and
their defcendants have reaped the benefit of it. He
alfo fettled certain lands at Swallowfield in the fame
county, as a provifion for the poor for ever. Among
other charities, he left ten pounds to be annually dif-
pofed of in the following manner : On good-Friday,
the church-wardens of each of the three parifhes of
Readin fend to the town-hall one virtuous maid, who
has lived five years with her mafier : there, fn the pre¬
fence of the magiftrates, thefe three virtuous maids
throw dice for the ten pounds. The two lofers are re¬
turned with a frefh one the year following, and again
the third year, till each has had three chances. He is
faid to have been not more remarkable for his mathe¬
matical knowledge than for his candour and genero-
fity to his acquaintance. His works are, t. A mathe¬
matical jewel. Lond. 15 85, fol. 2. Of the snaking and
ufe of the familiar Jlaff. Lond. 1590, 4X0. 3. Afro-
labium uranicum generate. Lond. 1596, 4to. 4. The
art of dialing. Lond. 1609, 410.
BLAIN, among farriers, a diftemper incident to
beafts, being a certain bladder growing on the root
of the tongue, againft the wind-pipe, which fwells to
fuch a pitch as to flop the breath. It comes by great
chaffing and heating of the ftomach, and is perceived
by the beafids gaping and holding out his tongue, and
foaming at the mouth. To cure it, call the beaft,
take forth his tongue, and then, flitting the bladder,
walh it gently with vinegar and a little fait.
BLAIR (John), a Scottifti author, was contempo¬
rary with, and the companion, fome fay the chaplain,
of Sir William Wallace. He attended that great hero
in almoft all his exploits ; and, after his death, which
left fo great a ftain on the chara&er of Edward I." of
England, he wrote his memoirs in Latin. The injury
of time has deftroyed this work, which might have
thrown the greateft light bn the hiftory of a very bufy
and remarkable period. Ap inaccurate fragment of it
only has defcended to us, from which little can be
learned, and which was piiblilhed, with a commentary,
by Sir Robert Sibbald.
Blair (James), an eminent divine, was born and
bred in Scotland, where he had at length a benefice in
the epifcopal church ; but meeting with fome difcou-
ragements, he came to England, in the latter end of
the reign of king Charles II. and was lent by Dr
Compton as a miffionary to Virginia, and was after¬
wards, by the fame bilhop, made commiflary for that
colony, the higheft office in the church there. He
diftinguiflied himfelf by his exemplary conduct and
unwearied labours in the work of the miniftry ; and
finding that the want of proper feminaries for the ad¬
vancement of religion and learning was a great damp
upon all attempts for the propagation of the gofpel,
he formed a defign of erefting and endowing a college
at Williamlburgh, in Virginia, for profeflbrs and Un¬
dents in academical learning.. He therefore not only
2
fet on foot a voluntary fubfcription j but, in 1693,came
to England to folicit the affair at court: when queen
Mary was fo well pleafed with the noble defign, that
ffie efpoufed it with particular zeal; and king William
readily concurring with her majefty, a patent was paf-
fed for ere&ing and endowing a college by the name
of the William and Mary college, of wb«eh Mr Blair
was appointed preiident, and enjoyed that office near
50 years.. He was alfo redtor of William lburgh, and
prefident of the council in that colony. Fie wrote, Our
Saviour’s divine Sermon on the Mount explained in
feveral fermons, 4 vols, o&avo; and died in 1743.
Blair (John), an eminent chronologift, was edu¬
cated at Edinburgh ; and coming to London was for
fome time ulherof a fchcol in Hedge-Lane. In 1754,
he Obliged the world with that valuable publication,
“ The Chronology and Hiftory of the World, from
the Creation to the year of Chrift xy^. Illuftrated
in LVI. Tables; of which four are introduftory and
contain the centuries prior to the firft Olympiad ; and
each of the remaining LII. contain in one expanded
View 50 Years, or half a Century.” This volume,
which is dedicated to lord chancellor Flardwicke, was
publilhed by fubfcription, on account of the great ex¬
pence of the plates, for which the author apologized
in his preface, where he acknowledged great obliga¬
tions to Ihe earl of Bath, and announced fome chro¬
nological differtations, wherein he propofed to illullrate
the difputed points, to explain the prevailing fyftems
of chronology, and to eltablifh the authorities upon
which fome of the particular asras depend. In Janua¬
ry 1755 he was eledted a fellow of the Royal Society,
and in 1761 of the Society of Antiquaries. In 1756
he publilhed a fecond edition of his “ Chronological
Tables.” In Sept. 1757, he was appointed chaplain
to the Princefs Dowager of Wales, and mathematical
tutor to the Duke of York ; and on Dr Townlhend’s
promotion to the deanery of Norwich, the fervices of
Dr Blair were rewarded, March 10. 1761, with
a prebendal ftall at Weftminfter. The vicarage of
Hinckley happening to fall vacant fix days after, by
the death of Dr Morres, Dr Blair was prefented to it
by the dean and chapter of Weftminfter ; and in Au-
guft that year he obtained a difpenfation to hold with
it the re&ory of Burton Goggles in Lincolnlhire. In
September 1763 he attended his royal pupil the duke
of York in a tour to the continent; had the fatisfac-
tion of viliting Lilbon, Gibraltar, Minorca, moft of
the principal cities in Italy, and feveral parts of France j
and returned with the duke in Auguft 1764. In
1768 he publilhed an improved edition of his “ Chro¬
nological Tables,” which he dedicated to the Princefs
of Wales, who had expreffed her early approbation of
the former edition. To the new edition were annexed,
“ Fourteen Maps of Ancient and Modern Geography,
for illuftrating the Tables of Chronology and Hiftory.
To which is prefixed a Differtation on the Progrefs of
Geography.” In March 1771, he was prefented by
the dean and chapter of Weftminfter to the vicarage of
St Bride’s in the city of London ; which made it ne-
ceffary for him to refign Hinckley, where he had ne¬
ver rellded for any length of time. On the death of
Mr Sims, in April 1776, he refigned St Bride’s, and
was prefented to the redtory of St John the Evangelift
in Weftminfter; and in June that year obtained a dif-
penfatioa
B L A [ 261 ] B L A
Blaife pfnfatlon to hold the reftory of St John with that of
II Horton, near Colebrooke Bucks. His brother cap-
Blake’ , tain Blair falling glorioufly in the fervice of his coun-
'””v ' try in the memorable fea-fight of April 12th 1782,
the (hock accelerated the Doftor’^ death. He had at
the fame time the influenza in a fevere degree, which
put a period to his life, June 24th 1782. His library
was fold by auftion December fi-ijth, J781 ; and
a courfe of his “ Lectures on the Canons of the Old
Teftarr.ent” bath fince been advertifed as intended
for publication by his widow.
Blair of Athol, a caftle belonging to the duke of
Athol, feated in the county of Athol in Scotland, 28
miles north-weft of Perth. W. Long. 3. 30. N. Lat.
56. 46. This cattle was befieged by the Highland
army in I746* and bravely defended by Sir Andrew
Agnew, who was reduced to eat horfe’s fleili, until he
was relieved by the Hefiians under the earl of Craw¬
ford.
BLAISE, a military order inftitutcd by the kings
of Armenia, in honour of St Blaife> anciently bifhop
of Sebaita in that country, the patron faint of that
nation.
Juftinian calls them knights of St Blaife and St Ma¬
ry, and places them not only in Armenia but in Pa-
leltine. They made a particular vow to defend the re¬
ligion of the-church of Rome, and followed the rule of
St Bafil. The precife year of the inftitution of the
knights of St Blaife is not known ; but they appear to
have commenced about the fame time with the knights
Templars and Hofpitallers; to the former of which
they bore a near affinity, the regulars being the fame
in both.
BLAISOIS, a province of France, bounded on the
north by Beauce, on the eaft by the Orleannois, on the
fouth by Berry, and on the weft by Touraine. Blois
is the capital town.
BLAKE (Robert), a famous Englifh admiral, born
Auguft 1589 at Bridgwater in Somerfetihire, where
he was educated at the grammar-fchool. He went from
thence to Oxford in 1615, where he was entered at St
Alban’s Hall. From thence he removed to Wadham
college ; and on the 10th of February 1617, he took
the degree of bachelor of arts. In 1623,. wr°te a
copy of verfes on the death of Mr Camden,, and foon
> after left the univerfity. He was tin&ured pretty early
with republican principles, and diftiking that feverity
with which Dr Laud, then bifhop of Bath and Wells,
prefled uniformity in his diocefe, he began to fall into
the puritanical opinions. His natural bluntnels caufing
his principles to be well known, the puritan party re¬
turned him member for Bridgwater in 1640 ; and he
ferved in the parliament army with great courage du¬
ring the civil war: but when the King was brought to
trial, he highly difapproved the meafure as illegal, and
was frequently heard to fay, he •would as freely venture
his life to fave the King, as ever he did to ferve the
parliament. But this is thought to have been chiefly
owing to the humanity of his temper, fince after the
death of the King he fell in wholly with the republican
party, and, next to Cromwell, wasthe ableft officer the
parliament had.
101648-9, he was appointed, in conjunftion with Co¬
lonel Dean and Colonel Popham, to command the fleet;
and foon after blocked up Prince Maurice and Prince
Rupert in Kinfale harbour. But thefe getting out, Blake.
Black followed them from port to port: and at laft at- ' v^”“
tacked them in that of Malaga, burnt and deftroyed
their whole fleet, two (hips only excepted, the Reforma¬
tion in which Prince Rupert himfelf was, and the Swal¬
low commanded by his brother Prince Maurice. In
1652, he was conftituted foie admiral; when he de¬
feated the Dutch fleet commanded by Van Trump, Roy-
ter, and De Wit, in three feveral engagements, in which
the Dutch loft 11 men of war, 30 merchant fhips,
and, according to their own accounts, had 15,000 men
flain. Soon after, Blake and his colleagues, with a
grand fleet of 100 fail, flood over to the Dutch coaft;
and forced their fleet to fly for fhelter into the Texel,
where they were kept for fome time by Monk and Dean,
while Blake failed northward. At laft, however, Trump
got out, and drew' together a fleet of 120 men of war;
and, on the 3d of June, the generals Dean and Monk
came to an engagement with the enemy off the north
Foreland with indifferent fuccefs: but the next day
Blake coming to their affiftance with 18 fhips, gained
a complete vidtory ; fo that if the Dutch had not faved
themfelves on Calais fands, their whole fleet had been
funk or taken.
In April 1653, Cromwell turned out the parliament,,
and (hortly after affumed the fupreme power. The
Hates hoped great advantages from this; but were dif-
appointed. Blake faid on this cceafion to his officers,
“ It is not for us to mind ftate affairs, but,to keep fo¬
reigners from fooling us.”—In November 1654, Crom-
well fent him with a ftrong fleet into the Mediterra¬
nean, with orders to fupport the honour of the Englifh
flag, and to procure fatisfadlion for the injuries that
might have been done to our merchants. In the begin¬
ning of December, Blake came into the road of Cadiz,
where he was treated with all imaginable refpedt: a
Dutch admiral would not hoift his flag while he was
there ; and his name was now grown fo formidable,
that a French fquadron having flopped one of his ten¬
ders, which had been feparated from Blake in a ftorm,
the admiral, as foon as he knew to whom it belonged,
fent for the captain on board, and drank Blake’s health
before him with great ceremony, under a difcharge of
five guns, and then difmiffed him. The Algerines were
fo much afraid of him, that, flopping the Sallee rovers,
they obliged them to deliver up what Englifh prifoners
they had on board, and then fent them freely to Blake,
in order to purchafe his favour. This, however, did
not prevent his coming on the 10th of March before
Algiers, and fending an officer on fhore to the dey to
demand fatisfaftion for the piracies committed on the
Englifh, and the releafe of all the Englifh captives.
The dey, in his anfwer, alleged, that the fhips and cap¬
tives belonged to private men, and therefore he could
not reftore them without offending all his fubjeffs, but
that he might eafily redeem them : and if he thought
good, they would conclude a peace with him, and for
the future offer no afts of hoftility to the Englifh : and
having accompanied this anfwer with a large prefent o£
frefh provifions, Blake left Algiers, and failed on the-
fame errand to Tunis; the dey of which place not onlv
refufed to comply with his rcqueft, but denied him the
liberty of taking in frefh water. “ Here (faid he),,
are our cailles of Goletto and Porto Ferino ; do your
worft.” Blake, at hearing this, began, as his cuftom
wasi.
B L A r 26a 1 B L A
was when highly provoked, to curl his whilkers ; and
after a fhort confultation with his officers, bore into the
bay of Porto Ferino with his great {hips and their fe-
-conds; and coming within mufket Ihot of the caftle
and the line, fired on both fo warmly, that in two hours
time the caftle was rendered defencelefs, and the guns
on the works along the fhore were difmounted, though
60 of them played at a time on the Englilh. Blake
found nine {hips in the road, and ordered every captain
to man his long boat with choice men, to enter the
harbour and fire the Tunifeens; which they happily ef-
fefted, with the lofs of 25 men killed and 48 wounded,
while he and his men covered them from the caftle by
playing continually on them with their great guns.
This daring action fpread the terror of his name thro’
Africa and Afia. From Tunis he failed to Tripoli,
caufed the Englifti (laves to be fet at liberty, and con¬
cluded a peace with that government. Thence return¬
ing to Tunis, the Tunifeens implored his mercy, and
begged him to grant them peace, which he did upon
terms highly advantageous to England. He next failed
to Malta,- and obliged the knights to reftore the effects
taken by their privateers from the Englifli ; and by
thefe great exploits fo raifed the glory of the Englifti
name, that moft of the princes and ftates in Italy thought
fit to pay their compliments to the Proteftor, by fend¬
ing folemn embaffies to him.
He palled the next winter either in lying before Ca¬
diz, or in cruifing up and down the Straits ; and was
at his old ftation, at the mouth of that harbour, when
he received information that the Spanifti plate fleet had
put into the bay of Sanfta Cruz, in the ifland of Te-
neriffe: upon this he weighed anchor, with 25 men of
war, on the 13th of April 1657; and on the 20th rode
with his (hips off the bay of Samfta Cruz, where he
faw 16 Spanifti (hips lying in the form of a half-moon.
Near the mouth of the haven flood a caftle furnifhed
with great ordnance; befides which there were feven
forts round the bay, with fix, four, and three guns on
each, joined to each other by a line of communication
manned with muflceteers. To make all fafe, Don
Diego Diagues, general of the Spanifti fleet, caufed all
the fmaller ftiips to be moored clofe along the fliore ;
and the fix large galleons flood farther out at anchor,
with their broadfides towards the fea. Blake having
prepared for the fight, a fquadron of ftiips was drawn
out to make the firft onfet, commanded by Captain Stay-
■ ner in the Speaker frigate : who no fooner received or¬
ders, than he failed into the bay, and fell upon the Spa¬
nifti fleet, without the leaft regard to the forts, which
fpent their (hot prodigally upon them. No fooner were
thefe entered into the bay, but Blake, following after,
placed feveral ftiips to pour broadfides into the caftle
and forts; and thefe played their parts fo well, that,
after fome time, the Spaniards found their forts too hot
to be held. In the mean time, Blake (truck in with
Stayner, and bravely fought the Spanifh ftiips, out of
which the enemy were beaten by two o’clock in the af¬
ternoon ; when Blake, finding it impoffible to carry them
away, ordered his men to fet them on fire; which was
done fo effeftually, that they were all reduced to allies,
except two, which funk downright, nothing remaining
above the water but part of the mafts. The Englifti
having now obtained a complete vi&ory, were reduced
to another difficulty by the wind, which blew fo ftrong
into the bay, that they dcfpaired of getting'dut. They Blamont,
lay under the fire of the cattles and of all the forts, Blailc- a
which mu ft in a little time have torn them to pieces.'
But the wind fuddenly fliifting, carried them out of the
bay ; where they left the Spaniards in aftoniftiment at
the happy temerity of their audacious viftors. This
is allowed to have been one of the moft remarkable ac¬
tions that ever happened at fea. “ It was fo miracu¬
lous^ fays the Earl of Clarendon), that all men who knew
the place wondered that any fober man, with what
courage foever endowed, would ever have undertaken it;
and they could hardly perfuade themfelves to believe
what they had done ; whilft the Spaniards comforted
themfelves with the belief, that they were devils and
not men who had deftroyed them in fuch'a manner.”
This was the laft and greateft aftion of the gallant
Blake. He was confirmed with a dropfy and fcutvy ;
and haftened • home, that he might yield up his laft
breath in his native country, which he had fo much
adorned by his valour. As he came within fight of
land, he expired.— Never man, fo zealous for a faftion, •
was fo much refpe&ed and efteemed even by the oppo-
fite factions. Difinterefted, generous, liberal; ambi¬
tious only of true glory, dreadful only to his avowed
enemies; he forms one of the moft perfetft charafters of
that age, and the leaft ftained with thofe errors and vio¬
lences which were then fo predominant. The Protec¬
tor ordered him a pompous funeral at the public charge:
but the tears of his countrymen were the moft honour¬
able panegyric on his memory. The Lord Clarendon
obferves, “ that he was the firft man who brought (hips
to contemn caftles on ftiore, which had ever been thought
very formidable, and were difeovered by him to make
a noife only, and to fright thofe who could be rarely
hurt by them. He was the firft that infufed that de¬
gree of courage into feamen, by making them fee by
experience what mighty things they could do if they
were refolved; and the firft that taught them to fight
in fire as well as in water.
BLAMONT, a town of Lorrain in France, feated
on a little river called Vefouze. E. Long. 6.51. N.
Lat. 48. 35. *
BLANC. See Blank.
Blanc, a town of Berry in France, feated on the
river Creufe, by which it is divided into two parts. The
land about it is barren, and full of trees, heath, and
lakes. E. Long. 1. 13. N. Lat, 46. 38.
Mont-BLANC, a ftupendous mountain in Savoy, the
higheft of the Alps, and encompaffed by thofe won¬
derful colle&ions of fnow and ice called the Glaciers.
See Alps.
Of thefe glaciers there are five, which extend almoft
to the plain of the vale of Chamouni, and are feparated
by wild forefts, corn-fields, and rich meadows; fo that
immenfe trails of ice are blended with the higheft cul¬
tivation, and perpetually fucceed to each other in the
moft Angular and ftriking viciffitude. All thefe feve¬
ral valleys of ice, which lie chiefly in the hollows of
the mountains, and are fome leagues in length, unite
together at the foot of Mont-Blanc; the higheft
mountain in Europe, and probably of the ancient
world.
The fummit of this mountain was deemed inacceffible
before Dr Paccard, a phyfician at Chamouni, attempt¬
ed to reach it in Auguft 1786, and fueceeded in the
attempt.
B L A [ 263 ] B L A
Kane, attempt. Soon after, the fame undertaking was re-
■—v~—' folved upon and accomplifhed by M. de Sautfure, who
has publifhed a narrative of the journey.—He arrived
at Chamouni, fituated at the foot of the mountain, in
the beginning of July 1787; but bad weather prevent¬
ed him from afeending until the firft of Augull, when
he began his expedition, accompanied by a fervant and
eighteen guides, who carried his philofophical and
other apparatus. His fon was left at' the Priory in
Chamouni, and was employed in making meteorological
obfervations, with which thofe made on the top of the
mountain might be compared. Although it is fcarcely
fix miles and three quarters in a ilraight line from the
Priory of Chamouni to the top of Mont-Blanc, it re¬
quires neverthelefs eighteen hours to gain the fummit,
owing to the bad roads,, the windings, and the great
perpendicular height of the mounuin. That he might
be perfectly -at liberty to pafs the night on what part
of the mountain he pleafed, he carried a tent with him;
and he and his company llept in it the firft night on
that eminence which is firft met with, and which is on
the fouth of the Priory, and about a mile perpendicur
larly above the village.
Hitherto the journey was free from danger, or even
difficulty; the road being either rocky or covered
with grafs: but thence upwards it was either wholly
covered with fnow or confifted of themoft flippery ice.
But the fecond day's journey was attended with many
difficulties. The ice valley on the fide of the hill muft
be pafied, in order to gain the foot of that chain of
rocks bordering on the perpetual fnows which co¬
ver Mont-Blanc. The paffage through this valley is
extremely dangerous, fince it is interfered with nume¬
rous wide, deep, and irregular chafins, which can only
be crofled by means of bridges, naturally formed of
fnow, and thefe often very flender, extended as it were
over an abyfs. One of the guides had almoft pe-
riihed here the evening before, as he with two others
went to reconnoitre the road. They had the precau¬
tion to tie themfelves together with a long rope, and
he in the middle had the misfortune to have the fnow-
bridge, over a wide and deep xhafm, break under him,
fo that he remained fufpended between his two com-,
rades. M. de Sauffure and his retinue paffed very near
the opening through which this man had fallen, and
fhuddered at the danger in which the poor fellow had
been involved. The difficulties they had to encounter
in this valley, and.the winding road they were obliged
to take through it, occafioned their being three hours
incroffing it, although in a ftraight line its breadth is
not above three, quarters of a mile.
After having reached the rocks, they mounted in a
ferpentine direftion to a valley filled with fnow, which
runs from north to.fouth to the foot of the higheft pin¬
nacle. The furface of the fnow in this valley has nu¬
merous fiflures, which penetrate fo deep, that their
bottom is nowhere to be feen, although they are. of
confiderable breadth.. The fides of thefe fifibres, where
the fnow is broken perpendicularly, afford an oppor¬
tunity of ohferving the fucceffive horizontal layers of
fnow which are annually formed.
The guides were defirous of paffiog the night near
one of the rocks on the fide of this valley ; but as the
loftieft of them is at leaft 1400 yards perpendicularly
lower than the fummit of the mountain, M. .d& Sauffure
was defirous of afeending higher; in confequence of Blanc,
which it would be neceffary to encamp on the fnow: 'r™
but he found it difficult to convince his companions of
the practicability of the plan. They imagined that
during the night an infupportable cold prevailed in
thofe heights which were eternally covered with fnow,
and they were ferioufly afraid of periftiing. By proper,
encouragements, however, he induced them to proceed;
and at four in the afternoon they arrived at the fecond.
of the three plains of fnow which they had to pafs.
Here they encamped at the height of 3100 yards above
the Priory of Chamouni, and 4250 yards above the le¬
vel of the fea, which is about 200 yards higher than
the peak of Teneriffe. They did not proceed to the
laft plain, on account of the day having been far ad¬
vanced ; and they were alfo apprehenfive. of expofing,
themfelves to the Avalanches which, are frequently
tumbling from the fummit of the mountain. They,
dug a deep hole in the fnow, fufficiently wide to con¬
tain the whole company, , and covered its top with the
tent cloth.
In making this encampment, they, began to expe¬
rience the-effeds of the rarity of the atmofphere. Ro-
buft men, to whom feven or eight hours walking or,
rather climbing were an abfolute nothing, had fcarcely
railed five or fix (hovels full of fnow before they were
under the neceffity of refting and relieving each other,,
almoftinceflantly. One of them who had gone back,
a fmall diftance to fill a caik with fome water which he
had feen in one of the crevices of the fnow, found him-
felf fo much difordered in his way, that he returned
without the water, and paffed the night in great pain.
M. de Sauffure, who is fo much accuftomed to the air
of mountains as to fay, “ That in general I feel my-
felf better in fuch air than in that of the plains,”
was exhaufted, with the fatigue of making his meteoro¬
logical obferv^tious. The principal inconvenience,
which the thinnefs of the air produces, is an exceffive
third. They had no means of procuring water but by
melting the fnow; and the little ftove which they had.
carried with them, afforded but a feeble fupply for.
twenty men.
This region of the mountain prefents to the view
nothing but fnow of the pureft and moft dazzling
whitenefs,. forming a very fingular contrail with the
iky, which appears remarkably black.
“ No living creature (fays M. de Sauffure) is to be
feeh in thefe defolate regions, nor is the leaft trace of
vegetation to be difeovered. It is the habitation of,
cold and filenee! When I reflected that Dr Paccard,
and his , guide Jacques Balmat, who firft vifited thefe
deferts, arrived here at the decline of the day, without,
ihelter, without affiftance, and wholly ignorant where
or how they were to pafs the night, without even the
certainty that it. was poffible for men to exift in the
places they had undertaken to vifit ; and yet that they
were able to purfue their jpurney with unremitted in-,
trepidity,' I could not but admire their ftrength and
courage. My guides were fo firmly prepoffeffed with,
the fear of cold, that they ihut up every aperture of the
tent with the utmoft exadtnefs; fo that I fuffered very,
confiderably from the heat and the vitiated air, which
had become highly noxious from the breaths of fo many,
people in a fmall room. I was frequently obliged, ia^i
the courfe of the night, to go out of the tent, in order.
B L A [ 264 ] B L A
to relieve my breathing. The moon (hone with the andaline (17.145 inches'Engliih), and that thisair had Blanc
brighteft fplendor, in the midft of a Iky as black as confequently little more than half the denfity of that on
ebony. Jupiter, rayed like the fun, arofe from behind the plajns, the breathing muft nccefiarily be increafed, in
the mountain in the eaft. The light of thefe lumina- order to caufe, in a given time, the paffage of a fuffi.
Ties was refle&ed from the white plain or rather bafon cient quantity of air through the lungs. The frequen-
in which we were fituated; and dazzling eclipfed every cy of refpiration increafed the circulation of the blood,
ftar except thofe of *the firft and fccond magnitude, more efpecially as the arteries on the furface of the
At length we compofed ourfelves to deep. We were, body had not the preffure they were ufually accuftom-
however, foon awakened by the noife of an immenfe ed to. We were all in a feverifh ftate> as will be feen
mafs of fnow (avalanche), which had fallen down from in the fequel.
the top of the mountain, and covered part of the dope “ While I remained perfectly Hill, I experienced
over which we were to climb the next day.” but little uneadnefs more than a dight oppreffion about
As they were obliged to melt a great quantity of my heart; but, on the fmalleft bodily exertion, or when
fnow, and prepare many necedaries for their farther I fixed my attention on .any objeft for fome moments
progrefs in their journey, it was late the next morning together, and particularly when I preded my cheft in
before they took their departure. the a& of Hooping, I was obliged to red; and pant for
“ We began our afcent (continues M. de Sauffure) two or three minutes. My guides were in a fimilar
to the third and lad plain, and then turned to the left, condition. We had no appetite ; and our provifions,
in our way to the higheft rock, which is on the eaft which were all frozen, were not well calculated to ex¬
part of the fummit. The afcent is here very fteep, cite it: nor had w'e any inclination for wine or brandy,
being about 39 degrees inclined to the horizon, and which increafed our indifpofition, moft probably by
bounded on each fide by precipices. The furface of accelerating the circulation of the blood. Nothing
the fnow was fo hard and flippery, that our pioneers but frefh water relieved us ; and much time and trouble
were obliged to hew out their footfteps with hatchets, were neceffary to procure this article, as we could have
Thus we were two hours in climbing a bill of about no other than melted fnow. I remained on the fum-
530 yards high. Having arrived at this laft rock, we mit till half paft three ; and though I did not lofe a
turned to the weftward, and climbed the laft afcent, fingle moment, 1 was riot able to make all thofe expe-
whofe height is about 300 yards, and its inclination riments in four hours and an half which I have fre-
about 28 or 29 degrees. On this peak the atmofphere quently done in lefs than three on the fea-fide. How¬
l’s fo rare, that a man’s ftrength is exhaufted with the ever, I made with great exadtnefs thofe which were
leaft fatigue. When we came near the top, I could moft effential.
not walk fifteen or fixteen fteps without flopping to “ We returned much eafier than I could have ex¬
take breath; and I frequentlyperceived myfelf fo faint, pefted ; fince, in defcending, we did not experience
that I was under the necefiity of fitting down from any bad effefts from the compreflion of the thorax ;
time to time ; and in proportion as I recovered my our refpiration was not impeded, and we were not un¬
breath, I felt my ftrength renewed. All my guides der the neceflity of refting, in order to recover our
experienced fimilar fenfations, in proportion to their breath and ftrength. The road down to the firft plain
refpeftive conftitutions. We arrived at the fummit of was neverthelefs by no means agreeable, on account of
Mont-Blanc at 11 o’clock in the forenoon. the great declivity ; and the fun, fhining fo bright on
“ I now enjoyed the grand fpectacle which was the tops of the precipices below us, made fo dazzling
under my eyes. A thin vapour, fufpended in the in- an appearance, that it required a good head to avoid
ferior regions of the air, deprived me of the diftinft growing giddy from the profpeA. We pitched our
view of the loweft and moft remote objefts, fuch as the tent again on the fnow, though we were more than
plains of France and Lombardy; but I did not fo much 400 yards below our laft night’s encampment. I was
regret this loft, fince I faw with remarkable clearnefs here convinced that it was the rarity of the air, and
what I principally wiihed to fee, viz. the affemblage not the fatigue of the journey, that had incommoded
of thofe high ridges, with the true form and fituations us on the fummit of the mountain, otherwife we fhould
of which I had long -been defirous of becoming tho- not have found ourfelves fo well, and fp able to attack
roughly acquainted. I could fcarce believe my eyes, our Tapper with a good appetite. I could now alfo
I thought myfelf in a dream when I faw below my make my meteorological obfervations without any in¬
feet fo many majeftic peaks, efpecially the Needles, convenience. I am perfuaded that the indifpofition
the Midi, Argentiere, and Geant, whofe bafes had in confequence of the rarity of the atmofphere is dif-
proved fo difficult and dangerous of accefs. I obtain- ferent in different people. For my own part, I felt
ed a perfeft knowdedge of their proportion to, and no inconvenience at the height of 4006 yards, or near-
connedlion wu’th, each other; of their form and ftruc- ly two miles and a quarter ; but I began to be much
ture ; and a fingle view removed more doubts, and af- affefted when I was higher in the atmofphere.
forded more information, than whole years of ftudy. “ The next day we found that the ice valley which
“ While I was^thus employed, my guides pitched we had palled on our firft day’s journey had undergone , f|
my tent and were fixing the apparatus for the experi- a confiderable change from the ,heat of the two pre-
ments I had propofed to make on boiling v/ater; but ceding days, and that it was much more difficult to
when I came to difpofe my inftruments for that pur- pafs than it had been in our afcent. We were obliged
pofe, I was obliged, almoft at every inftant, to defift to go down a declivity of fnow of no lefs than 50 de-
from my labours, and turn all my thoughts to the grees of inclination, in order to avoid a chafm which
means of refpiration. When it is confidered that the had happened during our expedition. We at length
mercury in the barometer was no higher than 16 inches got down as lowr as the firft eminence on the fide, about
N° 47. half
B L A [ :
Blaric, half after nine, and were perfe&ly happy to find our-
Blanc- felves on a foundation which we were fure would not
LMfger- give way under our feet.”
From the narrative we learn, that the fummit of the
mountain is a ridge nearly horizontal, lying call and
weft : the flope at each extremity is inclined from z8
to 30 degrees, the fouth fide between 15 and 20, and
the north about 45 or 50. This ridge is fo narrow
as fcarctly to allow two people to walk abreaft, efpe-
cially at the weft end, where it refembles the roof of
a houfe. It is wholly covered with fnow ; nor is any
bare rock to be fecn within 150 yards of the top.
The furface of the fnow is fcaly, and in fome places
covered with an icy cruft,- under which the fnow is
dufty and without confiftence. The higheft rocks are
all granites; thofe on the eaft fide are mixed with ftea-
tites; thofe on the fouth and the weft contain a large
quantity of fchoerl, and a little lapis corneas. Some
of them, efpecially thofe on the eaft, which are about
150 yards below the fummit, feem to have been late¬
ly fhivered with lightning.
M. de Sauflure faw no animals on the mountain ex¬
cept two butterflies, which he fuppofes muft have been
driven thither by the wrind. Lichens are the only ve¬
getables which are found on the more elevated parts
of thefe mountains : the Jllene acaulis, which grows
in great quantities on the lower parts, difappears at the
height of about two miles above the level of the fea.
M. de Sauffure has given us the height of the baro¬
meter on the top of Mont-Blanc. Auguft 3. at noon,
16 inches, o lines, and of a line, French meafure
(i. e. 16.181 Engiifti) ; and Reaumur’s thermometer
was 2.3 below the freezing point. M. Sennebier,
at the fame time, obferved at Geneva the barometer
27 2 (29i02° inches Englifh); and the thermo¬
meter 22.6 above freezing. From thefe data he makes
the height of Mont-Blanc 2218 toifes, or 14180 Eng¬
lifh feet (about 2| miles), according to "M. de Luc’s
rule; and 2272 toifes, or H525 Englifh feet, accord¬
ing to M. Trembley’s. To thefe heights 13 toifes, or
83 feet, the height of M. Sennebier’s room above the
lake of Geneva, muft be added, to give the height of
the mountain-above the level of the lake 14263 feet, ac¬
cording M. de Luc, and 14608 feet according to M.
Trembley. Sir George Shuckburgh made the height of
Mont-Blanc, by trigonometrical meafurement, 14429
feet above the lake, which is almoft the mean between
the other two. The refult of the obfervations made at
Chamouni, contemporary with thofe on Mont-Blanc,
agrees ftill nearer with Sir George’s theafurement.
The general mean refult makes the fummit of Mont-
Blanc 2450 toifes, 15673 Englifh feet, or three miles
nearly, above the level of the fea.
M. de Sauffure found by his eleftrometer, that the
ele6tricity of the air on the fummit of the mountain
was pofitive. Water boiled at 68.993 degrees of a
thermometer, which rifes to 80 with the barometer
27 French inches high. The wind was north and ex¬
tremely piercing on the fummit; but, fouthward of
the ridge, the temperature of the air was agreeable.
The expeiiments with lime-water, and with the cauftic
alkali, fhow that the air was mixed with atmofpheric
acid or fixed air. See Atmosphere, n° 12, 13.
Blanc-Manger, Fr. 7. d. white food, is a prepara¬
tion of diffolved ifinglafs, milk, fugar, cinnamon, &c.
You ill. Part I.
1&5 ] B L A
boiled,into a thick confiftence, and garnifhed for the Blancarli
table with blanched almonds. It is cooling and ftrength- II,
ening. . ; 6 6 Blanch,ng.^
BLANCARDS, a name given to certain linen
cloth, thus called, becaufe the thread ufed to weave
them has been half blanched or bleached before it was
ufed. They are manufaftured in Normandy, particu¬
larly in the places which are in the diftrhft or under
the jurifdi&ion of Pout-Audemer, Bernay, and Li-
fieux.
BLANCH-ferme, or Blank farm, a white farm,
that is, where the rent was to be paid in filver, not in
cattle. In ancient times, the crown rents were many
times referved to be paid in lihris a lb is, called blanch
fir me s : in which cafe the buyer was holden dealbare
firmam, viz. his bafe money or coin, worfe than ftand-
ard, was melted down in the exchequer, and reduced
to the Jinenefs of ftandard filver ; or inftead thereof
be paid to the king 12 d. in the pound by way of 'ad¬
dition.
BhANCH-Holding, in law, a tenure by which the
vaffal is only bound to pay an elufory yearly duty to
his fuperior merely as an acknowledgment of his right.
See Law, Part III. N° clxv. 3.
BLANCHARD (James), an excellent painter, was
bora at Paris, and learnt the rudiments of his profeffion
under Nicholas Boiler! his uncle ; but left him at 20
years of age, and travelled into Italy. He ftaid two
years at Rome, and from thence went to Venice, where
he was fo charmed with the works of Titian, Tintoret,
and Paul Veronefe, that he refolved to follow their man¬
ner ; and in this he fucceeded fo far, that at his return
to Paris he fpon became generally efteemed for the no-
.velty, beauty, and force of his pencil. He painted two
galleries at Paris, one belonging to Perault, the firft
prelident, and the other to Bullion, fuperintendant of
the finances ; but his capital piece is a pitlure of the
defeent of the Holy Ghoft in the church of Notre
Dame. He waS feized, in the flower of his age, with
a fever and impofthume in the lungs, of which he died
in 1683. Of all the French painters Blanchard was
efteemed the beft colourift, he having carefully ftudied
this part of painting in the Venetian fchool.
Carte-BLANCHE. See Carte.
BLANCHING, the art or manner of making any
thing white. See Bleaching.
Blanching of Iron-plates, is performed with aqua¬
fortis and tin.
Blanching of Woollen Stuffs, is done with foap, or
with chaik, or with fulphur or brimftone.
Blanching of Silk, is performed with foap and
brimftone.
Blanching of Wax, is by expofing it to the fun and
dew. See Wax.
Blanching, in coinage, the operation performed on
the planchets, or pieces of filver, to give them the re-
quifite luftre and brightnefs. They alfo blanch pieces
of plate, when they would have them continue white,
or have only fome parts of them burnilhed. Blanch¬
ing, as it Is now praftifed, is performed by heating the
pieces on a kind of peel with a wood fire, in the man¬
ner of a reverbatory ; fo that the flame pafles over
the peel. The pieces being fufficiently heated and
cooled again, are put fuccellively to boil in two pans,
which are of copper: in thefe they put water, common
Li fait,
B L A [ 266 ] B L A
Blanching fait, and tartar of Montpelier. When they have been
Blanks we^ drained of this water in a copper fieve, they throw
« , V ‘ 1 ^and and frefh water over them ; and when dry, they
are well rubbed with towels.
Blanching, among gardeners, an operation whereby
certain fallets, roots. See. are rendered whiter than they
would otherwife be.—It is thus : After pruning off
the tops and roots of the plants to be blanched, they
plant them in trenches about ten inches wide, and as
many deep, more or Jefs as is judged neceffary; as
they grow up, care is taken to cover them with earth,
within four or five inches of their tops : this is repeat¬
ed from time to time, for five or fix weeks ; in which
time they will be fit for ufe, and of a whitiih colour
where covered by the earth.
Blanching alfo denotes the operation of covering
iron plates with a thin coat or cruft of tin. See Lat-
BLANCO, a cape or promontory of Africa, in the
Atlantic ocean. W. Long. 18. 30. N. Lat. 2Q. o.
Blanco, a promontory of Peru in South America,,
in the South Sea. W. Long. 8r. 10. N. Lat. 1-1. 50.
BLANDA (anc. geog.), a Roman city in the ter¬
ritory of Barcino in Hifpania Citerior : Now Blanes, a
fea-port town of Catalonia, fituated near the river Tor-
dara. E. Long. 3. 40. N. Lat. 41. 30.
BLANDFORD, a town of Dorfetfhire in England;
It is pleafantly feated on the river Store near the Downs,
but has been, fubjedl to feveral dreadful fires, particu¬
larly in 1731, when almoft the whole town was burnt
down ; but it has fince been rebuilt finer than before;
It has the title of a marquifate, and lies in W. Long.
2. 15. N. Lat. 50. to.
BLANDONONA (anc; geog.), a fmall city of
Liguria in Italy: Now Bran, or Broni. See that
article.
BLANES. See Blanca.
BLANK, or Blanc, in a general fenfe, fignifies
white ; and blaneus, or blar.ca, is more particularly
Mifed for a kind of white or lilver money, of bafe al¬
loy, coined by Henry V. in thofe parts of France then
fubjeft to England, valued at 8d. Sterling. They
were forbidden by his fucceffor to be current in this
realm. In feme ancient charters they are called falida
bland, white Jhillings.
Blank alfo denotes a fmall copper coin, formerly
current in France, at the rate of five deniers Tour-
nois. They had alfo great blanks, or pieces of three
blanks,, and others of fix, in refpect whereof the Angle
fort were called little blanks ; but of late they are all
become only monies of account.
Blank, or BiANK-Ticket, in lotteries, that to which
no prize is allotted. The French have a- game, under
the denomination blanqus, anfwering to our lottery.
Blank, in coinage, a plate, or piece of gold or
filver, cut and fhaped for a coin, but not yet ftamped.
BLANK-Bar, in law, is ufed for the fame with what
we call a common bar, and is the name of a plea in bar,
which in an adtion of trefpafs is put in to oblige the
plaintiff to afiign the certain, place where the trefpafs
was committed.
Blanks, in judicial proceedings, certain void fpaces
fometimes left by miftake. A blank (if fomething
material be omitted) in a declaration, abates the fame :
and fuch a blank is a good caufe of demurrer.
Blank- Vtrfe, in the modern poetry, that compofed Blank-veife-
of a certain number of fyllables, without the affiftance It i
of rhime. See Poetry, Part iii. Blankof. ■
Point-BiANK. See PoiNT-Blank. ' v J
BLANKENBERG, a town of Germany, in the
circle of Weftphalia and duchy of Berg. E. Long. 7.
18. N. Lat. 50. 54.
BLANKENBURG, a town of Germany, in the
circle of Lower Saxony, and capital of, the county of
the fame name, fubjeft to the Duke of Bmnfwic-Wol-
fembuttle. The caftle or palace is a modern building,
and is the refidence of the princefs dowager. E.
Long. ij. 20. N. Lat. 51.50. '
BLANKENHEIM, a fmall territory of Germany
with the title of a county, which is part of that of
Eyffel, near the archbifhopric of Colcgn and duchy of
Juliers.
BLANKET, in commerce, a warm woolly fort of
fluff, light and loofe woven, chiefly ufed in bedding.
The manufa&ure of blankets is chiefly confined to
Witney in Oxfordfhire, where it is advanced to that
height, that no other place comes near it. Some at¬
tribute a great part of the excellency of the Witney
blankets to the abfterfive nitrous water of the river
Windrufh, wherewith they are fcoured; others rather
think they owe it to a peculiar way of loofe fpinning
which the people have thereabouts. Be this as it will,
the place has engroffed almoft the whole trade of the
nation for this commodity ; infomuch that the wool
fit for it centres here from the furthermoft parts of the
kingdom. Blankets are made of felt-wool, i. e. wool
from off fheep-fkins, which they divide into feveral
forts. Of the head wool and bay wool they make
blankets of twelve, eleven, and ten quarters broad y
of the ordinary and middle fort blankets of eight and
feven quarters broad; of the beft tail wool blankets of
fix quarters broad, commonly called cuts, ferving for
feamens hammocks. See Hykes.
Taking in a Blanket, a ludicrous kind of punifti-
ment, ot which we find mention in the ancients under
the denomination fagatio. Martial deferibes it gra¬
phically enough. Ibis ad excttjjfb, mijfus ad *Jlra,fago.
A late writer reprefents it as one of Otho’s imperial
delights. But this is turning the tables : that empe¬
ror’s diverfion, as related by Suetonius, was not to be
the fubjeft, but the agent, in the affair ; it being his
pra&ice to ftroll out in dark nights, and where he met
with a helplefs or drunken man to give him the dif-
cipline of the blanket.
BLANKOF (John Teunifz), a painter of great
abilities, was born at Alkmaar in 1628, and received'
his earlieft inflruftion from Arent Tierling : but after¬
wards he was fucceffively the difciple of Peter Scheyen-
burg and Caefar Van Everdingen. When he had fpent
fome years with thofe mafters, he went to Rome, where,,
during his continuance in that city, he was ftudioufly,
diligent in copying the works of the beft mafters, and
was admitted into the fociety of Flemiftv painters call¬
ed Bentvogels, who gave him the name of Jan Maat
(which in Dutch fignifies mate or companion), and by
that name he is moft generally known. His fubjedta-
were landfcapes,. with views of rivers or fea-fhores, ha¬
vens or ports, which he executed with a light free pen¬
cil ; and in the reprefentation of ftorms and calms (as
nature was always his model) he deferibed thofe fub-
je<3*
B L. A [ 267 ] B L A
felanquille je£ts with great truth, exafitnefs, and neatnefs of
. Jl handling. The pictures of this mailer which are molt
B.a p iemy. commen(}ed are the Italian fea-ports, with veffels lying
before them. He poffeffed a lively imagination 5 nor
was his hand lefs expeditious than his thoughts; and
the connoiffeurs agreed in opinion, that if he had be¬
llowed more labour oh his pictures than he ufually did,
or if he had finilhed them more highly, he would
certainly have dellroyed a great deal of their fpirit,
force, and effedt. His molt capital performance is
a view of the fea-lhore, with the waves retiring at
ebb tide ; which is defcribed by Houbraken as be¬
ing wonderfully beautiful and natural. He died in
1670.
BLANQUILLE, in commerce, a frhall filver coin
current in the kingdom of Morocco, and all that part
of the coaft of Barbary ; it is worth about three-half¬
pence of our money.
BLARE, in commerce, a fmall copper coin of Bern,
nearly of the fame value with the ratz.
BLAREGNIES, a town of the Aullrian Nether¬
lands, in the province of Haipault, feated in E. Long.
3. 35. N. Lat- 50. 30. Near this place the Englilh
and their allies under the Duke of Marlborough ob¬
tained a very bloody vidlory over the French in 1709,
This is moll commonly called the battle of Malplaquet.
See Malplaqiiet.
BLASE, biflaop of Sebafta in Cappadocia, in the
fecond and third centuries, fuffered death under Dio-
clefian by decapitation, after being whipped and ha¬
ving his flelh torn with iron combs. He is a perfon
of great note among, the vulgar, who in their procef-
fions relative to the woollen trade, always carry a re-
prefentation of him as the inventor or patron of the
art of woobcombing ; though that art mufl. have been
known long before his time. It is difficult to fay
how the invention came to be attributed tp him 5 but
it had probably no better origin than the circumftance
of his being tortured by inllruments ufed in combing
of wool.
BLASIA, leather-cup t A genus of the order of
algae, belonging to the cryptogamia cl a fa of plants 5
and in the natural method ranking under the 57th or¬
der, Jllgtf. The male calyx is cylindric, replete with
grains ; the female calyx is naked; the fruit roundiffi,
immerfed in the leaves, and many-feeded.—Of this ge¬
nus there is but one fpecies known, the pufdla, which
grows naturally on the banks of ditches and rivulets,
in a gravelly or fandy foil, both in England and Scot¬
land. It grows fiat upon the ground in a circle or
patch, compofed of numerous thin, green, pellucid,
leaves, marked with a few whitiffi veins near the bafe,
divided and fubdivided into obtufe fegments obfcurely
crenated on the edges. The margins of the leaves are
a little elevated, but the interior parts adhere clofe to
the ground by a fine down which anfwers the purpofe
of roots. The feeds are fo fmall as to be almoll im¬
perceptible.
BLASPHEMY [blafphemia, or Uafpheviium), in
middle-age writers, denotes fimply the blaming or con¬
demning of a perfon or thing. The word is Greek,
from Icedo. Among the Greeks to
blafpheme was to ufe words of evil omen, or that por¬
tended fometbing ill, which the ancients were care¬
ful to avoid, fubhituting in lieu of them other words
4
of fofter and gentler import, fometimes the very reverfe Bkfphemy.
of the proper ones. u—y—
Blasphemy is more peculiarly reRrained to evil or
reproachful words fpoken of the Deity. Augufitn
fays, Jam vulgo bhfphertiia non accipitur nifi mala
verba de Deo dieere.
According to Lindwood, blafphemy is an injury of¬
fered to God, by denying that which is due and be¬
longing to him; or attributing to him what is not
agreeable to his nature. By the Mofaic law, blafphe¬
my was punifhed with death ; Levit. chap. xxiv. vcr.
13 —16. As alfo by the civil law; Novel. 77. In
Spain, Naples, France, and Italy, the pains of death
are not now inflidted. In the Empire, either amputa¬
tion or death is made the punifhment of this crime.
By the Canon law, blafphemy was punilhed only by
a folemn penance ; and by cuRom either by a pecu¬
niary or corporal puniffiment. By the Engliffi laws,
blafphemies of God, as denying his being or provi*
dence, and all contumelious reproaches of Jefus ChriR,
&c. are offences by the common law, and puniffiable
by fine, imprifonment, and pillory. And, by the fta-
tute law, he that denies one of the perfons in the Tri¬
nity, or afferts there are more than one, or denies Chri-
Rianity to be true, for the firft offence is rendered in¬
capable of any office; for the fecond, adjudged inca¬
pable of fuing, being executor or guardian, receiving
any gift or legacy, and to be imprifoned for three years.
According to the law of Scotland, the punifhment
of blafphemy is death. The firR fpecies thereof con-
fifls in railing at or Curfing God ; and here the fingle
adl conRitutes the crime. The fecond confiRs in de¬
nying the exiflence of the Supreme Being, or any of
the perfons of the Trinity ; and therein obRinately
perfevering to the laR. For reiterated denial does not
fully conRitute the crime, becaufe the Rat. ofCharles II.
1661, admits of repentance before conviction, as a com- -
plete expiation.
This Ratute of 1661 is ratified by a Ratute of king
William, whereby the calling in queRion the exiftenee
of God, or of any of the perfons of the Trinity, or the
authority of Scripture, or the Divine Providence, is
made penal; For the firR offence, imprifonment till
fatisfaclion given by public repentance in fack-cloth;
for the fecond, a fine of a year’s valued rent of the
real eflate, and twentieth part of the perfonal eRate ;
and the trial in both thefe cafes is competent to inferior
-judges. The trial of the third offence is death, to be
tried only by the juRices.
Blasphemy againjl the Holy Ghoft. Divines arc not
agreed with refpedl to the nature of the crime thus de¬
nominated (Mat. chap. xii. ver. 31.), and the grounds,
of the extreme guilt aferibed to it. Dr Tillotfon
maintains, that it confifled in malicioufly attributing
the miraculous operations which ChriR performed by
the power of the Holy GhoR to the devil. Dr Whitby
refers it to the difpenfation of the Holy Ghoft, which
commenced after our Lords refurre&ion and afeenfion;
and thofe were guilty of the crime who perfifted in
their unbelief and blafphemed the Holy Ghoft, repre-
fenting him as an evil fpirit. The crime was unpar¬
donable, becaufe it implied a wilful oppofitiomto the
la ft and moft powerful evidence which God would
vouchfafe to mankind, and precluded the poffibility of
a recovery to faith and repentance.
L J 1 " BLAST,
B L A [ 268 ] B L E
BLAST, flatus,t in the military ait, a fudden com-
preflion of the air, caufed by the difcharge 6f the bul¬
let out of a great gun. The blaft fometimes throws
down part of the embrafures of the wall.
Blast is alfo applied in a more generalfenfe to any
forcible ftream of wind or air, excited by the mouth,
bellows, or the like.
Blast is alfo ufed iu agriculture and gardening, for
what is otherwife called a blight.
Blafts or blaftings are by fome fuppofed owing to
cold; by others to the want of a due fupply of fap ;
by others to afcending fumes of the earth ; by others
to fharp winds and frofts, immediately fucceeding
rains; That fpecies called, uredinss or flre-blafls, is
fuppofed by Mr Hales owing to the'folar rays reflected
from or eondenfed in the clouds, or even colle&ed by
the denfe fteams in hop gardens and other places. The
effe£l of them is to wither, fhrivel, fcorch, turn black,
and as it were burn up the leaves;, bloffoms, and fruits
of trees, flirubs, herbs, grafs, corn, even for whole tracts
of ground.
Phyficians alfo fpeak of a kind of blafts affe&ing
human bodies, and cauling eryfipelas, palfies, &c.
Blasts, among miners. See Damps.
BLASTED, fomething ftruck with a blaft. Among
the Romans, places blafted with lightning were to be
confecrated to Jupiter, under the name of bidentalia
and putealia. It was alfo a ceremonial of religion to
burn blafted bodies iri the fire.
BLASTING, among miners, a term for the tear¬
ing up rocks, which they find in their way, by gun¬
powder. The method of doing which is this: they
make a long hole like the hollow of a large gun-barrel
in the rock they would fplit; this they fill with gun¬
powder ; then they firmly (top up the mouth of the hole
with clay, except a touch-hole, at which they leave a
match to fire it. A fmall quantity of powder does
great things this way.
BLATOBULGIUM (anc. geog.), Antonine; a
place of the Brigantes in Britain, having a camp of
exploratores or fcouts near Solway Frith and promon¬
tory ; now called Bulnefs, (Camden).
BLATTA, or Cockroach, a genus of infefts be¬
longing to the order of hemiptera, or fuch as have four
femicruftaceous incumbent wings. The head of the
blatta is inflefted towards the breaft ; the antennse, or
feelers, are hard like briftles; the elytra and wings are
plain, and refemble parchment; the breaft. is fmooth,
roundifti, and is terminated by an edge or margin; the
^ feet are fitted for running; and there, are two fmall
horns above the tail. This infeft refembles the beetle;
and there are 1 o fpecies, viz. 1. The gigantea is of a
livid colour, and has fquare brownifh marks on the
breaft. It is found in Afia and America, and is about
the fize of a hen’s egg. 2. The alba is red, and the
margin of the breaft is white. It is found in Egypt.
3. The furinamenfis is livid, and the breaft edged vt-ith
white. It is a native of Surinam. 4. The americana
is of an iron colour, and the hind part of the breaft is
white. The wings and elytra are longer than its body.
It is found in America and the fouth of France. 5.
the pivea is white, with yellow feelers. It is a native
of America. 6. The africana is alh-coloured, and has
fome hairs on its breaft. It is found in Africa, 7.
The orientalis is of a dulky alh-colour, has fhort elytra,
with an oblong furrow in them. This fpecies is fre- Blattaria
quent in America. They get into chefts, &c. and do n] II
much hurt to cloaths; they infeft peoples beds in the B eai'hll1g)
night, bite like bugs, and leave a very unfavoury fmeli
behind them. They avoid the light, and feldom ap¬
pear but in the night-time. The female refembies a
kind of caterpillar, as it has no wings; fire lays an egg
of about one half the bulk of her btjly. They eat
bread, raw or dreffed meat, linen, books, filk-worms
and their bags, &c. Sir Hans Sloane fays, that the
Indians mix their afhes with fugar, and apply them to
ulcers in order to promote the fuppuration. 8. The
germanica is livid and yellowifh, with two black pa¬
rallel lines on the breaft. It is found in Denmark.
9. The laponica is yellow, and the elytra are fpotted
with black. It is found in Lapland ; and feeds upon
cheefe, fiihes, &c. 10. The oblongata is of an oblong
figure ; the colour is livid and fhining; and it has two
black fpots on the breaft. The feelers are red and
clavated ; and the feet are very hairy. It is a native
of America.
BLATTARLE (from Blafta, a moth or little
worm), the title of Scopoli’s 12th natural clafs, in his
Flora Carniolica. It is taken from the Blattaria*
which was Tournefort’s generic name for the verbaf-
cum of Linnasus. See Verbascum.
BLAUBEUREN, a town of Germany in the cir¬
cle of Suabia, and duchy of Wirtemberg.. E. Long.
9. 57. N. Lat. 48. 22.
BLAVET, a fea-port town of Brittany in France^
fituated at the mouth of a river of the fame name. It
is one of the ftations of the royal navy of France, and
is fometimes called Port Lewis. W. Long. 3. 5. N.
Lat. 47. 40.
BLAVIA, or Blavjum, (anc. geog.), a town of
Aquitain, on the north bank of the Garonne, below its
confluence with the Dordone : Now Elays ; which fee.
BLAYE, an ancient and ftrong town of France, in
Guienne. It is fituaited on the river Garonne, has a
harbour much frequented by foreigners, and the ftrips
which fail to Bourdeaux are obliged to leave their guns
here. The river is 3800 yards broad at Blaye; for
which reafon a battery was built upon an ifland in
(689, to command the veffels that fail up. The city
is built on a rock, and has a citadel with four baftions»
which is called the Upper Town. The lower town is
feparated from the upper by a fmall river; and in the
lower town the merchants refide with their magazines.
The neighbourhood produces a great deal of corn,
which they fend abroad when the exportation of it is
allowed. W. Long. x. 23. N. Lat. 45. 6.
BLAZE, a white fpot in a horfe’s face. •
BLAZONING, or Blazonry, in heraldry, the
decyphering the arms of noble families. The word o-
riginally fignified the blowing or winding of a horn j
and was introduced into heraldry as a term denoting
the defcription of things borne in arms, with their pro¬
per fignifications and intendments, from an ancient
cuftom the heralds, who were judges, had of winding
an horn at jufts and tournaments, when they explained
and recorded the atchievements of knights. See He¬
raldry.
BLEA, in the anatomy of plants, the inner rind or
dry bark. See Plants.
BLEACHING, the art of whitening linen cloth,
* thread.
B L E [ 269 ] B L E
bleaching, thread, See. which is conduced in the following man-
■ ner by the bleachers of this country.
After the cloth has been forted into parcels of an e-
qual finenefs, as near as can be judged, they are latched,
linked, and then fteeped. Steeping is the firft operation
which the cloth undergoes, and is performed in this
manner, The linens are folded up, each piece diftindt,
and laid in a large wooden veffel; into which is thrown,
blood-warm, a fufficient quantity of water, or equal
parts of water and lye, which has been ufed to white
cloth only, or water with rye-meal or bran mixed with
it, till the whole is thoroughly wet, and the liquor rifes
over all. Then a cover of wood is laid over the cloth,
and that cover is fecured with a poft betwixt the boards
and the joifting, to prevent the cloth from riling during
the fermentation which enfues. About fix hours after
the cloth has been deeped in warm water, and about
twelve in cold, bubbles of air arife, a pellicle is formed
on the furface of the liquor, and the cloth fwells when
it is not pteffed down. This inteftine motion continues
from 36 to 48 hours, according to the warmth of the
weather ; about which time the pellicle or feum begins
to fall to the bottom. Before this precipitation hap¬
pens, the cloth mull be taken out ; and the proper time
for taking it; out, is when no more air-bubbles arife.
This is allowed to be the juftett guide by the mofl. ex¬
perienced bleachers.
The cloth is then taken out, well rinfed, difpofed
regularly by the felvage, and walked in the put-mill to
carry off the loofe dull. After this it is fpread on the
field to dry; When thoroughly dried, it is ready for
bucking ; which is the fecond operation.
Bucking, or the application of fairs, is performed in
this manner. The firft, or mother lye, is made in a
copper, which we lhall fuppofe, for example, when full,
holds 170 Scots gallons of water. The copper is filled
three-fourths full of water, which is brought to boil:
juft when it begins, the following proportion of alhes
is put into it, viz. 30 lb. of blue, and as much white
pearl alhes ; 200 lb. of Marcoft alhes (or, if they have
not thefe, about 300 lb. of Calhub) ; 300 lb. of Muf-
covy, or blanch alhes; the three laid ought to be well
pounded. This liquor is allowed to boil for a quarter
of an hour, ftirring the afhes from the bottom very often;
after which the fire is taken away. The liquor mull
Hand till it has fettled, which takes at leaft fix hours,
and then it is fit for ufe. *
Out of their firft, or mother-lye, the fecond, or that
ufed in bucking, is made in this manner. Into another
copper, holding, for example, 40 Scots gallons, are
put 38 gallons of water, 2 lb. foft foap, and 2 gallons
of mother-lye ; or, for cheapnefs, in place of the foap,
when they have lye which has been ufed to white linen,
called white linen lye, they take 14 gallons of it, leaving
out an equal quantity of water. This is called buck¬
ing-lye.
After the linens are taken up from the field dry, they
are fet in the vat or cave, as their large veffel is called,
in tows, end wife, that they may be equally wet by the
lye; which, made blood-warm, is now thrown on them,
and the cloth is afterwards fqueezed down by a man
with woodeq ftioes. Each row undergoes the fame o-
peration, until the veffel is full, or all the cloth in it. At
firft the lye is put on milk-warm, and, after Handing
a little time on the cloth, it is again let off by a cock
into the bucking-copper, heated to a greater degree, Bleaching,
and then put on the cloth again. This courfe is re-
peated for fix or feven hours, and the degree of heat
gradually increafed, till it is, at the laft turn or two,
thrown on boiling hot. The cloth remains after this
for three or.four hours in the lye; after which the lye
is let off, thrown away, or ufed in the firft buckings,
and the cloth goes on to another operation.
It is then carried out, generally early in the morning,
fpread on the grafs, pinned, corded down, expofed to
the fun'and air, and watered for the firft fix hours,- fo
often, that it never is allowed to dry. Afterwards it is
allowed to lie till dry fpots appear before it is watered.
After feven at night it gets no more water, unlefs it be
a very drying night. Next day, in the morning and
forenoon, it is watered twice or.thrice if the day be very
dry; but if the weather be not drying, it gets no wa¬
ter : After which it is taken up dry if the green be
clean ; if not, it is rinfed, mill-waflied, and laid out_to
dry again, to become fit for bucking.
This alternate courfS of bucking and v/atering is
performed for the moft part from ten to fixteen times,
or more, before the linen is fit for fouring; gradually
increafing the ftrength of the lye from the firft to the
middle bucking, and from that gradually decreafing it
till the fouring begins. The lyes in the middle buck¬
ings are generally about a third ftronger than the firft:
and laft.
Souring, or the application of acids to cloth, is the
fourth operation. It is difficult to fay when this ope¬
ration fhould commence, and depends moftly on the /kill
and experience of the bleacher. When the cloth has an
equal colour, and is moftly freed from the fprat, or outer
bark of the lint> it is then thought fit for fouring ;
which is performed in the following manner. Into a
large vat or veffel is poured fuch a quantity of butter¬
milk, or four milk, as will fufficiently wet the firft row
of cloth ; which is tied up In loofe folds, and prefled
down by two or three men bare footed. If the milk is
thick, about an eighth of water is added to it; if thin,
no water. Sours made with bran, or rye-meal and wa¬
ter, are often ufed inftead of milk, and ufed milk-warm..
Over the firft row of cloth a quantity of milk and wa¬
ter is thrown, to be imbibed by the fecond ; and fo it
is continued till the linen to be foured is fufficiently'wet,
and the liquor rifes over the whole. The cloth is then
kept down by covers filled with holes, and fecured with
a poft fixed to the joift, that it may not rife. Some
hours after the cloth has been in the four, air-buhbles.
arife, a white feum is found on the furface, and an in¬
teftine motion goes on in the liquor. In warm weather
it appears fooner, is ftronger, and ends fooner, than
in cold weather. Juft before this fermentation, which
laftsfiveor fix days, is finilhed, at which time the feum
falls down, the cloth ftiould be taken out, rinfed, mill-
wafhed, and delivered to the women to be wafired with
foap and water.
Wafiiing with foap and water is the fifth operation^
. and is performed thus. Two women are placed oppo-
fite at each tub, which is made of very thick ftaves, fo>
that the edges, which (lope inwards, are about four in¬
ches in thicknefs. A fmall veffel full of warm water is-
placed in each tub. The cloth is folded fo that the fel¬
vage may be firft rubbed with foap and warm water
lengthwife, till it is fufficiently impregnated with it*.
la
B L E
[ 25© ]
B L E
Bleaching. In tliie manner all the parcel is rubbed with foap, and
afterwards carried to be bucked.
The lye now ufed has no foap in it, except what it
gets from the cloth; and is equal in ftrength to the
Arongelt formerly ufed, or rather ftronger, becaufe the
cloth is now put in wet. Fr om the former operation thefe
dyes are gradually made ftronger, till the cloth feems
of an uniform white, nor any darknefs or brown colour
appears in its ground. After this the lye is more fpeedily
weakened than it was increaftd ; fo that the lull which
•the cloth gets is weaker than any it got before.
But the.management of fours is different; for they
are ufed ftrorigeft at firft, and decreafed fo in ftrength,
■that the laft lour, confidering the cloth is then always
taken up wet, may be reckoned to contain three-fourths
of water.
From the bucking it goes to the watering, as for¬
merly, obferving only to overlap the felvages, and tie
it down with cords, that it may not tear ; then it re¬
turns to the four, milling, wallring, bucking, and wa¬
tering again. Thefe operations fucceed one another al¬
ternately till the cloth is whitened; at which time it is
blued, ftarched, and dried.
This is the method ufed in the whitening fine cloths.
The following is the method ufed in the w'hitening of
coarfe cloths. .
Having forted the cloths according to their quality,
they are fteeped in the fame manner as the fine, rinfed,
wafhed in the mill, and dried before boiling.
In-this procefs boiling fupplies the place of bucking,
as it takes lefs time, and confequently is thought cheap-
eft. It is done in the following manner; 20clb. Ca-
ftrub-afhes, 100 lb. white Mufcovy, and 30 lb. pearl-
■alhes, boiled in 10,5 Scots gallons of water for a quarter
^of an hour, as in the procefs for the fine cloth, makes
the mother or firft lye. The cloth-boiler is then to be
-filled two-thirds full with water and mother-lye, about
nine parts of the former to one of the latter ; fo that
the lye ufed for boiling the coarfe cloth is about a
third weaker than that ufed in bucking the fine. Such
a quantity of cloth is ptit into the foregoing quantity
of lye, when cold, as can be well covered by it. The
lye is brought gradually to the boil, and kept boiling
■for two hours; the cloth being fixed down all the time,
that it does not rife above the liquor. The cloth is then
taken out, fpread on the field, and watered, as men¬
tioned before in the fine cloth.
As the falts of the lye are not exhaufted by this boil¬
ing, the fame is continued to be ufed all that day, add¬
ing, at each boiling, fo much of the mother-lye as will
bring it to the fame -ftrength as at firft. The lye by
boiling lofes in quantity fomewhat betwixt a third and
a fourth ; and they reckon that in ftrength it lofes a-
bout a half, becaufe they find in pra&ice, that adding
to it half its former ftrength in frefh lye, has the fame
eftedl on cloth. Therefore feme frefh lye, containing a
fourth part of the water, , and the half of the ftrength
of the firft lye, makes the fecond boiler equal in ftrength
to the firft. To the third boiler they add fomewhat
more than the former proportion, and go on ftill in-
creafing gradually to the fouith and fifth, which is as
much as can be done in a day. The boiler is then cleaned,
and next day they begin with frefti lye. Thefe addi¬
tions of frefti lye ought always to be made by the ma-
fter-bkachef, as it requires judgment to bring fiicceed- 8-eachjf
ing lyes to the fame ftrength as the firft. —y—
When the cloth comes-to get the fecond boiling, the
lye fhould be a little ftronger, about a thirtieth part,
and the deficiencies made up in the fame proportion. For
fix or feven boilings, or fewer, if the cloth be thin, the
lye is inereafed in this wray, and then gradually dimi-
nilhed till the cloth is fit for fouring. The whiteft cloth
ought always to be boiled firft, that it may not be hurt
by what goes before.
In this procefs, if the cloth cannot be got dry for
boiling, bufinefs does not flop, as in the fine ; for after
the coarfe has dreeped on racks made for the purpofe,
it is boiled, making the lye ftrong in proportion to the
water in the cloth.
The common method of fouring coarfe linen is, to
mix fome warm water and bran in the vat, then put a 1
layer of doth, then more bran, water, and cloth ; and
fo on, till the cave is full. The whole is tramped with
mens feet, and fixed as in the former procefs. A thou-
fand yards of cloth, yafd-broad, require betwixt four
and fix pecks of bran. The cloth generally lies about
three nights and two days in the four. Others prepare
their four twenty-four hours before, by mixing the bran
with warm water in a feparate veffel; and before pouring
it on the cloth, they dilute it with a fufficient quantity |
of water. After the cloth is taken from the lour, it
ought to be well wafaed and rinfed again. It is then
given to men to be well foaped on a table, and after- ;
wards rubbed betwixt the lubbing-boards. .When it
comes from them, it Ihouid be well milled, and warm
water poured on it all the time, if conveniency will al¬
low of i't. Two or three of thefe rubbings are fufficient,
and the cloth very feldom requires more.
The lye, after the fouring begins, is decreafed in
ftrength by degrees ; and three boilings after that are
commonly lufficient to finilh the cloth. Afterwards it is
ftarched, blued, dried, and bittled in a machine made
for that purpofe, which fupplies the place of a calender,
and is preferred by many to it.
This method ufedin the bleaching of our coarfe cloths,
is very like that pra&ifed in Ireland for both fine and
coarfe. The only material difference is, that there the
bleachers ufe no other afhes but the kelp or calhub, A
lye is drawn from the former by cold water, which dift
folves the falts, and not the fulphureous particles of the
kelp-afhes. This lye is ufed till the cloth is half whi¬
tened, and then they lay afide the kelp-lye for one made
of ealhub-afhes.
In the preceding hiftory of bleaching we may ob-
ferve, that it naturally divides itfelf into feveral different
branches or parts, all tending to give linen the degree
of whitenefs required.. How they effe&uate that cornea
next to be confidered.
The general procefs of bleaching divides itfelf into
thefe different parts, 1. Steeping and milling. 2. Buck¬
ing and boiling. 3. Alternate watering arid drying.
4. Souring* 5. Rubbing with foap and warm water,
flarching, and bluing. We (hall treat of thefe different
parts in their order.
Steeping. Green linen, in the different changes which
it has undergone before it arrives at that ftate, contracts
a great foulnefs. This is chiefly communicated to it
by the dreffing compofed of tallow and fowen, which
B L E [ 271 ] B L E
leaching. Is a kind of flummery made of bran, flour, or oat-meal
feeds. The firft thing to be done in the bleachfield is
to take off all that filth which is foreign to the flax,
would blunt the future addion of the falls, and might,
in unflcilfdl hands, be fixed in the cloth. This is the
defign of fteeping.
' To accompliih this end, the cloth is laid to fteep in
blood-warm water. A fmaller degree of heat would not
diflblve the drefling fo foon; and the greater might co¬
agulate and fix, in the body of the linen, thofe particles
which we defign to carry off. In a few hours the dref-
fing made ufe'in weaving is diflblved, mixed with the
water; and as it had acquired fome degree of acidity
before application, it becomes a fpecies of ferment.
Each ferment promotes its own particular .fpecies of
fermentation or inteftine motion ; the putrid ferment
fets in motion the putrefactive fermentation; the vinous
ferment gives rife to the vinous fermentation; and the
acid ferment to the acetous fermentation. That there
is a real fermentation going on in fteepping, one muft
be foon convinced, who attends to the air-bubbles
which immediately begin to arife, to the fcum which
gathers on the furface, and to the intefline motion and
dwelling of the whole liquor. That it mult be the a-
cetous fermentation, appears from this, that the vege¬
table particles, already in part foured, muft firft undergo
this procefs.
The effeCl of all fermentations is to fet the liquor in
motion 5 to raife in it a degree of heat; and to emit
air-bubbles, which, by carrying up fome of the light
oleaginous particles along with them, produce a fcum.
But as the drefling is in fmall quantity in proportion to
the water, thefe effe&s are gentle and flow. The acid
falts are no fooner feparated, by the acetous fermenta¬
tion, from the abforbent earth, which made them not
perceptible to the tongue in their former ftate, than
they are united to the oily particles of the tallow, which
likewife adhere fuperficially, diflelve them, and render
them in fome degree miffible with water. In this ftate
they are foon waihed off by the inteftine motion of the
liquor. The confequence of this operation is, that the
cloth comes out freed in a great meafure from its fuperfl-
cial dirt, and more pliant and foft than what it was.
Whenever this inteftine motion is pretty much aba¬
ted, and before the fcum fubfides, bleachers take out
their cloth. The fcum, when no more air-bubbles rile
to fupportit, feparates and falls down; and would again
communicate to the cloth great part of the filth. But
a longer ftay would be attended with a much greater
difadvantage. The putrid follows clofe upon the ace¬
tous fermentation: when the latter ends, the former be¬
gins. Were this to take place in any confidefable de¬
gree, it would render the cloth black and tender.
Bleachers cannot be too careful in this article.
The firft queftion that arifes to be determined on
thefe principles is. What is the propereft liquor for
fteeping cloth? thofe ufed by bleachers are plain water;
white linen lye and water, equal parts; and rye-meal
or bran mixed with water. They always make ufe of
lye when they have it.
After fteeping, the cloth is carried to the putftock..
mill, to be freed of all its loofe foulnefs. There can be
nothing contrived fo effectual to anfwer the purpofe as
this mill. Its motion is eafy, regular, and fafe. While
it preffes gently, it turns the cloth ; which is continu¬
ally waihed with a ftream of water. Care muft be taken Bleaching,
that no water be detained in the folds of the linen, o- '—-v—
therwife that part may be damaged.
Bucking and boiling This is the moft important
operation of the whole procefs, and deferves a tho¬
rough examination. Its defign is to loofen, and carry
off, by the help of alkaline lixives or lyes, that parti¬
cular fubftance in cloth, which is the caufe of its brown
colour.
All aftres ufed in lye, the pearl excepted, ought to be
well pounded, before they are put into the copper; for
the Marcoft and Cafhub are very hard, and with fome
difficulty yield their fait. As thefe two laft contain a
very coniiderable proportion of a real fulphureous mat¬
ter, which muft in fome degree tinge white cloth ; and
as this is diffolved much more by boiling than by the
inferior degrees of heat, while the falts may be as well
extrafted by the latter; the water ftiould never be
brought to boil, and ftiould be continued far fome time
longer under that degree of heat. The pearl-afhes
ftiould never be put in till near the end, as they are ea-
iily diffolved in water..
If the falts were always of an equal ftrength, the fame
quantities would make a lye equally ftrong ; but they
are not. Salts of the fame name differ very much from-
one another. The Mufeovy allies are turning weaker
every day, as every bleacher muft have obferved, till at
laft they turn quite effete. A deco&ion from them
when new, muft differ very much from ope when they
have been long. kept. Hence a neceffity of fome exadt
criterion to difeover when lyes are of an equal ftrength.
The tafte cannot ferve as that is fo variable; cannot be
deferibed to another, and is blunted by repeated trials-
The, proof-ball will ferve the purpofe of the bleachfield
fufficiently; and, by difeovering the fpecific gravity,,
will fnow the quantity of alkaline falts diffolved. But
it cannot fhow the dangerous qualities of thefe falts;.
for the lefs cauftic and lefs heavy this liquor is, the more
dangerous and corrofive it may be for the cloth;
The third lye, which they draw from thefe materials
by an infufion of cold water, in which the tafte of lime,
is difcoverable, appears plainly to be more dangerous
than the firft. The fecond lye, which they extraft from
the fame aihes, and which is reckoned about a third in
ftrength, when compared to the firft, muft-be of the fame
nature; nor ftrould it be ufed without an addition of
pearl-aihes, which will correil it.
It is. taken for a general rule, That the folution of
any body in its menftruum is equally diffufed through
the whole liquor. The bleachers depending on this,
ufe equal quantities of the top and bottom of their lye»-
when once clear and fettled; taking it for granted, that
there is an equal quantity of falts in equal quantities of
the lye. But if there is not, the miftake may be of.
fatal confequence, as the lye may be in fome places-
ftronger than what the cloth can with fafety bear.
That general, law of folution muft have taken its rife
from particular experiments, and not from reafoning.
Whether a fufficient number of experiments have been:
tried to afeertain this point, and to eftabliflr an un¬
doubted general rule, may be called in queftion.
“ But (fays Dr Home) when I had difeovered that
lime makes part of the diffolved fubftance, and re~
fle&ed how long its groffer parts will continue fu-
fpended in water, there appeared ftronger reafons fon-
B L E [ 272 ] B L E
B'.cavhing. fuTpefting that this rale, tho’ it maybe pretty general,
does not take place here; at leaft it is worth the pur-
fuit of experiment.
“ I weighed at the bleachfield a piece of glafs in
fome cold lye, after it had been boiled, flood for two
days, and about the fourth part of it had been ufed.
The glafs weighed 3 drams i^- grains in the lye, and
3 drams ji grains in river-water. The fame glafs
weighed in the fame lye, when almoft all ufed, 2 grains
lefs than it had done before. This (hows, that the lafl
of the lye contained a third more of the diffolved body 5
and, confequently, was a third flronger than the firfl
of the lye.
“ As this might, perhaps, be owing to a continua¬
tion of -the folution of the falts, I repeated the experi-
. ment in a different way.
I took from the furface fome of the lye, after the
, falls were diffolved, and the liquor was become clear.
At the fame time I immerfed a bottle, fixed to a long
flick, fo near the bottom, as not to raife the afhes
there, and, by pulling out the cork by a firing,
filled the bottle full of the lye near the bottom. The
glafs weighed in river-water 3 drams 38^ grains;
in the lye taken from the furface 3 drams 34^- grains;
and in the lye taken from the bottom 3 drams 314-
grains. This experiment fhows, that the lye at the
bottom was, in this cafe, ^ths ftronger than the lye at
the furface.
“ At other times when I tried the fame experiment,
I found no difference in the fpecific gravity ; and there¬
fore, I leave it as a queftron yet doubtful, though de-
ferving to be afeertained by thofe who have an oppor¬
tunity of doing it. As the lye ffands continually on
the alhes, there can be no doubt but what is ufed lart
muft be ftronger than the firfl. I would therefore re¬
commend, to general praftice, the method ufed by
Mr John Chriflie, who draws off the lye, after it has
fettled into a fecond receptacle, and leaves the afhes
beh'ind. By this means it nbver can turn ftronger ;
and he has it in his power to mix the top and bottom,
which cannot be done fo long as it Hands on the aihes.”'
Having conlrdered the lye, let us next inquire how
it afts. On this inquiry depends almoft the whole
theory of bleaching, as its adtion on cloth is, at leaft
in this county abfolutely neceffary. It is found by
experiment, that one efferft they have on cloth, is the
diminifhing of its weight; and that their whitening
power is, generally, in proportion to their weakening
power. Hence arifes a probability, that thefe lyes
aft by removing fomewhat from the cloth, and that
the lofs of this fubftance is the caufe of whitenefs.
This appears yet plainer, when the bucking, which
lafts from Saturday night to Monday morning, is at¬
tended to.
There are various and different opinions with regard
to the operations of thefe falls r that they aft by alter¬
ing the external texture of the cloth, or by feparating
the mucilaginous parts from the reft, or by extrafting
the oil which is laid up in the cells of the plant. The
laft is the general opinion, or rather conjefture, for
none of them deferves any better name ; but we may
venture to affirm, that it is fo without any better title
to pre-eminence than what the others have. Alkaline
falls diffolve oils, therefore thefe falls diffolve the cellu¬
lar oil of the cloth, is all the foundation which this
N° 47* 6
theory has to reft on ; too flight, when unfupported Bleadris
by experiment, to be relied on.  *—f
Dr Home endeavours to fettle this queftion by the
following experiments and obfervations.
“ Wax (fays he) is whitened by being 4xpoTed to
the influence of the fun, air, and moifture. A difeo-
very of the change made On it by bleaching may throvv ;
a light upon' the queftion.
“ Six drams of wax were fliced down, expofed on
a fouth window, September to. and watered. That |j
day being clear and warm, bleached the wax more f
than all the following. It feemed to me to whiten '
quicker vyhen it had no water thrown on it than when
it had. September 15. it was very white, and 1 dram
3 grains lighter. 3^ drams of this bleached wax. Is,-
and as much of unbleached, taken from the fame piece,
were made into two candles of the fame length and |
thicknefs, having cotton wicks of the fame kind. The
bleached candle burnt 1 hour 33 minutes; the un- j
bleached 3 minutes longer. The former run down four
times, the latter never. The former had an obfeure i;
light and dull flame ;. the latter had a clear pleafant one,
of a blue colour at the bottom. The former when
burning feemed to have its wick thicker, and its flame
nearer the wax, than the latter. The former was
brittle, the latter not. It plainly appears from thefe \
fafts, that the unbleached wax was more inflammable ,-
than the bleached ; and that the latter had loft fo much
of an inflammable fubftance as it had loft in weight;
and confequently the fubftance loft in bleaching of wax j
is the oily part.
“ As I had not an opportunity of repeating the
former experiment, I do not look on it as entirely
conclufive ; for it is poffible that fome of the dull, fly¬
ing about in the air, might have mixed with the
bleached wax, and fo have redered it lefs inflammable.
Nor do I think the analogical reafoning from wax to i
linen without objeftions. Let us try then if we can¬
not procure the fubitance extracted from the cloth,
flrow it to the eye, and examine its different proper¬
ties. The proper place to find it, is in a lye already
ufed, and fully impregnated with thefe colouring par¬
ticles.
“ I got in the bleachfield fome lye, which had been
ufed all that day for boiling coarfe linen, which was to¬
lerably white, and had been twice boiled before.
There could be no dreffing remaining in thefe webs. ;
No foap had ever touched that parcel; nor do they
mix foap with the lye ufed for coarfe cloth. Some of
this impregnated lye was evaporated, and left a dark 1 I
coloured matter behind. This fubftance felt oily betwixt
the fingers, but would not lather in water as fosp does. 1 I
It deflagrated with nitre in fufion, and afforded a tine- |
ture to fpirit of wine. By this experiment the falls B
feem to have an oily inflammable fubftance joined with
them.
“ Could we feparate this colouring fubftance from 1 I
thefe falls, and exhibit it by itfelf, fo that it might be¬
come the objeft of experiment, the queftion would be
foon decided. Here chemiftry lends us its alfiftance.
Whatever has a ftronger affinity or attratlion to the
falls with which it is joined than this fubftance has,
muft fet it at liberty, and make it vifible. Acids at-
traft alkaline fait from all other bodies; and therefore
will ferve our purpofe.
“ Into ill
B L E [ 273 ] B L E
Bleaching. <« Into a quantity of the impregnated lye men-
,J tioned in the former experiment, I poured in oil of
vitriol. Some bubbles of oil arofe, an inteftine mo¬
tion was to be perceived, and the liquor changed its co¬
lour from a dark to a turbid white. It curdled like a
folution of foap, and a fcum foon gathered on the fur-
face, about half an inch in thicknefs, the deepnefs of
f the liquor not being above fix inches. What was be-
!ow«was now pretty clear. A great .deal of the fame
matter lay in the bottom; and I obferved that the
fubftance on the furface was precipitated, and fhowed
itfelf heavier than water, when the particles of air, at¬
tached to it in great plenty, were difpelled by heat.
.This fubftance was in colour darker than the cloth
which had been boiled in it.
“,I procured a confiderable quantity of it by Ham¬
ming it off. When I tried to mix it with water, it al¬
ways fell to the bottom. When dried by the air, it
diminilhed very much in its fixe* and turned as black
as a coal. In this ftate it deflagrated ftrongly with
nitre in fufion; gave a ftrong tin&ure to fpirit of wine;
and when put on a red-hot iron, burnt very flowly, as
if it contained a heavy ponderous oil; and left lome
earth behind.
“ From the inflammability of this fubftance, its re¬
jecting of water, and diffolving in fpirit of wine, we
difcover its oleaginous nature; but from its great fpe-
tific gravity we fee that it differs very much from the
expreffed or cellular oil of vegetables; and yet more
from their mucilage. That it diffolves in fpirit of
wine, is not a certain argument of its differing from
expreffed oils ; becaufe thefe, when joined to alkaline
I ■ falts, and recovered again by acids, become foluble in
fpirit of wine. The quantity of earthy powder left
behind after burning, fhows that it contains many of
the folid particles of the flax. The fubftance extracted
from cloth by alkaline lyes appears then to be a com-
pofitiou of a heavy oil, and the folid earthy particles
of the flax.
“ In what manner thefe falts aCl fo as to diffolve the
oils, and detach the folid particles, is uncertain; but we
fee evidently how much cloth muft be weakened by an
improper ufe of them, as we find the folid particles them-
i; felves are feparated.”
It is ne'ceffary that cloth fhould be dry before buck¬
ing, that the falts may enter into the body of the cloth
along with the water; for they will'not enter in fuch
quantity if it be wet; and by aCVing too powerfully
on the external threads, may endanger them.
The degree of heat is a very material circumftancc
in this operation. As the aftion of the falts is al¬
ways in proportion to the heat, it would appear more
proper to begin with a boiling heat, by which a
great deal of time and labour might be faved. ' The
reafon why this method is not followed appears to be
this. If any vegetable or vegetable fubftance is to be
foftened and to have its juices extracted, it is found
more proper to give it gentle degrees of heat at firft, and
, to advance gradually, than to plunge it all at once in
boiling water. This laft degree of heat ia fo ftrong,
j. that when applied at once to a vegetable it hardens in-
ttead of foftening its texture. Dried vegetables are
immediately put into boiling water by cooks, that thefe
fubftances may preferye their green colour, which is
i only to be done by hindering them from turning too
Voi*. III. Part I«
foft. Boiling water has the fame effeft on animal fub- Bleaching,
ftances; for if fait beef is put into it, the water is kept
from getting at the falts from the outfide of the beef
being hardened.
But when we confider how much of an oily fub -
ftance there is in the cloth, efpecially at firft, which
will for fome time keep off the water, and how the
twilling of the threads, arid clofenefs of the texture,
hinders the water from penetrating, we (hall find, that
if boiling water were put on it at once, the cloth might
be liable, in feveral parts, to a dry heat, which would
be much worfe than a wet one. That the lyes have not
accefs to all parts of the cloth, at firft, appears plainly
from this, that when it has lain, after the firft bucking,
till all the lyes are walked out, it is as black, in fome
parts, as when it was fteeped. This muft be owing
to the difeharge of the colouring particles from thole
places to which the lye has accefs, and to their re¬
maining where it has not. It would feem advifable
then, in the firft bucking or two, when the cloth is
foul, to ufe the lye confiderably below the boiling
point; that by this foaking or maceration, the foul-
nefs may be entirely difeharged, and the clo.th quite
opened for the fpeedy reception of the boiling lye in
the buckings which follow.
The lyes fhouldlikewife be weakeft in the firft buck¬
ings, becaufe then they aft only on the more external .
parts; whereas, when the cloth is more openedj and
the field of aftion is increafed, the aftive powers ought
to be fo too. For this reafon they are at the ftrongeft
after fome fo wrings.
The only thing that now remains to be confidered,
is, the management of the coarfe cloth, where boil
ing is fubftituted in place of bucking. This fpecies of
linen cannot afford the time and labour neceffary for
the latter operation ; and therefore they muft. undergo
a Ihorter and more aftive method. As the heat con¬
tinues longer at the degree of boiling, the lyes ufed
to the coarie cloth muft be weaker than thofe ufed to
the fine. There is not fo much danger from heat in
the coarfe as in the fine cloth, becaufe the former is of
a more open texture, and will allow the lye to pene¬
trate more fpeedily. In the clofer kinds, however,
the firft application of the falls flrould be made with¬
out a boiling heat.
Alternate, ’watering and drying; After the cloth
has been bucked, it is carried out to the field, and fre*
quently watered for the firft fix hours. For if, during
that time, when it is ftrongly impregnated with falts,
it is allowed to dry,- the falts approaching clofer toge¬
ther, and aflifted by a greater degree of heat, in-
creafing always in proportion to the drynefs of the
cloth, aft with greater force, and deftroy its very tex¬
ture. After this time, dry-fpots are' allowed to ap¬
pear before it gets any water. In this ftate it profits
moft, as the latter part of the evaporation comes from
the more internal parts ef the cloth, and will carry a*
way moft from thofe parts. The bleaching of the
wax, in a preceding experiment, helps to confirm this;
for it feemed to whiten moft^when the laft particles of
water were going off.
This continual evaporation from the furface of the
doth (hows, that the defign of the operation is to carry
off fomewhat remaining after the former procefs of
bucking. This appears likewife from a faft known to
Mm all
B L E [ 274 ]
.Bleaching, all bleachers, that the upper fide of cloth, where the does not bleach fo fall,
evaporation is llrongelt, attains to a greater degree of
whitenefs than the under fide. But it is placed beyond
all doubt by experiment, which (hows, that cloth turns
much lighter by being expofed to the influence of the
fun, air, and winds, even though the falls have been
waihed out of it.
What, then, is this fubftance ? As we have difco-
vered in the former fedtion, that the whitening, in the
operation of bucking, depends on the extracting or
loofening the heavy oil, and folid particles of the flax ;
it appears highly probable, that the effedts of water¬
ing, and expoiition to the fun, air, and winds, are
produced by the evaporation of the fame fubftance,
joined to the falts, with which compofite body the
cloth is impregnated when expofed on the field. That
thefe falts are in a great meafure carried off or deftroyed,
appears from the cloth’s being allowed to dry with¬
out any danger after the evaporation has gone on for
fome time. “ If we can (how (fays Dr Home) that
oils and falts, when joined together, are capable of be¬
ing exhaled, in this manner, by the heat of the atmo-
fphere, we ftiall reduce this queftion to a very great de¬
gree of certainty.
“ September 10. I expofed in a fouth-weft window
half an oz. of Caftile foap, fliced down and watered.
September 14. when well dried, it weighed but 3 dr.
6 gr. September 22. it weighed 2 dr. 2 gr. Sep¬
tember 24. it weighed 1 dr. 50 gr. It then feemed a
very little whiter; but was much more mucilaginous
in its tafte, and had no degree of faltnefs which it had
before.
“ It appears from this experiment, that foap is fo
volatile, when watered, and expofed to air not very
warm, that it lofes above half its weight in 14 days.
The fame muft happen to the faponaceous fubilance,
formed from the conjundtion of the alkaline falts, heavy
©il, and earthy particles of the flax. The whole defign,
then, of this operation, which by way of pre-eminence,
gets the name of bleaching, is to carry off, by the eva¬
poration of water, whatever has been loofened by the
former procefs of bucking.
“ Againft this dodtrine. there may be brought two
objections, feemingly of great weight. It is a gene¬
ral opinion amongft bleachers, that linen whitens quicker
in March and April than in any other months: but as
B L E
This would feem to {how, that Bleaefcfn^
the fun has fome parricular influence independent on e- '
v^poration. In anfwer to this objedtion, let it be con-
fidered, that it is not the evaporation from the furface,
but from the more internal parts, that is of benefit to
the cloth. Now, this latter evaporation muft be much
ftronger in funfhine than in windy weather, on account
of the heat of the fun, which will make the cloth more
open ; while the coldnefs of windy weather muft ftmt it
up, fo that the evaporation will all be from the furface.
Clear fun-flrine, with a very little wind, is obferved to
be the beft weather for bleaching ; a convincing proof
that this reafoning is juft.
“ It would feem to follow as a corollary from this
reafoning, that the number of waterings fhould in ge^
neral be in proportion to the ftrength of the lye ; fof
the llronger the lye is, the more there is to be evapo¬
rated ; and the greater the danger, in cafe the cloth
fhould be allowed to dry. But there is an exception
to this general rule, arifing from the confideration of
another circumftance. It is obferved, that cloth when
brown, dries fooner than when it becomes whiter, a-
rifing from the clofenefs and oilinefs which it then has
not allowing the water a free paffage. Perhaps that
colour may retain a greater degree of heat, and in that
way aflift a very little. Cloth therefore, after the fir ft
buckings, muft be more carefully watered than after
the laft.
“ It follows likewife from this reafoning, that the
foil of the bleachfield ftiould be gravelly or fandy,
that the water may pafs quickly through it, and that
the heat may be increafed by the reflection of the foil,,
for the fuccefs of this operation depends on the mutual
adtion of heat and evaporation. It is likewife necef-
fary that the water fhould be light, foft, and free fr6m
mud or dirt, which not being able to rife along with
the water, muft remain behind. When there is much
of this, it becomes neceffary to rinfe the cloth in wa¬
ter, and then give it a milling, to take out the dirt
elfe it would be fixed in the cloth by the following
bucking, as it is not foluble by the lye.
“ This operation has more attributed to it by bleach¬
ers than it can juftly claim. The cloth appears, even
to the eye, to whiten under thefe alternate waterings-
and dryings ; and thefe naturally get the honour of it,
when it more properly belongs to the former operation..
the evaporation cannot be fo great at that time as "Here lies the fallacy. Alcaline falts give a very high
when the fun has a greater heat; hence the whitening
of cloth is not in. proportion to the degree of evapora¬
tion ; and therefore the former cannot be owing to the
latter. This objediion vanifhes, when we confider, that
the cloth that comes, fir.ft into the bleachfield, in the
fpring, is clofely attended, having no other to interfere
with it for fome time ; and as it is the whiteft, gets, in
the after-buckings, the firft of the lye ; while the fe-
cond parcel is often bucked with what has been ufed to
the firft. Were the fadl true, on which the objediion is
founded, this would be a fufficient anfwer to the ob¬
jediion. But it appears not to be true, from an ob-
fervation of Mr John Chriftie, That cloth laid down
in the beginning of June, and finiftied in September,
takes generally lefs work, and undergoes fewer ope¬
rations, than what is laid down in March, and finilhed
in June.
“ The other objediion is, That cloth dries much
SafteK in windy weather than in calm fun-ftiine; but it
colour to the decodiions or infufion of vegetables.
This is probably owing to the folution of the oleagi¬
nous colouring particles of the plant; which particles,
being opened and feparated by the falts,occupy a greater,
fpace, and give a deep colour to the liquor. The cloth
participates of the liquor and colour. Hence bleachers,
always judge of the goodnefs of the bucking by the
deepnefs of its colour. The rule, in general, is good.
I obferve that in thofe buckings which continue from
the Saturday night to the Monday morning, the cloth
has always the deepeft colour. When that cloth has
been expofed fome hours to the influence of the air^
thefe colouring particles which are but loofely attached
to it, are evaporated, and the linen appears of a brighter
colour. This operation does no more than complete
what the former had almoft finiftied. If its own merit
were thoroughly known, there would be no occafion to-
attribute that of another operation to it. Thread, and
open cloths, fuch as diaper, may be reduced to a great
1. degree
B L E [ 275 ] B L E
peaching, degree of whltenefs, after one bucking, by it alone.
No cloth, as would appear, can attain to a bright
whitenefs without it.
“ Since the only advantage of watering is the re¬
moval of the falts, and what they have diflblved, might
we not effe&uate this by fome cheaper and more cer¬
tain method ? For it occupies many hands ; and muft
depend altogether on the uncertainty of the weather;
fo that in the beginning of the feafon, the bleacher is
often obliged to repeat his buckings without bleaching.
We might take out the alkaline falts by acids; but
then the other fub(lance would be left alone in the cloth,
nor would any wafhing be able to remove it. Mill-
wafhing appears a more probable method of taking out
both falts and oils; and it would feem that this might
in a great meafure fupply the place of wateringbut
upon trial it does not fucceed. Two parcels of linen
were managed equally in every other refpedf, except in
this, that one was watered, and expofed to the influence
of the air, and the other was only mill-wa(hed. This
method was followed until they were fit for fouring.
The cloth which had been mill-wafhed had a remark¬
able green colour, and did not recover the bright co¬
lour of the pieces managed in the common way, until
it had been treated like them for a fortnight. The
green colour was certainly owing to a precipitation of
the fulphureous particles, with which the lye is im¬
pregnated, upon the furface of the cloth ; owing to the
falts being waflied off more fpeedily than the fulphur,
to which they are united in the lye. The attachment
betwixt thefe two bodies we know is very loofe, and
the feparation eafily made. Evaporation then alone is
fufficient to carry off thefe fulphureous particles.”
Souring. It is well known to all chymifts, that al¬
kaline falts are convertible, by different methods, into
abforbent earths. Frequent folution in water, and eva¬
poration of it again, is one of thefe. This tranfmuta-
tion then of thefe falts, which are not volatilifed or
waflied away, muft be continually going on in the cloth
under thefe alternate waterings and dryings of the for¬
mer procefs: not much indeed after the (lift two or
three buckings-; becaufe the falts, not having entered
deep into the cloth, are eafily waflied off, or evapora¬
ted. But when they penetrate into the very compo-
fition of the laft and minateft fibres, of which the firft
veffels are made, they find greater difficulty of efcaping
again, and muft be more fubjedt to this tranfmutation.
But if we confider the bleaching aflies as a compofition
of lime and alkaline falts, we muft difcover a frefli fund
For the depofition of this abforbent earth. The com¬
mon cauftic, a compofition of this very kind, foon con¬
verts itfelf, if expofed to the open air, into a harmlefs
earthy powder.
Frequent buckings and bleachings load the cloth
with this fubftance. It becomes then neceffary to take
it out. No waftiing can do that, becaufe earth is not
foluble in water. Nothing but acids can remove it.
Thefe are attracted by the abforbent earth, join them-
felves to it, and compofe a kind of neutral imperfeft
fait, which, is foluble in water, and therefore eafily
waflied out of the cloth. The acid liquors commonly
ufed are butter-milk, which is reckoned the beft, four-
milk, infufion of bran, rye-meal, &c. kept for fome
days till they four. Sour whey is thought to give the
cloth a yellow colour.
The linen ought to be dried before it is put in the Bkach'rrjr
four, that the acid particles may penetrate, along with —v"**'
the watery, through the whole. A few hours after it
has been there, air-bubbles arife, the liquor fwells, and
a thick fcum is formed ; manifeft figns of a fermenta¬
tion. The following experiment, fays Dr Home,
(hows the degree of heat which attends it.
“ May 25. I put a thermometer of Fahrenheit’s in¬
to fome butter-milk, of which the bleachers were corrr-
pofing their fours, and which ftood in a vat adjoining
to another, where the milk was the fame, and the four¬
ing procefs had been going on for two days. After
the thermometer had been 20 minutes in the butter¬
milk, the mercury ftood at 64 degrees. In the four¬
ing vat it rofe to 68 degrees. An increafe of four de¬
grees (hows a pretty briflc inteftine motion.
“ To what are all thefe effects owing ? To the
acetous fermentation going on in thofe vegetable li¬
quors, whofe acids, extricating themfelves, produce
heat, inteftine motion, and air-bubbles. As the change
is flow, the procefs takes five.or fix days before it is
finiflied. During this time the acid particles are con¬
tinually uniting themfelves to the abforbent earth in
the cloth. That this fermentation goes on in the li¬
quor alone, appears from this confideration, that the
fame effe&s, viz. air-bubbles, and fcum, are to be feen
in the butter-milk alone. The only effedt then it has
is, by the fmall degree of heat, and inteftine motion,
which attend it, to affift the jun&ian of the acid and
abforbent particles. We (hall prefently fee that this
procefs may be carried on to as great advantage, with¬
out any fermentation ; and therefore it appears not
abfolutely neceffary.
“ When thefe abforbent particles are fully fatura-
ted, the remaining acids may unite with, and have
fome fmall effedt in extracting the colouring particles.
This appears from the two following experiments.
“ Sept. 20. A piece of cloth which had been deep-
ed, weighing 414-gr. was put into a half-pound of
butter-milk, whigged, and well foured, by a mixture
of Water, and by boiling. Sept. 24. When taken
out, and waflied in water, it'appeared a very little
whiter. The mineral acids, as will appear afterwards,
whiten cloth, even though they are - very much dilu¬
ted.
“ Juft before the acetous fermentation is finiflied,
the cloth (hould betaken out 5 otherwife the fcum will
fall down and lodge in the cloth, and the putrefadlion
which then begins will weaken it. This appears from
the following experiment.
“ Sept. 16. A piece of cloth weighing 42 gr. was
laid in butter-milk unwhigged. Novem. 15. The milk
had a putrefied fmell. The cloth was a little whiter,
but very tender ; and weighed, when well waflied in
warm water and dried, 40 gr.”
All the fours made of bran, rye-meal. See. ought to
be prepared before ufe; for by this means fo much
time will be faved. Befides, when the water is poured
upon the cloth and bran, as is done in the management
of coarfe cloth, the linen is not in a better fituation
than if it had been taken up wet from the field ; and
by this means the acid particles cannot penetrate fo
deep. Again, this method of mixing the bran with
the cloth, may be attended with yet worfe confe-
quences. Ail vegetable fubftances, when much pref-
M m 2 fed,
B L E [ 276 ] B L E
Bleaching; fed, fall into the putrefcent, and not the acetous
' V fermentation. This often happens to the bran pref-
fed betwixt the different layers on the linen, which
mull weaken the cloth. Hence, all fours fhould be
prepared before the cloth is fteeped in them ; aifd
none of the bran or meal fhould be mixed with the
cloth.
The fours are ufed flrongefl at fir ft, and gradually-
weakened till the cloth has attained to its whitenefs.
In the firft fouringS, there is more of the earthy mat¬
ter in the cloth, from the many buckings it has under¬
gone, than what there can be afterwards. As the
quantity of this matter decreafes, fo fhculd the ftrength
of the four. There is not, however, the lead danger,
at any time, from too ftrong a four.
What is mod wanted in this operation is- a more
expeditious and cheaper method of obtaining the fame
end. As it takes five or fix days, it retards the whiten¬
ing of the cloth confiderably ; and as bleachers are ob¬
liged to fend for milk to a great diftance, it becomes
very dear. This latl confideration makes them keep it
Jo long, that, when ufed, it can have no good effeft ;
perhaps it may have a bad one.
There Is one confideration that may lead ns to fhort-
en the time. It is obferved, that the fouring procefs
is fooner finifhed in warm than in cold weather. Heat
quickens the fermentation, by aiding the intefline mo¬
tion. The vats therefore Jhould not be buried in the
ground, as they alway are, which muft keep them
cold ; there fhould rather be pipes along the walls of
the room, to give it that degree of heat which, on
trial, may be found to anfwer beft. There are few
days in fummer fo hot as is necefiary ; and the begin¬
ning and end of the feafon is by much too cold. That
this is no ideal febeme, the following fafft is a fufficient
proof. There are too vats in Salton bleachfield, ad¬
joining to a partition wall, at the back of which there
is a kitchen-fire. In the'fe vats the fouring procefs is
finifhed in three days, whereas it lafts five or fix days
in the other placed round the fame room.
This improvement, tho’ it fhortensthe time of four¬
ing a very little, yet is no remedy againft the fcarcity
and dearnefs of milk- fours. Such a liquor as would
ierve our purpofe, muft be be found either among the
vegetable acids, which have no further fermentation to
undergo, or among the mineral acids. The former are
a large clafs, and contain within themfelves many dif¬
ferent fpecies ; fuch as the acid juice of feveral plants, -
vinegars made of fermented liquors, and acid falls, cal¬
led tartars. But there is one objeftion againft thefe
vegetable acids: they all contain, along with the acid,
a great quantity of oily particles, which would not
fail to difcolour the cloth. Befides, the demand, of
the bleachfields would raife their price too high.
The mineral acids have neither of thefe objeftions.
They are exceedingly cheap, and contain no oil. “ I
will freely own (fays Dr Home), that at firft I had no
great opinion of fuccefs from the mineral, from two
reafons ; their want of all fermentation, which I then
looked on asneceffary; and their extreme corrofivenefs.
But the experience of two different fummers, in two
different bleachfields, has convinced me, that they will
anfwer all the purpofes of the milk and bran fours;
nay, in feveral refpefts be much preferable to them.
I have feen many pieces of fine cloth, which had no
other fours but thqfe of vitriol, and were as white and Bleachingv j
ftrong as thofe bleached in the common way. I have —
cut feveral webs through the middle, and bleached one
half with nailk and the other with vitriol; gave both
the fame number of operations, and the latter were as
white and ftrong as the former.”
The method in which it has been hitherto ufed is
this. The proportion of the oil of vitriol to the water,
with which it is diluted, is half an ounce or- at molt
three quarters, to a gallon of water. As the milk-
fours are diminifhed in ftrength, fo ought the vitriol-
fours. The whole quantity of the oil of vitriol to be
ufed, may be firft mixed with a fmall quantity of wa¬
ter, then added to the whole quantity of water, and
well mixed together. The water fhould be milk-warm 5
by which means the acid particles will penetrate fur¬
ther, and operate fooner. The cloth fhould then be
put dry into the liquor.
It is obferved, that this four performs its tafk much
fooner than thofe of milk and bran ; fo that Mr John
Chriftie, in making the trial, ufed to lay the milk-
fours 24 hours before the vitriol. Five hours will do as
much with this four as five days with the common
fort. But the cloth can receive no harm in allowing it
to remain for fome days in the four; but rather, on the
contrary, an advantage. The cloth is then taken out,
well rinfed, and mill-vvafhed in the ordinary way. *
The liquor, while the cloth lies in this four, is lefs
acid the fecond day than the firft, lefs the third than
the fecond, and fo diminifhes by degrees. At firft it
is clear, but by degrees a mucilaginous fubftance is ob-
ferved to float in it, when put into a glafs. This foul-
nefs Increafes every day. 1 his fubftance, ext rafted by
the acid, is the fame with what is extrafled by the al¬
kaline falls; and blunts the acidity of the former, as it
does the alkalefcency of the latter. Hence the liquor
lofes by degrees its acidity. But as the acid falls do
not unite fo equally with oily (ubftance as the alkaline
do, the liquor is not fo uniformly tinged in the former
as in the latter cafe, and the mucous fubftance prefenta
itfelf floating in it.
It is obferved, that in the fiHWonring, which is the
ftrongeft, the liquor, which was a pretty ftrong acid
before the cloth was put in, immediately afterwards be¬
comes quite vapid; A proof how very foon it performs
its talk. But in the following operations, as the linen
advances in whitenefs, the acidity continues much long¬
er ; fo that in the laft operations the liquor lofes very
little of its acidity. This happens although the firft
buckings after the firft fourings are increafed in ftrength,
while the fours are diminifhed. There are two caufes
to which this is owing. The texture of the cloth is now
fo opened, that although the lyes are ftrong, the alka¬
line falls and .abforbent earth are eafily wafhed out; and
the oily particles are in a great meafure removed which
help to blunt the acidity of the liquor.
Two objections arc made againft the ufe of vitriol-
fours. .One is, that the procefs of fouring with milk
is performed by a fermentation; and as there is no
fermentation in the vitriol-fours, they cannot ferve the
purpofe fo well: the other, that they may hurt the tex¬
ture of the cloth. The anfwer to the former obje&ion
is very fhort; that the vitriol-fours operate fuccefsfully
without a fermentation, as experience fhows; and there* i 1
fore in them a fermentation is not necefiary.
B L E
Bleaching. As to the latter objection, that oil of vitriol, being
v  a very corrofive body, may hurt the cloth ; that will
vanilh likewife, when it is confidered how much the
vitriol is diluted with water, that the liquor is not
ftronger than vinegar, and that it may be fafely taken
into the human body.a
That it maybe ufedwith fafety, much ftronger than
what is neceffary in the bleachfield, appears from the
following experiment with regard to the damping of
linen. After the linen is boiled in a lye of allies, it is
bleached for fome time. After this, in order to make
it receive the colour, it is fteeped in a four of water and
oil of vitriol, about 15 times ftronger than that made
ufe of in the bleachfield ; for to, 100 gallons of water
are added two and a half of oil of vitriol. Into this
quantity of liquor, made fo warm as the hand can juft
be held in it, is put feven pieces of 28 yards each. The
linen remains in it about two hours, and comes out re¬
markably whiter. The fine cloth often undergoes this
operation twice. Nor is there any danger if the oil of
yitriol is well mixed with the water. But if the two
are not well mixed together, and the oil of vitriol re¬
mains in fome parts Undiluted, the cloth is corroded
into holes.
Let us now take a view of the advantages which the
vitriol-fours muft have over the milk. The latter is full
-*f oily particles, fome of which muft: be left in the
cloth; but the cafe is worfe when the fcum is allowed
to prCcipate upon the cloth. The forrfier is liable to
neither of thefe objections.
The common fours haften very fait to corruption ;
and if, from want of proper care, they ever arrive at
that ftate, muft damage the cloth very much. As the
milk is kept very long, it is often corrupted before it is
ufed ; and without a&ing as a four, has all the bad
effeCts of putrefaction. The vitriol-fours are not fub-
jeCt to putrefaCtion.
The milk takes five days to perform its talk; but the
vitriol-fours do it in as many houi-s; nay, perhaps as
fliany minutes. Their junction with the abforbent par¬
ticles in the cloth, mult be immediate, whenever thefe
acid particles enter with the water. An unanfwerable
proof that the faCt is fo, arifes from the circumflances
which happen when the cloth is firft: fteeped in the vi¬
triol-four ; the cloth has no fooner imbibed the acid
liquor, than it lofes all acidity, and becomes immedi¬
ately vapid. This effeCt of vitriol-fours mufl: be of
great advantage in the bleachfield, as the bleachers are
at prefent hindered from enjoying the feafon by the te-
dioufnefs of the fouring procefs. The whole round of
operations takes feven days; to anfwer which they
muft have feven parcels, which are often mixing toge¬
ther, and caufing miftakes. As three days at moft will
be fufficient for all the operations when vitriol-fours are
ufed, there will be no more than three parcels. The
cloth will be kept a fhorter time in the bleachfield, and
arrive fooner at market.
The milk-fours are very dear, and often difficult to
be got; but the vitriol are cheap, may be eafily pro¬
cured, and at any time.
There is yet another advantage in the ufe of vitriol,
and that is its power of whitening cloth. Even in
this diluted ftate, its whitening power is very confide-
rable. We have already feen, that it removes the fame
colouring particles which the alkaline lyes do. What
[ 277 1
B L E
of it then remains, after the alkaline and abforbent par- Bleach
tides are neutralized in the cloth, muft. aCt on thefe
colouring particles, and help to whiten the doth. That
this is really the cafe, appears from-the following faCL
Mr Chriftie being obliged to choofe 20 of the vvhiteft
pieces out of 100, five of the twenty were taken out of
feven pieces which were bleached with vitriol.
From both experience and reafon, it appears, that -
it would be for the advantage of our linen-manufaClure
to ufe vitriol in place of milk-fours.
Hand-rubbing ‘with foap and warm water, rubbing,
hoards, ft arching, and bluing.—After the cloth comes
from the fouring, it Ihould be well wafhed in the wafti-
ing-mill, to take off all the acid particles which adhere
to its furface. All acids decompofe foap, byfeparating
the alkaline falls and oily parts from one another.
Were this to happen on the furface of the cloth, the
oil would remain; nor would the waftung-mi.ll after¬
wards be able to carry it off.
From the waftiing-mill the fine cloth is carried to be
rubbed by womens hands, with foap and water. As
the liquors, which are generally employed for fouring,
are impregnated with oily particles, many of thefe mull
lodge in the cloth, and remain, notwithftanding the
preceding milling. It is probable, that ail the heavy
oils are not evaporated by bleaching. Hence it be--
comes neceffary to apply foap and warm water, which
unite with, diffolve, and carry them off. It is ob-
ferved, that if the cloth, when it is pretty white, gets,
too much foap, the following bleaching is apt to make
it yellow; on that account they often wring out the
foap.
It is a matter worth inquiring into, whether hard or
foft foap is beft for cloth. Moft bleachers agree, that
hard foap is apt to leave a yellownefs in the cloth. It
is faid, that the ufe of hard foap is difcharged in Hol¬
land. As there muft: be a confiderable quantity of fea-
falt in this kind, which is not in the foft, and as this
fait appears prejudicial to cloth, the foft foap ought to
be preferred.
The management of the coarfe cloth is very different,
in this operation, from fine. Inftead of being rubbed
with hands, which would be too expenfive, it is laid
on a table, run over with foap, and then put betwixt
the rubbing-boards, which have ridges and grooves
from one fide to another, like teeth. Thefe boards
have fmall ledges to keep in the foap and waiter, which
faves the cloth. They are moved by hands or a water¬
wheel, which is more equal and cheaper. The cloth
is drawn by degrees through the boards, by men who
attend; or which is more equal aud cheaper, the fame
water-wheel moves two rollers, with ridge and groove,
fo that the former enters the latter, and by a gentle
motion round their own axis, pull the cloth gradually
through the boards.
This mill was invented in Ireland about thirty years
ago. The Irilh bleachers ufe it for their fine as well
as coarfe cloth. Thefe rubbing-boards were difcharged
fome years ago in Ireland, by the truftees for the ma¬
nufactures of that country, convinced from long ex¬
perience of their bad effedts. But as proper care was
not taken to inftruft the bleachers by degrees in a fafer
method, they continued in the old, made a party, and
kept poffeffion of the rubbing-boards. There were con¬
fiderable improvements made in them, in this country ;
5 fueh
B L E C 278 ] B L E
-Swathing, f^ch as the addition of the ledges, to keep the cloth tion of the common cauftic. But lime, and lime-wa- Bleaching,
' moifl.; and of the rollers, which pull the cloth more ter alone, preferve animal fubftances in a found entire
gradually than mens hands. Thefe improvements were ftate. It appears then furprifing, that falts and lime
hrft made in Salton bleachfield. Ihould be found fo little deftrudtive of cloth, when lime,
The objections againft thefe rubbing-boards are un- or lime-water alone, deftroys it fo remarkably. But
anfwerable. By rubbing on fuch an unequal furface, that thif is a fa£t, is made evident by many experiments,
the folid fibrous part of the cloth is wore ; by which and has been prattifed both with fuccefs and fafety, by
means it is much thinned, and in a great meafure weak- a bleacher who gives the following account of his me-
ened before it comes to the market. As a proof of thod of bleaching with lime.
this, if the water which comes from the cloth in the “ Firft (fays he) I fteep the cloth in warm water for
rubbing-boards be examined, it will be found full of 24 hours; then clean it in a walhing-mill, of all the
cottony fibrous matter. Thefe boards give the cloth a drelling, or fowen, as the vulgar term it. Afterwards
cottony furface, fo that it does not keep long clean. I buck cloth with cow-dung and water, and bleach it
Again, they flatten the threads, and take away all that with this for three days ; then clean it again, and boil
roundnefs and firmnefs which is the diltinguifhing pro- it with a lye made of Cafliub afhes. A pound to each
perty of cloth bleached in the Dutch method. piece of 18 or 20 yards long is fufficient. This I do
For .thefe reafons they mud be very prejudicial to twice, as no lime ought to be given to cloth before it
fine cloth, and fhould never be ufed in bleaching it. is a full third whitened; as it by no means advances
As they feem to be in fome meafure necelfary to lef- the whitening of the cloth, but, on the contrary, pro¬
fen the expence of bleaching coarfe linen, they ought tradls itr For, inllead of loofening the oil and dirt in
never to be ufed above twice, or thrice at moft. They the cloth, when brown, it rather fixes them ; juft as
might be rendered much more fafe, by lining their in- when fine cloth is bucked with over-warm lyes in the
fides with fome foft elaftic fubftance, that will not wear firft buckings. Lime is by no means fit for difeharging
the cloth fo much as the wooden teeth do. Mr Chri- the oil in the cloth, but for cleaning it of the dead part,
itie at Perth has lined his boards With fhort hair for commonly called fprat. The cloth, being cleaned, is
fome years paft, and finds that it anfwers very well.
After the coarfe cloth has undergone a rubbing, it
fhould be immediately milled for an hour, and warm
water poured now and then on it to make it lather.
laid upon a dreeper. It muft not he drier, before buck¬
ing with lime, otherwife it will take in more than cair
be got out again before the next application : for as I
have obferved already, that lime is only fit for difehar-
This milling has very good efEefts^ for it cleans the ging the dead part, bucking thus wet makes it reft on
cloth of all the dirt and filth which the rubbing-boards
have loofened, and which, at the next boiling, would
difcolour the cloth. Befides, it is obferved, that it
makes the cloth lefs cottony, and more firm, than when
. whitened by rubbing alone.
The laft operation is that of ftarching and bluing. It
often happens, that the cloth, when expofed to the
weather to be dried after this operation, gets rain :
which undoes all again, and forces the bleacher to
a new expence. To remedy this inconvenience, Mr
Chriftie, fome years ago, invented the dry-houfe,
where the cloth may be dried, after this operation, in
the outfide of the cloth. I take a lippy of the fineft
and richeft powdered lime that can be got, of the
brighteft white colour, as poor lime does more hurt
than good, to thirty pieces of the above length ; and
make a cold lye of it, by ftirring and pouring water
off the lime, until all be diffolved but the drofs, which
is thrown away : then I add a little foap, which makes
the lye have the neareft refemblance to milk that breaks
in boiling, of any thing I can think of: for this foap
blunts the hotnefs of the lime. Then I take the cloth
and dip it in the lime-lye, and that moment out again,
and lay it on a dreeper until it be bucked; then put it
any weather. Tliis invention meets with univerfal ap- on the field, watering it carefully ; for if allowed to
probation.
A method of bleaching fafely 'with lime.—Dr Home
dry, it is much damaged. This is done always in the
morning ; as it cannot be done at night, in regard of
has found by repeated trials, that alkaline falts added the hot quality of the lime, which foon heats the cloth
to lime, diminilh its power of weakening and corro- and tenders it. If a hot fun-lhine follows, it has great
ding cloth; and that in proportion to the quantity of effedl; for lime is juft like all other materials for bleach-
thefe falts added to the lime. This compbfition, as it ing, that have more or lefs effeft according as the wea¬
ls not fo dangerous as lime alone, fo it is not fo expe- ther is good or bad. I take it up thefecond day after
ditious in whitening. When equal parts of each are bucking, and give it a little milling, or hand-rub-
ufed, the whitening power is ftrong, and the weakening bing,or bittling, commonly called knocking ; and lay it
power not very confiderable ; fo that they might be on the field again, watering it carefully as before. The
itfed with fafety to bleach cloth, in the proportion of effeft is more vifible the fecond than the firft day. As
one part of lime to four of pure alkaline falts. This all cloth when limed Ihould have a great deal of work,
fully accounts for an obfervation made by all bleachers, otherwife more than half the effeft is loft ; and noton-
That the bleachingfalts, when mixed together, operate ly that, but a great deal of labour and pains is requi-
fafer and better than when ufed feparately. For the ^ ■ 1 ’ ” - - • -
corrofive power of the Mufcovy, Marcoft, and Calhub
fite to take the lime out of the cloth again ; it muft
never be expofed on the Sabbath day, but carefully <
alhes, is corre&eft by the pearl alhes, and the white- kept wet always while ufed in this way. Thus buck-
ning quality of the latter is increafed by that of the -1 r—    —-- c-rcc
former.
ing for three or four times at moft, is fufficient for any
cloth, except that made of flax pulled either over-green.
There is not a more corroding fubftance, with regard or which grows in a droughty feafon, or perhaps not
to animals, than alkaline falts and lime joined together,
efpecially when fufed in the fire. This is the compofi-
fo well heckled as it Ihould be. This fort occafions
great trouble and expence to the bleacher. But the
3 oj fc o f
machine
B L E [ 2
1 moft effectual and expeditious way! ever found for this
- kind was, after boiling, to take a little of the warm
lye, and mix a very fmall quantity of lime with it, and
draw the cloth through that as hot as poffible, and put
it on the field diredUy, watering it carefully. This
will clean it of the fprat furprifingly. Then I boil it
with pearl alhes, and give it the laft boil with foap.
There are innumerable miftakes in the ufe of lime
committed by the vulgar, who are ignorant of its qua-
fity and effe6ts. They know only this in general, that
it is a thing which whitens cloth cheap, and is eafy
purchafed; therefore they will ufe it. Some of them
begin whitening of their cloth with it, which I have
already obferved to be wrong, and given reafons for it,
and continue it until the cloth is bleached ; give it a
boil or two at moft, and then wafh it up while thegrofs
body of the lime is in the fubftance of the cloth. This
makes limed cloth eafily diftinguifhable from unlimed,
as the former has a yellowifh colour, and is full of a
powder. Befides, as lime is of a very hot corroding
nature, it muft by degrees weaken the cloth. The
bad effefts of this fubftance do not end here. When
the cloth is put on board, it contra&s a dampnefs,
which not only makes i! yellow, and lofe any thing of,
colour it has, but direftly rots it. And although it
flrould efcape this, which it is poffible it, may, by a
quick and fpeedy paffage; yet whenever it is put in
any warehoufe, it will meet with moifture there, efpe-
cially if the winter feafon fhould come on before it is
difpofed or made ufe of. Thefe I take to be the prin¬
cipal reafons for fo much complaint in bleaching with
this material.”
The whole art and fafety in ufing the lime, accord¬
ing to this method, depends on the jundfipn of the
alkaline falts, during the bucking, to the particles of
lime which were on the furfaCe of the cloth.
As the operation of bleaching depends on the ex¬
traction of a certain quantity of phlogiftic matter from
the cloth, it is natural to fuppofe that it might be ac¬
celerated by rendering the alkali very cauftic. Thus
the fait would be entirely freed from the encumbrance
of fixed air, with which in the ufual experiments of
chemiftry it appears to have a greater affinity than with
©il; for foap may be partially- decompofed by fixed
air, nor can it be prepared without an exceedingly
cauftic alkaline lye. In this light the matter has ap¬
peared to fome very eminent chemifts; and Dr Black
thought it of importance fufficient to publiffi printed
directions to the practical bleachers howto render their
alkali fufficiently cauftic with lime, and at the fame
time recover it from the chalky refiduum with as little
lofs as poffible. This method has -accordingly been
tried ; but is not found altogether to anfwer the fan-
guine expectations at firff railed by the propofal. It
is found that in the large way of operating, fixed al¬
kali quits the fixed air to unite with the oily or other
matter to be extracted from the cloth. The only ad¬
vantage therefore to be gained by Dr Black’s improve¬
ment is, that the aCtion of the alkali is thus quicken¬
ed, and fome quantity of fuel faved ; but this is not,
by the bleachers, reckoned an equivalent to the trouble
of rendering the alkali cauftic, unlefs in places where
fuel is very fcarce.
The ufe of acids in bleaching was formerly in a
great meafure unaccounted.for; but from.the late difeo-
6
79 ] B L E
veries concerning the ufe of dephlogifticated fpirit of leacDn,
fait in this art, it appears probable that they'adby means "—v~—
of the dephlogifticated air they contain. This, how¬
ever, is not always the cafe; forfilk is rendered yellow
by the aCtion of dephlogifticated air, though rendered
white by the adion of the volatile fulphureous acid,
which undoubtedly contains a portionof this kind of air,
though much lefs than the concentrated vitriolic. The
nitrous acid, which contains a great quantity of dephlo¬
gifticated air, likewife communicates a yellow colour
to filk ; and indeed feems very much inclined to pro¬
duce this colour upon all the fubftances it touches. At
any rate, its price would be a fufficient obje&ion againft
its ufe in bleaching. The fpirit of fait in its common
ftate is faid by M. Berthollet to be ufed with fuccefs
by fome bleachers in France inftead of the vitriolic ;
but fuch experiments as have been made upon it in
this country have not anfwered the purpofe. The new,Nev zm
method of bleaching is founded upon that remarkable
property which dephlogifticated fpirit of fait poffeffes bleaching^
of deftroying vegetable colours ; and various attempts
have been made to introduce it into pra&ice, though
in this country the difficulties or difadvantages attend¬
ing it have prevented it from coming into general ufe.
M. Scheele was the inventor of this fubftance ; but
M. Berthollet feems to have been the firft who at-
‘ tempted to apply it to the praftice of bleaching. In
confequence of his obfervations, a treatife has appeared
on the new method of bleaching, colle&ed and tran-
flated from his works by Mr Kerr furgeon in Edin¬
burgh ; of which the following is an abridgment.
1. M. Berthollet having procured the dephlogiftica-ger_
ted fpirit in as ftrong and concentrated a ftate as he thollet’s ac»
could, immerfed into it thread and cloth; which by that count, of
means were confiderably whitened. In a fhort t^rne[J^)s^ie"
the liquor feemed to lofe its ftrength; upon which it was
poured off, and more put in its place ; and fo on until
the fubftance immerfed became perfectly white. Thus,
however, the procefs was not only very expenfive, but
the ftuff was confiderably injured; fometimes even
lofing its cohefion altogether, fo that there was a ne-
neceffity for trying fome other method.
2. Ufing a diluted fpirit, he fucceeded perfe&ly in
rendering the cloths completely white; but by keeping
them for fome time, or expofing them for a little to
the aftion of an alkaline lye, they became again brown
or yellow.
3. On confidering the procefs of bleaching in the
common method, he found that the afltion of the fun
and air are fubiervient to bleaching only as they pre¬
pared the colouring particles for being diffolved and
Separated by alkaline lixivia. To inveftigate this fub-
jeef, he examined the nature of the dews, both fuch as
are precipitated from the atmofphere and thofe which
tranfpire from vegetables. Both of thefe were found
fo ftrongly impregnated with dephlogifticated air, that
they deftroyed the colour of paper when faintly tinged
with turnfole. Hence our author obferves, that it is
by nd" means improbable that the ancient prejudices
concerning May-dews might have arifen from fome
obfervations analagous to this, more efpecially as in
that month the tranfpii ation of plants is extremely
copious.
4. By imitating with the dephlogifticated marine acid
and alkaline lye the common procefs of bleaching, he
fucceeded
B L E [280
Bleaching, fucceded in making a perfect and permanent white.
For this purpofe an alkaline lixivium was employed
alternately with the dephlogifticated marine acid ; the
latter being no longer ufed in a concentrated date.
Thus he avoided both the inconvenience arifing from
the fuffocating fmell of the liquid, and that of its de-
ftroying the texture of the Huff immerfed in it.
5. The cloth is prepared for bleaching in this man¬
ner by fteeping it 24 hours in water, to extradf the
drefling it receives from the weaver : a little old lye,
which has already loft the greateft part of its ftrength
‘n other proceffes, may be ufed with advantage. It
] B L E
ceiver may be of wood covered in the infide with Bleaching,’
wax, and of a very large ftze; for the gas is abforbed
in proportion to the furface of the "water it afls upon.
Our author defcribes an apparatus rather complicated,
and which our limits will not allow us to defcribe in
this place, efpecially as the preparation of this liquid
is not as yet fo generally praftifed that it can be deter-*
mined how far one apparatus is preferable to another.
The requifit.es are, that the receiver fhould not Only be
capacious but broad, in order that the gas, which is very
volatile, may meet with a large furface of water to abforb
as much of it as pofiible. It is very improbable, how¬
l's next to be expofed once or twice to the adion of ever, that all the gas can be abforbed by a Tingle re-
fome good frefti alkaline lye ; in order to feparate by
means of this cheaper liquid all the colouring matter
which it can extrad, and thereby fave the dephlogifti¬
cated acid.
6. The fluff muft now be carefully waftied with wa¬
ter to feparate any remains of the lye which might
adhere to it and weaken the adion of the liquor. It
is then to be difpofed of in wooden troughs, fo that
the dephlogifticated acid may pals freely through every
part of it; to allow which, it muft lie quite loofe,
without being tightened or ftraitened in any part. All
thefe troughs ought to be conftruded entirely of wood
without any iron, as that would eafily be corroded and
ftain the cloth.
7. The firft immerfion in the dephlogifticated acid is to
continue 3 hours; after which the cloth is to be removed,
and the liquor wrung out of it. It muft then be waftied a
fecond time with alkaline lye ; which being alfo waftied
out, it is to be again immerfed in dephlogifticated acid.
8. The fecond immerfion in the acid is to continue
only about half an hour; after which it is to be taken
out and wrung as before. The fame liquor may ferve
for feveral immerfions; only when it appears to be much
exhaufted, it is to be reftored by an addition of frefti
liquor.
9. After the cloth feems to be fufikiently whitened,
excepting only fome few black threads and the felva-
ceiver let us make it as large as we will; for which
reafon it will be proper to have feveral of them con-
nedled with each other by glafs tubes, fo that what
efcapes from one may be abforbed by another. Thus
we are fure of having the water fully impregnated with
the gas ; though we cannot by any means concentrate
this liquid like the mineral acids. By means of con-
denfing engines, indeed, a greater quantity of it might
be forced into the water than it can naturally contain ;
blit this could anfwer no ufeful purpofe ; for the mo¬
ment that a bottle containing fuch liquor was opened,
thefuperfluous gas would fly off with violence and dan¬
ger to the perfon who opened it. The bottles them-
felves would alfo be liable to burft on every flight al¬
teration of temperature in the atmofphere. It is pro¬
per therefore not to attempt the preparation of the li¬
quor in any great degree of ftrength ; though this is
indeed attended with a very conliderable inconvenience,
viz. the difficulty of tranfporting it from the place
where it is prepared to the bleachfield, on account of
the great bulk and weight of it. M. Berthollet pro-
pofes to have it made at the place where the cloth is
to be bleached; and fo near, that the dephlogifticated
fpirit of fait might be conveyed by fpouts to the
troughs which contain the cloth. This, however,
muft in many cafes be impra&icable, unlefs we fuppofe
the generality of bleachers to be poffeffed of a Ikill in
ges, it is to be filled with black foap, and ftrongly rub- managing chemical operations which at prefent they
bed for fome time; after which it is to be again waftied have not. When great quantities of liquor are to be
in alkaline lye, and receive another immerfion in the brought from diftant places, however, it muft un¬
acid liqi
doubtedly be a great difcouragement, efpecially if the
10. It has not yet been determined what number of beft methods have not been ufed in the preparation fo
immerfions in the acid are neceffary to whiten linen
cloth, though pur author fuppbfes from fix to eight
to be fufficient for the purpofe.
'Method of ii- To prepare the dephlogifticated acid, M. Ber-
preparing thollet recommends fix ounces of black manganefe finely
the dcph10-powdered, 16 ounces of fea-falt likewife in powder,
f cid^16 anc* 12 ounces of concentrated vitriolic acid diluted with
eight ounces of water; though the quantity of this
laft muft be variable according to the ftrength of the
acid and the drynefs of the fait. If the manganefe is
impure, its quantity is to be augmented in proportion
to the fuppofed impurity ; and it is known whether
a fufficient quantity has been employed, by a portion
remaining behind and retaining its black colour. When
the materials are prepared, the manganefe and common
fait, both reduced to fine powder, muft be mixed ac¬
curately together, and put into the diftilling veffel
placed in a fand-bath ; the vitriolic acid diluted with
water and allowed to cool is then to be poured up¬
on them, and the junftures exaftly luted. The re-
that the liquor could not be afforded at a very low
price. s
It woulcl add much to the importance of this new Expence <
method if a comparative eftimate of the expences of itthis ™e:
and of the old one were fairly laid before the public, [hefto^n, .<
and the preference in this refpeft appeared juftly due determinel'in
to the former. This hath not yet been done; nor even
the firft and moft effential ftep towards it taken, viz.
the determining how much ftuff a certain quantity of
dephlogifticated fpirit of fait will whiten. From fuch
experiments as we have made on the fubjedt, it is pro¬
bable that the acid drawn from one pound of fait will
whiten four of linen cloth without any addition.—
This may feem a fmall expence ; but if we confider the
vitriolic acid to be made ufe of, and that the refiduum
is ufelefs, it would foon be found very coniiderable.
Glauber’s fait may indeed be prepared from the refi¬
duum of the diftillation ; but fo much of that article is
prepared otherwife, that at prefent the making of it ie
no objedt. M. Berthollet mentions the feparation of
the
B L E [ 279*
Bleaching, the mineral alkali from the refiduum ; and f^ys he has felv
■ ' received fome inftrudtions on this head from M. Mor- cu me cucet ui me mu auu anm a icmai K-auje ucgrcc. gi ^
he nre- veau an(^ ot^ers> t1111 conceals them on account of their When alkali is mixed with it, we are not to aferibe the J e^e"‘.
] B L E
or faw it tried by others, it manifeftly prevent¬
ed the effedf of the fun and air in a remarkable degre
paration of being communicated as fecrets. Under the article
■mineralal- Chemistry, we have taken notice that fome celebra-
kah- ted chemifts affert that the calces of lead, or lead it-
felf, will decompofe fea-falt, and thus afford an eafy
method of procuring the mineral alkali. On this prin¬
ciple indeed attempts have been made to procure it,
but hitherto without fuccefs; and from fuch experi¬
ments as we have made it' feems to be totally imprac¬
ticable. The method of decompofing Glauber’s fait
and other vitriolic falts by means of charcoal, deferibed
effect to the lime, but to the alkali; for by the attrac¬
tion of fixed ah* from the fait the lime is converted in¬
to chalk and becomes wholly inert, while the alkali
has its a&ivity augmented by being rendered cauflic.
Lime-water is totally infignificant unlefs we put the
cloth with it into a clofe veffel; for lime-water when
expofed to the atmofphere inftantly lofes its adtivity,
the lime being converted into mild calcareous earth,
and falling in that ftate to the bottom. The reafon of
its deflroying the cloth.is fuppofed to be its retaining a
under the article Chemistry, n° 716. is the only one quantity of moifture among the threads, fo that it ne-
that feems to promife fuccefs. The difficulty here is,
that the fait is converted into an hepar fulphuris, which
7 cannot be decompounded but by means of an acid. A
Ns'J me- method of applying forrel for this purpofe has lately
procuring ^een tr*ec* w*t^1 Sreat probability of fuccefs. The
ik by means particulars hitherto difeovered concerning this method
forrel. are, I. Sea-falt yields one half its weight of pure al¬
kali. 2. From 20 to 25 pounds of freffi forrel leaves
are to be ufed for every pound of fea-falt. 3. The
plant is eafily cultivated, yields three crops annually if
properly managed, and is fuperiorin acidity in its cul¬
tivated ftate to the, wild forrel. The above calculation
was made with wild forrel. 4. An acre of ground will
produce as much forrel as is fufficient for making from
a ton to a ton and an half of alkali. It will not thrive
except in moift ground. From thefe particulars it is
ver allows the cloth to dry thoroughly : to prevent
which, it has been recommended to put the limed cloth
thrqugh a weak folution of fait, which would no doubt
anfwer the purpofe of difiblving the calcareous earth ;
but when we confider that the lime is a fubftance, if
not pernicious, at leaft totally ufelefs, it ought cer¬
tainly to be difeouraged as much as poffible in the
practice of bleaching.
BLEAK, in ornithology. See Cyprinus.
BLECHINGLY, a town of Surry in England,
which fends two members to parliament, and the bailiff
who returns the members iscbofen annually at the lord
of the manor’s court. The town Hands on a hill, and
has a fine profpeA as far as the South Downs in Suf-
fex. W. Long. o. 15. N. Lat. 51. 20.
BLEEDING, in therapeutics; fee M f.d 1 c 1 n e - /nr/?*.
probable, that by combining the procefs of making de- As a chirurgical operation, fee Surgeky-Index.
phlogifticated fpirit of fait with that of preparing the
mineral alkali, bleaching might be performed at an ea-
fier and cheaper rate than has yet been done ; though
even here there is fome doubt, that without an encou-
Blkedikg at the Nofe, called Epijldxis. See Medi-
cmv.-Index.
Bleeding is alfo ufed for a haemorrhage or flux of
blood from a wound, rupture of a veffel, or other ac-
ragement from government by taking off the duties cident. See H^morrhagy.
from fait and fulphur ufed in the different operations, a
projedf of this kind might mifearry, to the great de¬
triment of the individual who fhould attempt it. The
reafon of fuch difficulty in the new method of bleach-
Bzeeding of a Corpfe, is a phenomenon faid to
have frequently happened in the bodies of perfons mur¬
dered, which, on the touch, or even the approach, of
the murderer, began to bleed at the nofe, ears, and
ing is, that little or none of the alkali commonly ufed other parts; fo as formerly to be admitted in England,
can be faved. The air alfo and light of the fun, which
in the common way is had for nothing,. mufl; in the
new way be bought at a certain price. The only ad¬
vantage therefore is, that in the new method, a confi-
derable portion of time is faved. Hence it is impof-
and ftill allowed in fome other parts, as a fort of de¬
tection of the criminal and proof of the faft. Nu¬
merous inftances of thefe pofthumous hasmorrhagies
are given by writers. But this kind of evidence ought
to be of fmall weight: for it is to be obferved, that
fible to make an exaft comparative calculation of the this bleeding does not ordinarily happen, even in the
expence of both methods, without eftimating how prefence of the murderer; yet fometimes in that even
much labour is faved in the new way. If the price
of the labour faved exceeds that of the dephlo-
gifticated fpirit of fait, there is no doubt that the
ufe of it will be attended with profit, but not other-
wife. It is afferted by M. Be.rthollet, that in the
of the neareft: friends, or perfons moft innocent; and
fometimes without the prefence of any, either friend
or foe. In effeft, where is the impoffibility that a
body, efpecially if full of blood, upon the approach
of external heat, having been conftderably ftirred or
new way of bleaching, the texture of the cloth is lefs moved,and a putrefaction coming on,fome of the blood-
hurt than in the old one : this too muff be reckoned
an advantage; though by the bleachers, and indeed by
the public in general, it will probably be overlooked,
tmlefs they are induced by the cheapnefs to prefer the
new to the old method.
With regard to the various methods of bleaching
f the ufe w^h lime deferibed in the former part of this treatife.
il'sf lime. c r—-t_
rf Remarks
veffels ftiouldburft, as it is certain they all will in time ?
Bleeding, is alfo ufed for the drawing out the fap
of plants, otherwife called Sec Tapping.
BLEKING, a territory in the fouth part of Swe¬
den', having the Baltic Sea on the fouth, Smaland on
the north, and the province of Schonen on the weft.
Its principal towns are Chriftianftadt, Elleholm, A-
we cannot help remarking, that from fuch experiments buys, Roterby, and Chriftianople, which laft is the ca-
we have tried on the fubjeft, this fubftance feems pital.
to poffefs no power whatever of whitening cloth ; on
the contrary, in all cafes where we either tried it our-
BLEMYES, or BlemmYes, a fabulous people of
Ethiopia, faid to have had so heads; their eyes,
mouthy
B L E
■Blench mouth, &c. being fituated in their breafts.
, . cephalous.
.' en eim‘ BLENCH, or Blanch. See Blanch.
BLEND, or Blinde. See Blinde.
Blekv-Water, called alfo morehough, a diftemper in¬
cident to black cattle, comes either from the blood,
from the yellows, or from the change of ground. — In
order to cure it, take bole armoniac, and as much
charcpal-duft as will fill an egg-fhell, a good quantity
of the inner bark of an oak, dried and pounded toge¬
ther to a powder, and give it to the beaft in a quart of
new milk and a pint of earning.
BLENHEIM, a village of Germany, in the circle
of Suabia, fituated in E. Long. 2. 30. N. Lat. 48. 40.
This village is remarkable for the defeat of the French
and Bavarians in 1704, by the Englilh and their con¬
federates under Prince Eugene and the Duke of Marl¬
borough. The French army amounted to 60,000
veterans, who had fliared in the conquefts of their
grand mofkirque ; and were now commanded by two
.generals tlm moft diftinguiihed at that time in France,
Marfhal Tallard and the Duke of Bavaria. The for¬
mer had efiablilhed his reputation by many vidfories.
Lie was adtive and penetrating ; his ardour often rofe
to impetuofity ; and he was fo fhoj^fighted as to be
incapable of feeing objedls at a vefy fmall diftance.
The Duke of Bavaria was equally experienced in the
field, and had ftronger motives for aftivity: His coun¬
try was ravaged before his eyes, and nothing remained
of his poffeffions but the army which he commanded.
The allied army, commanded by Eugene and Marlbo¬
rough, amounted to about 52,000 men, troops who
had long been familiar with vidlory, and who had feen
the French, the Turks, and the Ruffians, fly before
them. Both armies, after many marches and counter¬
marches, approached each other. The French were
•polled on a hill near the town of Hochftet; their right
covered by the Danube and the village of Blenheim ;
their left by the village of Lutzengen ; and their front
by a rivulet, the banks of which were fteep and the
bottom marlhy. The right wing of the French was
commanded by Marlhal .Tallard; their left by the
Duke of Bavaria, and under him General Marfin, an
experienced Frenchman. Their pofition being advan¬
tageous, they were willing to await the enemy rather
than offer battle. On the other hand, Marlborough
and Eugene were ftimulated to engage them at all e-
vents, in confequence of an intercepted letter from
Villeroy, intimating that he was preparing to cut off
all communication between the Rhine and the allied
army. The difpofitions, therefore, being made for the
attack, and the orders communicated to the general
officers, the allied forces advanced into the plain, and
were ranged in order of battle. The cannonading be¬
gan about nine in the morning, and continued to about
half after twelve. The troops then advanced to the
attack; the right under the direction of Prince Eu¬
gene, the left headed by Marlborough, and oppofed
to Marffial Tallard. Marlborough, at the head of the
Englilh troops, having paffed the rivulet, attacked
the cavalry of Tallard with great bravery. This ge¬
neral being then reviewing the difpofition of his troops
to the left, his cavalry fought for fome time without
the prefence of their commander. Prince Eugene had
not yet attacked the forces of the elector; and it was
near an hour before he could bring up his troops to the
^ 4.7 •
B L E
engagement. Tallard was no fooner informed that his Blenheim,
right vvas attacked by the duke, than he flew to its B!enniu*._
head, where he found a furious encounter already be¬
gun ; his cavalry being thrice driven back, and rally¬
ing as often. He had polled a large body of forces
in the village of Blenheim ; and he made an attempt
to bring them to the charge. They were attacked by
a detachment of Marlborough’s troops fo vigoroufly,
that inflead of affifting the main body they could hard¬
ly maintain their ground. All the French cavalry be¬
ing thus attacked in flank, was totally defeated. The
Englilh army now penetrated between the two bodies
of the French commanded by the marlhal and eleftor,
while the forces in the village of Blenheim were fepa-
rated by another detachment. In this dillreffed fitua-
tion Tallard flew to rally fome fquadrons ;’but from his
Ihortfightednefs millaking a detachment of the ene¬
my for his own, he was made prifoner by the Heffian
troops, who were in the allied army. Meanwhile,
Prince Eugene on his part, after having been thrice
•repulfedr at laft put the enemy into confufion. The
rout then became general, and the flight precipitate.
The conllernation of the French foldiers was fuch,
that they threw themfelves into the Danube, without
knowing whether they fled. The allies being now
mailers of the field of battle, furrounded the village of
Blenheim, where a body of 13,000 men had been poll¬
ed in the beginning of the a£lion, and Hill maintained
their ground. Thefe troops feeing themfelves cut off
from all communication with the reft of the army, and
defpairing of being able to force their way through
the allies, threw down their arms, and furrendercd
{hemfelves prifoners of war. 'Thus ended the battle of
Blenheim, one of the moft complete viblories that
ever was obtained. Twelve thoufand French and Ba¬
varians were llain in the field or drowned in the Da¬
nube; 13,000 were made prifoners of war ; and there
were taken 100 pieces of cannon, 22 mortars, upwards
of roo pair of colours, 200 ftandards, 17 pair of ket¬
tle drums, upwards of 3000 tents, 34 coaches, 300
loaded mules, two bridges of boats, and all the French
baggage, with their military cheft. Next day, when
the Duke of Marlborough vifited his prifoner the mar¬
lhal, the latter -affured him that he had overcome the
bell troops in the world. “ 1 hope, Sim (replied the
duke), you will except thofe troops by whom they
were conquered.” The allies, in confequence of this
vidlory, became mailers of a country* 100 leagues in
extent.
BiENHEiM-Houfe, a noble and princely houfe erefted
in honour of the Duke of Marlborough at Woodftock
near Oxford, which with the manor of Woodftock is
fettled on the Duke and his heirs, in confideration of
the eminent Cervices by him performed for the public ;
and for building of which houfe the fum of L.500,000
was granted by parliament, &c.—The tenure by which
his Grace holds the manor of Woodftock is the pre-
fenting at the caftle of Windfor annually on the day in
which the battle of Blenheim was fought, a flag em¬
broidered with flowers-de-lis; which-flag is Ihown to
all ftrangers who vifit the caftle.
BLENNIUS, in ichthyology, a genus of fifties be¬
longing to the order of jugulares; the characters of
which are thefe : The head Hants or declines to one
fide; there are fix rays in the membrane of the gills;
the body tapers towards the tail; the belly-fins have
only
t 280* ]
See A-
B L E r 281 1 B L E
Blennias only twk> blunt bones ; and the tail-fin is diftinft. The
II fpecies are 13 : viz. 1. The galena, with a tranfverfe
. B^*a' membranous creft upon the head. It is found in the
European feas. 2. The criftatus, with a longitudinal
briflly creft betwixt the eyes. 3. The cornutus, with
a fimple ray above the eyes, and a fingle back-fin. The
above two are natives of the Indies. 4. The ocellaris,
with a furrow betwixt the eyes, and a large fpot on the
back-fin. 5. The gattorugine, with fmall palmated
fins about the eye-brows and neck. It is about feven
or eight inches long. Thefe two lafl are found in the
European feas. 6. The fuperciliofus, with fmall fins
about the eye-brows, and a curved lateral line. It is
a native of India. 7. The phycis, with a kind of
crefted noftrils, a cirrus or beard on the under lip, and
a double fin on the back. It has feven rays in the gill-
membrane ; the anus is furrounded with a black ring;
and the tail is roundifh. 8. The pholis, has a fmooth
head, a curve line upon the fides, and the upper jaw is
larger than the under one. The two laft are found in
the Mediterranean Sea. 9. The gunellus, has i« black
fpots on the back-fin. It is found in the Atlantic Ocean,
x o. The muftelaris, has three rays on the fore-part of
the back-fin. It is a native of India. 11. The vivi-
parus has two tentacula at the mouth. Schonevelde
firfl difcovered this fpecies; Sir Robert Sibbald after¬
wards found it on the Scottifh coaft. They bring forth
two or three, hundred young at a time. Their feafon
of parturition is a little after the depth of winter. Be¬
fore midfummer, they quit the bays and fhores; and re¬
tire into the deep, where they are commonly taken.
They are a very coarfe fifh, and eaten only by the poor.
They are common in the mouth of the river Elk, at
Whitby, Yorkfhire; where they are taken frequently
from off the bridge. They fometimes grow to the
length of a foot. Their form is flender, and the back¬
bone is green, as that of a fea-needle. 12. The lum-
penus has feveral dufky-coloured areola; running acrofs
its body. The two laft are found in the European feas.
13. The raninus, with fix divifions in the belly-fins,
is found in the lakes of Sweden. It is remarkable,
that when this fifh appears in the lake, all the other
fifties retire; and what is worfe, it is not fit for eating.
BLENNY. See the above article.
BLESS (Henry), painter of hiltory and landfcape,
was bom at Bovine, near Dinant, in 1480. He ac¬
quired his (kill in the art merely by the ftrengtfy of his
natural genius, aflifted by a diligent ffudy and obfer-
vation of the works of Patenier, without having any
other inftrudtor: and at laft rendered himfelf very emi¬
nent, particularly by his landfcapes. His beft per¬
formances were bought up by the Emperor Rodolph,
and they are ftill preferved at Vienna. His ftyle of
compofition in hiftorical fubje&s refembled the ftyle of
the Flemifh artifts of that age, and exhibited a great
number of figures finifhejl with extreme neatnefs. But
he crowded feveral fubjefts into one defign ; as in his
picture of the difciples at Emmaus, he reprefented not
only that incident, but in different groups difpofed in
the back ground, he reprefented likewife the different
parts of the paffion of our Saviour. And yet, not-
withftanding the impropriety of that manner of corn-
poling, his pictures were fo delicately pencilled and
finifhed, and his landfcapes in particular fo agreeably
invented, fo full of variety, and well executed, that
Vol. III. Parti.
even in Italy his works were iffgreat requeft, and were BlefHatn,
diftinguifhed there by the appellation of the onvl- Bletonifm-j
pictures : for he fixed an owl, as his peculiar mark, in
every pi&ure he painted; by which the works of this
matter are always indifputably known. He died in
155°.
BLESTIUM, a town in Britain . Now Old-town,
not far from Hereford.
BLETONISM, a faculty of perceiving and indica¬
ting fubterraneous fprings and currents by fenfation.
The term is modern, and derived from a Mr Bleton,
who for fome years paft has excited univerfal attention
by his poffeffing the above faculty, which feems to de¬
pend upon fome peculiar organization. Concerning the
reality of this extraordinary faculty, there occurred
great doubts among the learned. But M. Thouvenel,
a Frenchman of fome confequence and a philofopher,
feems to have put the matter beyond difpute, in two
memoirs which he has publifhed upon the fubjeft. He
was charged by the king with a commiffion to analyfe
the mineral and medicinal waters in France; and, by
repeated trials, he had been fo fully convinced of the
capacity of Bleton to afiift him with efficacy in this
important undertaking, that he folicited the miniftry
to join him in the commiffion upon advantageous terms.
All this ftiows that the operations of Bleton have a
more folid fupport than the tricks of impofture or the
delufions_ of fancy. In fa£t, a great number of his
difcoveries are afcertained by refpeftable affidavits.
The following is a ftrong inftance in favour of Bleto-
nifm. “ For a long time the traces of feveral fprings
and their refervoirs in the lands of the Abbo de Ver¬
vains had been entirely loft. It appeared, neverthelefs,
by ancient deeds and titles, that thefe fprings and re¬
fervoirs had exifted. A neighbouring abbey was fup-
pofed to have turned their waters for its benefit into
other channels, and a law-fuit was commenced upon
this fuppofition. M. Bleton was applied to : he dif¬
covered at once the new courfe of the waters in que-
ftion : his difcovery was afcertained, and the law-fuit
was terminated.”
Bleton has been miftaken more than once ; and our
author enumerates, with the faireft candour, the cafes
in which he has failed : but thefe cafes are very rare in
comparifon with thofe in which he has fucceeded. Be-
fides, even the miftakes of Bleton do not invalidate the
reality of his talent; fince a talent may be real with¬
out being perfeft, or exerting itfelf with the fame fuc-
cefs in every trial.
Many were indifpofed againft Bletonifm becaufe
they looked upon the fafts on which it is founded as
inexplicable. But M. Thouvenel affigns principles
upon which the impreffions made by fubterraneous wa¬
ters and mines may be naturally enough accounted for.
Having afcertained a general law by which fubterra¬
neous ele&ricity exerts an influence upon the bodies of
certain individuals eminently fufceptible of that influ¬
ence, and fhown that this law is the fame whether the
eleftrical aftion arifes from currents of warm or cold
water, from currents of humid air, from coal or metal¬
lic mines, from fulphur, and fo on, he obferves, that
there is a diverfity in the phyfical and organical im¬
preffions which are produced by this electrical aftion,
according as it proceeds from different foffile bodies
which are more or lefs conduftors of eleftrical emana-
N n tions.
B L E [ 2$2 ] B L I
Bletogi^m. tiocs. There are alfo artificial procefles, which concur an inftrument which may be fubftituted in the place ofBktenlfin* .
'' ' v in leading us to diftinguilh the different focufee or con- the eledlrometrical twig that goes vulgarly by the name ^
duct or 3 of mineral electricity ; and in thefe proceffes of the divining rod. v
tl>e ufe of eleftrometrical rods deferves the attention of His analyfis of the hot fprings of Bourbon-Lancy*
philofophers, who might perhaps in procefs of time to the fource of which in the great mountains of Bur-
fubftitute in their place a more perfect inftrument., gundy he was led by the eleftrical fenfations of Bleton,
Their phylical and fpontaneous mobility, and its elec- ihows the great intelligence and fagacity of our author
trical caufe, are demonftrated by indifputable ejtperi- in operations of this nature. He found the origin of
ments. thefe famous hot fprings in the centre of an oblong ri- ■
On the other hand, our author proves, by very plan- fing ground, full of coal, and commanded on three
fible arguments, the influence of fubterraneous electri- fides by a gr'oup of mountains, of which the greateft
cal currents, compares them with the eleftrical cur- part was filled with the fame mineral. From a parti-
rents of the atmofphere, points out the different im- cular cafe, here circumftantially deferibed, in which
preffions they produce according to the number and the eledlrieal rays of the fubterraneous water and thofe
quality of the bodies which adl, and the diyerfity of of the adjacent coal croffed each other, our author de-
thofe which are a&ed upon. The ordinary fources of duces a very natural account of the errors which may
coldJwater make impreffions proportional to their vo- fometimes, though rarely, miflead for a time the great*
lume, the velocity of their currents, and other circum- eft adepts in Bletonifm, when they find themfelyes in
fiances. Their ftagnation deftroys every fpecies of combined fpheres of ele&rical aftivity. Another ob-
eleftrical influence; at leaffi, in this ftate they have fervation, which feems confirmed by feveral faffs, ac-
none that is perceptible. Their depth is indicated by counts farther for this fallibility : " the obfervation is,
geometrical proceffes, founded upon the motion and that electrical rays, whether diredl or collateral, iffiu'ng
divergence of the eleftrical rays; but there are fecond from fubterranean focufes, feem to undergo in certain
caufes which fometimes diverfify thefe indications, and cafes a fort of refraflion as they pafs from one medium
pccafion feeming errors. Thefe errors, however, ac- to another, or traverfe bodies which differ with refpeft
cording to our author, are only exceptions to the gene- to the property of tranfmitting this eleflricity. In a
ral rule; exceptions which depend on the difference of word, it follows from thefe obfervations, that when
mediums and fituations, and not on the inconftancy or fuch privileged inveftigators of currents or minerals as
incertitude of the organical, fenfitive, or conyulfive fa- Bleton are placed upon the eleflrical fpheres of thefe
eulties of the Bletoniff. bodies, they will indicate their fit nation and their re-
A1T the hot fprings in France, traced by our author fpeftive depths according to' the impreffions they feel
from the places where they flow to the places where within themfelves, or the motions they obferve in the
their formation commences (fometimes at a diftance of ele&rometrical inftruments which they employ ; and if
15 leagues), led him conftantly to maffes of coal; they meet with fecond accidental caufes or complica-
where they are colle&ed and heated in bafons of dif- tions of eleftrical fpheres, which modify or alter thefe
ferent depths and dimenfions, nouriflied by the filtra- methods of trial, this will neceffarily occafion miftakea
tion of lakes and the courfe of torrents, and minera- in. the refults of their operations which they may pro-
fized by faline, fulphureous, metallic, and bitumineua bably re&ify; but which, at all events, it would be
fubftances, in the natural furnaces where they are heat- unjuft to lay to their charge, or allege as an objection
ed, or in the ftrata through which they flow. againft the reality of their talent.
The laft and the moft Angular and important phe- BLIGHT, in hufbandry, a difeafe incident to plants,
nomenon which our author met with in the courfe of which affedts them varioufly, the whole plant fome-
his experiments muft not be here omitted. Over the times periftiing by it, and fometimes only the leaves
veins of iron mines alone the ele<51rometrical rods af- and bloffoms, which will be fcorched and fhrivelledup,
fume a motion of rotation diametrically oppofite to the reft remaining green and flourishing,
that which they exhibit over all other mines. This Some have fuppofed that blights are ufually pro¬
phenomenon takes place with the fame diftin&ion duced by an eafterly wind, which brings vaft quantities
•when iron and other metals are extradled from their of infefts eggs along with it, f&m feme diftant place,
mines and depefited under ground. But the moll re- that, being lodged upon the furface of the leaves and
markable circumftance in this diftin&ive aftion of thefe flowers of fruit-trees, caufe them to Ihrivel up and
metals is, that it has a uniform and conftant direction perifti. '||j
from call to weft in all metals, iron excepted, juft as To cure this diilemper, they advife the burning o£
iron rendered magnetic has an atlion dire&ed from wet litter on the windward fide of the plants, that the
fouth to north. The aftion of red metals is more pal- fmoke thereof may be carried to them by the wind,
pable than that of the white 5 but the latter, though which they fuppofe will ftifie and deftroy the infefts,
weaker, has neverthelefs a real exiftence in the fulphur. and thereby cure the di(temper.
In the fupplement to this memoir, there is an accurate Others diredt the ufe of tobacco-duft, or to wa(h the
account of the proceffes that have furnilhed thefe in- trees with water wherein tobacco-ftalks have been in¬
variable refults. They will naturally fuggeft, fays our fufed for \z hours ; which they fay will deftroy thofe
author, the idea of conftrnfting an eledftrical eompafs., infefts, and recover the-plants.
which may be of as eminent ule in experimental philo- Pepper-duft fcattered over the blofloms of fruit-trees,
Ibphy as the magnetic compafs is in navigation. The &c. has been recommended as very ufeful in this cafe;
natural and fpontaneous direction of metallic emana- and there are fome that advife the pulling off the leaves
tions towards the weft being afeertained, it only re- that are diftempered.
maius to render them palpable by. the conftru&ion of The true caufe of blights, feem to be continued dry
eafterly
"liliul . • .
|iwhat.
lithernatu-
horical.
i Sec tlie’n-
ul :ifubjoin-
“ • i Medi
ow the
md may
S ini
dividual
fa focial
|:adty.
I
B L I [2
eaflerly winds for feveral days together, without the in¬
tervention of ihowers, or any morning dew, by which
the perfpiration in the tender bloflbm is flopped ; and
if it fo happens that there is a long continuance of the
fame weather, it equally affefts the fender leaves,
whereby their, colour is changed, and they wither and
decay.
The beft remedy for this diftemper, is gently to wafh
and fprinkle over the tree, Sec. from time to time with
common water; and if the young fhoots feem to be
much infefted, let them be wafhed with a woollen cloth,
fo as to clear them, if poffible, from this glutinous
matter, that their refpiration and perfpiration may not
be obftru&ed. This operation ought to be performed
early in the day, that the moifture may be exhaled be¬
fore the cold of the night comes on : nor Ihould it be
done when the fun ihines very hot.
Another caufe of blights in the fpring, is fharp
hoary frofts, which are often fucceeded by hot funfhine
in the day-time. This is the mott fudden and certain
deftroyer of the fruits that is known.
BLIGHTED corn. See Smut.
BLIND, an epithet applied to a perfon or fenfltive
creature deprived of the ufe of his eyes; or, in other
words, to one from whom light, colours, and all the
glorious variety of,the viiible creation, are intercepted
by fome natural or accidental difeafe. Such is the li¬
teral acceptation of the term : but it is likewife ufed
in a metaphorical fenfe, to fignify mental or intellec¬
tual darknefs; and frequently implies, at the fame time,
• fome moral or fpiritual depravity in the foul thus
blinded, which is either the efficient or continuing caufe
of this internal malady. Yet, even in metaphor, the
epithet of blind is fometimes applied to a kind of ig¬
norance, which neither involves the ideas of real guilt
nor of voluntary error. It is, however, our prefent in¬
tention to confider the word, not in its figurative, but
in its natural and primary fenfe. Nor do we mean in
this place to regard it as a fubjeft of medical fpecula-
tion, or to explore its caufes and enumerate its cures.
Thefe are in the department of another fciencef. It is
rather our defign to confider, By what means this in-
expreffible misfortune may be compenfated or alleviated
to thofe who fuflain it; what advantages and confola-
tions they may derive from it ; of what acquifitions
they may be fufceptible ; what are the proper means of
their improvement; or by what culture they may be¬
come ufeful to themfelves, and important members of
fociety.
There is not perhaps any fenfe or faculty of the
corporeal frame, which affords fo many refources of u-
tility and entertainment as the power of vifion ; nor is
there any lofs or privation which can be productive of
difadvantages or calamities fo multiform, fo various, and
fo bitter, as the want of fight. By no avenue of cor¬
poreal perception is knowledge in her full extent, and
in all her forms, fo accefiible to the rational and inqui-
ling foul, as by the glorious and delightful medium of
light. For this not only reveals external things in all
their beauties, in all their changes, and in all their va-
lieties; but gives body, form, and colbur, to intellec¬
tual ideas and abftradt effences; fo that the whole ma¬
terial and intelligent creation lie in open profpedl, and
the majeftic frame of nature in its whole extent, is, if
we may fpeak fo, perceived at a iingle glance. To the
S3 1
B L t
blind, ort the Contrary, the vifible univerfe is totally Blind,
annihilated 5 he is perfectly confcious of no fpace but
that in which he Hands, or to which his extremities can D;facJ*vrin
reach. Sound, indeed, gives him fome ideas of diftant ^f1'
objefts; but thofe ideas are extremely obfeure and in- blfadneft.
diflindl. They are obfeure, becaufe they confift alone
of the qbjefts whofe ofcillations vibrate on bis ear, and
do not neceffarily fuppofe any other bodies with which
the intermediate fpace may be occupied, except that
which gives the found alone : they are indiflindl, be¬
caufe founds themfelves are frequently ambiguous, and
do not uniformly and exclufively indicate their real
caufes. And though by them the idea of diltance in
general, or even of fome particular diftances, may be
obtained ; yet they never fill the mind with thofe vafl
and exalting ideas of extenfion which arc infpired by-
ocular perception. For though a clap of thunder, or
an explofion of ordnance, maybe diftinftly heard after
they have traverfed an immenfe region of fpace ; yet,
when the diftance is uncommonly great, it ceafes to be
indicated by found; and therefore the ideas, acquired
by auricular experiment, of extenfion and interval, are
extremely confufed and inadequate. The living and
comprehenfive eye darts its inftantaneous view over ex-
panlive valleys, lofty mountains, protrafted rivers, illi¬
mitable oceans. It meafures, in an indivifible point of
time, the mighty fpace from earth to heaven, or from
one flar to another. By the affiftance of telefcopCs, its
horizon is almoft indefinitely extended, its objedfs pro-
digicmlly multiplied, and the fphere of its obfervatiori
nobly enlarged. By thefe means, the imagination, in¬
ured to vaft impreffions of diftance, can not onlyrecal
them in their greateft extent with as much rapidity as
they were atfirft imbibed ; but can multiply them, and
add one^to another, till all particular boundaries and
diftances be loft in immenfity. Thus nature, by pro-
fufely irradiating the face of things, and clothing ob-
je&s in a robe of diveriified fplendour, not only invites
the underftanding to expatiate on a theatre fo exten-
five, fo diverfified, and fo attraftive ; but entertains and
inflames the imagination with every poffible exhibition
of the fublime or beautiful. The man of light and co¬
lours beholds the objedts of his attention and curiofity
from far. Taught by experience, be meafures their re¬
lative diftances; dillinguifhes their qualities; deter¬
mines the fituations, pofitions, and attitudes ; prefages
what thefe tokens may import; felefts his favourites ;
traverfes in fecurity the fpace which divides them from
him ; flops at the point where they are placed ; and ei¬
ther obtains them with eafe, or immediately perceives
the means by which the obftacles that intercept his
paffage to them may be furmounted. The blind not
only may be, but really are, during a confiderable pe¬
riod, apprehenfive oft daifger in every motion towards
any place from whence their contradled powers of per¬
ception can give them no intelligence. All the various
modes of delicate proportion, all the beautiful varieties
of light and colours, whether exhibited in the works of
nature or art, are to them irretrievably loft. Depen¬
dent for every thing, but mere fubiiftence, on the good
offices of others ; obnoxious to injury from every point,
w'hich they are neither capacitated to perceive nor qua¬
lified to refill; they are, during the prefent ftate of be¬
ing, rather to be confidered as prifoners at large, than
citizens of :nature. The fedentary life, to which by
N n 2 privation
The fitua-
tion of the
blind de-
fci ibed by
poets.
B , L I [ 284 ]
privation of fight they are deftined, relaxes their frame, Surrounds
and fubjefts them to all the difagreeable fenfations
which arife from dejeftion of fpirits. Hence the moft
feeble exertions create laffitude and uneafinefs. Hence
the native tone of the nervous fyftem, which alone is
compatible with health and pleafure, deftroyed by in-
a&ivity, exafperates and embitters every difagreeable
impreffion. Natural evils, however, are always fup-
portable ; they not only arife from blind and undefign-
ing caufes, but are either mild in their attacks, or fhort
in their duration : it is the miferies which are inflicted
by confcious and refiefting agents alone, that can de-
ferve the name of evils. Thefe excruciate the foul with
ineffable poignancy, aa expreffive of indifference or ma¬
lignity in thofe by whom fuch bitter portions are cruelly
adminiflered. The negligence or wantonnefs, there¬
fore, with which the blind are too frequently treated,
is an enormity which God alone has juftice to feel or
power to punifh.
Thofe amongfl: them who have had fenfibility to feel,
and capacity to exprefs, the effedts of. their misfor¬
tunes, have defcribed them in a manner capable of pe¬
netrating the molt callous heart. The venerable father
of epic poetry, who in the perfon of Demodocus the
Phaeatian bard is faid to have defcribed his own fitua-
tion, proceeds thus;
Tov jrepi Mvtr’ nriXnire, <?’ ayafWrf, v-cty.ov te
/ttv auigat, fiSv S’ tiS&xr aoifriv. Obys. 9-
1 Dear to the mufe, who gave his days to flow
With mighty bkffings mix’d with mighty wo,
In clouds and darknefs quench’d his vifual ray.
Yet gave him power to raife the lofty lay. Pope.
Milton, in his addrefs to light, after a fublime defcrip-
tion of his arduous and gloomy journey from the re¬
gions of primeval darknefs to this our vifible diurnal
fphere, thus continues to apoftrophife the celeftial
beam :
Taught by the heav’nly mufe to venture down
The dark defcent, and up to reafcend,
Though hard and rare ; thee I revifit fafe.
And feel thy fov’reign vital lamp : but thou
Revifit’ft not thefe eyes, that roll in vain
To find thy piercing ray, and find no dawn ;
So thick a drop ferene hath quench’d their orbs.
Or dim fuffufion veil’d. Yet not the more
Ceafe I to wander, where the mufes haunt
Clear fpring, or fhady grove, or funny hill,
Smit with the love of facred fong : but chief
Thee, Sion, and the flow’ry brooks beneath.
That wafh thy hallow’d feet, and warbling flow.
Nightly I vifit; nor fometimes forget
Thofe other two equall’d with me in fate.
So were I equall’d with them in renown.
Blind Thamyris, and blind Masonides,
And Tirefias and Phineus prophets old :
Then feed on thoughts, that voluntary move
Harmonious numbers ; as the wakeful bird
Sings darkling, and in fhadieft covert hid
Tunes her no&urnal note. Thus with the year
Seafons return ; but not to me returns
Day, or the fweet approach of ev’n or morn,
Or fight of vernal bloom, or fummer’s rofe,
Or flocks, or herds, or human face divine;
But cloud iuftead, and ever during dark,
B L I
from the cheerful ways of men
Cut off, and for the book of knowledge fair y
Prefented with a univerfal blank,
Of nature’s works to me expung’d and ras’d.
And wifdom at one entrance quite ihut out.
Par. Lost, Book III.
The fame inimitable author, in his tragedy of Sampfon
Agoniftes, and in the perfon of his hero, deplores the
misfortune of blindnefs with a pathos and energy fuf-
ficient to extort the deepeft fighs from the moft unfeel¬
ing hearts:
 But chief of all,
O lofs of fight, of thee I muft complain !
Blind among enemies, O worfe than chains,
Dungeon, or beggary, decrepid age.
Light, the prime work of God, to me is extinct.
And all her various objefts of delight
Annull’d, which might in part my grief have eas’d.
Inferior to the vileft now become
Of man or worm. The vileft here excel me :
They creep, yet fee ; I dark in light expos’d
To daily fraud, contempt, abufe, and wrong,
Within doors, or without, ftill as a fool.
In power of others, never in my own ;
Scarce half I feem to live, dead more than half.
O dark, dark, dark, amid the blaze of noon,
Irrecoverably dark, total eclipfe
Without all hope of day !
O firft created Beam, and thou great Word,
Let there be light, and light was over all;
Why am I thus bereav’d thy prime decree ?
The fun to me is dark.
And filent, as the moon
When (he deferts the night.
Hid in her vacant interlunar cave.
Since light fo neceffary is to life.
And almoft life itfelf, if it be true
That light is in the foul,
She all in every part; why was the fight
To fuch a tender ball as th’ eye confin’d ?
So obvious, and fo eafy to be quench’d ?
And not, as feeling, throughout all parts diffus’d^
That fhe might look at will through ev’ry pore l
Then had I not been thus exil’d from light,
As in the land of darknefs, yet in light
To live a life half dead, a living death :
And bury’d ; but yet more miferable !
Myfelf the fepulchre, a moving grave
Bury’d, yet not exempt
By privilege of death and burial
From worft of other evils, pains and wrongs.
But made hereby obnoxious more
To all the miferies of life.
Oflian, the Caledonian bard, who lived before the
authenticated hiftory of his nation dates its origin, who
in his old age participated the fame calamity, has in
more than one paffage of his works defcribed his fitua-
tion in a manner fo delicate, yet fo pathetic, that it
pierces the inmoft receffes and excites the fineft feelings
of the heart. Of thefe pafiages, take the following : g-
“ O thou that rolleft above, round as the fhield of Oflian.
my fathers! whence are thy beams, O fun ! whence
thy everlafting light ? Thou comeft forth in thy awful
beauty, and the ftars hide themfelves in the Iky ; the
2 moon.
B L I [ 285 ] B L I
|i Blind, moon, cold and pale, finks in the weftern wave. But
thou thyfelf movelt alone : who can be a companion
of thy courfe ? The oaks of the mountains fall; the
mountains themfelves decay with years; the ocean
fhrinks and grows again ; the moon herfelf is loft in
heaven: but thou art for ever the fame ; rejoicing
in the brightnefs of thy courfe. When the world is
dark with tempefts ; when thunder rolls and lightning
glances through the heavens; thou lookeftin thy beauty
from the clouds, and laugheft at the ftorm. But to
Offian thou lookeft in vain : for he beholds thy beams
no more ; whether thy yellow hair flows on the eaftern
clouds, or thou trembleft at the gates of the weft. But
thou art, perhaps, like me, for a feafon ; and thy years
will have an end : thou {halt fleep in thy clouds, care-
lefs of the voice of the morning.— Exult then, O fun,
in the ftrength of thy youth ! age is dark and unlovely;
it is like the glimmering light of the moon, when it
ftiines through broken clouds, and the mift is on the
hills, the howling blaft of the north is on the plain,
| p the traveller fhrinks in the midft of his journey.”
iphe dejec- Thus dependent on every creature, and pafiive to
ion attend-every accident, can the world, the uncharitable world,
ng blind- be furprifed to obferve moments when the Mind are at
bunted for var*ance with themfelves and every thing elfe around
| ’ them ? With the fame inftin&s of felf-prefervation,
the fame irafcible paffions which are common to the
fpecies, and exafperated by a fenfe of debility either
for retaliation or defence ; can the blind be real obje&s
of refentment or contempt, even when they feem peevilh
or vindictive ? This, however, is not always their cha¬
racter. Their behaviour is often highly expreffive, not
only of refignation, but even of cheerfulnefs ; and tho*
they are often coldly, and even inhumanly, treated by
men, yet are they rarely, if ever, forfaken of heaven.
The common Parent of nature, whofe benignity is per¬
manent &s his exiftence and boundlefs as his empire,
L has neither left his afflicted creatures without confola-
ame ad- t^on nor refource. Even from their lofs, however op-
■sntages preffive and irretrievable, they derive advantages ; not
peuliar to indeed adequate to recompenfe, but fufficient to alle¬
ge blind. viate> their mifery. The attention of the foul, con¬
fined to thefe avenues of perception which fhe can com¬
mand, is neither difiipated nor confounded by the im-
menfe multiplicity nor the rapid fucceffion of furround¬
ing objeAs. Hence her contemplations are more uni¬
formly fixed upon herfelf, and the revolutions of her
own internal frame. Hence her perceptions of fuch
external things as are contiguous and obvious to her
obfervation become more lively and exquifite. Hence
even her inftruments of corporeal fenfation are more af-
fiduoufly cultivated and improved, fo that from them
{he derives fuch notices and prefages of approaching
pleafure or impending danger as entirely efcape the
attention of thofe who depend for fecurity on the reports
of their eyes. A blind man, when walking fwiftly,
or running, is kindly and effectually checked by nature
from rudely encounteringfuch hard and extended objeAs
a« might hurt or bruife him. When he approaches
/ bodies of this kind, he feels the atmofphere more
fenfibly refill his progrefs; and in proportion as
his motion is accelerated, or hia diftance from the cb-
jeA diminifhed, the refiftance is increafed. He di-
ftinguifhes the approach of his friend from far by the
found of his fteps, by his manner of breathing, and
almoft by every audible token which he can exhibit.
Prepared for the dangers which he may encounter from
the furface of the ground upon which he walks, his
ftep is habitually firm and cautious. Hence he not
only avoids thofe falls which might be occafioned by
its lefs formidable inequalities, but from its general
bias he colleAs fome ideas how far his fafety is imme¬
diately concerned; and though thefe conjeAures may
be fometimes fallacious, yet they are generally fo true,
as to preferve him from fuch accidents as are not in¬
curred by his own temerity. The rapid torrent and
the deep cafcade not only warn him to keep a proper
diftance, but inform him in what direAion he moves,
and are a kind of audible fynofures to regulate his courfe-
In places to which he has been accuftomed, he as it
were recognifes His latitude and longitude from every
breath of varied fragrance that tinges the gale, from
every afeent or declivity in the road, from every natural
or artificial found that ftrikes his ear ; if thefe indica¬
tions be ftationary, and confined to particular places.
Regulated by thefe figns, the hiifid have not only been
known to perform long journeys themfelves, but ta
conduA others through dangerous paths at the dark
and filent hour of midnight, with the utmoft fecurity
and exaAnefs ( a )
It
(a) We have read, in authors of good credit, of a very furprifing blind guide who ufed to conduA the mer-
1 chants through the fands and defarts of Arabia. Vide Leo Afric. Defer. Afr. lib. vi. p. 246. and Cafaub. Treat,
of Enthuf. c. ii. p. 45. \
IAn inftance not lefs marvellous, exifts at this prefent time, and in our own country. “ John Metcalf,
a native of the neighbourhood of Manchefter, where he is well known, became blind at a very early ^
age, fo as to be entirely unconfcious of light and its various effeAs. This man pafled the younger part
of his life as a waggoner, and occafionally as a guide in intricate roads during the night or when the track*,
were covered with fnow. Strange as this may appear to thofe who can fee, the employment he has fince un¬
dertaken is ftill more extraordinary : it is one of the laft to which we could fuppofe a blind man would ever
turn his attention. His prefent occupation is that of a projeAor and furveyor of highways in .difficult and.
ljl, mountainous parts. With the affiftance only of a long ftaff, I have feVeral times met this man traverilng the
roads, afeending precipices, exploring valleys, and inveftigating their feveral extents, forms, and fituations, fo
as to anfwerhis defigns in the belt manner. The plans which he defigns, and the eftimates he makes, are done
in a method peculiar to himfelf; and which he cannot well convey the meaning of to others. His abilities in
this refpeA are neverthelefs fo great, that he finds conftant employment. Moft of the roads over the Peak in
Derbyftiire, have been altered by his direAions; particularly thofe in the vicinity of Buxton : and he is at this
time conftruAing a new one betwixt Wilmflow and Congleton, with a view to open a communication to the
great London road, without being obliged to pafs over the mountains.” Account by Dr Bew, publilhed.
in the Tranfaftions of the Manchejler Society.
B L I
Bllrul. It were endkfs to recapitulate the various fnechani-
1 ’ cal operations of which they are capable, by their
Whe'her nicety and accuracy of touch. In feme the taftile
the blind powers are faid to have been fo highly improved, as to
are able to perceive that texture and difpofition of coloured fur-
coiours^1 ^aceS ^ which feme rays of light are refle&ed and
others abforbed, and in this manner to diftinguifh co¬
lours. But the teflimonies for this fadl ftill appear to
us too vague and general to deferve public credit. We
have known a perfon who loft the ufe of his fight at
an early period of infancy, who in the vivacity or deli¬
cacy of his fenfations was not perhaps inferior to any
one, and who had often heard of others in his own fi-
tuation capable of diftinguifhing colours by touch with
the utmoft exadtnefs and promptitude. Stimulated,
therefore, partly by curiofity to acquire a new train of
ideas, if that acquifition were poflible; but ftill more
by incredulity with refpeft to the fafts related; he tried
repeated experiments, by touching the furfaces of dif¬
ferent bodies, and examining whether any fuch diver-
iities could be found in them aS might enable him to
diftinguifh colours: but no fuch diverfily could he
ever afeertain. Sometimes, indeed, he imagined that
objefts which had no colour, or, in other words, fuch
as were black, were fomevvhat different and peculiar in
their furfaces ; but this experiment did not always nor
univerfally hold. His fcepticifm therefore ftill conti¬
nues to prevail(b). That their acouftic perceptions
are diftinA and accurate, we may fairly conclude from
the rapidity with which they , afeertain the acutenefs or
gravity of different tones, as relative one to another ;
and from their exa& difeernment of the various kinds
and modifications of found, and of fonorous objetts, if
the founds themfelves be in any degree fignificant of
their caufes. From this vivacity and accuracy of ex¬
ternal fenfation, and from the affiduous and vigorous
B L I
applications of a comprehenfive and attentive mind a- Blind, -i
lone, we are able to account for the rapid and aftonifh- ' v—Jl
big progrefs which fome of them have made, not only
in thofe departments of literature which were moft ob¬
vious to their fenfes and acceffible to their underftand-
ings, but even in the abftrafteft, and (if we may be al¬
lowed the exprefiion) in the moft occult fciences. iz
What, for inftance, can be more remote from the con-fnfiance*
ceptions of a blind man than the abftra£t relations and l',"w far (a
properties of /pace and quantity ? yet the incompre- fufeentibi®
henfible attainments of Dr Saunderfon in all the of abfiradll|
branches of mathematics are now fully known andlfca“ning.J$|
firmly believed by the whole literary world, both from
the teftimony of his pupils and the publication of his
works. But fttould the fa& be ftill uncertain, it might
be fufficiently verified by a living prodigy of this kind
with which our country is at prefent honoured. The
gentleman of whom we now fpeak, though blind from
his infancy, by the ardour and affiduity of his applica¬
tion, and by the force of >3 genius to which nothing is
impenetrable, has not only made incredible advances in
mechanical operations, in mufic, and in the languages; 1 ,.
but is likewife profoundly fkilled in geometry, in op¬
tics, in algebra, in aftronomy, in chemiftry, and in all
the other branches of natural philofophy as taught by
Newton and received by an admiring world. We are
forry that neither the modefty of this amiable philofo*
pher, nor the limits of this article, will permit us to
delineate his character in its full proportions. All we
can do is to exhibit his example, that by it the vulgar
prejudice, which prefumes to think blindnefs and learn¬
ing incompatible, may be diflipated ; and that an in¬
ftance of fuccefs fo noble and recent may inflame the
emulation and encourage the efforts of fuch as have
genius and opportunity to purfue the fame laudable
path (c). If thefe glorious attempts fhould neither be
per-
[ 286 ]
(b) See, however, the extraordinary cafe fubjoined to this article.
(c) As particular anecdotes of this aftonifhing genius have been, fince the former edition of the Encyclo¬
paedia, delivered to the Manchefter Society by G. Bew, M. D. and afterwards publifhed, we (hall here take
the liberty to tranferibe them from the original volume in which they are inferted, as this freedom is authoxifed
by a letter from Dr Bew’s own hand.
“ Dr Henry Moyes, who occafionally read Leftures on Philofophical Chemiftry at Manchefter, like Dr
Saunderfon, the celebrated profeffor of Cambridge, loft his fight by the fmall-pox in his early infancy. He
never recollected to have feen: ‘ but the firft traces of memory I have (fays he), are in fome confufed ideas of
the folav fyftem.’ He had the good fortune to be born in a country where learning of every kind is highly
cultivated, and to be brought up in a family devoted to learning.
“ Pofleffed of native genius, and ardent in his application, he made rapid advances in various departments of
erudition ; and not only acquired the fundamental principles of mechanics, mufic, and the languages, but like¬
wife entered deeply into the inveftigation of the profounder fciences, and difplayed an acute and general know-
/edger of geometry, optic?, algebra, aftronomy, chemiftry, and in fhort of moft of the branches of the Newtonian
philofophy.
“ Mechanical exercifes were the favourite employments of his infant years, ^kt a very early age he made
himfelf acquainted with the ufe of edged tools fo perfectly, that notwithftanding his entire blindnefs, he was able
to make little wind-mills ; and he even conftrufted a loom with his own hands, which ftill ftiow the cicatrices of
wounds he received in the execution of theft juvenile exploits.
“ By a moft agreeable intimacy and frequent intercourft which I enjoyed with this accomplifhed blind
gentleman, whilft he refided in Manchefter, I had an opportunity of repeatedly obftrving the peculiar manner in
which he arranged his ideas and acquired his information. Whenever he was introduced into company, I re¬
marked that he continued fome time filent. The found dire&ed him to judge, of the dimenfions of the room,
and the different voices of the number of perfons that were preftnt. His diftindlion in thefe refpe&s was very
accurate-; and his memory fo retentive, that he feldom was miftaken. I have known him inftantly recognize a
perfon, on firft hearing him fpeak, though more than two years had elapftd fince the time of their laft meeting.
B L I
perceived nor rewarded by an
' man nature fhould forget to recognize its own excel¬
lence fo nobly difplayed in inftances of this kind; yet
befides the enjoyments refilling from a fublime and
comprehenfive underftanding, befides the immortal and
jnexhauftible fources of delight which are the peculiar
portion of a felf-approving mind, thefe happy pupils
and favourites of Nature are as it were indulged with
her perfonal intercourfe. They become more inti¬
mately acquainted with her laws, till by exploring the
beneficence of her ceconomy, the fnblimity of her ends,
the regularity of her procedure, and the beauties of
her frame, they imbibe the fpirit, and feel the prefence,
of her glorious Author :
By fwift degrees the love of nature works,
And warms the bofom; till at laft, fublim’d
To rapture and enthufiaftic heat,
We feel the prefent deity, and tafle
The joys of God to fee a happy world.
Thomson.
[counts of Much labour has been beftowed to inveftigate, both
effe&soffrom reafon a priori and from experiment, what might
overed the primary effe&s of light and luminous objects
H upon fuch as have been born blind, or early deprived
been fight, if at a maturer period they fhould inflantane-
blind, oufly recover their vifual powers. But upon this topic
lertain. there is much reafon to tear, that nothing fatisfaftory
has yet been faid. The fallacy ®f hypothefis and con-
jefture, when formed a priori with refpeft to any or¬
gan of corporeal fenfation and its proper objeft, is too
obvious to demand illuftration. But from the'nature
m
[ 287 ] B L I
feeling world, if hu- the circumftances of its appearance are diverfified, would BlimL
be a projeft worthy of philofophy in a delirium. Nay, v ‘
even the difeovefies which are faid to accrue from ex¬
periment, may Hill be held as exremely doubtful and
fufpicious ; becaufe in thefe experiments it does not
appear to have been afeertained, that the organs to
which vifible objects were prefented immediately after
chirurgical operations, could be in a proper ftate to
perceive them. Yet after all, it is extremely probable,
that figure, diflance, and magnitude, are not immediate
objects of ocular fenfation, but acquired and adjufted
by long and reiterated experience (d). There are,
however, many defiderata, which the perceptions of a .
man born blind might confiderably illuftrate, if his
rnftruments of vifion were in a right ftate, and af-
fitled by a proper medium. Such a perfon might per¬
haps give a clearer account, why obje&s, whole pic¬
tures are inverted upon the retina of the eye, fhould
appear to the mind in their real pofitions ; or why,
though each particular objedt is painted upon the re¬
tina i>f both our eyes, it fhould only be perceived as
Angle. Perhaps, too, this new fpe&ator of vifible na¬
ture might equally amufe our curiofity and improve our
theory, by attempting„to deferibe his earlieft fenfations
of colour, and its original effects upon his organ and
his fancy. But, as we have already hinted, it is far
from being certain, that trials of this kind have ever
been fairly made. Such readers as may wifh to fee a
more minute detail of thefe queftions, may confult M.
Diderot’s Lett re fur les aveugles, a I’ufage de eeux qui Diderot"*
voyent: “ A letter concerning the blind for the ufe of Works,
thofe who fee.” To thefe may be added, Mr Chcfel-
den’s Anatomy> and Locke’s EjJ'ay on the human under-
of the eye, and the mediums of its perception, 10 at¬
tempt an invelligation of the various and multiform ftanding.
phenomena of viiion, or even of the varieties of which When we ruminate on the numberlefs advantages
every particular phenomenon is fufceplible according as derived from the ufe of fight, and its immenfe import-
He determined pretty nearly the ftature of thofe he was fpeaking with by the dire&ion of their voices; and he
made tolerable conjeftures refpe&ing their tempers and difpofitions, by the manner in which they conduced
their converfation.
“ It muft be obferved, that this gentleman’s eyes were not totally infenfible to intenfe light. The rays re*
fradted through a prifm, when fufficiendy vivid, produced certain diftinguifhable effects on them. The red
gave him a difagreeable fenfation, which he compared to the touch of a faw. As the colours declined in vio¬
lence, the harfhnefs leflened, until the green afforded a fenfation that was highly pleating to him, and which
he deferibed as conveying an idea fimilar to what he felt in running his hand over fmooth polifhed furfacesv
Pclifhed furfaces, meandering ftreams, and gentle declivities, were the figures by which he expreffed his ideas of
beauty : Rugged rocks, irregular points, and boifterous elements, furnifhed him with exprefiions for terror and
difgult. He excelled in the charms of converfation ; was happy in his allufions to vifual objects; and difeourfed
on the nature, compofition, and beauty of colours, with pertinence and precifion.
“ Doritor Moyes was a flriking ibffianee of che power the human foul poffeffes of finding refources of fa-
tisfa&ion, even under the molt rigorous calamities. Though involved * in ever during darknefs,’ and ex¬
cluded from the charming views of filent er animated nature; though dependent on an undertaking for the*
means of his fubfiftenee, thefuccefs of which was very precarious; in fllort, though deftitute of other fupport
than his genius, and under the mercenary protection of a perfon whofe integrity he fufpeCted, ftill Dr Moyes-
was generally c{tearful, and apparently happy. Indeed it muft afford much pleafure to the feeling heart to ob*
ferve thin hilarity of temper prevail almoft univerfally with the blind. Though •* cut off from the ways of men,
and. the contemplation of the human face divine,’ they have this confolation; they are exempt from the dii-
cernment and contagious influence of thofe painful emotions of the foul that are vifible on the countenance, and
which hypoerrfy itfelf can fearcely conceal. This difpolition likewife may be confidered as an internal evidence'
of the native worth of the human mind, that thus fupports its dignity' and cheaifulnefa under Oiie of the fevered
misfortunes that can pofiibly befal us.”
(n) The gentleman couched by Mr Chefelden, had no idea of diftance ; but thought that all the obje&s he:
faw, touched his eyes, as what he felt did his fkin. It was alfo a confiderable time before he could remember
which was. the cat and w hich the dog, though often informed, without! firft feeling thertu
B L I
[ 288 ]
B L I
Blind, ance, in extending the human capacity, or in improving
'■““'v—and cultivating every faculty and every fundtion of the
mind, tve might be ftrongly tempted to doubt the fi¬
delity of thofe reports which we have heard concern¬
ing filch perfons as, without the affiftance of light,
have arrived at high degrees of eminence even in thofe
fciences which appear abfolutely unattainable but by
the interpofition of external mediums. It has, how¬
ever, been demonftrated by a late ingenious author,
that blind men, by proper inftruction, are fufceptible
almoft of every idea, and of every truth which can be
impreffed on the mind by the mediation of light and
| See Dr colours, except the fenfations of light and colours them-
Rcid's /«?a*-.felves f.
ry^into the Yet there is one phenomenon of this kind which
feems to have efcaped the attention of that great philo-
chap/vi. fopher, and for which no author either of this or any
§ 2. former period has been able to offer any tolerable ac¬
count. Still, however, it feems to merit the attention
Howthe 3 philofopher. For though we fhould admit, that
klind catch the blind can underftand with great perfpicacity all the
the enthufi- phenomena of light and colours ; though it were al-
afminfpiredjowed} that Jn thefe fubje&s they might extend their
percep-3 fpeculations beyond their inllruftions, and inveftigate
tions, a p.r-the mechanical principles of optics by the mere force
radox. of genius and application, from the data which they
had already obtained; yet it will be difficult, if not
impoffible, to affign any re*fon why thefe objefts ffiould
be more interefting to a blind man than any other ab-
ftra£I truths whatever. It is poffible for the blind, by
a retentive memory, to tell you, That the fey is an
azure ; that the fun, moon, and ftars, are bright; that
the rofe is red, the lily white or yellow, and the tulip
variegated. By continually hearing thefe fubftantives
and adje&ives joined, he may be mechanically taught
to join them in the fame manner: but as he never had
any fenfation of colour, however accurately he may
fpeak of coloured objefts, his language muff be like
that of a parrot; without meaning, or without ideas.
Homer, Milton, and Offian, had been long acquainted
with the vifible world before they were furrounded
with clouds and ever-during darknefs. They might,
therefore, ftill retain the warm and pleafing impreffions
of what they had feen. Their deferiptions might be
animated with all the rapture and enthufiafm which ori¬
ginally fired their bofoms when the grand or delightful
objects which they delineated were immediately beheld.
Nay, that enthufiafm might ftill be heightened by a
bitter fenfe of their lofs, and by that regret which a fi-
tuation fo difmal might naturally infpire. But how
ffiall we account for the fame energy, the fame tranfport
of defeription, exhibited by thofe on whofe minds vi¬
fible objefts were either never impreffed, or have been
entirely obliterated ? Yet, however unaccountable this
fa& may appear, it is no lefs certain than extraordinary.
But delicacy and other particular circumftanpes forbid
us to enter into this difquifition with that minutenefs
and precifion which it requires. We only mention the
fa<ft as one amongft the few refources for entertainment,
and avenues to reputation, which are ftill referved for
the blind. Whoever thinks the fubjedt of fufficient
confequence to merit a nicer ferutiny, may confult the
N048.
Preface to Black lock’s Poems, written by G. G. Efq.
and printed at Edinburgh 1754; or the account of his
life and writings by the Rev. Mr Spence, prefixed to
a quarto edition of his poems publifhed at London in
I756-.
It is hoped, however, that we ftiall not be fufgedled
of partiality for inferting a character of the fame author
by one who was a foreigner, a ftranger to his perfon,
and prepoffeffed in his favour by his works alone.
“ Blacklock will appear to pofterity a fabulous cha¬
racter: even now he is a prodigy. It will be thought
a fiCtion and a paradox, that a man quite blind fince
he was three years old (f), befides having made him-
felf fo good a mafter of various languages, of Greek,
Latin, Italian, and French, ftiould alfo be a great
poet in his own ; and without hardly ever having
feen the light, fhould be fo remarkably happy in de- .
fcriptjonf’ ,
It is impoffible to enter into a detail of particularsf0 f ia
with refpeCt to the education of the blind. Thefe muft teratu
be left to be determined by the genius, the capacity, chaP.
the circumftances, of thofe to whom the general rules ^
which may be given fhould be applied. Much there- of the edj
fore muft depend on their fortunes, much on their tern-cation of
per and genius; for unlefs .thefe particulars wereblinf
known, every anfwer which could be given to queftions
of this kind muft be extremely general, and of confe¬
quence extremely fuperficial. Befides, the talk is fo
much more arduous, becaufe whoever attempts it can
expeft to derive no affiftance from thofe who have writ¬
ten on education before him : And though the blind
have excelled in more than one fcience; yet, except in
the cafe of Saunderfon, profeffor of mathematics in the
univerfity of Cambridge, concerning wffiom we fhall
afterwards have occafion to fpeak, it does not appear,
that any of them have been conduced to that degree
of eminence, at which they arrived, upon a premedi¬
tated plan. One fhould rather imagine, that they have
been led through the general courfe and ordinary forms
of difeipline ; and that, if any circumftances were fa¬
vourable to their genius, they rather proceeded from
accident than defign.
This faft, if not fupported by irrefragable evidence,
fhould, for the honour of human nature, have been fup-
preffed. When contemplated by a man of benevolence
and underftanding, it is not eafy to guefs whether his
mortification or aftonifhment would be moft fenfibly felt.
If a heart-that glows with real philanthropy muft feel
for the whole vital creation, and become, in fome
meafure, the fenforium of every fuffering infeft or
reptile ; how muft our fympathy increafe in tendernefs
and force, when the diftreffed individuals of our own
fpecies become its pbjedls? Nor do the blind bear fo
fmall a proportion to the whole community, as, even
in a political view, to be negletted. But in this, as in
every other political crime, the punifhment returns up- -
on the fociety in which it is committed. Thofe aban¬
doned and unimproved beings, who, under the influ¬
ence of proper culture and difeipline, might have fuc-
cefsfully concurred in producing and augmenting the
general welfare, become the nuifances and burdens of
thofe very focieties who have negle&ed them.
There
(e) The author is here miftaken : Dr Blacklock only faw the light for five months.
B L I [2
There is perhaps no rank of beings in the fenfible
J univerfe, who have fuffered from nature or accident,
more meritorious of public compaffion, or better qua¬
lified to repay its generous exertions, than the blind.
They are meritorious of compaffion ; for their fphere
of adlion and cbfervation is infinitely more limited than
'> that of the deaf, the lame, or of thofe who labour un¬
der any other corporeal infirmity cohfiftent with health.
They are better qualified to repay any friendly inter-
pofitionfor their happinefs ; becaufe, free from the di-
llradtion which attends that multiplicity of objects and
purfuits that are continually obvious to the %ht,.
they are more attentive to their own internal oeconomy,
to the particular notices of good and evil impreffed on
their hearts, and to that peculiar province in which
they are circumfcribed by the nature and cultivation
of their powers.
It will eafily occur to the reader, that, if the pupil
fiiould not be placed in eafy circumftances, mufic is his
readiefi and molt probable refource. Civil and eccle-
fiaftical employments have either fomething in their
own nature, or in the invincible prejudices of mankind,
which renders them almoft entirely inacceflible to thofe
who have loft the ufe of fight. No liberal and culti¬
vated mind can entertain the leaft helitation in conclu¬
ding, that there is nothing, either in the nature of
things, or even in the pofitive inftitutions of genuine
religion, repugnant to the idea of a blind clergyman.
But the novelty of the phenomenon, while it aftonifhes
vulgar and contrafted underflandings, inflames their
zeal to rage and madnefs. ' Befides, the adventitious
trappings and ceremonies affumed by fome churches as
the drapery of religion, would, according to thefe fy-
ftems, render the facerdotal office painful, if not im-
pra&icable, to the blind.
0- We have, fome years ago,read of a blind gentleman*,
defcended from the fame family with the celebrated lord
Verulam, who, in the city of Bruflels,, was with high
approbation created doctor of law's; fince that period
we have been honoured with his correfpondence. He
was deprived of fight at nine years of age by an arrow
from a crofs-bow whilft he v'as attempting to fhoot it.
When he had recovered his health, which had fuffered
by the (hock, he purfued the fame plan of education in
which he had been engaged: and having heard that
one Nicafms de Vourde, born blind, who lived towards
the end of the 15th century, after having diftinguiflied
himfelf by his ftudies in the univerfity of Lovain, took
his degree as doftor of divinity in the univerfity of Co*
logne ; this motive prevailed with him to make the
fame attempt. But the public, curfed with prejudices
For which the meaneft fenfitive nature might blufli, pre*
judices equally beneath the brutality and-ignorance of
the loweft animal-inftinft, treated his intention with ri¬
dicule : even the profeffors were not far from being of
that fentiment; and they admitted him into their
fchools, rather from an impreffion that it might amufe
him, than become of any ufe to him. He had the good
fortune, however, contrary to their expectations, to
obtain the firft places among his condifciples. It was
then faid, that fuch rapid advances might be made in
the preliminary branches of his education ; but would
foon be effectually checked by ftudies of a more pro¬
found and abftrafted nature. This, it feems, was re¬
peated from fchool to fchool, through the whole qlimax
Vol. III. Part I.
89 ] B L I
of his purfuits ; and when, in the courfe of academical Blind,
learning, it became neceflary to ftudy poetry, it was the
general voice that all was over, and that at length he
had reached his tie plus ultra. But here he like wife
confronted their prepoffeffions, and taught them the im-
menfe difference between blindnefs of body and blind-
nefs of foul. After continuing his ftudies in learning
and philofophy for two years more, he applied himfelf
. to law, took his degree in that fcience, commenced
pleading counfellor or advocate in the council of Bra¬
bant, and has had the pleafure of terminating almoft
every fuit in which he has been engaged to the fatis-
fadlion of his clients. '* i3
Had it not been for a faft fo ftriking and fo wellLaw
authenticated, though there could have been no doubt
that a blind-man might difeharge the office of a cham-fibiej for
ber-counfel with fuccefs ; yet, as a barrifter, his dif-the blind.
Acuities mult have appeared more formidable, if not
abfolutely infuperable. For he ftiould remember all
the fources, whether in natural equity or pofitive infti¬
tutions, whether in common or ftatutory law, from
whence his argument ought to be drawn. He muft
be able to fpecify, and to arrange in their proper or¬
der, all the material objections of his antagonifts ;
thefe he muft hkewife anfwer as they were propofed,
extempore.
When, therefore, it is confidered how difficult it is
to temper the natural affociations of memory with the
artificial arrangement's of judgment, the defultory flights
of imagination with the calm and regular deductions
of reafon, the energy and perturbation of paffion with
the coolnefs and tranquillity of deliberation; fome idea
may be formed of the arduous talk which every blind
man muft atchieve, who undertakes to purfue the law
as a profeffion. Perhaps affiftances might be drawn
from Cicero’s treatife on Topics and on Invention $
which if happily applied and improved, might lefftn
the difparity of a blind man to others, but could fcarcely
place him on an equal footing with his brethren. And
it ought to be fixed as an inviolable maxim, that no
blind man ought ever to engage in any province in
which it is not in his power to excel. This may at firft I9
fight appear paradoxical; but it is eafily explained. For The blind,
the Confcioufnefs of the obvious advantages poffeffed naturally
by other s, habitually predifpofes a blind man to defpon-
dency ; and if he ever gives way to defpair (which he cy^lhonlt*
will be top apt to do when purfuing any acquifition be ftimula-
vvhere others have a better chance of fuccefs than him-ted by the
felf), adieu, for ever adieu, to all proficiency. His
foul finks into irretrievable depreffion ; his abortive excdleuce.
attempts inceffantly prey upon his fpirit; and he
not only lofes that vigour and elafticity of mind
which are neceffary to carry him through life, but
that patience and ferenity which alone can qualify him
to enjoy it. 20
In this recapitulation of the learned profeffions, we Thyfic pe
have intentionally omitted phyfic ; becaufe the ob- haps im-1
•ftacles which a blind man muft encounter, whether
in the theory or praftice ;of that art, will be moretothe
eafily conceived by our readers than deferibed in de¬
tail. From this, therefore, let us pafs to more gene¬
ral fubjefts.
It has been formerly hinted, that the blind were
obje&s of cotnpafiion, becaufe their fpheres of a&ion
and obfervation were limited : and this is certainly true.
O o For
B L I [ 290 ] B L I
Blind. For what is human exiftence, in its prefect ftate, if lofe a little blood, or even break a bone, than be per-
y——Y—J you deprive it of a&ion and contemplation ? Nothing petually confined to the fame place, debilitated in his
l/>en remains but the diftin&ion which we derive from frame, and deprefied in his mind. Such a being can
form or from fenfitive and locomotive powers. But have no employment but to feel his own weaknefs, and
for thefe, unlefs direfted to happier ends by fuperior become his own tormentor ; or to transfer to others
faculties, few rational beings would, in our opinion, be all the malignity and peeviihnefs arifing from the na-
grateful. The moft important view, therefore, which tural, adventitious, or imaginary evils which he feels,
we can,entertain in the education of a perfon deprived Scars, fra&ures, and diflocations in his body, are trivial
of fight, is to redrefs as effectually as poffible the na- misfortunes compared with imbecility, timidity, or fret-
tural difadvantages with which he is encumbered ; or, fulnefs of mind. Befides the fenfible and dreadful ef-
in other words, to enlarge as far as poffible the fphere fefts which inactivity muft have in relaxing the nerves
of his knowledge and adtivity. This can only be done and confequently in depreffing the fpirits, nothing can
by the improvement of his intellectual, imaginative, be more productive of jealoufy, envy, peevifhnefs, and
or mechanical, powers; and which of thefe ought to be every paffion that corrode^ the foul to agony, than a
2, moil affiduoufly cultivated, the genius of every indivi- painful impreffion of dependence on others, and of our
Too much dual alone can determine. Were men to judge of things infufficiency for our own happinefs. This impreffion,
•ofrenexpec-by their intrinfib natures, lefs would be expected from which, even in his moft improved ftate, will be too
the blind t^e t^ian Others. But, by fome pernicious and deeply felt by every blind man, is redoubled by that
unaccountable prejudice, people generally hope to find utter incapacity of aCtion which muft refult from the
them either pofteffed of preternatural talents, or more officious humanity of thofe who would anticipate or
attentive to thofe which they have than others: For it fupply all his wants, who would prevent all his motions,
was not Rochefter’s opinion alone.
That if one fenfe ffiould be fupprefs’d,
It but retires into the reft.
ho would do or procure every thing for him without
his own interpofition. It is the courfe of nature, that
blind people, as well as others, ftiould furvive their pa¬
rents; or, it may happen, that they ffiould likewifefur-
Henee it unluckily happens, that blind men, who vive thqfe who, by the ties of blood and nature, are
in common life are too often regarded as rareffiows, more immediately interefted in their happinefs than the
when they do not gratify the extravagant expectations reft of mankind. When, therefore, they fall into the
of their fpeftators, too frequently fink in the general o- hands of the world in general, fuch exigences as they
pinion, and appear much lefs confiderablg and merito- themfelves cannot redrefs will be but coldly and lan-
rious than they really are. This general diffidence of guidly fupplied by others. Their expectations will be
their powers at once deprives them both of opportunity high and frequent,'their difappointments many and fen-
and fpirit to exert themfelves; artd they defeend, at fible ; their petitions will often be refufed, feldom fully
laft, to that degree of infignificance in which the pub- gratified ; and, even when granted, the conceffion will
lie eftimate has fixed them. From the original dawn- be fo ungraceful, as to render its want infinitely more
ing, therefore, of reafon and fpirit, the parents and tolerable than its fruition. For all thefe reafons, we
tutors of the blind ought to inculcate this maxim, That repeat it once more (becaufe it can never be too fre-
it is their indifpenfable duty to excel, and that it is ab- quently reiterated), that, in the formation of a blind
folutely in their power to attain a high degree of emi- man, it is infinitely better to direft than fuperfede his
^    nence. To imprefs this notion on their minds, the firft own exertions. From, the time that he can move,and-
neither be- objeCts prefen ted to their obfervation, and the firft me- feel, let him be taught to fupply his own exigences; to-
difficult thods of improvement applied to their underftanding, drefs and feed himfelf; to run from place to place, ei~
ought, with no great difficulty, to be comprehenfible ther for exercife, dr in purfuit of his own toys or ne-
by thofe internal powers and externalTenfes which they ceffaries.
poflefs. Not that improvement ffiould be rendered In thefe excurfions, however, it will be highly pro-
quite eafy to them, if fuch a plan were poffible : For per for his parent or tutor to fuperintend his motions
all difficulties, which are not really or apparently in- at a diftance, without feeming to watch over him. A
fuperable, heighten the charms and enhance the value vigilance too apparent, may imprefs him with a notion
of thofe acquifitions which they feem to retard. But that malignity or fome other felfiffi motive may have
care ffiould be taken that thefe difficulties be not mag- produced it. When dangers are obvious and great,
nified or exaggerated by imagination ; for it has be- fuch as we incur by rivers, precipices, See. thofe who
fore been mentioned, that the blind have a painful fenfe are entrufted with the blind will find it neither neceftary
of their own incapacity, and confequently a ftrong nor expedient to make their vigilance a fecret. They
propenfity to defpair continually awake in their minds, ought then to acquaintjffieir pupil, that they are pre-
Thepowers F°r this reafon, parents and relations ought never to fent with him and to interpofe for his prefervation,.
of aftion be too ready in offering their affiftance to the blind whenever his temerity renders it neceflary. But ob-
poileffed by ;n any 0ffiCe which they can perform, or in any ac- jefts of a nature lefs noxious, which may give him fome
fhouMne which they can procure for themfelves, whe- pain without any permanent injury or mutilation,
verbefu- ther they are prompted by amufement or neceffity. may with defign be thrown in his way;, providing,
perfeded. Let a blind boy be permitted to walk through the however, that this defign be always induftrioufly con-
neighbourhood without a guide, not only though he cealed. For his own experience of their bad effe<fts
ffiould run fome hazard, but even though, he ffiould will be an infinitely more eloquent and fenfible moni-
fuffer fome pain. tor, than the abftraft and frigid counfels of any advi-
Khe has a mechanical turn, let him not be denied fer whatever,
the ufe of edge-tools ; for it is better that he ffiould When the volatile feafon of puerile amufement is
expired*
The ele¬
ments of
education
for the ■
biindilioiild nence'
eafy.
Exercifes
fuitable to
the blind.
B L I [ 291 ] B L I
expired, and the impetuods hurry of animal-fpirits boards; not with nails, but Itaples, and curved in a
1 fubiides, through the whole demeanour of his pupil the fpiral or ferpentine form, each confiding of feven fpires
tutor will probably obferve a more fenfible degree of or volumina. The volumina are formed in fuch a
^tiding on
timidity and precaution, and his activity will then re¬
quire to be ftimulated more than reftrained. In this
crifis, exercife will be found requifite, rather to pre¬
serve health, and facilitate the vital funftions, than
merely for recreation. Of all the different kinds of
I horfcbatk. exercife, riding, not in a machine, but on horfeback,
is by far the moft eligible, and mod productive of its
end. On thefe occafions, however, care mud be ta¬
ken that the horfes employed may neither be capricious
nor unmanagable 5 for on the manfuetude of the crea¬
ture which he rides, not only his fafety, but his con¬
fidence, will entirely depend. In thefe expeditions,
whether longor fhort, his companion or attendant ought
condantly to be with him ; and the horfe fhould always
either be taught implicitly to follow its guide, or be
condufted by a leading rein befides.the bridle which
he himfelf holds. Next to this mode of exercife, is
walking. If the conditution of theblind boy be tolerably
til weathers robud, let him be taught to endure every viciffitude of
^that are to- weather which the human fpecies can bear with impunity.
For if hehas been bred with toomuch delicacy,particular
accidents may fuperfede all his former fcruples, and fub-
ject him to the neceffity of fuffering what will not only be
fevere in its immediate fenfation, but dangerous in its
future confequences. Yet, when the cold is fo intenfe,
or the elements/fo tempeduous, as to render air and
manner, that one of them can pafs through another,
and thus give the fprings full play in rifing or defeend-
ing. The lowed bottom or bafis of the whole is pro-
tended about four inches ; which aflids you to mount
the feat with more facility, and ferves as a fupport for
your feet when you ride. This operation is perform¬
ed by alternately depreffing or raifing yourfelf upon
the feat, fo that the fprings yielding to your weight
as you defeend, and refiding as you rife, may give you
a motion like that of the deal above deferibed, but
more violent, more rapid, and confequently more falu-
tary. The whole frame of the feat is furrounded wjth
leather, having different apertures to admit or ejeft
the air occaiioned by the motion. Thefe general hints
are fufficient to give any ingenious artifan an idea of
the nature and ftructure of the machine, which he may
alter or improve as conveniency ftrall dictate.
To thefe modes of dorrredic exercife may be added
that of a fwing, which is formed by a tope fufpended
from two ferews, which ought to be drongly fixed, at
proper didances, in the joids of a capacious chamber,
with a board and a cudrion for a feat, and cords fa¬
ttened behind and before, led the impetuofity of the
motion fhould drake the patient out of his pofition. But
this indrument of health is fo often formed by chil¬
dren for their amufement, and depends fo much upon
exercife abroad imprafticable, there are methods of the form and extent of the area where it vibrates, that
domedic exercife, which, though not equally falutary,
may dill be eligible ; fuch as dumb-bells, or the bath-
Pumb-bells chain The fird of thefe are made of lead, confiding
of a cylinder, the middle of which may either be recti¬
lineal or arcuated for the conveniency of holding, and
terminates at each end in a femiglobular mafs. Their
a more minute detail of its nature and office would
here be unneceflary.
His meals fhould be temperate, his diet light and Diet,
of eafy digedion. If the tone of his domach be vi¬
gorous, vegetables fhould be preferred to animal-food,
particularly thofe vegetables which are mod farinaceous
39
weight fhould be conformed to the drength and age of and lead acefcent. Fermented liquors and ardent fpi-
the perfon who ufes them. The method of employing
them is to take one in each hand, and fwing them
backwards and forwards over his head, deferibing a
figure fomewhat like a parabola. This not only
drengthens the arms, and opens the ched, but pro¬
lath-chair. motes the circulation of the fluids. The bath-chair is
a deal of 12 feet in length, as free from knots and as
eladic' as poffible, fupported by a fulcrum at each end,
upon which may he placed two rolling cylinders to
give it greater play ; when feated upon this, by alter-
rits fhould never be given him but to gratify the real
-demands of exhauded nature : for though they exhi¬
larate the fpirits, they at the fame time corrode the
veffels and relax the nerves; a misfortune doubly per¬
nicious to fedentary life. The fa fed and mod \yhole-
fome beverages are milk and water. If he fhould be
tired with thefe, he may be indulged with the variety
of chocolate, balm, fage, or ground-ivy. Coffee may
fometimes be taken with impunity ; but tea fhould be
interdi&ed with inflexible feverity ; for no vegetable
nately depreffing it with his own weight, and fuffering juice under heaven is more noxious to fedentary peo-
it to return to its natural fituation, he gives himfelf a
motion, though‘not equal in its energy, yet fomewhat
refembling the trot of a horfe. There are other eladic
feats of the fame kind condrufted with deel fprings,
but one of this Ample fabrication may anfwer the pur-
pofe.
The fpring deal here recommended by the author.
was preferred, as being fuitable to the blind in all greater-
pie. Let him alfo, for fimilar reafons, be prohibited
the ufe of tobacco in all its forms. In the obfer-
vations of diet and exercife, let him neither be me¬
chanically regular, nor entirely excentric. In the
one cafe, he will be a Have to habit, which may
create fome inconvenience; in the other, he will form
no habits at all, which may dill be productive of
fpheres or conditions of life ; but he has lince been
taught by experience, in a valetudinary date, that the
eladic chair is of infinitely greater utility. It confids
■of three falfe bottoms, and one real, which is the bafis
of the whole. The lowed is by far the mod exteirfive.
The highed is duffed to render it an eafy feat, and
covered with plulh, baize, or duffle. Between each of
the falfe bottoms, at either end, behind and before,
*re placed deel fprings, fixed above and below to the
We have more than once hinted, during the courfe Lowipuks.
of this article, that the blind, as liable to all the incon¬
veniences of fedentary life, are peculiarly fubjeCted
to that diforder which, may be called tedium vita or
low fpirits. This indifpofition may be faid to com¬
prehend in it all the other difeafes and evils of human
life; becaufe, by its immediate influence on the mind,
it aggravates the weight and bitternefs of every cala¬
mity to which we are obnoxious. In a private letter,
O 0 2 vie.
B L I [ 292 ] B L I
we have heard it defcribed as a formidable precipice, mind ftrongly and naturally revolts. She fliould there- Bli
in the regions of mifery, between the awful gulfs of fore be rather allured to wifdom and virtue, by rational '“““v
fuicide on the one hand and phrenzy on the other; motives and gentle methods, than by cruel menaces
into either of which, a gentle breeze, according to the apd ftern commands. Thofe who are afflidted with
force of its impulfe and the line of its direction, may low fpirits may be faid to be doubly unfortunate ; for
irrecoverably plunge the unhappy victim ; yet from they have not only their own internal fufferings tofu-
both of which he may providentially efcape. Though ftain, but the contempt and ridicule of a thoughtlefs
the fhades of the metaphor may, perhaps, be unnatu- and unfeeling world, by whom their complaints are
rally deepened, yet thofe who have felt the, force of thought to be imaginary, and their depreffion affedted.
tire malady will not fail to reprefent it by the mod; Should the farcaitic or fceptical reader apologize for
dreadful images which its own feelings can fugged, his want of humanity, by afking in what thefe inter-
Parent^ and tutors therefore, if they have the lead pre- nal fufferings confijt, it wilt be eafy to give him a clear
tence to confcience or humanity, cannot be too care- and folid anfwer: TL hey arife from a fevere and acute
ful in obferving and obviating the fird fymptoms of feeling of nature’s incapacity to difcharge the vital
this impending plague. If the limbs of your blind fundkions with tolerable eafe; from the (harp and con-
child or pupil be tremulous ; if he is apt to dart, and dant irritation inflidled on the domach and lower in-
eafdy fufceptible of furprife ; if he finds it difficult to tedines by every thing not fweet or infipid ‘that paffes
deep if his flumbers, when commenced, are frequent- through them ; and from a degree of fenfibility too
ly interrupted, and attended with perturbation ; if his exquifite for the precarious and fludluating date of our
ordinary exercifes appear to him more terrible and nature : thefe are the vindidtive, inexorable demons
more infuperable than ufual ; if his appetites become that arm every thought with the dings of fcorpions,
languid and his digedion flow; if agreeable occur- and render the fenfe of exidence itfelf infupportable.
rences give him lefs pleafure, and adverfe events more We have heard of hypochondriacs who thought them-
pain than they ought to infpire ;—this is the crilis of felves made of glafs; and of others who believed their
vigorous interpofition. The regimen and exercife a- perfons grown to a fize fo enormous, that they could
bove prefcribed are the bed preventatives of this evil, not enter into any door : but it has never been our
and perhaps its bed remedies when unhappily incur- fortune to be perfonally acquainted with any of thefe
ted. But if the fymptoms ffiould efcape your atten- fantadics. Thofe with whom we have converfed
tion till the patient is aftually feized with the didem- were rather inclined to exaggerate real, than to create
per, you may then, according to. its depth and perma- imaginary, evils; rather to anticipate ghsomy poffibiii-
fiency, apply the cold bath, vitriolic acid, and Peruvi- ties, than to dwell upon improbable* or chimerical ca-
an bark. Magnefia alba will, from time to time, be tadrophies: the tender parent, therefore, or the faith-
found ufeful to lenify the fevere and corrofive acid ge- ful guardian, will beware of treating them with negledt
nerated in the domach ; it is preferable to chalk, to or levity. He will fuit his converfation, as much as-
crab’s eyes, or to any of the other abforbents, becaufe poffible, to the prefent tone of their feelings; he will
of its laxative tendency. The tin&ure or infufion of avoid all innovations in their management, except fuch
wild valerian, pills of afafoetida, and white mudard- as are abfolutely neceffary for their cure,
feed, are likewife prefcribed. Care ffiould be taken Be careful never to reafon nor expodulate with your
that the patient may never be fuffered to remain co- patient on the nature of his malady. Tell him not
dive, otherwife the funftion of digedion will be impe- that his uneafy feelings, far from being real, are the
dyd. Gentle cathartics ffiould therefore be adminider- fiftitious impofitions of a depraved fancy. His difa-
ed; but with caution, that their operation may clear greeable fenfations will be more than fufficient to de-
the bowels without weakening nature. Emetics may mondrate the falfehpod of your affertions: thus your
fometimes give the patient a temporary relief, by ex- argumentative and perfuafive powers will not only be
erting and bracing the fibres of the domach ; but if exerted in vain, but may confiderably retard,, if not
ufed too frequently, they will have a contrary effedt: finally prevent, his recovery ; and may leave fuch in-
previous to the ufe of hark, however, they ffiould al- delible prepoffcffions againd you, in his mind, as no
ways be taken to prepare the veffel for its reception, length of time, no viciffitudes of life, will ever be able
The fymptoms above enumerated would feem to indi- to efface. Opium has alfo been recommended ; but
cate the origin of the didemper from extreme weak- excepting defpeiate cafes, it will be found a fallacious
aefs or relaxation of nerves: that relaxation may be and dangerous remedy:—fallacious, becaufe the eafe
caufed by fevere and intemperate thought; by fupine it gives is only temporary, and infallibly fucceeded by
indolence; by exceffive or habitual drinking; and above ffiarper paroxifms :—dangerous, becaufe it may be ren¬
al!, by venereal gratifications prematurely and frequent- dered habitual, and fubjeft the patient to unmixed
ly indulged, by which the approaches of this evil are torment when omitted. Though we have already in-
accelerated, its continuance infured, and its poignancy culcated a regimen and exereife which, appeared pro-
augmented. Parents and tutors, therefore, as they per for the blind in general, and not incompatible with
value the welfare of their charge, and would anfwer peculiar fituations, it ftill feems neceffary to add a
to God for their conduff, ffiould be fcrupuloufly care- few refults of pairfful experience upon thefe fubjefts*
ful to obferve when any of thefe illegitimate propenfi- as being particularly conducive to the prefent eafe and
ties inflame the youthful mind, to check, or rather future amendment of fuch as labour under the difeafes
elude them ; not fo much by fevere reprehenfion and now in queftion. And firft, let it be obferved, that
folemn interdift, as by endeavouring to preoccupy the animal food is their proper nutriment, as being of ea-
foul, and engage the intention with other favourite a- lieft digeftion ; better too, if well done upon the fpit.
roufements. Againlt every ait of arbitrary power, the of gridiron: for inftead of being allowed to imbibe
adventitious.
rial e XCYIII.
B L I L 293 ] B L I
fcllnd. adventitious fluids, it fliould be as much as pofiible
' drained of its own ; neither fhould it be too fat: beef,
mutton, or fowls, arrived at maturity, give the ftomach
lead labour; veal, lamb, chickens, and every other
kind, of young meat, anfwer the purpofes of nature
with more difficulty, as the parts are not only too fuc-
culent, but prevented by their foftnefs and lubricity
from acting forcibly one upon another to facilitate the
efforts of the ftomach in digeilion. Of all vegetable
fubftances, white bread is perhaps the only ingredient
which they can eat with the greateft impunity ; and
even this would ftill be fafer were the pafte formed
with as little water as poffible, and prepared without
fermentation. Whether eggs are vegetable or animal
fubftances, let phyficians determine ; but this we know,
that by people in low fpirits they may be eaten, even
at fupper, with great impunity. Every other herb or
root is not only extremely flatulent, but produftive of
that ftiarp and intenfe acid for which we have former¬
ly prefcribed magnefia.as the beft remedy. Patients
of this defcription fhould rather be frequent than li¬
beral in their meals, and fcrupuloufly careful of all
heterogeneous mixture. Their molt eligible beverage,
except Ample water, if they can afford it, is port
wine, as being leaft, convertible into that poignant
fluid : porter likewife, if not ftale, may, by its ftrength
and bitternefs, affift the adtion of the ftomach. Nei¬
ther of thefe fermented liquors fhould be taken in large
quantities at once : let the clamours of nature be fatis-
fied, and no more ; for if the fpirits are unnaturally e-
lated, they will be certain to Ank proportioniibly when
the ftimulus ceafes to operate. The moderate ufe of
genuine rum or brandy, properly diluted, when the
other liquors cannot be had, may be productive of
good effeCls, but fhould never be ufed at or near na¬
tural periods of repofe ; becaufe, even when diluted,,
they bccaAon a febrieity or pyrexia, incompatible with
found and refrefhing fleep. Care fhould likewife be
taken that the patient may never be too much warm¬
ed, either by cloaths or exercife, efpecially when in
bed. Exertions of body, particularly in the open air,
are indifpenfably neceffary for promoting digeftion
and acquiring ftrength; but fhould never be carried to
fatigue. The mind fhould likewife be diverted from
attention to itfelf and its diforder, by reading and
converfation. But there is an uncommon degree of
difcernment and delicacy requiAte in the topics, that
they may neither be too .cheerful nor too ferious, for
the ftate of the mind, when they are applied. Nei¬
ther let thefe injunctions be efteemed trivial: fuch little
attentions, uniformly and tenderly exerted for their fa-
tisfaCtion, will contribute in no fmall degree to their
prefent tranquillity, and of confequence to their fu¬
ture reftoration. We have thought it neceffary to
expatiate thus far, on a fubjeCt gloomy and forbidding
in itfelf, but of fufficient importance to demand par¬
ticular attention; and, beAdes, what we have laid may
not only be ufeful to the blind in particular, but ap¬
plicable to all thofe who labour under the fame depref-
Aon. It only remains to add, that the order, the pe¬
riods, and the quantities, in which the remedies above
enumerated fliould be applied, muft be determined by
wifdom and experience, or regulated by the advice of Blind,
a fkilful and vigilant phyfician. We are forry that ^ f
truth obliges us to acknowledge, that we have found
the faculty lefs intelligent in this difeafe, and lefs at¬
tentive to its various afpefts, than could be wifhed, or
than its malignity requires. 31
The natural curiofity of children renders them ex- Natura^l cu-
tremely and indefatigably inquiAtive. This difpoAtion e
is often peculiarly prevalent in the blind. Parents and when poffi-
tutors, therefore, fhould gratify it whenever their an- file; when
fwers can be intelligible to the pupil; when it is other- oiherwife,a
wile, let them candidly confefs the impoffibility or im-^^”10 8
propriety of anfwering his queftions. At this period, 6
if their hearts be tender and their powers inventive,
they may render his amufements the *ehicles, and his
toys the inAruments, of improvement: why, for in-
ftance, may not the centrifugal and centripetal forces
be illuftrated from the motion of a top, or the nature
and power of elafticity by the rebound of a ball. Thefe
hints may lead to others, which, if happily improved
and applied, may wonderfully facilitate the progrefs of
knowledge. Nor will the violence of exercife, and
the tumult of play, be produftive of fuch perils and
accidents as may be apprehended.
For the encouragement of fuch parents as choofe
to take thefe advices with regard to exercife, let us
inform them, that though, till the age of twenty,
fome blind perfons were on mofl occafions permit
ted to walk, to run, to play at large, they have yet
efcaped without any corporeal injury from thefe ex-
curAons.
Parents of middle, or of higher rank, who are fj;n<£
fo unfortunate as to have blind^children, ought, by allnn‘t t0
poffible means, to keep them out of vulgar company, indulged
The herd of mankind have a wanton malignity, which in promif-
eternally impels them to impofe upon the blind, andC!!ouscom''
to enjoy the painful Atuations in which thefe impo-^aDy’
Atkins place them. This is a ftri&ure upon the hu¬
manity of our fpecies, which nothing but the love of
truth and the dictates of benevolence could have extort-,
ed from us. But we (e) have known fome who have
fuffered fo much from this diabolical mirth in their
own perfons, that it is natural for us, by all the meana
in our power, to prevent others from becoming its
viclims.
Blind people have inAnitely more to fear from the
levity and ignorance, than from the felAffinefs and ill-
nature, of mankind. In ferious and important nego-
ciations, pride and compaffion fufpend the efforts of
knavery or fpleen ; and that very inArmity, which fo
frequently renders the blind defencelefs to the arts of
the inAdious, or to the attempts of malice, is a power¬
ful incentive to pity, which is capable of difarming'
fury itfelf. Villany, which frequently piques itfelF
more upon the arts by which it prevails, than upon the
advantages which it obtains, may often with contempt
rejedft the blind, as fubje&s beneath the dignity of its
operation ; but the ill-natured buffoon conAders the
molt malicious effe&s of his merriment as a mere jeft*
without refledting on the fhame or indignation which
they infpire when infli&ed on a fenAble temper.
But vulgar credulity and ignorance are no lefs dan¬
gerous
(F1 The author of thefe obfervations, though he choofes to exprefs himfelf in this manner,, is blincL
B L I [ 294
Blfn l. gijrous to thofe wlio want fight, than the falfe and me-
*' '* ^ 1 ' ‘ chanical wit fo univeifally ptaitifed in common life
Tli ^muft ^,K)VV> we fymPathetically feel, the ftrong propen
not'be'per- 1^ty every illiterate mind, to relate or to believe what
mitred 10 ever is marvellous and dreadful. Thefe impreffions
hear mar- wheh early imbibed, can fcarcely be eradicated by all
y^11.8 ®I1(1 the confpiring efforts of mature reafon and confirmed
tales1. U experience. Thofe philofophers who have attempted
34 to break the alliance between darknefs and fpedres,
The aflb- were certainly infpired by laudable motives. But they
between niu^ give us leave to affei t, that there is a. natural and
ilarknefsi cikntial connexion betwixt night and orcus. Were
and fpec- we endued with fenfes to advertife us of every noxious
tres found- object before its contiguity could render it formidable,
ed in na- our panjca WOuld probably be lefs frequent and feniible
than we really feel them. Darknefs and filence, there¬
fore, have fomething dreadful in them, becaufe they
fuperfede the vigilance of thole fenfes which give us
the earlielt notices of things. If you talk to a blind
bey of inviiible beings, let benevolence be an iufepa-
rable ingredient in their chara&er. 1 You may, if you
pleafe, tell him of departed fpirits, anxious for the wel¬
fare of their furviving friends; of miniltering angels,
who defcend with pleafure from heaven to execute the
purpofes of their Maker’s benignity; you may even
regale his imagination with the fpordve gambols and
innocent frolics of fairies; but let him hear as feldom
as.poffible, even in ftories which he knows to be fabu¬
lous, of vindiftive ghofts, vindictive fiends, or aven¬
ging furies. They feize and pre-occUpysevery avenue
of terror which is open in the foul; nor are they eafily
difpoffeffed. Sooner fhould we hope to exorcife a ghoft,
or appeafe a fury, than to obliterate their images in a
warm and fufceptible imagination, where they have
3-5 been habitually imprefled, and where thefe feelings
The me- cannot be difiipated by external phenomena. If hor-
]
B L I
thod of dif-
Tipatinsr the
rors of this kind Ihould agitate the heart of a blind
fear”of the" k°y Owhich may happen notwithllanding the moft
‘ " ‘ ftrenuous endeavours to prevent it), the ftories which
he-has heard will be moft effectually difcredited by ri-
di&ile. ; This, however, muft be cautioufly applied,
by gentle and delicate gradations. If he is infpired
on the memory, and gives them an influence in pra&ice Blind,
of which they could not otherwife have boafted. mr—
There are a fort of people in the world, whofe views
and education have been ftriCtly confined to one pro¬
vince, and whofe converfation is of confequence limited
and technical. Thefe, in literary intercourfe, or fa-
fhionable life, are treated with univerfal contempt, and
branded with the odious name of mere men of bufinefs.
Nor is it any wonder that the converfation of fuch
fhould prove naufeous and difgufting. It would be arro¬
gance in them to expeft, that indifferent perfons fhould
either enter into their private interefts, or the peculia¬
rities of their craft, with a warmth equal to their
own. We have known the intrufion of fuch a perfon
involve a numerous company in gloom, and terminate
the freedom and vivacity of agreeable difcourfe in lazy
yawning and difcontented filence. Of all innocent cha¬
racters, this ought to be avoided by the blind; be¬
caufe, of all others, it is the character which they run
the greateft hazard of adopting. The limitation of
their powers naturally contracts their views and pur-
fuits, and, as it were, concentres their whole intellec¬
tual faculties in one, or at heft in few objeCts. Care
fhould therefore be taken to afford the mind a theatre
for its exertions, as extenfive as pofiible, without di¬
verting it from one great end, which, in order to ex¬
cel, it ought for ever to have in profpcCt. -
There are few fciences in which the blind have not The man
diftinguifhed themfelves: even thofe whofe acquifitionnersof th
feemed effentially to depend upon vifion, have at laftbhud-
yielded to genius and induftry,' though deprived of that
advantage. Mr Sanderfon, whom we formerly men¬
tioned, has left behind him the moft ftriking evidences
of aftonithing proficiency in thofe retired and abftraCb
branch^ of mathematics which appeared kail accef-
fible to perfons of his infirmity. Sculpture (g) and
painting are not, perhaps, the moft practicable arts for
a blind man ; yet he is not excluded from the pleafing
creation and extenfive regions of fancy.' However
unaccountable it may appear to the abftraCt philofopher,
yet nothing is more certain in faCt, than that a blind
man may, by the infpiration of the mufes, or, to ftn'p
with terror by effeCts upon his fenfes, the caufes of the figure of its.mythological drefs, may, by the ef-
which he cannot inveftigate, indefatigable pains muft
be taken to explain theie phenomena, and to confirm
that explication, whenever it can be done, by the tefti-
mony of his own fenfes and his own experience. The
.exertion of his locomotive and mechanical powers (the
rights of which we have formerly endeavoured to affert)
jg will feu fib ly contribute to difpel thefe terrors.
The inven- His inventive faculties ought likewife to be indulged
tion of the with the fame freedom., The data tidiich they explore
bea'ffifted may P^k'Ted iri fuch a manner, as to render dif-
hut neither coveries eafy : but full let invention be allowed to co-
^nticipa-ed operate. The internal triumph and exultation which
nor check- the mind feels from the attainment and conviClion of
C(1* new truths, heightens their charms, imprelfes them deep
forts of a cultivated genius, exhibit in poetry the moft
natural images and animated deferiptions, even of vifible
objeds, without either incurring or deferving the im¬
putation of plagiarifm.
In the fifter art of muftc, there are, at prefent, living
and noble inftances how far the blind may proceed.
If we look into former periods, we ftiall find illu-
ftrious and pregnant examples, how amply nature has
capacitated the blind to excel both in the fcientific and
practical departments of mufic. In the 16th century,
when the progrefs of improvement both in melody and
harmony was rapid and confpicuous, Francifcus Sali¬
nas was eminently diftinguiftied. He was born A. D.
1513, at Burgos in Spain; and was fon to the treafurer
of
(g) Yet there are inftances of perfons who have been enabled to take the figure and idea of a face by the
touch, and mould it in wax with the utmoft exadnefs ; as was the cafe of the blind fculptor mentioned by
De Piles, who thus took the likenefs of the Duke de Bracciano in a dark Cellar, and made a marble ftatue of
King Charles I, with great elegance and juftnefs. Vid. De Piles Cours de Peint. p. 329. and Wolf. Pfychok
dat.4 162.
6
B L I [29
Biind. of that city. Tho’ afflided with incurable blindnefs,
—v—J he was profoundly flcilled both in the theory and prac¬
tice of mufic. As a performer, he is celebrated by his
cotemporaries with the higheft encomiums. As a theo-
rift, his book, if we may believe Sir John Hawkins, is
equal in value to any now extant in any language. Tho’
he was deprived of fight in his earlieft infancy, he does
not content himfelf to delineate the various phenomena
in mufic, but the principles from whence they refult,
the relations of found, the nature of arithmetical,
geometrical, and harmonical ratios, which at that pe¬
riod were efteemed effential to the theory of mufic,
with a degree of intelligence which would have de¬
fended admiration though he had been in full pofielfion
of^very fenfe requifite for thefe difquifitions. He was
taken to Rome in the retinue of Petrus Sarmentus
archbiihop of Compoftella ; and having palled twenty
years in Italy, he returned to Salamanca, where he ob¬
tained the profefforlhip of mufic, an office at that time
equally refpeftable and lucrative. Having difeharged
it with reputation and fuccefs for fome time, he died
at the venerable age of 77.
In the fame period flourilhed Cafpar Crumbhorn,
blind from the third year of his age: yet he compo-
fed feveral pieces in many parts with fo much fuccefs,
and performed both upon the flute and violin fo exqui-
litely, that he was dirtinguilhed by Auguftus eledlor
of Saxony. But preferring his native Silefia to every
other country, he returned thither, and was appoint¬
ed organift of the church of St Peter and Paul in
the city of Lignitz, where he likewife had often the
direftion of the mufical college, and died June 1 ith
1621.
To thefe ifn'ght be added Martini Pqfenti of Venice,
a compofer of vocal and inllrumental mufic almoft of
all kinds, though blind from his nativity; with other
examples equally worthy of public attention. But if
vulgar prejudice is capable of blulhing at its own con¬
temptible charadler, or of yielding to conviction, thofe
already quoted are more than fufficient to Ihow the
mufical jugglers of our time, who are generally as
abfolute ftrangers to learning and tafte as to virtue,
that their art is no monopoly with which thofe a-
lone who fee are invefted by the irreverfible decree of
■ heaven.
For Sanderfon’s method of calculation, both in a-
rithmetic and algebra, fee the account prefixed to his
own treatife on that fubjeCt. But there is a much ful¬
ler and more circumftantial detail both of its nature
and its various ufes, given by Mr Didoret in his “ Let¬
ter concerning the Blind, for the ufe of thofe who fee,”
I which we ihall here tranflate.
I -lerfon’s “ ^ i® much eafier (fays that author) to ufe figns
of no- already invented, than to become their inventor ; as
,n< one is forced to do, when engaged in circumftances
for which he is not provided. Of what advantage
might not this be to Sanderfon to find a palpable arith-
HI metic already prepared for him at five years of age,
||' which he might otherwife have felt the neceffity of in¬
venting for himfelf at the advanced period of twenty-
; five ? This Sanderfon, Madam, is an author deprived
of fight, with whom it may not be foreign to our pur-
pofe to amufe you. They relate prodigies of him;
| si and of thefe prodigies there is not one, which his pro-
5 ] B L I
grefs in the belles lettres, and his ipathematical attain- Blind,
ments, do not render credible. ' '
“ The fame inflrument ferved hifn for algebraical
calculations, and for the conftru&ion of rectilineal fi¬
gures. You would not perhaps be forry that I ffrould
give you an explication of it, if you thought your
mind previoufly qualified to underftand it: and you
Ihall foon perceive that it prefuppofes no intellectual
preparations of which you are not already miftrefs ;
and that it would be extremely ufeful to yoh if you
ihould ever befeized with the inclination of making long
calculations by touch.
“ Imagine to yourfelf a.fquare, fuch as you feepl.XCVIII,
fig. 1. divided into four equal parts by perpendi¬
cular lines at the fides, in fuch a manner, that it may
prefent you the nine points 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
Suppofe this fquare’ pierced with nine holes capable of
receiving pins of two kinds, all of equal length and
thicknefs, but fome with heads a little larger than the
others.
“ The pins with large heads are neve* placed any
where elfe but in the centre of the fquare; thofe with
fmaller heads never but at the fides, except in one fingle
cafe, which is that of making the figure 1, where none
are placed at the fides. The fign of o is made by
placing a pin with a large head in the centre of the
little fquare, without putting any other pin at the fides*. * See ^
The number 1 is reprefented by a pin with a fmall
head placed in the centre of the fquare, without put¬
ting any other pin at the fides : the number 2, by a pin
with a large head placed in the centre of the fquare,
and by a pin with a fmall head placed on one of
the fides at the point I : the number 3, by a pin with
a large head placed in the centre of the fquare, and
by a pin with a fmall head placed on one of the fides
at the point 2 : the number 4, by a pin with a large
head placed in the centre of the fquare, and by a pin with
a fmall head placed on one of the fides at the point 3 :
the number y, by a pin with a large head placed in the.
centre of the fquare, and by a pin with a fmall head
placed on one of the fides at the point 4:. the number 6,
by a pin with a large head placed in the centre of the.
fquare, and by a pin with a fmall head placed on one
of the fides at the point 5 : the number 7, by a- pin
with a large head placed in the centre of the fquare,
and by a pin with a fmall head placed on one of the
fides at the point 6: the number 8, by a pin with a
large head placed in the centre of the fquare, and by
a pin with a fmall head placed on one of the fides at
the point 7 : the number 9, by a pin with a large
head placed in the centre of the fquare, and by a pin
with a fmall head placed on one of the fidea at tlte
point 8.
“ Here are plainly ten different exprefixons obvious
to the touch, of which every one anfwers to one of
our ten arithmetical chara&ers. Imagine now a table
as large as you pleafe, divided into fmall fquares, hori¬
zontally ranged, and feparated one from the other at
fimilar diliances, as you fee it in fig. 3. Thus you will,
have the inftrument of Sanderfoa.
“ You may eaiily conceive that there is not anv This^noT.-
number which one cannot exprefs upon this table; and, tion applied
by confequence, no arithmetical operation which onet0 nunier>-
cannot execute upon it. cal 0Per*’
“ Lettlons*
Blind.
7 8
8 9
B L I [ 296 ] B L I
“ Let it be propofed, for inflartC^, to find the fum, “ Sometimes, instead of forming an entire line with Blind, j
^ or to work the addition of the nine numbers following, thefe pins, he contented himfelf with placing fome ' U
12345 of them at all the angular points, or points of inter-
6 feftion ; around which he tied filk threads, which
7 fiuiflled the formation of the limits of his figures.” See
fig- l-
9 It may be added by way of improvement, that for
the divifion of one feries of numbers from another, a
thin piece of timber in the form of a ruler with which
2 lines are drawn, having a pin at each end for the holes
'3 in the fqtiares, might be interpofed between the two
“ I efcprefs them on the table in the order as they feries to be diftinguifhedi
are dictated to me 5 the firft figure at the left of the This geometrician left other inllruments behind him 5
firft number, upon the firft fquare to the left of the but as we do not know the'ir ufes, wc need not add
firft line; the fecond figure, to th# left of the firft their defcriptions.
number, upon the fecohd fquare to the left of the fame It muft be owned, that by the notation here exhi*
line ; and fo of the reft. bited every modification of number may be expreffed,
. “ I place the fecond number upon the fecond row and of confequence every arithmetical operation fuc-
of fquares, units beneath units, and tens beneath tens, cefsfully performed ; but we have been recently favour-
&c. ed with another form of palpable arithmetic, which
“ I place the third number upon the third row of appears to us equally corttprehenfive and much more
fqtiares, and fo of the reft. Then with my fingers Ample than that of Sanderfon. It was originally in¬
running over each of the rows vertically from the bot- vented, and is ftill ufed in calculation, by'I)r Henry
tom to the top, beginning with that which is neareft to Moyes 5 a gentleman whom we had formerly occafion
my right, I work the addition of the numbers which to mention with merited applaufe in this article, and
are expreffed, and mark the furplus of the tens at the whofe charafter and attainments we have endeavoured
foot of that column. I then pafs to the fecond co- more fully to illuftrate th^p had been done in the for-
lumn, advancing towards the left; upon which I ope- meredition, as well fr^Ws^p-fonal knowledge as from
rate in the fame manner; from thence to the,third; the anecdotes of Dr Bew, as the moft eligible intro-
and thus in fucceffion I finifti my addition. duftion to the account of his notation, given in the
“ We fiiall now fee how the fame table ferved him words of his own letter, and exemplified in a figure co-
inftrunient for demonftratihg the properties of reftilineal figures, pied from a drawing directed by himfelf.
applied to Let us fuppofe this propofition-to be demonftrated, “ To the Editor of Enyclopsedia Britannica* DrMoyl
firudlion ofThat Parafiel°grams which have the fame bafis and the “ Sir, In compliance with your requeft, I fend youto^m 1
rectilineal fame height are equal in their furfaces. He placed the following brief account of a palpable notation
Eguies. his pins as may be feen fig. 4. He gave names to which I have generally ufed for thefe 20'years to affift
the angular points, and finiflied his demonftration with my memory in numerical computations. When I be-
his fingers. gan to ftudy the principles of arithmetic, which I did
“ If w£ fuppofe that Safl lerfott only employed pins at an early period of life, I fbon difeovered to my mor-
with large heads to mark the limits of his figures, tification, that a perfon entirely deprived of fight could
around thefe he might arrange his pins with fmall heads fcarcely proceed in that ufeful fcience without the aid
The fame
e different manners, all of which were familiar of palpable fymbols reprefenting the ten numerical
flersi Being at that time unacquainted with the
to him. Thus he fcarcely found any embarraffment charadfersi
but in thofe cafes where the great number of angular writings of Sanderfon, in .which a palpable notation is
points which he was under a neeeffity of naming in his deferibed, I embraced the obvious, though, as I after-
demonftration obliged him to recur to the letters of the wards found, imperfeift- expedient of cutting into the
alphabet. We are not informed how he employed form of the numerical cb'arafters thin pieces of wood
them. or metaL By arrarrirSg thefe on the furface of a
“ We only know, that his fingers rah over the board, I could ret lyy reprefent any given number,
board with aftoniftiing agility; that he undertook not only to the touch, but alfo to the eye ; and by
with fuccefs the longeft calculations ; that he could in- covering the board with a lamina of wax, my fymbols
terrupt the feries, and difeover his miftakes; that he were prevented from'changing their places, they ad-
proved them with the greateft eafe ; and that his la- hering to the board from the flighteft preffure. By this
boars required infinitely lefs time than one could have contrivance, I could folve, though flowly, any pro-
imagined, by the exa&nefs and promptitude with blem in the fcience of numbers: but it foon occurred
which he prepared his inftruments and difpofed his to me, that my notation, confiding of ten fpecies pf
table. fymbols or chara&ers, was much more complicated than
Prepti-a- “ This preparation confifted in placing pins with was abfolutely neceffary, and that any.given number
tion of the large heads in the centres of all the fquares: having might be diftinftly expreffed by three fpecies of pegs
inftrument.done this, no more remained to him but to fix their alone. To illuftrate my meaning, let A, B, C, D,
values by pins of fmaller heads, except in cafes (fig. 5.), reprefent a fquare piece of mahogany a foot
where it was neceffary to mark an unit; then he pla- broad and an inch in thicknefs; let the fides A B*
ced in the centre of a fquare a pin with a fmall head, B C, C D, D A, be each divided- into 24 equal parts;
in the place of a pin with a large head with which it let. every two oppofite divifions be joined by a groove
had been occupiedt cut in the board fufficiently deep to be felt with the fin-
Na 48. 3 gerf
- B L I [ 297 ] B L I
j Stind- gee, and let the board be perforated at each interfec-
tion with an inftrument a tenth of an inch in dia¬
meter,
“ Tire furface of the board being thus divided into
576 little fquares, with a fmall perforation at each of
their angles, let three fets of pegs or pins, refembling
thofe reprefented in the plate at the figures 6, 7, 8,
be fo fitted to the holes in the board, that when ftuck
into them they may keep their pofitions like thofe of
a fiddle, and require fome fo: ce to turn them round.
The head of each peg belonging to the firft fet is a
right-angled triangle about one-tenth of an inch in
thicknefs ; the head of each peg belonging to the fe-
cond fet differs only from the former in having a fmall
notch in its doping fide or hypothenufe ; and the head
of each peg belonging to the third fet is a fquare of
which the breadth fliould be equal to the bafe of the
triangle of the other two, Thefe pegs fhould be kept
in a cafe confifting of three boxes or cells, each cell
being allotted to a fet, and the cafe muft be placed
clofe by the board previous to the commencement of
every operation. Each fet fhould confift of 60 or 70
pegs (at leaft when employed in long calculations) ;
and when the work is finifhed, they fhould be collected
from the board and carefully reftored to their refpective
boxes.
Things being thus prepared, let a peg of the firft
fet be fixed into the bqar^, and it will acquire four
different values according ho, pofition refpeCting the
calculator. When its floptng fide is turned towards
the left, it denotes one, or the firft digit; when turn¬
ed upwards, or from the calculator, it denotes two, or
the fecond digit; when turned to the right, it repre-
fents three ; and when turned downwards, or towards
; , "the calculator, it denotes four, or the fourth digit.
Eive is denoted by a peg of the fecond fet, having its
floping fide or hypothenufe turned to the left; fix, by
the fame turned upwards; feven, by the fame turned
to the right; and eight, by the fame turned direftly
down, or towards the body of the calculator. Nine
is expreffed by a peg of the third fet when its edges
are direCted to right and left; and the fame peg ex-
! ' preffes the cypher when its edges are direCted up and
down. By three different pegs the relative values of
the ten digits may therefore be diftinCtly expreffed with
facility .; and by a fufficient number of each fet the
fteps and refult of the lorgeft calculation may be clear¬
ly reprefented to the fenfe of feeling. It feems unne-
ceffary to illuftrate this by an example ; fuffice it to
exprefs in our characters the pr^fent year of the Chri-
. ftian a?ra 1788 : Take a peg of the firft fet and fix it
in the odard with its floping fide turned towards the
| left equal to one; take now a peg of the fecond fet
and fix it in the next hole in the fame groove, pro¬
ceeding as ufual from left to right, with its Hoping
; B ' Tide turned to the right equal to 7 ; next take a peg
of the fame fet and fix it in the next hole, with its
’ Hoping fide turned downwards, equal to 8 ; laftly, take
|l( another peg of the fame fet and place it in the next
hole in the fame pofition, equal to 8 ; and the whole
lH will exprefs the number required.
“ When it is neceffary to exprefs a vulgar fraftion,
1 place the numerator in the groove immediately above,
and the denominator in that immediately below the
I !|1 groove in which the integers Hand ; and in decimal
f Vol. III. Part I.
arithmetic an esipty hole in the integer-groove repre- Blui4.
fents the comma or decimal point. By fimilar breaks —•
I alfo denote poufids, (hillings, pence, &c. and by the
fame expedient I feparate in divifion the divifor and
quotient from the dividend.
“ This notation, which fupplies me completely
with coefficients and indices in algebra and fluxions,
feems much fuperior to any of the kind hitherto made
public in the weft of Europe. That invented And de-
feribed by Mr Grenville, having no lefs than ten fets
of pegs, is by much too complicated for general prac¬
tice ; and that which we owe to the celebrated Sau-
derfon is apt to puzzle and embarrafs the calculator,
as the pegs reprefenting the numerical digits can fel-
dom or never be in the fame ftraight line. If you
agree with me'that the above notation may promote
the knowledge, and therefore the happinefs, of per-
fons denied the benefit of fight, you have my confent
to give it a place in the prefent edition of your valu¬
able work. I am, Sir, with refpeft, your obedient
fervant, Henp.y Moves.”
We have feen the machine above mentioned, which
was exhibited to the fociety for the improvement of
polite arts, &c. by Mr Grenville, who is himfelf alfo
deprived of fight. But though this has met with the
approbation of Mr Stanley, we cannot forbear to think
it lefs fimple in its ftru&ure than that of Dr Moyes’s,
more multiform in its apparatus, and of confeque'nce ’
more laborious and complex in the procefs of its ope¬
ration : for where every lingle peg has only one power,
and acquires no diversity of value from its pofition,
their forms muft be indefinitely varied and their num¬
bers prodigioufly multiplied ; which muft coft both the
memory and judgment of the pupil numbcrlefs painful
and fatiguing exertions before he contrails a habit of
ufiug the inftrument with promptitude and fucccfs.
On thefe accounts, a particular defeription of it is
omitted in this place. 43
In the higher parts of mathematics, fuch as conic A newma-
feitions, the fame folid figures which are mediums offhsmatical
perception to thofe who fee, may perform the fame propofed?*
ufeful office to the blind. But, for the ftru&ure of
fuperficial figures, we (hould imagine, that a kind of
matter might be found, foft enough to be eafily fufeep-
tible of impreffions, yet hard enough to retain them
till effaced by an equal preffure. Suppofe, for inftance,
a table were formed, four feet broad and eight in length;
for the figures, that they may be the more fenfible to
the touch, ought to beiarger than ordinary. Suppofe
this table had brims, or a moulding round it, rifing
an inch above the furface : let the whole expanfe, then,
be filled with bees-wax, and the furface above preffed
extremely even with a poliftied board, formed exactly
to fit the fpace within the mouldings. This board
will always be neceffary to efface the -figures employed
in former propofitions, and prepare the furface for new
ones. We think we have pondered the minuteft in¬
convenience that can arife from this method of deli¬
neating and conceiving geometrical truths ; and, after
all, the table appears to us the beft and the leaft trou- 44
blefome apparatus which a blind man can ufe. We Geographi-
can fee no reafon why general ideas of geography or cal inltru-
topography might not be conveyed to him in the fame
manner, by fpheres compofed of or covered with tire the blind,
fame impreffible matter.
PP
Such
B L I [ 298 ] B L I
Slmd. Such were the mediums that occurred to the author,
S". when this article was originally written, for conveying
to perfons deprived of light thofe remote and compli¬
cated truths which vifion alone was thought capable
of reprefenting ; but a work has been lately publilhed
at Paris which fuperfedes every former attempt to pro-
45 mote or facilitate the improvement of the blind. The
Account of invention of a plan fo arduous in its appearance and
for^the^m” Pra(^caWe in Its execution, demanded the higheft
provement exertions of the nobleft genius to produce it, and the
of the blind, mod ftrenuous efforts of indefatigable humanity to
render it effe&ual. It is intitled, “ An Effay on the
Education of the Blind.” Its objeft is to teach them,
by palpable charafters imprelfed on paper, not only
the liberal arts and fciences, but Ukewife the principles
of mechanical operation, in fuch a manner, that thofe
who have no genius for literary improvement may yet
become refpeftable, ufeful, and independent members
of fociety, in the capacity of common artifans. By
thefe tangible fignatures they are taught to read, to
write, and to print; they are likewife inftru&ed in
geometry, in algebra, geography, and, in fhort, in
every branch of natural philofophy. Nor are their ef¬
forts circumfcribed by mere utility; a talle for the fine
arts has likewife been cultivated among them. They
have been taught to read mufic with their fingers as
others do with their eyes ; and though they cannot at
once feel the notes and perform them upon an inftru-
ment, yet are they capable of acquiring any leffon
with as much exadtnefs and rapidity as thofe who en¬
joy all the advantages of light. But we lhall give a
more particular account of the wonderful topics con¬
tained in this effay. In his firft chapter the author
difeovers the end propofed by that delineation of cul¬
ture which he offers to the blind ; it is to enlarge their
fphere of knowledge, and of confequence to increafe
their capacities and improve their powers of aftion, fo
that they may become.happy and independent in them-
felves, and ufeful and agreeable to others. The 2d chap-
ter,contains an anfwer to the objeftions urged again!! the
general utility of this inftitution. Thefe objections are
candidly ftated, and anfwered in the moft fatisfa&ory
manner ; but were we to recapitulate them in detail, it
would protraft this article to a length much beyond its
due proportion, even upon the extended plan of the En¬
cyclopaedia. The 3d chapter treats of reading as adapt¬
ed to the praCtice of the blind. The 4th chapter con-
fifts of anfwers to various objections again!! the method
of reading propofed for the blind ; but thefe, for rea-
fons formerly given, we cannot with propriety deli¬
neate in this article. In the 5th chapter is !hown the
art of printing as praCtifed by the blind for their pe¬
culiar ufe. In the 6th chapter is deferibed the man¬
ner of teaching the blind the art of printing for thofe
that fee. In the 7th is reprefented the manner of
teaching the blind to write. The 8th chapter explains
the method of teaching the blind arithmetic 5 the
9th, geography; the 10th, mufic. Tlie 1 ith, con¬
tains an account of the mechanic arts in which the
blind are employed, and of the way by which they
are formed for fuch occupations. The 12th fhows in
general the proper manner of inftruCting the blind,
and draws a parallel between their education and that
of the deaf and dumb. Chapter 13th treats of the
ttiethod of inftruCting them in the languages, mathe¬
matics, hiftory, &c. What remains of the book is Blind.
taken up with notes which illuftrate each particular
chapter ; a !hort hiftorical account of the rife, the pro-
grefs, and the prefent ftate, of the academy for the
formation of the blind ; an ode on the cultivation of
the blind, by one that laboured under that affliction ;
an extraCt from the regifter of the royal academy of
fciences; opinion of the printers ; models of the va¬
rious pieces which blind children are capable of print¬
ing ; and an account of the exercifes performed by
blind children in prefence of the king, queen, and
royal family, during the Chriftmas folemnities 1786,
Thus having given a curfory view of the various topics
contained in the effay, we proceed to give fome ac¬
count of the manner in which the blind print and write. ^ )
The blind compofitor, then, has a box for every al-Printing
phabetical character in ufe; on the outfide of thefePerfV,r";e<§ !
boxes are palpably marked the peculiar character be-
longing to each ; they are filled with types, which he-
choofes and lets as they are called for, but not in the 'a
pofition in which they are to be read ; on the contra¬
ry, they are inverted as objeCts are feen painted on the
retina of an eye by an optician. Having thus fixed
and arranged his types, he ohoofes- a page of the
ftrongeft paper that can be found, which he gently
moiftens in a degree fufficient to render it more eafily
fufceptible of imprefiions, without being dilacerated
or worn by the !hock which it muft afterwards under¬
go. He then lays it upon the types; and by the cau¬
tious operation of the prefs^ or by the eafy ftrokes of
a little hammer, which are frequently repeated over
the whole expanfe, he caufes the imprelfion of the
type to rife on the oppofite fide of the paper, where,
when dry, it continues not only obvious to the fight
but the touch, and is far from being eafily effaced.
Oft the upper fide of the paper the letters appear in
their proper pofition, and by their fenfible elevation
above the common furface render it practicable for the |
blind to read them with their fingers. Their manner Their man*
of writing is analogous to tliis operation : the pupil, ner <>f wri-i
by repeated experiments, having familiarifed himfelfting> ,
to the forms of the letters, both in their inverted and
in their proper pofition, gradually learns to delineate
them upon paper, moiftened as before, with the point
of an iron pen, which has no fplit, and which is juft
fharp enough to imprefs without piercing the paper :
thus, on the fide next to the writer’s hand, the letters
are formed funk and inverted ; but when the paper is
turned they appear right and in relievo. Thus the
blind are enabled to form and decypher, not only the
characters required in common language, but alfo ma¬
thematical diagrams, arithmetical and geographical
proceffes, and all the characters ufed in the written
language of mufic. If this account ftiould appear in¬
credible to any of our readers, let him be ’informed,
that the author of this article has converfed with two
gentlemen of learning and veracity who faw the blind
perform all the wonders here recapitulated with afto- |1
nifhing fuccefs, to the univerfal fatisfaCtion of num-
berlefs fpeCtators whom curiofity and compaflion im¬
pelled to vifit the academy, that they might behold
with their own eyes a fpeCtacle fo interefting to humani¬
ty. Let the incredulous be alfo informed, that the com-
pofer of the article has in his own hands a copy of
this work now reviewed, which is printed and bound
by
B L X
[ 299 1
B L 1
;.x my.
j Blind by the blind themfelvea. They exhibit at their own
*J ' academy every Wednefday and Saturday between
one and two o’clock at noon, to crowds of charitable
admirers, by whofe liberal donations the inftitution is
now chiefly fupported.
The knowledge of aftronomy might likewife be progreffive intelligence; and as they are boundlefs in
nj The blind °f infinite ufe, both by enlarging the blind perfon’s extent, fo they are endlefs in duration.. We have al-
1 fufcepdble ideas of the univerfe, and by giving him higher and ready, more than once, obferved, that the foul of a
toj ofaltrono- more confirmed impreffions of that energy by which blind man is extremely obnoxious to melancholy and
Tnv the liars are moved, and of that delign by which deje&ion. Where, therefore, can he find a more co-
their motions are regulated. But thefe objects are pious, intimate, permanent, and efficacious fource of
too vaft; their dillances, their magnitudes, their pe- comfort than in religion ? Let this then be inculcated
riods of revolution, are too complex to be compre- with the utmoft care and affiduity. Let the whole force
hended in the mind, or impreffed in the memory, with¬
out fenfible mediums. For this purpofe, an orrery, or
fome machine of a fimilar conftruftion, will be indif-
penfably requiiite.
The fcience of caufes and effects might likewife yield
philofophy. him the moft fublime and rational entertainment of
which an intelligent being, in his prefent Hate, is fuf-
ceptjble. By this he might enter into the laws, the
viciffitudes, the (economy, of nature. Nor is it ab-
foliitely neceflary that he fhould be an ocular witnefs
of the experiments by which thefe laws are detected
and explained. He may fafely take them for granted;
and if, at any time, a particular experiment fhould
prove faithlefs, he may, from general principles, be
able to difcover its fallacy, whether in the nature of the
fubjeft, the inaptitude of the inllruments, or the pro-
cefs of the execution. The laws of motion, the ya- u  ,
rious ratios or proportions of forces whether fimple or be wretches indeed, if we can grudge either labour or
compound, he may calculate and afcertain by the fame expenfe in procuring them every fource of entertain-
means and in the fame method fo happily ufed by ment, which, when procured, remains in their own
Sanderfon. power, and yields what may be in fome meafure termed
i Gf moral Moral and theological knowledge he may eafily ob- felf-derived enjoyment. Thefe amufements are prolific
' 0u°‘tain, either from books, or initrudtions delivered viva of numberlefs advantages : they afford us at once enter-
‘ eafy; at night they are company to us; when we
‘ travel, they attend us } and in our rural retirements, ^
‘ they do not forfake us/
To this may be added, that the joys of religion are
for ever adequate to the largeft capacity of a finite and
of the foul be exerted in fliowing him that it is reafon-
able. Let all the nobleft affedtions of the heart be em¬
ployed in recommending it as amiable; for we will
venture to afiert, that the votary of religion alone is
the man,—
Quern,Jifrafttu illabatur crbis,
Impavidum ferient ruina r
Thus tranflated;
Whom, though with nature’s wreck opprefs’d,
Unmanly fears could ne’er infell.
When the fituation of the blind, and its natural ef-
fedts upon their characters, are confidered; when we
refledt how exquifite their diftreffes, how pungent their
difappointments, how fenfible their regrets, how te¬
dious and gloomy their periods of folitude ; we mutt
logy.
The laft, if communicated by one who under- tainment and exertion ; they teach us to explore ;
Hands and feels the fubjeCt, with a proper degree of thoufand refources for prefervation and improvement,
perfpicuity and fenfibility, are infinitely the moll eli- which would otherwife have efcaped our attention; they
gible. By morals, we would not merely be underltood render us awake and fenfible to a thoufand notices both
to mean a regular and inculpable feries of aClion, but of external and intelle&ual objeCts, which would other-
the proper exertion and habitual arrangement of the
whole internal oeconomy, of which external aClions are
no more than mere expreffions, and from which the
highett and moH permanent happinefs alone can proceed.
By theology,we do not mean that fyfiematic or fcholaflic
jargon, which too frequently ufurps its venerable name;
but thofe fublime and liberal ideas of the nature and
government of a Supreme Being, whether difcoverable
by nature or revealed in fcripture, which enforce every
moral obligation, which teach us what is the ultimate
wife have paffed unobferved.
Thus far have we proceeded without mentioning phi¬
lological learning; though we know it to be attain¬
able by the blind in a high degree, and though we
are confcious of its importance both to theif ufe and
ornament. But as it is not indifpenfable, and as its
acquifition is tedious and operofe, we thought it lef$
neceffary to be early and minutely fpecified. We can¬
not doubt, that learning different languages adds to
the treafure of our ideas, and renders thofe which we
good of our nature, which determine our efforts and poffefs more clear and definite. It muff be acknow-
animate our hopes in purfuing this moff important of all ledged, that the poffeffion of other languages elucidates
objeCts. What Cicero fays of the arts and fciences
may with great propiiety be applied to religion: Natn
catena neque temporam funt, neque atatum omnium, ne-
que locorum ; et hac jiudia adoiefcentiam alunt, fenettu-
tem oblettant, fecundas res ornant, adverfis perfugium ac
folatium frabend : deleciant domi, non impediunt foris ;
permQant nohifcum, perigunantur, rufiicantur. Tranf¬
lated thus: ‘ For other Hudies are not fuited to every
‘ time, to every age, and to every place: butthefe give
‘ Hrength in youth, and joy in old age; adorn profpe-
‘ rity, and are the Hipport and eonfolation of adverfity;
* at home they are delightful, and abroad they are
our own. The technical terms of almoff every fcience
are exotic; and without clearly underffanding thofe,
we cannot properly poffefs the ideas of which they
are the vehicles. But thefe motives are common to
every candidate for philological improvement with the
blind. sT
The paths of grammar, however, are dry and rug-Ofgram-
ged ; and it will be neceffary for the pedagogue, who- mar.
ever he is, to take all the opportunities that offer of
enlightening the darknefs and polifhing the afperities
of the road. When, therefore, the intellect of the
pupil begins to open and exert its penetration, it will
P p 2 be
B L I
[ 303 1
B L 1
be proper to fhow him how the nature, the forms,
J and arrangements, of words, flow from our ideas and
their relations. Every fubflance muft naturally be in:
gin ; becaufe by thefe inftruments he may be made
more eaiily acquainted with the extent of rnuiical fcales, '*
■ith the powers of harmony, with the relations of
fome Hate ; it mnil either a&, or be adfed upon. The which it is conftituted, and of courfe with the theory
adtions which it performs or fuffers* muft be performed of his art. It would be not only unndceffary, but im-
or fuffered in fome definite manner or degree. It
muft likewife have fome qualities, whether temporary
and accidental, or natural and permanent. Thele qua¬
lities muft likewife be fufceptible of degrees. When
different fubftances are confidered in the fame (late,
its common participation forms a connexion : when
regarded in different ftates, that difference forms an
practicable, to carry him deep into the theory, before
he has attained fome facility in the pradtice. Let,
therefore, his head and his hands (if we may ufe the ex*
preffion), be taught to go pari pajfu. Let the one be
inltrudted in the limpleft elements, and the others con*
dudted in the eafieft operations, firft: contemplation
and exercife will produce light in the one and prdmp-
oppofition. The conftant ^petition of the names of titude in the other. But as his capacity of fpecula-
fubftances and qualities produces a difagreeable mono¬
tony in language. They muft therefore be implied in
other words, which likewife in fome cafes ferve to con¬
ned! the parts of a fentence. There is a difference be¬
tween fuch words as imply the -connedtion of fentences,
and fuch as imply the connedfion of ftates or circum-
ftances. Adlions to be performed or fuffered may be
either pofitivelysaffirmed of any fubftance, or merely
attributed to them. Living and percipient fubftances
have immediate fenfaiions of pain or pleafure, which
likewife are produdtive of defire andaverfion. To thefe
fentiments particular founds are adapted, whether im¬
mediately infpired By nature, or refulting from affocia-
tion and tacit convention.
Thus we have a foundation for all the different parts
of fpeech ; and from their natures and offices their
tion and powers of a&ion become more and more ma*
ture, difcoveries more abftradt and retired, talks more
arduous and difficult, may be affigned him. He ffiould
be taught the names and gradations of the diatonic
fcale, the nature and ufe of time, the diverlity of its
modes whether Ample or mixed. He (hould be taught
the quantity or value of notes, not only with refpedt
to their pitch, but to their duration. Yet, let him be
inftrudted not to confider thefe durations as abfolutely
fixed, ,but variable according to the velocity of the
movements in which they are placed. Thus we reckon
a femibreve equal to 4 vibrations of a pendulum; a mi¬
nim to 2; a crotchet to 1, &c. But if the number
of aliquot parts, into which a femibreve is divided, be
great, and confequently the value of each particular
part fmall, the minim, crotchet, quaver, &c. will in¬
forms and arrangements may be deduced, according to creafe in their intrinfic durations, though they muft al-
the analogy of every language.
7fe The art of reafonlng, the knowledge of hiftory, and
of logic hi. a ta^c f°r belles lettres, are eafily attainable by the
ftory, and blind; and as they are copious funds of entertainment,
the belles they ffiould be inculcated, though at the expence of care
lettres. an(j labour.
A co ii a Tlie relations of perfons fubjedfted to this misfor-
nion Ihould tune, if in eafy circumftances, will find it highly con-
beunited to ducive to the improvement of their charge, to feledft
the blind fome one among his coevals, of a found underftanding,
b> more fWeet and patient temper, a docile mind, a warm
than the ties. , r . r. . rA, r
of inrereit heart, and a communicative diipoiition. i heie two
and conve- ffiould be taught to find their intereft and happinefs in
mency,. their connection one with another. Their bed, their
ways preferve the fame proportions relatively c
another. He ffiould never be habituated to take a
piece of mufic, either from the found of a voice or an
inftrument. His companion ought to read the mufic
by the names and values of its characters, with the
fame exadtnefs as the words in any other language.
When he becomes a confiderable adept in the art, tan¬
gible figns may be invented, by which he may not only
be enabled to read, but even to fet, mufic for him-
felf. Such exercifes will render him infinitely more
accurate, both in his principles and practice, than he •
would otherwife be.
There is a hint of fuch tangible figns given in Tan-
fure’s mufical grammar, p. 93. and whichr though (like
board, their walks, their entertainments, their leffons, the reft of the book) obfeure and indigefted, maybe
Mafic
of the
proper
flip 11 Id be common. Thefe are the heft eyes with
whj-eh art can endow a blind man : and if properly fe-
leCted, they will on fome occafions yield very little, in
utility and perfection, to thofe of nature; nay, at fome
junctures they may be preferable.
. If the blind muft depend upon the exercife of their
ift own powers for bread, we have already pointed out
, ^ mufic as their eafieft and moft obvious province ; but
for the6”18 ^et ‘t at ^ame tl‘ine be remembered, that mediocrity
blind. Me- in this art may prove the bittereft and moft effectual
diocrity, curfe which a parent can infliCt upon his offspring, as
however, jt ful3jeCts them to every vicious impreffion or habit
pernicious, which may be imbibed or contracted from the loweft
and moft abandoned of mankind. If your pupil, there¬
fore, be not endowed with natural talents exquifitely
proper both for the theory and praCtice of this art, fuf-
fer him by no means to be initiated in it. If his nar
tural genius favours your attempts, the fpinet, harp, or
organ, are the moft proper inftruments for him to be¬
improved and applied with advantage.
For the fake of thofe in whofe hands it may not be. Scheme
we quote the paffage at length. mufiGal 1
“ As it is the pleafure of the Almighty^, that fome,tat,on*'
perfons are deftitute of eye-fight; in like manner it is
his infinite goodnefs to make them a double amends
another way, by giving them a greater ffiare of me¬
mory, &c. whereby they become very dexterous in
playing on mufical inftruments, mathematics, &c. as-
we may obfetve by Dr Stanley organift of St An¬
drew’s Holburn in London, the blind profeffor of
mathematics in the univerfity of Cambridge, and'
many others too tedious here to mention, who wera
born blind, and never faw the leaft glance of light;,
yet God gave them fuch a light in knowledge, that they
became the wonder of all fuch as had the benefit of
feeing, &c.
“ And as blind perfons, at firft, cannot poffibly have
fo clear an idea of notes and mufical characters as they
that
B L l [ 301 ] B L I
Blind, that fee them, until they are taught by a matter or that, by fidingt they may underftand notes, and
""v—tu^or ; I have (For the good-will I bear to fuch learn any time that (hail be let them, in their matter's u
unfortunate perfons) contrived the following table ; abfence.
d 'New Music-Table for fuch as are Blind.
- o —o—0—o—o—o—o—o-
o—o—o—o—
Explanation.
“ Let A—B be a fmooth board, 3 or 4 feet long,
1 inch thick, and 9 inches wide, with 5 fquare ledges
glued thereon, each being half an inch afunder, half an
inch wide, and half an inch high ; which rifing ledges
reprefent our 5 lines of rnufic, and their fpaces : and
the two outward lines, being made a little lower, may
ferve as leger lines, on occafion. The cyphers repre¬
fent fo many holes bored into every line and fpace, half
an inch afunder ; wherein /egr of different fhapes are
to be fet, to reprefent the feveral forts of notes and
charadfers of the tune : which pegs the blind perfon
may know by feeling, as well as he does his keys of
the organ or harpfichord : fo that, by keeping his fin¬
gers on the 5 lines, he feels the feveral pegs as they
come on, and are fet to reprefent the feveral forts of
notes, on both line and fpace ; whillt his right hand
ttrikes the refpeftive key, &c. he firft knowing the
names of all his keys, his lines, fpaces, and the mark
of every peg. Let each peg be about half an inch
high, when fet in very fait. [N. B. The blind per--
fon mutt firft be taught the names of the above lines
and fpaces in both the treble and bafs cliffs ; and that
he mutt feel his treble with his right hand, and his
bafs with the left hand ; each being contrary, as you
may fee by the letters of the above table, A and B ;
and mutt learn each part feparate.]
“ Of pegs, he mutt have a great number of every
foi;, to fet his tune with, which he may mark as fol¬
lows :
For a Semibreve-, 4 top-notches.
Minim, 2 top-notches.
Crotchet, l top-notch.
Quaver, one corner cut off.
Semiquaver, 2 corners cut off.
Demifemiquaver, all 4 corners cut off.
Hefts, a notch in the corner.
A Flat, 1 notch on the fide.
Sharp, 2 notches on the fide.
Point', 3 notches on the fide.
Bar, a flat thin top.
Repeat, a flrarp-pointed top, &c. &c. &c.
* But it is beft for every performer to make
and mark, his own pegsand deliver them one
: called for by the perfon that fete
by one as they’a
his tune.”
Thus far our author. We have already complain¬
ed, that Tanfure’s Mufical Notation is imperfedl; and
perhaps every table or inftrument of the fame kind may
be liable to the fame cenfure, as not being comprehen-
five of all the charafters in the written language of mu-
fic, fo that the blind reader may find no deficiency in-
acquiring any leffon : yet as the cufhion of Mr Cheefe
appears to have more powers than any other inftru¬
ment for the fame purpofe that has hitherto occurred
to our obfervation, thbugh attended with many formi¬
dable obje&ions, we here infert it. It may poffibly,
however, be beft for every blind adept in the mufical
art, after being fufficiently inftrufted in its theoretical
and pra&ical principles, to invent for himfelf a table,
K by which may be expreffed all the various phenomena
of mufie, in which, by varying the forms and pofitions
of his peggs, ■ he may habitually affociate them with
founds, durations, refts, intervals, chords, cadences,'
da capos, repeats, and all the various graces which give
animation and expreflion to mufical founds: for thus,
being the immediate creatures of his own imagination,
they will more eafily become familiar to his memory,
and be more ftrongly and readily affociated with the
phenomena which they are intended to fignify, than
if he had affumed the inventions of any other. ^
Mr CheejPs defcription of his machine for teaching Check's
mufic to people deprived of fight, and to enable them to machine,
preferve their compofttions, in the ad of compoftng, with- t*1 xcvbi.
out the affiftance of a copyift.—“ That part of the ma--
chine which reprefents the book, or paper, is a fmall
cufhion fluffed, on a little frame ; along which, is
fewed a number of pack-thread firings at equal di-
ftances from each other thefe reprefent the lines in a
mufic book : the five which compofe 'the Have, are
made of large twine; and thofe which reprefent the
leger or occafibnal lines, drhwn through the heads of
the notes, where the mufic exceeds th^ compafs of the
eflablifhed Have, are made of fmall twine, and are on
this machine of the fame length as the others.
“ If the pra&itioner only wifhes to write harpfichord
mufic, the cufhion may be what length he pleafes, and
about five or fix inches wide : the firings muft be
fewed in the following order j- beginning with the firft
Bliml.
B L I l 302 ] B L I
; oi" wweit, near the edge of the cufhion 5 four i'mall
ones, which comefpond with the. notes in the bafe of
the inftrument ff, rr, cc, ee : Next five large ones, for
the have which correfpond with the lines in the book,
or notes in the inftrument, g, b, d, f, r; one fmall one,
which reprefents the occafional line betweeen the bafe
and treble, or middle c ; five large ones for the treble
Have, which make the notes e, g, b, d, f; three fmall
ones, which reprefent the leger lines when the mufic
goes in alt. Thefe provide for the note a in alt, c in alt,
and e in alt; in the fpace above which, next the edge of
the cufhion, the f in alt is wrote, when it is wanting,
which completes the compafs of the inftrument.
“ Thofe who only fing or play on Angle inftruments,
ftich as violins, &c. fhouldhave their cufliions not above
half the width of thofe before-mentioned, upon which
there fhould be but one ftave, and that in the following
order :—Two fmall lines at bottom, five large ones in
the middle, and three fmall ones at top. Neither of the
outfide lines of thefe fmall cufhions fhould be fewed
clofe to the edge, as there are notes fuppofed above
and below. At either end of thefe fmall cufhions, there
fhould be a fmall wire ftaple, in order that any number
of them may be combined together at pleafure, by run¬
ning a rod through the ftaples : this will enable the
pra&itioner to write what muficians call Score, in any
number of parts he pleafes; and by this means a tho¬
rough knowledge of the great works of Handel, and all
other claffical authors, may be acquired as well with¬
out fight as with it.
“ The characters ufed to write on this machine are
pins; fome with two, three, or more heads; others bent
in different forms—fome, the heads taken off and the
top beat flat; fome of thefe are fplit; others the heads
taken off, and placed near the middle. The bars are
pieces of wire crooked at each end ; a double bar is
made by placing two Angle ones clofe together; a
double fharp and double flat in the fame manner.
“ The characters are kept in a box in the fame
ftyle as the printer keeps his types; each different
compartment of which muft be marked with a cha¬
racter in writing, fignifying what each, contained in
the feveral compartments, is intended to reprefent.
That the mafter may be acquainted with them, the
Undent muft be taught to diftinguifh each of the cha¬
racters contained in the box by the feel, as well as the
names of each line and fpace upon the cufhion. When
he can do this readily, fome mufic fhould be read to
him, which it will be well for him to copy on the cu¬
fhion: and when that is filled, let it be laid on the delk
of the harpfichord before him; and then by feeling over
a paffage or fentence at a time, and afterwards playing
it, his playing always commencing with the beginning
of the piece, or at fome particular part of it, this will
foon enable him to recolleCt the whole, when the hands
are taken off the cufhion, to play what has been laft
felt. One of tbofe characters, called a direCt, muft be
placed againft the note to be next felt: This will
enable the ftude*nt to go on again, after playing, with¬
out any difficulty. The perfon who reads the mufic,
muft be inftruCted not to call the lines or fpaces by the
letters which diftinguifh them, left confufion may en-
fue, every eighth being the fame; but muft read in the
following manner ; firft the name of the character muft
be mentioned, whether minim, crotchet, or quaver,
5
&c. then the line or fpace; as for example, minim
on the firft line, crotchet on the firft fpace, quaver on
the fecond, &c. &c. When the mufic exceeds the
compafs of the ftave, it muft; be particularly mentioned
whether above or below, firft calling the chara&er, then
the leger line or fpace.
“ The technical term at the beginning of each piece,
is better remembered than wrote down on the machine ;
The accidental terms, which are beft marked by pla¬
cing fome character, not much ufed, either above or
below the note on which it happens, the ingenious
mind will find out a method of doing for itfelf.
“ This machine will not only teach mufic ; but, call,
ing the charafters letters, any one will be enabled to
fpell, read, or write down his fentiments on any fub-
jecl, and even convey them to his friend without the
affiftance of a fecretary. Arithmetic may be ajfo
taught upon this machine; as by calling the dot 1, and
the paufe I o, a complete fet of figures will be formed.
“ Explanation of the figures. A, B, C, D, the form
of the cufhion, which in its full fize is about three
feet long, and five inches and three quarters wide, ha¬
ving thereon a reprefentation of mufical notes, fhown
by different pins ftuck on it. The lines a, b, c, d, e,
are of large packthread; and the lines, f, g, h, are of
fmall twine.
“ Pins, N° 1. Afemibreve. 2. A fernibreve reft. 3. A
minim. 4. A minim reft. 5. Dots. 6. A erotchet.
7. A crotchet reft. 8. A quaver^ 9. A quaver reft.
10. A fharp. 11. A femiquaver. 12. A femiquaver
reft. 13. A demiquaver. 14. Ademiquaver reft. 15. A
flat. 16. A demifemiquaver. 17. A demifemiquaver
reft. 18. A femidemiquaver. 19. A femidemiquaver
reft. 20. A natural. 21. Bars. 32. A direift. 23. A
tye. 24. Bafs. 25. Tenor cliff. 26. Treble cliff.
27. A repeat. 28. Paufe. 29. This charafter placed
on any line or fpace, fignifies as many notes on that
line or fpace as there are doubles oh the pins ; if turn¬
ed upwards, it implies the fame number afeending; if
downward, that number defeending. 30. A beat or
inverted fhake. 31 • A fhake ; and where there is a
dot placed over it, fignifies a turned fhake. Two
dots placed over each other, above the notes, without
this chara&er, fignify a turn only. 32. This charac¬
ter is ufed over the note to fignify forte; and if a dot
is placed above \X.,fortijJimo: if the dot is placed above
the note and below the chara&er, it implies crefcendo ;
if the character is placed below the note, it fignifies pi¬
ano ; and if a dot is placed under it, pianifiimo ; but
if the dot is above the character, and below the note,
it fignifies diminuendo. In concertos, the inventor ufes
the fame charafter placed above the note in the fame
manner, with two dots over it to fignify toote; and
below the notes, with two dots under it to fignify folo ;
in vocal mufic, the fame character above the notes,
with three dots over it, fignifies fymphony; and below
the notes, with three dots under it, fignifies fong.”
It is certain, that when playing concertos, or, if you
pleafe, when performing in Jcore, the blind muft depend
upon memory, and upon memory alone: but happily
their retentive powers are remarkably ftrong ; and there
are few pieces in mufic which will be found either too
intricate to be acquired, or too long to be remember¬
ed, by a perfon deprived of fight. Mr Stanley, the
gentleman
B L I [ 303 1 ELI
ntBl:nd. gentleman formerly mentioned by Tanfure, performs with all their fouls endeavour to alleviate the misfor- Bind.
r —y—J what is ftill more aftonifhing. If our information, tunes of their fuffering brethren ? Is the native and he- *
which we cannot doubt, be true, he accompanies any reditary portion of human wo fo light and fupportable
leffon with a thorough bafs, though he never has in itfelf, that we (hould negleA and defpife thofe to
heard it before. We have never yet heard of any per- whom it is embittered by accidental circumftances of
I fon, thoagh bleffed with the full ufe of fight, and with horror and diftrefs ? You who are parents, who feel
all the advantages accruing from it, who could thus an- the ftrong and powerful pleadings of nature, do not,
ticipate harmony before the chords were founded, and by a brutal negligence and infenfibility, render the ex-
accompany it in a manner fuitable to its nature. illence which you have given a curfe to its poffefibrs.
When he becomes a more profound theorift, if he Do not give them reafon - to upbraid your memory;
has adopted the notion that mufic and geometry are and to anfwer thofe who aik what patrimony you have
1 congenial and infeparable (which, however, in our left them, that their foie inheritance was ignorance, in-
judgment is frivolous), he may perufe Malcom’s Effay capacity, and indigence. You men of wealth and emi-
1 on Mufic, and TreydelPs Theory and Praftice of Mufic. nence, you whom Providence has rendered confpicuous
But if he choofes to hear the fame principles delivered on the theatre of nature, to whom it has given the no¬
il without that unneceifary parade and oftentation of pro- bleft opportunities of participating the divine beatitude
fluidity, let him be inftrufted by D’Alembert (fee the by the exercife of univerfal benevolence and genuine
article Music in this Di&ionary) ; by Rameau, in his patriotifm ; yours is the glorious province of bringing
principles of compofition ; and by Rouffeau’s Mufical neglefted merit from obfcurity, of healing the wounds
Di&ionary (the fubftance of which is engroffed in the .inflidled by adverfe fortune, and of cultivating thefe
prefent Work, either under the refpeftive detached ar- talents which may be exerted for your own advantage
tides, or in the notes added to the article Music). It and the honour of your fpecies. Thus you fhall rife
is true, that the forms and proportions of inftruments, in the heraldry of heaven, and your names diffufe a
the thicknefs, length, and tenfion of mufical firings, luftre through the extent of fpace and the archives of
I; may be mathematically adjufted ; their relations one to eternity. Otherwife the temporary glare and parade
another may be determined by the coincidence of their of your fituation can produce nothing elfe but a def-
vibrations, or by the number and velocity of thefe vi- picable mimicry of real and intrinfic greatnefs, and are
I; brations when diffonant; but experience and a good no more than a fplendid mafic to cover what in itfelf
ear are amply fufficient for thefe purpofes. Yet, if the is infamous or deteftable.
neceffity of geometry in mufic fhould ftill remain an
indelible article in his creed, he may perufe Dr Smith’s By way of appendix to the preceding article, we
1 Philofophical Principles of Harmony. There has alfo fhall add one or two very fingular hiftories, with which
j| lately been published an explication of Tartini’s theory, it is hoped our readers will not be difpleafed.
I intitled, The Principles and Power of Harmony ; which. An account of feme remarkable particulars that hap-
after he has made confiderable progrefs, may be read to pened to a lady after having had the confluent kind of
11: him with fenfible improvement. fmall-pox.~\ “ In the courfe of this difeafe, during
I which the lady was attended by the late Sir Hans
tiftrophe Thus we have endeavoured to form an eftimate of the Sloane, feveral threatening fymptoms appeared, which
jhe pu- inconveniences fuffered, and the advantages pofleffed, however were at length overcome ; and the patient
l< by the blind; we have attempted to fhow, of what being thought out of danger, took feveral dofes of
kind of culture their remaining faculties are fufceptible, fuch purgative medicines as are ufually adminiftered
and what appeared to us the eafieft and propereft means in the decline of the difeafe, without any bad con-
sof their improvement. We have illuftrated not only fequence.
its poffibility, but its certainty, by inconteftable fa&s, “ But in the evening of the day on which fhe had
I , which demonftrate, even in the eyes of fcepticifm and taken the laft dofe that was intended to be given her
incredulity, to what degrees of eminence, both in the on that occafion, fhe was fuddenly feized with pains
mechanical and liberal arts, the blind may be carried, and convulfions in the bowels; the pain and other
It now remains to demand a categorical anfwer from fymptoms became gradually lefs violent as the force
fociety, Whether it is more humane and eligible, that of the medicine abated, and by fuch remedies as were
fuch unhappy perfons fhould be fuffered to languifh out thought bell adapted to the cafe, they feemed at length
their lives in torpid and miferable obfcurity, wretched to be entirely fubdued.
U in themfelves and burdenfome to others; or to cultivate “ They were, however, fubdued only in appear¬
and improve their powers in fuch a manner, as that jmee ; for at eleven o’clock of the forenoon of the next
1| - they may be qualified for internal enjoyment and pu- day they returned with great violence, and continued
blic utility ? Surely there is not a human being, who fome hours; when they went off, they left the muf-
does not difgrace the works of God, that can be at eles of the lower jaw fo much relaxed, that it fell down,
any loft in anfwering this queftion. Have we not then and the chin was fupported on the breafi. The
a right to call the world to an account ? have we not ftrength of the patient was fo much exhaufted du-
f jl' a right to demand, why rational beings fufceptible of ring this paroxyfm, that fhe lay near two hours with
felicity in themfelves, and capable of transfufing hap- no other figns of life than a very feeble refpiration,
pinefs through the focieties with whom they are con- which was often fo difficult to be difeerned, that thofe
nefted, fhould be abandoned to a ftate of infignificaiiee about her concluded fhe was dead.
If and mifery ? Is it poffible that men who are every mo- “ From this time the fits returned periodically every
! > ment fubje&ed to the fame contingencies with which day, at about the fame hour. At firft they feemed to
;t they behold their fellow-creatures afiiided, fhould not affe£t her nearly in the fame degree ; but at length all
the
B L 1
iBlintJ. ' the fymptoms were aggravated, the convij’fions became
“ v more general, and her arms were fometimes convulfed
alternately; it alfo frequently happened, that the arm
which was lad convulfed remained extended and inflex¬
ible fome hours after the ftruggles were over. Her
neck was often twilled with fuch violence, that the face
looked directly backwards, and the back part of the
head was over the bread ; the mufcles of the counte¬
nance were alfo fo Contradled and writhed by thefpafms,
;that the features were totally changed, and it was im-
pofiible to find any refemblance of her natural afpedt
by which ihe could be known. Her feet were not
lefs didorted than her head ; for they were twided ai¬
med to diflocation at the indep, fo that Ihe could not
walk but upon her ancles.
“ To remove or mitigate thefe deplorable fymp¬
toms, many remedies were tried ; and, among others,
the cold bath : but either by the natural effedl of*the
bath, or by fome mifmanagement in the bathing, the
unhappy patient fird became blind, and foon after¬
wards deaf and dumb. It is not eafy to conceive what
could increafe the mifery of deafnefs, dumbnefs, biind-
uefs, and -frequent paroxyfms of excruciating pain : yet
a very eonfiderable aggravation was added ; for the lofs
of her fight, her hearing, and her fpeech, was followed
by fuch a dridture of the mufcles of her throat, that
{he could not fwallow any kind of aliment either folid
or liquid. It might reafonably be fuppofed that this
circumdance, though it added to the degree of her
mifery, would have fhortened its duration : yet in this
-condition die continued near three quarters of a year :
and during that time was fupported in a very uncom¬
mon manner, by chewing her food only ; which having
turned often, and kept long in her mouth, fhe was ob¬
liged at lad to fpit it out. Liquors were likewife gar¬
gled about in her mouth for fome time ; and then re¬
turned in the fame manner, no part of them having
paded the throat by an a£l of deglutition : fo that
whatever was conveyed into the domach, either of the
juices of the folid food, or of liquids, was either gra-
-dually imbibed by the fponginefs of the parts, which
they moidened, or trickled down in a very fmall quan¬
tity along the fides of the veffels.
“ But there were other peculiarities in the cafe of
this lady, yet more extraordinary. During the priva¬
tion of her Jight'axiA hearing, her ipuch and her fmell
became fo exquifite, that die could didinguidr the dif¬
ferent colours of filkand flowers, and wasfenlible when
-any dranger was in the room with her.
“ After {he became blind, and deaf, and dumb, it
was not eafy to contrive any method by which a que-
ftion could be alked her, and an anfwer received. This
however was at lad effe&ed, by talking with the fin¬
ders, at which fhe was uncommonly ready. But thofe
who converfed with her in this manner, were obliged
to exprefs themfelves by touching her hand and fin¬
gers indead of their owri.
“ A lady who was nearly related to her, having an
apron on, that was embroidered with filkiof different
colours, aiked her, in the manner which has been de-
feribed, if fhe could tell what colour it was ? and after
applying her fingers attentively to the figures of the
embroidery, (he replied, that it was red, and blue, and
green ; which was true. The fame lady having a pink
coloured ribbon on her head, and being willing dill fur-
N° 4.8. 1
B L I
ther to fatisfy lies ennofity and her doubts, afleed what Blind
colour that was ? her coufin, after feeling fome time, an-
fwered that it was pink colour: this anfwer was yet
more adonhhing, becaufe it fhowed not only a power
of didinguifliihg different colours, but different kinds
of the fame colour ; the ribbon was not only difeover- I
ed to be red, hut the red was difeovered to be of the |
pale kind called a pink.
“ This unhappy lady, confcious of her own uncom- j*l
mon infirmities, was extremely unwilling to be feen by |
drangers, and therefore generally retired to her cham- |
her, where none but thofe of the family were likely to !!
come. The fame relation, who had by the experiment
of the apron and ribbon difeovered the exquifite fenfi- ll
bility of her touch, was foon after convinced by an ac- f
cident, that her power of fmelling .was acute and refined 1
in the fame adftnifhing degree.
“ Being one day vifiting the family, {he went up to j
her coufin’s chamber, and after making herfelf known, j I
die intreated her to go down, and fit with her among
the red of the family, affuring her, that there was no ; |
other perfon prefent: to this flie at length confented, J *
and went down to the parlour door ; but the moment «:
the door was opened, {he turned back, and retired to
her own chamber much difpleafed j alleging, that there
were drangers in the room, and that an attempt had 1
been made to deceive her: it happened indeed that there I
were drangers in the room ; but they had come in while
the lady was above ilairs, fo that die did not know « Ij
they were there. When die had fatisfied her coufin of
this particular, die was pacified ; and being afterwards
aflted how die knew there were drangers in the room,
die anfwered, by the fmell.
“ But though die could by this fenfe didinguidi in
general between perfons with whom die was -well ac¬
quainted and drangers, yet die could not fo eafily di- 11
dinguidi one of her acquaintance from another without
other affidance. She generally didinguidied her friends
by feeling their hands ; and when they came in, jhey
ufed to prefent their hands to her, as a mean of making
themfelves known : the make and warmth of the hand
produced in general the differences that die didiii-
guidied ; but fometimes die ufed to fpan the wrid, and
meafure the fingers. A lady, with whom die was very
well acquainted, coming in one very hot day, after
having walked a mile, prefented her hand as ufual;
die felt it longer than ordinary, and feemed to doubt ”
whofe it was ; but after fpanning the wrid, and mea- ■
faring the fingers, die faid, ‘ It is Mrs M. but die is ; j
warmer to-day than ever I felt her before.
“ To amule herfelf yi the mournful and perpetual )[ ■
folitude and darknefs to which her diforder had reduced 1
her, {he ufed to work much at her needle ; and it is re- j
markable, that her needle-work was uncommonly neat . j r-|.
and exadl: among many other pieces of her work that ■ j
are preferred in the family, is a pin-cudiion, which-can l 1 f *
fcarce be equalled. She ufed alfo fometknes to write; T1 ’ j|
and her writing was yet more extraordinary than her i
needle-work : it was executed with the fame regularity j | 1
and exa&nefs the character was very prety, the lines ({ i
were all even, and the letters placed at equal didances ! I a
from each other: but the moll allonidiing particular I f
of all, with refpedl to her writing, is, that die could j
by fome means difeover when a letter had by fome mi- : f -i
itake been omitted, and would place it over that part ft n
of h ;o
1 304 3
B L I [ 305 ] B L I
Blind, of the word where it fhould have been inferted, with a
  caret under it. It was her cuftom to fit up in bed at
any hour of the night, either to write or to work, when
her pain or any other caufe kept her awake.
44 Thefe circutnftances were fo very extraordinary,
that it was long doubted whether fhe had not fome faint
remains both of hearing and fight, and many experi¬
ments were made to afcertain the matter; fome of thefe
experiments (he accidentally difcovered, and the difco-
very always threw her into violent convulfions. The
thought of being fufpefted of infincerity, or fuppofed
capable of airing fo wicked a part as to feign infirmi¬
ties that were not infli£ted,was an addition to her mifery
which (he could not bear, and which never failed to pro¬
duce an agony of mind not lefs vifible than thofe of her
body. A clergyman who found her one evening at work
by a table with a candle upon it, put his hat between
her eyes and the candle, in fuch a manner that it was
; impoffible fhe could receive any benefit from the light
of it if fhe had not been blind. She continued frill at
her work, with great tranquillity ; till, putting up her
hand fuddenly to rub her forehead, file flruck it againfl
the hat, and difcovered what was doing ; upon which
{he was thrown into violent convulfions, and was not
without great difficulty recovered. The family were
by thefe experiments, and by feveral accidental circum-
fiances, fully convinced that fhe was totally deaf and
blind; particularly by fitting unconcerned at her work,
during a dreadful florin of thunder and lightning,
though fhe was then facing the window, and always
ufed to be much terrified in fuch circumftances. But
Sir Hans Sloane, her phyfician, being {rill doubtful
of the truth of fa&s which were fcarce lefs than mira¬
culous, he was permitted to fatisfy himfelf by fuch ex¬
periments and obfervations as he thought proper; the
iffue of which was, that he pronounced her to be ab-
folutely deaf and blind.
“ She was at length fent to Bath, where flie was in
fome meafure relieved ; her convulfions being lefs fre¬
quent, and her pains lefs acute: but fhe never reco¬
vered her fpeech, her fight, or her hearing in the leafl
degree.
1 , “ Many of the letters dated at Bath, in fome of
which there are inflances of interlineations with a caret,
the writer of this narrative hath feen, and they are now
in the cuftody of the widow of one of her brothers,
who, with many other perfons, can fupport the fadls*
here related, however wonderful, with fuch evidence as
it would not only be injuftice, but folly, to difbelieve.”
An account of a French lady, blind from her infancy,
•who can read, nurite, and play at cards,&c.~\ — “A young
gentlewoman of a good family in France, now in her
ij Annual 18th yearf, lofl her fight when only two years old, her
ytgijhr for mother having been advifed to lay fome pigeons blood
l’ on her eyes, to preferve them in the fmall-pox; whereas,
fo far from anfwering the end, it eat into them. Nature,
however, may be faid to have compenfated for the un¬
happy miftake, by beauty of perfon, fweetnefs of tem-
1 per, vivacity of genius, quicknefs of conception, and
many talents which certainly much alleviate her misfor¬
tune.
“ She plays at cards with the fame readinefs as others
of the party. She firft prepares the packs allotted to
her, by pricking them in feveral parts; yet fo imper-
Vol. III. Part I.
ceptibly, that the clofeft infpedlion can fcarce difeern Blind,
her indexes. She forts the fuits, and arranges the
cards in their proper fequence, with the fame preci-
fion, and nearly the fame facility, as they who have
their fight. All ffie requires of thofe who play with "
her, is to name every card as it is played ; and thefe
fie retains fo exaftly, that ffie frequently perform?
fome notable ftrokes, fuch as ffiow a great combination
and llrong memory.
“ The mofl: wonderful circumftance is, that ffic
ffiould have learned to read and write ; but even this
is readily believed on knowing her method. In writing
to her, no ink is ufed, but the letters are pricked down
on the paper ; and by the delicacy of her touch, feel¬
ing each letter ffie follows them fucceffively, and reads
every word with her finger ends. She herfelf in wri¬
ting makes ufe of a pencil, as ffie could not know when
her pen was dry; her guide on the paper i§ a fmall
thin ruler and of the breadth of her writing. On fi-
niffiing a letter, ffie wets it, fo as to fix the traces of
her pencil, that they are not obfeured or effaced; then
proceeds to fold and feal it, and write the direftion:
all by her own addrefs, and without the affiilahee
of any other perfon. Her writing is very ftraight,
well cut, and the fpelling no lefs correft. To reach
this Angular mechanifm, the indefatigable cares of her
affe&ionate mother were long employed, who accuf-
tomed her daughter to feel letters cut in cards or
pafte-board, brought her to diftinguiffi an A from a B,
and thus the whole alphabet, and afterwards to fpell
words; then, by the remembrance of the ffiape of the
letters, to delineate them on paper; and, laftly, to
arrange them fo as to form words and fentences.
“ She has learned to play on the guittar, and has
even contrived a way of pricking down the tunes as
an affiftance to her memory. So delicate are her or¬
gans, that in finging a tune, though new to her, ffie is
able to name the notes.
“ In figured dances ffie acquits herfelf extremely
well, and in a minuet with inimitable eafe and grace-
fulnefs. As for the works of her fex, ffie has a maf-
terly hand ; ffie fews and hems perfedlly well; and in
all her works ffie threads the needles for herfelf how¬
ever fmall.
“ By the watch her touch never fails telling her
exaftly the hour and minute.”
From this account, however, it would appear, that
except reading and writing, the French lady has no¬
thing to boaft of in which ffie is not excelled by Mr
Stanley already mentioned, if we may credit all that
is reported of him. The works peculiar to her fex
are gained mechanically ; but the difitngnijhing colours,
telling the precife time by a watch, naming the notes
in mufic, and many other things depending upon the
ear and touch, are faid to be fo familiar to him, that
his friends ceafe to think them extraordinary. At¬
tainments frill more wonderful are aferibed to him ; as,
the naming the number of perfons in a room on en¬
tering it; the direfting his voice to each perfon in
particular, even to flrangers when they have once
fpoken ; the miffing any perfon abfent, and telling who
that perfon is ; and, laftly, his being able to form
juft conceptions of youth, beauty, fymmetry, and
ffiape.
Pore-
B L I [ 306 ] B L I
Pore-BuND, or Pur-blind. A perfon who is very by turns, according to the feafon of the moon, time of Bllndnefs
Ihort-fighted is faid to be pur-blind. day, and the like. J
Mcon-BuND, denotes horfes that lofe their fight at Diurnal Blindness, is called hemeracopia. , 11 *om' ,
certain times of the moon. See Farriery. NoHurnal Blindness, called alfo nySialopta, that
BLiND-Harry. See Henry the Minjlrel. which enfues on the fetting of the fun in perfons who
BLiND-lVorm. See Anguis. fee perfectly in the day, but become quite blind as
BLINDE, among mineralifts, a fpecies of lead- foon as night comes on. B-rigg, in Phih-Tranf. NJ159.
marcafite, by our miners called mock-ore, mock- p. 563, where an inflance of it is given. See a fingu-
lead, and wild lead, &c. The German mineraliiis call lar cafe of this kind related by Dr Samuel Pye, in the
it blende, whence our denomination blinde. It anfwers Medic. Obferv. and Ihquir. Vol. I. p. it 1.
to what in Agricola is called Galena inanis. The caufes of blindnefs are either ordinary, as a de-
It ufually lies immediately over the veins of lead-ore, cay of the optic nerve (an inftance whereof we have in
in the mines which produce it, for it is not found in the Academy of Sciences, where upon opening the eye
all. When the miners fee this, they know the vein of of a perfon long blind, the optic nerve was found ex-
ore is very near. tremely fhrunk and decayed, and having no medulla in
BLINDS, or Blindes, in the art of war, a fort it) ; or fome external violence, vicious confirmation,
of defence commonly made of oziers, or branches in- growth of a cataradl, gutta ferena, fmall-pox, or the
terwoven* and laid acrofs between two rows of Hakes, like. See Meiucine-A^.y.
about the height of a man, and four or five feet afun- Extraordinary caufes of blindnefs are malignant
der, ufed particularly at the heads of trenches, when flenches, poifonous juicestlropped into the eye, baneful
they are extended in front towards the glacis ; ferving vermin, long confinement in the dark, or the like,
to fhelter the workmen, and prevent their being over- The ducks which breed under ground, and break out
looked by the enemy. into the Zirchnitzer fea in Carniola after all great
BLINDING, a fpecies of corporal punifhment an- florms, are blind at their'firft eruption 5 but in fome
ciently inflicted on thieves, adulterers, perjurers, and time come to their fight. The author of the EmbafTy
others; and from which the ancient Chriftians were of D. Garcias de Sylva Figueroa into Perfia tells us,
not exempt. Sometimes lime and vinegar, or barely that in feveral parts of that kingdom are found vail
fealding vinegar, was poured into the eyes till their numbers of blind people of all ages, fexes, and condi-
balls were confumed ; fometimes a rope was twifled tions ; by reafon of a fpecies of little flies which prick
round the head till the eyes flarted out. In the middle the eyes and lips, and enter the noflrils, carrying cer-
age, they changed total blindnefs for a great darknefs * tain blindnefs with them when they light on the eyes,
or diminution of fight; which they produced by hold- Blindness, in farriery, is. a difeafe incident to
ing a red-hot iron difh or bafon before the eyes till horfes, efpecially thofe of an iron-grey or dapple-grey
their humours were dried and their coats fhrivelled up. colour, when ridden too hard or backed too young. It
The inhabitants of the city Apollonia executed it on may be difeovered by the walk or ftep, which in a
their watch whom they found afleep.—Democritus blind horfe is always uncertain and unequal, becaufe he
(according to Plutarch, Cicero, and A. Gellius), put dares not fet down his feet boldly when led in one’s
out his own eyes, that he might be lefs diflurbed in hand; though if the fame horfe be mounted by an ex-
his mental contemplations, when thus freed from the pert horfeman, and the horfe ofjiimfelf be mettled,
diftradlion of the objedts of fight. the fear of the fpur will make him go more freely ; fo
BLINDNESS, a privation of the fenfe of fight, a- that his blindnefs can hardly be perceived. Another
rifing from a total deprivation of its organs, or an in-' mark whereby a horfe may be known to have loft his
voluntary obftruftion of their fundlions.. See the ar- fight is, that upon hearing any body enter the liable,
tide Blind. he will prick up his ears, and move them backwards
Total Blindness, is that wherein all fight or per- and forwards, as miftrufling every thing, and being in
ception, even of light, is wanting, as is the cafe of thofe continual alarm by the leafl noife. Dr Lower firft:
who are faid to be Jlone-blind. A blind man, by the fliowed the caufe of the ordinary blindnefs in horfes,
civil law, cannot make a teftament except under certain which is a fpongy excrefcence, growing in one, fdme—
modifications ; but in every cafe he is difabled from times in two, or three places of the uvea, which being
being a witnefs to a teftament, on account of his blind- at length overgrown, covers the pupil when the horle
nefs. is brought into the light, though in a dark liable it di-
Partial Blindness, is that wherein fome faint glim- lates again.
meVing is left, as is always the cafe in people who have BLINKS, among ancientfportfmen, denotedboughs
ripe catara&s, who are never fo blind but they can broken down from trees, and thrown in the way where
difeern day from night. . deer are likely to pafs, to hinder their running, or ra-
Perpetual Blindness, is that which remains alike ther to mark which way a deer runs, in order to guide,
under all the diverfity of feafons, times, ages, See. the hunter.
Tranfient Blindness, is that which gives way of it- BLINKING of beer, in Lincolnfhire, fignifies
felf in due time, as that of whelps, which continues for letting the wort Hand for fome time in the vat, till it
feveral days, fometimes nine, rarely twelve, after they hath acquired fome degree of acidity, in order to dif¬
are littered. The Nogais Tartars, according to father pofe it to fine, and be the fooner ready for drinking.
Du Ban the Jefuit, who lived among them, are born BLISSOM, among hufbandmen, corruptly called
blind, and open not their eyes till feveral days. blojjbm, is the aft of a ram when coupling with an
Periodical Blindness, is that which comes and goes ewe.
BLISTER,
B L O
See the
Index fub-
uoined to
wLcdicine.
BLISTER, in medicine, a thin bladder containing
a watery humour, whether occaiioned by burns and
the like accidents, or by veficatories applied to diffe¬
rent parts of the body for that purpofe —Cantha-
rides, or Spanifh flies, applied in the form of a plafter,
are chiefly ufed with this intention. See Canthari-
des.
ELITE, in botany. See Blitum.
BLITH, a town of Nottinghamfhire, in England,
feated in W. Long. o. 55. N. Lat. 53. 25.
BLITUM, Elite, or i>tra<wbetry Spinach: A ge¬
nus of the digynia order, belonging to the monandria
clafs of plants ; and in the natural method ranking
in the i2th order, Holeracea. The calyx is trifid; no
petals; the feed is one, included in a berry-fliaped
calyx.
Species. I. The capitatum, with flowers in clu-
ftered heads at the joints and crown of the ilalks, is a
native of Spain and Portugal, but has been long pre¬
fer ved in the Britiih gardens on account of the beauty
of its fruit. It is an annual plant, vvith leaves fome-
what like thofe of fpinach; the ftalk rifes two feet and
[ 3°7 1
B L O
Block, among cutters in wood, is a form made of Block
pear-tree, box, or other hard and clofe-gi ained wood, giocyancj
free from knots, on which they cut their figures in re- 0CVan
lievo with knives, chiffels, &c.
Block, in falconry, denotes the perch whereon
a bird of prey is kept. This is to be covered with
cloth.
Blocks, in fea-language, are pieces of wood be¬
longing to fhips, in which the ihivers of pulleys are
placed, and wherein the running-ropes go. Of thefe
fome are Angle, fome double; and fome have three,
four, or five, fhivers in them. They are named and
diftinguifhed by the ropes they carry, and the ufes they
ferve for.
Mounting Block, an eminence ufually of ftone, cut
in fteps or notches, ferving as a help to mount on
horfeback. Thefe were much in ufe among the an¬
cients, who were unacquainted with ftirrups. The
Romans eredted them at proper ftations along all their
great roads.
Block (Daniel) portrait painter, was born at
Stettin in Pomerania in 1580, and gave early proofs
an half high ; the upper part of The ftalk hath flowers of a good genius ; which induced his parents to place
coming out in fmall heads at every joint, and is termi- him as a difciple with Jacob Scherer, a mafter capable
nated by a little clufter of the fame : after the flowers of giving him the beft direftions, to qualify him for
proceeding fuccefsfully in his profeflion. He chiefly
painted portraits, in which (according to Sandrart)
he was very eminent, and had the honour to paint the
portraits of Chriftian IV. King of Denmark, and of
Guftavus Adolphus King of Sweden. The extraor-
are paft, the heads fwell to the fize of wood ftrawberries,
and when ripe have the fame appearance, but are not
eatable; they are full of a purple juice, which ftains
the hands of thofe who bruife them of a deep purple
colour. 2. The virgatum, with fmall heads growing
from the fides of the ftalks, is a native of the fouth of dinary merit of this mafter recommended him to the
France and Italy. This feldom grows more than a
foot high : the leaves are fmaller than the firft, but of
efteem of the Prince of Mecklenburg, who retained him
his fervice for 44 years ; and by order of that Prince,
the fame ftiape : the flowers are produced at the wings he painted the portraits of his whole family at full
of the leaves, almoft the length of the ftalk ; they are length, as large as life, and in the antique habit; by
fmaller, and not fo deeply coloured as the firft. 3,
The tartaricum, triangular, acutely indented leaves, is
a native of the country from which it takes its name.
Mr Miller received the feeds from Peteriburg. It rifes
to very near three feet high; the flowers come out
from the fides of the ftalks, but are fmaller than thofe
of the firft, as is alfo the frdit.
which works his reputation was eftabliflred effeftually.
By the agreeable manner of his colouring, and the eaiy
attitudes of his figures, his paintings became fo accept¬
able to all perfons of rank, that before the decline of
life, he had acquired a very large fortune ; but unfor¬
tunately he loft it all, in the compafs of a few hours,
by the hidden eruption of a plundering party, and
Culture. All thefe plants, being annuals, muft be with great difficulty his own life was preferved. He
propagated by feeds; and as they are very hardy, will died in 1661.
fucceed in the comipon borders. If fown in March or BLOCKADE, in the art of war, the blocking up
April, covering the feed about half an ipch deep with a place, by polling troops at all the avenues leading to
earth, and leaving the plants five or fix inches afunder. it, to keep fupplies of men and provifions from getting
When they come up, each muft be fupported with a into it 5 and by thefe means propofing to ftarve it out,
without making any regular attacks.
To raife a blockade, is to force the troops that keep
the place blocked up from their polls.
BLOCKLAND (Anthony de Montfort), hillory
and portrait painter, was born of a noble family at
Montfort in 1532. He learned the art of painting in
the fchool of Francis Floris, whofe manner he always
followed ; and became an artift of great diftinftion, by
endeavouring principally to imitate the talle of the Ro¬
man fchool in defign and compofition. His genius was
wood whereon to fallen work or to falhicn it; ftrength beft adapted to grand compofitions, of which he. de-
fmall Hick, or they will be borne down by the weight
of the berries.
BLOATING, a puffing up or inflation of the ex¬
terior habit of the body, lodged chiefly in the adipofe
cells. It is the fame with what phyficians call an em¬
pty fema.
BLOCK is ufed for a piece of marble as it comes
out of the quarry, before it has affumed any form from
the hand of a workman.
Block, in the mechanic arts, a large piece of folid
and ftabijity being the requifite properties. In this
fenfe, we fay a chopping block ; a fugar-finer’s block ; a
fmith's block, on which his anvil is faftened; an execu¬
tioner’s block, on which the criminal’s head is laid to be
ftruck off.
figned many ; fome at Delft, but more at Utrecht.
His defigns had grandeur, the airs of his heads were
noble, and the profiles of his female figures approached
near to the talle of Parmigiano. Several of his works
are in fo good a gufto, and particularly a Venus, and
, Qjj 2 the
B L O t 308 ] B L O
Bloczi! the hiftory of Jofeph and his Brethren, that they feem cold and filvery. His works are juftly held in high
BJ eln- rt t0 ^ave ^een a mafter educated in the fchool eftimation. They are very numerous, and many of ^
\ of Florence. He died in 1583. them difficult to be procured.”
BLOCZIL, a fortrefs of Over-yflel in the United BLOIS, a town of France, the capital of Blaifois,
Provinces, feated on the river Aa, at the place where in Orleanois, is feated on the banks of the river Loire,
it falls into the Zuider Zee. It has a port fufficient to partly on a plain, and partly on an eminence, in the
contain 200 veflels, and ferves to defend thofe ffiips midft of one of the moll agreeable countries of France,
that crofe the fea. It has frx good baftions, and fe- The caftle is the ornament of this city. At the firft
veral other regular fortifications. E. Long. 6. o. N. view, it feems to be two diftindt buildings; but it is.
Lat. 52. 44. joined by a paffage cut out of the rock. Joining to
BLOEMART ( Abraham), painter of landfcape, this, on the weft-lide, is the tower of Chateau Reg-
cattle, hiftory, and portrait, was born at Gorcum in naud, fo called becaufe that lordfhip may be difcovered
1564, according to Houbraken but according to San-
drart, whofe authority feems to claim the preference^
he was born in 1567, and lived moftly at Utrecht- In
from hence, though 20 miles diftant. At the eaft-end
of this is another fmall tower, which is partly ancient
and partly modern. That part of the caftle which
his youth he applied himfelf diligently to defign after was built by the Duke of Orleans, in the room of that
the works of Francis Floris, and afterwards received which he demoliftied in 1632, is a fuperb edifice, but
inftrudtions from feveral artifts of no great repute; but unfiniftied. The court, before it, where the church of
the power of his own genius proved his principal di- St Saviour is built, is very large, and was formerly
redtor in the art of painting. He formed a manner ufed for tournaments. The moft remarkable thing in
peculiar, to himfelf, making nature his model for many this caftle is a fine long gallery, adorned with many
pf the objedts he painted, particularly his cattle, in curious and uncommon pieces ; it is in the midft of
which he excelled. He died in 1647. He left four two gardens, one of which is full of fruit-trees, and
fons who were all of them artifts ; but the moft famous the other of parterres, fountains, cafcades, and mar-
was Cornelius, the fubjedt of the following article. ble ftatues brought from Italy. Beyond thefe, there
Bloemart (Cornelius), the youngeft fon of A- is a large park, where there is game in abundance. On
braham, was born in 1603 at Utrecht. The firft all the gates of the city there isthe imageoftheVir-
principles of drawing and painting he learned from his gin Mary, who they believe freed them from the
father ; but his natural inclination for the art of engra- plague in 1631. There are feveral parifti-churches,
ving was fo powerful, that he applied himfelf wholly to chapters, and religious houfes for both fexes. The
the purfuit of it. He firft ftudied under Crifpin de church of St Solenne is the cathedral, and is the hand-
Pafs, an engraver much more famous for the neatnefs fomeft in the city. The front of the Jefuits church
than the good tafte of his works Not fatisfied with is decorated with three orders of architedlure, the
what he learned from this artift, he went to Rome, in Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian ; but there is only the
order to perfedt himfelf from the works of the greatelt Doric on the infide. The town-houfe is a tolerable
mailers: And in that city (where the far greater part building, and Hands in a ftreet which terminates at the
of his engravings were made) he died in a very advan- quay, where there is a public walk that has a fine
ced age.—“ The manner of engraving, adopted by profpect on the Loire, over which there is a bridge
this excellent artift, appears to me (fays Mr Strutt) to that leads to the fuburbs of Vienna. There are a few
be not only quite original, but the fource from which houfes on the bridge, and a tower at each end to guard;
we may trace that ftyle in which the greateft and beft the entrance. About three quarters of a mile from
French mafters excelled ; thofe I mean who worked the city, the water runs down the clefts of a rock into
with the graver only. He covered the lights upon his a large aqueduft, by which it is conveyed to a refervoir
diftances,. and the other parts of his plates which re- near the walls, and from hence diftributed by leaden
quired tinting, with great care. The lights, whether pipes to the feveral parts of the city. The country
on the diftant hills, trees, buildings, or figures, in the about Blois produces corn, wine, cattle, and game of
engravings prior to his time, had been left quite clear, every kind, and the waters a great quantity of fifti-.
and by fo many white fpots fcattered in various parts The meadows are fo rich and fertile, that the cows
of the fame defign, the harmony was deftroyed, the yield excellent milk, good in confumptive cafes, and
fubjeft confufed, and the principal figures prevented which affords the beft cream in the kingdom. About
from relieving with any ftriking effeft. By this judi- a league from Blois, there are mineral fprings, which
cious improvement, Bloemart gave to his prints a more have the fame virtues as thofe of Forges. The trade of
clear and finiihed appearance, than all the laboured Blois is chiefly in wine and brandy; but they alfo
neatnefs even of Jerom Wierix had been able to produce, make fome ferges and ftuffs at this place. Several kings
He drew correctly ; but from his ftyle of engraving, have kept their courts at Blois;, for which reafon they
which was executed entirely with the graver, the ex- fpeak the French language in perfeftion, and the in-
tremities of his figures are heavy, and his heads are habitants are accounted, witty and polite. E. Long..
not always equally beautiful or expreffive. With re- 1. 30. N. Lat. 47. 37.
fpe£t to the mechanical part of the works, few indeed BL0MARY, or BLOOMARY,.in metallurgy, the firft
have excelled him, either in clearnefs or freedom of forge through which iron paffes, after it is melted out
execution. His great fault, however, is want of va- of the ore.
riety. The naked parts of his figures, the draperies, BLOEMEN (Peter Van), a celebrated painter,
and the back-ground, are equally neat, and engraved born at Antwerp, was brother to John-Francis Van
precifely in the fame manner. Hence the effeft is flat; Bloemen, called by the Italians Orizonti, and lived
and the flefh, for want of fufficient diftinftion, appears for feveral years at Rome along with his brother. As
fooEi
1
B L 0 [ 309 ] B L O
Bloemen, f0on as lie found himfelf competently /killed in colour- tafte.” And Mr Walpole obferves, that fome heads,
Blond, ing and penciling, as well as in defigning, he returned coloured progreffively, according to their feveral gra-
'v 1 to his native city, where, in the year ,1699, he was dations, bearwitnefs to the fuccefs and beauty of his
appointed dire&or of the academy. The compofition invention. He had another merit to the public, with
of this mafter is rich, and his pictures are generally fill- which few inventors begin ; for he communicated his
ed with a number of figures. His fubje&s are, the fecret in a thin quarto, intitled Coloritto, or “ The
marchings of fquadrons of cavalry, encampments, ar- harmony of colouring in painting reduced to mechani-
tillery, battles, Italian fairs, markets, and fellivals; in cal practice, under eafy precepts and - infallible rules.”
which he /bowed great correftnefs in his defign and in His method was performed by feveral mezzotinto plates
his drawing ; and an elegance in the manner of dreffing for one piece, each expreffing different /hades and parts
his figures; whom he frequently reprefented in orien- of the. piece in different colours. He was not, how-
tal habits. He defigned horfes in an admirable ftyle ; ever, it is faid, the original inventor of that manner
and in his battles gave them abundance of fpirit, grace- of managing colours, but took it from Laftman and
ful attitudes, and an expreffion that was full of life and others, who, with much greater regularity of morals,
nature. His landfcapes are enriched with elegant ar- equal capacities, and more difcreet condudt,. had before
chitefture, with baffo-relievos, and mutilated ftatues, undertaken it without fuccefs. Le Blond, whofe head
in a noble tafte ; and rendered ftili more pleafing by a was continually full of fchemes, next fet on foot a
good tone of colourj by animals of different kinds, and projedt for copying the cartoons of Raphael in tape-
excellent figures.—His bell works are admired in all ftry, and made drawings from the pictures for that
parts of Europe, and afford large prices: but it is to purpofe. Houfes were built and looms erefted at the
be obferved, that fome of his pictures feem rather to be Mulberry Ground at Chelfea ; but the expences being
too much laboured or ftiff, and (according to the ar- too great, or the contributions not equal to the firft
tifts phrafe) fmell of the palette ; and thofe are proper- expectations, the fcheme was fuddenly defeated, and
tionably lefs eftimable. Le Blond difappeared, to the no fmall diffatisfaftion
Bloemen (John Francis Van). Vid. Orizonti-. of thbfe who were engaged with him. From hence he
Bloemen (Norbert Van), brother of the prece- went to Paris, where, Bafan informs us, he was in
ding, was a painter of portraits and converfations ; but the year 1737 ; and in that city he died, 1740, in an
in merit was very inferior to his brothers, although he hofpital. Le Blond was alfo author of a treatife, in
had a good deal of employment. French, on ideal beauty- It was publifhed in 1732,
BLOND (Chriftopher le), painter of portraits in and has fince been tranflated into Engli/h.
miniature and all kinds of fubjedts on paper, was born BLONDEL (David), a proteftant minifter, di¬
in 1670. Very few circumftances relative to his edu- ftinguifhed by his /kill in ecclefiailical and civil hiftory,.
cation or life are mentioned by any writers till he was was born at Chalons fur Marne, and- was admitted
known at Rome in the year 1716, being at that time minifter at a fynod of the ifle of France, in 1614.
painter to the Count Martinetz, ambaffador at the He wrote, 1. A defence of the reformed churches
court of Rome. By the felicitation of Overbeke he of France. 2. A work againft the decretal epiftles.
was induced to go to Amfterdam, and in that city 3. De Epifcopis et Prejbyteris ; and other pieces,
was employed to paint fmall portraits for bracelets, Bayle informs us that he had a very Angular way of
■ rings, and fnuff-boxes ; of which, although they were ftudying; he lay on the ground, and had round about
painted in water-colours, yet- the colouring was as him the books which he wanted for the work he was
lively and natural as if they had been painted in oil. about. He died in 1655, aged 64.
However, as he found his fight much impaired by the Blondel (Francis), regius profeflbrof mathematics
minutenefs of his work, he difeontinued water-colour and architedlure, was employed in feveral negociations,
painting, and attempted the ufe of oil with a reafon- arrived at the dignity of mar/hal de camp and coun-
able degree of fuceefs. After he had refided for fome fellor of ftate, and had the honour of being chofen to
years in the Low Countries, he went to England, and- 'teach the dauphin the mathematics ; he was alfo made
iet up a new method of printing mezzotinto plates in member of the Academy of Sciences at Paris, and di-
colours fo as to imitate the pictures of which they were re ft or of the Academy of Architefture. He died at
copies. In this manner he executed in England feveral Paris in 1688, aged 68. He wrote, 1. Notes on the
large plates, from piftures of the greateft mailers, architefture of Savot. 2. A courfe of architefture
Iand difpofed of the prints by lottery. But thofe who and mathematics. 3. The art of throwing bombs.
obtained the prizes (Mr Strutt fays) appear not to 4. A new manner of fortifying places. 5. A com-
have held them in any very great eftimation. “ The parifon between Pindar and Horace ; and other works,
prints (he adds) certainly po/Tefs fome merit, exclufive BLONDUS (Flavius), an hiftorian born at Forli,
of their novelty; but, in general, the colours are flat in Italy, in 1388, was fecretary to Eugenius IV. and
and dirty ; the effeft is neither ftriking nor judicioufly other popes. He compofed a great many books; and,
j. managed; and the drawing is frequently very incor- among others, a Hiftory from the year 400 to 1440.
reft, efpecially in the extremities of his figures.” Mr He died in 1463.
Pilkington fpeaks of them with greater approbation. BLONIEZ, a town of Poland, in the province of
“ The artift (he fays) imitated his models with fo Warfovia. E. Long. 20. 35. N. Lat. 52. o.
much /kill, fuch exaft refemblance, fuch correftnefs of BLOOD, a red liquor circulating through the vef-
outline, fuch fimilarity of colour and expreffion, that fels of the human body and the bodies of the larger
at firft they amazed every beholder who viewed them animals, which appears immediately and e/Tentially ne¬
at a proper diftance ; and many of thofe prints are ftili ceflary to the prefervation of life,
extant, which arc much efteemed by gerfons of good Though there is no living creature as yet known.
whofe.
Blond
li
Blood.
B L O [ 3
Blood, whofc life doth not immediately depend upon the cir*
culation of fome kind of fluid through its veffels, yet
1. unlefs fuch fluid is of a red colour, it does not obtain
without t^ie name blood; and therefore fuch creatures as have
fome liquid a colourlefs or milky liquor circulating through their
equivalent veflels, are called exfanguious animals.
to blood. The blood has a very different degree of thicknefs or
Blood of vifcidity in different animals, and even in the fame ani-
different mal at different times. Though it is in all cafes en-
tbicknefs in dowed v;ith a confiderable degree of tenacity, yet in
different a- ftrong animals that tenacity is remarkably greater than
mmals. ;n weak ones. a]llq hence the blood of bulls was made
That of ufe of by the ancients as a poifon, its extreme vifcidity
bulb an- rendering it totally indigeftible by the powers of the
eiently ufed human ftomach. It is well known alfo by phyficians,
as a poifon. tjiere are pome ^ates 0f human body in which
the blood becomes vailly tenacious, fo as in a great
meafure to refufe any intimate connection with water;
and others, in which its crafis is almoft totally diffolved,
fo as to appear, when drawn out of the body, like a
fluid and half putrid mafs. See Medicinte-/»^x.
Appearance ^ common appearance of the blood when drawn
of the blood from a vein in the human body is well known. It firft
whendrawn feems an homogeneous red liquor ; then it confohdates
from a vein. ;nt0 one uniform mafs; in a little time, a yellowifh wa¬
tery liquor begins to feparate from it, which is more
or lefs in quantity according to the flate in which the
blood happens to be ; the red mafs, in the mean time,
contradfs greatly in its dimenfions, and increafes in fo-
lidity. But this increafe of folidity is likewife pro¬
portional to the ftate of the blood at the time : in flrong
people, if attacked with a violent inflammatory difeafe,
the folid part is exceedingly tough, infomuch that Dr
Huxham fays he has fometimes found it almoft like a
piece of flefh itfelf; whereas, in other difeafes, the folid
part is very foft and tender, breaking in pieces with
the flighted touch. The fpontaneous reparation of the
blood into craffamentum, ferum, and coagulable lymph,
hath been already taken notice of under Anatomy,
n° 126.
The attention of phyfxologifls hath been very much
engaged by inquiries into the nature and compofition
of the blood, and accordingly it hath been examined
in all poffible ways. By a chemical analyfis, it dif-
covers the fame principles with other animal fubflances ;
giving over in diftillation a great quantity of phlegm,
a volatile fpirit, with much fetid oil; after which,
there Remains a charred matter, that, burnt in an open
fire, leaves a white earth fimilar to calcined hartfhorn.
Some£minent chemifts, Mr Homberg particularly, have
afferted that blood contains an acid as well ,as an alkali,
but that the former doth not arife till towards the end
of the diftillation : but what is very lingular, and in¬
deed muft throw no fmall fufpicion on the whole account,
is, that the acid and alkali, notwithftanding their great
tendency on all other occafions to unite with each other,
do here remain feparate, fo that the liquor may be even
rediftilled without their forming any neutral compound.
An experiment in confirmation of this is recorded in the
memoirs of the Royal Academy for 1712. Six pounds
of human blood diftilled to drynefs with a gentle heat,
were reduced to a pound and an half; after which, the
mafs was urged with a graduated fire, till the retort at
laft became red hot. The produce was 17 ounces of
liquor ; 12 o£ which were a red and very empyreuma-
Blood che-
mitally a-
nalyfed.
Contains
cording t<
fome che-
mifts.
Experi¬
ment in
confirma¬
tion of this.
i° ] B L O
tic volatile fpirit, the other five were oil. The capwt Blood.
mortuum was a light coal weighing four ounces and a v—
half. On rectifying the volatile fpirit in a fmall retort,
about an ounce of a red fetid liquor remained, which
had a very acid fmell, and turned the juice of turnfole
red. Mr Homberg now imagined, that the acid con¬
tained in the blood of animals could not difengage it¬
felf perfectly by thefe diftillations without addition.
He therefore determined to diftil human blood with
an admixture of fome other fubftance; but as earths'
contain a fait, which might render the operation un¬
certain, he determined to ufe only the caput mortuum
of a former diftillation of the fame fubftance. For
this purpofe, four pounds of the coagulum of human
bTood being well mixed with a large quantity of this
refiduum, and the whole dried in the fun, it was put
Into a retort, and diftilled with a fire raifed, towards
the end of the operation, to the utmoft violence. The
oil being feparated from the volatile fpirit, the latter
was rectified ; and the confequence was, that there
came over four pounds of a red acid liquor, that turn¬
ed the tinCture of turnfole very red. All the diftilla-
tions.of the aqueous liquors already mentioned, obtain¬
ed by fimilar procefles, being mixed together, and fe¬
parated from their yet remaining oil, by careful dilu¬
tion with water and filtration, they were at length di¬
ftilled together ; the liquor that came over was clear
as water, and its firft quantities contained a great deal
of volatile fait, but the laft two ounces were found to
be as four as diftilled vinegar.—The fame produCts
were obtained from the blood of carnivorous animals,
as well as from that of animals feeding folely upon ve¬
getables. g
In Dr Lewis’s notes on Newman’s Chemiftry we Dr Lewis’s
have the following account of the blood, and the parts account of |
into which it may be refolvcd. “ Recent blood is e- the blood.,
qually fluid, and in tafte fomewhat faline. Viewed by
a microfcope, it appears compofed of numerous red
globules fwimming in a tranfparent fluid. On ftanding
for a little time, it feparates into a thick craflamentum
and fluid ferum. By agitation, it continues fluid : A
confiftent polypous matter adheres to the ftirrer, which,
by repeated ablution with water, becomes white.—
Received from the vein in warm water, it depofites a
quantity of tranfparent filamentous matter, the red por¬
tion continuing diffolved in the water. On evaporating
the fluid, a red powdery fubftance is left.—It congealq
by froft, and becomes fluid again by warmth ; after
liquefaftion, it quickly putrefies.—Fluid and florid
blood expofed to a temperate air, putrefies fooner than
fuch as is more denfe. Infpiffated to drynefs, it leaves a
dark-coloured mafs, amounting, at a medium, to about
one-fourth of the weight of the blood, of a bitter fa-
line tafte, eafily inflammable, burning with a bluilh
flame. The exficcated blood is not foluble in acid or
alkaline liquors ; but gives fome tinCture to water and
to fpirit of wine, and is more powerfully aCted upon by
dulcified fpirit of nitre. Recent blood is coagulated
by the mineral acids, and by molt of the combinations
of them with earthy and metallic bodies. With ve¬
getable acids, and with folutions of neutral falts, it
mingles equably without coagulation. Alkalis, both
fixed and volatile, render it more fluid, and preferve it
from coagulating.
“ The ferum of blood is more faline than the craf-
2 famentum,
B L O
[ 311 ] B L O
famentum, and does not fo fpeedily putrefy. It freezes
fomewhat more difficultly than pure water ; and ics a-
queous part evaporates, by a gentle warmth, fomewhat
more readily, leaving about one-twelfth of the weight
of the ferum of a folid yellowifh pellucid matter. Ex-
pofed to heat a little greater than that of the human
body, it coagulates into a folid mafs, without any con-
fiderable evaporation. Both this coagulum and the
infpiffated ferum are readily inflammable in the fire,
not difibluble in water, or in fpirit of wine, in acid or
in alkaline liquors.”
sxture of But the texture of the blood difcoverable by a mi-
bloat, crofCOpe> hath engaged the attention of the learned
iLewen- muc^ more than the chemical analyfis ever did. Lew-
enhoeck was the fii ft who difcovered, or fancied he dis¬
covered, that the blood, as it exifts in the body of an
animal, confifts of a quantity of red globular particles
fwimming in a large quantity of tranfparent liquor.
Each of thefe globules, he imagined, was compoied of
fix fmaller ones packed together. While the fix con¬
tinued to adhere, their colour was red ; but when fe-
parated, they became yellow, and thus formed what
is called ferum. He even pretended to have dif¬
covered that each of the ferous globules confifted of fix
fmaller ones, and that thefe when broken down con-
ftituted fome more fubtile and penetrating liquor than
I the ferum, &c. This was for a long time received al-
moft univerfally as an undoubted fadt; and many the¬
ories were built upon it, and elaborate calculations
_j made, of which (we hope) no account needs now be
given, as the faliity of thefe pretended difcoveries is
  ^ generally allowed. Father de Torre, with microfcopes
f'atherde which he pretended were capable of magnifying to an
're. incredible degree, found that the red particles of the
blood were of an annular figure, with a perforation
in the middle ; and that the ring itfelf was formed of
feveral joints. Some of thefe extraordinary magnifi¬
ers, however, being fent over to England, thofe who
were appointed by the Royal Society to make trial of
them found them totally ufelefs, fo that the credit of
Father de Torre’s difcoveries mull have retted princi¬
pally on his own evidence. The falfity of his hypo-
thelis, as well as that of Lewenhoeck, was detedfed
by the late Mr Hewfon, whofe microfcopical experi¬
ments on the blood being the lateft that have appeared,
we fliall tranfcribe the following particular account of
them given by himfelf in a letter to Dr Haygarth phy-
lician in Chetter. “ The red particles of the blood,
improperly called globules, are flat in all animals, and
of very different lizes in different animals. In man
they are fmall, as flat as a Ihfiling, and appear to have
a dark fpot in the middle. In order to fee them di-
ftinfitly, I dilute the blood with frelh ferum. My pre-
deceffors, not having thought of this, could not fee
them diftin&ly. And Lewenhoeck in particular, ima¬
gining a round figure fitteft for motion, concluded they
mutt be round in the human body ; though he and
others allowed that in frogs, &c. where they viewed
them diftin&ly from the blood being thinner, they were
flat. Now I prove that they are flat in all animals.
In the human blood, where thefe particles are fmall,
it is difficult to determine what that black fpot is which
appears in the centre of each. Some have concluded
that it was a perforation : but in a frog, where it is
fix times as large as in a man, it is eafy to Ihow that it
I lording 1
is not a perforation, but on the contrary is a little
folid, which is contained in the middle of a veficle.
Inftead, therefore, of calling this part of the blood
red. globules, I fhould call it red vejicles; for each par¬
ticle is a flat veficle, with a little folid fphere in its
centre.
“ I find that the blood of all animals contains vefi-
cles of this fort. In human blood there are millions
of them ; and they give it the ,red colour. But in in¬
fers they are white, and lefs numerous in proportion
than in man and quadrupeds. As they are flat in all
animals, I fufpedt that ffiape is a circumftanee of im¬
portance, but can be altered by a mixture with diffe¬
rent fluids. And I find that it is by a determinate
quantity of neutral fait contained in the ferum, that
this fluid is adapted to preferving thefe vefieles in their
flat fliape : for, if they be mixed with water, they be¬
come round, and diffolve perfectly ; but add a little of
any neutral fait to the w'ater, and they remain in it,
without any alteration in their lhape, and without dif-
folving.
“ Now, when it is confidered, that the blood of all
animals is filled with thefe particles, we mutt believe
that they ferve fome very important purpofe in the ani¬
mal ceconomy ; and fince they are fo complicated in
their ftrudture, it is improbable they ftiould be made
by mechanical agitation in the lungs or blood-veffels,.
as has been fufpedted, but probably have fome organs
fet apart for their formation. This I fliall endeavour
to prove, when I have explained their ftrufture a little
more particularly, and mentioned the manner in which
I exhibit it. I take the blood of a toad or frog, in
which they are very large ; I mix it with the ferum of
human blood to dilute it; I find them appear all flat
fo they do in the blood-veffels of this animal, as I have
diftindtly feen in the web between its toes, whilft the
animal was alive and fixed in the microfcope. Their
appearance in thefe animals is not unlike flices of cu¬
cumber. I next mix a little of the blood with water,
which impiediately makes them all round, and then be¬
gins to diflblve them whiltt they are round. I incline
the ttage of the microfcope, fo as to make them roll
down it; and then I can diftindtly fee the folid in the
middle fall from fide to fide like a pea in a bladder.
A neutral fait added to them at this time brings them
back to their flat fhape : but if the fait be not added,
the water gradually diffolves’away the veficle ; and then
the little fphere is left naked. Such is the compofi-
tion of thefe particles. I have exhibited thefe expe¬
riments to a confiderable number of my acquaintance,
who all agree in their being fatisfabbory.
“ The microfcope I ufe is a fingle lens, and there¬
fore as little likely to deceive us as a pair of fpebtacles,
which, as is allowed by all who ufe them, do not dif-
figure objebls, but only reprefent them larger.
“ From farther experiments, I am convinced, that
the ufe of the thymus and lymphatic glands is to make
the middle folid pieces t and I can prove it in as fatis-
fabtory a manner as you can do the ufe of any vifeus in
the human body ; that is, by opening thefe glands, and
examining the fluid contained in their cells, which I
End to be full of thefe little folids. I moreover find,
that the lymphatic veffels take them up from thofe
glands, and convey them into the blood-veffels which,
cany them to. the fpleen, in whofe cells they have the
veficlea,
B L O
Objeftion
to his hy-
pothefis.
T3
Opinion of
DrWilfon.
veficles laid over them ; fo that the thymus and lym¬
phatic glands make the central particles, and the
fpleen makes the veficles that furround them. That
this is the ufe of the fpleen appears from examining
the lymph which is returned from its lymphatic vef-
fels ; for that lymph, contrary to what is obferved in
other parts of the body, is extremely red.
“ But befides having thefe glands fet apart for ma¬
king the red veficles of the blood, I find that they are
alfo made in the lymphatic veffels in different parts of
the body, whofe coats have blood-veflels properly con-
ftru&ed for this fecretion. So that the thymus and
lymphatic glands are no more than appendages of the
lymphatic fyftem, for making the middle particles ;
and the fpleen an appendage to the lymphatic velfels,
for making the veficles which contain thefe middle
particles.
“ I conjeAure that it is the coagulable lymph which
is converted into this red part of the blood, from a cu¬
rious faft that has long been known $ namely, that the
blood in the fplenic vein does not coagulate when ex-
pofed to the air, as the blood of other veins does ; fo
that it feems to be robbed of its coagulable lymph in
palling through the fpleen.
“ It is very remarkable, that the fpleen can be cut
out of an animal, and the animal do well without it.
I made the experiment on a dog, and kept him a year
and a half without obferving his health to be in the
lead impaired. From this fome have concluded the
fpleen to be an ufelefs weight; which is abfurd, when
we confider that all animals with red blood have it.
Therefore it is more confident with what we know of
the animal (Economy, to conclude, that fince an animal
can do well without it, there is probably fome part of
the body that can fupply its place.
“ In lefts have veficles condrufted in a fimilar way
to ours, but differing in colour. But infefts have nei¬
ther fpleen, thymus, nor lymphatic glands ; and there¬
fore in them probably thefe veficles are entirely fabri¬
cated in the lymphatic veffels. But to us, and other
of the more perfeft animals, befides the lymphatic vef¬
fels, nature has given thofe glands, that a proper quan¬
tity of thofe important veficles might be the better fe-
cured to us ; jud as (he has given us two ears, the
better to fecure us hearing through life, though we
can hear perfeftly well with one.”
This letter, we apprehend, contains the drength of
Mr Hewfon’s evidence for his hypothefis ; on which
we fhall only remark, that if the red globules are pre¬
pared in the manner above mentioned, and the lym¬
phatic veffels are excretories of thofe glands where
the red particles are formed ; then if there is any vef-
fel where all thefe excretories unite, as mentioned A-
natomy, n° 106, in that veffel the lymph ought to
appear very red, on account of the accumulated quan¬
tity of red globules brought thither from all parts
of the body. But no fuch rednefs feems ever to
have been taken notice of by any anatomid: this
therefore mud be an objection to Mr Hewfon’s hypo¬
thefis ; and fuch an one, perhaps, as will not be eafily
removed.
Many other hypothefes have been invented concern¬
ing the formation of the red blood, and various opi¬
nions delivered concerning its red colour. In a lefture
delivered at Newcadle in 1773, by Dr Wilfon of that
N° 43- 3
r 312 ] B L O
place, he afferts “ that it is felf-evidently the office of Blood,
the veins to elaborate the fluids into that form and '“■"’V—*
compofition which we know by the name of rei blood."
The felf-evidence here, however, is by no means appa¬
rent to us ; nor doth he at all point it out in an intel- I4
ligible manner.—Dr Cullen, in his phifiological part Of Dr Culi
of The Inditutions of Medicine, acknowledges that ten.
we know but little of the formation of any of the ani¬
mal fluids ; and concerning the microfcopical obferva-
tions, &c. on the blood, gives his opinion in the follow¬
ing words, $ ccliv. “ The red globules have been con-
fidered as an oily matter, and from thence their diflindb
and globular appearance has been accounted for : but
there is no diredt proof of their oily nature ; and their
ready union with, and diffufibility in, water, renders
it very improbable. As being microfcopical objefts
only, they have been reprefented by different perfons
very differently. Some have thought them fpherical
bodies, but divifible into fix parts, each of which in their
feparate date were alfo fpherical; but other perfons
have not obferved them to be thus divifible. To many
obfervers they have appeared as perfectly fpherical;
while others judge them to be oblate fpheroids, or
lenticular. To fome they have appeared as annular,
and to others as containing a hollow veficle. All this,
with feveral other circumdances relating to them, very
varioufly reprefented, fliow fome uncertainty in micro¬
fcopical obfervations; and it leaves me, who am not
converfant in fuch obfervations, altogether uncertain
with refpect to the precife nature of this part of the
blood. The chemical hidory of it is equally precari¬
ous ; and therefore what has been hitherto faid of the
produftion and changes happening to thefe red glo- ^
bides, we chufe to leave untouched.—We fuppofe that Heaccou?!
the red globules, when viewed fingly, have very little f°r the c<jj
colour; and that it is only when a certain number of
them are laid upon one another, that the colour ap-thenumlll
pears of a bright red : but this alfo hath its limits; fool red pasj
that when the number of globules laid on one another deles com
is confiderable, the colour becomes of a darker red.tained
Upon this fuppofition, the colour of the mafs of blood
will be brighter or darker as the colouring part is more
or lefs diffufed among the other parts of the mafs;
and we think this appears to be truly the cafe
from every circumdance that attends the changes il
which have been at any time obferved in the colour
of the blood.” 16 hi
Concerning the uncertainty of microfcopical, as well
as chemical experiments, we lhall not difpute; though jcccunteLos
the conclufion againd them feems carried too far. But for frompj
with regard to the colour of the blood, we apprehend the
it hath been known, almod, if not altogether, fince the thc
difeovery of the circulation, that the florid or dark co¬
lour depends on the prefence or abfence of air, and not
upon any number of globules.—Thus the bipod re¬
turning from the veins is of a dark colour. Though di¬
luted with the frefli chyle from the fubclavian vein, it
continues of the fame dark colour till it paffes thro’ the
lungs, upon which it indantly affumes a very florid i|j |
red ; but it can never be proved that the globules in
the pulmonary vein are at all lefs numerous than in the
pulmonary artery.—That this change of colour may be
effefted by the air through membranes much thicker
than we can fuppofe the veffels of the lungs to be, hath
been demondrated by Dr Prieftley’s experiments men¬
tioned
B L O [ 31
1 Blood, tioried under the article Dephlogisticated Slir ; but
“ v  whether the change is. occalioned by the mere repara¬
tion of phlogifton from the blood, or by the abforption
of fome other principle in its ftead, is not yet deter¬
mined, though the latter is indeed acknowledged by
I Dr Prieftley himfelf to be the more probable opinion.
He even fuppofes the rednefs to be owing to a por¬
tion of dephlogifticated air abforbed in the lupgs ; but
under the above. article it is fhown that this fluid
cannot be abforbed by any liquid without decompo-
fition. It muft therefore be the elaftic principle
of this air which is abforbed, while the other combined
with part of the phlogifton emitted by the blood Is
II, - converted into fixed air.
■ tjfes of the Th'8 lea(^s us to confider the ufes to which the blood
I ,|,i,in a-is fubfervient in the animal oeconomy, and the changes
nimals. that happen to it in refpiration. The ufes of this fluid
^ are fo various, and of fuch an important nature, that
The vital fome have not fcrupled to affirm the blood to be a£lu-
principle ally poffefied of a living principle, and that the life of
jrme^to the whole body is derived from it. This opinion was
fide in the firft broached by the celebrated Harvey, the difcoverer
I blood. of the circulation : but in this he was never much fol¬
lowed ; and the hypotheiis itfelf, indeed, has been
pretty much laid afide and neglected, till of late that
)■ it was revived by Mr J. Huntec, profeffor of anatomy;
pMrHunter sjn Lonck>n.. This gentleman fupports his opinion by
n^avour'of ^he following arguments: 1. The blood unites living
;his oni- parts, imfome circumftances, as certainly as the yet re¬
ason. " cent juices of the branch of one tree unite it with that
of another. Were either of thefe fluids to be confi-
dered as extraneous or dead matters, he thinks they
would add as ilimuli, and no union would take place in
the animal or vegetable kingdom. This argument, Mr
Hunter imagines, is Hill farther eftablifhed by the fol¬
lowing experiment. Having taken off the tefticle
from a living cock, he introduced it into the belly of a
living hen. Many weeks afterwards, upon injecting
the liver of the hen, he injedted the tefticle of the cock;
which had come in contadt with the liver, and adhered
to it. He alleges, that in the nature of things, there
is not a 'more intimate connedtion between life and a
folid, than between life and a fluid. For, although we
are more accuftomed to connedt it with the one than
the other, yet the only real difference which can be
fhown between a folid and a fluid is, that the particles
of the one are lefs moveable among themfelves than
thofe of the other. Befides, we often fee the fame body
fluid in one cafe and folid in another. 2. The blood
becomes vafcular like other living parts. Mr Hunter
affirms, that, after amputations, the coagula in the ex¬
tremities of arteries may be injedted by injedfing thefe
arteries; and he has a preparation in which he thinks
he can demonftrate veffels rifing from the centre of
what had been a coagulum of blood, and. opening into
the ftream of the circulating blood. 3. Blood taken
from the arm in the moft intenfe cold which the human
body can bear, raifes the thermometer to the fame
height as blood taken in the moft fultry heat. This he
.confiders as a ftrong proof of the blood’s being alive ;
as living bodies alone have the power of refuting great
degrees both of heat and cold, and of maintaining in
almoft every fituation, while in health, that tempera¬
ture which we diftinguifh by the name of animal heat.
. 4. Blood is capable of being adted upon by a ftimulus.
in proof of this, he obferves, that it coagulates from ex-
FoT. ILL Part I.
3 ] B L O
pofure, as certainly as the cavities of the abdomen and
thorax inflame from the fame caufe. The.more it is
alive, that is,'the more the animal is in health, it coa¬
gulates the fooner on expofure ; and the more it has loft
of its living principle, as in the cafe of violent inflam¬
mations, the lefs is it fenfible to the ftimulus produced
from its being expofed, and it coagulates the later.
5. The blood preferves life in different parts of the
body. When the nerves going to a part are tied or
cut, the part becomes paralytic, and lofes all power of
motion ; but it does not mortify. If the artery be cut,
the part dies, and mortification enfues. What keeps it
alive in the firft cafe ? Mr Hunter believes it is the li¬
ving principle which alone can keep it alive ; and he
thinks that this phenomenon is inexplicable on any other
fuppofition, than that life is fupported by the blood.
6. Another argument he draws from a cafe of a frac¬
tured os humeri he had occafion to obferve. A man
was brought into St George’s hofpital for a limple frac¬
ture of the os humeri, and died about a month after
the accident. As the^ones had not united, Mr Hun¬
ter injefted the arm after death. He found that the ca¬
vity between the extremities of the bones was filled up
with blood which had coagulated. This blood was be¬
come vafcular. In fome places it was very much fo.
He does not maintain that all coagulated blood be¬
comes vafcular : and indeed the reafon is obvious; for
it is often thrown out and coagulated in parts where its
becoming vafcular could anfwer no end in the fyftem :
as, for example, in the cavities of aneurifmal faes. If
it be fuppofed, that, in fuch cafes as that juft now men¬
tioned, the veffels are not formed in the xoagulum, but
come from the neighbouring arteries, he thinks it e-
qually an argument'that the blood is alive ; for the fub-
ffance into which veffels {hoot muft be fo. The very
idea, that fuch a quantity of dead matter as the whole
mafs of blood, circulates in a living body, appears to
him abfurd. ,,
The fyftem which at prefent Hands oppofed to that ofNerv,nw
Mr Hunter, confiders the brain and nervous fyftem as thefyflema!o:Wv
fountain of life ; and that, fo far from receiving its fife'thought by
from the blood, the nervous fyftem is capable of i n ft a n
taneoufly changing the crafisof the blood, or any other ta] pr;n.
anima^ fluid; and though the nervous fyftem cannotcip'.e.
continue its aftions for any length of time if the aftion
of the blood-veffel; is fufpended, yet the heart and
blood-vefhels cannot adl for a fingle moment without
the influence of the nervous fluid. Hence, fay they, it
is plain we mull fuppofe the nervous fyftem,- and not
the blood, to contain properly the life of the animal,
and confequently to be the principal vital organ. The
fecretion of the vital fluid from the blood by means of
the brain, is, by the fupporters of this hypothefis, de¬
nied. They fay, that any fluid fecreted from the blood
muft be aqueous, inelaftic, and inadlive ; whereas the
nervous fluid is full of vigofir, elaftic, and volatile in
'the higheft degree. The great necefiify for the circu¬
lation of the blood through all parts of the body, not-
withftanding the prefence of the nervous fluid in the
fame parts, they fay is, becaufe fome degree of tenfion
is neceffary to be given to the fibres, in order to fit them
for the influx of the nervous fluid; and this tenfion they
receive from the repletion of the blood-veffels, which
are every where difperfed along with the nerves.
To follow this difpute through every argument that
hath been, or that may be, ufed by both parties, would
R r prove
B L O C3
Blood, prove tedious, and to us appears in a great meafure
-unneceffary, as the following fliort confiderations fl-em
to decide the matter abfolutely againft the patrons of
Decifive ar-'Jbo nerypus fyftem. In the firft place, then, if we can
guments in prove the life of the human body to have exifted in, or
vour of ^ to have been communicated from a fluid to the nervous
MrHunter*sfy0em, the analogical argument will be very ftrongly
•pinion. favour 0f the fuppofition that the cafe is fo dill.
Now, that the cafe once was fo, is moft evident; for
the human body, as well as the body of every other li¬
ving creature, in its firft ftate, is well known to be a
gelatinous mafs, without mufcles, nerves, or blood-vef-
fels. Neverthelefs, this gelatinous matter, even at that
time, contained the .nervous fluid. Of this there can
be no doubt, becaufe the nerves were formed out of it,
and had their power originally from it ; and what is re¬
markable, the brain is obferved to be that part of the
animal which is firft formed. Of this gelatinous fluid
we can give no other account, than that it was the nu¬
tritious matter from which the whole body appears to be
formed. At the original formation of man, and other
animals, therefore, the nutritious matter was the fub-
ftratum of the whole body, confifting of mufcles, nerves,
blood-veflels, &c. nay more, it was the immediate effi¬
cient caufe of the nervous power itfelf. Why ffiould it
not be fo now as well as then ? Again, in the forma¬
tion of the embryo, we fee a vital'principle exifting as
it were at large, and forming to itfelf a kind of regu¬
lator to its own motions, or a habitation in which it
choofas to refide, rather than to aft at random in the
fluid. This habitation, or regulator, was undoubtedly
the nervous fyftem, and continues fo to this moment;
but at the fame time, it is no lefs evident that a nutri¬
tious fluid was the immediate origin of thefe fame nerves,
and of that very nervous fluid. Now we know, that the
fluid which in the womb nourilhes the bodies of all em¬
bryo animals, is necefiarily equivalent to thebiood which
nourilhes the bodies of adult ones; and confequently,
as foon as the blood became the only nutritious] uice of
the body, at that fame time the vital or nervous fluid
took up its refidence there, and from the blood diffufed
itfelf along the nerves, where it was regulated exaftly
according to the model originally farmed in the em-
bryo. Perhaps it may be faid, that the vital power,
when once it hath taken pofieffion of the human or any
other body, requires no addition or fupply, but conti¬
nues there in the fame quantity from firft to laft. If
we fuppofe the nervous power to be immaterial, this
will indeed be the cafe, and there is an end of reafon-
ing upon the fub]eft ; but if we call this power a vola¬
tile and elaftic fluid, it is plain that there will be more
oceafion for recruits to fuch a power than to any other
fluid of the body, as its volatility and elafticity will
promote its efcape in great quantities through every
part of the body. It may alfo be objefted, that it is
ahfurd to fuppofe any fluid, or mechanical caufe, capa¬
ble of putting matter in fuch a form as to direft its
.,*wn motions in a particular way : but even of this we
have a pofitive proof in the cafe of the eleftric fluid.
For if any quantity of this matter has a tendency to
go from one place to another where it meets with dif¬
ficulty, thro’ the air for inftance, it will throw fmall
condufting fubftanees before it, in order to facilitate
its progrefs. Alfo, if a number of fmall and light con-
duftiug fubftances are laid between two metallic bo-
14 ] B L O .
dies, fo as to form a circle, for example ; a ffiock of Blow
eleftricity will deftroy that circle, and place the fmall' v-
condufting fubftances nearer to a ftraight line between
the two metals, as if the fluid knew there was a Ihorter
paflage, and refolved to take that, if it (hould have ob-
calion to return *. Laftly, it is univerfally allowed, ♦ se4 £
that the brain is a fecretary organ, made up of an in- tricHj.
finite number of fmall glands, which have no other ex-
cretories than the medullary fibres and nerves. As a
confiderable quantity of blood is carried to the brain, and
the minute arteries end in thefe fmall glands, it follows,
that the fluid, whatever it is, muft come from the blood.
Now, there is no gland whatever, in the human, or any
other body, but will difcharge the fluid it is appointed
to fecrete, in very confiderable quantity, if its excre¬
tory is cut. Upon the cutting of a nerve, therefore,
the fluid fecreted by the brain ought to be difcharged;
but no fuch difcharge is vifible. A fmall quantity of
glairy matter is indeed difcharged from the large
nerves; but this, can be no other than the nutritious
juice neceffary for their fupport. This makes it plain,
even to demanftratiun, that the fluid fecreted in the
brain is invifible in its nature-; and as we know the ner¬
vous fluid hath its refidence in the brain, it’ is very pro¬
bable, to ufe no ftronger expreffion, that it is the pecu¬
liar province of the brain to fecrete this fluid from
the blood, and confequently that the blood originally
contains the vital principle.
After it is allowed that the blood contains the vital
principle, it becomes another queftion not very eafily
folved, Whence is this vital principle derived ?—For vivifying
this we can only difcover two fources; namely, the chyle fpiritVup
or aliment from which the blood is prepared, and re-po^'w he!
fpiration. The latter hath been commonly held as the
principal fource of the vital principle ; and, for a long ajr>
time, it was generally thought that there was a kind of
vivifying fpirit in the air, which being abforbed by the
blood at each in fpiration, communicated to that fluid
the quality neceflary for preferving animal life. As a
proof of this it was urged, that life cannot be fupported.
without refpiration, and that air which hath been often
breathed ceafes to be capable of fupporcing life ; be¬
caufe when once it has been totally deprived of its vi¬
vifying fpirit, it can communicate none to the blood in I
any fubfequent refpirations.—This doftrine, however, This^oc-
hath been denied, and generally thought to be ex- trine for ill
ploded by modern difeoveries. Dr Hales brings feveral foroe time
experiments againft it; of which the following may
ferve for a fpecimen, and which we ffiall give in his eme * ;[«
own words. 34> 'J1
“ I tied a middle-fized dog alive on a table, and, Dr Haies’sH
having laid bare his wind pipe, I cut it afunder juft cxP‘rn"ien,|B
below the larynx, and fixed fall to it the fmall end sni
a common foffet: the other end of the folfet had a large fpjr:t.
bladder tied to it, which contained 16-2 cubic inches ; Static?! Ej\ \t
and to the other end of the bladder was tied the greatT^J’^j Wl. !||pl
end of another foflet whofe orifice was covered with ah1 It
valve which opened inwards, fo as to admit anyair that
was blown into the bladder,, but none could return that
way ; yet, for further fecurity, that paflage was alfo
flopped by a fpigot.
“ As foon as the firft foflet was tied fall to the wind¬
pipe, the bladder was blown full of air through the
other foflet: when the dog had breathed the air in the
bladder to and fro for a minute or to, he then breathed
very'
B L O [ 315 1 . B L O
(3 Blood, very faft, and fliowed great uneafmefs, as being almoft i?t that animah have a power of converting phlogifton, B-01'-d-
t——v  fuffocated. from the hate in which they receive it in their nutri- '
“ Then with my hand I prefled the bladder hard,
fo as to drive the air into his lungs with fome force ;
and thereby make his abdomen rife by the preflure of
the diaphragm, as in natural breathings; then taking
alternately my hand off the bladder, the lungs with the
abdomen fubfided : I continued in this manner to make
the dog breathe for an hour; during which time, I was
obliged to blow frelh air into the bladder every five mi¬
nutes, three parts in four of that air being either ab-
forbed by the vapours in the lungs, or efcaping through
the ligatures upon my preffmg hard on the bladder.
“ During this hour, the dog was frequently near
expiring, whenever I preffed the air but weakly into
his lungs ; as I found by his pulfe, which was very plain
to be felt in the great crural artery near the groin,
which place an affiftant held his finger on moll part of
the time : but the languid pulfe was accelerated fo as to
beat faff, foon after I dilated the lungs much by pref¬
fmg hard upon the bladder; efpecially when the mo¬
tion of the lungs was promoted by preffing alternately
the abdomen and the bladder, whereby both the con-
tra&ion and dilatation of the. lungs was increafed.
“ And I could by this means roufe the languid pulfe
whenever I pleafed, not only at the end of every five
minutes, when more air was blown into the bladder
from a man’s lungs, but alfo towards the end of the five
minutes, wheti the air was fullelt of fumes.
“ At the end of the hour, I intended to try whe¬
ther I could have by the fame means kept the dog a-
[I live fome time longer, when the bladder was filled with
the fumes of burning brimftone ; but being obliged to
ceafe for a little timefiom preffing the air into his
lungs, while matters were preparing for this additional
I i; experiment, in the mean time the dog died, which
might otherwife have lived longer if I had continued
to force the air into the lungs.
“ Now, though this experiment was fo frequently
difturbed, by being obliged to blow more air into the
bladder 12 times during the hour ; yet fince he was al¬
moft fuffocated in lefs than two minutes, by breathing
of himfelf to and fro the firft air in the bladder, he
would have died in lefs than two minutes when one
fourth of the old air remained in the bladder, immedi¬
ately to taint the new air admitted from a man’s lungs ;
fb that his continuing to live through the whole hour,
muft be owiqg to the forcible dilatation of the lungs
by compreffing the bladder, and not to the vivifying
fpirit of the air.”
if Pr Prieft- Dr Prieftley at firft concluded from his own obfer-
*] ^y’» opi- vations, and no doubt very juftly, that air which hath
.® Sion. been often breathed becomes pernicious by its accumu¬
lated phlogifton, ftimulating the lungs, and making
the animal fall into convuilions. Refpiration there¬
fore, he fuppofed to be a phlogiftic procefs, in which
the blood parts with its fuperfluous phlogifton. He
did not fay, that the blood receives nothing in ex¬
change ; but rather that it may receive fome nitrous
principle, which gives it the red colour : but as to
a vivifying-fpirit, he doth not appear to have the leaft
idea of any fuch thing being received at that time.
Nay, in his firft volume, p.277. he exprefsly adopts
the other hypothefis, namely, that the vital principle
is received from the chyle. “ My conjecture (fays he*)
ment, into that ftate in which it is called the electrical
fluid; that the brain, befides its other proper ufes, is
the great laboratory and repofitory for this purpofe;
that by means of the nerves this great principle, thus
exalted, is directed into the mufcles, and forces them
to adt ip the fame manner as they are forced into a&ion
when the eleftric fluid is thrown into them ab extra.” 26.
Thefe theories were oppofed in the former editionDr Hales’s
of this work. With regard to Dr Hales’s opinion, ®xperi7Innt
that the want of elafticity, or preffure, is the reafonmCOnC U V6
why phlogifticated air cannot fupport animal life, we
apprehended it to be totally inconclufive, becaufe it
, doth not at all appear that phlogifticated air wants
elafticity ; on the contrary, from Dr Prieftley’s ex¬
periments it appears to be more elaftic than common
air. Befides, we know that the elafticity of every fluid
muft always be in proportion to the preffure upon it, as
reaftion is always equal to aCtipn. Suppofing there¬
fore the'elafticity of any portion of air to be deftroyed,
the preffure of the fuperincumbent atmofphere will re¬
duce it into a proportionably lefs bulk, and then it is
equally elaftic with the reft; for if it was not, it would be¬
hove it ftill to yield under the preffure. Hence we may fee,
that as the bladder made ufe of in Dr Hales’s experiment
was by no means fufficient to keep off the preffure of
the external atmofphere, the death of the dog could
not be fairly aferibed to want of elafticity in the tainted
air. When he applied more force than the natural ela¬
fticity of the air, he kept the dog alive, as he calls it,
for an hour ; but we can by no means allow a mecha¬
nical circulation of the blood to be life, any more than
we can allow a dead body to be alive on account of the
motion of its arm or any other member by mechanical
means. The experiment, however, is valuable, becaufe
it fhows that refpiration is one of the immediate me¬
chanical agents by which the circulation of the blood is
carried on ; but in order to prove that the dog was
really kept alive by this means, he ought to have re¬
covered from the effects of the experiment. Had Dr
Hales tried a fimilar experiment on himfelf, by taking
the foffet in his mouth, clofing his noftrils, and can-
fing another perfon comprefs the bladder, we have not
the leaft doubt that he would then have felt fuch a
method of breathing not to be a way of preferving
life, but of deftroying it. a;r
As to Dr Prieftley’s conclufions, it was argued, that Caufe of
“ though he found air diminiihed by admitting phlo- the dimrnu-
gifton to it, Dr Prieftley finds the-mere acceflion of any enn^ajr
material fubftance can never diminiih, but muft increafe, ^
its bulk. The diminution, therefore, on the acceffion of
phlogifton, is an evident proof that fome part of the air is
a&ually taken away. That the phlogifton received is not
incorporated with the air is likewife evident, as well as
that it takes up fpaee in the tainted air, becaufe, by
agitation in water, the phlogiftic matter feparates
from the air, and enters into the water The confe-
quence of this is, that the air is ftill farther diminilhed
in bulk ; and what remains is pure air, fit for fupport-
ing animal-life, and of being farther diminiftied by
phlogifton as before. It appears alfo certain, thatphlogi-
Ilon is not endowed with any inherent power by which it
can expand itfelf; otherwife it would fly off in vacwx,
which it never is known to do. Another circumftance
R. r 2 we
a8.
Why a _
fubftance
parts with
its phlogi-
fton.
Proof of a
reception ol
the vivify¬
ing prin¬
ciple/tom
the air.
. 3°-
Ohiedtion
aafwered.
B L O [ 316 ] B L O
we muil alfo attend to is, that the aftion o£ phlogifton
feems to be entirely confined to a particular part of the
atmofphere ; namely, that which is now fo well known
by the name of fixed air. This it entirely deprives of
its elaltic principle, fo that it is actually no longer air,
but becomes a folid fubftance, making a part, and that
no inconfiderable one, of innumerable terreftrial fub-
ftances, as chalk, lime-ftone, &c.”
That the juftnefs of the conclufion about to be
drawn from Dr Prieftley’s experiments may be more
apparent, the phenomena were fummed up in the two
following propofitions. “ 1. Phlogifton cannot a6f by
itfelf without the affiitance of air. 2. The emiffion of
phlogifton is attended with the total deftru&ion of the
elailicity of a certain quantity of fixed air, which then
ceafes to be fluid. Hence we affirm, that it is not the
phlogiftic fubftance which a&s upon the air* but the
elaftic principle in the fixed air contained in the com¬
mon atmofphere that adds on the phlogiftic fubftance.
This elaftic principle, entering the phlogiftic body,
difplaces a quantity of phlogifton equivalent to its own
quantity, and takes its place ; and hence proceeds the
firft diminution, of the air, not from an acceffion of
phlogifton, but from an efcape of the elaftic principle
belonging to fixed air. The phlogifton and fixed par¬
ticles of the air now hang loofe like fmoke or vapour,
and are ready to be attracted by any thing capable of
imbibing them '; and hence proceeds the fecond dimi¬
nution by agitation in water.
“ Now to apply thisreafoning to the point in queftion:
The blood is found to emit phlogifton from the lungs
at every exfpiration ; therefore we affirm it hath recei¬
ved a proportional quantity of elaftic vapour which if
had not before. Again : The air expelled from the
lungs is found to contain much of the fixable part
floating loofe, and capable of being attracted by lime-
water, &c.; therefore we fay, this elaftic principle hath
come from that part of the atmofphere. But, to put
the matter beyond doubt, the very infpedlion of arte¬
rial and venous blood will (how, that the firft hath a
quantity of elaftic matter in it which the laft wants:
and as the brain as well as all other parts of the body
are fupplied with arterial blood, we think it abundantly
evident, that this elaftic principle is abfolutely and ef-
fentially neceiTary to life; that it is continually expen¬
ded thereon; and that it may be faid with the utmoft
propriety, that every time we draw the air into our
lungs, we receive a portion of vivifying or vital fpirit
from it into our blood. Add to all this, that many
fubftances which are commonly obferved to phlogifti-
cate air, appear to receive an elaftic fpirit by fo doing.
Putrefying bodies fwell: • they would not do fo in vacuo;
and therefore we muft conclude, that they receive this
elaftic principle which fwells them from the external
air, and experience {hows that it is communicated by
this fixable part of the atmofphere.
“ The foregoing reafoning; which to us appeared
fufficiently conclufive,. leads to a very important difco-
very in natural philofophy, viz. That it is to the at¬
mofphere, and to that particular part of it which goes
by the name of fixed air, that we are every moment in¬
debted for that vital fpirit which animates our bodies,
and is the immediate bond of union betwixt our imma¬
terial fpirit and this vifible world. It may be alked in¬
deed, If fixed air is capable of fupplying tins fpirit in
4
fuch plenty, how comes it to be fo inftantaneoufly fatal Sf'.odA
when breathed ? The reply to this, however, is obvi- v llJ
ous: it communicates too great a degree of elafticity
to the blood; whence the circulation is flopped, and
inftant death enfues. That this is really the cafe, ap¬
pears from the following account of the fymptoms ob-*
ferved on the difleftion of perfonswho have been fuffo-
eatedby this kind of air.
“ x. The veflels of the brain are gorged'with' blood; Edinlurvtm
and -the ventricles'of that vifcus are filled fometimes ^
with a frothy, fomet imes with a-bloody ferofity. 2.The'y3*i[#* i
trunk of the pulmonary artery is much diftended, andp. *
the lungs appear nearly in a natuial ftate. 3. The
right ventricle and auricle of the heart, the vente cavas, |
and jugular veins, are full of frothy blood. 4. Bloody1 Appear- j
ferofity is often found in the bronchi®, c. The trunk a ccs on this
of the pulmonary veins, and the left auricle, are either
empty, or almoft empty, of blood. 6. The
found in the places that have been mentioned, is gene-ed air.
rally fluid} and as it were in a diffolved ftate. It is
eafily extravafated into the cellular texture, of the head „ '
paiticulariy, becaufe it is in this part that it abounds
moft. 7. The epiglottis in fuffocated perfons is railed,
and the glottis open and free. 8. The tongue is much
fwelled, and can hardly be contained within the mouth.
9. The eyes protrude, and preferve their 1 lift re to the
fecond or third day. They are often even brighter than
natural. 10 The body preferves its heat for a long
time. Nay- the heat is fometimes greater than it is du¬
ring life, or at leaft confiftently with health. 11. The
liipbs are flexible for a long time after death. 12.TRe
face is more fwelled, and often more red than ufiral.
13. The neck and upper extremities are .fometimes fo
much fwelled, that they appear to be inflamed. Thefe
fwellings, however, do n<?t, like cedematous ones, pre¬
ferve the impreffions of the finger. ;
“ This account feemed fo much in favour of what’we J,xe< - , -j
had already advanced concerning the action of fixe(l cau^iaBi
air; that no obfe-rvation was made upon it farther thanmai heat,
that this elaftic principle would feem - alfo to be the
caufe of animakheat; for as the blood evidently re¬
ceived a vaft quantity of elaftic fluid, it alfo received a
much greater proportion of heat than ufual.”
Such was the mode of reafoning adopted at that Thistheorj
time, derived from the difcoveries which had been made correited;
in Aerology. Succeeding difcoveries, however, have
made it-evident, that fixed air is notone of the natural
component parts of our atmofphere, but that it con-
fifts of two different fluids; one of which is commonly
called phlogifiicated, the other dephlogifiicatefi, air. It
is the latter which fupplies the vital principle; and the
above reafoning ftill holds good, only fubftituting the
words dephlogijlkated air for fixed air. The poifonous
quality of the latter feems alfo ftill to depend on its too
eafy decompofition ; by which means the daftic prin¬
ciple is difeharged into the blood" in iuch quantity as
to burft the fmall veffds, as has already been obferved.
This is ftiown indeed by the remedies moft proper for
the recovery of. thofe who have fuffered from the
noxious qualities of fixed air. Thefe confift in evacm,
ation, and efpecially fprinkling the body with cold wa¬
ter, in order to take off the fuperfluous heat, and pro¬
duce an univerfal contraction of the veffels.
It now remains only to give fome account of the
means by which the circulation of the blood; is carried
B L O [ 3
on in the living body. From the time of Harvey till
very lately, this wag fuppofed to be chiefly*the mufcu-
cuh-ion ^ar Power t^e ^eart an<^ arteries, which by ibme phy-
the blood hologift8 have been thought to be prodigioufly great;
«vcarriedand accordingly many calculations, requiring no fmall
P degree of mathematical knowledge to underftand them,
have been made of the forces requifrte to perform this
circulation. Other phyfiologifts, however, have thought
proper to take in feveral auxiliary helps, as the motion
of the mufcles, refpiration, See. and from Dr Hales’s
experiment abovementioned it appears that refpira¬
tion hath a conllderable influence in this matter. It
cannot, however, be the foie caufe, feeing the circula¬
tion is carried on in animals which do not refpire.—In
1773, -^r Wilfon, in the ledlure already quoted, fug-
gelled a new principle of motion, which we believe was
nevenufed before to account for the circulation of ani-
^mal-fluids. It is (hortly this: “As the fluids of the
fishy Dr ^uman b°dy do all of them fuffera continual wafte, and
ilfon. confequently require a conilant fupply in proportion,
we. mull look, upon their going out of the body to be
the end-of their motion, and on their entering into the
body to be the beginning of it; and hence we are to
look for the origin of all the motion of the fluids in
that part of the fyftem where the new fupplies are
taken in. This is the prima? vise, where the la&eals
abforb a fluid from the digefted aliment,.and convey it
into the blood. The power by which this is accom-
plifhed, is neceffarily independent of the heart, as having
not the leaft connedlior. with it. It has been faid to
be the fame with that which caufes fluids rife in capil¬
lary tubes; but though very probably-the powers in
both cafes may be the fame, there is this remarkable
difference between them, that in the capillary tubes the
fluids only rife to.a certain he*ht, and will not rife at
all unlefs the tubes are empty. In the ladleals they
rife in veffels already full, and continue to do fo. Nei¬
ther is the force whereby this abforption is performed
to be accounted little ; feeing the fupply by the chyle
mull conftandy be equal to the wade which is conti¬
nually taking place in the fluids already contained in
the veffels. We fee alfo, with what force an abforp¬
tion of this k’nd fometimes takes place in other cafes;
thus ropes will abforb water with fuch-ftrength as to
raife immenfe weights fattened to them, and which no
mechanical injeftion of water into fmall tubes could
pofiibly accomplilh. What is already faid of the lac-
teals applies alfo to the lymphatics; and from thence
we are aim oft tempted to conclude, that the cafe is the
fame with the fanguiferous veins alfo; that though
there may be a continuation of fome arteries into the
veins correfpondjng with them, yet that for the moft
part thefe veffels extravafate the blood into fmall cavi¬
ties, which is then taken up by the, abforbent power of
the veins, and returned to the heart.
“ If, however,, the veffels continued abfolutely full,
it would be impoffible that any motion could be carried
on in them ; and to continue and regulate the circula¬
tion, the heart with its Cavities is provided^ Let us
fuppofe, that by the abovementioned power, the veins
are all full, and the auricles or chambers into which
the veins empty themfelves are full alfo: where is the
colle&ed ftream in the veins to go next ? There is no
room for more in the auricle. What mutt be done ?
The auricle contracts and empties itfelf. The conie-
17 ] B L O
quence is a fudden vacuum equal to what the auricle Blood, '
could contain ; the turgid veins, urged by the abforb- ''■""'V 1 ^
ing power abovementioned, rufh their contents into
the auricle to fill up the vacuum again, and all behind
moving in the venous direction advances forward with
fo much force, that the veins near the heart fuftain a
pulfation from the regurgitation of this impetuous
ttream, when the auricle fhuts upon it to'empty itfelf.
In fhort, the full auricle occupies a determinate quan¬
tity of fpace in the brealt: when it is emptied, there
is-a nonrefitting vacuum-of fo much fpace as was full
before, and thither there is a mechanicLd nifus from the
remoteft filament of a vein over the whole body, which
becomes confpicuops in the torrent that ruflies every
other moment from the mouth of the vena cava into
this vacuum.”
This is a fhort abflraCl of Dr Wilfon’s new theory
of the circulation. According to him, this abforbing
power of the veins is the principle agent, while the-
heart and arteries do no more than empty themfelves of
the blood with which they are filled by t|ie veinsi E-
ven this caufe, however, he fays, would not be fuffi-
cient to carry on the circulation for a fingle moment,
without the prefence of another,which he calls ///?, and
does not confider as abfolutely unmechanical, tho’ ws
cannot reduce it either to mechanical rules or ideas.-
But as we apprehend all fpeculations concerning fuch
caufes mutt be arbitrary and without foundation, we
forbear to give any account of the Dodlor’s opinions on
this fubjedt. 3g#.
It hath been a general opinion, that blood, as it exifls Blood con-
in the. bodies of animals, contains a confiderable quan-t:l|ns no air*
tity of common air; and indeed it is certain, that blood,
after it has been drawn from the veins of any animal, n;ma^
and afterwards placed under the receiver of an air-
pump, yields a very eonfiderable quantity of air upon
exhaufling the receiver: but if a portion of any blood-
veffel is tied up fo as to prevent the efcape of its contents^
and then cut out of the. body and placed under a recei¬
ver, it will not fwell, or Ihow the leaft fign of- its con¬
taining apy quantity of air whatever. 37..
Blood was formerly held in great efteem as a medi- Medicinal
cine for fome particular difeafes. Baths of the blood
infants have been recommended as an infallible remedy
for the elephantiafis, &c.; and the blood of goats and
fome other animals was ufed by the Galenilts, and is
recommended even by Dr Mead in pleurifies: but the
firll abominable medicine, as well as the other, is now
defervedly exploded. The principal ufe of blood in
the arts is for making Pruffian blue, or femetimes for
clarifying certain liquors-; it is alfo recommended in
agriculture as an excellent manure for fruit-trees. A
mixture of blood with lime makes an exceedingly ftrong
cement; and hence it is of ufe in the preparation of fome
chemical lutes, the making floors *■, &c.^—As a food, * See^fr^j-
it hath been difputed whether blood really affords any ttfurc,
npurilhment or not. The heft judges now, however,110 l1^*’
are geneially agreed that it is very nutritious; and tho*
out of the body, like the white of an egg, it is very in-
folubk, yet, like that too, in the body it is commonly
of eafy digeftion. It is,.however, highly alealefeent
in hot climates; on which account the prohibition of
it to the Ifraelites was very proper. Even in this,
country, when blood was ufed as food in great quanti¬
ty, the feurvy was more frequent than at other times;,
but
but to a moderate ufe of it here no fuch obje&ion
takes place.
In Ibme countries we are told, that the barbarians
were accuftomed to intoxicate themfelves by drinking
the warm blood of animals; and as it has been ihown
that this fluid is the immediate refervoir of the vi¬
tal principle, it feems by no means improbable that
it may be poffefled of an inebriating quality. Some
expreffions in Scripture feem to countenance this hypo-
thelis.
Religious ufes of Blood. Among the ancients blood
was ufed for the fealing and ratitying covenants and
alliances, which was done by the contrafting parties
drinking a little of each others blood; and for appea-
flng the manes of the dead, in order to which blood
was offered on their tombs as part of the funeral cere¬
mony.
The blood of vi&ims was anciently the portion of
the gods; and accordingly was poured or fprinkled on
the altars in oblation to them.
The pi iefts made another ufe of blood, viz. for di¬
vination : the ftreaming of blood from the earth, fire,
and the like, was held a prodigy or omen of evil.
The Roman priefts were not unacquainted with the
ufe of blood in miracles: they had their fluxes of blood
from images, ready to ferve a turn ; witnefs that faid
to have ftreamed from the flatue of Minerva at Mode¬
na, before the battle at that place. But we know not
whether in this their fucceffors have not gone beyond
them. How many relations in ecclefraftical writers of
Madonas, crucifixes, and wafers, bleeding ? At leaft
the liquefaftion of the blood of St Januarius at Naples,
repeated annually for fo many ages, feems to tranfcend
by far all the frauds of the Grecian or Roman prieit-
hood. But the chernifts at laft got into the fecret; and
we find M. Neumann at Berlin to have performed the
miracle of the liquefa&ion of dried blood, with all the
circumftances of the Neapolitan experiment.
Among the fchoolmen we find a famous difpute, un¬
der Pope Pius II. whether the blood of Chrift, which
fell from him in the three days pafiion, retained or loft
the hypoftatic union; and confequently whether it was
the proper objeft of adoration. The Dominicans main¬
tained the former, the Francifcans the latter. It feems
the dominican doArine gained the afcendant, as being
fitted to favour the profits of the monks; who becoming
pofleffed fome way or other of a few drops of this pre¬
cious liquor, were fecured of ample offerings from the
deluded laity, who flocked to pay their homage to the
facred relic. Jofeph of Arimathea is faid to have firft
brought into Biitain two filver vdlels filled with the
blood of Chrift, which by his order was buried in his
tomb. King Henry III. had a cryftal, containing a
portion of the fame blood, fent him by jhe mafter of
the temple at Jerufalem, attefled with the feals of the
patriarch ; which treafure the king committed to the
church of St Peter’s Weftminfter, and obtained from
the bifhops an indulgence of fix years and 116 days to
all that fhould vifit it. Mat. Paris even affures us, that
the. king fummoning his nobles and prelates to cele¬
brate the feaft of St Edward in St Peter’s church, was
chiefly p’O vemrafione fantti fangu nis Chrifi nuper a-
depti, “ in veneration of the holy blood of.Chrift lately
acquired.” Divers others of our monafleries were pof-
feffed of this profitable relic; asthe.college of Bon Hom¬
ines at Afhridge, and the abbey of Hales, to whom it Blood. .
was given by Henry, fon of Richard duke of Corn-  v-—1‘
wall, and king of the Romans. To it reforted a great
concourfe of people for devotion and adoration; till in
1538, as the reformation took place, it was perceived
to be only honey clarified and coloured with faffron,
as was fhown at Paul’s crofs by the bifhop of Roche-
fter. The like difcovery was made of the blood of
Chrift, found among the relics in the abbey of Fef-
camp in Normandy, pretended to have been preferved
by Nicodemus, when he took the body from the croi's,
and given to that abbey by William duke of Norman¬
dy : it was buried by his fon Richard, and again dif-
covered in 1171, and attended with different miracles; ;|
but the cheat, which had been long winked at, was
at length expofed, the relation of which is given by
Speed.
Avenger of Blood, among the Jews, was the next
of kin to the perfon murdered, who was to purfue the
murderer.
Ecclefiaftical judges retire, when judgment is to be
givert in cafes of bkod, by reafon the church is fuppofed
to abhor blood : it condemns no perfon to death ; and
its members become irregular, or difabled from their
functions, by the effufion of blood.
Field of Blood, in Syriac aceldama, was a field
purchafed by the Jews with the thirty pieces of filver
which had been given to Judas for betraying his Ma¬
fter, and which he had reitoivsd. It ftill ferves for a
burial-ground, in which all pilgrims who die in their
pilgrimage at Jerufalem are interred.
Blood-Hound, in zoology, the canis fagax of Tin¬
mens*, le chien courant ofBuffoii, the fleuthounde of * See Can. >
the Scots: The hound or dog, with long, fmooth, and
pendulous ears.—It wS a dog of great ufe, and in
high efteem with our anceftors: its employ was to re¬
cover any game that had efcaped wounded from the
hunter, or been killed and ftcle out of the foreft. It
was remarkable for the aeutenefs of its fmell, tracing , ll
the loft beaft by the blood it had fpilt; from whence
the name is derived. This fpecies could, with the ut-
moft certainty, difcover the thief by following hisfoot-
fteps, let the diftance of his flight be ever fo great, and
through the moft fecret and thickeft coverts: nor would
it ceafe its purfuit till it had taken the felon. They
were likevvife ufed by Wallace and Bruce during the
civil wars. The poetical hiftorians of the two heroes
frequently relate very curious paffages on this fubjecl ;
of the fcrvice thefe dogs were of to .their mafterg, and
the efcapes they had from thofe of the enemy. The H
blood-hound was in great fequeft on the confines of til
England and Scotland; where the borders were con¬
tinually preying on the herds and flocks of their neigh- .. v
hours. The true blood-honnd was large, ftrong, muf-
cular, broad breafted, of a ftern countenance, of a deep
tan-colour, and generally marked with a black fpot
above each eye.
BLooD-Shotten. See Ophthalmia.
Bl,ood Spavin. See Farriery, $ xxxii. 2.
Spitting of Blood, or Hsemcptoe. See Medicine-
Index.
Whole and Half Blood ; a kinfman of the •whole
Hood is he that is derived from the fame couple of an- J i
ceftors ; whereas a perfon of half blood defcends from
either of them fingly by a fecond marriage.
Bloom
B L O [ Jig ] B L O
iff Blood. Bloos of Chri/iy the name of a military order in-
ftituted at Mantua in 1608. The number of knights
was reilrifted to 20, befides the grand matter. Their
device was, Domine, probaJU me ; or. Nihil hoc. trifle,
recepto : “ Lord, thou hatt proved me or, “ Forti-
I fied by this, no evil can prevail.”
I Precious Blood, a denomination given to a reformed
congregation of Bernardine nuns at Paris, firtt efta-
bliihed under that name in 1661.
Dragon's Blood. See Dragon.
BiooD-Stone. See Haematites.
Blood-Veffels. See Anatomy, n° 123, &c. and
Plate XXXIII.
Blood-IPite, in ancient law writers, fignxfies blood,
and a cuftomary amercement paid as a compofition for
the ttiedding or drawing of blood. The word is alfo
written blodavite, blodwita, blod'wyta, bloodnuit, blodwit,
lloudwit, and bluid^Deit. It is formed from the ancient
Saxon blud, “ blood,” and vita or nuite, “ a fine or
penalty.” The word alfo denotes an exemption from
this penalty granted by the king to certain perfons and
communities as a fpecial favour. King Henry II. grant¬
ed to all tenants within the honour of Wallingford—
Ut quiets Jint de hidagio et blodwile st bredivite.
Blood-WoH, in botany. See Rumsx.
Blood (Thomas), generally known by the appella¬
tion of Colonel Blood, was a difbanded officer of Oliver
Cromwell’s, famous for his daring crimes and his good
fortune. He was firft dittinguilhed by engaging in a
confpiracy to furprife the cattle of Dublin ; which was
defeated by the vigilance of the Duke of Ormond, and
fome of his accomplices were executed. Efcaping to
England, he meditated revenge againft Ormond ; and
«6tually feized him one night iiwhis coach at St James’s-
ffl ftreet, where he might have Kniffied his purpofe if he
H'; had not ftudied refinements in his vengeance. He
bound him on horfeback behind one of his afibciates,
refolving to hang him at Tyburn, with a paper pin¬
ned to his breaft : but when they got into the fields,
I the duke, in his efforts for liberty, threw himfelf and
the affaffin, to whom he was fattened, to the ground ;
and while they were ftruggling in the mire, he was ref-
cued by his fervants ; but the authors of this attempt
were not then difeovered. A little after, in 1671, Blood
formed a defign of carrying off the crown and regalia
from the tower; a defign, to which he-was pi-ompted,
as well by the furprifing boldnefs of the enterprize, as
by the views of profit. Fie was very near fucceeding.
Fie had bound and wounded Edwards the keeper of
the jewel-office, and had got out of the tower with his
prey; but was overtaken and feized, with fome of his
affociates. One of them was known to have been con-'
Mil cerned in the attempt upon Ormond; and Blood was
immediately concluded to be the ringleader. When
queftioned, he frankly avowed the enterprize ; but re-
fufed to difeover his accomplices. “ The fear of death
t|: (he faid) fhould never engage him either to deny a
guilt or betray a friend.” All thefe extraordinary cir-
. |i eumftances made him the general fubjefl of converfa-
tion ; and the king was moved with an idle euriofity
to fee and fpeak with a perfon fo noted for his cou¬
rage and his crimes. Blood might now efteem him-
, I felf fecure of pardon ; and he wanted not addrefs to
|; improve the opportunity. He told Charles, that he
had been engaged, with others, in a. defign to kill him
with a carabine above Batterfea, where his ifiajefty of- Blood
ten went to bathe : that the caufe of this refolution was
the feverity exercifed over the confciences of the godly, , 00 '
in reflraining the liberty of their religious affemblies :
that when he had taken his ftand among the reeds, full
of thefe bloody refolutions, he found his heart checked
with an awe of majefty ; and he not only relented him-
felf, but diverted his affociates from their purpofe: that
he had long ago brought himfelf to an entire indiffe¬
rence about life, which he now gave for loft ; yet could
he not forbear warning the king of the danger which
might attend his execution : that his affociates had
bound themfelves by the ftricteft oaths te revenge the
death of any of their confederacy ; andrthat no precau¬
tion nor power could fecure any one from the effedts of
their defperate refolutions. Whether thefe confidera-
tions excited fear or admiration in the king, they con¬
firmed his refolution of granting a pardon to Blood ;
but he thought it a requifite point of decency firft to
obtain the Duke of Ormond’s confent. Arlington came
to Ormond in the king’s name, and defired that he
would not profecute Blood, for reafons which he was
commanded to give him. The duke replied, that his
majetty’s commands were the only reafon that could be
given; and being fufficient, he might therefore fpare
the reft. Charles carried his kindnefs to Blood ttill
farther: he granted him an eftate of L.500 a-year in
Ireland ; he encouraged his attendance about his per¬
fon ; he ftiowed him great countenance ; and many ap¬
plied to him for promoting their pretenfions at court.
And while old Edwards, who had bravely ventured his.
life, and had been wounded, in defending the crown
and regalia, was forgotten and negle&ed, this man,,
who deferred only to be Hared at and detefted as a
monfter, became a kind of favourite.—Blood enjoyed
his penfion about to years, till being charged with fix¬
ing an imputation of a fcandalous nature on the Duke
of Buckingham, he was thrown into prifon, where he
died Auguft 24. 1680.
BLOODY, fomething belonging to or abounding
with blood.
BiooDr-Flux. See MzDicui'e.-Index.
Bi.ooDr-Hand, is when a trefpaffer is apprehended;
in a foreft with his hands or other parts bloody ; which
is a circumftance of his having killed the deer, though
he be not found chafing or hunting them..
BLoom'-Radn. See Rain.
Bloody-Sweat. Many inftanees of this-are record¬
ed, in which it has been owing to bodily diforder, or
extreme mental agitatibn and agony. See particularly
Ariftotle’s Hitt. Animal, lib. iii. cap. 19. apiid 'Oper..
tom. i. Thuanus Ffift. Temp.. &c. lib. ii. apud Oper..
tom. i. Melanges d’Hiftoire et de Literature, &c. par
M. V. Marville, tom. iii. p. 149, Ada Phyfico-Med.
Norimbergae, vol. i. p. 84. and vol. viil. p. 428..
Bloody Urine. See MEDieiNE-/;z</i?x.
BLOOM, a mafs of iron after having undergone the
firft hammering called blotnary. It has yet to under¬
go many hammerings before it become iron fit for the
fmith-’s ufe, and be firft made what they call the an-
tony. See Ancony.
BLOOT (Peter), a Flemitti painter, whofe works,
are not frequently feen in thefe kingdoms ; nor are
they eafily purchafed in Holland, being carefully pre-
fierved in private colledions, and are highly efteemed*.
The
B L 0 [ 320 ] B L O
The fubjefts he chofe to paint were always taken from
the loweft life ; fuch as boors drinking, feafting, dan¬
cing, or quarrelling ; Ihepherds piping, and fome-
times the marriages of villagers. He was a faithful,
• and indeed too fervile an imitator of nature ; never de¬
parting from the aftions, attitudes, or draperies of his
■models. He fltowed a good knowledge of the chiaro-
fcuro, and perfpe&ive ; he had a delicate manner of
penciling, and his colouring was mellow j but he had
no idea of elegance : yet his pictures have in many
•refpefts great merit, and his defects feem rather im¬
putable to the tafte of his country than to his own ge¬
nius ; fome of his works being, for the lightnefs of
the touch, the neatnefs of handling, and tranfparence
of colour, equal to the beft of his time. He died in
1667.
BLOSSOM, in a general fenfe, denotes the flower
of any plant. See the article Flower.
Blossom, in a more proper fenfe, is reftrained to
the flowers of trees, which they put forth in the fpring
as the forerunners of their fruit, otherwife called their
bloom. The office of the bloffom is partly to proteft,
and partly ±0 draw nourilhment to, the embryo, fruit,
or feed.
Blossom, or Peach-coloured, in the manege, a term
applied to a horfe that has his hair white, but inter¬
mixed all over with forrel and bay hairs. Such horfes
are fo infenflble and hard both in the mouth and the
flanks, that they are fcarce valued.; befides they are
.apt to turn blind.
BLOSSOMING of Plants, the a&.of blowing,-or
.putting forth flowers or bloffoms, called alfo Jhivering.
The bloffoming of the Glaftenbury .thorn pioufly
on Chriftmas-day-morning,' is a vulgar error ; owing
to this, that the plant, .‘beTides its ufual bloffom-
•ing in the fpring, fometimes puts forth a few white
tranfient bloffoms in the middle of winter. For
•the bloffoming of the rofe of Jericho on the fame day
as it is commonly held in England, or in the time of
midnight,mafs, as it is held in France, is fomewhat
more than an error, being really a fraud on one fide,
and a fuperftition on the other. This rofe, whole leaves
are only clofed and flirivelled up in winter, will, at any
time, upon fetting Its pedicle in water, expand and
bloffom a-new ; becaufe the pedicle being fpongy im¬
bibes the fluid apace, and thus fills and fwells out the
Ihrivelled leaves: which property fome monks have
.turned to good account.
BLOTELING or Blooteling (Abraham), an
engraver who flourilhed about the year 1672. He
was a native of Amfterdam, and defigned as well as
engraved. From the ftyle of his etchings, whfch have
great merit, he is fuppofed to have frequented the
fchool of the Viffchers. He came into England about
the year (672, or 1673, at the time the French in¬
vaded Holland ; hut he did not refide here,long. He
not only etched, but alfo feraped, feveral mezzotintos,
which were much effeemed. Vertue informs us, that
whilft he was in England, he received 30 guineas for
an etching of the duke of Norfolk. From hence he
returned to Amfterdam, where, in all probability, he
sdied. In the year 1685, he publilhed at Amfterdam
the gems of Leonardo Auguftino, and etched the
plates himfelf.
BLOUNT (Thomas), a learned Englifh writer of
N° 48.
the 17th century, born at Bordefley in Worcefterflitre. Blount
Fie had not the advantage of an univerfity education ; v—*
but, by ftreugth of genius and great application,
made a confiderable progrefs in literature. Upon
the breaking out of the popifli plot in the reign ,of
king Charles II, being much alarmed on account of j
his being a zealous Roman-catholic, he contracted a
palfy ; and died in December 1679, aged 61. He
wrote, 1. The academy of eloquence, containing a ’
complete Engliih rhetoric. 2. Gloffographica, or a * .
dictionary interpreting fuch hard words, whether He- I
brew, Greek, Latin, Italian, &c. that are now ufed in
our refined Engliftr tongue, &c. 3. Bofcobel; or the
hiftory of his majefty’s efcape after the battle of Wor- i
cefter. 4. A law dictionary. 5. Animadveffions up- ]
on Sir Richard Baker’s chronicle. 6. Fragmenta
Aritiquitatis ; and other works.
Blount (Sir Henry), an Engliflr writer, born at
his father’s feat in Hertford (hire in 1602. After a re¬
gular education, he fet out on his travels in 1634 ; and
getting acquainted with a janizary at Yer>ice, he ac-A !
companied him into the Turkifh dominions: having
•been abroad two years, he returned and publiflied a '
relation of his travels in the Levant, which went thro’ f.
feveral editions. He was knighted by Charles I. and
•was at the battle of Edge-hill, at which time he is fup- !
pofed to have.had the charge of the young princes ;
but, after the king’s death, was employed by the par¬
liament, and by Cromwell. Yet after the reftoration .
of the royal family he was appointed high (heriff of
the “county of Hertford, and from that time lived as a
private gentleman above 20 years. He publifhed,
1. An account of his travels. 2. Six comedies written
by John Lilly, unden the title of Court Comedies.
3. The exchange vvalK, a fatire; and 4. An epiftle
in praife of tobacco. He died OCfober qth, 1682.
Blount (Sir Thomas Pope), baronet, an emi¬
nent writer, and the eldeft fon of the former, was born
at Upper Holloway, in the county of Middlefex, Sep¬
tember 12th, 1649. . He was educated under the eye
of his father; and always diftinguilhed himfelf as a
lover of liberty, a fincere friend to his country, and a
true patron of learning. He was advanced to the de¬
gree of baronet by king Charles II. in whofe reign he •;
was.eleded burgefs for St Alban’s in two parliaments,
and was knight of the (hire in three parliaments after
the Revolution. He wrote in Latin, 1. A critique
on the moft celebrated writers. 2. Effayaon fevenff
fubje&s. 3. A natural hiftory, extracted out of the
heft modern writers ; and, 4. Remarks upon poetry,
with characters and cenfures of the moft confiderable |
poets, whether ancient or modern. He died June
30th, 1697.
Blount (Charles), younger brother of Sir Thomas
Pope Blount, had alfo an excellent capacity, and was
an eminent writer. His Anhna Murtdi, or An hif-
torical narration of the opinions of the ancients, 'con¬
cerning inan'i foul after this life, according to unen¬
lightened nature, gave great offence, and was complain- {
edof to the bffhop of London. But the work which
rendered him moft known, was his tranflation of Phi-
loftratus’s Life of Apollonius Lyanaus, publiflied in
1680 ; which was foon fuppreffed, as an attack on re¬
vealed religion. Another work of the fame complexion
he publiflied the fame year, called Great is Diana of
the
B L O [ 321 ] B L O
glow, th Efihfattf, See. in which, under colour of expofing
fuperilition, he ftmek at revelation. In 1684, he
printed a kind of Introduction to Polite Literature. In
the warmth of his zeal for the Revolution, he wrote a
pamphlet to prove king William and queen Mary con¬
querors ; which was condemned to be burnt by both
houfes of parliament. The clofe of his life was very
v. unhappy. For, after the death of his wife, he be¬
came enamoured of her filler, who was only fcrupulous
ft ‘‘ againft their union on account of their prior connexion
by the marriage ; on which he writ a letter on the fub-
jeft, as the cafe of a third perfon, with great learning
and addrefs. But the archbilhop of Canterbury and
other divines deciding againft; him, and the lady on
this growing inflexible, it threw him into a frenzy in
which he (hot himfelf, in 1693. After his death, his
mifcellaneous pieces were colledled and publilhed.
BLOW (Dr John), a famous mufician and com-
pofer, was a native of North Collingham -in the county
of Nottingham ; and was one of the firft fet of children
after the reftoration,being bred up under Captain Henry
Cook. He was alfo a pupil of Hingefton, and after
that of Dr Chriflopher Gibbons. On the 16th day of
March, 1673, was fworn one th6 gentlemen of
the chapel in the room of Roger Hill; and in July,
1674, upon the deceafe of Mr Pelham Humphrey,
was appointed mailer of the children of the chapel.
|s In 1685, he was made one of his majefty’s private
mufic ; and in 1687, was appointed almoner and maf-
iS ter of the chorifters of the cathedral church of St Paul.
Blow was not a graduate of either univerfity ; but
archbilhop Sancroft, in virtue of his own authority in
that refpedi, conferred on him the degree of do&or in
mufic. Upon the deceafe of Purcell in 1695, he be¬
came organift of Weftminfter-abbey. In the year
!| 1699, he was appointed compofer to his majefty, witli a
w falary. Blow was a compofer of anthems while a chapel-
l;!* ' boy, and on the fcore of his merit was diftinguilhed by
Charles 11. The king admired very much a little duet
of Cariffimi to the words ‘ Dite o Cieli,5 and allied of
Blow if he could imitate it. Blow modeftly anfwered
he would try ; and compofed in the fame meafure, and
the fame key of D with a minor third, that fine fong,
* Go, perjured man.’ The Orpheus Britannicus ofPur-
R cell had been publifhed by his widow foon after his de¬
ceafe ; and contained in it fome of that author's fineft
If- fongs : the favourable reception it met with was a mo¬
ll tive with Blow to the publication in the year 1700, of
a work of the fame kind, entitled Amphion Anglicus,
containing compofitions for one, two, three, and four
voices, with accompaniments of inllrumental mufic, ahd
a thorough-bafs figured for the organ, harpfichord,
Hi or theorbolute. To this book are prefixed commen¬
datory verfes by fundry perfons; and among them
an ode, in the fecond ftanza of which are the follow¬
ing lines :
‘ His Gloria Patri long ago reach’d Rome,
* Sung and rever’d too in St Peter’s dome ;
‘ A canon will outlive ber jubilees to come.’
The canon here meant is that fine one to which the
Gloria Patri in Dr Blow’s gamut fervice is fet. Dr
Blow fet to mufic an ode for St Cecilia’s day, in 1684,
the words by Mr Oldham, publilhed together with one
Vol. III. Part i.
of Purcell on the fame occafion performed the pre- Blow,
ceding year. He alfo compofed and publilhed a col- Iilow-'P1Pe»
ledtion of leflbns for the harpfichord or fpinnet, and
an ode on the death of Purcell, written by Mr Dry-
den. There are alfo extant of his compofition fundry
hymns printed in the Harmonia Sacra, and a great
number of • atches in the latter editions of the mufical
companion.-—This great mufician died in the year
1708, and lies'buried in the north aile of Weft¬
minfter-abbey. On his monument is the canon above
mentioned, engraven on a book with an infeription
above it.
Blow, in a general fenfe, denotes a ftroke given
either with the hand, a weapon, or inftrument. In
fencing, blows differ from thralls, as the former are
given by ftriking, the latter by pulhing.
Military Blow, alapa militaris, that given with a
fword on the neck or Ihoulder of a candidate for
knighthood, in the ceremony’of dubbing him. The
cuftom feems to have taken its rife from the ancient
ceremony of manumiflion. In giving the blow, the
prince ufed the formula EJlo bonus miles, “ Be a va¬
liant foldier upon which the party rofe a complete
knight, and qualified to bear arms in his own right.
Blow, in law. See Battery.
FIj-Blows, the ova of flies depofited on flelh, or
other fubftances proper for hatching them.
Bi-orr-Pipe, in chemiftry and mineralogy, an in¬
ftrument by which the blaft of the breath may be di¬
rected upon the flame of a lamp or candle, in fuch a *
manner as to vitrify any fmall portion of mineral fub-
ftance ; and thus the procefs of allaying in the dry
way may be performed in a very Ihort time, where
either want of inilruments or opportunity prevent o-
ther methods from being ufed. 1
Mr Bergman obferves that this inftrument is ex 'The blow-
tremely ufeful to chemifts, as many experiments are
daily neglected, either becaufe they require furnaces
and a large apparatus of veffels ; from the want of
time to examine them in the ordinary way ; or from
the quantity required in the common way Jbr exami¬
nation, when the matter may be too fcarceor too dear.
In all thefe cafes the blow-pipe maybe advantageoully a
ufed; as, I. Moll of the experiments which can beinwhatrr-
performed in the large way may alfo be done withfes it may
the blow-pipe. 2. The experiments which in thebe a<lvan,a_
large way require many hours, may in this method jq™ ^
be finilhed in a few minutes; and, 3. The fmalleft1
particle is fufiicient. The only defedlis, that the pro¬
portions cannot be determined with any precifion; and
therefore where the experiments can be tried on a large
fcale, it is always to be preferred. “ But the firft in¬
quiry to be made,” fays our author, “ is, what a fub-
llance contains, not how much ; and I have learneft by
the experience of many years, that thefe trials in imajl
fuggell the proper methods of inllituting experiments
in large. Thefe experiments befides have fome ad¬
vantage over thofe conduced in crucibles, viz. we
can fee all the phenomena from beginning to end,
which wonderfully illuftrates the fe.ries of operations
and their caufes. Experiments made in crucibles are
often fallacious, as the fubftance ef the veffel itfelf is
corroded. We fuppofe that lime or magnelia melted
with fixed alkali are united with it in the way of fo-
5 S s lution j
When the
inftrument
was firft: in
troduced.
Bergman’s
defcription
N of the blow¬
pipe.
Tiate
XC1X.
Howtx>fup-
ply it with
a conftant
fh earn of
lutioti; but the globule, when well fufedm the fpoon,
by its tranfpafency permits us plainly to fee that, ex¬
cept the filiceous part, it is only mechanically mix¬
ed. * The molt intenfe degree of heat may in this way
be obtained in a few minutes, which can fcarcely be
done in a crucible in many hours.”
The blow-pipe was firlt introduced into-the chemi¬
cal apparatus about 50 years ago by the celebrated
Swedilh metallurgift Dr Andreas Swab, and- the in¬
ftrument was afterwards greatly improved by Mefirs
Cronftedt, Rinman, &c. and Dr Engeftroem has an
exprefs treatife upon the fubjedt. Mr Bergman pro-
pofes that the tube ihould be made of pure ftlvcr, to
•prevent it from being injured by ruft ; with the ad¬
dition of a fmall quantity of platina, to give a necef-
fary hardnefs. It confifts of three parts, which may
be occafionally joined: An handle (fig. 3.) termi¬
nating in a truncated conical apex a a, which may by
twilling be fo adapted to the aperture b (fig. 4.) as to
fhut it more clofely than can be done by a (crew. It
was an improvement of former chemifts to have a hol¬
low ball on the tube to colleft the moifture of the
breath, which if fuffered to accumulate would greatly
diminifti the intenfity of the flaifte. Inftead of this
Mi* Bergman made ufe of the little box (fig. 4.) formed
of an eliptical plate, fo bended through the centre that
the oppofite fides become parallel, and are joined round
by a plate equal in breadth to c c. Such a box col-
lefts the moifture of the breath as well as the fphere,
and is befides attended with the advantage of a
comprefled figure and fmaller circumference. The
aperture b is fomewhat conical, and hollowed out of
the folid piece ; and has no margin turned inward,
left the efflux of the fluid collefted after long blow¬
ing, or the cleanfing of the internal parts, (hould in any
degree be prevented. The tube (fig. 5.) is very fmall,
and its (horter conical end e e exaftly fitted to the a-
perture f, fo that no ,air can efcape except through
the orifice g. Many of thofe tubes fhould be provid¬
ed, with orifices of different diameters, to be applied
on different occafions: the orifice g itfelf ought to be
fmooth and circular, otherwife the cone of flame here¬
after to-be mentioned will be divided. The bands
(hh it) prevent the conical apices (act, ee) from being
thruft in too far, and alfo ferve another purpofe ; for
when thefe apices are, by repeated attrition, at la!l fo
much diminifhed as to fall out fpontaneoufly, by filing
away a little of the bands they may again be made
tight. The figures reprefent the whole apparatus of
the proper fize.
The greateft difficulty attending the ufe of the blow¬
pipe is the fupplying it with a conftant ftream of air
by means of the breath; for to fuch as are unaccuftom-
ed to it, it appears a contradiftion to think of blowing
a ftream of air out by the mouth, at the fame time
that we are drawing it in by the noftrils to fupply the
neceffary funftions of refpiration. An uninterrupted
ftream of air, however, is abfohitely neceffary ; and,
“ to fucceed in this operation (fays Mr Bergman)
without inconvenience, fome labour and ptaftice are
neceffary. The whole artifice, however, confifts in
this, that while the air is infpired through the no¬
ftrils, that which is contained in the mouth be forced
out through the tube by the compreffion of the cheeks.
To fome perfons this is- extremely difficulty hut fre¬
quent trials will eftablifh the habit; fo that a continual
ftream of air can be fupplied for a quarter of an hour
or more, without any other inconvenience than the 6 .J
laffitude of the lips compreffing the tube. A veryDrBer
great and obvious improvement, however, is ft ill fug-110,151
gelled by Dr Berkenhout, viz. to apply fhe tube to^10
the wind-bag of a bagpipe which being firft blown
full, may ealily be kept fo ; and being comprefled by
the arm, will produce a blaft either ftrong or weak as
we have a_-mind. It will be a Hill farther improvement
to fupply this bag by means of a fmall bellows inftead
of blowing into it with the mouth: for thus the air
will be more free from moifture, and alfo fitter for the
fupport of flame, in other refpefts; as there is always
a confiderable quantity of fixed air produced at every
refpiration, which, according to that quantity, muft ^ i
unfit the air for keeping up the flame, and confequfcnt-
ly render the heat lefs intenfe. -1
With regard to the flame proper to be chofen, Mr^can(j;g
Bergman direfts a flender candle, either of wax or tal- proper fi
low (fig. 6.), with a cotton wick (yf /). The burned top looduciri
muft be cut at fuch a length, that the remainder maythe
be bent a little {l m). The orifiee (£ ) is to be held
above and near to this arch, perpendicular to (/w?), Fig. 5, 6.
and the air equably exprefled. The flame being forced
to one fide by the violence of the blaft, exhibits two ^ ^ ,
diftindl figures ; the internal figure (/«), conical, blue, offlaxue '
and well defined ; at the apex of this, », the moft vio- produced
lent heat is excited; the external flame (/<?), browniih, by the
vague, and indetermined ; which is fpoiled of its phlo- blow-pip;
gifton by the furrounding atmofphere, and occafions
much lefs heat at its extremity ( c ) than the interior
flame does. y
Dr Black, as well as all other eminent chemifts, Dr Bhicl
greatly recommend the*ufe of the blow-pipe for_che- diredtiqiii i
mical experiments on minerals. The conftru&ion re-f°?ce.(f
commended by him differs not from that already de-
fcribed; only he fays, that it may be made of tin, a
cheaper material than filver; though formerly they
were made of glafs. The fmall ftream of air iffuing
from the extremity of the tube, being more intimately
mixed with the flame; and agitated with it, occafions
a more complete confumption of the vapour arifing
from the candle, and makes it prpduce much more
heat; fo that any fmall body expofed to the extremity
of the flame is heated to a furprifing degree. Several j5i0%v?pipi!j
artifts who work in metals, as the goldfmiths, &c. find ufetul ir
this inftrument ’ufeful in foldering fmall pieces of metal folder*
together; and it is alfo ufed by the chemifts in ex-&c'
amining the effeiis of violent heat upon fmall bodies.
Some of the artifts who ufe it much, fupply the ftream
of air with a pair of belfows placed under the table,
with a pipe rifing up through it, and to which the
bloyv-pipe is fixed. In the examination of ores, the
more fimple inftrument is preferred ; and by a little
pradlice it is eafy to blow a continued ftream of air
with the mouth, by keeping it always full, and draw¬
ing in the air by the noltrils, which anfwers the fame
purpofe as the upper part of a double bellows.- Mr
Cronftedt ufed the blow pipe much in making the ex¬
periments on which his fyftem of mineralogy is found¬
ed, blowing air through a bit of charcoal rand though
the fpecimtns are fmalT, we can fee, the changes they
undergo as well as if they were larger; and the eye
can be affiited by a magnifying glafs.
The
this infli
B
L O
[ 3*3 1 B L O
DWrpipe. The reafon of the intenfe heat produced by the
blow-pipe is, that in the ordinary way of burning, the
fel'the a‘r a(^s only upon the external furface of the fuel, fo
tw-pipe that it is not fo completely inflamed,
fes fuch The blow-pipe ufed by Mr Cronftedt is compofed
fintenfe 0f tw0 par(;S; and this for the facility both of making,
carrying it along, and cleanfmg it in the infide when
I Cron- neceflary. The two parts are reprefented feparate f,
It’s and of the true fize ; the figure of the inftrument,
when thefe are put together, may be eafily conceived.
The globe a (fig. 2.) is hollow, and made on purpofe
to condenfe the vapours, which always happen to be in
the blow pipe when it has been ufed fome time : if
this globe was not there, the vapours would go direftly
with the wind out into the flame, and thereby cool the
afiay. The hole in the fmall end b, through which the
wind comes out, ought not to be larger than the fize
of the fineft wire. This hole may now and then hap¬
pen to be Hopped up by fomething coming into it, fo
as to hinder the force of the wind: one ought therefore
to have a piece of the finefl: wire, to clear it with when
required ; and, in order to have this wire the better
at hand, it may be faftened round the blow pipe, in
1 fuch a manner as is reprefented in fig. 1 : c is the, wire
f faftened round the blow-pipe, and afterwards drawn
; through a fmall hole at e, made in the ring f to keep
it more fteady. In order to determine the moft con¬
venient proportions of this inftrument, feveral blow-
' pipes of different fizes, both bigger and fmaller, have
been tried: the former have required too much wind ;
| and the latter, being too foon filled with the wind,
have returned it back again upon the lungs : both
thefe circumftances hindered greatly the experiments,
and are perhaps even prejudicial to the health. The
I fize here given is found to anfwer beft ; and though
‘ the hole muft be as fmall as abovementioned, yet the
fides of the pipe at the point muft not be thinner, nor
the point narrower, than here reprefented, elfe it will
“be too weak, and not give fo goad a flame. It is
alfo to be obferved, that the canal throughout the
pipe, but particularly the hole at the fmall end, muft
be made very fmooth, fo that thefe be no inequalities
in it; the wind would elfe be divided, and confequent-
ly the flame made double. That blow-pipe is to be
reckoned the beft, through which can be formed the
longeft and moft pointed flame from off a common-fized
J candle. Thefe blow-pipes are commonly made of brafs
3 or fil'ver.
he fup- There are two different kinds of matter made ufe of
j Pr°- for the fupport of thofe fubftances ufually examined
>er fub- the blow-pipe : the one is charcoal of fir, or beech,
id to cut into the form of a parallelepiped; the other a filver,
jame of or, which is better, a golden fpoon, fitted with a wood-
I 4ow- en handle. The former is generally ufed, excepting
where phlogifton is to be avoided, or the fubjedt of
examination is apt to be abforbed by the charcoal.
H ■ The golden fpoon fhould be much lefs than the figure
raj (7.) as the bulk of the fupport prevents the heat from
j being raifed to a proper degree. To present the fine
light particles from being carried off by the blaft, a
5 = - fmall cavity Ihould be hollowed out in the charcoal; in
which, being partly prote&ed by another fmaller piece
of charcoal, they may be expofed to the apex of the
• j ’ fiame.
Were it poflible to procure a fufficient quantity of
dephlogifticated air, experiments with the blow-pipe Blow-pipe
could be rendered ftill more important than they are,
as we might by this means be able to fufe and vitrify
fubftances per fe, which we are now fcarce able to do edited by3*
with the moft powerful fluxes. The difficulty of pro- dephlogifti-
curing this kind of air, however, has as yet, in a great cated air.
meafure, excluded the ufe of it from chemiftry, though
M. le Blond, Medicin Naturaliji du Roi, in a letter to
the editor of the Journal de Pbyjique for February
1787, propofes, inilead of blowing through the tube,
to adapt to the wide end of it a leathern bag, the fize
of an ox’s bladder, filled with pure air. Were this
bag made to communicate, by means of a pair of fmall
bellows, with a refervoir containing a confiderable
quantity of this dephlogifticated air, there is no doubt
that many chemical operations might by its means ha-
very advantageoufly performed ; and we are already af-
fured, that, by the ufe of this kind of air, platina itfelf
may be melted. As dephlogifticated air, however,
has not yet come into ufe, we can only expeft fuch ef-
fe&s as may be produced by a violent blaft of common
atmofpheric air; and for this purpofe we muft; accommo¬
date ourfelves with proper fluxes. The following are
recommended by Mr Bergman. j#
1. The phofphoric acid, or rather the microcofmic Properties
fait, as it is called, which contains that acid partly fa-
turated with mineral, partly with volatile alkali, and aS a
loaded befides with much water and a gelatinous fat.
This fait, when expofed to the flame, boils and foams
violently, with a continual crackling noife, until the
water and volatile alkali have flown off; afterwards it
is lefs agitated, fending forth fomething like black fco-
riae arifing from the burned gelatinous part: thefe,
however, are foon difpelled, and exhibit a pellucid
fphericle encompaffed by a beautiful green cloud, which
is occafioned by the deflagration of the phofphorus ari¬
fing from the extrication of the acid by means of the
inflammable matter. The clear globule which re¬
mains, upon the removal of the flame, continues longer
foft than that formed by borax ; and therefore is more
fit for the addition of the matter to be diffolved. The
volatile alkali is expelled by the fire ; therefore an ex¬
cels of acid remains in what is left behind, which rea¬
dily attracts moifture in a cool place. 16
2. The mineral alkali,'or fal fodae, when put up-Of the mi-
on charcoal, melts fuperficially, penetrates the charcoalnera* a^a^"'
with a crackling noife, and then difappears. In the
fpoon it yields a permanent and pellucid fphericle as
long as it is kept fluid by the blue apex of the flame ;
but when the heat is diminiflred, it becomes opaque,
and affumes a milky colour. It attacks feveral earthy
.matters, particularly thofe- of the filiceous kind, but
cannot be employed on charcoal for the reafons affign-
ed above. .
3. Cryftallized borax, expofed to the flame urged Of borax,
by the blow-pipe or charcoal, firft becomes opaque,
white, and exceffively fwelled, with various protube¬
rances, or branches proceeding out from it. When the
water is expelled, it eafily cqlle&s itfelf into a mafs,
which, when well fufed, yields a tranfparent fphericle,
retaining its tranfparency even after cooling. If cal¬
cined borax be employed, the clear fphericle is obtain¬
ed the fooner.
Having thus provided every thing neceffary, the
following directions are next to be attended to.
S f 2 1,
B L 0 [ 3H 1 B L O
U!ow-pi|ie. i. A common tallow candle, not too thick, is ge- bule. Acid of tartar liquefies on the firft contaft of B!ow-pip*
\~"J nerally preferable to a wax candle, or to a lamp. The the exterior flame, fwells, foams, grows black, and 1 ''—""l
fnuff muft notrbe cut too fliOrt, as the wick Ihouldbend fends forth a fmoke and blue flame, leaving a fpongy ^ ^
wlth<re°ard towards the objeft. coal, the greateft part of which is foon converted into Urtar
to the can- 2. The weaker exterior flame mull firfl: be dire&ed afhes of a calcareous nature. The combuftion, how-
<lle. upon the ojedt, until its effedts be difcovered ; after ever, muft be flow, and the weakefl part of the flame
i9 which the interior flame muft be applied. only employed, in order to obferve thefe changes di- ^
With re- 3. We muft obferve with attention whether the mat- flindtly. By the contadt of the exterior flame, cryftal-of the ac
gard to theter decrepitates, fplits, fwells, vegetates, boils, &c. lized acid of fugar is firft made of an opaque white, of fugarq®
^ofed to^he P^ece expofed to the flame fhould fearce ever then melts, and, laftly, flies off without leaving any re- j
flame. ° exceed the fize of a pepper-corn ; but ought always to fidium. Acid of phofphorus eafijy melts into a pellu- Of the aJ
be large enough to be taken up by the forceps (fig. 10.) cid globule, which afterwards deliquiates in the air.‘ f phofpH*
When the particle is too large, part of it mull necef- Cryflallized vegetable alkali firft becomes opaque, andtus*
farily be without the focus ; and thus cool both th« decrepitates long and violently ; then melts into a glo-
fupport and the part immerfed in the blue apex n bule, which remains in the fpoon; but expands on char- .
(fig.6. )• It may, however, be broken into pieces fuffi- coal, and is abforbed with a crackling noife. The vo-^°|at^e
ciently fmall by means of the hammer (fig. 8.), upon latile alkali liquefies a little, and is then diflipated. '3g
the fleel plate (fig. 9,) ; any of the fmall parts being Several of the neutral falts flow twice, according to of the
prevented from flying off by the ring H, the quantity of water they contain in their cryftals. crepitatii
e. A final! piece ihould be added feparately to each The decrepitating falts are broken and difperfed by aj.^ra*
of the fluxes: concerning which it muff be obferved, fudden heat. Of this kind are vitriolated tartar, vi- “ s-
whether it diffolves wholly,or only in part; whether this triolic fal ammoniac, common fait, and fal digeftivus.
be effected with or without effervefcence, quickly or Thofe which have a volatile alkali for their bafis, fly ^
fiowly ; whether the mafs be divided into a powder, or off in a very fhort time.—-By the application of the of fait
gradually and externally corroded ; with what colour exrternal flame, fait of amber laid on charcoal liquefies amber. *|
the glafs is tinged ; and whether it becomes opaque, or and fmokes, the contadt of the internal flame fets it on
remains pellucid. fire, and it continues to burn with a blue flame till it
Having given thefe direftions, our author (Mr totally difappears. The fame thing takes place when
Bergman) proceeds next to conlider the fubjedls pro- it is put in the fpoon, excepting when it contains too
£>er to be examined by the blow-pipe. Thefe he di- great a quantity of oil, which indeed very frequently
vides into four claffes : 1. Saline; 2. Earthy ; 3. In- ha
lappens. In this cafe fome traces of coal are to be
met with. The fpurious fait of amber prefents diffe-
flammable ; and, 4. Metallic.
Properties j, The Salts., though diftinguifhed by their tafte. and rent phenomena according to the fubrtances made ufe
when ex o-f°^ubility in water,differ fo much in degree, that it is im- of in adulterating it.
ftcHodie0 poffible to diftinguiih them abfolutely from the earths by The detonating falls,’into which the nitrous acid Detomj
atStion i f any natural boundaries. Many of them, when expofed always enters as a component part, liquefy in the fpoon,faks. ;
the.blow- to the flame, eafily melt by the water of cryftallization and are not decompofed on the charcoal until it takes
P'P6* they contain. After this is diflipated, they fplit; and .fire: they are then decompofed with violent flame
by a ntore intenfe heat are readily fufed: others are and noife, but which is different in degree according
deprived of their water without any fufion ; and then to the bafis with which the nitrous acid is united,
melt once by a heat more or lefs intenfe, according to Thus the nitrous acid combined with vegetable alkali
their nature ; and fome fly off with the heat. burns with a blue flame, but with the mineral and vo-
Acids in general cannot bear the adtion of the blow- latile alkali has a yellow one.
pipe, fuch at leaft as are eafily kept in a fluid ftate. It The carbonaceous falts yield fpongy coals by the Carbon*
is otherwife, however, with fome of thofe which ap- combuflion of their acid, which by ignition becomesous
Of the acid pear folids. The acid of arfenic upon charcoal at- white, leaving their alkaline bafis pure behind them,
of arfenic. tradls the inflammable matter, generates white arfenic, Thefe are the acid of tartar, crude tartar, fait of forrel,
and flies off in vapours. In the fpoon it melts with- and tartarized mineral and vegetable alkali,
out emitting fmoke, unlefs it can acquire phlogiilon The hepatic falts, when put on charcoal, melt into Hepatici
aa either from the fupport on which it is placed, or the a red or yellow mafs, which diffufes an hepatic fmell, falts.
Of molyb- flame of the candle. The acid of molybdasna, accord- efpecially when moiilened by an acid. To this clafs
dssna. ing to our author, feems to be the bafis of fome metal, belong all thofe fixed in the fire which contain the vi-
as it has a fpecific gravity of 3,461, poffefles the pro- triolic acid, and which when faturated with phlogifton
perty of tinging fluxes, and decompofing the phlogi- produces fulphur; fuch as vitriolated tartar and Glau-
flicated alkali; he adds, “ Is this the acid of tin ?” ber’s fait.
This acid is abforbed by charcoal; and in the fpoon Few of the earthy falts flow fufficiently thin to beEarthyiji
lemits a white fmoke, which on touching the apex of reduced into a perfedl globule; nor do they all actually
the interior flame, affumes a beautiful blue colour, and enter into fufion, though the water of cryftallization
again grows white upon expofure to the exterior flame, excites -a great foam by its going off. . Thofe which
It tinges microcofmic fait of a fine green ; borax af- contain the vitriolic acid effervefee violently with bo-
23 fumes an afh-colour by refle&ion, but has a dark vio- rax and microcofmic fait, but are diffolved with diffi-
Qf borax, let when we look through it. The acid of borax, culty by the fait of foda.
commonly called falfedativus, eafily liquefies, in the The intumefeent falts. 1. Vitriolated magnefia, Intumef
fame manner with borax itfelf, but does not fwell fo commonly called epfom fait, fwells, foams, and may becent a'
much as that fait does. It leaves a fixed pellucid glo- melted by being repeatedly expofed to the flame. 2.
Alum
B L O
Skiw-pipe. Alum is fomevvhat different; for finally all ebullition
ceafes, and the mafs remains incapable of further
change by fire than to fplit. When hot, it is variega-
ted with blue fpots. 3. A combination of lime with
acetous acid fwells much like alum, but fcarcely adheres
to the charcoal. 4. Nitrated magnefia fwells with a
crackling noife, but without any detonation. 5. To
[ 3*.? 1
B L o
to fmall particles, but fparingly diffolved. When over- Blow-pipe,
burned, it feems not to be divided or diminilhed. The
former diffolves in borax with effervefcence ; but the lat¬
ter fcarcely produces any bubbles. The fame phenomena
takes place with microcofmic acid, only the effervefcence
is fomewhat greater. A very fmall piece of calcareous
earth is eafily diffolved in borax and microcofmic fait.
. 35
llypfum
this clafs alfo belongs the combination of marine acid yielding quite pellucid fphericles: but if more earth be
with magnefia. gradually added, the flux, faturated aTlength, retains
Gypfum eluded the utmoft force of Mr Pott’s fur- the diffolved matter indeed while in perfeft fuffon,but on
. 36
frbftances
uble in
,fible by nace, but may be fufed in a moment by expofing a
blow- feftion of the lamella to the blue flame. Though na-
" turally pellucid, it inftantly becomes opaque ; and the
water it contains flies off without any ebullition.
The following fubftances are foluble in borax and
microcofmic fait with effervefcence.
1. Lime, magnefia, alum, and combination of lime
with acetous acid.
2. The metallic falls which do not decrepitate.
colledted ; the fluxes are tinged in the fame manner
by the metallic calces.
3. The decrepitating metallic falls ; lead combined
with nitrous acid, and antimony with that of tartar.
4. Volatile metallic falls which have mercury for
their balis. Thofe which contain marine acid in ge¬
neral fly off more quickly than thofe in which the me¬
tal is combined with any other menftrnum.
5. Detonating metallic falls, as filver, mercury, lead,
and bilmuth united with nitrous acid.
6. The intumefcent metallic falls, vitriolated and ni¬
trated copper, iron and cobalt vitriolated, and nitrated
removing it from the flame, the part which was taken
up by the heat alone foon feparates. Hence clouds
firft begin to appear, and at length' the whole globule
becomes opaque, but recovers its tranfparency again by
fufion. If the melted pellucid globule, however, which
would grow opaque by cooling, be plunged while hot
into melting tallow, water, or other fubftances likewife
hot (for cold generally cracks it), fo as to grow fud-
denly hard, it retains its tranfparency ; the particles be-
Some of thefe containing either a large quantity of ing as it were fixed in that ftate which is neceffary to
water in their .cryftals, or obftinately retaining their tranfparency.
acid, flow in jit fire, while others only foam. Moft 2. Terra ponderofa, expofed alone to the flame, be-Terra pen-
of them recovayin part at leaft, their metallic appear- comes cauftic, foluble in water, and loies its property derofa.
ance, efpecially when they touch the coal, leaving at of effervefcing with acids. It effervefces a little, and
the fame time a fhapelefs fcoria. By the addition of is fenfibly diminifhed by fait of foda; diffolves with a
borax, the fcoria; are diffolved, and the regulus better flight effervefcence in borax, as well as in microcofmic
fait, but effervefces fomewhat more violently in the^
latter. 4o
3. Magnefia by itfelf lofes its aerial acid, and with Magnefia.
it the property of effervefcing with acids. In fait of
foda, it is fcarcely diminiflied, but effervefces a little.
It diffolves in borax alfo, with a flight eflervefcence;
and likewife in microcofmic fait, but with a greater
effervefcence. AT
4. Common clay contains a number of heterogeneous
particles, particularly liliceous earth, of which the
quantity is generally one half of the whole. When
pure clay therefore is required, the earth of alum di-
Cky*
Thefe fwell with noife and ascertain degree of gefted in an alkaline lixivium, and well wafhed, mull
ebullition on the firft contaft of the flame, but after¬
wards remain unchanged.
7. The fufible metallic falts, as filver and lead com¬
bined with vitriolic acid, and zinc combined with ma¬
rine acid.
ft. Antimony combined with acid of tartar, a carbe-
naceous metallic fait.
o. Metallic falls communicating a certain colour
be employed. This earth, on expofure to the flame,
grows hard, contradts in bulk, but does not melt. It
effervefces a little in fal fodae, but is fparingly diffol¬
ved. In borax it diffolves with a very confiderable ef¬
fervefcence, and with a ftiH’greater in microcofmic acid.
5. Siliceous earth, by itfelf, is not fufed. In fal silkeuua
fodas it diflolves with remarkable effervefcence ; and ifearth,
the filiceous earth diffolved exceeds the weight of the
flux, it yields a pellucid glafs. This, and all the other
L
!«n flaire*° the flame- Blue vitrIoI>' and f°lution of copper ....
a cop- nitrous acid, produce a greennefs; but folution of operations with fal fodae, muft be performed in a fpoon.
com- copper in fpir-it of fait a<Sts with much more efficacy. In borax it diffolves flowly, without any effervefcence;
I bed with rpjie green cryftals of this firft grow red by the contact and in a fimilar manner, only ftill more flowly, in mi¬
ni arme acid the externai flame . afterwards they liquefy and grow crocofmic acid,
black, making the flame at firft of a deep blue, which
afterwards verges to a green. The flame thus tinged
expands much, and remains in that ftate until the whole
of the fait be diffipated. This green fait, added to
■microcofmic fait in fufion, immediately {hows a beauti¬
ful flame : the clear globule is tinged green, and does
Mr Bergman next enumerates the various earths ofOf var‘0UI,
all different kinds which he had fubjected to the blow-
pipe ; and of thefe he found that the following did not
without the utmoft difficulty fhow any figns of fufion:
viz. Pure albedos, refractory clay, pure mica, fapphire,
flint, and fteatite. The four laft are indurated by fire!
not grow opaque or brown, unlefs a large quantity of Of the fame kind are the chryfolite and emerald, chah-
the microcoftnic fait be added ; a circumftance which cedony, cornelian, hydrophanus, filiceous, jafper, onyx:
takes place much fooner
borax.
icarcous 11* F-arib Subjiances.
* emeus tg-erYcft.es a with mineral alkali, and is divided
adding a fmall quantity of opal, and quartz. The reft are fufible either by them-
felves or with the addition of proper fluxes. On thefe,
1. Crude calcareous earth he obferves, in general, that when the effervefcence is
to be examined, only a very little piece of the matter
B L O f 326 ] B I- O
Blow pipe. is to be added to the flux ; as the mofl: fubtile powder their being reduced, indifpenfably require the Qontaft BJow-ptpg,:
contains air, which being expelled by the heat, forms of a phlogiftic fubllance. With refpedl to fufibiiity, '—^
an appearance of effervefcence, z. The folution is the two extremes are mercury and platina ; the former of the dif.
often accelerated by lime, fpathum ponderofum, gyp- being fcarce ever feen in a folid form, and the latterferent de-
fum, and other additions. 3. Gypfum alone is often almoft as difficult of fulion. The metals thereforeof fu,
an excellent flux. With an equal quantity of mineral may be ranked in this order, according to their de-^j*^ L
fluor it it Calily reduced to a pellucid globule, which grees of fufibiiity. 1. Mercury. 2, Tin. 3. Bifmiith. !enietd“»';
grows white and opaque on cooling. The fpathum 4. Lead. 5. Zinc. 6. Antimony. 7. Silver. 8. Gold,
ponderofum alfo unites with mineral fluor; but the 9. Arfenic. 10. Cobalt. 11. Nickel. 12. Iron.
The two laft do
‘ War.gaTiefe||
•Of inflam¬
mable lub-
mafs does not becomes pellucid. r 3. Manganefe. 14. Platina. i.ne two lalt do nqtarld piatjuLp
III. Mofl.when expofed to the yield to the blow-pipe, and indeed forged iron does do notUeldE
48
Sulphur.
Molybi
apex of the flame, begin to liquefy, unlefs they, have a not melt without difficulty ; but call iron perfe&ly. totheblowtl/
great quantity of earth in their compofition; which. Metals in fufion affect a globular form, and eafilyP'P6- I*
however, does not generally prevent their inflamma- roll off the charcoal, efpecially when of the fize of aGengra!
tion. When they are once inflamed, the blaft ought grain of pepper. Smaller pieces therefore ought ei-pearance
to be flopped until they have burned away either alone ther to be ufed, or they fliould be placed in hollows nietals be-
or with a flux ; after which the refiduum is to be ex- made in the charcoal. On theii'firft melting they af-forc th?
amined by the flame. The moll remarkable appear- fume a polilhed furface, an appearance always retained':>low‘Pfi3
ances exhibited by inflammable fubftances, when exa- by the perfect metals; but the imperfedt are foon ob-
mined by the blow-pipe, are the fallowing.: fcured by a pellicle formed of the calx of the metal.
1. Ambergris burns with a white, fmoky, and The colours communicated by the calces vary accord-
odoriferous flame, until it be totally confumed; but ing to the nature of the metal from which the calx is
when impure, it is extinguiffied, leaving behind a produced. Some of the calces eafily recover their
black mafs which foon grows white by ignition,.and metallic form by Ample expofure to flame upon the
confifts partly of calcareous powder. 2. Tranfparent charcoal; others are reduced in this way with more
amber exhibits almoft the fame appearance, but vanifli- difficulty; and fome Hot at all. The reduced calces
es totally by heat in the fpoon; fo that in this way of the volatile metals immediately fly off from the
we can fcarcely form any judgment of the refiduum ; charcoal. In the fpoon they exhibit nitrous globules;
which, however, is eafily obtained from opaque amber, but it is very difficult to prevent them from being firtt
>3. Pure afphaltum burns with fmoke, and is totally diffipated by the blaft. |
confumed without any refiduum. 4. Mountain pitch The metals are taken up by the fluxes : but as nii-pjUXg^ pro,(
leaves black fcorise, ihining, and of a brittle nature, neral alkali yields an opaque fpherule, it is not to be per to be |
5. Bituminous fchift and lithanthrax, befides their made ufe of. Globules of borax diffolve and melt any with I
matrix, leave an oily coal, or even fpongy fcorite, if metallic calx; and unlefs too much loaded with ||
the refiduum liquefies at all. 6. Common fulphur appear pellucid and coloured. A piece of metal cal-
readily melts alone, and grows red; after which it cined in the flux produces the fame effedf, but more
takes fire, and is confumed with a blue flame and a flowly. A portion of the calx generally recovers its
moft penetrating and fuffocating odour. 7. Molyb- metallic form, and floats on the melted matter like if
dasna contains a portion of common fulphur united to one or more excrefeences. In proportion as the glo- I
a peculiar acid. It does not take fire, and fuffers but bule is more loaded it extends itfelf more on the char-
little change on the charcoal; -but on being expofed coal, and at length cannot affume a globular form ; for
to the flame in the fpoon, it depofites a white fmoke in the metallic additament augments the attradlion for
direction of the blaft. This fmoke grows blue by the phlogifton. |
contact of the interior flame, but lofes its colour by the The calces of the perfeft metals are reduced by bo- Rcduaioii
exterior one. It undergoes little change by borax or rax in the fpoon, and adhere to it at the point of con-0f the calli
the microcofmic fait, but diffolves in fait of foda with ta£t, and there only. The microcofmic fait a£ts like ces of per-|
violent effervefcence. It grows red and tranfparent by borax, but does not reduce the metals. It attacksfeia
fufion; and when cold, affumes a dilute red colour and them more powerfully on account of its acid nature ;
opaque, with an hepatic fmell. 8. Plumbago emits at the fame time- it preferves the fpherical form, and
fmoke on burning, but which is only perceptible the therefore is adapted in a peculiar manner to the inve-
inftant the flame ceafes. It differs from molybdaena ftigation of metals.
in not depoliting any white powder, and particularly The tinge communicated to the flux frequently va- Colours
in not being taken up by fait of foda. It it not chan- ries, being different in the fufed and in the cooled glo- quired by J
ged by borax or microcofmic fait. bule; for fome of the diffolved palces, while fufed,the ^uxes,|
Inflammable ores, take fire with difficulty ; fome are ffiow no colour, but acquire one while cooling ; but
fcarcely changed, while others are confumed or fly off, others, on the contrary, have a much more intenfe
leaving the metallic calx behind. colour while in the ftate of fluidity. Should the tranf-
The fluxes in general are tinged by phlogifton ; but parency be injured by too great a concentration of co-
unlefs this be fixed by fome metallic calx, it is eafily lour, the globule, on compreffing it with the forceps,
deftroyed by burning. or drawing it out into a thread, will exhibit a thin and
IV. The perfect A/e/ir/xlofe no part of their phlogifton tranfparent mafs : but if the opacity arifes from fuper-
•even in the moft intenfe heat; and when calcined in faturation, more flux muft be added ; and as the fluxes
the moift way, recover their former nature by Ample attraft the metals with unequal forces, the latter pre-
fufion. The imperfeA metals are calcined by fire, e- cipicate one another.
fpecially by the exterior flame ; and then, in order to Metals when mineralized by acids have the proper¬
ties
B L O [ 3
w-pipe. ties of metallic falts; when mineralized by fixed air
f1"''””"'1 they poffefs the properties of calces, that volatile fub-
^°tals ^;ance be‘n? eafily expelled'without any effervefcence ;
firalizect btrt when combined with fulphur, they poflefs proper-
iacids. ties of a peculiar kind. They may then be melted,
or even calcined upon the charcoal, as alfo in a golden
or filver fpoon. The volatile parts are difcinguilhed
by the fmell or fmoke ; the fixed refidua by the par¬
ticles reduced or precipitated upon iron, or from the
gj tinge of the fluxes.-
^ gold. Gold in its metallic ftate fufes on the charcoal,- and
is the only metal which remains unchanged. It may
be deprived of its phlogifton in the moift: way by folu-
tion in aqua regia; but to calcine it alfo by fire, we
mud purfue the following method: To a globule of
microcofmic fait let there be added a fmall piece of fo¬
il'd gold, of gold leaf, purple mineral, or, which is
beft of all, of the cryftalline falt formed by a foludon
of gold in aqua regia containing fea-falt. Let this
again be melted, and added while yet foft to turbith
mineral, which will immediately grow red on the contaft.
The fufion being afterwards repeated, a vehement efter-
vefcence arifes; and when this is confiderablydiminifhed,
let the blaft be flopped for a few moments, again be¬
gun, and fo continued until almofl all the bubbles
difappear. After this the fpherule, on cooling, af-
fumes a ruby colour; but if this does not happen, let
it bes juft made foft by the exterior flame, and upon
hardening this tinge generally appears. Should the
procefs fail at firft, owing to fome minute circumftan-
ces. which cannot be defcribed, it will fucceed on the
fecond or third trial. The ruby-coloured globule,
when compreffed by the forceps while hot, frequently
becomes blue ; by fudden fufion it generally affumes
an opal colour, which by refraction appears blue, and
by refleftion of a brown red; if further urged by
the fire, it lofes all colour, and appears like water
but the rednefs may be reproduced feveral times by the
addition of turbith mineral. The flux is reddened in
the fame manner by the addition of tin inftead of tur¬
bith ; but it has a yellowifli hue, and more eafily be¬
comes opaque ; while the rednefs communicated by
turbith mineral has a purple tinge, and quite refembles
a ruby. Borax produces the fame phenomena, but
more rarely ; and in all cafes the flighteft variation in
the management of the fire will make the experiment
fail entirely.
The ruby colour may alfo be produced by copper ;
whence a doubt may arife, whether k be the gold or
the remains of the copper that produces this effeCt.
Mr Bergman thinks it probable that both may contri¬
bute towards it, efpecially as copper is often found to
contain gold.
iolden This precious metal cannot directly be mineralized
by fulphur ; but by the medium of iron is fometimes
formed into a golden pyrites. Here, however, the
quantity of gold is fo fmall, that a globule can fcarce-
aly be extrafted from it by the blow-pipe.
'4. Grains of native platina are not affeCted by the
^ ina’ blow-pipe either alone or mixed with fluxes ; which,
however, are frequently tinged green by it: but pla¬
tina, precipitated from aqua regia by vegetable or vo¬
latile alkali, is reduced by microcofmic fait to a fmall
malleable globule. Our author has been able to unite
27 ] B L O
feven or eight of thefe - into a malleable mafs ; but Blow pipe;
more of them produced only a brittle one. Platina ' 
fcarcely lofes all its iron unlefs reduced to very thin
- fufion. 65
Silver in its metallic ftate eafily melts, and refills °f ftver in
calcination. Silver leaf faftened by means of the T£met;a*lic
breath, or a folution of borax, may eafily be fixed on tate‘
it by the flame, and through the glafs it appears of a
gold colour; but care mult be taken not to crack the
glafs. Calcined filver precipitated from nitrous acid
by fixed alkali is eafily reduced. The microcofinic
acid diflblves it fpeedily and copioufly; but, on cool¬
ing, it becomes opaque and of a whitilh yellow, which
is alfo fometimes the cafe with leaf-filver. Copper is
difcovered by a green colour, and fometimes by that
of a ruby, unlefs we choofe rather to impute that to
gold. The globules can fcarcely be obtained pellucid,,
unlefs the quantity of calx be very fmall; but a longer
fufion is neceflary to produce an opacity with borax.
The globule, loaded with diflblved filver during the ,
time of its fufion in the fpoon, covers a piece of coo¬
per with filver, and becomes itfelf of a pellucid green:
antimony quickly takes away the milky opacity of
diflblved luna cornea, and feparates the filver in diftinft
grains. Cobalt and moll of the other metals likewife
precipitate filver on the fame principles as in the moift
way, viz. by a double eledlive attradlion. The metal
to be diflblved remains untouched as long as it retains
its phlogifton ; but is taken up when a fufficient quan¬
tity of that principle has Ihifted to the predpitate and 66
reduced it. This metal, when mineralized by marine M!nerali*.
and vitriolic acids, yields a natural lima cornea, which Zedr.ybia”j'
produces a number of fmall metallic globules on the ^ U an*
charcoal: it diflblves in microcofmic fait, and renders
it opaque ; and is reduced, partially at leaft, by borax.
Sulphurated filver, called alfo the glaffy ore of that
metal, fufed upon charcoal, eafily parts with the ful¬
phur it contains ; fo that a polilhed globule is often
produced, which, if heceffary, may be depurated by
borax. The filver may alfo be precipitated by the ad¬
dition of copper, iron, or manganefe. When arfenic
makes part of the compound, as in the red ore of
arfenic, it muft firft be freed from the fulphur by gentle
roafting, and finally entirely depurated by borax. It
decrepitates in the,fire at firft.
Copper, together with fulphur and arfenic mixed
with filver, called the white ore of filver, yields a re-
gulns having the fame alloy.
Galena, which is an ore of lead containing fulphur
and iilver, is to be freed in the fame manner from the
fulphur ; after which the lead is gradually diffipated
by alternately melting and cooling, or is feparated in
a cupel from the galena by means of the flame. Our
author has not been able to precipitate the filver di-
ftinbl from the lead, but the whole mafs becomes mal¬
leable ; and the fame is true of tin, but the mafs be¬
comes more brittle. 6f
Pure mercury flies off from the charcoal with a mo- Of mercu*
derate heat, the fixed heterogeneous matters-remaining r7a
behind. When calcined it is ealily reduced and difli-
pated, and the fluxes take it up with effervefcence;
but it is foon totally driven off. When mineralized
by fulphur it liquefies upon the charcoal, burns with a-
blue flame, fmokes, and gradually difappears; but or*
expofing;
B L O
expon»g cinnabar to the 'fire
^ copper, the mercurial globules „are fixed upon it all
round.
Lead, in its metallic ftate, readily melts, and con¬
tinues to retain a metallic fplendor for fome time.
By a more intenfe heat it boils and fmokes, forming
a yellow circle upon the charcoal. It communicates
a yellow colour, icarce vifible, to the fluxes ; and when
the quantity is large, the globule, on cooling, contrafts
more or lefs of a white opacity. It is not precipitated
by copper when diffolved ; nor do the metals precipi-
. tate it from fulphur in the fame order as from the
M nerali- ac^s< When united to aerial acid, it grows red on
zed by d;f- the firil touch of the flame : when the heat is increafed,
fei ent. fub- it melts, and is reduced to a multitude of fmall globules,
fiances. TVhen united with phofphoric acid, it melts and yields
an opaque globule, but is not reduced. With fluxes
it fhows the fame appearances as calx of lead. When
mineralized by fulphur, lead eafily liquefies, and, be¬
ing gradually deprived of the volatile part, yields a di-
ftinft regulus, unlefs too much loaded with iron. It
may be precipitated by iron and copper.
Of copper. A fmall piece of copper, either folid or foliated,
fometimes communicates a ruby colour to fluxes, efpe-
cially when affilled by tin or turbith mineral. If the
copper be a little more or further calcined, it pro¬
duces a green pellucid globule, the tinge of which
grows weaker by cooling, and even verges towards a
blue. By long fufion with borax, the colour is totally
deftroyed upon charcoal, but fcarcely in the fpoon.
When once deftroyed, this colour can fcarcely be re¬
produced by nitre ; but it remains fixed with micro-
cofmic fait. If the calx or metal to be calcined be
added in confiderable quantity during fufion, it acquires
an opaque red on cooling, though it appears green
while pellucid and fufed ; but by a ftill largei quantity
it contradls an opacity even while in fufion, and, upon
cooling, a metallic fplendor. Even when the quantity
of copper is fo fmall as fcarcely tinge the flux, a
vifible pellicle is precipitated upon a piece of polilhed
iron added to it during ftrong fufion, and the globule
in its turn takes the colour of polifhed iron ; and in
this way the fmalleft portions of copper may be dif-
covered. The globule made green by copper, when
fufed in the fpoon with a fmall portion of tin, yields a
fpherule of the latter mixed with copper, very hard
and brittle: in this cafe the precipitated metal per¬
vades the whole of the mafs, and does not adhere to
the furface. Cobalt precipitates the calx of copper
difiblved in the fpoon by a flux, in a metallic form,
and imparts its own colour to glafs, which nickel can¬
not do. Zinc alfo precipitates it feparately, and rarely
7r upon its own furface, as we can fcarcely avoid melting
Mineral;- When mineralized by the aerial acid, copper
zed. grows black on the firft contaft of the flame, and melts
in the fpoon ; on the charcoal, the lc*/er part, which
touches the fupport, is reduced. With a fuperabun-
dance of marine acid, it tinges the flame of a beautiful
colour; but with a fmall quantity fliows no appearance
of the metal in that way. Thus the beautiful cryftals
of Saxony, which are cubic, and of a deep green, do
not tinge the flame, though they impart a pellucid
greennefs to microcofmic fait. An opaque rednefs is
eafily obtained with borax; but Mr Bergman could not
produce this colour with microcofmic fait. Copper
N°49-
[ jaS 1 B L O
poliihed piece of fimply fulphurated, when cautioufly and gently roafted Bl'W-plp
by the exterior flame, yields at laft, by fufion, a regu- ”
lus furrounded with a fulphurated cruft. The mafs
roafted with borax feparates the regulus more quickly.
If a fmail quantity of iron happens to be prefent,
the piece to be examined muft firft be roafted ; after
which it muft be diflolved in borax,' and tin added to
precipitate the copper. The regulus may alfo be ob¬
tained byfufficient calcination and fufion, even without
any precipitant, unlefs the ore be very poor. When
the pyrites contain copper, even in the quantity of the
one-hundredth part of their weight, its prefence may be
detected by thefe experiments: Let a grain of pyrites,
of the fize of a flax-feed, be roafted, but not fo much
as to expel all the fulphur; let it then be diffolved by
borax, a polifhed rod- of iron added, and the fufion
continued until the furface when cooled lofes all
fplendor. As much borax is required as will make
the whole of the fize of a grain of hemp-feed. Slow
fufion is injurious, and the precipitation is alfo retarded
by too great tenuity; but this may be correfted by
the addition of a little lime. Tpo much calcination is
alfo inconvenient; for by this the globule forms (low¬
ly, is fomewhat fpread, becomes knotty when warm,
corrodes the charcoal, deftroys the iron, and the cop¬
per does not precipitate diftin&ly. This defeft is
corre&ed by a fmall portion of crude ore. When the
globule is properly melted, according to the directions
already given, it ought to be thrown into cold water
immediately on flopping the blaft, in order to break it
fuddenly. If the copper contained in it be lefs than
one-hundredth part, one end of the wire only has a
cupreous appearance, but otherwife the whole.
Dr Gahn has another method of examining the ores G-hn*
of copper ; .namely, by expofing a grain of tire ore, rhod of
vc'dl freed from fulphur by calcination, to the action ofamininl
, t the flame driven fuddenly upon it by intervals. the ores
cooling, a metallic fplendor. Even when the quantity thofe inflants a cupreous fplendor appears on the fur- COI,1?eil
_r r- r—" -- r H|i *•-* -L- n— - face, which otherwife is black; and this fplendor is
more quickly produced in proportion as the ore is
poorer. The flame is tinged green by cupreous py¬
rites on roafting. ^
Forged iron is calcined, but can fcarcely be melted ; Of m
and liquefies on being fufed. It cannot be melted by
borax, though it may by microcofmic fait; and then it
becomes brittle. Calcined iron becomes magnetic by
being heated on the charcoal, but melts in the fpoon.
The fluxes become green by this metal; but in pro¬
portion as the phlogifton isonore deficient they grow
more of a brownifh yellow. On cooling, the-tinge is
much weakened; and, when originally weak, vanifhes
entirely. By too much faturation the globule be¬
comes black and ‘opaque. The fulphureous pyrites
may be colledled into a globule by fufion, and is firft
furrounded by a blue flame; but as the metal is eafily
calcined, and changes into black fcoriae, neither by it-
felf nor with fluxes does it exhibit a regulus. It
grows red on rcafting.
Tin eafily melts before the blow-pipe, and is cal- of fi
cined. The fluxes diflblve the calx fparingly; and,
when faturated, contract a milky opacity. Some fmall
particles of this metal difiblved in any flux may be di-
ftindly precipitated upon iron. Cryftallized ore of
tin, urged by fire upon the charcoal, yields its metal
in a reguline ftate.
Bifmuth
i (Slew-pipe.
| 75
liBifmuth.
78
u-fenic
B L O [ 329 ] B L O
Bifmuth prefents nearly the fame appearances as
lead ; the calx is reduced on the coal, and fufed in the
fpoon. The calx, diflblved in microcofmic fait, yields
a brownifh yellow globule, which grows more pale u-
pon cooling, at the fame time lofxng fome of its tranf-
parency. Too much calx renders the matter perfeft-
ly opaque. Borax produces a fimilar mafs in the
fpoon ; but on the coal a grey one, which can fcarce-
ly be freed from bubbles. On fufion the glafs frnokes
and forms a cloud about it. Bifmuth is eaiily precipi¬
tated by copper and iron.
Sulphurated bifmuth is eafily fufed, exhibiting a
blue flame and fulphureous fmell. Cobalt, when add-
<d, by means of the fulphur, enters the globule ; but
the fcoria foon fwells into diftinft partitions; which
when further urged by fire, throws out globules of bif¬
muth. Sulphurated bifmuth, by the addition of bo¬
rax, may be diftindtly precipitated by iron or manga-
nefe.
Regulus of nickel when melted is calcined, but more
flowly than other metals. The calx imports an hya-
cinthine colour to fluxes, which grows yellow on cool¬
ing, and by long continued fire may be deftroyed. If
the calx of nickel be contaminated by ochre of iron,
the latter is firft diflblved. Nickel diflolved is preci¬
pitated on iron, or even on copper; an evident proof
that it does not originate from either of thefe metals.
Sulphurated nickel is no where found without iron and
arfenic: the regulus is obtained by roafting, and fu-
fing with borax, though it flill remains mixed with
fome other metals.
Regulus of arfenic takes fire by a fudden heat, and
not only depofites a white fmoke on charcoal, but dif-
fufes the fame all around. The calx fmokes with a
fmell of garlic, but does not burn. The fluxes grow
yellow, without growing opaque, on adding a proper
quantity of calx, which is difpelled by a long continu¬
ance of the heat. This femimetal is precipitated in a
metallic form by iron and copper, but not by gold.
Yellow arfenic liquefies, fmokes, and totally evaporates:
when heated by the external flame, fo as neither to li¬
quefy nor fmoke, it grows red and yellow again upon
cooling. When it only begins to melt it acquires
a red colour, which remains after cooling; Realgar
liquefies more eafily, and is befides totally diffipated.
Regulus of cobalt melts, and may partly be depu¬
rated by borax, as the iron is firft calcined and taken
up. The fmalleft. portion of the calx tinges the flux
of a deep blue colour, which appears of a violet by re-
fradlion, and this colour is very fixed in the fire. Co¬
balt is precipitated upon iron from the blue globule,
but not upon copper. When calx of iron is mixed
with that of cobalt in a flux, the former is diflblved.
This femimetal takes up about one third of its weight
of fulphur in fufion, after which it can hardly be melt¬
ed agai*. It is precipitated by iron, copper, and fe-
veral other metals. The common ore yields an im¬
pure regulus by roafting. Tho green cobalt, examined
by our author, tinges the microcofmic fait- blue; bur
at the fame time fhows red fpots indicating copper.
Zinc expofed to the blow-pipe melts, takes fire,
fending forth a beautiful bluifti green flame, which how¬
ever is foon extinguifhed by a lanuginous calx ; but if
the reguline nucleus included in this lanuginou^ matter
(commonly called flowers of zinc) be urged by the
flame, it will be now and then inflamed, and as it were
Vou III. Part I.
explodes and flies about. With borax it froths, and at Blow-pipe-
firft tinges the flame. It continually diminilhes, and P!ow*ng- j
the flux fpreads upon the charcoal; but in fufed mi- y'
crocofmic fait it not only froths, but fends forth flalhes
with a crackling noife. Too great heat makes it ex¬
plode with the emiflion of ignited particles. The
white calx, or flowers, expofed to the flame on char¬
coal, becomes yellowilh, and has a kind of fplendor,
which vanilhes when the flame ceafes. It remains fix¬
ed, and cannot be melted. The fluxes are fcarcely
tinged; but when faturated by fufion, grow opaque
and white on cooling. Clouds are formed round the
globules of a nature fimilar to that of thf metallic calx.
Diflblved zinc is not precipitated by any other metal.
When mineralized by aerial acid, it has the fame pro¬
perties as calcined zinc. In the pfeudo-galena fulphur
and iron are prefent. Thefe generally, on the char¬
coal, fmell of fulphur, melt, and tinge the flame more
or lefs, depofiting a cloud all around. Thofe which
have no matrix are tinged by thofe which contain
iron, and acquire by faturation a white opaque colour,
verging to brown or black, according to the variety of
compofition.
Regulus of antimony fufed and ignited on the char- Antimony-
coal, affords a beautiful objeft ; for if the blaft of air
be fuddenly flopped, a thick white fmoke rifes per¬
pendicularly, while the lovyer part round the globule
is condenfed into cryftalline fpiculse, fimilar to thofe
called Argentine flowers. The calx tinges fluxes of
an hyacinthine colour ; but on fufion fmokes, and is
eafily diflipated, efpecially on the charcoal, though
it alfo depofites a cloud on it. The diffolved metal
may be precipitated by iron and copper, but not by
gold. Crude antimony liquefies on the charcoal,
fpreads, fmokes, penetrates it, and at laft difappears
entirely except a ring which it leaves behind. ga
Regulus of manganefe fcarcely yields to the flame. Manga-
The black calx tinges the fluxes of a bluilh colour; ne^e'
borax, unlefs faturated, communicates more of a yel¬
low colour. ' The colour may be gradually diffolved
altogether by the interior flame, and again reprodu¬
ced by a fmall particle of nitre, or the exterior flame
alone. Combined with aerial acid, it is of a white
colour, which changes by ignition to black. In other
refpe&s it ftiows the fame experiments as the black
calx.
BLOWING, in a general fenfe, denotes an agita¬
tion of the air, whether performed with a pair of bel¬
lows, the mouth, a tube, or the like. Butchers have a
praftice of blowing up! veal, efpecially the loins, as foon
as killed, with a pipe made of a (heep’s ftiank, to make
it look larger and fairer.
Blowing of Gfafs, one of the methods of forming
the various kinds of works in the glafs manufacture.
It is performed by dipping-the point of an iron blow¬
ing pipe in the melted glafs, and blowing through it
with the" mouth, according to the circumftances of the
glafs to be blown. See Glass.
Blowing of fin, denotes the melting its ore, after
being firft burnt to deftroy the mundic.
Machines for Blowing the Air into Furnaces. See
the article FuxNAdE.
Blowing, among gardeners, denotes the action of
flowers, whereby they open and difplay their leaves.
In which fenfe, blowing amounts to much the fame
with flowering or bloflbming.
T t The
B. L U [ 330 ] BOA
The regular blowing feafon is in the fpring; though
fome plants have other extraordinary times and man¬
ners of blowing, as the Glaltenbury thorn. Divers
flowers alfo, as the tulip, clofe every evening, and blow
again in the morning. Annual plants blow fooner or
later as .their feeds are putin the ground; whence the
curious in gardening fow fome every month in fummer,
to have a conftant fucceffion of flowers. The blowing
of rofes may be retarded by (hearing off the buds as
they put forth.
BLUBBER, denotes the fat of whales and other
large fea-animals, whereof is made train-oil. It is
properly the adeps of the animal: it lies immediately
under the fkin, and over the mufcular fldh. In the
porpoife it is firm and full of fibres, and invefts the
body about an inch thick. In the whale, its thicknefs
is ordinarily fix inches ; but about the under lip, it is
found two or three feet thick. The whole quantity
yielded by one of thefe animals ordinarily amounts to
40 or 50, fometimes to 80 or more, hundred weight.
The ufe of blubber to the animal feems to be partly to
poife the body, and render it equiponderant to the wa¬
ter ; partly to keep off the water at fome diftance from
the blood, the immediate contaft whereof would be apt
to chill it; and partly alfo for the fame ufe that clothes
ferve us, to keep the fifh warm; by refle&ing or rever¬
berating the hot fleams of the body, and To redoubling
the heat; fince all fat bodies are, by experience, found
lefs fenfible of the impreflions of cold than lean ones.
Its ufe in trade and manufaftures is to furnifh train-oil,,
which it does by boiling down. Formerly this was
performed afttore, in the country where the whales
were caught: but of late the filhers do not go afhore;
they bring the blubber home flowed in calks, and boil
it down here.
Sea-BtuBBER. See Medusa.
BLUE, one of the feven colours into which the
rays of light divide themfelves when refradled through
a glafs prifm.—For an account of the particular ftruc-
ture of bodies by which they appear of a blue colour,
fee the article Chromatics.—The"principal blues ufed
in painting are Prufiian blue, bice, Saunders blue,
azure, or fmalt, verditer, &c.; for the preparation of
which, fee Colour-Making.—In dyeing, the principal
ingredients for giving a blue colour, are indigo and
woad. See Dyeing.
Blue Colour of the Sky. See Ssly..
Blue Bird. See Motacilla.
Blue Fijh. See Coryphena.
Blue Japan. Take gum-water, what quantity you
pleafe, and white-lead a fufficient quantity; grind them
well upon a porphyry: then take ifinglafs fize what
quantity you pleafe, of the fined and beft fmalt a fuf¬
ficient quantity; mix them well: to which add, of
your white-lead, before ground, fo much as may give
it a fufficient body. Mix all thefe together to the con-
fiftence of a paint.
BLUE-John, among miners, a kind of mineral which
has lately been fabricated into vafe^ and other orna¬
mental figures. It is of the fame quality with the cu¬
bical fpar, with refpeft to its fufibility in the fire. It
lofes its colour, and becomeswhite in a moderate heat:
the weight of a cubic foot of the bluefl. kind is 3180
ounces, and that of the lead blue is 3140 ounces. This
fubflancc began fir ft to be applied to ufe about
years ago at one of the oldeft mines in Derhyffiire, Bluing
called Odin mine, probably from its being dedicated to II j
Odin the great god of the northern nations, at the foot, B(,a'
of a high mountain called J\lam-Tor in Caftleton. v ^
Here the greateft quantities are ftill found; the larged
pieces are fold for gl. a ton, the migdle-fized for 61.
and the lead for 50s.
Pruffian. Blue. See Chemistry-/W<?x.
BLUING, the adt or art of communicating a blue
colour to bodies other wife deftitute thereof. Landref-
fes blue their linen with fmalt; dyers their ftuffs and
wools with woad or indigo.
Bluing of Metals is performed by heating them in
the fire,, till they affume a blue colour; particularly. ;
pra&ifed by gilders, who blue their metals before they
apply the gold and filver leaf..
Bluing of Iron, a method of beautifying that metal
fometimes pra&ifed ;. as for mourning buckles, fvvords,
and the like. The manner is thus: Take a piece of \ \
grind-flone or whet-ftone, and rub hard on the work,
to take off the black feurf from it: then heat it in the
fire; and as it grows hot, the colour changes by degrees,
coming firft to light, then to a darker gold colour, and
laftly to a blue. Sometimes alfo they grind indigo and
fallad-oil together; and rub the mixture on the work
with a woollen rag, while it is heating, leaving it to |
cool of itfelf. Among fculptors we alfo find mention
of bluing a figure of bronze, by which it is meant the
heating of it, to prepare it for the application of gold-
leaf, becaufe of the bluiflr caft. it acquires in the ope¬
ration.
BLUFF-head, among failors. A (hip is faid to
be bluff-headed that has an upright Hern.
BLUNDERBUSS, a (hort fire-arm with a wide
bore, capable of. holding a number of bullets at once.
BLUSHING, a fuffufion or rednefs of the cheeks, |
excited by a fenfe of (hame, on account of confcrouf-
nefs of fome failing or imperfe&ion..
Blufliing is fuppofed to be produced from a kind of
confent or fympathy between feveral parts of the body,
occafioned by the fame nerve being extended to them all.
Thus the fifth pair of nerves being branched from the
brain to the eye, ear, mufcles of the lips, cheeks, pa¬
late, tongue, and nofe ; a thing feen or heard that is-
(hameful, affefts the cheeks with bluflies, driving the
blood into the minute veffels thereof, at the fame time
that it affefts the eye and ear. For the fame reafon
it is, as Mr Derham obferves, that a favoury thing feen
or fmelt affe&s the glands and parts of the mouth : if
a thing heard be pleafing, it affefts the mufcles of the
face with laughter; if melancholy, it exerts itfelf on
the glands of the eyes, and occalions weeping, &c.
And to the fame caufe Dr Willis aferibes the pleafure
of killing.
BOA, or B6AE-<jra»7, (anc. geog.), an ifland on
the coaft of Illyricum, over againft Tragurium. A
place of banifhment for condemned perfons; now call¬
ed Bua, an ifland in the Adriatic, joined to the conti¬
nent and to Tragurium, now Tran, by a bridge.
Boa, in zoology, a genus of ferpents, belonging to
the order of amphibia. The charafters of this genus
are, that the belly and tail are both fumilhed with
feuta. The fpecies are ten, viz. 1. The contortrix,
has 150 feuta on the belly, and 40 on the tail: the
head is broad, very convex} and has poifon-bags in
BOA [ 1 BOA
Boa. the mouth, but no fang, for which reafon its bite is
•-■v"—1 not reckoned poifonous: the body is afh-coloured, in-
terfperfed with large dufky fpots ; and the tail is about
a third of the length of the body. This ferpent is
found in Carolina. 2. The canina, has 203 fcuta on
the belly, and 77 on the tail; it is greenilh, and va¬
riegated with white belts. It is a native of America,
and lodges in the hollow trunks of trees, and is about
two feet long. The bite of the canina is not poifonous.
3. The hipnale is of a dull yellow colour, and is found
in Alia. It has 179 fcuta on the belly, and 120 on
the tail. 4. The conftrictor, has 240 fcuta on the
belly, and 60 on the tail. This is an immeufeanimal:
it often exceeds 36 feet in length 5 the body is very
thick, of a dufky whitecolour, and itsback is interfperfed
with 24 large pale irregular fpots; the tail is of a dark¬
er colour ; and the Tides are beautifully variegated with
pale fpots. Befides, the whole body is iaterfperfed
with fmall brown fpots. The head is covered with
fmall fcales, and has no broad laminae betwixt the eyes,
but has a black belt behind the eyes. It wants the
large dog-fangs, and of courfe its bite is not poifonous.
The tongue is flelhy, and very little forked. Above
the eyes, on each fide, the head rifes high. The fcales
of this ferpent are all very fmall, roundifh, and fmooth.
The tail does not exceed one eighth of the whole length
of the animal. The Indians, who adore this mon-
ftrous animal, ufe the fit in for cloaths, on account of
its fmoothnefs and beauty. There are feveral of thefe
(kins of the above dimenfrons preferred, and to be feen
in the different mufeums of Europe, particularly in the
library and botanic garden of Upfal in Sweden, which
has of late been greatly enriched by count Grillinbarg.
The flefh of this ferpent is eat by the Indians and the
negroes of Africa. Pifo, Margraave, and Kempfer,
give the following account of its method of living and
catching its prey. It frequents caves and thick forefts,
where it conceals kfelf, and fuddenly darts out upon
ftrangers, wild beafts, &c. When it chdofes a tree for
its watching place, it fupports itfelf by twilling its
tail round the trunk or a branch, and darts down up¬
on fheep, goats, tigers, or any animal that comes with¬
in its reach. When it lays hold of animals, efpecially
any of the larger kinds, it twifts itfelf feveral times
round their body, and by the vaft force ©f its circular
mufcles brtiifes and breaks all their bones. After the
bones are broke, it licks the fltin of the animal all over,
befmearing it with a glutinous kind of faliva. This
operation is intended to facilitate deglutition, and is a
preparation for fwallowing the whole animal. If it be
a flag, or any horned animal, it begins to fwallow the
feet firfl, and gradually fucks in the body, and laft of
all the head. When the horns happen to be large,
this ferpent has been obferved to go about for a long
time with the horns of a flag flicking out from its
mouth. As the animal digefts, the horns putrify and
fall off. After this ferpent has fwallowed a Hag or a
tiger, it is unable for fome days to move; the hunters,
who are well acquainted with this circum fiance, al¬
ways take this opportunity of deflroying it. When
irritated, it makes a lend hiffing noife. This fer¬
pent is faid to cover itfelf over with leaves in fuch
places as flags or other animals frequent, in order to
conceal itfelf from their fight, and that it may the
moreeaftly lay hold of them. 5. The murina, has 254
fcuta on the belly, and 65 on the tail. The colour of Boadadi
it is a light blue, with round fpots on the back. It is B
a native of America, and its bite is not poifonous..
6. The feytale, has 250 fcuta ou the belly, and 76 on
the tail. The body is afli-coloured and bluifh, with
round black fpots on the back, and black lateral rings
edged with white. This ferpent is a native of Ame¬
rica ; and, like the conftriclor, though not fo long,
twills itfelf about fheep, goats, &c. and fwallows them
whole. 7. The cenchria, has 265 fcuta on the belly,
and 57 on the tail. It is of a yellow colour, with
white eye-like fpots. It is a native of Surinam, and
its bite is not poifonous, 8. The ophrias, has 281
fcuta on the belly, and 64 on the tail; the colour is
nearly the fame with that of the conftriflor, but
browner. The place where this ferpent is to be found
is not known ; but its bite is not venemous. 9. The
enydris, has 270 fcuta on the belly, and 105 on the
tail. The colour is a dufley white, and the teeth of
the lower jaw are very long; but its bite is not poifon¬
ous. It is a native of America, 10. The hortulana,
has 290 fcuta on the belly, and 128 on the tail. It is
of a pale colour, interfperfed with livid wedge-like
fpots. It is a native of Ameiica, and its bite is not
poifonous. See Serpent.
BOADADA sashee, in the.Turkifn military or¬
ders, an officer of the janizaries, whofe bulinefs it is
to walk every day about the principal parts of the ci¬
ty, with a number of janizaries to attend him, to keep
order, and fee that all things are regular, even to the
drefs. This office is for three months, and from this
the perfon is ufually advanced to be a ferach.
BOADICEA, a valiant Britiffi queen in the time
of Nero the emperor, wife to Prafutagus king of the
Iceni in Britain, who by his will left the emperor and
his own daughters eo-heirs to his great treafures, in
expedition of procuring by that means Nero’s protec¬
tion for his family and people : but he' was no fooner
dead, than the emperor’s officers feized all. Boadicea
oppofed thefe unjuil proceedings ; which was refented
to fuch a pitch of brutality, that they ordered the lady
to be publicly whipped, and her daughters to be ra-
vifhed by the foldiers. The Britons took arms, with
Boadicea at their head, to fhake off the Roman yoke ;
and made a general and bloody maffacre of the Romans
in all parts. The whole province of Britain would have
been loft, if Suetonius Paulinus had not haftened from
the ille of Mona to London, and with 10,00© men
engaged the Britons. The battle was fought for a
long time with great vigour and doubtful fuecefs, till
at laft vi&ory inclined to the Romans. Boadicea, who
had behaved with all bravery imaginable, difpatched
herfelf by poifon.
BOAR, in the manege. A. horfe is faid to boar
when he Ihoots out his nofe as high as his ears, and
toffes his nofe in the wind.
Boar, a male fwine. See Sus.
The wild boar, among huntfmen, has feveral names,
according to its different ages: the firft year, it is call¬
ed a pig of the founder ; the ft com! it is called a bog ;
the third, a tog-fleer; and the fourth, a boar; when
leaving the faunder, he is called a ftngler or fangler.
The boar generally lives to 25 or 30 years, if he efcapes
accidents. The time of going to rut is in December,
and lafts about three weeks. rI hey feed on all forts of
T t 2 fruits.
BOA
Boar, fruits, and on the roots of many plants ; the root of
“"V——' fern in particular feems a great favourite with them :
and when they frequent places near the fea-coafts, they
will defcend to tl^e Ihores and demolifh the tenderer Ihell-
filh in very great numbers. Their general places of
reft are among the thickeft bulhes that can be found :
and they are not eafily put up out of them, but will
ftand the bay a long time. In April and May they
fleep more found than at any other time of the year,
and this is therefore the fuccefsful time for the taking
them in the toils. When a boar is rouzed out of the
thicket, he always goes from it, if poffible, the fame
way by which he came to it; and when he is once up,
he will never flop till he comes to fome place of more
fecurity. If it happens that a faunder of them are
found together, when any one breaks away, the reft
all follow the fame way. When the boar is hunted in
the wood where he was bred, he will fcarce ever be
brought to quit it ; he will fometimes make towards
the fides to liften to the noife of the dogs, but retires
into the middle again, and ufually dies or efcapes there.
When it happens that a boar runs a-head, he will not
be Hopped or put out of his way, by man or beaft, fo
long as he has any ftrength left. He makes no doubles
nor croflings when chafed ; and when killed makes no
noife, if an old boar; the fows and pigs will fqueak
when wounded.
The feafon for hunting the wild boar begins in Sep¬
tember, and ends in December, when they go to rut.
If it be a large boar, and one that has lain long at
reft, he muft be hunted with a great number of dogs,
and thofe fuch as will keep clofe to him ; and the huntf-
man, with his fpear, Ihould always be riding in among
them, and charging the boar as often as he can, to dif-
courage him : fuch a boar as this, with five or fix cou¬
ple of dogs, will run to the firft convenient place of
fhelter, and there ftand at bay and make at them as
they attempt to come up with him. There ought al¬
ways to be relays alfo fet of the beft and ftauncheft
hounds in the kennel; for if they are of young eager
dogs, they will be apt to feize' him, and be killed or
fpoiled before the reft come up. The putting collars
with bells about the dogs necks is a great fecurity
for them ; for the boar will not fo foon ftrike at
them when they have thefe, but will rather run before
them. The huntfmen generally kill the boar with their
fwords or fpears : but great caution is neceflary in ma¬
king the blows ; for he is very apt to catch them upon
his fnout or tulles ; and if wounded and not killed, he
will attack the huntfman in the moft furious manner.
The places to give the wound with the fpear is either
between the eyes in the middle of the forehead, or in
the Ihoulder ; both thefe places make the wound mor¬
tal.
When this creature makes at the hunter, there is no¬
thing for it but courage and addrefs ; if he flies for it,
he is furely overtaken and killed. If the boar comes
ftraight up, he is to be received at the point of the fpear:
but if he makes -doubles and windings, he is to be
watched very cautioufly , for he will attempt getting
hold of the fpear in his mouth ; and if he does fo, no¬
thing can favethe huntfman but another perfon attack¬
ing him behind : he will on this attack the fecond per¬
fon, and the firft muft then attack him again : two
people will thus have enough to co with him ; and were
BOA
it not for the forks of the boar-fpears that make it irn-
poffible to prefs forward upon them, the huntfman
who gives the creature his death's wound would feldom
efcape falling a facrifice to his revenge for it. The
modern way of boar-hunting is generally to difpatch
the creature by all the huntfmen linking him at once :
but the ancient Roman way was, for a perfon on foot,
armed with a fpear, to keep the creature at bay; and
in this cafe the boar would run of himfelf upon the
fpear to come at the huntfman, and pulh forward till
the fpear pierced him through.
The hinder claws of a boar are called guards. In
the corn, he is faid to feed; in the meadows or fallow-
fields, to rout, worm, or fern ; in a clofe, to graze.
The boar is farrowed with as many teeth as he will ever
have ; his teeth increafing only in bignefs, not in num¬
ber : among thefe there are four called tufhes, or tujks ;
the two biggeft of which do not hurt when he ftrikes,
but ferve only to whet the other two loweft, with which
the beaft defends himfelf, and frequently kills, as be-
ing greater and longer than the reft.
It is very remarkable, that thefe creatures in the
Weft Indies are fubjedt to the Hone : few of them are
abfolutely free from it,' yet fcarce any have the ftones
of any confiderable fize. It is common to find a great
number in the fame bladder; and they are ufually of
about a fcruple weight, and are angular, and that with
great regularity, each having five angles.
Among the ancient Romans, boar’s flefh was a deli¬
cacy ; a boar fer.ved up whole was a difh of ftate.
The boar was fometimes alfo the military enfign
borne by the Roman armies, in lieu of the Cagle.
Among phyficians, a boar’s bladder has been repu¬
ted a fpecific for the epilepfy. The tulh of the wild
boar ftill paffes with fome as of great efficacy in quin-
zies and pleurifies.
BOARD, a long piece of timber, fawed thin for
building and feveral other purpofes. See Timber.
Deal-boards are generally imported into England
ready fawed, becaufe done cheaper abroad, in regard
we want faw-mills. Cap-boards are imported from
Sweden and Dantzic. Oak-boards chiefly from Swe¬
den and Holland ; fome from Dantzic. We alfo im¬
port white boards for Ihoemakers; mill and fcale-
boards, &c. for divers artificers. Scale-board is a
thinner fort, ufed for the covers of primers, thin boxes,
and the like. It is made with large planes j but might
probably be fawed with mills to advantage.
Board is alfo ufed for a kind of table or bench,
whereon feveral artificers perform their work. In this
fenfe, we fay a work-board, {hop-board, taylor’s-
loard, &c.
Board is alfo ufed for a flat machine, or frame, ufed
in certain games, and the like. In this fenfe, we fay
a draught-£0<m/, a okrth-board, a {kowdi-board, and
the like..
Board, Bureau, is alfo ufed for an office where ac¬
counts are Jaken, payments ordered, and the like. In
this fenfe, we fay the board of works, board of ord¬
nance, board of treafury, and the like.
Board, among feamen. To go aboard,, fignifies to
go into the fhip. To flip by the board, is to flip down
by the fhip’s fide. Board and board, is when two (hips
come fo near as to touch one another, or when they
lie fide by fide. To make, a board, is to turn to windr
ward*;
C 33* 1
Boar,®
Boar At
. Tlate C .
3 ^ o s ^ 3 .
BOA [ 333 ] BOA
Bearding, ward; and the longer your boards are, the more you
Boat. work into the wind. To board it up, is to beat it up,
' fometimes npon one tack and fometimes upon another.
She maker a good board, that is, the fnip advances much
at one tack. The 'weather-board, is that fide of the
{hip which is to windward.
BOARDING, in a naval engagement, a defperate
and furious affault made by one {hip on another, after
having found every other method to reduce her inef-
fedfual: it may be performed in different places of the
Ihip, according to their circumftances and fituation, by
the aflailant detaching a number of men armed with pi-
ftols and cutlaffes on the decks of his antagonift, who
{lands in the fame predicament with a city {formed by
the befiegers. This expedient, however, is rarely at¬
tempted by king’s (hips, which generally decide the
combat without grappling each other ; but chiefly
praftifed by privateers, which, bearing down on the
enemy’s quarter or broadfide, drop from the bowfprit,
which projects over the defendant’s deck, an earthen
{hell, called a fiink-pot, charged with fiery and fuffo-
cating combuftibles, which immediately burfts, catches
fire, and fills the deck with infufferable flench and
fmoke : in the middle of the confufion thus occafioned,
the privateer’s crew rufh aboard, under cover of the
fmoke, and eafily overpower the allonifhed enemy, un-
lefs they have clofe quarters to which they can retreat
and beat them off the deck.
BOAT, a fmall open ve{fel, conduced on the wa¬
ter by rowing or failing. The confinnSlion, machinery,
and even the names of boats, are very different, ac¬
cording to the various purpofes for which they are cal¬
culated,^ and the fervices on which they are to be em¬
ployed. Thus they are occafionally flight or ftrong,
{harp or flat bottomed, open or decked, plain or or¬
namented ; as they may be defigned for fwiftnefs or
burden, for deep or (hallow water, for failing in a har¬
bour or at fea, and for convenince or pleafure.
The largeft boat that ufually accompanies a (hip is
the long-boat, which is generally furniflied with a mail
and fails: thofe which are fitted for men of war, may
9 be occafionally decked, armed, and equipped, for
cruifing (hort diflances againft merchant-ftiips of the e-
nemy, or fmugglers, or for imprdfing feamen, &c. The
1, barges are next in order, which are longer, {lighter,
and narrower: they are employed to carry the princi¬
pal fea-officers, as admirals, and captains of (hips of
war, and are very unfit for fea. Pinnaces exactly re¬
ferable barges, only that they are fomewhat fmaller,
and never row more than eight oars whereas a barge
properly never rows lefs than ten. Thefe are for the
accommodation of the lieutenants, &c. Cutters of a
{hip, are. broader, deeper, and fliorter, than the barges
and pinnaces ; they are fitter for failing, and are com¬
monly employed in carrying (lores, provifions, paf-
fengers, &c. to and from the (hip. In the flrufture of
this fort of boats, the lower edge of every plank in the
jj fide overlays the upper edge of the plank below, which
1* is called by fliip-wrights cltnch-onork. Tanwls are fome-
thing lefs than cutters, nearly of the fame form, and
ufed for fimilar fervices; they are generally rowed with
I fix oars.
The above boats more particularly belong to men of
j war; as merchant-ftiips feldom have more than two,
I viz. a long-boat and yawl: when they have a third, it
is generally calculated for the countries to which they
trade, and varies in its conftrudlion accordingly. Mer¬
chant-fhips employed in the Mediterranean find it more
convenient to ufe a lanch, which is longer, more flat-
bottomed, and better adapted every way to the harbours
of that fea, than a long-boat.
A nuherry is a light (harp boat, ufed in a river or
harbour for carrying "paffengers from place to place.
Punts are a fort of oblong flat-bottomed boats, nearly
refembling floating ftages; they are ufed by ftiip-
wrights and caulkers, for breaming, caulking, or re¬
pairing a fliip’s bottom. A mofes is a very flat broad
boat, ufed by merchant-ftiips amongft the Caribbee-
iflands, to bring hogfneads of fugar off from the fea-
beach to the {hipping which are anchored in the roads.
A felucca is a ftrong paflage-boat ufed in the Mediter¬
ranean, from to to 16 banks of oars. The natives of
Barbary often employ boats of this fort as cruifers.
For the larger fort of boats, fee the articles Craft,.
Cutter, Periagua, and Shallop.
Of all the fmall boats, a Norway yawl feems to be
the bed calculated for a high fea, as it will often ven¬
ture out to a great diftance from the coalj of that coun¬
try, when a (lout (hip can hardly carry any fail.
./In account of fever al trials made on a Boat, or
Sloop, fit for inland navigation, coafling voyages, and
Jhort pajfages by fea, which is not, like ordinary vejfels,
liable to be overfet or funk by winds, waves, water-fpouts,
or too heavy a load; contrived and conflrutted by Mon-
fieur Bernieres, director of the bridges and caufeways in
France, &c. &c. Some of thefe trials were made on
the firft of Auguft 1777, at the gate of the invalids in
Paris, in the prefence of the provoft of the merchants,,
of the body of the town, and a numerous concourfe of
fpedfators of all conditions.
The experiments were made in the way of compari-
fon with another common boat of the fame place, and
of equal fize. Both boats had been built ten years,
and their exterior forms appeared to be exactly fimilar.
The common boat contained only eight men, who
rocked it and made it incline fo much to one fide, that
it prefently filled with water, and funk; fo that the
men were obliged to fave themfelves by fwimming;
a thing common in all vefiels of the fame kind, either
from the imprudence of thofe who are in them, the
llrength of the waves or wind, a violent or pnexpefted
lhock, their being overloaded, or overpowered in any
other way.
The fame men who had juft efcaped from the boat
which funk, got into the boat of M. Bernieres ; rocked
it, and filled it, as they had done the other, with water.
But, inftead of finking to the bottom, though brim
full, it bore being rowed about the river, loaded as it
was with men and water, without any danger to the
people in it.
M. Bernieres carried the trial ftill farther. He or¬
dered a maft to be erefted in this fame boat, when filled
with water; and to the top of the maft had a rope faft-
ened, and drawn till the end of the maft touched th?
furface of the river, fo that the boat was entirely on
one fide, a pofition into which neither winds nor waves
could bring her: yet, as. foon as the men who had
hauled her into this fituation let go the rope, the, boat
and maft recovered themfelves perfe&ly in lefs than the
quarter of a fecond ; a convincing proof that the boat
. couldi
BOB [ 334 ] BOG
could neither be funk nor overturned, and that it af¬
forded the greateft poffible fecurity in every way. Thefe
experiments appeared to give the greater pleafure to the
public, as the advantages of the difcovery are not only
fo fenlible, but of the firll importance to mankind.
Bo-ir-Bill. See Cancroma.
BoAT-Infeft. See Notonecta.
BOATING, a kind of punishment in ufe among the
ancient Perfians for capital offenders. The manner of -
boating was thus 4 the perfon condemned to it being
laid On his back in a boat, and having his hands
ftretched out, and tied faff on each fide of it, had an¬
other boat put over him, his head being left out thro’
a place fit for it. In this pofture they fed him, till
the worms, which were bred in the excrements he
voided as he thus lay, eat out his bowels, and fo caufed
his death, which was ufually twenty days in effecting,
the criminal lying all this while in moft cxquifite tor-
tpents.
BOATSWAIN, the officer who has the boats, fails,
tigging, colours, anchors, and cables, committed to
his charge.
It is the duty of the boatfwain particularly to direft
whatever relates to the rigging of a fiiip, after fire is
equipped from a royal dock-yard. Thus he is to ob-
ferve that the mafts are properly fupported by their
Ihrouds, Hays, and back-ftays, fo that each of thofe
ropes may fuftain a proportional effort when the mail;
is {trained by the violence of the wind, or the agitation
of the fhip. He ought alfo to take care that the blocks
and running-ropes are regularly placed, fo as to anfwer
the purpofes for which they are intended; and that
the fails are properly fitted to their yards and ftays, and
well furled or reefed when occafion requires.
It is likewife his office to fummon the crew to their
duty ; to affift with his mates in the neceffary bufinefs
of the /hip; and to relieve the watch when it expires.
He ought frequently to examine the condition of the
mafts, fails, and rigging; and remove whatever may
be judged unfit for fervice, or fupply what is deficient;
and he is ordered by his inftruftious to perform this duty
w ith as little noife as poffible.
Boatswain’s-Mate has the peculiar command of the
long-boat, for the fetting forth of anchors, weighing
or fetching home an anchor, warping, towing, or
mooring ; and is to give an account of his ftore.
BOB, a term ufed for the ball of a fhort pendulum.
BOBARTIA, in botany, a genus of the digynia
order, belonging to the triandria clafs of plants; and
in the natural method ranking under the 4th order,
Gramina. The calyx is imbricated; and the corolla is
a bivalve glume, above the receptacle of the fruit. Of
this genus there is only one fpecies known,' which is a
native of the Indies, and hath no remarkable property.
BOBBIN, a fmall piece of wood turned in the form
of a cylinder, with a little border jutting Out at each
end, bored through to receive a fmall iron pivot. It
fervesto fpinwith the fpinning-wheel, or to wind thread,
yr°rfted, hair, cott on,filk, gold, and filver.-
BOBBING, amongfifhermen, a particular manner
of catching eels, different from fniggling. Bobbing for
eels is thus performed: They fcour well fome large lobs,-
and with a needle run a twifted filk through them from
end to end, taking fo many as that they may wrap
them about a board a dozen times at leaft : then they
tie them fall with the two ends of the filk, that they
may hang in fo many hanks; which done, they fallen
all to a ftrong cord, and, about an handful and an half
above the worms, fix a plummet three-quarters of a
pound weight, and make the cord faff to a tlrongpole.
With this apparatus fiftiing in muddy water, they feel
the eels tug luftily at the bait; when they think they
have fwallowed it fufficiently, they gently draw up the
rope to the top, and bring them afhore.
BOBIO, an epifcopal town of Italy, in the Milanefe
and territory of Pavia, feated on the river Treba, in
E. Long. 9. 30. N. Lat. 44. 48.
BOCA-chica, the ftrait or entrance into the
harbour of Carthagena in South America. It is de¬
fended by feveral forts belonging to the Spaniards, all
which were taken by the Englifh in 1741 ; they were
neverthelefs obliged to raife the fiege of Carthagena in
a fhort time after.
BocA-del-Drago, a ftrait fo called, between the
ifland of Trinidad and Andalufia, in the province of
Terra Firma in South America.
BOCANUM, (anc. geog.), a town of Mauritania
Tingetana, to the fouth of mount Atlas ; faid to be
that of Morocco in Africa. W. Long. 9. o. N. Lat.
3-t. o.
BOCCA, in glafs-making, the round hole in the
working furnace, by which the metal is taken out of
the great pots, and by which the pots are put into the
furnace. This is to be flopped with a cover made of
earth and brick, and removable at pleafure, to pre-
ferve the eyes of the workmen from the violence of the
heat.
BOCCACE (John), one of the moft polite and
learned writers of his age, was born in Tufcany in
1313. His father firft placed him with a merchant;
but as he gave figns of genius, he was put afterward
to ftudy the canon law: he loft almoft as much time
at this as at the laft occupation ; and thought of no¬
thing but poetry. He came under the inftrudtion of
Petrarch ; but did not fo entirely devote himfelf to
poetry, as to forget other ftudies. In the profecution
of thefe, however, as he fought every where for the
beft mailers, and had not an income fufficient for his
expences, he was reduced to fuch circumftances as to
Hand in need of the bounty of others : he was particu¬
larly obliged to Petrarch, who furnifhed him with mo¬
ney as well as books, and affifted him in many other
refpedls. Boccace was a great admirer of the Greek
language: he found means to get Homer tranflated
into Latin for his own ufe 5 and procured a profeffor’s
chair at Florence for Leontius Pylatus, in order to
explain this poet. The republic of Florence honoured
Boccace with the freedom of that city ; and employed
him in public affairs, particularly to negociate the re¬
turn of Petrarch: but this poet not only refufed to re¬
turn to Florence, but perfuaded Boccace alfo to retire
from thence, on account of the fa&ions which prevailed
in that republic. Having quitted Florence, he went to
feveral places in Italy, and flopped at laft at the court
of Naples, where King Robert gave him a very kind
reception. He conceived a violent affe&ion for the
■natural daughter of that prince, which made him re¬
main a confiderable time at Naples. He alfo made
a long ftay in Sicily, where he was in high favour
with Queen Joan. He returned to Florence when the
3 troubles
Bobi* ;
II !
Boccace,
B O C [ 335 ] B O C
Boecale troubles were a little appeafed : but not liking the
courfe of life he mult have followed there, he retired to
P— Certaldo ; and, far from the noife of bufmefs, he fpent
fP his time in ftudy agreeably to his own humour. His
great application brought on him an indifpofition, of
which he died in 1376. He wrote feveral books,
feme learned and ferious, others of gallantry and full
of ftories. It is by his Decameron chiefly that he has
immortalized himfelf. Petrarch found fo many charms
in this compofition, that he was at the pains to tran-
flate it into Latin for his own fatisfa&ion.
BOCCALE, or Bocal, a liquid meafure ufed at
Rome, anfwering to what among us is called a bottle,
being equivalent to about an Englifli quart. Seven
boccales and an half make the rubbia.
BOCCALINI (Trajan), a celebrated fatirieal wri¬
ter, born at Rome, who, in the beginning of the 17th
century, obtained the admiration of all Italy by his
' refined and delicate criticifms. Sovereign princes them-
Ifelves did not efcape the lalh of his fatire. The car¬
dinals Borghefe and Cretan having declared themfelves
his protedtors, he publifhed his Ragguaglio di Parnajfo,
and La Secret art a di Apollo, which is the continuation
1 of the former. Thjfe two works were received by the
public with uncommon applaufe. He there feigns,
J that Apollo, holding his court at Parnaffus, heard
the complaints of the whole world, and did juflice ac¬
cording as the cafes required. He at length printed his
S " Pietra di Parangone; wherein he attacks the Court of
Spain, letting forth their defigns againfi: the liberty of
Italy, and inveighing particularly againft them for the
1 tyranny they exercifed in the kingdom of Naples.
J: The Spaniards complained of him in form, and were
determined at any rate to be revenged. Boccalini was
frightened, and retired to Venice ; but was there aflaf-
finated in a very ftrange manner. He lodged with one
r of his friends, who having got up early one morning,
left Boccalini in bed : a minute after, fome armed men
entered his chamber, and gave him fo many blows with
bags full of fand, that they left him for dead ; fo that
his friend returning fome time after, found him fpeech-
lefs. Great fearch was made at Venice for the authors
1 of this murder ; and though they were never difeover-
ed, it was univerfally believed that they were employ¬
ed by the court of Spain.
BOCCARELLA, in the glafs-manufacb.ire, a fmall
hole or aperture of the furnace, one of which is placed
on each fide the bocca, almoft horizontally with it.
Out of them the fervitors take coloured or finer metal
from the piling pot.
BOCCIARDI (Clemente), called Clement one, hi-
ftory and portrait painter, was born at Genoa in 1620,
and was the difciple of Bernardo Strozzi, an artill of
good reputation ; but he found in himfelf fo ftrong an
ambition to arrive at excellence in his profeffion, that
he left Genoa, and went to Rome ; there, to explore
that.true fublimity ofltyle, which can only be obtain¬
ed by a judicious obfervation of the ancient fculptures
]' and the works of the celebrated modern -artifts. By
the guidance of an excellent genius, and alfo by a moft
induftrious application to defign, he difeovered the art
L of uniting and blending the antique and modern gufto-
in a ftyle that at once exhibited both gracefulnefs and
ftrength. Moft of the works of this mafter (except
his portraits, which were lively, natural,, and grace¬
ful) are in the chapels of Genoa, Pifa, and other cities Eoeconl
of Italy ; of which places they are, at this day, ac- ||
counted the greateft ornaments, and are moft exceed- , oc 'A,t‘
ingly efteemed.
"BOCCONI (Sylvio), a celebrated natural hiftorian,
born at Palermo in Sicily. After he had gone through
the ufual courfe of ftudies, he applied himfelf chiefly
to natural hiftpry, in which he made a mott furpriling'
progrefs. He was afterwards ordained prieft, and en¬
tered into the Giftercian order, at which time he changed
his chriftian name Paul into that of Sylvio. This new-
way of life did not in the leaft divert him from his fa¬
vourite ftudy: for he purfued it with greater vigour,
than ever, and travelled not only over Sicily, but like-
wile vilited the ifle of Malta, Italy, the Low Countries,-
England, France, Germany, Poland, and feveral other
nations ; and, in 1696, was admitted a member of the
academy of the virtuofi in Germany, Upon his return
to Sicily, he retired to a convent of his own order near
Palermo; where he died in 1704, being. 71 years of
age. He left many curious works.
BOCCONIA, GREATER TREE CELANDINE: A gC-
nns of the monogynia order, belonging to the dodecan-
dria clafs of plants, and in the natural method ranking
under the 27 th order, Rkradeee. The calyx is diphy-
lous; there is no corolla; the ftylus is bifid; the berry
is dry, and monofpermous. Of this genus there is but
one known fpecies, viz. the frutefeens, which is efteemed
for the beauty of its large foliage. It is very common in
Jamaica and other warm partsof America, where it grows
to the height of 10 or 12 feet, having a ftraight trunk as
large as a man’s arm, and covered with a white fmcoth
baric. At the top it divides into feveral branches, on
which the leaves are placed alternately. Thefe leaves
are eight or nine inches long, and five or fix broad;
are deeply finuated, fometimes almoft to the mid¬
rib ; and are of a fine glaucous colour. The whole
plant abounds with a yellow juice of an acrid nature;
fo that it is ufed by the inhabitants of America to take
off warts and fpots from the eyes. The Angular beauty
of this plant renders it worthy of a place in every cu¬
rious colledlion: and it feems the Indians are very fond,
of it; for Hernandez tells us, their kings ufed to plant
it in their gardens. It is propagated by feeds from
America, fowing them in fpring, in pots of light earth,
which mull be plunged in a hot-bed. When the plants
come up, they are to be kept in feparate pots,, which:•
muft always be kept in a ftove.
BOCHART (Samuel), one of the moft learned-
men in the 17th century, was born -at Roan in Nor¬
mandy. He made a very early progrefs in learning,,
and became a great proficient in the oriental languages.
He was many years paftor jof a proteftant church at
Caen; where he was tutor to Wentworth Dillon earl
of Rofcommon, author of the Effay on Tranflated Verfe.
Here he particularly diftinguilhed himfelf by his pub¬
lic deputations with father Veron, a very famous con-
troverfift. The difpute was held in the caftle of Caen,
in the prefence of a great number of Catholics and Pro-
teftants. Bochart came off with great honour and re¬
putation ; which were not a little increafed in the year
1646, upon the publication of his Pbaleg and Canaan,
which are the titles of the two parts of his Geographica
Sacra. He acquired alfo great fame by his Hierozoicon,
printed in London in 1675. This treats de anhnalibus-
/acres
BOD [ 336 ] BOD
facra fcripturx. The great learning he difplayed in
his works rendered him efteemed not only amongft thofe
of his own profeffion, but amongll all lovers of know¬
ledge of whatever denomination. In 1652, the queen
of Sweden invited him to Stockholm, where (he gave
him many proofs of her regard and efteem. At his re¬
turn to Caen, he refumed the funftions of the mini-
ihy, and was received into the academy of that city.
His learning was not his principal qualification, he
had a modefty equal to it; and hence enjoyed his great
reputation in tranquillity, fheltered from thofe un¬
happy quarrels which fo many other learned men
draw upon themfelves. *He died fuddenly while he
was fpeaking in the above academy, on the 16th of
May, 1667, aged 78. A complete edition of his works
was publiihed in Holland, in two volumes folio, 1712.
BOCHIUS, or Bocqui (John), a Latin poet, born
at Bruffels in 1555. He travelled into Italy, Ger¬
many, Poland, and Mufcovy, and at his return became
fecretary to the Duke of Parma. He died on the 13th
of January, 1609. The critics in the Netherlands fet
fo great a value on his poetry, that they gave him the
name of the Belgic Virgil. He wrote, 1. De Belgii
Principatu. 2. Parodia Heroica Pfalmorum Davidi-
corum. 3- Obfervationes Pbyjicx, Ethiar, Politic*, et
Hijiorica, in Pfalmas. 4. Vita Davidis. 5. Orationes.
6. Poemata.
BOCHETTA, a place of Italy, famous in the war
of 1746 and 1747. It is a chain of mountains over
which the great road lies from Lombardy to Genoa;
and on the very peak of the higheft mountain is a nar¬
row pafs, which will hardly admit three men to go a-
breaft. This pafs is properly called the Bochetta; for
the defence of which there are three forts. It is the
key of the city of Genoa ; and was taken in 1746 by
the Imperialifts. By which means they opened a way
to that city.
BOCKHOLT, a town of Germany in the circle of
Weftphalia and diocefe of Munfter, capital of a fmall
diftrift, and fubjeft to the bifhop of Munfter. E. Long.
6. 20. N. Lat. 5 i. 40.
BOOKING, a very large village of Eflex in Eng¬
land, adjoining to Brain-tree, from which it is fepa-
rated only by a fmall ftream. Its church is a deanery,
ancbwery large ; and there are here two or three meet¬
ing houfes; but the market is kept at Brain-tree. In
both pariihes there are about 1500 houfes, which in
general are but indifferent, and the ftreets narrow and
badly paved. There is a large manufactory of bays,
chiefly for exportation. It is 42 miles north-eaft of
London.
BOCK-land, in the Saxons time, is what we now
call freehold lands, held by the better fort of perfong
by charter or deed in writing ; by which name it was
diftinguiihed from folkland, or copy-hold land, holden
by the common people without writing.
BODERIA, or Bodotria, the ancient name for
the Frith of Forth in Scotland.
BODIN (John), native of Angers, one of theableft;
men in France in the 16th century, famous for his
Method of Hifory, his Republic, and other works. He
was in great favour with Henry III. who imprifoned
John de Serre for writing an injurious piece againft
Bodin, and forbid him upon pain of death to publiih
it. But his favour was not of long continuance. The
N° 49- 2
duke of Alenin, however, gave him feveral employ- Bodkin
ments ; and carried him to England with him as one ' Bodhy
of his counfellors, where he had the pleafure and glory
to fee his books de Republica read publicly in the
univerfity of Cambridge, having been tranflated into
Latin by the Engliftr. He had written them in French.
In the ftagguagli of Boccalini he is condemned as an
atheift to the fire, for having faid in his books that li¬
berty of confcience ought to be granted to fectaries.
He declared himfelf pretty freely againft thofe who
afferted th^t the authority of monarchs is unlimited;
but yet he difpleafed the republicans. Upon the death
pf the duke of Alen^on, Bodin retired to Laon, where
he married. He had an office in the prelidial of this-
city ; and in Charles IX.’s time he was the king’s
folicitor with a commiffion for the forefts of Normandy.
He died of the plague at Laon, in 1596.
BODKIN, a fmall inftrument made of fteel, bone,
ivory, &c. ufed for making holes.
BODLEY (Sir Thomas), founder of the Bodleian
library at Oxford, was born at Exeter in Devonfture,
in 1544. When he was about 12 years of age, his
father, Mr John Bodley, being a proteftant, was ob¬
liged to leave the kingdom. He fettled at Geneva
with his family, and continued there till the death of
Queen Mary. In that univerfity, then in its infancy,
young Bodley ftudied the learned languages, &c. un¬
der leveral eminent profeffors. On the accelfion of
Queen Elizabeth, he returned with his father to Eng¬
land ; and was foon after entered of Magdalen college
in Oxford. In 1563, he took the degree of bachelor
of arts, and the year following was admitted fellow of
Merton college. In 1565, he read a Greek ledture
in the hall of that college. He took a mafter of arts
degree the year after, and read natural philofophy in
the public fchools. In 1569, he was one of the proc¬
tors of the univerfity, and, for fome time after, of¬
ficiated as public orator. In the year 1576, he quit¬
ted Oxford, and made the tour of Europe ; but returned
to his college after four years abfence. He became
gentleman-uiher to Queen Elizabeth, in the year 1583;
and in 1585 he married the widow of Mr Ball, daugh¬
ter of Mr Carew of Briftol, a lady of confiderable for¬
tune. Mr Bodley was foon after fent ambhffador to
the king of Denmark, and other German princes. He
was next charged with an important commiffion to
Henry III. of France; and in 1588, went ambaffador
to the United Provinces, where he continued till the
year 1597. On his return to England, finding his pre¬
ferment obftrudfed by the jarring interefts of Burleigh
and Effex, he retired from court, and could never af- f
terwards be prevailed on to accept of any employment.
He now began the foundation of the Bodleian library, |
which was completed in 1599. Soon after the accef-
fion ot King James I. he received the honour of knight¬
hood, and died in the year 1612. He w^as buried in
the choir of Merton college. His monument is of
black and white marble, on which Hands his effigy in
a fcholar’s gown, furrounded with books At the four 11
corners are the emblematical figures of Grammar,
Rhetoric, Mufic, and Arithmetic; two angels, &c. ;
\yith a fliort infcription, fignifying his age and time
of his death. Sir Thomas Bodley was a polite fcho-
lar, an able ftatefman, and a worthy man. Mr Gran¬
ger obferves, that he merited much as a man of let¬
ters ;
BOD [ 337 1 B O E
ters; but incomparably more in the ample provifion he
made for literature, in which he Hands unrivalled ; and
that his library is a maufoleum which will perpetuate
his memory as long as books themfelves endure. Sir
Thomas wrote his own Life to the year 1609 ; which,
together with the firfl draught of the Statutes, and
his Letters, have been publifhed from the originals in
the Bodleian library, by Mr Thomas Hearn, in 1703.
BODMIN, a town of Cornwall in England, feated
in a bottom between two high hills, which renders the air
very unwholefome. It confiHs chiefly of one ftreet,
and the many decayed houfes fhow that it has once
been a place of greater note. It is a mayor-town,
fends two members to parliament, and had formerly
the privilege of the coinage of tin. W. Long. 4. 5.
N. Lat. 50. 32.
BODON, a fortified town of Bulgaria in Turkey in
Europe, with an archbifhop’s fee. It is feated on the
Danube, in E. Long. 45. 24. N. Lat. 45. 10.
BODRDCH, a toyvn of Hungary, feated on the
Borth-eafl fhore of the river Danube, in E. Long. 20.
20. N Lat. 46. 15.
BODRUN. See Teos.
BODY, in phyfics, an extended folid fubflancfe, of
itfelf utterly paflive and inactive, indifferent either to
motion or reft.
Colour of Bodies* See Chromatics.
Body, wdth regard to animals, is ufed in oppofition
to foul, in which fenfe it makes the fubjedf of anatomy.
The height of the human body is faid to be different
jn different parts of the day ; ordinarily it is an inch
'»/. more in the morning than at rtightf. The body ceafes
to grow in height when the bones are arrived at a de¬
gree of firmnefs and rigidity which will not allow of far¬
ther extenfion by the effort of the heart and motion of
the blood.
Body, among painters, as to bear a body, a term
fignifying that the colours are of fuch a nature, as to
be capable of being ground fo fine, and mixing with
the oil fo entirely, as to feein only a very thick oil of
the fame colour.
Body, in the manege. A horfe is chiefly faid to
have a good body, when he is full in the flank. If the
laft of the fhort ribs be at a confiderable diftance from
the haunch-bone, although fuch horfes may for a
time have pretty good bodies, yet, if they are much
laboured, they will iofe them ; and thefe are properly
the horfes that have no flank. It is alfo a general
Irule, that a man Ihould not buy a.light-bodied horfe,
and one that is fiery, becaufe he will foon deftroy him*
felf.
Body, in the art of war, a number of forces, horfe
&nd foot, united and marching under one commander.
Main Body of an army, the troops encamped in the
centre between the two wings, and generally infantry ; -
the other two bodies are the vanguard and the rear¬
guard ; thefe being the three into which an army,
ranged in order of battle, is divided.
Body, in matters of literature, denotes much the
-fame with fyftem, being a colleftion of every thing be¬
longing to a particular fcience or art, difpofed in pro¬
per order: thus we fay, a body of divinity, law,
phyfic, &c.
BoDr-Corporate. See Corporation.
EOECE, or Boethius (He&orLthe hiftorian, was
Vot. III. Part I.
born at Dundee about the year 1470, and ftudied with B jedromia
applaufe in the univerfity of Paris. It was there he be- „ II
came acquainted with Erafmus, and laid the founda- , oe men-.
tion of a friendihip which was fo honourable to him.
In 1500 he was recalled to Aberdeen by Bifhop El-
phingfton, who made him principal of that univerfity.
Gratitude for this promotion engaged him to write
with particular attention the Life of that prelate. It
appeared in his hiftory of the diocefe of Aberdeen ;
and may be confidered, perhaps, as the moft valuable
portion of that work. His Hiftory of Scotland, a
more ufeful undertaking, was firft publiftied in the
152(5. In 1574 it underwent a fecond impreffion,
and was enriched with the 18th book and a part of
the 19th. A farther continuation of it was executed
by Joannes Ferrerius Pedemontanus. Boece died about
the year ijjo. He has been compared, and not
without reafon, to Geoffrey of Monmouth. He had
a propenfity to fable and exaggeration ; a fault which
the elegance of his exprelfion does not compenfate.
His judgment was'not equal to his genius; and his
fi&ions as an hiftorian are a contrail to his probity as
a man. John Ballenden, archdeacon of Murray, tranf-
lated his hiftory into the Scottilh language at the de¬
fire of James V. This tranllation William Han ifon
converted, though with imperfections, into Englifh ;
and his affociate Hollinglhed publiftied his work in his
chronicle, with additions and improvements by the in¬
genious Francis Thynne.
BOEDROMIA, in antiquity, folemn feafts held at
Athens in memory of the fuccour brought by Ion to
the Athenians, when invaded by Eumolpus fon of Nep¬
tune, in the reign of Ereftheus. Plutarch gives ano¬
ther account of the boedromia; which, according to
him, were celebrated in memory of the viftory obtained
by Thefeas over the Amazons, in the month Boedro-
mion.
BOEDROMION, in chronology, the third month
of the Athenian year, anfwering to the latter part of
our Auguft and beginning of September.
BOEHMEN (Jacob), called the Teutonicphilofo*
pher, was a noted vilionary of the 1 7th century, born in
a village of Germany near Gorlitz, in 1575. -^e was
bred a Ihoemaker; and marrying, fupported a large
Jamily by this occupation ; until, after amufing him-
felf with chemiftry, a vifionary turn of mind, heated
by fermons and German divinity, got the upper hand
of his common fenfe, and produced raptures and no¬
tions of divine illumination. Thefe he firft gave vent
to in 1612, by a treatife intitled Aurora, or the rifing
of the Sun ; being a mixture of aftrology, philofophy,
chemiftry, and divinity, written in a quaint obfcjsre
ftyle. This being cenfured by the magiftrates of Gor¬
litz, he remained lilent for feven years : but improving
that interval by purfuingthe flights of his imagination,
he refumed his pen ; and refolving to redeem the time
he had loft) he, in the remaining five years of his life,
puhlilhed above 20 books, which greatly needed what
he concluded with, A table of bis principles, or a key
to bis ’writings ; though this has not proved fufficient
to render them intelligible to common apprehenfions.
The key above mentioned appeared in 1624, and he
did not long furvive it. For early in the morning of
the 18th of November that year, he called one of his
fons, and alked him “ if he alfo heard that excellent
U u mufie
B O E [ 338 ] B O E
Beeotia, njufo ?>» to which, being anfwercd in the negative, he
/Qer |aave' ordered the door to be fet open, that the mufic might
be the better heard. He afked afterwards what o’clock
it was ? and being told it had ftruck two, he faid
It is not yet my time ; my time is three hours hence.”
In the interim he was heard to fpeak thefe words :
** O thou ftrong God of holts, deliver me according
to thy will! O thou crucified Lord Jefus, have mercy
upon me, and receive me into thy kingdom !” When
it was near fix o’clock, he took his leave of his wise
and fons, and blelfed them, and faid,; “ Now^I go
hence into paradife then bidding his fon turn him,
he immediately expired his laft breath in a deep figh.
A great number of perfons have been inveigled by the
▼ifions of this fanatic, notwithftanding his talents in
involving the ptainclt things in myltery and aenigmati-
cal jargon. Among others, the famous Quirinus Kahl-
man may be reckoned the principal of his followers in
Germany ; who fays, he had learned more being alone
in his ftudy, from Boehmen, than he could have learn¬
ed from all the wife men of that age together ; and,
that we may not be in the dark as to what fort of
knowledge this was, he acquaints us, that amidft an
infinite number of vifions it happened, that, being
{hatched out of his lludy, he faw thoufands of thou-
fands of lights rifing round about him. Nor has he
been without admirers, and thofe in no fmall number,
in England; among the foremoft of whom Hands the
famous Mr William Law, author of ChriJUan Per-
fettion, &c. who has favoured his countrymen with
an Englilh edition of Jacob BoehmeH’s works in 2 vols
4to.
BCEOTIA, the name of two ancient kingdoms,
one of which was founded or rather reftored by Cad¬
mus, and named by him Bteotia, from the ox which
is faid to have directed him to the place where he built
the capital of his new kingdom, better known after¬
wards by the name of Thebes. But as the inhabitants
were fcarce ever diftinguifhed as a nation by the name
of Boeotians, but of Thebans, we refer to the article
Thebes for their hiftory, &c.
The other Boeotia was in Thelfaly, and is faid to
have been founded by Boeotus the fon of Neptune and
brother of JEolus, by Arne the daughter of iEolus
king of JEolis. This laft, having fent his daughter to
Metapontium a city of Italy, fire was there delivered of
thofe two fons, the eldeft of whom ftre called after her
father’s name JEolus; and he pofleffed himfelf of the
iflands in the Tyrrhenian, now the Tufcan fea, and
built the city of Lipara. Boeotus the younger fon went
to his grandfather and fucceeded him in his kingdom,
called it after his. own name, and the capital city Arne,
from his mother. All that we know of thefe Boeotians
is, that they held this fettlement upwards of 200 years y
and that the Theftalians expelled them from it; upon
which they came and took poffeffion of that country,
which till then had been called and gave it
the name of Boeotia. Diodorus and Homer tell us,
that thefe Boeotians fignalized themfelves at the Tro¬
jan war; and the latter adds, that five of Bceotus’s
grandfons, - viz. Peneleus, Leitus,. Prothoenor, Arce-
filaus, and Clonius, were the chiefs who led the Boeo¬
tian troops thither.
BOERHAAVE (Herman), one of the greateft
phyficians, as well as the beft men, that this or per¬
haps any age has ever produced, was born in 1668 at Boerhaavfl,
Vorhout, a village near Leyden. At the age of 16^“
he found himfelf without parents, prote&ion, advice,
or fortune. He had already ft udied theology and the
other ecclefiaftical fciences, with the defign of demoting
himfelf to a clerical life; but the fcience of nature,
which equally engaged his attention, foon engroffed his
whole time. This illuftrious perfon, whofe name af¬
terwards fpread throughout the world, and who left at
his death above L. 200,000, could at that time barely
live by his labours, and was compelled to teach the ma¬
thematics to obtain neceffaries. But in 1693, being-
received doctor in the fcience of phyfic, he began prac¬
tice ; and his merit being at length difcovefed, many
powerful friends patronized him, and procured him three
valuable employments: the firft was that of profefibs
of medicine in the univerfity of Leyden ; the fecond,
that of profeflbr of chemiftry ; and, thirdly, that of
profeffor of botany. The Academy of Sciences at Pa¬
ris, and the Royal Society at London, invited him to
become one of their members. He communicated to
each his difcoveries in chemiftry. The city of Leyden
became in his time the fchool of Europe for this fcience.
as well as medicine and botany. All the princes of
Europe Lent him difciples, who found in this lliilful
profeflbr, hot only an indefatigable teacher, but even a
tender father, who encouraged them to purfue their la*
hours, cbnfoled them in their afflifrions, and folaced
them in their wants. When Peter the Great went to
Holland in 1715, to inftruft himfelf in maritime af¬
fairs, he alfo attended Boerhaave to receive his lefibns.
His reputation was fpread as far as> China : a Manda¬
rine wrote to him with this infcription, “To the il¬
luftrious Boerhaave, phyfician in Europe;” and the
letter came regularly to him. The city of Leyden
has raifed a monument in the church of St Peter, to
the falutary genius of Boerhaave, Salutifero Beerhaavii
genio facrum. It confifts of an urn upon a pedeftal of
black marble : fix heads, four of which reprefent the
four ages of life, and two the fciences in which Boer¬
haave excelled, form a group iffuing between the urn:
and its fupporters. The capital of this bafis is deco¬
rated with a drapery of white marble, ia which the
artift has Ihown the different emblems of diforders and.
their remedies. Above, upon the furface of the pe¬
deftal, is the medallian of Boerhaave : at the extremi¬
ty of the frame, a ribband difplays the favourite motto
of this learned man; Simplex vigilum veri, “ Truth *
unarrayed.”
From the time of the learned Hippocrates, no phy¬
fician has more juftly merited the efteem of his cotem^
poraries, and the thanks of pofterity, than Boerhaave.
He united to an uncommon genius, and extraordinary
talents, the qualities of the heart, which gave them fo
great a value to fociety. He made a decent, Ample,
and venerable appearance, particularly when age had’
changed the colour of his hair. He was an eloquent
orator, and declaimed with dignity and grace. He
taught very methodically, and with great precifion ; he
never tired his auditors, but they always regretted that
his difcourfes were finilhed He would fometimes give
them a lively turn with, raillery’; but his raillery was
refined and ingenious, and it enlivened the fubjedt he
treated of, without carrying with it any thing fevere
or fatiricaL A declared foe to all excels, he confi-
dered
B O E L 339 1 B Q E
Boerhaave. dered decent mirth as .the fait of life. It was the daily
praftice of this eminent perfon, through his whole life,
as foon as he rofe in the morning, which was generally
very early, to retire for an hour to private prayer, and
meditation on fome part of the Scriptures. He often
told his friends, when they alked him how it was pof-
fible for him to go through fo much fatigue? that it
was this which gave him fpirit and vigour in the bu~
finefs of the day. This he therefore recommended as
the heft rule he could give': for nothing, he faid, could
tend more to the health of the body than the tranquil¬
lity of the mind ; and that he knew' nothing which
could fupport himfelf, or his fellow-creatures, amidft
the various diftrefl’es of life, but a well-grounded con¬
fidence in the fupreme Being upon the principles of
Chriftianity. This was ftrongly exemplified in his own
illnefs in 1722, which can hardly be told without hor¬
ror ; and by which the courfe of his ledtures as well as
his practice was long interrupted. He was for five
months confined to his bed by the gout, where he lay
upon his back without daring to attempt the leaft mo¬
tion ; becaufe any effort renewed his torments, which
were fo exquifite, that he was at length not only de¬
prived of motion but of fenfe. Here his medical art
was at a ftand ; nothing could be attempted, beeaufe
nothing could be propofed with the leaft profpedt of
fuccefs. But, having (in the fixth month of his ill¬
nefs) obtained fome remiflion, he determined to try whe¬
ther the juice of fumitory, endive, or fuccory, taken
thrice a day in a large quantity, (viz. above half a pint
- each dofe), might not contribute to his relief; and by a
Iperfeverance in this method he was wonderfully reco¬
vered. This patience of Boerhaave’s was founded not
on vain reafonings, like that of which the Stoics
boafted; but on a religious compofure of mind, and
Chriftian refignation to the will of God.
Of his fagacity and the wonderful penetration with
which he often difeovered and deferibed, at the firft
fight of a patient, fuch diftempers as betray themfelves
by no fymptoms to common eyes, fuch furprifing ac¬
counts have been given, as fcarcely can be credited,
though attefted beyond all doubt. Yet this great ma¬
tter of medical knowledge was fo far from a prefump-
tuous confidence in his abilities, or from being puffed
j up by his riches, that he was condefcending to all, and
I remarkably diligent In his profeffion ; and he often
ufed to fay, that the life of a patient (if trifled with or
negledted) would one day be required at the hand of
the phyfician. He always called the poor his heft pa-
3, tients; for God (faid he) is their paymafter. The
aftivity of his mind fparkled vifibly in his eyes. He
was always cheerful, and defirous of promoting every
valuable end of converfation; and the excellency of
the Chriftian religion was frequently the fubjeft of it:
for he afferted, on all proper occafions, the divine au¬
thority and facred efficacy of the Scriptures ; and
maintained, that they only could give peace of mind,
that fweet and facred peace which paffeth all under-
ftanding ; fince none can conceive it but he who has it;
and none can have it but by divine communication. He
never regarded calumny nor detraction (for Boerhaave
himfelf had enemies), nor ever thought it neceffary to
confute them. “ They are fparks (faid he) which, if
you do not blow, will go out of themfelves. The
fureft remedy againft fcandal, is to live it down by a Boerhaave,
perfeverance in well-doing ; and by praying to God ,Boei/*
that he would cure the diftempered minds of thofe who aaJ,ta' ,
traduce and injure us.” Being once aficed by a friend,
who had often admired his patience under great pro¬
vocations, whether he knew what it was to be angry,
and by what means he had fo entirely fuppreffed, that
impetuous and ungovernable paffion ? he anfwered,
with the utmoft franknefs and fincerity, that he was
naturally quick of refentment; but that he had, by
daily prayer and meditation, at length attained to this
mattery over himfelf.
About the middle of the year 1737, he felt the firft
approaches of that fatal illnefs which brought him to
the grave, viz. a diforder in his breaft, which was at
times very painful, often threatened him with imme¬
diate fuffocation, and terminated in an univerfal drop-
fy: but during this afflictive and lingering illnefs, his
conftancy and firmnefs did not forfake him ; he neither
intermitted the neceffary cares of life, nor forgot the
proper preparations of death. About three weeks be¬
fore his diffolution, when the Rev. Mr Schultens, one
of the moft learned and exemplary divines of the age,
attended him at his country-houfe, the DoCtor deiaed
his prayers, and afterwards entered into a moft re¬
markable judicious difeourfe with him on the fpiritual
and immaterial nature of the foul; and this he illuftra-
ted to Mr Schultens with wonderful perfpicuity, by a
defeription of the jeffefts which the infirmities of his
body had upon his faculties; which yet they did not
fo opprefs or vanquiffi, but his foul was always mafter
of itfelf, and always refighed to the pleafure of its ma¬
ker—and then he added, “ He who loves God ought
to think nothing defirable but what is moft pleafing to
the fupreme goodnefs.” Thefe were his fentiments,
and fuch was his conduft in this ftate of weaknefs and
pain. As death approached nearer, he was fo far from
terror or confufion, that he feemed lefs fenfible of pain,
and more cheerful under his torments, which continued
till the 2 3d day of September, 173.8, on which he died
(much honoured and lamented) between four and five
in the morning, in the 70th year of his age—often re¬
commending to the bye-ftanders a careful obfervation
of St John’s precepts concerning the love of God, and
the love of man, as frequently inculcated in his firft
epiftle, particularly in the fifth chapter. His funeral
oration was fpoken in Latin before the univerfity of
Leyden, to a very numerous audience, by Mr Schultens,
and afterwards publifhed at their particular defire. He’
wrote,- \. Jnftitutiones fViedica. 2. jdphorifmi de cog-
nofeendis curandis Morbis. 3. Inftitutiones & Ex-
perimenta the mice. 4. Libellus de Materia Medica, et
remedio rumformulis qua ferviunt aphorifmis. Swieten
publiffled, Commentaries upon his Aphorifms, in 5 voL
4to ; and feveral other works, all greatly efteemed.
BOERHAAVIA; a genus of the monogynia or¬
der, belonging to the monanfiria clafs of plants. There
is no calyx; the corolla is monopetalous, campanulated,
and plaited; and the feed is one, naked, and below.
There are fix fpecies, all natives of the Indies. Some
of thefe plants rife five or fix feet high, but moft of
them only 18 inches or two feet. They carry flowers
of a yellow or red colour, but are by no means fo
remarkable as to merit any particular defeription.
U u 2 BOESCHOT,.
B O E t 340 ] BOG
Boefchot, BOESCHOT, 3 town of the Auftrian Netherlands,
^aethms. jn tjie province of Brabant, feated on the river Nethe,
r y in E. Long. 4. 45. N. Lat. 51.5.
BOETHIUS, or Boetius (Flavius Anicius Man¬
lius Torquatus Severinus), a profe as well as poetical
writer of the 6th century, born of one of the nobleft
families of the city of Rome. The time of his birth is
related to have been about that period in the Roman
Mftory when Auguftulus, whofe fears had induced him
to a refignation of the empire, was banilhed, and Odo-
acer king of the Herulians began to reign in Italy, viz.
in the year of Chrift 476, or fomewhat after. The fa¬
ther of Boetius dying while he was yet an infant, his
relations undertook the care of his education and the
dire&ion of his ftudies. His excellent parts were foon
difcovered; and, as well to enrich his mind with the
ftudy of philofophy as to perfedt himfelf in the Greek
language, he was fent to Athens. Returning young to
Rome, he was foon diftinguilhed for his learning and
virtue, and promoted to the principal dignities in the
ftate, and at length to the confulate. living in great
affluence and fplendor, he addidted himfelf to the ftudy
of theology, mathematics, ethics, and logic and how
great a mailer he became in each of thefe branches of
learning, appears from thofe works of his now extant.
The .great offices which he bore in the ftate, and his
confummate wifdom and inflexible integrity, procured
him fuch a lhare in the public councils, as proved in
the end his deftrudlion ; for as he employed his interell
with the king for the proteftion and encouragement
«f dtferving men, fo he exerted his utmoft efforts in
the detedlion of fraud,, the repreffing of violence, and
the defence of the ftate againli invaders. At this time
Theodoric the Goth.had attempted to ravage Campa¬
nia ; and it was owing to the vigilance and refolution
of Boetius that that country was preferved from de-
iirn&ion. At length, having murdered Odoacer, The¬
odoric became king of Italy, wdiere he governed 33
years with prudence and moderation, during which
time Boetius poffeffed a large lhare of his efteem and
«onfidence. It happened about this time that Juftin,
the emperor of the eaft, upon his fucceeding to Ana-
ftafius, made an edidt condemning all the Arians, ex¬
cept the Goths, to perpetual banilhment from the
eaftern empire:, in this edidt Hormifda bifliop of Rome,
and alfo the fenate, concurred. But Theodoric, who,
as being a Goth,. was an Arian, was extremely troubled
at it;, and conceived an averfion againft the fenate for
the lhare they had borne in this profeription. Of this
difpofition ia the king, three men of profligate lives
anddefperate fortunes, Gaudentius, Opilio, and Bafilius,
took advantage. Having entertained a fecret defire
of revenge againft; Boetius, for having been inftrumen-
tal in the difmifflon of the latter from a lucrative em¬
ployment under the king, they accufed him of feveral
crimes ; fuch as the ftifling a charge, the end whereof
was to involve the whole fenate in the guilt, of treafon;
and an attempt, by dethroning the king, to reftore the
liberty of Italy ; and, laftly, they fuggefted, that; to
acquire the honours he was in poffeffion of, Boetius
had had recourfe to. magical art. Boetius was at this
time at a great diftance from Rome ; however, Theo-
tforic tranfmitted the complaint to the fenate, enfor¬
cing it with, a fuggeftion that the fafety, as well of the.
people as the prince, w&s rendered very precarious by Boethius,
this fuppofed defign to exterminate the Goths. The , Bog' ,
fenate, perhaps fearing the refentment of the king, and ^
having nothing to hope from the fuccefsof an enterprife
which, fuppofing ever it to have been meditated, was
now rendered abortive, without fummoning him to hi*
defence, condemned Boetius to death. The king,
however, apprehending fome bad eonfequence from
the execution of a fentence fo flagrantly unjuft, miti¬
gated it to banilhment. The place of his exile was Ti-
cinum, now the city of Pavia, in Italy : being in that
place feparated from his relations, who had not beea
permitted to follow him into his retirement, he endea¬
voured to derive from philofophy thofe comforts which
that alone was capable of affording to one in his for¬
lorn fituation, fequeftered from his friends, in the power
of his enemies, and at the mercy of a capricious tyrant j
and accordingly he there compofed that valuable dif-
coarfe, intitled, De Confolatione Phi'ofophice. About
two years after his banifhment, Boetius was beheaded
in prifon by the command of Theodoric. His tomb
is to be feen in the church of St Auguftine, at Paviar
near the fteps of the chancel..
The extenfive learning and eloquence of this great
man are confpicuous in his works, which feem to have
been colle&ed with great care an edition of them was
printed at Venice, in one volume folio, in 1499. In
1570, Glareanus, of Bafil, collated that with feVeral
manuferipts, and publhhed it, with a few various read¬
ings in the margin. His chief performance is that
above-mentioned, JDe Confolatione Pbilofophix ; a work
well known in the learned world, and to which the af-
fli£ted have often applied. In particular, our Saxon-
king Alfred, whofe reign, though happy upon the
whole, was attended with great viciflitudes of fortune,. |
had recourfe to it at a time when his diftreffes compelled
him to feek retirement; and that he might the better
imprefs upon his mind the noble fentiments inculcated
in it, he made a complete tranflation -of it into the
Saxon language, which, within thefe few years, ha*
been given to the world in its proper chara&er. And
Camden relates, that queen Elizabeth,, during the time
of her confinement by her filler Mary, to mitigate her
grief, read and afterwards tranflated it into very ele¬
gant Englilh. But it deferves alfo particular notice,.,
that he is the moll confiderable of all the Latin writer*
on mufic ; and that his treatife De Mujica fupplied for
fome centuries the want of thofe Greek manuferipts-
which were fuppofed to have been loft.
BOG properly fignifies a quagmire, covered with
grafs, but not folid enough to fupport the weight of
the body; in which fenfe it differs only from marlhe*
or fens, as a part from the whole : fome even reitrain, ,i
the term bog to quagmires pent up between two hills }
whereas fens lie in champaign and low countries, where
the defeent is very fmall.—To drain boggy lands, a
good method is, to make trenches of a fuificient depth
to carry off the moifture ; and if thefe are partly filled
up wfith rough Hones, and then covered with thorn-
bulhes and ftraw, to keep the earth from filling up the
interftices, a ftratum of good earth and turf may be
laid over all; the cavities among the Hones will give
paffage to the water, and the turf will grow at top a*
if nothing had been doue» .
BOH [ 34i ] BOH
Bog, or Bog of Gight, a fmall town of Scotland, dukes ; but the emperor Otho I. conquered the duke Bohemia,
feated narr the mouth of the river Spey, in W. Long, of Bohemia, and reduced the province under the em-
!i'J 2. 23. N. Lat. 57, 48. pire. Afterwards Henry V. gave the title of ling-to
Boa-Spavin. See Farriery, $ xxxii. 3. Ladiflaus duke of Bohemia; and fince that time thefe
BOGARMITiE. SeeBocoMiLi. kings have been eleftors and chief cup-bearers of the
BOGHO, or Bueil, a town in the county of Nice empire, and the kingdom has been eleftive ; which
in Piedmont, lituated on the frontiers of France, in E. privileges have been confirmed by the golden bull.
Long. 6. 45. N. Lat. 44. 12. Formerly the kings of Bohemia received the kingdom
BOGLIO, a diftridt in the territories of the duke as a fief ot the empire, which ceremony was pradtifed
of Savoy, lying on the river Tinea on the frontiers of upon the trontiers ; after which, the ftandards of the
Provence; the capital is of the fame name. principalities of which it is compofed were given to
Boglio, a town of Piedmont, and county of Nice, them, without being torn and given to the people, aj
being the capital of a.terrltory of the fame name. E. is done with the enfigns of the other fiefs of the em-
Long. 4. 50. N. Lat. 44. 12. , pire. Ferdinand I. of Auftria, having married Anne,
BOGOMILI, or Bogarmit.*, in church hiflory, lifter of Lewis, laft king of Bohemia, who died with-
a fedt of heretics, which fprung up about the year M 79. out iflue, and being eledfted king, that, kingdom has-
They held, that the ufe of churches, of the facra- remained in his family ever fince. But the crown is-
ment of the Lord’s fupper, and all prayer, except the conferred with feme appearance of eledtion ; which.
Lord’s prayer, ought to be abolilhed ; that the bap- right the flates of Bohemia ftill pretend to claim, not*
tifm of Catholics is imperfedt; that the Perfons of the withftanding that, by the treaty of Weflphalia, Bo*
Trinity are unequal; and that they oftentimes made hernia is declared hereditary in the houfe of Auftria.
themfelves vifible to thofe o£ their fedl. They laid, that The king of Bohemians the firll fecular- eledtor, antf*
devils dwelt in the churches, and that Satan had re- gives his opinion after the eledtor of Cologn; though
Tided in the temple of Solomon from the deftrudtion of be does not affift at the affcmbly of eledtors, except at
Jerufalem to their own time. the eledtion of an emperor.. For thefe 200 years paft
BOGOTO, the capital of New Granada in Terra they have not appeared at the collegiate affemblies, nor
Firma in South America, near which are gold mines. even at the imperial diets. However, in 1708, the
It is fubjedt to Spain. W. Long. 73. 55. N. Lat. 4. o. emperor caufed one of his deputies, in quality of king
BOGUDIANA (Pliny), a part of the Mauritania °f Bohemia, to enter into the college of eledtors at.
Tingitana in Africa. According to Cluverius, it is the diet of Ratifbon, by the form of re-admifiion, to-
the Tingitana, anciently fo called from King Bogud. gether with the deputyof the eledtor of Brunfwick.
BOHEA, in commerce, one of the coarfeft kinds The ftates of Bohemia have never been comprehended
of tea that come from China. See Thea. in the government, or in the circles of the empire ;
BOHEMIA, a kingdom of Europe, fubjedt to the they are not fubjedt to any of its jurifdidtions, nor to
houfe of Auftria, and furrounded on every fide with the Roman months, taxes, or public contributions; and
woods and mountains as with a natural rampart. It is they owe nothing to the empire but what the emperor
bounded on the call by Moravia and part of Si left a, on Leopold voluntarily imppfcd upon himfelf, which a-
the north by Luface and Upper Saxony, on the weft mounts to 6000 livres a.year for the imperial chamber,,
by Franconia, and on the fouth by Bavaria. Although The king pays homage to the’emperor and the empire
this kingdom is fituated in the middle of Germany, f°r his ftates as firft fecnlar eledtor ;. otherwife he has a
and its king is an eledtor of the empire, it has never- right to exercife, through the whole extent of his do-
thelefs its particular affemblies, cuftoms, and language, minions, all authority that the royalty can give, pro*,
different from the Germans. It is one of the mofl vided he do not violate the laws of the kingdom; ac—
elevated countries of Europe : for no river enters into cording to which he cannot raife contributions or taxes
it, though many have their fource there ; the chief of but at the time when the ftates are affembled, the ap-
which are the Elbe, the Oder, the Viftula, and the pointing of which is entirely in their own power. The
Morava. The air is cold and unwholefome; for they government of Bohemia is different from that of ail ■
have more epidemical difeafes than in the neighbouring other ftates, the affairs of the kingdom .being managed
countries. There are mines of fiiver, copper, lead, and by fix different courts. Firft, the council of the re*
even fome veins of gold. The capital city is Prague ; gency, or the great royal council, in which preftdes
the others are Cuttenburg, Konigengretz, Pilfen, Cza- the great judge or burgrave of Bohemia, and who
flaw, Budweys, Egra, Glatz, Tabor, and a great num* has under him 18 lieutenants of the king and-other
ber of others : for they reckon more than 100 cities, affeffors» Secondly, the council or fuperior chamber
among which almoft 40 have the title of Royal. The ©f juftice, at which the great mailer of the kingdom is
name Bohemia^ in the German language, fignifies the prefident. Thirdly, the chamber of fiefs. Fourthly,
horns, or abode, of the Boii, a people of ancient Gaul,, the new tribunal to judge the appeals of the German
who under their leader Sergovefus fettled in that coun- vaffals in their differences on the account of fiefs; which,
try about 590 years before the Chriftian a?ra. Thefe court has alfo its prefident, vice-prefident, and affeffors, .
Boii were foon after expelled by the Marcomanni, a Fifthly, the royal chamber of finances, which has a pre¬
nation of the Suevi, who were afterwards fubdued by, fident and vice-prefident. Sixthly, the chancery, which
the Sclavi, a people of Scythia, whofe language is ftill. always follows the court. Beiidea, every circle of Rohe-
fpoken in Bohemia and Moravia. Notwithftanding mia is governed by two bailiffs, who adminifler juftice in
this expulfion of the Boii, the prefent inhabitants are their prefedlure. The ftates are. compofed of the cler-
,ftill called Bohemians by foreigners, but the natives call gy, lords, nobles, and burghers. As to Moravia, there..
themfelves Zeths. At firft they were governed by is a grand, bailiff, who governs it in. the name of the
ktag:
BOH [ 342 ] B O I
Bohemian king of Bohemia, as Margrave of Moravia. He is at is feated at the foot of the Apennines, near the river Boiardo
_ [I the head of the royal council, which is compofed of Tilerno, in E. Long. 14. 38. N. Lat. 4.1. 3^..; H
1 0 an0, thrPe aflefTors. and in which all is tranfafted in the BOIARDO (Matteo Maria of Ferrarah count. ,Jl eaM*
name of thelting. This province is divided into five of Scandiano, celebrated for his Italian poems, lived in
circles, c^ch of which has its bailiff. There are, be- the 15th century. His principal work is his Orlando
fides, (Mier officers of juftice, who have a right of inamorato. His Latin eclogues and fonnets are alfo
judging only at certain times, and in particular cafes, much admired.
where an appeal is allowed. BOJARS denote Ruffian noblemen. See Russia.
Bohemia was divided by the emperor Charles IV. BOIEMUM, (anc.geog.) a part of Germany, fur*
into 12 provinces, in each of which he ordered two roundedwiththeMontesSudeti,Ptolemy; nowcalledBo-
captains to be appointed every year for the adminiftra- hernia. It took its name from theBoii, a people of Gaul,
tion of the government. The fame emperor caufed the who removed thither beforeCasfar’s expedition into that
church of Prague to be eredted into an archbifhopric, country, (Caefar); though he feems to err in the name,
with this advantage, that the archbifhop of Prague The Boii were afterwards driven out by the Marco-
ffiould have the prerogative that the archbifhop of manni, and fettled in the weft of Vindelicia, which was
Mentz formerly enjoyed, viz. of crowning the king of
Bohemia. The duchy of Silefia, the marquifate of
Moravia, and that of Luface, formerly held of this
crown, but now only that of Moravia,, which is incor¬
porated with the kingdom of Bohemia, and is in the
pofleffion of the houfe of Auftria,
The only remarkable occurrence in the Bohemian
hiftory is the rebellion of the difciples of John Hufs,
and Jerome of Prague, on account of their leaders ha¬
ving been burnt as heretics. This occafioned a bloody
war of 16 years continuance. For a particular account
of which, fee the article Hussiti s.
BOHEMIAN bole. See Bole.
Bohemian Brethren, a fed of Chriftian reformer^
which fprung up in Bohemia in the year 1467. They
treated the pope and cardinals as antichrift, and the
church of Rome as the whore fpo'ken of in the Reve¬
lation. They reje&ed the facraments of the Romiffi
church, and chofe laymen for their minifters. They
held the Scriptures to be the only rule of faith, and
rejected the Popifti ceremonies in the celebration of the
mafs, nor did they make life of any other prayer than
the Lord’s Prayer. They confecrated leavened bread.
They allowed no adoration but of Jefus Chriit, in the
communion. They rebaptized all fuch as joined them-
felves to their congregation. They abhorred the wor-
ffiip of faints and images, prayers for the dead, celiba¬
cy, vows, and fafts ; and kept none of the feftivals but
Chriftmas, Eafter, and Whitfuntide.
In 1504, they were accufed by the Catholics* to
King Ladillaus II. who publiftied an edift againft them,
forbidding them to hold any meetings either privately
or publicly. When Luther declared himfelf againft
the church of Rome, the Bohemian brethren endea¬
voured to join his party. At firft that reformer ftiowed
a great averfion to them ; but the Bohemians fending
their deputies to him in 1523 with a full account of
their do&rines, he acknowledged that they were a fo- -
ciety of Chriftians whofe do&rine came nearelt to the
purity of the gofpel. Ttiis fedlpubiiftied another con-
feffion of faith in 1535, in which they renounced ana-
baptifm, which they at firft pra&ifed: upon which a
union was concluded with the Lutherans, and after¬
wards with the Zuinglians, whofe opinions from thence¬
forth they continued to follow.
BOHOL, one of the Philippine iflands in Afia, ly¬
ing to the northwardof Mindanoa, in E. Long. 122.f.
N. Lat. 10. o.
BOlANO, a town of Italy, in the kingdom of
Naples, and county of Molefe, with a bifhop’s fee. It
6
afterwards called Bayern, and hence the name Bava¬
ria.
BOII, (Caefar); a people of Celtica, extending from
the Ligeris to the Elaver, whence came the Boii of
Gallia Cifalpina, whofe migration is related by Livy.
Bon. See Bohemia.
BOIGUACU, in zoology, a fynonime of the boa
conftri&or. See Boa.
BOIL, or Furuncle. See the/%/ex fubjoined to
Medicine, and Surgery.
BOILEAU Sieur Despereaux (Nicholas), the
celebrated French poet, was born at Paris in 1636. Af
ter he had gone through his courfe of polite literature
and philofophy, his relations engaged him to the ftudy
of the law, and he was admitted advocate. But tho’
he had all the talents neceffary for the bar, yet he could
not adapt himfelf to a fcience which turns upon conti¬
nual equivocations, and often obliges thofe who follow,
it to clothe falfehood in the garb of truth. He there¬
fore determined to ftudy theology ; but he could not
longendure the thorns of fchool divinity. He imagined,
that, to allure him more cunningly, chicanery, which
he thought to avoid, had only changed her habit; and
fo he renounced the Sorbonne, betook himfelf entirely
to the belles lettres, and took poffeffion of one of the
fqremoft places in Parnaffus. The public gave his
works the encomium they deferved ; and Lewis XIV.
who always loved to encourage the fciences and polite
literature, was not only pleafed to have Mr Boileau’s
works read to him conftantly as he compofed them,
but fettled a yearly -peniion of 2000 livres upon him,
and gave him the privilege of printing all his works.
He was afterwards chofen a member of the French a-
cademy and alfo of the academy of medals and infcrip-
tions. This great man, who was as remarkable for his
integrity, his innocence, and diffufive benevolence, as
for the keennets of his fatires, died of a dropfy on the
2d of March 1711, in the 75th year of his age. The
Lutrin of Boileau, ftill confidered by fome French
critics of the prefent time as the bell poem to which
France has given birth, was firft publifhed in 1647.
It is with great reafon and juftice that Voltaire con-
feffes the Lutrin inferior to the Rape of the Lock.
Few poets can be fo properly compared as Pope and
Boileau; and, wherever their writings will admit of
comparifon, we may, without any national partiality,;
adjudge the fuperiority to the Engliih bard. Thefe
two great authors reiembled each other as much in the
integrity of their lives, as in the fubjefts and execu¬
tion of their feveral compofitions. There are two ac¬
tions
B O I C 343 I B O I
Boiling, tiona recorded of Boileau, which fufficiently proye that
•mm~y the inexorable fatirift had a moft generous and friendly
heart; when Patru, the celebrated advocate, who was
ruined by his paffion for literature, found himfelf un¬
der the painful neceffity of felling his expenfive library,
and had almofl. agreed to part with it for a moderate'
furri, Boileau gave him a much fuperior price; and,
after paying the money, added this condition to the
purchafe, that Patru flrould retain, during his life, the
polfeffion of the books. The fucceeding inftance of
the poet’s generofity is yet nobler :—when it was ru¬
moured at court that the king intended to retrench the
penfion of Corneille, Boileau haftened to Madam de
Montefpan, and faid, that his fovereign, equitable as
he was, could not, without injuftice, grant a penfion
to an author like himfelf, juft afcending Parnalfus, and
take it from Corneille, who had fo long been feated
«n the fummit; that he entreated her, for the honour
of the king, to prevail on his majefty rather to ftrike
I' - off" /;/V penfion, than to withdraw that reward from a
man whofe title to it was incomparably greater; and
that he fhould more eafily confole himfelf under the
lofs of that diftindtion, than under the affii&ion of fee¬
ing it taken away from fuch a poet as Corneille. This
magnanimous application had the fuccefs which it de¬
fended, and it appears the more noble, when we recoi¬
led! that the rival of Corneille was the intimate friend
i of Boileau. The long unreferved intercourfe which
fubfifted between our poet and Racine was highly be¬
neficial and honourable to both. The dying farewell
of the latter is the moft expreffive eulogy on the pri¬
vate charadter of Boileau : “ Je regarde comme un
bonheur pour moi de mourir avant vous,” faid the
tender Racine, in taking a final leave of his faithful
and generous friend.
BOILING, or Ebulition, the bubbling up of
any fluid. The term is moft commonly applied to that
bubling which happens by the application of fire,
though that which enfues on the mixture of an acid
and alcali is fometirnes alfo diftinguifhed by the fame
name. Boiling, in general, is occafioned by the dif-
charge of an elaitic fluid through that which is faid to
boil; and the appearance is the fame, whether it is
f i common air, fixed air, or fleam, that makes its way
I through the fluid. The boiling of water is proved by
Dr Hamilton of Dublin, in his efiay on the afcent of
vapour, to be occafioned by the lowermoft particles of
the water being heated and rarified into vapour by rea-
fon of the vicinity of the bottom of the containing vef-
fel; in confequence of which, being greatly inferior in
fpecific gravity to the furrounding fluid, they afcend
with great velocity, and lacerating and pufhing up the
i body of water in their afcent, give it the tumultuous
motion called boiling. That this is occafioned by fleam,
and not by particles of air or fire, as fome have imagined,
may be very eafily proved in the following manner:
1; Let a common drinking glafs be filled with hot water,
and then inverted into a veflel of the fame ^ as foon as
, |, the water in the veflel begins to boil, large bubbles will
be obferved to afcend in the glafs, which will difplace
the water in it, and in a fhort time there will be a con-
| tinual bubbling from under its edge; but if the glafs is
J then drawn up, fo that its mouth may only touch the
1 water, and a cloth dipt in cold water be applied to the
j *utfide, the fleam, within it will be inflaatly condenfed,
IV
and the water will afcend fo as to fill it entirely, or Boiling
very nearly fo. See the article Evaporation. H.
Boiling, in trade and manufadtures, is a preoara- ■ °13‘
tion. given to divers forts of bodies by making them
pafs over the fire, chiefly in water, tho’ fometimes in
other liquors. In this fenfe we fpeak of the boiling of
fait, boiling of fugar, copperas, &c.
Boiling of Silk luilh Soap is the firft preparation in
order to dyeing it. Thread is Silfo boiled in a llrong
lixivium of afhes to prepare it for dyeing.
Boiling, in the culinary art, is a method of dref-
fing meats by codtion in hot water, intended to foften
them, and difpofe them for eafier digeftion. The ef-
.fedts of boiling are different according to the kinds
and qualities of the water. Pulfe boiled in fea-water
grow harder ; mutton boiled in the fame becomes fof-
ter and tenderer than in frefh water, but taftes faltilh
and bitter.
Boiling to Death (caldariis decoquere), in the mid¬
dle age ; a kind of puniftiment inflidted on thieves,
falfe coiners, and fome other criminals.
Boiling, is alfo a method of trying or effaying the
goodnefs or falfenefs of a colour or dye. The ftuff is
to be boiled in water with certain drugs, different ac¬
cording to the kind or quality of the colour, to try
whether or no it will difcharge, and give a tindture to
the water. With this view crimfon iilks are boiled
with alum, and fcarlets with foap, in quantity equal to-,
the weight of the filk.
Boiling-Wells, in natural hiftofy. See Burning-
Springst and Iceland.
BOINITZ, a town of Upper Hungary, in the:
county of Zell, remarkable for its baths and the quan¬
tity of faffron that grows about it. E. Long. 19. 10..
N. Lat. 48. 42.
BOIOBI, in zoology, the name of a fpecies of fer-
pent found in America, and called by the Portuguefe:
cobra de verb.. It is about an ell in length, of the;
thicknefs of a man’s thumb, and is all over of a very
beautiful and fhining green. Its mouth is very large,,
and its tongue black. It loves to be about houfes„
and never injures any creature unlefs provoked or hurt;
but it will then bite, and its poifon is very fatal. The
natives take as a remedy againft its poifon, the root
caa apt a bruiied, and mixed with water. See Caa
Apia.
BOIORUM Deserta, (anc. geog.) a diftridt of
Pannonia, fb called from the.excilion of the Boii by
the Getae. Now the Weinerwald, of Lower Auftria,.
towards Stiria, to the call of mount Cetius, or the
Hahlenberg, and fouth of Vindobona or Vienna,
BOIQUIRA, the American name for the rattle-
fnake.
BOIS-le-duc, called by the Dutch Hertogen-
bofch, a large, ftrong, and handfome town of the Ne¬
therlands, in Dutch Brabant, feated between the rivers.
Dommel and Aa among moralfes, in E. Long, 6., 16..
N. Lat. 31. 45.
Bo is de Soignies, the foreft of Soignies, in-the Au-
ftrian Netherlands and province.of Brabant, about three
miles fouth-eall of Bruffels.
Bois de CoiJJiy the name given to a South American
tree growing about Surinam, held in the higheft elti-
mation by the Indians in that part of the world, and
now recommended to the phyficians in Europe by Dr,
Eermini
B O K [ 344 ] B O K
Boiffard Fermln in a treatife lately publifhed at Amflerdarn.
Bokhara root *3 e^eemec^ an excellent ftomachic, reftoring
i *■ the appetite, and affifting digellion 5 but it is chiefly
celebrated as an infallible remedy againft even the moft
inveterate intermittents. It is faid alfo to be ufed with
great fafety and advantage in every fpecies of remit*
tent and Continued fever, with patients of all ages,
fexes, and conditions, even during pregnancy, and in
the puerperal.ftate. Before employing it, however, it
is abfolutely neceffary to adminifter either a purgative
or emetic. The beil method of exhibiting it is in de-
coftion : half an ounce of the bark of the root mull
be boiled in a clofe veflel with tlx pints of water till one
half be confumed ; the decoftion is then drained off,
and a cupful taken every two hours till the fever is
entirely extinguithed. Six or feven days after a cure
'Is thus performed, it is generally neceffary to repeat the
purgative^
BOISSARD (John James), a famous antiquarian,
born at Befan9on the capital of Tranche Compte in
France. He publifhed feveral colledtions which are of
great ufe to fuch as are defirous to underhand the Ro¬
man antiquities. He had a great paffion for this flu¬
ffy; and drew with his own hand plans of all the an¬
cient monuments of Italy. He.died at Metz, Octo¬
ber 30th 1602. His principal works are, 1. Four vo¬
lumes in folio of Roman antiquities, adorned with
plates engraved by Theodore de Bey and his two fons.
2. Theatrum vita humana ; which contains the lives of
198 famous perfons, with their portraits. 3. A trea¬
tife de divinatione & magicis prcejiigiis, Thefe works
are fcarce, and efteemed by the antiquarians.
BOIT, an excellent painter in enamel. He was
born in Stockholm, and bred a jeweller j which pro-
feffion he intended to follow in England ; but changed
his defign, and went into the country, where he taught
children to draw. He there engaged a gentleman’s
daughter, who W'as one of his fcholars, to promife him
marriage; but the affair being difcovered, he was
thrown into prifon. In that confinement, which lafted
two years, he fludied enamelling ; an art to which he
fixed, on his retnrn to London, and pradlifed with the
greatefl fuccefs. The prices he is faid to have obtained
for his work are almoft incredible s but being engaged
in a very large defign for the court, and Queen Anne
ffying before it was completed, he ran in debt, his
goods were feized by execution, and be fled to Franee ;
where he changed his religion, was countenanced by
the regent, and obtained a penfion of E. 2 jo per an¬
num, but died fuddenly at Paris in 1726. There is a
large piece done by him at Kenfington, reprefenting
Queen Anne fitting, and Prince George Handing by
her; and at Bedford-houfe is another very large plate
of the duke’s father and mother.
BOITJAPO, in zoology, the name of a fpecies of
ferpent found in America ; and called by the Portu-
guefe there, cobra di apo. It grows to feven or eight
feet long, is about the thicknefs of a man’s arm, and
very fmall and taper towards the tail. Its back is of
an olive colour; its belly yellow', and covered with very
regular and elegant triangular fcales. It feeds on
frogs, &c. but is very poifonous, and its bite extremely
fatal.
BOKHARA, a city of Tartary in Afia, and capi¬
tal of Great Bukharia, fituated one days journey to the
N° 49. 4
north of the river Jehun, or Amu; in E. Long. 65. j*6. 1
N. Lat. 39. 15. In 1219 it was befieged by Jenghiz u
Khan, as being part of Sultan Mohammed’s domi¬
nions a defceiidant of the famous Mahmud Gazari.
At that time, befides the city-walls, which were very
ftrong, Bokhara had an outward inclofure iz leagues
in compafs 5 which flmt in not only the fuburbs, but
alfo many pleafant feats and farms watered by the river
Soghd, from whence the ancient Sogdiana took its
name. The Mogul army arrived before the place in
July, and continued the fiege during the following
winter. In March 1220, they forced the outer wall,
and began to befiege the eity in form. Sultan Mo¬
hammed had left in the city a very numerous garrifoit
under the command of three generals, who made a fally
at the head of 20,000 men : but being repulfed with
great lofs, their courage failed them ; and, inftead of
Haying to defend the inhabitants, as foon as they had
got into the city by one gate, paffed out by another
with their families, and almofl all theif foldiers, hoping
to efcape by the darknefs of the night; but their de¬
fign being difcovered, they were purfued by a detach¬
ment of 30,000 Moguls; and being overtaken at the-
river Amu, they were, after a bloody difpute, almoft
all cut to pieces. Mean time, Jenghiz Khan, being in¬
formed of the confufion into which the city had been
thrown by the defertion of the garrifon, ordered an at¬
tack to be made on all fides at once; but while he was
preparing for this, the magiftratea and clergy w'ent
out and prefentcd him with the keys of the city. Jen¬
ghiz Khan granted them their lives,*on_condition that,
they gave no fhelter to any of the fultan’s foldiers, and
put out all who fiiould be fufpe&ed of being in that
prince’s intereft ; which they promifed to do upon
oath. All the yonng people, however, who were dif-
pleafed with the furrender, retired with the governor
to the callle, which was very ftrong, and refolved to
defend themfelves to the laft extremity. Jenghiz Khan,
having taken poffeffion of Bokhara, entered on horfe-
back into the great mofque, and aiked merrily if that
was the fultan’s palhce ? On being anfwered that
it was the houfe of God, he alighted 5 arid giving the
principal magi (Irate his horfe to hold, mounted the gal¬
lery where the ecclefiaftics ufually fat, and then taking -
up the Koran, threw it under the feet of his horfes.
Having ftaid there for fortle time, he retired to his
camp ; where, fome days after, having affembled the
principal people of Bokhara, and afcended a pulpit e-
refted for that purpofe in the midft of them, he began
his fpeech by praifing God, and recounted all the fa¬
vours he had received from the Almighty : he theu
mentioned the perfidious behaviour of their fultan to¬
wards himfelf, telling them that God had fent him to
rid the world of fuch wicked men. As to them, he te-
Hified his fatisfa&ion for their having freely furnifhed
his army with neceffaries ; and promifed that his fol¬
diers fliould not meddle with ally goods which they
made ufe of in their houfes; but commanded them to
deliver up what they had hidden, under pain of being
tortured. This fpeech had fuch an effect, that the poof
inhabitants delivered up every thing, as well what they
had concealed a? what they had prefent ufe for; not-
withftanding which, the tyrant foon after caufed the
dty to be burnt, on pretence that fome of the fultan’a
foldiers were concealed in it. As all the houfes were
made
EOT, .[ 345 ] B O L
Bol made of wood, except the fultan’s palace which was and more freely fubfiding from it. They are foft and Bole*
II b\iilt of done, and fome few private houfes of brick, the unftuous to the touch; adhere to the tongue ; and by II
Bole9' . whole was utterly confumed ; and Jenghiz Khan ha- degreees melt in the mouth, impreffing a light fenfe of Bolett1*'
’ ving found fome few foldieis that had a&ually con- aftringency. There are a great variety of thefe earths; " 'r~
cealed themfelves, put them all to death without mer- the principal of which are the following,
cy. The caftle furrendered at diicretion foon after ; and i. Armenian bole, when pure, is of a bright red co-
though it was demolifhed, the governor and garrifon, lour with a tinge of yellow : It is one of the hardeft
out of a very extraordinary piece of clemency from fo and moft compaft bodies of this clafs, and not fmooth
bloody a tyrant, had their lives fpared. Bokhara con- and gloffy like the others, but generally of a rough
tinned in ruins for fome years, but at length Jenghez and dufty furface. It does not effervefce with acids,
Khan ordered it to be rebuilt. It is now large and though fome part of it is 'diffolved by all of them,
populous ; and is the refidence of a khan who is altoge- Neumann obferves, that four ounces of Armenian bole
ther defpotic, though his power reaches but a little diililled in a glafs retort- in an open fire, yielded three
way without the city. The town is feated on a rifing drachms of a faline phlegm, which fmelt a little urinous,
ground, with a flender wall of earth and a dry ditch, and changed fyrup of violets green. In the neck of
The houfes are low, built moftly of mud; but the ca- the retort wras found a little powdery faline matter
ravanferas and mofques, which are numerous, are all of which had an ammoniacal tafte, but it was in too fmall
brick. The bazars or market-places, which have been quantity to be collected or further examined. Like
ftately buildings, are now mofily in ruins. The inha- moft other coloured earths, this kind of bole contains
b’tants are more civilized and polite than fome of their a portion of ferruginous matter, to which the colour is
neighbours; and yet are cowardly, cruel, effeminate, owung ; and which may be feparated by the magnet,
and very perfidious, d-reat numbers of Jews and Ara- after the bole has been calcined with oil or other in-
bians frequent this place, though they are much op- flammable matt-ers. It is likewife impregnated with
preffed, and frequently deprived of all their properties vitriolic acid; and hence, when mixed with nitre or fea-
by the khan or his attendants at pleafure. At beft fait, it extricates the acids of thefe falls in the fire,
they pay heavy taxes, and it is almoft criminal to be 2. French bole is of a pale red colour, variegated
rich. with irregular fpecks of white and yellow-. It is much
BOL (Hans or John), a painter, born at Mechlin fofter than the Armenian, and flightly effervefces with
in 1534. He received his firftinftru<9ions from a ma- acids.
fler of no great repute, whom hefoon left; and going 3. Bole of Blois is yellow, remarkably lighter than
to Heidelberg, employed himfelf in copying feveral moft of the other yellow earths, and effervefces ftrongly
pidfures of the eminent artifts. His fubje&s are with acids.
chiefly landfcapes wfith animals; but he alfo fometimes 4. Bohemian bole is of a yellow colour, with a call:
painted hiftory, with no fmall fuccefs. We have by of red, and generally of a flaky texture. It is not
him a fet of landfcapes, views in Holland, flightly afted on by acids.
etched, but in a ftyle that indicates the hand of the 5. Lemnian earth is of a pale red colour, and flightly .
; mailer He died in 1593. effervefces with acids.
Bon (Ferdinand), a celebrated painter both of hi- 6. Silefian bole is of a pale yellow colour, and acids
1 ftory and portraits, was born at Dort in 1611, and have no fenfible effetSl upon it.
educated at Amfterdam. In the fchool of the celebra- Thefe and other earths, made into little maffes, and
ted.Rembrant Gerretz, he received his inftrudlions as ftamped with certain impreffions, are called terraJtgil-
a painter; and imitated the ftyle of hismafter with no lata. They have been recommended as aftringent,
1 little fuccefs, not only in his pidlures but in his en- fudorific, and alexipharmic ; but thefe and many o-
gravings. BoPs etchings are bold and free. The ther virtues that have been afcribed to them appear to
f lights and fhadows in them are broad and powerful, have no foundation. They are ftill, however, pre-
' which renders the effedt very linking ; but they want fcribed in fluxes- and complaints of the primae vise.
that lightnefs of touch and admirable tafte which BOLESLAFF, or Buntzlau, a town of Silefia,
thofe of Rembrant poffefs in fo great a degree. Bol feated on the river Bobar, in E. Long. 16. o. N. Lat.
died at Dort, the place of his birth, in 1681, aged 70. 51.12.
BOKHARIA. See Bukharia. BOLESLAUS Land II. kings of Poland. See
BOLANDUS (John), a famous Jefuit, born at Til- Poland.
lemont in the Netherlands, in 1596. He diftinguifhed BOLETUS, spunk: Agenusof the order of fungi,
himfelf by writing the lives of the faints, under the title belonging to the cryptogamia clafs of plants; of which
of Sanftoram, of which he publifhed five volumes botanifls enumerate 1 7 fpecies. The following are the
in folio; but died while he w-as labouring at the fixth, moft remarkable. 1. The fuberofus, or white cork
in the 70th year of his age. The continuators of that fpunk, grows commonly on the trunks of birch and
|. work are called BoUandifts. willow trees in England and Scotland. It grows feffile
BOLBITINUM, (anc. geog.), the fecond mouth and horizontal; its figure is femicircular ; the upper
( of the Nile reckoning from weft to call; now very fide convex, the under nearly plain ; of various fizes,
fmall, choaked up with land, and called le Bras de from that of an afs’s hoof to a peck-meafure. The
' Beltin. upper furface is quite white, generally covered with a
BOLENTIUM, (anc. geog.), a town of Pannonia ftiort ftroug down, but fometimes fmooth. The flefti
Superior;now/?«cfi?ry&arjnnStiria.SeeRACKERSBUR.G. or internal fubftance is thick, white, tough, light, and
BOLES, are vifcid earths, lefs coherent and more fpongy, like cork; and is fometimes cut and flrapedby
j. friable than clay; more readily uniting with water, the country people, and ufed as corks in their bottles:
Von. III. Part I. Xx but
Boletus,
Boleyn.
t TIM.
^T^ii
B O L [ 346 ] B O L
but fuch corks muft not be fufFercd to touch the li¬
quid, for moifture foon renders them foft and ufelefs.
2. The igniarius, or touchwood-fpunk, is frequent on
the trunks of old trees of all kinds, efpecially a(h. It
confifts of a very hard woody fubilance, in ftiape like a
horfe’s hoof, and grows of various fizes, from a man’s
fill to that of his head and larger. The upper' fide is
fmooth, but uneven, diftinguifhed near the rim by
elevated zones of different colours, brown, grey, tawny,
&c. The flefh is of a tawny brown colour, extremely
hard and tough. This fungus is made ufe of in Ger¬
many and fome parts of England for tinder. The Ger¬
mans boil it in ftrong lye, dry it and boil it again in fo-
lution of faltpetre. The Laplanders burn it about their
habitations, in order to keep off a fpecies of the gadfly
which is fatal to the young reindeer. It has been ufed
to flop thebleeding of the veffelsafter amputations-h. For
this purpofe the hard outer part is cut off, and the foft
inner fubftance is beat with a hammer to make it Itill
fofter. It is belt when gathered in Auguft or Sep¬
tember. 3. The bovinus, or cow fpunk, is frequent in
woods and paftures. It is generally of a brown co¬
lour, though fometimes it is tawny, yellowifli brown,
reddiih brown, deep red, purple, or greenilh bro^vn.
The flefh is yellow, white, or reddifh. The young
plants are eaten in Italy, and elleemed a great delicacy.
The Germans alfo account them a dainty, calling them
gombas,anAbrat-bu!z. Cows, deer, flieep, and fwine,
will feed upon this and other boleti, and are fometimes
greatly difordered by them. In cows and other cattle
they have been known to create bloody urine, naufeous
milk, fwellings of the abdomen, inflammations of the
bowels, ftoppages, diarrhoeas, and death. In fheep
they bring on a fcirrhous liver, a cough, a general
walling, and dropfy. Scarabs, dermeftes, and many
other infedls, feed upon and breed in them in abundance.
4. The pini larices, or agaric of the fhops, grows on
old larch trees. This fungus is an irregular fpongy
fubftance, extremely light, and of an uniform fnowy
whitenefs, (except the cortical part, which is ufually
taken off before the agaric is brought into the fhops).
It cuts freely with a knife, without difcovering any
hardnefs or grittinefs, and readily crumbles betwixt the
fingers into a powder. It has no remarkable fmell ;
its tafte is at firft fweetifh ; but on chewing for a fhort
time, it proves acrid, bitter, and naufeous. Agaric
was formerly in great efteem as a cathartic, but the pre¬
fen t praftice has almoft entirely reje&ed its ufe. It is
now rejedted both by the London and Edinburgh Colle¬
ges, but it ftill retains a place in moft of the new foreign
Pharmacopoeias. It operates exceeding flowly, in lb-
much that fome have denied it to have any purgative
virtue at all. Given in fubftance, it almoft always oc-
cafions a naufea, not unfrequently vomiting, and fome¬
times exceffive tormina of the bowels: thefe effects are
attributed to its light farinaceous matter adhering to
the eoats of the inteftines, and producing a conftant ir¬
ritation. The beft preparation of agaric feems to be
an extradl made with water, in which fixt alkaline fait
has been diffolved or with vinegar or wine : the firft
is faid by Boulduc, and the two latter by Neumann, to
prove an effedtual and fafe purgative. Neverthelefs,
this is at beft a precarious medicine, of which we ftand
in no manner of need.
BOLEYN (Ann), queen of Henry VIII. of Eng¬
land ; memorable in the Englilh hiftory, as the firft Bolsyn,
caufe of the reformation, as the mother of qneen EH-v
zabeth under whom it was completely eftablilhed, and
alfo on account of her own fufferings. She was the
daughter of Sir Thomas Boleyn, and horn in 1507.
She was carried into France at feven years of age by
Henry VIII’s filler, who was wife of Lewis XII: nor
did Ihe return into England when that queen retired
thither after the. death of her hulband; but Raid in the
fervice of qeeen Claudia the wife of Francis I. and after
the death of that princefswent to the duchefs of Alen^on.
The year of her return is not well known : fome will
have it to have been in 1527, others in 1525. This
much is certain, that Ihe w as maid of honour to queen
Catharine of Spain, Henry VIII’s firft; wife; and that
the king fell extremely in love with her. She behaved
herfelf with fo much art and addrefs, that by refilling
to fatisfy his paffion, Ihe brought him to think of mar¬
rying her: and the king, deceived by her into a per-
fuafion that he ihould never enjoy her unlefs he made
her his wife, was induced to fet on foot the affair of his
divorce with Catharine, w'htch at laft was executed
with grea,t folemnity and form. A celebrated author
obferves, that “ That which would have been very
praife-worthy on another occafion, was Ann Boleyn’s
chief crime : fmee her refufing to comply with an amo¬
rous king, unlefs he would divorce his wife, was a
much more enormous crime than to have been his con¬
cubine. A concubine (fays he) would not have de¬
throned a queen, nor taken her crown or her hulband
from her; whereas the crafty Ann Boleyn, by pre¬
tending to be chaile and fcrupulous, aimed only at the
ufurpation of the throne, ahd the exclufion of Cathe¬
rine of Arragon and her daughter from all the honours
due to them.” In the mean time, Henry could not
procure a divorce from the Pope ; which, we know,
made him refolve at length to difown his authority,
and to fling off his yoke. Neverthelefs he married
Anne Boleyn privately upon the 14th of November
1532, without waiting any longer for a releafe from
Rome ; and as foon as he perceived that his new wife
was with child, he made his marriage public. He
caufed Anne Boleyn to be declared queen of England
on Eafter-eve 153 3, and to be crowned the firft. of June
following. She was brought to bed upon the 7th of
September of a daughter, who was afterwards queen
Elizabeth ; and continued to be much beloved by the
king, till the charms of Jane Seymour had fired that
prince’s heart in 1536. Then his love for his wife
was changed into vuflent hatred : he believed her to be
unchafte, and caufed her to be imprifoned and tried.
“ She was indi&ed of high treafon, for that file had
procured her brother and other four to lie with her,
which they had done often : that (he had faid to them,
that the king never had her heart; and had faid to
every one of them by themfelves, that fire loved him
better than any perfon whatever; which was to the
flander of the iffue that was begotten, between the king
and her. And this was treafon according to the ftatute
made in the 26th year of this reign ; fo that the law'
which was made for her and the iffue of her marriage,
is now made ufe of to deftroy her.” She was con¬
demned to be either burnt or beheaded; and Ihe un¬
derwent the latter on the 19th of May 1536. The
right reverend author of the Hijlory of the Reformatiorv,
relates
B O L [ 347 1 B O L
; Bojeyn, relates fome very remarkable things of her behaviour
nil Boling- during the time of tier imprifonment, and a little before
br<>^c her execution. When ihe was imprifoned, Ihe is faid
l " ' to have aided very different parts; fometimes feeming
devout and Ihedding abundance of tears,. then all (ff
a fudden breaking out into a loud laughter. A few
hours before her death, Ihe faid, that the executioner
was very handy: and belides, that Ihe had a very fmall
neck ; at the fame time feeling it with her hands, and
laughing heartily. However, it is agreed that Ihe died
with great refolution ; taking care to fpread her gown
about her feet, that flie might fall with decency; as
the poets have related: of Polyxena, and the hiftorians
of Julius Caefar. Roman-catholic writers have taken
| all occafions to rail at this unhappy woman, as well
through vexation at the fchifm which {he occaiioned,
l; as for the fake of defaming and difhonouring queen
Elizabeth by this means; and they have triumphed ve¬
hemently, that in the long reign of that queen, no en¬
deavours were ufed to juttify her mother* But either
queen Elizabeth or her minifters are greatly to be ad¬
mired for prtidence in this refpeft ; fmce it is certain,
|| that Anne Boleyn’s juftification could never have been
carried on without difcovering many things which muff
have been extremely prejudicial to the queen, and have
weakened her right ipftead of ellablifiting it. For
though the reprefentations of the papifts are in no wife
f to be regarded, yet many things might have been faid
to the diiad vantage of her mother, without tranfgreffing
the laws of true hiftory; as that (he was a woman gay
even to immodefty, indifcreet in the liberties {he took,
] and of an irregular and licentious behaviour.
BOLINGBROKE, or Bullingbroke, a town of
.1 Lincolnlhire in England, and of great antiquity, but
I now in a mean condition. It gives title of Vifcount
]. to the St Johns of Batterfea. E. Long. o. 40. N.
. 53- 15-
Bolingbp.oke (Henry St John), lord vifcount, a
I great ftatefman and philofopher, defcended from an
W ancient and noble family, was born about the year
1672. He had a regular and liberal education ; and
by the time he left the univerfity, was confidered as a
j perfon of uncommon qualifications: but with great parts,
he had, as it ufually happens, great pafiions, and thefe
hurried him into many indifcretions and follies. Con¬
i' trary to the inclinations of his family, he cultivated
H ‘ Tory conneftions; and gained fuch an influence in
the Houfe of Commons, that in 1704 he was appointed
fecretary of war and of the marines. He was clofely
united in all political meafures with Mr Harley: when,
therefore, that gentleman was removed from the feals
! in 1707, Mr St John refigned his employment; and
1 in 1710, when Mr Harley was made chancellor of the
exchequer, the poll of fecretary of Hate was given to
Mr St John. In 1712 he was created Baron St John
of Lediard-Tregoze in Wiltfliire, and Vifcount Bo¬
ll: lingbroke. But being overlooked in the beftowal of
vacant ribbons of the order of the garter, he refented
! the affront, renounced the friendlhip of Harley then
earl of Oxford, and made his court to the Whigs. Ne-
verthelefs, on the accefEon of George I. the feals were
[ taken from him ; and being informed that a refolution
was taken to purfue him to the fcaffold, for his con-
dudff regarding the treaty of Utrecht, he withdrew to
France. Here he accepted an invitation to enter into
the Pretender’s fervice, and accepted the feals as his Boling-
fecretary : but he was as unfortunate in his new con- broke
nedions as in thofe he had renounced; for the year B0ijLna,
1715 was fcarcely expired, when at the fame time that v—-j
he was attainted of high treafon at home, the feals and
papers of his foreign fecretary’s office were taken from
him; followed by an accufation from the Pretender
and his party, of negleft, incapacity, and treachery.
Such a complication of diftrefsful events threw him
into a Hate of refledion, that produced by way of re¬
lief a confolatio philojophica, which he wrote the fame
year under the title of Reflections upon exile; and the
following year drew up a vindication of his condud
with refped to the Tories, in the form of A Letter to
Sir William Wyndham. Hus'firft lady being dead, he
about this time efpoufed a niece of the famous Madam
Maintenon, and widow of the marquis de Villette, with
whom he had a very large fortune. In 1723 the king
was prevailed on to grant him a free pardon, and he
returned in confequence to England ; but was by no
means fatisfied within, while he was yet no more than a
mere titular lord, and remained excluded from the
houfe of peers. This ftigma operated to fix him in
enmity to Sir Robert Walpole, to whofe fecret enmitv
he attributed his not receiving the full extent of the
king’s clemency : hence he diltinguiflied himfelf by a
multitude of political writings, till the year 1735; when
being thoroughly convinced that the door was finally
{hut again!! him, he returned once more to France. In
this foreign retreat he began his courfe of Letters on
the ftudy and ufe of Hiftory, for the ufe of Lord Com-
bury, to whom they are addreffed. Upon the death
of his father, who lived to be extremely old, he fettled
at Batterfea, the ancient feat of his family, where he
paffed the remainder of his life in philofophical digni¬
ty. Pope and Swift, one the greateft poet, the other
the greateft wit, of the time, perfe&ly adored him; and
it is well known that the former received from him the
materials for his incomparable poem the “ Effay on
Man.”—He died in 1751, and left the care and bene
fit of his MSS. to Mr Mallet, who publifhed them to¬
gether with his former printed works, in 5 vols 410;
they are alfo printed in 8vo.
BOLISAW, a town of the kingdom of Bohemia in
Germany, fituatedin E. Long. 14. 35. N. Lat. 50. 25.
BOLKOWITZ, a town of Silefia, in the duchy of
Glogaw. E. Long. 15. 20. N. Lat. 51.27.
BOLLARDS, large polls fet into the ground on
each fide of a dock. On docking or undocking fhips,
large blocks are lalhed to them; and through thefe
blocks are reeved the tranfporting hawfers to be brought
to the capftons.
BOLLITO, a name by which the Italians call a
flea-green colour in artificial cryftal. To prepare this
colour, you muft have in the furnace a pot filled with
40 lb. of good cryftal, firft carefully Ikimmed, boiled,
and purified, without any manganefe: then you muft
have twelve ounces of the powder of fmall leaves of cop¬
per thrice calcined, and half an ounce of zaffre in povy-
der: mix them together; and put them at four times into
the pot, that they may the better mix with the glafs;
ftirring them well each time of putting in the powder,
left the mixture ftiould fwell and run over.
BOLOGNA, an ancient, large, and very handfome
town of Italy, in the territory ot the church, and ca-
X x 2 pital
B G L [ 348 ] B O L
Bolognc pital of the Bolognefe ; an archbilhop’s fee, and an the year after that of their growth, otherwife they be- Bolfenna
II univerfity. The public buildings are magnificent, as come unfit for ufe. E. Long. 11. 11. N. Lat. 46. 42. Boj^er(.
. 0 atie~ . well with regard to the archite£lure as the ornaments, BOLSENNA, a town of Italy, in the territories of ^
■. v ' efpecially the paintings, which are done by the greateft the pope, feated on a lake of the fame name. E. Long.
mafters. There are a vaft number of palaces, in one 11.3. N. Lat. 42. 37.
of which the pope’s nuncio refides ; the private houfes BOLSTER, among furgeons, a foft yielding fub-
are alfo well built. Here are 169 churches, and the fiance, either laid under the head or a broken limb,
town is faid to contain about 80,000 inhabitants. All In this fenfe, bolfters are contrived for crooked, Imn-
the gates and windows are open during the fummer ; ched, and otherwife diftorted backs, fhoulders, &c.
infomuch that one may fee into their apartments and By a conflitution made under archbifhop Burchier,
gardens, where there are vaft numbers of orange-trees the clergy are forbidden to wear bolfters about their
that perfume the air. It is a place of great trade, fhoulders, in their gowns, coats, or doublets. The
which is in fome meafure owing to a canal that runs occafion of the prohibition is varioufly conftrued. Some
from this city to the»river Po. Tire Reno, which runs fay that bolfters came in fafhion in the reign of King
near Bologna, turns 400 mills that are'employed in the Richard III. who being neceffitated, by his natural
filk-works ; befides, they deal in wax, foap, hams, fau- deformity, to pad, the courtiers, and even the clergy,
fages, and even lap-dogs, which are greatly efteemed. did the fame, out of complaifance to their prince, fo
It is feated at the foot of the Apennine mountains, in that every body who had the misfortune to be born
E. Long. 11. 30. N. Lat. 44. 27. ftraight, was obliged to wear a bolfter on his fhoulders
BOLOGNE, by the Engliflt commonly called S«/- to be in the fafhion. Others, however, controvert
len, a city of Picardy in France, and capital of the this ; alleging that the conftitution above mentioned
Bolonnois, feated near the fea. It is divided into two was made 20 years before the ufurpation of Richard,
towns, the Upper and Lower; the firft is ftrongly Bolsters of a Saddle, thofe parts of a great faddle
fortified, the other is inclofed by walls only. The which are railed upon the bows, both before and be-
port is at the mouth of the river Liane, but the water hind, to hold the rider’s thigh, and keep him in a
is fo fhallow that no fhips of burden can enter it. It right pofture;
is defended on the fide of the river by a mole, which
flickers it from the winds, and at the fame time pre¬
vents the river from filling it with filth. E. Long. 9.
17. N. Lat. 50. 42.
BOLSWAERT, a town of the united Provinces,
in Weft Friefland, and in the county of Weftergoe.
E. Long. 5. 35. N. Lat. 53.6.
BOLSWERT, or Bolsuerd, (Boetius Adam a).
BOLOGNESE, a fmall province of Italy, in the an engraver and printfeller eftablifhed at Antwerp, ’
territory of the church, bounded on the north by the 'the defcendant of a family who refided at the city of
Ferrarefe, on the weft by the duchy of Modena, on Bolfwert in Friefeland, from whence he derived his
the fouth by Tufcany, and on the eaft by Romania, name. He flouriftied about 1620 ; but by what ma¬
lt is watered by a great number of fmall rivers, which fter he was inftrufted in the art of engraving, does not
render its foil the moft fertile of any in Italy. Bologna appear. He worked with the graver only ; the free
is the capital, and from the great produce of the land open ftyle of the Bloemarts he imitated wkh great fuo
about it is called Bologna the fat. It produces abun- cefs ; and perhaps perfected himfelf in their fchool.
dance of all forts of grain and fruits ; particularly muf- When he worked from Rubens, he altered that ftyle;
cadine grapes, which are in high efteem. Here are and his plates are neater, fuller of colour, and more
mines of alum and iron 5 and the inhabitants fabricate highly finiftied. The two following from this matter
large quantities of linen, filk ftockings, and cloth. may be here mentioned, t. The Refurre&ion of La-
Bolognese. See Grimaldi. zarus, a large upright plate. 2. The Laft Supper, its
BOLOGNIAN or Bononian stone, a phofphoric companion. Bafan, fpeaking of this print, fays, that
fubftance firft difcovered near Bologna in Italy, whence it proves by its beauty, and the knowledge with which
it received its name. It has been fuppofed to contain it is engraved, that Boetius could fometimes equal his
fome metallic matter, on account of its great fpecific brother Scheltius.
gravity; but it is now found to be only a compound Bolswkrt or Bolfuerd, (Scheltius a), an ad-
of ponderous earth and vitriolic acid.. It differs, how- mirable engraver, was the brother of Boetius Adam
ever, from the artificial barofelenite in the proportion a Bolfwert, mentioned in the preceding article. We
of its ingredients, the latter containing 33 parts of vi- have no other account of his family than what is there
triolic acid and 67 of earth; the former 84 of earth, given ; nor unfortunately any of himfelf of the leaft
13 of the moft concentrated vitriolic acid, and three of confequence. The time of his birth and of his death,
water. Mr Scheffer, in the Memoirs of the Academy and the name of the mafter he ftudied under, are
at Stockholm, for the year 1753, has communicated equally unknown. Bolfwert worked entirely with the
fome experiments on a ftone of this kind from China, graver, and never called in the afiiftance of the point,
which prove, that it perfedlly agrees with the defcrip- His general character as an artift is well drawn by Ba-
tions giveq in feveral books of a ftone called petuntfs fan, in the following words: “ We have a large num-
by the Chinefe, and which is faid to be ufed in their ber of prints, which are held in great efteem, by this
porcelain manufadlures. artift, from various inafters ; but efpeeially from Ru-
BOLSANE, a town of Germany, in the territory of bens,jwhofe pidlures he hascopied with all pofiibleknow-
Tyrol, and circle of Auftria. It is very agreeably ledge, tafte, and great effedl. The freedom with which
fituated in the midft of a fine large valley, full of. vib this excellent artift handled the graver, the pi&urefque
lages, and abounding in vineyards. The wines in this roughnefs of etching, which he could imitate without
valley are the bell in all Tyrol; but they mull be drank any other affifting inftrument, and the ability he pof-
feffed
B O L [ 349 ] B O L
: Bolf«'ert. fefled of diftinguifhing the different maffes of colours,
"" v ' have always been admired by the connoiffeurs, and give
him a place in the number of thofe celebrated engra¬
vers, whofe prints ought to be confidered as models by
all hiftorical engravers, who are defirous of rendering
their works as ufeful as they are agreeable, and of ac¬
quiring a reputation as lading as it is judly merited.”
He drew excellently, and without any manner of his
own ; for his prints are the exaft tranfcrip ts of the pic¬
tures he engraved from. His bed works, though not al¬
ways equally neat*or dnifhed, are always beautiful, and
manifed the hand of the mader. Sometimes we dnd
his engravings are in a bold, free, open dyle : as the
Brazen Serpent, the Marriage of the Virgin, &c. from
Rubens. At other times they are very' neat, and
fweetly finifhed : as, the Crowning with Thorns, and
the Crucifixion, See. from Vandyck. Mr Strutt ob-
ferves, that his bolded engravings are from Rubens,
and his neated from Vandyck and Jordans.—How
greatly Bolfwert varied his manner of engraving ap¬
pears from feme prints, which, like the greater part of
thofe of his brother Boetius, bear gre&t refemblance to
the free engravings of the Bioemarts, and to thofe of
Frederic Bloe’mart efpecially ; and form a part of the
plates for a.large folio volume, entitled, Academic de
L’efpee, by Girard Thibault of Antwerp, where it was
publifhed, A. D. 1628; and to thefe he figns his name,
“ Scheltius,” and fometimes “ Schelderic Bolfwert,”
adding the word Bruxelle. His name is ufually affix¬
ed to his plates in this manner, “ S. A. Bolfwert.”
H It is very neceffary to caution the colledtors of this ma-
|; der5s works (thole efpecially who are not very conver-
|: fant with them), that many of them have been copied
I in a very careful manner, fo as eafily to deceive the un-
1; fkilful. Some of thefe copies, as the Marriage of the
Virgin from Rubens, &c. are by Lauwers. But
ir thofe which are mod likely to miflead, are by Ragot,
B a French engraver, employed by Mariette the printfel-
ler, who frequently meeting with-the reverfes or coun¬
terproofs from the prints of Bolfwert, gave them to
the engraver; and he imitated them with the utmoft
precifion. By this means the impreffions from the
I plate copied come upon the paper the fame way with
the original. It is true, his name is ufually affixed
I, at the bottom; but it is often cut off, and then the
copy is not eafily didinguilhed from the original.
Among other prints thus imitated by Ragot from
Bolfwert, is Chrid crucified between the two Thieves,
where the foldier is reprefented piercing his fide, from
j|, Rubens.
s’ Among the variety of edimable engravings by this
great artid, the few following may be here mentioned.
|! i. The Brazen Serpent, a large plate, lengthwife,
from Rubens. Thofe impreffions are the mod .edi¬
mable which have only the word Antuerpia at the
right-hand corner, without the name of Giles Hendrix,
which was afterwards inferted above it, and part of the
flf fmall circle over the arms is left white. 2. Abra- ,
r ham offering his fon Ifaac, a large plate nearly fquare,
from Theodore Rombout. 3. The education £>f the
Virgin by Saint Anne, a middling-fized upright plate,
from Rubens. Thofe impreffions without the name of
Hendrix are the mod edeemed. 4. The marriage of Bolfwert,
the Virgin, a middling-fized upright plate, from the B‘'1-
fame painter. Thofe impreffions are bed in which the
word Antuerpix is not added to the name of Hendrix.
5. The adoration of the wife men, a middling-fized up¬
right plate, from the fame. The good impreffions of
this plate have the name of Vanden Enden. 6. The
fead of Herod, in which is reprefented the daughter
_ of Herodias, prefenting the head of John the Baptid
' to her mother, a large plate, lengthwife, from the
fame. 7. The miraculous draught of fiffies; a large
print, lengthwife, on three plates, from the fame. 8.
Chrid crowned with thorns; a large upright plate from
Vandyck: An admirable print; with the name of Van¬
den Enden. 9. A crucifixion, where a figure appears
prefenting the fponge to Chrid, St John and the
Virgin are danding at the foot of the crofs, and Mary
Magdalene is reclining towards' it: A large upright
plate, from Vandyck Of this admirable engraving
there appear to have been four different impreffions ;
though Bafan mentions only three, and fays that in
the fird the left hand of St.John is hid. The chies
marks of thofe impreffions are : Jn the id, St John’s
left hand appears on the ffioulder of the Virgin (a).
In the 2d impreffion, the hand is erafed : This Bafan
calls the firtt impreffion ; and it fells at a very high
price. In the 3d impreffion, the hand is redored : In
the 4th, it is again erafed : And in both, the ffiort
drakes upon the ground near the great toe of the figure
who holds the fponge are eroded with fecond drakes;
which crofs-hatchings are not in the two fird impref¬
fions. There are feveral other crucifixions by the
fame mader after different defigns. 10. The god
Pan playing upon his fiute, from Jordaens, 11. Mer¬
cury and Argus, a large plate, lengthwife, from the
fame. 12. A drunken Silenus, fupported by a fatyr,
and another figure ; a middling-fized upright plate
from Rubens. Of thefe three lad, the impreffions
without the addrefs of Bloteling are the bed. 13. A
chafe of lions; a large plate, lengthwife, from the
fame. 14. A variety of landfcapes.
BOLT, among builders, an iron-fadening fixed to
doors and windows. They are generally diilinguilhed '
into three kinds, viz. plate, round, and fpring bolts.
Bolts, in gunnery, areof feveral forts ; as, 1. Tran-
fum-bolts, that go between the cheeks of a gun car¬
riage, to ffrengthen the tranfums. 2. Prife bolts ; the
large knobs of iron on the cheeks of a carriage, which
keep the hand-fpike from Hiding, when it is poizing up
the breech of a piece. 3. Traverfe bolts ; the two ffiort
bolts, that, being put one in each end of a mortar car¬
riage, ferve to traverfe her. 4. Bracket-bolts ; the
bolts that go through the cheeks of a mortar, and by
the help of quoins keep her fixed at the given eleva¬
tion. And, 5. Bed-bolts ; thd four bolts that faden
the brackets of a mortar to the bed.
Bolts, in a ffiip, are iron pins, of which there are
feveral forts, according to their different makes and
ufes. Such are drive-bolts, ufed to drive out others.
Ray-bolts, with jags or barbs on each fide, to keep
them from flying out of their holes. Clench-bolts,
which are clenched with rivetting hammers. Forelock-
bolts,
(a) Prints of this impreffion are very rare, and at fales have been known to fetch from L. 25 to L.30.
B O L L 350 ] BOM
Bolt boltfl, which have at the end a forelock of iron driven
II in to keep them from ftarting back. Set-bolts, ufed
0'ton' . for forcing the planks, and bringing them clofe toge¬
ther. Fend or fender bolts, made with long and thick
heads, and ftruck into the uttermoft bends of the Ihip,
to fave her fides from bruifes. And ring-bolts, ufed for
bringing t<5 of the planks, and thofe parts whereto are
faftened the breeches and tackle of the guns.
Bolt of Canvas, in "commerce, the quantity of 28
ells.
Boir-Rope, in naval affairs, a rope palling round the
fail, to which the edges of it are fewed, to prevent the
fail from tearing: the bottom part of it is called the
foot-rope; the tides, leeches ; and if the fail be oblong
or fquare, the upper part is called the head-rope.
BOLTED flour, that which has paffed thro’ the
bolters. See the following article.
BOLTER, or Boulter, a kind of fieves for
meal, having the bottoms made of woollen, hair, or
even wire. The bakers ufe boltera which are worked
by the hand; millers have a larger fort, wrought by
the motion of the mill.
BOLTING* a term of art ufed in our inns of court,
whereby is intended a private arguing of cafes. The
manner of it at Gray’s inn is thus: An ancient and
two barrifters fit as judges ; three ftudents bring each a
cafe, out of which the judges choofe one to be argued ;
which done, the (Indents firft argue it, and after them
the barrifters. It is inferior to mooting ; and may be
derived from the Saxon word bolt, “ a houfe,” becaufe
done privately in, the houfe for inftrudfion. In Lin¬
coln’s inn, Mondays and Wednefdays are the bolting
days in vacation time ; and Tuefdays and Thurfdays
the moot days.
Bolting, or Boulting, the aft of feparating the
flour from the bran, by means of a fieve or bolter.
See Bolter.
BoiTiNG-Cloth, or Boljier-cloth, fometimes alfo called
lulting-cloth, denotes a linen or hair cloth for fifting
meal or flour.
Bolting 'Mill, a verfatile engine for fifting with
more eafe and expedition. The cloth round this is
called the bolter.
Bolting, or Boulting, among fportfmen, fignifies
roufing or diflodging a coney from its refting place.
They fay, to bolt a coney, Jlart a hare, roufe a buck,
&c.
BOLTON or Boulton (Edmund), an ingenious
Englifn antiquarian, who lived in the beginning of the
17th century. His moft confiderable work is that in-
titled Nero Ctefar, or Monarchic depraved, dedicated
to the Duke of Buckingham, lord-admiral, printed at
London 1624, folio, and adorned with feveral curious
and valuable medals. It is divided into 55 chapters,
in fome of which are introduced curious remarks and
obfervations. In the 24th and 25th chapters he gives
an account of the revolt in Britain, againft the Ro¬
mans, under the couduft of Boadicea, which he intro¬
duces with a recapitulation of the affairs in Britain from
the firft entrance of the Romans into this illand under
Julius Csefar, till the revolt in the reign of Nero. In
chapter 36th he treats of the Eaft-India trade in Nero’s
time, which was then carried on by the river Nile, apd
from thence by caravans over land to the Red-Sea, and
thence to the Indian ocean; the ready coin carried
yearly from Rome upon this account amounting, ac¬
cording to Pliny s computation, to above L. 300,000
Sterling ; and the ufual returns in December and Ja¬
nuary yielding in clear gain an hundred for one. Be-
fides this he wrote, I. An Englifh tranflation qf Lu¬
cius Florus’s Roman hillory. 2. Hypercridca, or a
rule of judgment for reading or writing our hiftories.
3. The elements of armories, &c. ; and fome other
works.
Bolton, a town of Lancafhire in England, feated
on the river Croell, and pretty well built. It has a
manufafture for fuftains, and the market is confider¬
able for cloth and provifions. W. Long. 2. 15. N.
Lat. 53. 55. .
BOLUS, in pharmacy, an extemporaneous form of
a medicine, foft, coherent, a little thicker than ho¬
ney, and the quantity of which is a little morfel or
mouthful; for which reafon it is by fome called buc~
cella.
BOMAL, a town of Luxemburg in the Auftrian
Netherlands, fituated on the river Ourt, in E. Long.
5. 30. N. Lat. 50. 20.
BOMB, in military affairs, a large (hell of caft iron,
having a great vent to receive the fufee, which is made
of wood. The (hell being filled with gunpowder, the
fufee is driven into the vent or aperture, within an inch
of the head, and faftened with a cement made of quick¬
lime, a (lies, brick-duft, and lleel-filings, worked toge¬
ther in a glutinous water ; or of four parts of pitch,
two of colophony, one of turpentine, and one of wax.
This tube is filled with a combuftible matter, made of
two ounces of nitre, one of fulphur, and three of gun¬
powder-dull, well rammed. To preferve the fufee,
they pitch it over, but uncafe it when they put the
bomb into the mortar, and cover it with gunpowder-
duft ; which having taken fire by the fla(h of the powder
in the chamber of the mortar, burns all the time the
bomb is in the air; and the compofition in the fufee
being fpent, it fires the powder in the bomb, which
burfts with great force, blowing up whatever is about
it. The great height a bomb goes in the air, and the
force with which it falls, makes it go deep into the
earth.
Bombs may be ufed without mortar-pieces, as was
done by the Venetians at Candia, when the Turks had
poffeffed themfelves of the ditch, rolling down bombs
upon them along a plank fet (loping towards theirworks,
with ledges on the fides, to keep the bomb right for¬
ward. They are fonietimes alfo buried underground
to blow up. See Caisson.—Bombs came not into
common ufe before the year 1634, and then only in
the Dutch and Spanifli armies. One Malthus an Eng¬
lifh engineer is faid to have firft carried them into
France, where they were put in ufe at the fiege of
Collioufe. The French have lately invented a new
fort of bombs of vaft weight called comminges.—The
art of throwing bombs makes a branch of gunnery,
founded on the theory of projeftiles, and the laws and
qualities of gunpowder. SeeGuNNERY, Projectiles,
Gunpowder, &c.
BoMB-CheJl, is a kind of cheft filled ufually with
bombs, fometimes only with gunpowder, placed under
ground, to tear and blow it up in the air with thofe
who (land on it. Bomb-chefts were formerly much
ufed to drive enemies from a pod they had feized or »
1 were
Bobo*
y
Bomh.
-
1
i
BOM [ 351 1 BO M
were about to take pofieffion of: they were ftt on fire
by means of a fauciffee fallened at one end, but they
are now much difufed.
Bomb- Veffels, which are fmall fhips formed for
throwing bombs into a fortrefs, are faid to be the in¬
vention of M. Reyneau, and to have been firft ufed at
the bombardment of Algiers. Till then it had been
judged impracticable to bombard a place from the
fea. See Ketch.
BOMBARD, a piece of ordnance anciently in ufe,
exceedingly Ihort and thick, and with a very large
mouth. There have been bombards which have thrown
a ball of 300 pound weight. They made ufe of cranes
to load them. The bombard is by fome called bajilijk,
and by the Dutch donderbafs.
BOMBARDIER, a perfon employed about a mor¬
tar. His bufiuefs is to drive the fufee, fix the fhell, and
load and fire the mortar.
Bombardier, in zoology. See Carabus.
BOMBARDMENT, the havock committed in
throwing bombs into a town or fortreis.
BOMBARDO, a mufical inftrument of the wind
kind, much the fame as the baffoon, and ufed as a bafs
to the hautboy.
• BOMBASINE, a name given to two forts of fluffs,
the one of filk, and the other croffed of cotton.
BOMBAST, in compofition, is a ferious endeavour,
by ftrained defeription, to raife a low or familiar fub-
jeft beyond its rank ; which, inllead of being fublime,
never fails to be ridiculous. The mind in fome ani¬
mating paffions is indeed apt to magnify its objefts be¬
yond natural bounds : but fuch hyperbolical deferip¬
tion has Its limits ; and, when carried beyond thefe, it
degenerates into burlefque, as in the following ex¬
ample.
Sejanus. — Great and high.
The world knows only'two, that’s Rome and I.
My roof receives me ndt; ’tis air I tread,
Ai.d at each Hep I feel my advanc’d head
Knock out a liar in heaven.
Sejan. of Ben. Jobnfon, aft 5.
A writer who has,no natural elevation of genius is ex¬
tremely apt to deviate into bombaft. He flrains a-
bove his genius, and the violent effort he makes car¬
ries him generally beyond the bounds of propriety.
BOMBAX, or silk-cotton tree: A genus of
the polyandria order, belonging to the monodelphia
clafs of plants ; and in the natural method ranking un¬
der the 37th order, Columnifera. The calyx is quin-
quefid : the flamina are five or many : the capfule is
ligneous, quinquelocular, and quinquevalved : the feeds
are woolly, and the receptacle pentagonous.
Species. 1. The ceiba, with a prickly flalk. 2. The
pentandrum, with a fmooth flaik. 3. The heptaphyl-
lum, with leaves cut into feven parts. The firfl and fe-
cond forts grow naturally in both the Indies, where
they arrive at a great magnitude, being fome of the
larged trees in thefe parts ; infomuchthat Bofrnan fays
he has feen in Guinea, trees of this kind fo widely dif-
fufed that 20,000 armed men might Hand under the
branches of one. They generally grow with very
flraight Hems. Thofe of the firfl fort are armed with
fhort flrong fpines; but the fecond hath very fmooth
fltms, which in the young plant are of a bright green ;
hut after a few years they are covered with a grey
or afh-coloured bark, which turns brown as they Bomba*,
grow older. The branches toward the top are gar- Bombay,.
nifhed with leaves compofed of five, feven, or nine ob- * J
long fmooth little leaves, which are fpear-fhaped, and
join to one common centre at their bate, where they
adhere to the long footflalk. The flower buds appear
at the end of the branches ; and foon after the flowers
expand, which are compofed of five oblong purple pe¬
tals, with a great number of flamina in the centre :
when thefe fall off, they are fucceeded by oval fruit as
large as a fwan’s egg, having a thick ligneous cover,
which when ripe opens in five parts, and is full of a
dark fhort cotton, inclofing many roundifh feeds as
large as fmall peas. The cotton of the third fort is of
a fine purple colour, but the fize of the tree is not
particularly mentioned by botanical writers. Befides
thefe fpecies, Mr Miller mentions another which he
faw in the gardens of the late duke of Richmond at
Goodwood, and was raifed from feeds which came
from the Eafl Indies. The flem was very flraight and
fmooth, the leaves were produced round the top upon
very long footflalks, each being compofed of feven or
nine narrow filky fmall lobes, joined at their bafe to the
footflalk in the fame manner as the firfl and fecond }
but they were much longer and reflefted backward,
fo that at firfl fight it appeared very different from
either of them.
Culture. Thefe plants, being natives of warm cli¬
mates, mud always be kept in a Hove. They are raifed
from feeds procured in the capfules from the places
where they grow naturally. Thefe are to be fown in
the fpring, in pots of light earth, plunged in a fub-
Hantial hot-bed of dung or tan, where the plants will
appear in three or four weeks. They muH then be
placed leparately in fmall pots, plunging them in the
bark-bed, giving them fhade and water, and fhifting
them occafionally into larger pots with frefh earth.
They muH be watered plentifully in fummer, but mo¬
derately in winter.
Ufes. The dark fhort cotton of the firfl two fpe¬
cies is ufpd by the poorer inhabitants of thofe places-
where fuch trees grow to Huff pillows or chairs, but is ^
generally deemed unwholefome to lie upon. The beau¬
tiful purple down of the third is fpun, wrought into
clothes, and wore, without being dyed any other co¬
lour, by the inhabitants of the Spanifh Weft Indies,
where the tree naturally grows. Large pirogues, or
canoes fit to carry a fail, are made both at Senegal,
and in America, of the trunk of the filk-cotton tree,
the wood of which is very light, and found unfit for
any other purpofe. In Columbuses firfi voyage, fays
Miller, it was reported that a canoe was feen at Cuba
made of the hollowed trunk of one of thefe trees, which
was 95 palms long, of a proportional width, and ca¬
pable of containing 150 men.
Bombax, in zoology, a fynonime of a fpecies of
Conus.—Bombax is aifo ufed fometimes for lilk or
cotton ; but the true botanic name of cotton is Gos-
sypium. It is likewife applied by Linnaeus to figniiy
fuch infefts as have incumbent wings, and feelers xe-
fembling a comb.
BOMBAY, an Hand in the Eafi Indies near the
coaH of Decan, fituated in N. ~Lat. 19. o. and E-
Long. 73. o. It has its prefent name from the Por-
tuguefe Buon-bahia, on account of the excellent bay-
formed
BOM [ 352 ] BOM
formed by it together with the winding of other maining there during the dry feafan, and being fup« Bombay
This ifland
more heal¬
thy now
than for¬
merly, and
■ why.
* See Agri¬
culture,
li0 9.
Hands adjacent. The harbour is fpacious enough to plied with a fufficient quantity of moifture to prevent
contain any number of fliips, and has likewife excellent it from corruption. 4
anchoring ground, affording alfo, by its land-locked The quantity of rain that falls at Bombay in one Account i
fituation, alhelter from any winds to which the mouth feafon has been accurately meafured by Mr Thomas,the <lu“nt
may be expofed. Mr Ives’s predeceffor as hofpital furgeon. His ap- thaffahs
This ifland was formerly reckoned exceedingly un- paratus confllted of a lead cylinder about nine inches during thi
healthy, infomuch that it had the name of the bury- diameter, and as many deep, marked on the infide rainy fea|
ing ground o£ the Eugliih, though it is now fo far with inches and tenths. To prevent the water from fon* j
improved in this refpedt as to be no worfe than any o- fplafliing over, he cut a hole two inches from the bot- i
ther place in the Eaft Indies under the fame parallel of tom, and placed the cylinder in a glazed earthen veffel; |
latitude. The reafons of jthis unhealthihefs and the after which a wax-cloth was fecurely tied round it, fo \
fubfequent improvements are enumerated by Mr Grofe. as to cover the veffel, and prevent any water from
1. The nature of the climate, and the precautions re- getting in, excepting what paffed through the cylin- J
quired by it, being lefs underftood than they are at pre- der. When more than two inches fell, the hole in the |
lent. 2. Formerly there obtained a very pernicious fide was flopped with wax, and the water poured from
praftice of employing a fmall fry of filh as manure for the veffel into the cylinder to afcertain its quantity. 1
the cocoa-trees which grow in plenty on the ifland; It was kept in an open place free from houfes, and I
though this has been denied by others, and perhaps meafirred at fix in the morning, noon, and fix in the
with juftice, as the putrid effluvia of animal bodies ieems evening. The following table (hows the quantity of
to be very effeAnally abforbed by the earth*, when buri- rain that fell from the 25th of May, when it firft he¬
ed in it. All agree, however, that the habitations in the gan, though the Iky looked cloudy over land from the .
woods or cocoa-nut groves are unwholefome by reafon beginning of the month,
of the moitture and want of a free circulation of air. May 1756.
Days of Quantity of
the month. rain in
In. Tenths.
25   o 3 •
3i
3
Fifh in all
the ftag-
nant yools
formed by
the rains.
3. Another caufe has been afligned for the fuperior
healthinefs of this ifland, viz. the leffening of the wa¬
ters by the- banking off a breach of the fea, though
this does not appear fatisfa&ory to our author. There
is ftill, fays he, a great body of fait water on the in¬
fide of the breach, the communication of which with
the ocean being lefs free than before the breach was
built, muft be proportionably more apt to ftagnate,
and to produce noxious vapours.
Whatever may be the caufe, however, it is certain,
that the ifland of Bombay no longer deferves its for¬
mer chara&er, provided a due degree of temperance
be obferved; without which health cannot be expe&ed
in any warm climate.
The climate of Bombay feems to be drier than ma¬
ny other parts under the fame parallel. The rains laff
only four months of the year, but with fliort intermif-
fions. The fetting in of the rains is commonly uffler-
ed in by a violent-thunder ftorm called there the E/e-
phanta from its extraordinary violence. The air, how¬
ever, is then agreeably cooled, and the excdfrve heat,
then nearly at its height, much moderated. The rains
begin about the end of May, and go off in the begin¬
ning of September; after which there never falls any
except a fhort tranfient flrower, and that but very
rarely.
A very extraordinary circumftance is related by Mr
Ives concerning the ifland of Bombay during the rainy
feafon, viz. that, ten days after the rains fet in, every
pool and puddle fwarms with a fpecies of fifh about
fix inches long and fomewhat refembling a mullet.
Such a phenomenon has occafioned various fpeculations.
Some have imagined that the exhaling power of the
fun is fo flrong in the dry feafons as to be able to raife
the fpawn of thefe fiflies into the atmofphere, and there
fufpend and nourifh it till the rains come on, when it
drops down again in the ftate of living and perfe&ly
formed fifh. A lefs extravagant fuppofition is, that
after the ponds become dry, the fpawn may pofiibly
fall into deep fiffures below the apparent bottom, re-
N° 49. 5
Jul
Days of
the month.
Quantity of
ruin in
In. Tenths
June.
13
H
16
13
r4
15
16
17
18
W
23
25
26
27
28
23 -
24 -
25 -
26., -
27 -
28 -
29
3°
. July.
13
»4
#5
16
I?
18
Sambay.
B O
August.
Days of Quantity of
the month. rain in
25
26
27
28
3°
31
19
M [ 353 3 . . B 0 M
September. cocoa-nut tree itfelf, not all the minute defcriptlons I Bombay,
Days of Quantity of have met with in many authors feem to me to come up -~v——^
the month. rain in to the reality of its wonderful properties and ufe. The
In.Tenths, cultivation of it is extremely eafy, by means of chan-
22    o 6 nels conveying water to the roots, and by the manure
23   o 3 already mentioned laid round them. An owner of 2CO
24.   o 3 cocoa-nut trees is fuppofed to hare a competency to
25   o 2 live on.
26 —— 02 “As to the rice fields, they differ in value, accor-
27 — 30  1 o ding to the finenefs and quantity of rice they produce.
The growth of this grain has a particularity not un¬
worthy of notice, viz. that as it loves a watery foil, fo
to whatever height the water rifes, wherever it is
planted, the growth of the rice keeps meafure with it,
even to that of 12 and 14 feet; the fummit always ap¬
pearing above the furface of the water. It is allb re¬
marked, that the eating of new rice affe&s the eyes.
The fad is certain, though the phyfical reafon of it is
unknown.
“ Here and there are interfperfed fome few brab
In Tenths, trees, or rather wild palm trees (the word brab being
1 o derived from bralo, which in the Portuguefe fignifies
•wild.) They bear an infipid kind of fruit, about the
bignefs of a common pear ; but the chief profit from
them is the toddy, or liquor drawn from them by in-
cifions at the top, of which the arrack is reckoned bet¬
ter than that produced by the cocoa-nut trees. They
are generally near the fea-fide, as they delight moft in
Total 110 .3 a fandy foil. It is on this tree that toddy birds, fo
October^
2 — 7   2 1
9   2 o
'5   ° 3
16, 17  o 1
22 The air fine and
clear, without a cloud, the
land and fea-breezes re¬
gular.
Whole quantity of rain i.
May
June — 44
July — 29
Augult -— 19
September — 11
October — 4
In this journal our author brakes no mention of the called from their attachment to it, make their exqui-
elephanta above mentioned from Mr Grofe as the fore- fitely curious nefts, wrought out of the thinneft reeds
runner of the rainy feafon, though he mentions a llorm and filaments of branches, with an inimitable mecha-
under that name on the 9th of O&ober. It was an nifm. The birds themfelves are about the fize of a
exceffive hard gale, with violent thunder, lightning,
and rain; of which laft there fell two inches in no
more than four hours. Neither is the quantity of
thunder and lightning at all comparable to what people
unacquainted with hot climates might be apt to ex-
peft. The only thunder-dorms mentioned in the
partridge, but are of no value either for plumage, fong,
or the table.
“ This illand is a ftrong inllance of the benefits of
a good government, and a numerous population, by
not a fpot of it remaining uncultivated: fo that tho’
it is far from producing fufficient for the confumptio
journal were on May 31(1, June 3d, 5th, 12th, 14th; of its inhabitants, and notwithftanding its many difad-
September 7th, October 9th, an elephanta; and fome vantages of fituation and foil, it yields incomparably
j thunder on the 15th of the fame month. more than the adjacent ifland of Salfette.” 6
igetable The vegetable productions of Bombay are very in- Among the curiofitiesof Bombay Mr Ives mentions Curiofities
odudtions fignificant. Mr Ives fays, that its “ foil is fo barren a large terapin or land tortoife kept at the governor’sin this
Bombay. a3 not to produce any one thing worth mentioninghoufe, the age of which was upwards of 200 years.
but afterwards informs us, that its “ natural produce
is the cocoa-nut tree, from which they extract a li¬
quor called toddy. This is foft and mild when drunk
Frogs, which abound every where through the Eaft
Indies, are very large at Bombay. Our author faw
one that meafured 22 inches from the extremities of
immediately : but if it Hands long, it gathers ftrength, the fore and hind feet when extended ; and he fuppo-
and becomes very intoxicating; whence probably arofe fes that its weight would not have been lefs than four
the term to idy-headed. For each tree a tax of 20 s.
a-year is paid to the company, which is appropriated to¬
wards maintaining the garrifon and fhips of war.”
Mr Grofe gives an account fomewhat different.—
or five pounds. On the fea-lhore round the ifland are
a great variety of beautiful (hells, particularly the fort
called ventle traps or ‘wendle-traps, held in great e-
fteem among the ladies fome time ago. Several pounds
‘ The oarts, or cocoa-nut groves, make the moft con- Sterling are faid to have been given by a virtuofo for
liderable part of the landed property, being planted one of thefe (hells when the Commodore Leflie’s col-
wherever the fituation and foil is favourable to them, lection of (hells was fold by auction. ,
When a number of thefe groves lie contiguous to each Mr Ives enumerates the following kinds of fnakes Different
other, they form what is called the woods ; through found on this ifland and other parts of the Britilh em-kinds of
which there is a due fpace left for roads and path-ways, pire in the Eaft Indies. 1. The cobra de capella, grow- ^erPents
where one is pleafartly defended from the fun at all ing from four to eight or nine feet long. They kill ou1k1 liere*
hours in the day. They are alfo thick fet with houfes by their bite in 15 minutes. 2. The Cobra manila is
belonging to the refpeftive proprietors as well as with a fmall bluiflr fnake, of the fize of a-man’s little finger,
the huts of the poorer fort of people ; but are very un- and about a foot long, frequently feen about old walls,
wholefome for the reafons already given. As to the A fpecies of thefe found at Bombay kill much fooner
Voi~ III. Part I. Y y that*
BOM L 354 1 BOM
Bombay, than even the former. 3. The pahnira, a very thin
beautiful fnake, of different colours: its head is like
that of the common viper, but much thicker than the
body. Our author faw one that was four feet long,
and the body not much thicker than a fwan’s quill.
4. The green fnake is of a very bright green colour,
with a (harp head: towards the tail it is fmaller than
in the middle. The largeft part of it is no bigger than
a tobacco-pipe. 5. The fand fnake i&fmall and fhort,
but notlefs deadly than the others. 6. The coir a dc
aurelia refembles an earth-worm, is about fix inches
long, and no bigger than a fmall crow-quill. It kills
by getting into the ear, caufing madnefs, &c. 7. The
manila bomba is a very beautiful fnake, of almoft the
fame fize throughout the whole length, except at the
two ends, where it comes to a point. It is white on
the belly, but finely variegated on the back. It lives
in the fand, and is faid to fting with its tail, which
occafions contractions in the joints.
Bombay is the moft confiderable Englifh fettlement
on the Malabar coaft ; and by reafon of its fituation,
may be ftyled the grand Itorehcufe of all the Arabian
and Perfian commerce. It is alfo the moft convenient
place in all the Eaft Indies for careening or heaving
down large (hips; and for fmall ones they have a very
■good dock. They have alfo a very good rope-yard ;
and indeed, fays Mr Ives, “ this is the only place, in
this diftant part of the world, for (battered (hips to re¬
fit at, having always a good quantity of naval (tores,
and its very name conveying an idea of a fafe retreat in
8. foul weather.”
Different On this ifland are many little forts and batteries,
carry fome guns ; but the principal fort, which
defends the place, has above an hundred. Mr Grofe
finds fault with the fituation of this laft fort, which he
fays, not only does not Command the harbour fiiffi-
ciently, but is it felf overlooked by an eminence called
Dungharee point. The caftle itfelf is a regular qua¬
drangle, well built of ftrong hard (lone. In one of the
baftions facing Dungharee- point is a large tank or ci¬
ttern which contains a great quantity of water conftantly
repleni(hed by the ftationary rains. There is alfo a
well within the fortj but the water is not very good,
and liable to be dried up by the heats. The water of
Bombay in general indeed is not good, which has been
given as a reafon why the Gentoo merchants were not
fond of fettling upon it; for as they drink no wine
nor fpirituous liquors, they are very nice judges of the
tafte and qualities of waters.
When the town of Bombay began to increafe con-
fiderably, it was judged proper to add the fecurity of
a wall round it to the ftrength of the fort it had be¬
fore. Even then, however, it was neglefted to take
in the dangerous poft of Dungharee, which now evi¬
dently commands both the town and fort. There has
fince that time been added, at a great expence, a ditch
that encompaffes the wall, and can be flooded at plea-
fure, by letting in the fea, which terminates the ditch
on two fides, fo that the town is now entirely furround-
ed with water, and is- one of the ftrongeft places in
India.
Next to Bombay, the moft, confiderable fort on the
ifland is that of Mahim. It is fituated at the oppofite
extremity of the ifland, and commands the pafs of
Bandurah, a fort diredlly oppofite to it on the coaft of
Salfette. From this ifland Bombay is feparated by an Bombayi
arm of the fea, capable of receiving only fmall craft.
The other forts are capable of making but a flight de¬
fence.
About two miles out of town, towards the middle
of the ifland, the fea had gained fo far as almoft to di- j
vide it in two, and rendered the roads impaffable.. A ,
great quantity of this water, however, was drained off
at a very confiderable expence, and a caufeway raifed
which kept it from overflowing again. This caufeway
is above a quarter of a mile in length, and confidera-
bly broad ; “ but (fays,Mr Grofe,) there is one grofs
fault remarked in it; that, being bending near the
middle, the architedl has oppofed.to the fea are-enter¬
ing angle inftead of a faliant one.” Within the beach,.
however, there is ftill a confiderable body of water, 3
that has a free communication with the fea, as appears
by its ebbing and flowing ; fo that it is probable the
caufeway itfelf, eredted at the expence of at lead
L. 100,000, may in no long time be totally undermin- I
ed and thrown down. ^
When the ifland of Bombay was ceded to the-En-Divilwnj
glifti by the Portuguefe, it was divided, and ftill con- &c.
tinues to be fo, into three Roman-Catholic parifties, jj
Bombay, Mahim, and Salvacam. The churches of
thefe are governed by priefts of that religion, and of \
any nation excepting Portugal, who were exprefsly
obje&ed to at the time of ceflion. The bulk of the
land-proprietors at that lime were Meftizos and Cana-
rins. The former are a mixed breed of the natives
and Portuguefe 5. the latter purely aborigines of the
country converted to the popifli religion. The other
land-owners were Moors, Gentoos, and Parfees; but .
thefe laft are of more modern date, having purchafed
eftates on the ifland. The company has alfo a very
confiderable landed eftate either by purchafes, confif-
cations for crimes, and feizures for debt. The land is
laid out in . cocoa-nut groves, rice-fields, and onion j
grounds, which laft are reckoned of an excellent qua¬
lity.
There is only one Engliflv church at Bombay, a
very neat commodious building feated on a fpacious
area called the Green ; which continues from the
church to the fort, and is pleafantly laid out in walks
planted with trees, round which the houfes of the En-
glilh inhabitants are moftly fituated. Thefe are gene¬
rally only ground-floured, with a court-yard before and;
. behind, in which are the offices and out-houfes. They
are fubftantially built of ftone and lime, and fmooth
plafteredl on the outfide. They are often kept whiter
wa(hed, which, however neat, is in fome refpe&s very
difagreeable, by reafon of the excefiive glare it occa-r
fions in refle&ing the light of the fun. Few of them
have glafs windows to any apartment; the fafhes be-
ing generally paned with a kind of tranfparent oyfter-
(hells, fquare cut; which have the lingular property
of tranfmitting fufficient light, at the fame time that
they exclude the violent "glare of the fun, and have be-
fides a cool look. The flooring is generally compofed
of a kind of loam or. ftucco called being a
lime made of burnt (hefts, which if well tempered in a
peculiar manner known to the natives, is extremely
hard and lading, and takes fuch a fmooth polifh, that
one may fee his own face in it. But where terraces
are made of this fubftance, unlefs it be duly prepared^
and:.
BOM [ 355 J BOM
!j!-Bombay, and which is very expenfive, it is apt to crack by the
.* _ fun’s heat. Some attempts have been made to paint
the ftucco walls in apartments ; but thefe have proved
abortive through the ignorance of the artifts, who
I have not chbfen colours capable of refilling the alkaline
|*See Colour- power of the lime*. Our author remarks, that in the
gating. gardens of Surat he faw this kind of llucco made ufe
j i of inftead of gravel for the walks. They were a little
raifed above the garden beds, fo that they mull be in-
flantly dry after the moll violent rain ; though their
whitenefs and polilh mull not only produce a difagree-
able reflection in funlliine, but be extremely llippery
to walk bn. The houfes of the black merchants are
for the moll part extremely ill built and inconvenient;
the window-lights fmall, and the apartments ill dillri-
buted. Some, however, make a better appearance if
only one ftory high ; but even the bell of them have
a certain meannefs in the manner, and clumfinefs in
their execution, which renders the architecture con¬
temptible in comparifon of the European. There is
one convenience, however, in all the houfes of Bom¬
bay, viz. fmall ranges of pillars - that fupport a pent-
houfe or Ihed, forming what are called in the Portu-
guefe language verandas, either all round the houfe, or
on particular fides of it, which afford a pleafing fliel-
ter from the fun, and keep the inner apartments cool
and refrelhed by the draught of air under them. The
pagodas,'or temples of the Gentoos, are low mean
buildings, having ufually no light but what is admit¬
ted by the door ; facing which is the principal idol.
They imagine that a dark gloomy place infpircs a kind
of. religious horror and reverence ; and are very fond
of having thefe pagodas among trees, and near the fide
of a tank or pond, for the fake of their frequent ablu¬
tions. Thefe tanks are often very expenfive ; being
generally fquare and furrounded with ilone fteps that
J! j0> are very convenient for the bathers,
fcabitantq The natives of Bombay, though compofed of almoft
fanners, every Afiaticrnation, are flrorter of ftature and ftrong-
r" er than the inhabitants of the Coromandel coall.
Here a palanquin which requires fix men to carry it
at Madras, or Fort St David, is carried by four.
Here are fome Perfees, who, like their forefathers the
ancient Perfians, are followers of Zoroaller, who is
faid to have reduced into order the religion of the Per-
f fian magi ; the fundamental maxim of which was the
worlhipping of one God under the fymbol of light,
r / They adore the fun, particularly when rifing, with the
moll profound reverence and veneration ; and likewife
pay a kind of adoration to common fire. Mr Ives had
once the opportunity of obfervingthe manner in which
they perform this devotion. A large brafs pan was
placed in the middle of the houfe with fire in it: be¬
fore this fire, or rather on each fide of it, two men
were kneeling at their devotions, pronouncing their
prayers with great rapidity. He was afterwards in-
| formed, that one of them was a prieft, at that time on
a vifit to another prieft in a fit of ficknefs. He was
| likewife informed, that the Perfees have fuch a vene¬
ration for the fire, that they never put it out, or even
I breathe upon it ; and he obferved, that while the two
| , priefts were at their prayers over the pan of coals, they
had a little white bib over their mouths, as he fuppo-
11, fed to prevent their breath from approaching their fa-
f vourite element. The prayers, however, from the fimi-
larity of the founds, appeared to him only to be a re- Borr
petition of the fame fet of words. The vifiting prieft
ufed many geftures with his hands over the fire, and
afterwards ftroaked down the face- of the fick prieft,
which our author looked upon to be the final benedic¬
tion, as the ceremony ended immediately.
_ As the Gentoos burn their dead, one would ima¬
gine that the Perfees, who have fuch a veneration for
fire, would be defirous of having their bodies confumed
by that element; but inftead of this, they expofe their
dead bodies to be devoured by birds of prey ; becaufe,
fay they, a living man is compofed of all the elements;
fo that it is but reafonable, after he is dead, that every
particular element Ihould receive its own again. On
the top of Malabar hill, about two miles from the
town of Bombay, there are two round buildings for re¬
ceiving the dead bodies of the Perfees, which remain
there till the bones are clean picked by the birds. This
is certainly an abominable cuftom, and affords very
fhocking fpeftacles ; however, a guard is always pla¬
ced at a little diftance to prevent people from prying
too narrowly into thefe matters, or, as Mr Ives fays,
to enfure the vultures of their repaft without any di-
fturbanep. Mr Grofe tells us, that on his going to
look into one of thefe repofitories, a Perfee advifed
him in a friendly manner to let it alone, as no perfon,
who was not a party concerned, would long furviye
fuch curiofity. He tells us alfo, that the perfon ap¬
pointed to look after the dead, carefully obferves which
eye is firft picked out by the birds, and from thence
judge of the fituation of the foul of the deceafed; a
ilate of happinefs being indicated by the right eye be¬
ing firft picked out. Mr Ives obferves, that by rea-
fon of the heat of the fun, much lefs noxious vapour
is emitted by thefe bodies than might be expe&ed ;
the flelh being foon Ihrivelled up, and the bones turn¬
ing quite black.
At the extreme point of Malabar-hill there is a
rock, on the.defcent to the Tea, flat on the top, in
which there is a natural crevice, which communicates
with a hollow terminating at an exterior opening to the
fea. This place is ufed by the Gentoos as a purifier
from their fins. This purification is effefled by their
going in at the opening, and coming through the cre¬
vice, though it feems too fmall for people of any cor¬
pulence to pafs. n
In Bombay, and indeed in many other places of the Oxen
Eall Indies, oxen are generally ufed inftead of horfes,!iere ir
not only for drawing carriages but for riding; and,!lori
however ridiculous fuch a practice may feem to us, it
appears that they are not in this refpect inferior to
ordinary horfes, being capable of going at the rate of
feven or eight miles an hour. They are commonly of
a white colour, with large perpendicular horns, and
black ,nofes. The only inconvenience that attends
them, is, that, by being naturally fubjedt to a lax habit
of body, they fometinies incommode the rider with
filth thrown upon him by the continual motion of their
tails. In other refpefts they are far preferable to In¬
dian horfes, and will trot and gallop as naturally as the
horfes of this country. Admiral Watfon, while at
Bombay, was allowed a chaife drawn by two of thefe
oxen by the Eaft India Company. At the end of
every ftage the driver always put the near bullock in
the place of the other; he then put his hand into both
Y y 2 their
Bomb
BON [ ^56 ] BON
their mouths, to take out the froth; without which
precaution they would be in danger of fuffocation.
j For the Hillory, Government, &c. of Bombay,, fee
the articles Indostan, and Eajl India Company.
BOMB ketch, a fmall veffel built and ftrengthened
with large beams for the ufe of mortars at fea.
BOMBUS, in jmuiic, an artificial motion with the
hands, imitating in cadence and harmony the buzzing
of bees. The word is originally Greek, and fignifies
the buz or noife of bees, gnats, and the like. In this
fenfe, bombus made one of the fpecies of applaufe ufed
by the ancient auditories.
Bombus, in medicine, denotes a murmuring noife,
as of wind breaking out of a narrow into a larger cavi¬
ty, frequently heard in the thick intellines The bom-
bus heard in the ears, in acute difeafes, is laid down by
Hippocrates as a fign of death.
BOMBYLIUS, in zoology, a genus of infefts be¬
longing to the order of diptera. The roftrum is long,
briftly, and bivalved ; the briitles being fixed between
the horizontal valves. There are five fpecies, viz. 1.
The major, with black wings. 2- The medius, with
a yellowilh body, white behind, and the wings fpotted
with yellow. 3. The minor, with unfpotted wings.
4. The ater, has red wings, but a little blackifh at the
bafe; and green feet. The above four are natives of
Europe. 5. The capenfis, with the wings fpotted
with black, an afh-coloured body, and white behind.
It is a native of the Cape of Good Hope.
BOMENE, a fea port town of the United Provinces
in Zealand, feated on the northern fhore of the ifland
of Schonen, oppofite to the ifland of Goree, in E.
Long. 4. o. N. Lat. 51.50.
BOMMEL, a town of Dutch Guelderland, fituated
on the northern fhore of the river Waal, in E. Long.
5. 50. N. Lat. 52. o.
BOMONICI, in Grecian antiquity, young men of
Lacedaemon, who contended at the facrifices of Diana
which of them was able to endure moft lafhes; being
fcourged before the altar of this goddefs.
BONA, by the Moors called Balederna, a fea-port
town of the kingdom of Algiers in Africa, frtuated in
E. Long, y.'yy. N. Lat. 36. 5. It was formerly rich,
populous, capital of the province of the fame name
under the kingdom of Conftantina, and is fuppofed by
fpme to be the ancient Hippo, once the feat of the
great St Auftin, and a fea-port built by the Romans.
The inhabitants, however, deny it to be the ancient
Hippo, which had been fo often taken, retaken, and
deftroyed by the wars; and pretend it to be fmee
rebuilt at the diflance of two or three miles from the
ancient Hippo, out of its ruins, and called Baleed-el-
Ugned, from a fort of trees of that name that grow in
the neighbourhood. It is now a very mean place,
poorly built, and thinly inhabited, with fcarce any traces
of its former grandeur, except the ruins of a cathedral,
or as others guefs, of a monaftery built by St Aullin
about three miles diftance from the city. Near thefe
ruins is a famed fpring called by his name, much re-
forted to by the French and Italian failors, who come
to drink of its waters, and pay their devotions to a
maimed ftatue faid alfo to belong to the faint, but fo
mutilated that no traces either of face or drefs are re¬
maining ; and as each of them ftrives to break off feme
fplinter, or to ferape off feme part of it on account of
its fuppofed fanclity, it will probably be foon reduced to
a ftate of non-exiftence. Bona was taken by the pirate
Barbaroffa, and joined to his new kingdom of Algiers;
but as quickly loft, and recovered by its old mafters the
Tunifeens, who foon after loft it again. It is com¬
manded by a little fort, in which is a garrifon of about
300 Turks, under the command of an aga, who is alfo
governor of the town. The road for the fhips is good
for nothing before the town, but a little farther weft is
very deep and fafe. Dr Shaw tells us, that the con¬
tinual difeharging of balail into the road, and the ne-
gle& of cleaniing the port which came to the very
walls, is the cau!e of both becoming fo unfafe and in¬
commodious ; though this might be eafily remedied fo
as to make the town one of the moft Houriftiing in all
Barbary.
Bona Dea, the good goddefs, in Pagan mythology,
one of the names of Cybele. Others fay, ihe was a
Roman lady, the wife of one Faunus, and was famous
for her chaftity, and that after her death ftie was dei¬
fied. Her facrifices were performed only by matrons;,
and in fo fecret a manner, that it was no lefs than
death for any man to be prefent at the aflembly (fee
Cybele). Cicero reproaches Clodius with having
entered into this temple difguifed as a finging woman,
and having by his prefence polluted the myfteries of
the good goddefs. What kind of myfteries thefe were,
we may learn from Juvenal, Sat. VI. 3 13. The poet
then mentions the adventure of Clodius.
Atque utinam ritas veteres, et publica faltem
Bis intafta malis agerentur facra: fed omnes
Noverunt Mauri, atque Lidi, qucepfaltria pencm
Majorem, quam fsnt duo Cafar is Anticatones,
Blue teficuli fibi confcius, unde fugit mus,
Intulerit.
I wifh at lead our facred rites were free
From thefe pollutions of obfeenity :
But ’tis well known what finger, how difguis’d,
A lewd audacious action enterpriz’d :
Into the fane, with women mix’d, he went.
Arm’d with a huge two-handed inftrument;
A grateful prefent to thefe holy choirs.
Where the moufe, confcious of hisfex, retires.
Dryden.
Bona Fides, in law. When a perfon performs any
a&ion which he believes at the time to be juft and law¬
ful, he is faid to have afted bona fide.
Bona Mobilta, the fame with moveable effedls or
goods.
Bona Nctahilia, are fuch goods as a perfon dying
has in another diocefe than that wherein he dies,amount¬
ing to the value of 5 1. at leaft ; in which cafe the will
of the deceafed muft be proved, or adminiftration grant¬
ed in the court of the archbifhop of the province, un-
lefs by compofition or cuftom, any diocefes are autho¬
rized to do it, when rated at a greater fum.
Bona Patria, an alfize of countrymen or good
neighbours, where 12 or more are chofen out of the
country to pafs upon an aflize, being fworn judicially
in the prefence of the party.
Bona Peritura, periftiable goods. By ftat. 13. Ed. I.
cap. 4. the cargo of a /hip that has been call away /hall
he kept for a year and a day, and reftored to the right¬
ful owner; but if the goods be fuch as will not endure
lb
BON [ 357 ] BON
fo long, they are bona peritura, which the fheriff is
allowed to fell, and to account in money for the value.
Bona Vacantia, goods; fuch as royal-fifh, (hipwrecks,
treafure-trove, waifs, and edrays, in which no one can
claim a property. Thefe goods by the law of na¬
ture, and by the imperial law, belonged to the firft oc¬
cupant or finder; but in the modern conttitutions of
European governments, they are annexed to the fu-
preme power by the pofitive laws of the date.
BONAIRE, an ifiand of South America, near the
north coad of Terra Firma. It belongs to the Dutch;
and abounds in kabritoes and fait. W. Long. 66. 18.
N. Lat. 20- 16.
BONAIS, very high mountains of Italy, in the
duchy of Savoy, not far from Laflbreburg: in fome
feafons they cannot be afcended without great dan-
ger.
BONARELLI (Gui Ubaldo), an Italian count.
He was intruded with feveral important negociations,
and was edeemed an able politician and learned philo-
fopher. He was the author of a fine Italian padoral,
intitled, Filli di Sciro. He died at Fano, in 1608,
aged 4c.
BONAVENTURA (the bay of), in America, on-
the coad next the South Sea, in the Popayan. It has
a port and harbour for Ihips ; but the air is very un-
wholefome. W. Long. 75. 18. N. Lat. 3. 20.
BONAVENTURE, a celebrated cardinal, called,
from his works, the feraphic dottor. He was born at
Bagnarea, a fmall town of Tufcany, in 1221 ; and his
original name was John Fidauze. He took the habit
of a monk of the order of St Francis in 1243, became
do$or of Paris in 1255, and the next year general of
his order. After the death of Clement IV. the car¬
dinals difagreeing aboht the eledtion of a new pope,
engaged themfelves by a folemn promife to ele<d him
who fhould be named by Bonaventure, even though it
fhould be himfelf; but he chofe Theobald archdeacon
of Liege, who was then in the Holy Land, and took
the name of Gregory X. Thjppope, in return, in 1272,
made him cardinal and bilhop of Alba, and ordered
him to aflid at the fecond general council of Lyons,
where he died in 1274. His works were printed at;
Rome in 8 vols folio.
BONAVISTA, an ifland in the Atlantic Ocean,
the mod eaderly and fird difcovered of the Cape de
Verd iflands. It is 2 0 miles long, and 13 broad ; has
plenty of goats and cotton, and fome indigo. The in¬
habitants are remarkable for flothfuluefs: they have a
town andtwo roads where (hips come to an anchor.
W. Long. 23. 6. N. Lat. 16. 5.
BOND (John), a commentator on Horace and
Perfius, was born in Somerfetihire in the year 1550,
and educated at Wincheder fchooh In 1569 he was
entered a dudent of the univerfity of Oxford, probably
in the New college, of which he became either one of
the clerks or one of, the chaplains. He took, his ba¬
chelor of arts degree in 15.73, and that of mader. in
>5794. foon after which he was appointed by his col¬
lege, mader of the free fchool in Taunton in Somer-
fetfhire. In this employment he continued many years
with great reputation : but being at length weary of
his laborious employment, he commenced phyfician,
and we are told became eminent in that capacity. He
died in the year 1612, poffeffed of fcreral lands and
tenements in his neighbourhood; but whether acquired Bond,.
by the pra&ice of phyfic, does not appear. He wrote, Bondage.
1. Commentarii in poemata fb Horatii, 8vo. 2. Co?n- ^ "
mentariiin fex fatyras Ferfii, Lond. 1614, tvo.
Bond, in law, is a deed whereby the obligor obliges
himfelf, his heirs, executors, and adminidrators, to pay
a certain fum of money to another at a day appointed.
If this be all, the bond is called a fimple one, Jimplex
obligatio. But there is generally a condition added,'
that if the obligor does fome particular a£t, the obliga¬
tion {hall be void, or elfe diall remain in full force : as
payment of rent; performance of covenants in a deed;
or repayment of a principal fum of money borrowed of
the obligee, with intered; which principal fum is ufually
one half of the penal fum fpecified in the bond. In
cafe this condition is not performed, the bond becomea
forfeited, or abfolute at law’, and charges the obligor
while living; and after his death the obligation defcends
upon his heir, who (on defedt of perfonal affets) is
bound to difcharge it, provided'he has real adets by de-
fcent as a recompenfe.
If the condition of a bond be impoflible at the time
of making it, or be to do a thing contrary to fome rule
of law that is merely pofitive, or be uncertain, or in-
fenfible, the condition alone is void, and the bond fliall
dand Angle and unconditional: for it is the folly of the.
obligor to enter into fuch an obligation from which he,
can. never be releafed. If it be to do a thing that is
malum in fe, the obligation itfelf is void : for the whole
is an unlawful contradt, and the obligee {hall take no
advantage from fuch a tranfadfion. And if the con¬
dition be pofiible at the time of making it, and after¬
wards becomes impoffible by the adt of God, the adt of
law, or the adl of the obligee himfelf, there the penalty
of the obligation is faved: for no prudence or forefight
of the obligor could guard againd fuch a contingency.
On the forfeiture of a bond, or its becoming Angle,
the whole penalty was recoverable at law: but here the
courts of equity interppfed, and W’ould not permit a
man to take more than in confcience he ought, vrz. his^
principal, intered, and expences, in cafe the forfeiture
accrued by non-payment of money borrowed; the da¬
mages fudained upon non-performance of covenants ;.
and the like. And the datute 4 and 5 Ann. c. 16.
hath alfo enadled, in the fame fpirit of equity, that in
cafe of a bond, conditioned for the payment of money,,
the payment or tender of the principal fum due, with
intered and cods, even though the bond be for¬
feited and a fuit commenced thereon, {hall be a full fa-
tisfadlion and difcharge.
Bond, in mafonry and brick-laying, is when bricks
or dones are as it were knit and interwoven ; and when
they fay, make good bond, they mean that the joints
are not made over, or upon other joints; but reach at
lead fix inches, both within the wall and on the fur-
face, as the art of building requires.
BONDAGE, properly fignifies the fame with fla-
very, but in old law books is ufed for villenage (fee
Villenage). Tenants in bondage paid kenots, and
did fealty; they were not to fell trees in their pwn
garden, without licence of the lord. The widow of a
tenant in bondage held her hulband’s edate quam diu
vixerit fine marito, “ as long as {he lived Angle.”
Bondage by the Forelock, or Bondagium per anteri¬
or,es crinei capitiiy was when a freemen renounced his-
liberty,..
BON [ 358 ] BON
Bondman liberty, and became Have to fome great man : which
•B WaS ^one ceremony cutting off a lock of hair
. from the forehead, and delivering it to his lord ; de¬
noting that he was to be maintained by him for the
future. Such a bondman, if he reclaimed his liberty,
or were fugitive from his mailer, might be drawn again
to his fervitude by the nofe ; whence the origin of the
popular menace to pull a man by the nofe.
BONDMAN, in the Engliih law, is ufed for a vil¬
lain, or tenant in villenage *.—The Romans had two
♦See Vil k'n<l3 of bond men ; one called fervi, who were thofe
Inin and 'vil- e‘t^cr bought for money, taken in war, left by fuc.-
lenage. ceffion, or purchafed by fome other lawful acquisition ;
or elfe born of their bondwomen, and called vernee. We
‘ may add a third kind of bondmen mentioned by Jufti-
nian, .called adfcriptii gleba, or agricenjiti ; who were
not bound to the perfon, but to the ground or place,
and followed by him who had the land. Thefe in our
law are called villains regardants, as belonging to the
manor or place.
BONE-ace, a game at cards played thus : The
dealer deals out two cards to the firil hand, and turns
up the third, and fo on through all the players, who
may be feven, eight, or as many as the cards will per¬
mit: he'that has the higheil card turned up to him
carries the bone ; that is, one half of the {take; the
other half remaining to be played for. Again, if there
be three kings, three queens, three tens, &c. turned
up, the eldeft hand wins the bone. But it is to be
obferved, that the ace of diamonds is bone-ace, and
wins all other cards whatever. Thus much for the
bone^ and as for the other half of the {take, the near-
eft to 31 wins it ; and he that turns up or draws 31
"wins it immediately.
BONES, their origin, formation, compofition, tex¬
ture, variety, offices, &c. See Anatomy, Part I.
From a difcovery made by Mr Scheele, of a method
of producing the phofphoric acid in large quantity
from bones, it has been afferted, that this acid is na¬
turally contained in the bones, united with a calca¬
reous earth. From many experiments, however, it
appears that no acid is naturally contained in calcined
bones ; nor can the acid of phofphorus be extradted
from them but by means of the vitriolic acid : whence
it feems probable, that the phofphoric acid in this cafe
is produced by the combination of a certain quantity
' of earth with the vitriolic acid. With regard to
the earth of bones itfelf, it appears to be very diffe¬
rent from the calcareous kind : it is much more fo-
luble in the vitriolic acid, and may be precipitated
from that or any other by means of the cauftic vola¬
tile alkali, which cannot be done with the calcareous
earth.
Bones Whitened for Skeletons. Two proceffes are
defcribed in the Bfla Hoffnienjia for whitening bones.
Profeffor Rau had a method of giving them a great de¬
gree of whitenefs. By bare expofure to the air, fun,
and rain, for a length of time, they become notably
white ; but the whiteft bones, kept in rooms tainted
with fmoke or fuliginous vapours, grow in a little time
yellowifh, browniffi, and unfightly. It is. cuftomary
for the purification of bones, to boil them in alkaline
liquors; which, by diffolving and extradting the fu-
■perfluous fat, improve their whitenefs.
Bones Hardened and Softened. Boerhaave obferves,
3
that alkaline falts render bones harder and firmer, and Bonesi)
that acids make them fofter and more flexible. Thefe' v—•
effedts fucceed in certain circumftances, but not uni-
verfally ; for bones may be hardened and foftened both
by acids and by alkalis, according to the quantity of
faline matter employed, and the manner in which it is |
applied. Newmann made bones harder and more com-
padt by treating them with the ftrengeft of the mineral
acids ; though, when the acid is in fufficient proportion, |
it deftroys or diffolves them. In Papin’s digefter (a |
ftrong clofe veffel, in which the fteam of boiling li- I
quors is confined, and the fluid by this means made to
undergo a greater degree of heat than it could other-
wife fuftain), the hardeft bones are reduced in a ftiort 1
time, by the adtion of Ample water, into a foft pap f
or jelly ; and alkaline liquors produce this effedt {till f
fooner.
In the hiftory of the French Academy for the years
1742 and 1743, there is an account that Mr Geoffrey
produced before the academy a fmall ivory fpoon, which,
by long lying in muftard, was become flexible and *
tranfparent like horn ; that Mr Fouchy faw an ivory I
fpoon, which, by lying for a confiderable time in milk, I
v'as become fupple like leather; and that Mr Hunauld j
produced bones, which had been foftened by fteeping i
in vinegar, afterwards hardened to their natural ftate ’ I
by fteeping in water, and foftened a fecond time by
fteeping in vinegar. Dr Lewis obferved that the ni¬
trous and marine acids diluted, and the acetous acid, j
make bones flexible and tough like leather ; but that
the diluted vitriolic acid, though it renders them no¬
tably foft, makes them at the fame time brittle. It
feems as if a great part of the earthy matter, which is
the bafis of the bone, and on which its hardnefs de¬
pends, was diffolved and extracted by the three firft ;
whilft the latter, incapable of diffolving this kind of t
earth into a liquid form, only corrodes it into a kind
of felenitic concrete, which remains intermixed in mi¬
nute particles among the gelatinous matter. Dr Lewis
did not find that the foftened bones, whatever acid they
were foftened by, recovered their hardnefs by fteeping
in water. Slips of foftened ivory, after lying above a
month in water, continued nearly as foft as when they
wrere taken out of the acid liquor.
There is a Angular induration of bones produced by
fire ; the effedts of which agent are here remarkably |
different according to its degree and the circumftances
of its application. Bones expofed to a moderate fire,
either in open veffels, or in contadt with the burning ,jl
fuel, become opaque, white, and friable throughout;
and an increafe of fire, after they have once fuffered this
change, renders them only more and more friable. |
But if they are urged at firft with a ftrong fire, fuch
as that in which copper or iron melts, they become
hard, femitranfparent, and fonorous, like the hard mi¬
neral {tones. This curious experiment deferves to be
further profecuted.
Colouring of Bones. Bones may be ftained of a
variety of colours by the common dyeing infufions and I
decodtions of animal and vegetable fubftances. They i!
are ftained alfo, without heat, by metallic foliations ;
and by means of thefe may be fpotted or variegated at
pleafure. Thus, folution of filver in aquafortis gives
a brown or black according to its quantity ; folution
of gold in aqua regia, or in fpirit of fait, a fine pur-
BON l 359 1 BON
pie; folution of copper in the acetous acid, a fine
green ; and folutions of the fame metal in volatile al¬
kalis, a blue, which at firft is deep and beautiful, but
changes, upon expofure to the air, into a green or
bluifh-green. If the bone is but touched with the
two firft folutions, and expofed to the air, it does not
fail to acquire the colour in a few hours: In the two
latter, it requires to be fteeped for a day or longer in
order to its imbibing the colour. In thefe and other
cafes where immerfion for fome time is necelfary, the
bone, may be variegated, by covering fuch parts as are
to remain white, with wax or any other matter that
the liquor will not diffolve or penetrate.
Oeconomical Ufes of Bonks. Bones are a very ufeful
article* not only for making different kinds of toys,
but likewife in feveral of the chemical arts; as, For
making call iron malleable, for abiorbing the fulphur
of fulphureous ores ; for forming lefts and cupels, or
veffels for refining gold and filver with lead (burnt
bones compofing a mafs of a porous texture, which
abforbs the vitrified lead and other matters, while the
unvitrefcible gold and filver remain entire behind) ; for
the preparation of milky glaffes and porcelains; for
the rectification of volatile falts and empyreumatic
oils; and for making glue. The bones of different
animals are not equally fit for thefe ufeseven the glue,
or gelatinous part of the bones of one animal is nota¬
bly different both in quantity and cohefiyenefs from
that of another.
The human flcull-bone, or cranium, the natural de¬
fence of the feat of fenfation and perception in the no-
bleft animal, has been recommended medicinally as a
cure for epilepfies, deliria, and all diforders of the
fenfes, from the fame philofophy which afcribed anti-
afthmatic virtues to the lungs of the long-winded fox.;
and expe&ed, becaufe fowls are faid to digeft even
fmall ftones, that the fkin of the gizard, dried and
powdered, would produce a fimilar effed in the human
ftomach. To fuch lengths of extravagance have the
fons of phyfic been carried by the blind fuperftidon
of former ages !
Bones in the Funeral Solemnities of the Ancients.—
Divers ufages and ceremonies relating to the bones of
the dead have obtained in different ages; as gathering
them from the funeral pile,, waffling, anointing, and
depofiting them in urns, and thence into tombs ; tranf-
lating them, which was not to be done without the
authority of the pontiffs; not to fay worflripping of
them, ftill praClifed to the bones of the. faints in the
Romiffi Church. Among the ancients, the bones of
travellers and foldiers dying in foreign countries were
brought home to be buried ; till, by an exprefs S. C.
made during the Italic war, it was forbid, and the fol¬
diers bodies ordered to be buried where they died.
The Romans had a peculiar deity under the deno¬
mination off Ojjilagoi to whom the care of the indura¬
tion and knitting of the human bones was committed ;
and who, on that account, was the objeCl of the ado¬
ration of all breeding women.
Fojftle or Petrifed Bones, are thofe found in the
earth, frequently at great depths, in all the ftrata,
even in the bodies of ftones and rocks ; fome.of them
of a huge fize, ufually fuppofed to be the bones of
giants, but more truly of elephants or hippopotami.
It is.fuppofed they were repolitcd in thofe ftrata when
all things were in a ftate of folution ; and that they Bones,
incorporated and petrified with the bodies where they l—-y—'•J
happened to be lodged.
In the mufeum of the Ruffian Academy of Sciences,
there is a vaft colleilion of foffil bones, teeth, and
horns, of the elephant, rhinoceros, and buffalo, which
have been found in different parts of this empire, but
more particularly in the fouthern regions of Siberia.
Naturalifts have been puzzled to account for fo great
a variety being found in a country where the animals-
of which they formerly made a part were never known
to exift. It was the opinion of Peter, who, though he
deferves to be efteemed a great monarch, was certain-^
ly no great naturalift,. that the teeth found near Voro-
netz were the remains of elephants belonging to the
army of Alexander the great, who, according to foma
hiftorians, crofted the Don, and advanced as far as
Koftinka. The celebrated Bayer, whofe authority
carries greater weight in the literary world, conjec.-
tnres, that the bones and teeth found in Siberia be¬
longed to elephants common in that country during
the wars which the Mongul monarchs carried on with
the Perfians and Indians ; and this plaulible fuppoli-
tion feems in fome meafure to be corroborated by the
difcovery of the entire ikeleton of an elephant in one
of the Siberian tombs. But this opinion, as Mr Pal¬
las '(' veryjiiftly obferves, is fufficiently refuted by the-f ^'ov.
confideration, that the elephants emplo)-i in the ar' OMasSib**
mies of all India could never have afforded the vaft ^
quantities of teeth which have been difcovered, not to /fc,p. 440.
mention thofe which it is juftly to be prefumed may
ftill be buried. They have been already dug up in fuch
plenty as to make a confiderable article of trade. The
fame ingenious naturalift has given an ample defcrip-
tion of thefe foffil bones, and has endeavoured to ac¬
count for their origin. Upon examining thofe in the
mufeum, he was led to conclude, that as thefe bones
are equally difperfed in all the northern regions of Eu¬
rope, the climate probably was in the earlier ages lefs
fevere than at prefent, and then poffibly fufficiently
warm to be the qative countries of the elephant, rhi¬
noceros, and other quadrupeds, now found only in the -
fouthern climates. But when he vifited, during his
travels, the fpots where the foffil bodies were dug up,
and could form a judgment from his own obfervations,
and. not from the accounts of others, he renounced his
former hypothefis; and, in conformity with the opi¬
nions of many modern philofophers, afferted, that they
muft have been brought by the waters; and that no¬
thing but a fudden and general inundation, fuch as the-
deluge, could have tranfported them from their native
countries in the fouth, to the regions of the north. In
proof of this affertion, he adds, that the bones are ge¬
nerally found feparate, as if they had been fcattered
by the waves, covered with a ftratum of mud evidently
formed by the waters, and commonly intermixed with
the remains, of marine plants, and limilar fubftances;
inftances^of which he himfelf obferved during his pro-
grefs through Siberia, and which fufficiently prove*
that thtfe regions of Afia were once overwhelmed
with the fea.
We often find in the earth petrified bones, the greateft
part of their gelatinous matter being extra&ed by the
moifture, and a ftony one introduced in its room. In
fome parts of France petrified bones are met with
which.
BON [360
Bones which have an impregnation of copper. Hence,
Bonfadio ca'cin£<l *n an °Pen hre» a volatile fait is produ-
]
j ced from the remains of their gelatinous principle, and
-the bone is tinged throughout of a fine greenifh-blue
colour, copper always ftriking a blue with volatile al¬
kalis. The French turcoife ftones are no other than
thefe bones prepared by calcination: they are very du¬
rable, and bear to be worked and polifhed nearly in the
fame manner as glafs; without the imperfection, infe-
parable from glaffy bodies, of being brittle. See the
article Turcoise.
There have been lately difcovercd feveral enormous
Ikeletons, five or fix feet beneath the furface, on the
banks of the Ohio, not far from the river Miume in
America, 700 miles from the fea-coaft. Some of the
tufks are near feven feet long; one foot nine inches at
the bafe, and one foot near the point; the cavity at
the root or bafe, 19 inches deep. Befides their fixe,
there are feveral other differences which will not allow
the fuppofition of their having been elephants; the
tufks of the true elephant have fometimes a very flight
lateral bend ; thefe have a larger twift, or fpiral curve,
towards the fmaller end-: but the great and fpecific dif¬
ference confifls in the fhape of the grinding teeth ;
which, in thefe newly found, are fafhioned like the
teeth of a carnivorous animal; not flat and ribbed
tranfverfely on their furface like thofe of the modern
elephant, but furnifhed with a double row of high and
conic proceffes, as if intended to mafticate, not to
grind, their food. A third dift'erence is in the thigh¬
bone, which is of great difproportionable thicknefs to
that of the elephant ; and has alfo fome other anato¬
mical variations. Thefe foffile bones have been alfo
found in Peru and the Brazils; and when cut and po¬
lifhed by the workers in ivory, appear in every refpect
fimilar. It is the opinion of Dr Hunter, that they
muft have belonged to a larger animal than the ele¬
phant ; and differing from it, in being carnivorous.
But as yet this formidable creature has evaded our
fearch ; and if, indeed, fueh an animal exifts, it is
happy for man that it keeps at a diftance ; fince what
ravage might not be expeCfed from a creature, endow¬
ed with more than the ftrength of the elephant, and
'•all the rapacity of the tiger? See Mammoth.
BoNF.-Spavin. See Farriery, § xxvi.
BON-espirakck, the fame with the Cape of Good
Hope. See Good Hope.
BONET (Theophilus), an eminent phyfician born
at Geneva,’March 15th 1620. He took his degree in
pbyfic in 1643, after he had gone through moll of the
BON
public of Genoa. He applied himfelf to compofe the Bon Sit! D.
annals of that ftate, in which he wrote too fatirically ^ H, ! '
on fome families. This creating him enemies who
refolved to ruin him, they accufed him of the unnatu¬
ral fin ; and, as vvitnelfes were found to convidl him
of it, he was condemned to be burnt. Some fay that
this fentence was executed; and others, that his pu-
nifhment was changed, and that he was beheaded. This
was in the year 1560. Upon the day of his exe¬
cution he wrote a note to John Baptill Grimaldi, to
tellify his gratitude to the perfons who had endeavoured
to ferve him ; and promifed to inform them how he
found himfelf in the other world, if it could be done
without frightning them. But it does not appear that
he performed his promife, any more than the many
who had promifed the like before him.—His hiftory of
Genoa is efteemed. We have alfo fome letters, fome
orations, and Latin‘and Italian poems, of his, which
were printed at Bologna in the year 1744, odtavo.
BONFINIUS (Anthony), flourifhed in the 15th
century. He was a native of Afcoli in Italy, and at¬
tached himfelf to the ftudy of the belles lettres. Mat¬
thias Cowin king of Hungary, having heard of his
learning, fent for him, retained him, and fettled upon
him a penfion. He wrote, 1. A hiftory of Afcoli;
2. A treatife of virginity and conjugal chaftity; 3. An
hiftory of Hungary; and other works.
BONFRERIUS (James), a learned Jefuit, born at
Dinant, in 1573. He wrote a commentary on the
Pentateuch, and learned notes on the Onamafticon of
the places and towns mentioned in the Scripture. He
died at Tournay in 1643, aSec^ 70,
BONGARS (James), in Latin Bongarjias, a na¬
tive of Orleans, was one of the moll learned men of the
16th century. He applied himfelf to the ftudy of critical
learning, and was for near 30 years employed in the
moll important negociations of Henry IV. whofe refi-
dent he was feveral times at the courts of the princes of
Germany, and at length his ambaffador. He was of
the Proteftant religion; and, when very young, had the
courage to write and poll up in Rome a very fpirited
anfwer to a bull of Pope Sixtus V. The public is ob¬
liged to him for the edition of feveral authors who
have written the Hiftory of the expeditions to the Holy
Land ; he alfo publilhed, among other works, an edi¬
tion of Juftin, in which he reftored feveral palfages that
had been corrupted, by confulting valuable manufcripts,
and added notes whicli-explained many difficulties. He
died in 1612, aged 58.
BONIFACE, the name of feveral eminent
famous univerlities, and was for fome time phyfician to particularly of nine popes. To the firft of thefe, who
the duke of Longueville. Mean while his lleill in his was chofen pope in 418, St Auguftine dedicated his
profeffion got him confiderable pra&ice ; but being .four books againft the two epilllcs of the Pelagi;
leized with deafnefs, it obliged him to retire from bufi- ’T'k'* ‘-Vim* nruvailpd nnnn *Vip pmr»
•nefs, which gave him leifure to colic ft all the obferva-
tions he had made during a praftice of 40 years. He
wrote, r. Polyaltkes, five Thefaurut Medico-praftico,
3 vols folio. 2. Labyrinthi Medici extricati. 3. Me-
dicini Septentrionalis Collatitia ; and other works.
BONFADIO (James), one of the moft polite wri¬
ters of the 16th century, was born in Italy, near the
lake Garda. He was fecretary to the cardinal de Bari,
and after his death to the cardinal Ghinucci. He af¬
terwards read public leftures on Ariftotle’s politics, and
on rhetoric ; and was made hiftoriographer to the re-
N»49.
The third of that name prevailed upon the emperor
Phocas, to confent that the title of Univerfal Bi/hop
Ihould be conferred on no other than the bifhop of
Rome. Boniface IV. obtained from the fame empe¬
ror, the pantheon, a famous heathen temple built by
Agrippa, and converted it into a church which is now
called “ Our Lady della Rotunda.” Several works
are alfo attributed to him, but they appear to be fpu-
rious. Boniface VII. hath the title of antipope; be-
caufe in 974 he caufed Benedift VI. to be ftrangled in
prifon, and after the eleftion of Benedift VII. remo¬
ved the treafures of the church to Conftantinople. He,
however,
.
BON [ 361 ] BON
it Boniface however, at length returned after the death of Bene-
II didf, and caufed his fucceffor John XIV. to be mur-
3 Bonner.^ jered . but died himfelf foon after, and was dragged
v naked by the feet about the ftreets. Boniface VIII.
canonized St Lewis in 1297, and in 1300 appointed
the jubilee to be folemnized every 100 years after.
Boniface is alfo the name of a faint, who before
he took that name was called Winifred, and was born
at Kirton in Devonfhire. He chofe to go and preach
the gofpel among, the barbarous nations ; and though
created archbifhop of Mentz, foon after refigned his
office, to go and preach in Eaft Friefland, where he
was killed by the Pagans on the 5th of June 754. His
letters were publifhed by Senarius.
BONIFACIO, a town in the ifland of Corfica, be-
1, * yond the mountains, near the ftr^it called Becca di
Bonifacio. It is well fortified, and pretty populous.
E. Long. 9. 20. N. Lat. 41. 27.
BONIS non amovendis, in law, is a writ dire&ed
to the fheriffs of London, &c. charging them, that a
perfon againft whom j udgment is obtained, and prefer
cuting a writ of error, be not fuffered to remove his
!' goods until the error is determined.
BONITO, in ornithology. See Scomber.
BONN, an ancient and ftrong city of Germany, in
the Ele&orate of Cologn, and the ufual refidence of
the elettor. It is of great confequence in the time of
war; becaufe it is/ fituated on the Rhine,. in a place
where it can Hop every thing that comes down that
river. It is well fortified by the eleftor, who has a
fine palace and beautiful gardens in the city. E. Long,
j: 7. 5. N. Lat. 50. 44.
BONNA, (anc. geog.), one of the 50 citadels built
by Drufus on the Rhine ; fuppofed by fome to be the
fame with the Ara Ubionum: now Bonn.
BONNEFONS (John), a Latin poet born at Cler¬
mont in Auvergne, and lieutenant-general of Bar fur
I Seine, acquired great reputation by his Pancharis, and
other poems. He died under the reign of Lewis XIII.
He ought not to be confounded with John Bonnefons
his fon, another Latin poet.
BONNER (Edmund), bifhop of London, of infa¬
mous memory, was born at Hanley in Worcefterlhire,
and generally fuppofed to be the natural fon of one Sa-
I' vage a prieft ; and that ptieft was the natural fon of
Sir John Savage of Clifton in the fame county. Strype,
however, fays^he was pofitively affured that Bonner
was the legitimate offspring of a poor man, who lived
ity a cottage known to this day by the name of Bon¬
ner's place. About the year 1512, he entered ftudent
I of Broadgate Hall in Oxford. In 1519, he was ad¬
mitted bachelor of the canon and civil law. About the
fame time he took orders, and obtained fome prefer¬
ment in the diocefe of Worcefter. In 1525, he was
created do&or of canon law. Having now acquired
| the reputation of a fhrewd politician and civilian, he
was foon diftihguiftied by cardinal Wolfey, who made
him his commilfary for the faculties, and heaped upon
him a variety of church-pi’lferments. He poffeffed at
] the fame time the livings of Blaydon and Cherry-Bur¬
ton in Yorkfliire, Ripple in Worcefterlhire, eaft Der-
cham in Norfolk, prebend of St Paul’s, and the arch-
jj deaconry of Leicefter. Bonner was with the cardinal
H at Caw-wood, when he was arrefted for high tieafon.
After the death of that minifter, he foon found means
Vol. III. Part I.
to infinuate himfelf into the favour of Henry VIII. Bonner
who made him one of his chaplains, and employed him II
in feveral embaffies abroad, particularly to the pope. , Bo”r'et‘f
In 1532, he was fent to Rome, with Sir Edward Kame,
to anfwer for the king, whom his Holinefs had cited to
appear in perfon or by proxy. In 1533, he was again
difpatched to pope Clement VII. at Marfeilles, upon
the excommunication of king Henry on account of his
divorce. On this occafion he threatened the pope with
fo much refolution, that his Holinefs talked of burning
him alive, or throwing him into a caldron of melted
lead; upon which Bonner thought fit to decamp. His
infallibility did not forefee that the man whom he thus
threatened was predeftined to burn heretics in England.
In 1538, being then ambaffador at the court of France,
he was nominated biftiop of Hereford ; but, before
confecration, was tranflated to the fee of London, and
enthroned in April 1540.-—Henry VIII. died in 1547.
at which time Bonner was ambaffador with the empe
ror Charles V. During this reign he was conftantly
zealous in his oppofition to, the pope ; and, in com¬
pliance with the king, favoured the reformation. Hen¬
ry VIII. was not to be trifled with ; but, on the ac-
ceffion of young Edward, Bonner refufed the oath of
fupremacy, and was committed to the fleet; however,
he foon thought fit to promife obedience to the laws,
and was accordingly releafed. He continued to com.r
ply with reformation ; but with fuch manifeft negleft
and reludtance, that he was twice reprimanded by the
privy council, and in 1549, after a long trial, was com¬
mitted to the Marfhalfea, and deprived of his bifhopric.
The fucceeding reign gave him ample opportunity of
revenge. Mary was fcarce feated on the throne before
Bonner was reftored to his biftiopric ; and foon after
appointed vicegerent and prefident of the convocation.
From this time he became the chief inftrument of papal
cruelty : he is faid to have condemned no lefs than 200
Proteftants to the flames in the fpace of three years.
Nor was this monfter of a prieft more remarkable for
his cruelty than his impudence. When Queen Eliza¬
beth came to the crown, he had the infolence to meet
her, with the reft of the biftiops, at Highgate. In
the fecond year of her reign, refufing to take the oath
of allegiance and fupremacy, he was again deprived,
and committed to the Marfhalfea; where he died in
1569, after ten years confinement. There cannot be
a flronger inftance of the comparative lenity of the Pro-
teftant church, than its fuffering this mifereantto die a
natural death. Several pieces were publiflied under his
name.
BONNESTABLE, a town of Le Maine in France,
which carries on a great trade in corn. E. Long. o. 30.
N. Lat. 48. 11.
BONNET, in a general fenfe, denotes a cover for
the head, in common ufe before the introduction of
hats. Bonnets are ftill ufed in many parts of Scotland.
Bonnet, in fortification, a fmall work confifting of
two faces, having only a parapet with two rows of pa-
lifadoes, of about 10 or 12 feet diftance; it is gene¬
rally railed before the faliant angle of the counterfcarp,
and has a communication with the covered way, by a
trench cut through the glacis, and palifadoes on each
fide.
Bonnet a Pretre, or Priefi's Bonnet, in fortifica¬
tion, is an put-work, having at the head three faliant
Z z angles.
Is fcarcely fit to hold the candle.
Strange ! that Inch high difputes fhould be
’Twixt Tnueedle Duvi and T'weedle Dee.
BON [362] BON
Bonnet angles, and two inwards. It differs from the double occafion for the following epigram, faid to have been Bononi?
11 „ . tenaille only in this, that its fides, inftead of being pa- written by Dr Swift:
Bononcmi^ ^ ^ ^ th f J’arende, or fwallow’s tad, that Some f ^ s; ;or BononcIn;
narrowing, or drawing clofe at the gorge, and open- Compar’d to Handel’s a meer ninny ;
ing at the head. , .... Others aver, that to him Handel
Bonnet, in the fea-Ianguage, denotes an addition
to a fail; thus we fay, lace on the bonnet, or (hake
off the bonnet.
BONNEVAL (Claudius Alexander count de),
known in the latter part of his life by the name of There is one opera (Italian) publifhed with his name
Ofman Bajhavi, defcended from a family related to prefixed to it, intitled Pharnaces ; but whether the
the blood-royal of France, entered himfelf at the age words, or only the mufic, are hiscompofition, isuncer-
of 16 in the fervice of that crown, and married the tain; and indeed, in the general, the language of thofe
daughter of marlhal de Biron. He made the campaign pieces written merely for mufical reprefentation, is fo
in Flanders in 1690; but foon after left the French extremely paltry, and fo oppofite to every thing that
army, and entered into the imperial fervice under prince can be deemed poetry, tliat the greateff compliment
Eugene, who honoured him with an intimate friend- that can be paid to the authors of them is, to fuffer
flip. The intrigues of the marquis de Prie, his inve- their names to lie buried in the fhades of obfcurity.
terate enemy, ruined his credit, however, at the court BONON1A, (anc. geog.), a town of Gallia Belgi-
of Vienna, and caufed him to be baniflred the empire, ca, fuppofed to be the Portus Iccius of Casfar, and the
He then offered his fervice to the republic of Venice- Gejforiacum of Mela, and to have had three different
and to Rufiia; which being declined, his next tender names, (Cluverius). Peutinger’s map exprefsly calls
was to the Grand Signor, who gladly received him : Geflbriacum Bomnia. Now Boulogne. E. Long. 1. 30.
it was ftipulated, that he flrould have a body of 30,000 Lat. 50. 40.
men at his difpofal ; that a government ffiould be con- Bononia, a town of Italy, in the Gallia Cifpadanay
ferred on him, with the rank of Bafhaw of three tails, a name probably given by the Gauls, there being a
and a falary of xo,0oo afpers a-day ; and that, in cafe Bonania in Gallia Belgica. Its ancient name, when in
of a war, he ffiould be commander in chief. The firft the hands of rhe Tufcans, who were expelled by the
expedition he engaged in after his arrival at Conftanti- Gauls, was Faljtna. In the 563d year of the city the
nople, was to qUell an infurre&ion in Arabia Pctra»a, Romans led a colony thither; which, about the begin-
which he happily effected ; and at his return had large ning of the Atiiac war, was increafed by Auguftus,
offers made him by Kouli Khan, but he did not choofe and is the Colonia Bomnisufis of Tacitus. Now Bolog-
to accept them. Some time after, he commanded the na ; which fee.
Turkifh army againft the emperor, over whofe forces he Bon on i a, a town of Panonia Inferior, between Mur-
gained a vi&oryon the banks of the Danube. Butfuc- fa to the north-well, and Taurinum to the eaft.—Ano>-
cefs does not always proteft a perfon againll difgraee ; ther Bononia, a town of Moefia Superior, on the Da-
for Bonneval, notwithftanding his fervice, was firft im- nube ; now Bodon in Bulgaria. See Bodon.
prifoned, and then baniflred to the illand of Chio. The BONONIAN. See Bolonian.
iultan, however, continued his friend; and the evening BONOSIANI, or Bonosiaci, an ancient branch
before his departure made him Bafhaw-general of the of Adoptiani, in the fourth century, denominated from
Archipelago, which, with his former appointment of their leader Bonofus, a bifhop of Macedonia. The Bo-
beglerbeg of Arabia, rendered him one of the moft nofiani were prior to the Feliciani, and even to Nefto-
powerful perfons in the Ottoman empire. In this ffland rius ; whence fome rather confrder them as a branch of
he found a retirement quite agreeable to his wifhes ; Arians. They allowed Chrift to be no otherwife the
but did not long enjoy it, being fent for back, and Son of God than by adoption.
made topigi or mafter of the ordnance, a poll of great BONPOURNICKEL, a coarfekind of bread ufed
honour and profit. He died in this employment, in Weftphalia. See Bread.
aged 75, in 1747 ; and wrote the memoirs of his own BONS-hommes, or Box-hommes, a fort of hermits
life. of St Auguftin, founded by F. de Paula. They were
Bonneval, a town of France, in Beauce, witha fine brought over into England in 1283, by Edmund earl
Benedi&ine abbey. It is feated on the river Loire, in of Cornwall, and fettled at Alhorug in Bucks, befides
E. Long. t. 30. N. Lat. 48. 10. which they had only one houfe more at Edingdon in
BONNEVILLE, a town of Savoy, fituated on the Wiltfhire. They followed the rule of St Auftin, and
north fide of the river Arve, and i'ubjeCt to the king of wore a blue habit.—The name is laid to have arifen
Sardinia. E. Long 6.10. N. Lat. 46. 18. from Lewis XI. of France, who ufed to call F. de
BONNY, among miners, a bed of ore, differing only Paula, prior of the order, Le bon homme. Till then
from a fquat as being round, whereas the fquat is flat, they had been called the Minimi, or the order of
See Squat. Grammont. See Albigenses.
Bonnv, a town, of France, in the Gatinois, feated BONTIA, wild olive 6f Barbadoes : A genus
at the confluence of a river of the fame name with the of the angiol'permia order, belonging to the didy-
Loire. E. Long. 2. 54. N. Lat. 47. 36. namia clafs of plants; and in the natural methodrank-
BQNONCINI (Giovanni), an eminent compofer of ing under the 40th order, Perfonatte. The calyx
mufic, for fome time divided the opinions of the cono- is quinquepartite ; the corolla is bilabiated, the in-
fcenti of this kingdom with refpedl to the comparative ferior lip tripartite and revolute; the plum is ovatfe
'merits of himfelf and the great Handel, which gave and monofpermous, with the apex turned to one fide.
Of
BON [ 363 ] BOO
l Sonvinemo Of this genus there are two fpecies, the daphnoides
I B ^zes an<^ Serrn*nans* The firll hath a woody item
' ^ ' 1 and branches; rifing to the height of ten feet, with
narrow, fmooth, thickiih leaves, crenated at the ed¬
ges ; and flowers from the fides of the branches, fuc*
ceeded by large oval fruit that fometimes,npen in Eng¬
land. This fpecies is greatly cultivated in the gardens
at Barbadoes for making of hedges ; for which purpofe
it is exceedingly proper, it being an evergreen of very
quick growth. It is faid, that from cuttings planted
there in the rainy feafon, when they have immediately
taken root, there has been a complete hedge, four or
five feet high, in 18 months. The fecond fort has been
reckoned by many botanic writers to be a fpecies of
the mangrove tree, as it grows in fwamps, which they
alfo do. It rifes 14 or 16 feet high, fending out feve-
ral fmall branches which incline downward toward the
water, and as foon as they reach that, put out roots into
the mud, whereby they propagate very fall: thefe
branches are garnilhed with leaves placed oppolite ;
they are of a thick fubllance like thofe of the bay tree
[ about two inches long and one broad, very fmooth on
their furface : the flowers are wdiite, and come out in
fpikes from the upper branches. This hath been alfo
by fume fuppofed to be the plant which produces the
Malacca-Bean formerly kept in the (hops. Thefe
plants are eafily propagated, either by feeds or cut¬
tings, fown or planted on a hot-bed ; but they mull
be kept conftantly in the Hove.
BONVINCINO, called Le Moretto, (Alefian-
dro), hiftory and portrait painter, w'as born at Rovate
in 1514. He was fiirlt the difciple of Titian, under
whofe diredlion he ftudied diligently for fome years.
1 But, having accidentally feen the defigns of Raphael,
he felt an elevation of mind that he never had before
| experienced. He therefore gave himfelf up entirely
to fludy thofe mailer-pieces of art and genius; and his
I obfervations w'ere guided with fuch judgment, as well
as attention, that his improvement was truly furprifing,
and he became an exceeding good painter. His works
j1 w'ere eagerly bought up, as being extremely admired
for the tendernefs of the penciling ; for the corrafl-
| . nefs, and fpirited expreflion of the figures; for the
| - neatnefs of the finilhing; and for the rich variety of his
; draperies, which ufuaily confilled of velvets, damaiks,
or fattins, all copied after nature, and being wonder¬
fully fmitated. He was alfo equally excellent in por¬
trait, and by many was placed in competition even
with Titian. He died in 1564.
[ ' BONUS henricus. See Chenopodium.
BONZES, Indian priefts. The Tonquinefe have
a pagod or temple in each towm ; and each paged has
at lead twm bonzes belonging to it : fome have 30 or
40. Thefe bonzes, in order to diflinguifli themfelves
from the laity, wear a chaplet about their necks con •
filling of 100 beads; and carry a Half, at the end of
which is a wooden bird. They live upon the alms of
j the people ; yet are very charitably difpofed, and main-
' tain feveral orphans and widows out of their own col-
ledlions.
The bonzes of China are the priells of the Fohilts,
or fe£t of Fohi, It is one of their eltablilhed tenets,
; that there are rewards allotted for the righteous, and
punilhments for the wicked, in the next world ; and
\l that there are various icanjjons in which the fouls of
men will fefide, according to their different degrees of Bonzes
merit. But, in order to deferve the favour of heaven, H
the bonzes inllrudl the people to treat the priells with 00 *
refpeft and reverence, to fupport and maintain them,
and to erect temples and monafteries for them. They
tell them, that, unlcfs they comply with thefe injunc¬
tions, they will be cruelly tormented after death, and
pafs through a difagreeable variety of tranfmigrations:
in Ihort, that they will be changed into mules, alfes^
rats, and mice.
The Chinefe bonzes, according to F. le Compte,
are no better than a gang of dilfolute idle fellows.
All their aim is to incite people to commiferate their
abjeft condition : to which end they have recourfe to
feveral tricks and impoftures. When the common
arts of addrefs fail them, they try what public afls of
penance wall do. Some of them drag heavy chains
30 feet long after them ; fome fit in the highway
knocking their heads againft. flint Hones; others fet.
particular drugs on fire upon their heads: all thefe
are feveral ways of drawing the attention and exciting
the compaffion of the people, and they feldom fail of
fuccefa.
The bonzes of Japan arc, for the generality, gentle¬
men of the highefi extraction; for when a gentle¬
man of quality finds his family grow too numerous,
nay, when he has only two ijns, he generally makes
the youngeH a bonze, to prevent all domeHic broils
and confufions. Thefe prielts are drefled in various
colours; their apartments are very commodious, and
fituated in the healthieH parts of the country.
F. Navarette tells us, that the bonzes are obliged to
chafiity ; and that, on the 2d of April 1667, a petty
king of Canton had condemned 11 of them to be burnt
alive for incontinence. He adds, that it was reported
of an emprtfs of the lalt reigning family, who had a
particular kindnefs for the bonzes, that Hie granted
them a difpenfation for the ufe of women during three
days. The bonzes of China, according to the fame
author, are computed at 50,000.
BOOBY, in ornithology. See Pelicanus.
BOOK, the general name of almoH every literary
compofition; but, in a more limited fenfe, is applied
only to fuch compofitions as are large enough to make
a volume. As to the origin of books or writing, thofe
of Mofes are undoubtedly the mofl ancient that are
extant: But Mofes himfelf cites many books which it
behoved to be written before his time.
Of profane books, the oldeH extant are Homer’s
poems,, which were fo even in the time of Sextus Em¬
piricus ; though we find mention in Greek writers of
feventy others prior to Homer; as Hermes, Orpheus,
Daphne, Horus, Linus, Mufseus, Pakmedes, Zoro-
afier, &c.: but of the greater part of thefe there is
not the leaH fragment remaining ; and of others, the
pieces which go under their names are generally held,
by the learned, to be fuppofititious.
Several forts of materials wxre ufed formerly in ma¬
king books: Plates of lead and copper, the barks of
trees, bricks. Hone, and wood, were the firll materials
employed to engrave fuch things upon as men were
willing to have tianfmitted to poHerity. Jofephus
fpeaks of two columns, the one of Hone, the other of
brick, on which the children of Seth wrote their in¬
ventions and aHronomical difeoveries: Porphyry make*
4 Z z 2 mention
BOO t 3<54 J BOO
mention of fome pillars, preferved in Crete, on which
the ceremonies preferved by the Corybantes in their fa-
crifices were recorded. Hefiod’s works were originally
written upon tables of lead, and depofited in the tem¬
ple of the Mufes, in Boeotia : The ten commandments,
delivered to Mofes, were written upon Hone ; and So¬
lon’s laws upon wooden planks. Tables of wood, box,
and ivory, were common among the ancients: When
of wood, they were frequently covered with wax, that
people might write upon them with more eafe, or blot
out what they had written. The leaves of the palm-
tree were afterwards ufed inftead of wooden planks, and
the fineft and thinneft part of the bark of fuch trees, as
the lime, the afh, the mapple, and the elm ; from
hence comes the word liber, which fignifies the inner
bark of the trees : and as thefe barks are rolled up, in
order to be removed with greater eafe, thefe rolls were
called volumen, a volume ; a name afterwards given to
the like rolls of paper or parchment.
Thus we find books were firft written on Hones, wit-
nefs the Decalogue given to Mofes : Then on the parts
of plants ; as leaves, chiefly of the palm-tree ; the rind
and barks, efpecially of the tilia, or phillyrea, and the
Egyptian papyrus. By degrees wax, then leather,
were introduced, efpecially the fkins of goats and
flieep, of which at length parchment was prepared:
then lead came into ufe; alfo linen, filk, horn, and
laftly paper itfelf.
The firft books were in the form of blocks and ta¬
bles ; but, as flexible matter came to be wrote on, they
found it more convenient to make their books in the
form of rolls : Thefe were compofed of feveral Iheets
faftened to each other, and rolled upon a Hick, or um¬
bilicus i the whole making a kind of column, or cy¬
linder, which was to be managed by the umbilicus as
a handle, it being reputed a crime to take hold of the
roll itfelf: The outfide of the volume was called frons ;
the ends of the umbilicus, cornua, which were ufually
carved, and adorned with filver, ivory, or even gold
and precious ftones : The title o-uxxaftK, Was ftruck on
the outfide ; the whole volume, when extended, might
make a yard and a half wide, and fifty long. The
form which obtains among us is the fquare, compofed
of feparate leaves; which was alfo known, tho’ little
ufed, by the ancients.
To the form of books belongs alfo the internal ce-
conomy, as the order and arrangement of points and
letters into lines and pages, with margins and other
appurtenants. This has undergone many varieties. At
firft the letters were only divided into lines; then into
feparate words; which by degrees were noted with
accents, and diftributed, by points and flops, into pe¬
riods, paragraphs, chapters, and other divifions. lu
fome countries, as among the orientals, the lines be¬
gan from the right and ran leftward ; in others, as the
northern and weftern nations, from left to right; o-
thers, as the Greeks, followed both directions, alter¬
nately going in the one, and returning in the other,
called bouftropbedon; In molt countries, the lines run
from one fide to.the other ; in fome, particularly the
Chinefe, from top to bottom.
Multitude of Books has been long complained of:
the complaint is as old as Solomon, who lived three
thoufand years ago: they are grown too numerous
not only to procure and read, but to fee, to learn the
names of, or even to number. England hai more to
fear on this fcore than other countries; fince, befidea
our own produce, we have for fome years paft drained
our neighbours. However, as bilhop Caramuel’s fcheme
mifcarried, which was to write about an hundred vo¬
lumes in folio, and then prevail on the civil and mili¬
tary powers to oblige all their fubjedls to read them,
we need not much regret the multitude of books.
As knowledge, however, is naturally advantageous,
and as every man ought to be in the way of informa¬
tion, even a fuperfluity of books is not without its ufe,
fince hereby they are brought to obtrude themfelves
on us, and engage us when we had leaft d^fign. This
advantage, an ancient father obferves, we owe to the
multiplicity of books on the fame fubjeCt, that one falls
in the way of one man, and another belt fuits the level
or the apprehenfion of another. “ Every thing that
is written (fays he) does not come into the hands of
all perfons: perhaps fome may meet with my books,,
who may hear nothing of others which have treated
better of the fame fubjeCt. It is of fervice, therefore,
that the fame queftions be handled by feveral perfons,
and after different methods, though all on the fame
principles, that the explications of difficulties and ar¬
guments for the truth, may come to the knowledge of
every one by one way or other.” Add, that the
multitude is the only fecurity againft the total lofs or
deftrudtion of books : it is this that has preferved
them againft the injuries of time, the rage of tyrants,
the* zeal of profecutors, and the ravages of barbarians;
and handed them down, through long intervals of dark-
nefs and ignorance, fafe to our days. Solaque non no-
runt heec nionumenta mori.
Scarcity of Books. Of the fcarcity and value of
books during the feventh and many fubfequent centu¬
ries, the following curious account is given by Mr War-
ton in his hiftory of Englifh Poetry, Vol. I.
“ Towards the clofe of the feventh century (fays he),
even in the papal library at Rome, the number of books
was fo inconliderable, that pope Saint Martin requefted
San&amand bifhop of Maeftricht, if poffible, to fupply
this defedt from the remoteft parts of Germany. In
the year 855, Lupus, abbot of Ferrieres in France,
fent two of his monks to Pope Benedidf III. to beg
a copy of Cicero de Oratore, and Quintilian’s Infti-
tutes, and fome other books: ‘ for (fays the abbot)
although we have part of thefe books, yet there is no-
whole or complete copy of them in all France.’ Al¬
bert, abbot of Gemblours, who with incredible labour
and immenfe expence had collefted an hundred volumes
on theological, and fifty on profane, fubjedts, imagined
he had formed a fplendid library. About the year
790, Charlemagne grairted an unlimited right of hunt¬
ing to the abbot and monks of Sithiu, for making their
gloves and girdles of the flcins of the deer they killed,
and covers for their books. We may imagine that
thefe religious were more fond of hunting than read¬
ing. It is certain that they were obliged to hunt be¬
fore they could read: and at leaft it is probable,
that under thefe circumftances, and of fuch materials,
they did not manufafture many volumes. At the be¬
ginning of the tenth century books were fo fcarce in
Spain, that one and the fame copy of the bible, Saint
Jeropi’s epiftles, and fome volumes of ecclefiaftical of¬
fices and martyrologies, often ferved feveral different
mona-
BOO [ 365 ] BOO
monafteries. Among the conflitutions given to the
monks of England by archbiihop Lanfranc, in the year
1072, the following injunction occurs. At the begin¬
ning of Lent, the librarian is ordered to deliver a book
to each of the religious: a whole year was allowed for
the perufal of this book; and at the returning Lent,
thofe monks who had negle&ed to read the books they
had refpeftively received, are commanded to proilrate
themfelves before the abbot, and to fupplicate his in¬
dulgence. This regulation was partly occafioned by
the low ftate of literature which Lanfranc found in the
Englifli monafteries. But at the fame time it was a
matter of neceffity, and is in great meafure to be refer¬
red to the fcarcity of copies of ufeful and fuitable au¬
thors. In an inventory of the goods of John de Pon-
tiffara, biflrop of Winchefter, contained in his capital
palace gf Wulvefey, all the books which appear are
nothing more than Septendecem pecie librorum de diver-
Jis fcientiis. This was in the year 1294. The fame
prelate, in the year 1299, borrows of his cathedral
convent of St Swithin at Wincheiler, Bibliam bene
glojfatam; that is, the Bible-with marginal Annota¬
tions, in two large folio volumes ; but gives a bond for
due return of the loan, drawn up with great folemnity;
This Bible had been bequeathed to the convent the
fame year by Pontilfara’s predeceffor, biihop Nicholas
de Ely : and in confrderation of fo important a be-
qufcft, that is pro bona Biblia didi epifcopi bene glojfata,
and one hundred marks in money, the monks founded
a daily mafs for the foul of the donor. When a Angle
book was bequeathed to a friend or relation, it was fel-
dom without many reftri&ions and flipulations. If
any perfon gave a book to a religious houfe, he believed
that fo valuable a donation merited eternal falvation ;
and he offered it on the altar with great ceremony.
The moft formidable anathemas were peremptorily de¬
nounced againtt thofe who fhould dare to alienate a
book prefented to the cloifter or library of a religious
houfe. The prior and convent of Rochefter declare,
that they will every year pronounce the irrevocable
fentence of damnation on him who lhall purloin or
conceal a Latin tranflation of Ariftotle’s Phylics, or
even obliterate the title. Sometimes a book was given
to a monaffery on condition that the donor fhould
have the ufe of it during his life ; and fometimes to a
private perfon, with the refervation that he who re¬
ceives it Ihould pray for the foul of his benefaftor.
The gift of a book to Lincoln cathedral, by bifhop
Repingdon, in the year 1422, occurs in this form, and
under thefe curious circumltances. The memorial is
written in Latin, with the biihop’s own hand, which 1
will give in Englifh, at the beginning of Peter’s Bre¬
viary of the Bible. ‘ I Philip of Repyndon, late bi-
fliop of Lincoln, give this book, Sailed Peter de Aure¬
ola, to the new library to be built within the church of
Lincoln: refefving the ufe and poffeffion of it to
Richard Tryfely, clerk, canon, and prebendary, of Mil-
toun, in fee, and to the term of his life; and afterwards
to be given up and reftored to the faid library, or the
keepers of the fame, for the time being, faithfully, and
without delay. Written with my own hand, A. D.
1422.’ When a book was bought, the affair was of
fo much importance, that it was cuftomary to affemble
perfons of confequence and chara&er, and to make a
formal record that they were prefent on this occafxon.
Among the royal manufcripts, in the book of the Sen¬
tences of Peter Lombard, an archdeacon of Lincoln
has left this entry. ‘ This book of the Sentences be¬
longs to mailer Robert archdeacon of Lincoln, which
he bought of Geoffrey the chaplain, brother of Henry
vicar of Northelkington, in the prefence of mailer Ro¬
bert de Lee, mailer John of Lirling, Richard ofLuda
clerk, Richard the almoner, the faid Henry the vicar,
and his clerk, and others: and the faid archdeacon gave
the faid book to God and faint Ofwald, and to Peter
abbot of Barton, and the convent of Barden.’ The
difputed property of a book often occafioned the moll
violent altercations. Many claims appear to have been
made to a manufcript of Matthew Paris, belonging to
the lall-mentioned library ; in which John Ruffell, bi-
fliop of Lincoln, thus conditionally defends or explains
his right of poffeffion. ‘ If this book can be proved
to be or to have been the property of the exempt mo-
naftery of faint Alban in the diocefe of Lincoln, I de¬
clare this to be my mind, that in that cafe I ufe it at
prefent as a loan under favour of thofe monks who be¬
long to the faid monaftery. Otherwife, according to
the condition under which this book came into my pof¬
feffion, I will that it lhall belong to the college of the
bleffed Wincheiler Mary,at Oxford, of the foundation
of William Wykham. Written with my own hand at
Buckdane, ill Jan. A. D. 1488. Jo. Lincoln.- Who¬
ever lhall obliterate or deltroy this writing, let him be
anathema.’ About the year 1225, Roger de Infula*
dean of York, gave feveral Latin bibles to the univer-
fity of Oxford, with a condition that the Undents who
perufed them Ihould depofite a cautionary pledge. The
library of that univerfity, before the year J300, con-
filled only of a few trails, chained or kept in chells in
the choir of St Mary’s church. In the year 1327, the
fcholars and citizens of Oxford affaulted and entirely
pillaged the opulent Benedidline abbey of the neigh¬
bouring town of Abingdon. Among the books they
found there, were one hundred pfalters, as many grayles,
and 40 miffals, which undoubtedly belonged to the
choir of the church ; but belides thefe, there were only
twenty-two codices, which I interpret books on com¬
mon fubjedls. And although the invention of paper,
at the clofe of the eleventh century, contributed to
multiply manufcripts, and confequently to facilitate
knowledge, yet, even fo late as the reign of our
Henry VI, I have difcovered the following remarkable
inilance of the inconveniences and impediments to
ftudy, which mull have been produced by a fcarcity
of books. It is in the llatutes of St Mary’s college
at Oxford, founded as a feminary to Ofeney abbey in
the year 1446: ‘ Let no fcholar occupy a book in
the library above one hour, or two hours at moll; fo
that others lhall be hindered from the ufe of the fame/
The famous library eilablilhed in the univerfity of Ox¬
ford by that munificent patron of literature Humphrey
Duke of Glouceller contained only 600 volumes. A-
bout the commencement of the 14th century there
were only four daffies in the royal library at Paris. Thele
were one copy of Cicero, Ovid, Lucan, and Boethius.
The reft were chiefly books of devotion,, which inclu¬
ded but few of the fathers: many treatifes of aftro-
logy, geomancy, chiromancy, and medicine, original¬
ly written in Arabic, and tranllated into Latin or
French : pandedls, chronicles, and romances. This
col-
BOO t 366 ] BOO
Book, collection was principally made by Charles V. who be-
’—gan his reign in 1365. This monarch was pafiionate-
ly fond of reading ; and it was the fafhion to fend him
prefents of books from every part of the kingdom of
France. Thefe he ordered to be elegantly tranferibed
and richlv illuminated ; and he placed them in a tower
of the Louvre, from thence- called La Toure ds la
Libraire. The whole confided of 900 volumes. They
were depofited in three chambers; which on this oc*
caiion were wainfcotted with Irifh oak, and cieled with
cyprefs curioufly carved. The windows were of paint¬
ed glafs, fenced with iron bars and copper wire. The
Englifh became mailers of Paris in the year 1425 ;
on which event the Duke of Bedford, regent of
France, fent the whole library, then confifting of only
853 volumes, and valued at 2223 livres, into England ;
where perhaps they became the ground-work of Duke
- Humphrey’s library juft mentioned. Even fo late as
the year 1471, when Louis XI. of France borrowed
the works of the Arabian phyfician Rhafis from the
faculty of medicine at Paris, he not only depofited
by way of pledge a quantity of valuable plate, but
was obliged to procure a nobleman to join with him
as fufety in a deed, by which he bound himfelf to re¬
turn it under a confiderable forfeiture. The excellive
prices of books in the middle ages afford numerous
and curious proofs. I will mention a few only. In the
year 1174, Walter, prior of St Swithin’s at Winchefter,
afterwards defied abbot of Weftminfter, a writer in La¬
tin of the lives of cthe bilhops who were his patrons, pur-
chafed of the monksof Dorchelter in Oxfordlhire,Bede’s
Homilies and St Atilf in’s Pfalter, for twelve mtafures of
barley, and a pall on which was Embroidered in filver the
hiftory of St Birinus converting a Saxon king. Among
the royal manufcripts in the Britilh mufeum there is
Comeftor’s Seholallic Hiftory in French; which, as it is
recorded in a blank pageat the beginning,wastakenfrom
the king of France at the battle of Poitiers; and be¬
ing purchafed by William Montague Earl of Salilbury
for 100 marcs, was ordered to be fold by the laft will
of his countefs Elizabeth for 40 livres. About the
vear 1400, a copy of John of Meun’s Roman dc la
Roze was fold before the palace-gate at Paris for 40
crowns, or L. 33 : 6 : 6.”
Books, burning of, was a kind of punifhment much in
ufe among the Romans, by legal fentence : fometimes
the care of the execution was committed to triumviri
appointed on purpofe ; fometimes to the prastors, and
fometimes to the aediles. Labienus, whom from his
fatirical fpirit fome have called Rabienus, is faid to
have been the firll who underwent the feverity of it.
His enemies procured a fenatufconfultum, whereby all
his books publilhed during feven years were ordered
to be colledled and burnt. “ The thing (fays Seneca)
then appeared new and ftrange, to take revenge on
learning!” Res nova & injueia ! fupplicimn di Jludiis
fusni. Caffius Servius, a friend ot Labienus, heaiing
the fentence pronounced, cried aloud, “ That they
muft burn him too, fmee he had got all the books by
heart Nunc me vhum urn opoitd, quia illos didici.
Labienus could not furvive his books, but h.,. ting
himfelf up in the tomb of his anceftors, pined away,
and was buried alive. Divers other ancient teftimouies
concerning the burning of books are given ir. Reimm.
Idea Syft. Antiq. Liter* p. 389.
Book is alfo ufed for a part or divifion of a volume Book,
or large work. In this fenfe we fay, the book of Gene-
fs, the firjl bock of Kings, the fve bocks of Motes, &o.
The Digeft is contained in fifty books, the Code in
twelve books.
Books are ufually fubdivided into chapters, fome¬
times into fe&ions or paragraphs; accurate writer^
quote chapter and book.
Everlajling Book.—We find in Signior Caftaquo’s
account of the albeftus, a fcheme for the making of a
book, wdiich, from its imperifhable nature, he is for
calling the book of et-rnity. The leaves of this book
w'ere to be of the afbcfius paper, the covers of a thicker
fort of work of the fame matter, and the whole fewed (
with thread fpun from the fame fubftance. The things
to be commemorated in this book were to be written in
letters of gold ; fo that the whole matter of the book
being incombuftible, and everlaflingly permanent a-
gainft the force of all the elements, and fubjedt to no |
changes from fire, water, or air, muft remain for ever,
and always preferve the writing^committed to it. He
carried this projedt fo far towards execution, as to find
a way of making a fort of paper from the-albeftus, i
which was fo tradtable and foft, that it very well re-
fembled a thin parchment ; this, by the fame piocefs,
was capable of being thickened or thinned at pleafure, |
and in either (late equally refilled the fire. The cover¬
ing of the thinneft kind of this paper with fire, only
makes it red hot and very clear, the fire feeming to
pafs throvigh it without wafting or altering any part of
it. Copper, iron, or any other metal except gold or
filver, expofed to the fame degree of fire in the fame
thin plates, would be found not to bear it in this man¬
ner, but to fcale, and burn it into fcoriae at the forface,
which this ilone does not.
BooK-Binding. The art of gathering together and
fewing the Iheets of a book, and covering it with a
back, &c. It is performed thus : The leaves are iirft
folded with a folding-ftick, and laid over each other
in the order of the fignature ; then beaten on a.ilone
with an hammer, to make them fmooth and open well;
and afterwards preffed. They are fewed upon bands,
which are pieces of cord or packthread ; fix bands to
a folio book ; five to a quarto, o£lavo, &c.; which is
done by drawing a thread'through the middle of each
fheet, and giving it a turn round each band, begin¬
ning -with the firit and proceeding to the laft. After
this the books are glued, and the bands opened and
feraped, for the better fixing the pafteboards; the back J
is turned with a hammer, and the book fixed in a prefs
between two boards, in order to make a groove for fix-
ing the pafteboards; thefe being applied, holes are
made for fixing them to the book, which is preffed a
third time. Then the book is at’laft put to the cutting
prefs, betwixt two boards; the one lying even with
the pvefs, for the knife to run upon ; the other above
it, for the knife to run againft: after which the pafte¬
boards are fquared.
The next operation is the fprinkling the leaves of
the book ; which is done by dipping a brufti into
vermilion- and fap-green, holding the biufh in one
hand, and fpreading the hair with the other 4 by which
motion the edges of the leaves are fprinkled in a regu- /
lar manner, without any fpots being bigger than the
other.
Then
!
BOO
Bonk, Then remains the covers, which are either of calf-
jolt-keep-/kjri or of fheep-fkin : thefe being moiftened in water,
ing‘ , are cut out to the fize of the book ; then fmeared over
with pafte made of wheat-flour; and afterwards ftretch-
ed over the pafteboard on the outfide, and doubled
| over the edges withinfide ; after having firft taken off
the four angles, and indented and platted the cover at
the head-band: which done, the book is covered, and
[ 367 1
BOO
bound firmly between two bands, and then fet to dry. Book;
Afterwards it is wafhed over with a little pafte and wa-Boo^"keeP*
ter, and then fprinkled with a fine brufli, unlefs it *
Ihould-be marbled ; when the fpots are to be made
larger by mixing the ink with vitriol. After this the
book is glazed twice with the w-hite of an egg beaten,
and at lail poliflied with a polifhing iron paffed hot
over the glazed cover.
BOO K-K
E E P I N
G,
I S the art of recording mercantile tranfaftions in a
regular and fyhematic r'anner.
I. A merchant’s books fhould contain every parti¬
cular which relates to the affairs of the owner. They
fhould exhibit the Hate of all the branches of his bufi-
nefs, the connexion of the different parts, the amount
and fuccefs of the whole. They fhould be fo full and
fo well arranged, as to afford a ready information in
every point for which they may be confulted.
The matter which the books fhould contain is com¬
prehended under the three following heads: Firft, The
debts which are owing to the owner, and the debts
which he owes to others. Secondly, The goods and
other articles of property which belonged to him ; the
quantity and value fold, or otherwife difpofed on ; and
the quanBty and value which ftill remain in his poffef-
fion. Thirdly, The amount of his ftock when the
books were opened ; the profits he has obtained, and
the Ioffes he has fuffered, fince ; and the amount of his
flock at prefent.
That method of book-keeping which anfwers thefe
purpofes moil clearly and concifely, is the bell. The
Italian method, by double entry, is generally preferred ;
at leaft, it is founded upon the moil univerfal princi¬
ples, and is the moft convenient in extenfive and com¬
plicated bufinefs: and the accountant who underftands
it, will find littje difficulty in following, or even in in¬
venting other methods that are better accommodated
to any particular purpofe.
The Italian method requires three principal books;
the Wafte-Book, Journal, and Leger.
Se£l. I. Of the W as t e-Boo k.
2. The wafte-book, or day-book, contains an exadl
regifter of all occurrences in bufinefs in the fame order
as they take place. It begins with an inventory of
every thing belonging to the owner, a lift of the debts
due to him, and of the debts he owes to others : It is
carried on with ^ full relation of all the- money he re¬
ceives or pays ; of all the goods he buys or fells ; and
of every other occurrence in his bufinefs. Each arti¬
cle fhould be entered as foon as the tranfadlion takes
place, and fhould be clearly expreffed in the plained
language. It fhould require no fupply from, the ac¬
countant’s memory, but fhould be fully intelligible to
any perfon, however unacquainted with the bufinefs :
at the fame time, it fhould be written with all conve¬
nient brevity ; and, therefore, fometimes refers to in¬
voices and other accounts, for particulars. The ac¬
countant’s firft care ffiould be to nave nothing defect¬
ive or ambiguous ; his fecond, to have nothing fuper-
fluous.
3. The date is written in text on the top of each
page. The articles are feparated from each other by
a line ; and the tranfadtions of one day are feparated
from thofe of another by a double line, in the middle
of which there is left a blank fpace for inferting the
day of the month. This bosk muft be kept with the
greater care, as it contains the materials from which
the other books are compofed; and any error or defeft
will occafion a like one in the others. Befides, it is
the book whofe authority is trufted to, and which muft
be exhibited to judges, or arbiters, when an account
is difputed. As the journal is filled up from the wafte-
book, the authority of the former is efteemed more
authentic, unlefs there be an obvious miftake through
hurry ; and either of thefe books is depended on ra¬
ther than the leger, which, from its form, is more
liable to error, and may be more eafily vitiated by a
fraudulent defign.
4. As the wafte-book contains the whole fubftance
of the bufinefs, it may be applied fo as to afford any
information that can be wanted : but the labour of con-
fulting it would be very great. For inftance, if it
were required to know how much any perfon owes us,
we mull look over the book from the beginning, and
mark down every article in which we have dealt with
him or, if it were required to know what quantity
of goods we (hould have on hand, we muff look over
the whole book, and mark down every article bought
or fold. This operation would not only be found very-
tedious, but much expofed to the rifle of omiffions.
To prevent thefe inconveniences, another book is ufed^
in which the articles are arrauged in a methodical or¬
der. This book is called the Leger, and we (hall con-
fider it next; becaufe the journal, though it comes be¬
fore it in the order of writing, cannot be well under--
ftood, till the nature of the leger be explained.
Se£t. If. Of the Leger.
5. In the leger, articles of the fame kiral are colleil-
ed together t and, for that, purpafe, it is divided into
many accounts, under which the different branches of
bufinefs are arranged. Each account is introduced by
a proper title, to explain the nature of the articles it
contains; and articles of oppofite kinds, which belong
to the fame account, are placed oh the oppofite pages
of the fame folio: for inftance, money received on the
one fide, and money paid on theother ; or goods bought
on the one fide, and goods fold on the other.. The left-.
368
B O O K-K E
hand page is called the Debtor or Dr. fide of the ac¬
count, and the right-hand page the Creditor or Cr. fide.
The difference between the fums of the Dr. and Cr.
Tides is called the Balnnce.
Accounts in the leger are of three kinds, which
anfwer to the three purpofes of book-keeping men¬
tioned <$ i.
6. Firft, Perfonal Accounts. It is neceflary to
open an account for every perfon or company with
whom there are any dealings on credit. At opening the
books, if they be indebted to the owner, the debt is
entered on the Dr.; but, if he be indebted to them, it
is entered on the Cr. During the courfe of the bufi-
nefs, goods fold on truft, money paid, and every thing
for which they are accountable to him, is entered on
the Dr.; but goods bought on truft, money received,
and every thing for which he is accountable to them,
is entered on the Cr. The balance fhows how much
they owe him, when the Dr's fide is greateft; and how
much he owes them, when the Cr. fide is greater.
7. Secondly, Real accounts. By this we under-
ftand accounts of property of whatever kind, fuch as
ready money, goods, houfes, lands, (hips, (hares in
public companies, and the like.
The account of ready money is intitled Capo. On
the Dr. fide, the money on hand at opening the books
is entered, and afterwards every article of money re¬
ceived. On the Cr. fide, there is entered every article
of money paid out; and the balance (hows how much
ought to be on hand. The fum of the Dr. fide of this
account is always greater than that of the Cr. fide.
8. Accounts of goods are generally ruled with in¬
ner columns for entering the quantities. When the
books are opened, the goods on hand are entered on
the Dr. fide of the refpeftive accounts ; the quantities
being placed in the inner, and the values in the outer
column. Goods bought are entered in the fame man¬
ner, and goods fold are entered oh the Cr. fide ; the
quantities and values being placed in the proper columns.
Charges laid out on goods are entered on the Dr. fide ;
and, when an incidental advantage arifes from them,
fuch as public bounty, it is entered on the Cr.
If the fums of the inner columns on the oppofite Tides
be equal, it {hows that the goods are all fold, and then
the balance of the money-column (hows the gain or lofs.
If the Cr. fide be greater, it is gain ; if the Dr. fide
be greater, it is lofs. If the fum of the inner column
be greater on the Dr. fide, it {hows that part of the
goods are on hand; and their value muft be added to
the fum of the Cr. fide, in order to determine the gain
or lofs.
9. If there be two or more kinds of the fame fort of
goods, they may be entered in the fame account, al¬
lowing as many inner columns, as there are kinds, and
entering the quantities of each kind in the inner column
referved for it. This method exhibits the gain or lofs
on the whole goods ; but does not (how how much of
it arifes from each kind.
Or, a feparate account maybe opened for each kind,
diftinguiftiing the titles by the qualities, or by fome
other mark. Thus, one account may be kept for fine
linen, another for coarfe linen ; one for port-wine crop
1787, another for port-wine crop 1788; one for rum
from Jamaica, another for rum from Barbadoes. This
method {hows the gain or lofs on each kind.
N°5o.
E P I N G.
When there are more kinds than can be conveniently
introduced in the fame account, they may be divided
into feveral claffes, each clafs being placed in a feparate
account; and the particular kinds diftinguifhed in in¬
ner columns. Thus the account of fine linen may be
divided into feveral columns, for different kinds, di¬
ftinguifhed by the number of threads in the breadth, or
by any other convenient chara&er.
10. Accounts of (hips contain on the Dr. the value
of the (hip when the books are opened, and all expences
laid out thereon ; on the Cr. all freights received. In
like manner, accounts of houfes or lands have the va¬
lue of the fubjedt, and all repairs, or other charges,
entered on the Dr. and all rents or other profits received
on the Cr. If the fubjedl be fold ip whole or in part,
the fale is entered on the Cr. And the balance, after
valuing the fubjeft (if any) on hand, (hows the gain
or lofs.
Accounts of property in the public funds, or {hares
in companies, public or private, contain the value, or
money paid in, on the Dr. and the dividends received
on the Cr. and are balanced as other real accounts.
Some perfons open accounts for houfehold furniture,
plate, jewels, books, or the like. The entries on thefe
accounts are made in the fame manner.
In general, real accounts contain the value of the
property, and all charges, on the Dr. and the fales and
other returns on the Cr. When the account is to be
balanced, if any property remains, the value thereof
is placed on the Cr.; and then the balance (hows the
lofs or gain, according as the Dr. or Cr. fide is greateft.
11. Thirdly, Accounts of Stock, Profit and
Loss, and its fubfidiary accounts, which are fometimes
called fittitious accounts.
The Jlock account contains on the Dr. the amount
of the debts which the owner owes when the books
are opened ; and on the Cr. the amount of ready mo-
ney, goods, debts, and property of every kind belong¬
ing to him : therefore the balance (hows what his nett
{lock is ; or, in cafe of bankruptcy, how much his
debts exceed his effe&s. There is nothing further en¬
tered on this account till the books are balanced : and
then, if the bufinefs has yielded profit, the nett gain
is entered on the Cr. ; if it has been unfuccefsful, the
nett lofs is entered on the Dr.: after which, the ba¬
lance fhows the nett flock at the time the books are
clofed.
12. The Profit and Lofs account contains every ar¬
ticle of gain on the Cr. and every article of lofs on the
Dr. The balance {hows the nett gain or lofs, and is
transferred to the proper fide of the ftock-account, as
mentioned above. This account is partly compofed of
articles that occur while the books are running. For
example, legacies received are entered on the Cr. goods
deftroyed on the Dr. The reft of the articles are thofe
of gain and lofs, arifing from the real accounts, which
are collected when the books are balanced.
13. It has been found convenient to open feveral
fubfidiary accounts, in order to fhorten and methodife
that of profit and lofs. Thefe contain certain articles
of gain or lofs, which may be reduced under diftinA
heads. They are in effedt fo many parts of the profit
and lofs account, and their balances are entered on the
proper fide of that account when the books are clofed.
The chief of thefe accounts are the following.
The
B O O K-K
InlereJ} account, Which contains on the Dr. fums
paid or incurred for intereft ; and on the Cr. fums re¬
ceived, or become due for the fame.
CommiJJTon account, Which contains on the Cr. ar¬
ticles of gain received or owing us for our trouble in
tranfacling bufinefs for others. There are feldom any
entries on the Dr.
Charges merchandize. Which contains on the Dr.
all charges paid or incurred on the bufinefs, which do
not belong to any particular account, as (hop-rent,
public burdens for trade, clerks wages, poftages, and
the like. If any of thefe fhould afterwards be charged
to fome other account, the fum fo charged is enteted
on the Cr.
Proper expences. Which contains on the Dr. money
or any thing elfe,- withdrawn from the trade for our
private ufe. There are feldom any entries on the Cr.
The amount of this account, as well as the former, is
not properly lofs ; but as it has the fame effe& in dimi-
nilhing the flock, it is placed in the fame manner to
the Dr. of profit and lofs.
Lofs by bad debts. Which contains on the Dr. fuch
debts as we reckon defperate ; and on the Cr. any
of thefe which may happen to be unexpectedly reco¬
vered.
Account of abatements. Which contains on the Dr.
difcounts allowed by us on payments received ; on the
Cr. difcounts (if any) allowed to us on payn*ents made.
It is particularly ufeful in retail bufinefs, where dif¬
counts are often given, to fhow how much they amount
to.
Infurance account, Which contains on the Cr. pre¬
miums received for making infurances ; and, on the Dr.
Ioffes fuflained on the fame. There may be feveral ac¬
counts of this kind, fuch as infurance againft fea-hazard,
which is the mofl common ; infurance againft fire ; in¬
furance of lives ; and infuranee of debts. The balance
fhows the gain or lofs which arifes from being con¬
cerned in infurance.
More or fewer of thefe accounts may be ufed, ac¬
cording as the articles are frequent; and otherS may
be invented to fuit the purpofes of the bufinefs which
the books are kept for.
14. Every fimple tranfa&ion- in bufinefs belongs to
two accounts,-and muft be entered on the Dr. of the
one and on the Cr. of the other. Thus, when a per-
Xon becomes indebted to us, the article he owes muft
be entered on the Dr. of his account; and, if it be for
money paid him, it is alfo entered on the Cr. of cafli;
if for goods fold, it is entered on the Cr. of the account
of goods; if for any thing delivered him by another
perfon at our defire, it is entered on the Cr. of the
deliverer’s account; if for any wager or bargain, by
which we are gainers, it is entered on the Cr. of pro¬
fit and lofs. Thus, in whatever way the debt arifes,
it is entered on the Cr. of fome other account, as well
as on the Dr. of the perfon’s account who owes it.
In like manner, when we become indebted to any
perfon, the article we owe muft be entered"on the Cr.
of his account. If it be ftm money received, it is alfo
entered on The Dr. of cafh ; if for goods bought, it is
entered on the Dr. of the account of goods; if for any
thing delivered to another perfon at our defire, it is
entered on the Dr. of the receiver’s account; and if it
Vol. III. Parti.
E E P I N G.
be in confequence of a lofing bargain, it is entered on
the Dr. of profit and lofs.
Again, when goods are received, the tranfaftion is
entered on the Dr. of the account of goods. If they
be bought for ready money, it is alfo entered on the
Cr. of cafh ; if on truft, it is entered on the Cr. of the
feller ; if they be exchanged for other goods, it is en¬
tered on the Cr. of the goods delivered ; if they be
obtained by fome profitable bufinefs, without any re¬
turn, it is entered on the Cr. of profit and lofs.
When goods are delivered, the tranfa&ion is entered
on the Cr. of the account of goods; and, if they be
fold for ready money, it is alfo entered on the Dr. of
cafh ; if on credit, it is entered on the Dr. of the pur-
chafer ; if exchanged for other goods, it is' entered op
the Dr. of the goods received; and, if they be given
gratis, or deftroyed, it is entered on the Dr. of profit
and lofs.
Laflly, When any art idle of lofs occurs, the tranf-
adlion is entered on the Dr, of profit and lofs ; and as
we muft either pay it in money or goods, or remain
indebted to fome perfon for it, it muft be entered on
the Cr. of cafh, or of goods delivered, or of the per¬
fon intitled to receive it. And, when an article of
gain occurs, it is entered on the Cr. of profit and lofs,
and alfo on the Dr. of cafh or goods, if money or
goods be received ; and on the Dr. of the perfon ac¬
countable for it, if not immediately paid.
Thus, every article in any account, whether perfonal
or real, or belonging to profit and lofs, correfponds
to fome other article on the oppofite of a different ac¬
count. The fame fum is entered on the Dr. of one
account and on the Cr. -of the other ; and it follows
from this, that, If all the accounts in the leger be add¬
ed, the amount of the fums of the Dr. ’will be equal to
thofe of the Cr.
Se£l. III. Of the Journal.
15. The journal is a fair record of all the tranfac-
tions compiled from the wafte-book, in the fame order
as they (land there ; but expreffed in a technical ftyle,
that it may be transferred to the leger with more eafe.
When we are to enter any article in the journal, we
muft confider which accounts in the leger it will re¬
quire to be placed to, both on the Dr. and Cr. and
write [r6<? former account^ Drrto {the latter account^ ;
then we annex an explanation of the article, and place
the fum in the money-column.
Example,
Wafte-book.) Sold for ready money, 30 yards li¬
nen, at 3-s E. 4 10 —
Journal.) Cafh Dr. to Linen. Sold 30 yards, at 3 s
L.4 10 —
Here we confider, that the article muft be entered
on the Dr. of cafh, becaufe money is received; and on
the Cr. of linen, becaufe linen is delivered Therefore
we write Cajh Dr. to Linen, to which we annex the
nature of the iranfadlion. The article thus entered
is called a journal-pojl; Cajh is called the Dr.; Linen
the Cr.; the words “ Cafh Dr. to Linen,” the Entry,
and the following words the Narration. _ v
The purpofe of qxprefiing the article in this form,
3 A is
3%
37°
BOOK-KEEPING.
is to point out the accounts in the leger, to which it Wafte-book.) Sold for ready money
will require to be polled, and thereby enable the ac¬
countant to write the leger with more eafe than he
could do if it were filled up immediately from the
wail e-book.
The learner will be able, from this example, to en¬
ter any Ample article in the journal, providing he knows
the accounts to which it Jhould be polled on the Dr.
and Cr. of the leger. This mull be collected from
the defcription of the leger accounts already given
$ 6—13. and the nature and tendency of the article.
16. General Rules for the Journal-entries.
I. Every thing received, or ferfon accountable to us,
is Dr.
II. Every thing delivered, or perfon to ’whom <we are
accountable, is Cr.
17. As the whole art of .writing the journal depends
on a proper choice of the Drs. and Crs. we fhall give
fome particular rules for the moft common cafes, and
a few examples for the illulli ation and praftice of each.
Rule I. The perfon to ’■whom any thing is delivered is
00 gallons rum, at 93
Journal.) Cajh Dr. to Rum, fold too
gallons, at 9 s
Watle-book.) Bartered 3 hds. wine, at
L. 15, for too gallons rum, at 9s
Journal.) Rum Dr. to Wine, received 1 oo_
gallons at 9 s in barter for 3 fids, at L. 15
45 
20. Rule IV. Goods and other real accounts are Dr.
for all charges laid out on them. If money be laid out,
they are Dr. to Cajh ; if any thing elfe be delivered, they
are Dr. to the thing delivered; if the charge be taken
in trujl, they are Dr. to the perfon to ’whom it is due.
Thus,
Watle-bcok.) Paid for repairs to {hip
Trafiick L 18   —
Journal.) Ship Trajfck Dr. to Cajh, paid
for repairs 18    
Wafte-book.) Delivered wood from my
timber-yard for repairing the Angel-
tavern
Dr. to the thing delivered, •when nothing is received in Journal.) Angel tavern Dr. to Wood, de¬
livered for repairing the fame
Wafte-book.) Due to William Carpen¬
ter for repairs to the Angel-tavern
Journal.) Angel-tavern Dr. to William
Carpenter, due him for repairs
return.
Therefore when money is paid, the receiver is Df.
to cafh.
When goods or other property is fold on credit, the
purchafer is Dr. to the thing fold. Thus,
Wafte-book.) Paid John Bell in full L.52 — —
Journal.) John Bell Dr. to Cafh, paid
him in full 52 — —
Wafte-book.) Sold 50 yards cloth to
J. Hill, at 12s 30 
Journal.) f. Hill Dr. to Cloth, fold him
50 yards, at 12s 30 
21. Rule V. When rents of houfes or lands, freights
of Jhips, bounties on goods, or any other profits from real
accounts are received, Cajh is Dr . to the account from
•which the proft arifes : if any thing beftdes money be
received, the article received is Dr. : if they remain un¬
paid, the perfon •who oiues them is Dr. Thus,
18. Rule II. A thing received is Dr. to the perfon
from •whom it is received, 'when nothing is delivered in
return.
Therefore, when money is received, Ca/h is Dr. to
the payer: when goods are bought, the goods are Dr.
to the feller. Thus,
Wafte-book.) Received from Thomas Gay
in full JL.72 
Journal.) Cajh Dr. to Thomas Gay, re¬
ceived in full 72 — —
Wafte-book.) Bought from J. Hawley
60 lb. wool, at 9ft 2 5 —
Journal.) Wool Dr. to Jf. Ha’wley, bought
Co lb. at 9ft 25 —
Wafte-book.) Received freight of the
(hip Traffickfor a voyage to London X..35 — —■
Journal.) Ship Trafiick Dr. to Cajh, re¬
ceived freight to jLondon
Wafte-book.) Received 100 barrels fal-
mon, being the rent of Inver fifhery,
at 52s
Journal) Salmon Dr. to Inver fijhery, re¬
ceived the rent, being 100 barrels, at
52s
Wafte-book.) John Public owres me a
year’s rent of the Angel-tavern
Journal.) John Public Dr. to Angel-ta¬
vern, for a year’s rent due by him
35 
260 — —
2 fro — —
52  
52 
19. Rule III. A thing received is Dr. to the thing
given for it.
Therefore goods bought for ready money are Dr. to
eafh.
When goods are fold for ready money, Cafh is Dr.
to the goods.
When goods are bartered, the goods received are
Dr. to the goods delivered. Thus,
Wafte-book.) Bought for ready money
10 hds. wine, at L. 15 L. 150 —
Journal.) Wine Dr. to Cajh, bpught
10 hds. at L. 15 150 — ■—
22. Rule VI. When an article of lefs occurs. Profit
and Lofs, or fome fubfsdiary account, is Dr. If the loft
be paid in ready money, it is Dr. to Cajh ; if it be paid
in any thing etfe, it is Dr. to the thing delivered. If it
remain unpaid, it is Dr. to the perfon to •whom it is onwing.
Thus,
Wafte-book.) Given my daughter at her
marriage L..500 — ——
Journal.) Profit and Lofs Dr. to Cafi?,
given my daughter at her marriage joo — —
Wafte book.) Taken for family ufe from
my granary 3 bolls meal, 811334.! 2  
Journal.)
BOOK-KEEPING.
Journal.) Profit and Lofs [or Proper
expences~\ Dr. to Meal, taken for fa¬
mily ufe, 3 bolls, at 13 s 4<i 2 —■ —■
Waftc-book.) Due James Rich for a
year’s intereft on L. 1000, at 4/«TO!7tf. 40 —- —
Journal.) Profit and Lofs [or Interejl
account] Dr. to James Rich, due him
a year’s intereil onL. looo at 4 percent. 40 — —
23. Rule VII. When an article of gain occurs, that is
not immediately connecied ’with any real account, Cajb,
the article received, or the perfon accountable for it, is
Dr. to Profit and Lofs, or to fame fubf diary account.
Thus,
Wafte-book). Received in a gift from
my father L
Journal.) Cajh Dr. to Profit and Lofs,
received from my father
Waile-book.) Received in like manner
at opening ihop, loo yards cloth at 1 z s
Journal.) Cloth Dr. to Profit and Lofs,
received from my father at opening
fhop 100 yards, at 1 2 s
Wafte-book.) James Barbour owes me
a year’s intereft of L. rooo
Journal.) 'James Barbour Dr. to Profit
and Lofs [or Interejl account] due by
him for a year’s intereft of L. 1000
100 — —
ICO 
60 
60 
50 
50 
24. Rule VIII. When one perfon pays money, or de¬
livers any thing elfe to another on our account, the
perfon -who receives it is Dr. to the perfon ’who pays
it. Thus,
Wafte-book.), James Goldfmith has paid
the bank of Scotland on my account L too — —
Journal.)' Ranh of Scotland Dr. to Janies
Goldfmith, paid them by him IOO 
Wafte-book.) Arthur Young has deli¬
vered James Baker 100 quarterswheat,
for which I am to account to him,
at 30s ISO 
Journal.) James Baker Dr. to Arthur
Young, for 100 quarters wheat deli¬
vered him on my account, at 30s 150 
Payments of this kind are often tranfafted by bills
of exchange.
25. Thefe examples will make the learner acquainted
with the form of the journal, and the rules extend to
the greateft part of the fimple tranfaftions that occur
in domeftic trade. We may obferve, that the technical
fenfe of the words Dr. and Cr. has an analogy to their
.meaning in common language, but is not precifely the
fame. Thus, in Ex. 1. Rule VIII. the journal-entry
is, Bank of Scotland Dr. to James Goldfmith; by
which we are not to underftand that the bank is in¬
debted to James Goldfmith ; for a debt between them
has no connexion with our bufinefs; and therefore
ought not to be entered in our books: the meaning of
the entry is, that the bank becomes indebted to us by
the tranfaiftions narrated; and that we become indebted
to James Goldfmith by the fame.
26. An article which contains more Drs. or more
Crs. than one, is called a complex pojl. The form of
thefe wild appear from the following examples.
Ex. 1.] Sold William Drapier,
2S pieces cloth, at L. ty
per piece L.37S *
130 ftones w'ool, at ys 6d
per ftone - - 35 l5 —
 —L.410 15 —-
If the two articles fold to William Drapier were en¬
tered feparately in the wafte-book, and transferred to
the journal by Rule I. they would ftand thus:
William Drapier Dr. to Cloth, fold him
2y pieces, at L. iy - - L 375 — —»
William Drapier Dr. to Wool, fold him
xyo ftones, at ys 6d - - 35 15—■
And if thefe were polled to the leger, there would
be two articles placed to the Dr. of William Drapier,
one to the Cr. of Cloth, and one to the Cr. of Wool.
•But the fales may be entered in the form of one com¬
plex journal poll, as follow's:
William Drapier Dr. to Sundries,
To Cloth, for 2y pieces,
at L. ly - Lyyy 
To Wool, for 130 ftones,
atysand6d - - 35 J5 —
 L410 ly —
And then there is only one article on-theDr. of William
Drapier in the leger.
Ex. 2.J Sold 10 pieces cloth to W. Drapier,
at L. ly L. tyo 
1 2 ditto to J.
Mercer, at do 180 
—  L330  
22
This example alfo falls under Rule I. But whereas
there was one Dr. and two Crs. in the former example,
there are two Drs. and one Cr. in this: William Dra¬
pier and John Mercer, the purchafers, are Drs. for
their refpe&ive quantities; and cloth, which is the
only thing delivered, is Cr. for the whole quantity.
The journal poft is.
Sundries Drs. to Cloth,
W• Drapier, for 1 a pieces, at 151.
L15 o  
J. Mercer, for 12 ditto at 1 y 1. 180 — —
22
Ex. j.] Bought from H. Hood,
y puncheons rum, at L 42, L 210  
3 hds. claret, at 33, 99 
2 pipes madeira, at y6, 112 —
This example falls under Rule II. The articles re¬
ceived, rum, claret, and madeira, are Drs.; and the
perfon from whom they are received is the only Cr.
Sundries Dr. to Henry Hood,
Rum, fory puncheons, at42l. L210 
Claret, for 3 hds, at 33, 99 — —
Madeira, for 2 pipes, at y<5, 112 — —
Ex. 4. J Bt. y o qrs. wheat from J.
Tull, atyys 'L8710 —
12 from S. Ellis, 36s 21 12 —
62
3 A 2
2 —=
This
3/*
372
B O O K-K E
This example alfo falls under Rule II. There is only-
one Dr. wheat being the only thing received; and two
Crs. becaufe it is received from different perfons.
Wheat Dr. to Sundries.
To ^ 7V/, for 50 qrs. at 35s L 87 10 —
To E. Ellis, for i z qrs. at 36s 21 r 2 —
62 9
In like manner, examples might be given of complex
pojls under every rule, which contained either feveral
Drs. or feveral Crs.; but as it is unneceffary to en¬
large fo far, we fhall only add a few examples of cafes,
in which the different parts of the complex article fall
under different rules.
Ex. 5.] Sold 150 qrs. beans to A. Arnot,
at 13s 4d L. 100   
75 ditto to S. Berry,
at '3s 4d 50 — -—
18 ditto for ready
money, 13s 2d il 17 —
243 L.161 17 —
Here beans are delivered, fome to different pur-
chafers on truft, and fome for ready money. The
purchafers are Drs. for the quantities fold to each,
by Rule I.; Caffx is Cr. for the quantity fold for
ready money, by Rule III.; and beans are Cr. for the
whole.
Sundries Dr. to leans.
A.Arnotiox\$Q qrs. at i3S4d L100 — —
S. Berry, for 75 i3S4d 50 
Cajh, for 18 13szd 11 17 —
 L 161 17 —
Ex. 6.~\ Bought from David Young
8 cwt. 3 qrs. copper, at L. 12 per
cwt. L 105 —
Paid in part, L 50 
Balance, 55 
 L toy 
Here the article received, copper, is the only Dr.;
but as it is bought partly for ready money, and partly
on credit, it is Dr. to Cafh for the value of the former,
by Rule III. and to the feller for the value of the latter,
by Rule II.
Copper Dr. to Sundries,
For 8 cwt. 3 qi s. at L. 12 per
cwt - L. 105 — —
To Cajh in part, L.50 
‘7<?D.T*(3a/z^,forbaIanceduehim, 55 
———L 105 
E P I N G.
Rule II.; and Profit and Lofs, or Lofs by bad debts,.,
for the reft, by Rule VI.
Sundries Dr. to James Wilfon,
Cajh, for compt, on L. 150,
at 15s. per L. Luzio —
Profit and Lofs, for balance loft 3710 —
 L 150 
Ex. 8.] Shipped for William Smith, per the Bonad-
■venture, Forbes, from Leith to London,
1 oooydslinen, at 1 s 2d L.58 6 8
600 lb. leather, bought
from J. Currier, at 1 s 3° 
Paid charges at {hipping — 13 4
Here William Smith is Dr. for the amount of the
cargo; he is debtor to Linen for the quantity delivered,
as by Rule I. and to J. Currier for the leather delivered
by him, by Rule VIII. and to cafir for the charges
paid by us, by Rule I.
William Smith Dr. to Sundries,
To Linen, for 1000 yards,
at 1 s 2d L. 58 6 8
To J. Currier, for 600 lb.
leather, at 1 s 30 —
To Cerjh, for charges at {hip¬
ping — *3 4
Shipped per the Bonad-
venture, Forbes, from
Leith to London.   L. 89 —
27. The learner may be aflifted in underftanding
thefe and other complex pofts, by refolving them into
fxmple ones. Moft of them might have been ftated in
that manner; and the complex form is only preferred
for abridging the leger. In fome articles the diffe¬
rent claufes are fo connected, that they cannot be fe-
parated with propriety.
The narration is fometimes equally diffufed through
the poll, after the Dr. and Cr. as in the five firft exam¬
ples. Sometimes the chief circumftances are narrated
before'the Drs. or Crs. be fpecified, as in Ex. 6.; fome¬
times after the firft, as in Ex. 7.; and fometimes at the
end, as in Ex. 8.
28. In fome articles, there are both more Drs. and
more Crs. than one. Thefe may be entered in one
journal-poft, Sundries Dr. to Sundries, fpecifying firft
the Drs. and then the Crs. But, as this method is
fomewhat confufed, we would recommend it as a bet¬
ter way to divide the tranfaftion into two journal-
polls ; fo that the firft may contain only one Dr. and
the fecond only one Cr.
Ex. 7.3 James Wilfon being bankrupt, I have ac¬
cepted a compofition on the debt due by him to me of
L. 150, and difeharged the fame.
The compofition received, at 15 s
per L. is, L 112 r o —
And the balance loft 37 to —
Here the whole debt of L. 150, due by James Wil¬
fon, is cancelled; and he muft therefore be ftated as
Cr. for that fum. Cafti is Dr. for the fum. received, by
Ex. Bartered with James Fo-
theringal 100 pieces ofna-
burgs, ati2s L. 60 
1 qo lb. thread, at3s6d 1710 —
 L.7710—
For 10 hds lintfeed, at 50s L. 25 
500 yds linen, at 1 s 6d 37 10 —
And received the ba¬
lance in money 15 
 L. 77 xo —
JOUSNAJC-
373
B O O K-K
Joitrkal. Sundries to Dr. Sundries.
Lintfeed, for 10 hds at 50s L. 25 
Linen, for 500 yds, at'rsdd 3710 —
Received in baiterfromj. Fo-
theringal
Cajh, for balance 15 — —
L.77 10 —
To Ofnaburgs, for roo pieces,
at 1 z s L.60 
To Thread, tor sooVo.zt^s 6d 17 10 —
Delivered him in barter L. 77 to —
Or rather,
Sundries Dr. to James Fotheringal.
L.intfeed, for 10 hds at 50 s L.25 
Linen, for 500yds, at i s 6d 37 to —
. Received in barter
Cajh, received balance 15 
 L.77 >0 —
James Fotheringal Dr. to Sundries.
To Ofnaburgs, for 1 GO pieces,
at 12 s L.60 — —
T?T6r<W,forioolb. at 3 s 6d 17 10 —
Delivered in barter L..77 10 —
29. It is neither practicable nor neceflary to enu¬
merate all kinds of complex polls that may occur in
bulmefs. We lhall here only mention the entries
which occur at opening the books.
The firft journal-poll contains the fubflance of the
inventory. The entry is Sundries Drs. to Stock ; the
particular Drs. are Cafh, the different kinds of goods
and other property belonging to us, and the perfons
indebted to us.
The fecond journal-poll contains the debts due by
iis. The entry is, Stock Dr. to Sundries ; the parti¬
cular Crs. are the peffons to whom we are indebted.
The form of thefe entries is more fully exhibited at
the beginning-of the following fets.
30. The journal Ihould be written by one perfon, in
a fair hand and at leifure hours. The articles are fe-
parated, and the titles and dates marked in the fame
manner as in the walte-book, $ 3. The entries are
written in half text, for ornament and diftin&ion. In
the inventory, the defignation (or the bufmefs, llation,
and place of relidence) of every perfon is mentioned ;
and the fame is done the firlt time that any name oc¬
curs in journal-entry. At other times, it is fufficient
to enter the name without the defignation, unlefs we
have dealings with two perfons of the fame name; in
which cafe, it is always necelfary to annex the defigna¬
tion, in order to dillinguilh them. The narration
Ihould be complete, without referring to the walle-
book ; and fo clear, that every perfon, acquainted
with the llyle of the journal, may underlland it with
cafe. When the poll is written, we mark a dalh /
againll the article, on the margin of the walle-book,
to IhoVv how far the writing of the journal is advanced.
SeCl. IV. Of Posting and Balancing the
Leger.
- 31. The firll thing to be done in the leger, is to
allot a proper fpace for each account. The accounts
may be cither opened in the fame order that they oc-
1
E E P I N G.
cur in the journal; or accounts of the fame kind may
be placed together, the perfonal accounts on one part
of the leger, and the real accounts in another. The
accounts of Stock, and Profit and Lofs, are generally
placed at the beginning. The room which each will
require cannot be exactly known, but 'mull be con-
jeilured from the number of tranfaftions that are like¬
ly to follow.
The number of the folio is marked in llrong text at
each corner of the top-line ; and the titles of the ac¬
counts are written in fair text through both folios, if
necelfary. The designations of the perfonal accounts
may be written on half text, or Italian hand ; and fome
write the titles in Saxon hand, for ornament. The
word Dr. is prefixed to the title on the left-hand
page ; and Contra Cr. annexed to- it on the right-hand
page.
32., Next, An Index mud be provided, for pointing',
out the folios where the accounts are opened. The
titles of the accounts are entered alphabetically in the-
index, and the number of the folio annexed. Perfonal
accounts are entered by the firll letter of the firname ;
companies, by the firll letter of the firname of the firll.
partner; and all other accounts,’by the fitll letter of
the firll word. The moll convenient kind of index is
a long narrow book, of 24 leaves, one for each letter
of the alphabet. A is marked on the top of the firlt
leaf, and the paper pared away below it; B is mark¬
ed on the fecond leaf, under A ; and the other let¬
ters on the following leaves, in the fame manner; by
means of which we can turn at once to any letter re¬
quired.
33. In polling the leger, proceed by the following
diredlions. Firft, look for the Dr. of the journal-poll
in the index, under the proper letter, and this directs
you to the folio of the leger where the account is, if
it be already opened: if not, you mull allot a fpace
for it, write the title, and enter it in the index. Then-
enter the article on the left-hand page of the account
under the title of the former article, by writing the
date on the margin, and the name of the creditor on.
the line, with the word To prefixed, and a Ihort narra¬
tion of the tranfadlion annexed, and inferting the fum
in the money column, and the quantity, if it be an ac¬
count of goods, ifl^ the inner column. Then turn to
the account of the Cr. of the journal-poll, and enter
the article in the right-hand page, prefixing the word
By to the name of the Dr.
34. This being done, turn to the journal, and mark
on the margin the number of the folios to which the
article is polled. The figures which point out the re¬
ference to the Dr. and Cr. folios Ihould be fep&rated
by a line : for example, If the Dr. entry be on the
third folio, and the Cr. entry on the fifth, the refe¬
rence is marked f. Thefe figures Ihow how far the
polling is advanced, and are ufeful in comparing the
books.
The figures for dates or references Ihould be written
in a lighter hand than the figures in the columns for
money or quantity.
35. There is often a reference-column.ruled in the
leger, for pointing out the other entry, correfponding,
to any article. In this column, the folio of the Civ
entry is marked againft the Dr. article, and the folio-,
of the Dr. entry againll the Cr. article.
Sometimes-
74
BOOK-KEEPING.
Sometimes the accounts are numbered according to
their order in the leger ; and the references, both in
the journal and leger, point out the number of the ac¬
count inftead of the folio.
36. In complex polls, turn to the feveral Drs. or
Crs. in their order, and enter the articles according to
the foregoing directions ; placing the firms belonging
to each in the money-colum, againft the refpeftive en¬
tries.
37. An article in the leger is generally comprehend¬
ed in one line. The narration fhould be as full as can
be contained in that bounds.. If it cannot be narrated
completely, the journal is referred to for further par¬
ticulars, by writing per Jcurnal, (or p. J-), either af¬
ter an incomplete narration, or immediately after the
Dr. or Cr. when there is no room for a proper narra¬
tion. In complex pods, there can feldom'be any nar¬
ration annexed to the fingle Dr. or the Angle Cr. The
entry is generally To Sundries per jf.. or, By Sundries
per J. If the fenfe of the whole article can be nar¬
rated, it fhould be done ; but it is improper to narrate
the fkfl: or any other part of the article, and omit the
others.
38. When the fpace allotted for an accountrin the
leger is filled up, the account muft be tranfported to
another folio. For this purpofe add the columns on
both fides, and write againft the fum, Tranfported to
folio , inferting the number of the folio where the
new account is opened, in the reference-column, or on
the line, if no reference-column be ufed. Then, after
titling the new account, and entering the number of the
folio in the index, write on the Dr. To amount, brought
from folio , inferting the number of the folio where
the old account was; and on the Cr. By amount, brought
from folio ; and place the fums, and quantities, if
any, in the proper columns.
When either fide of an account is full, both fides
fhould be tranfported, and diagonal lines drawn, to
fill up the vacant fpace of the fide which requires it.
39. The books fhould be written up as frequently as
can be done conveniently; fo that the journal may keep
pace nearly with the wafte-book, and the leger with
the journal. Each book fhould be carefully revifed,
and compared with the book from which it is polled.
In comparing the leger, obferve the following direc¬
tions :
Begin with the firft journal-poft, and turn to the fo¬
lio of the leger where the Dr. is entered, which you
are direfted to by the marginal reference, and compare
the date, entry, and fum. If you find them to cor-
refpond, it is well; if not, the leger muft be altered
till it correfpond with the journal. Then place a dot
before the reference-figure in the journal, and a mark
A before the fum in the leger.
Proceed in the fame manner to compare the Cr. of
the journal-poft, and all the following polls in their
order. The dots in the journal fhow how far the com-
parifon is advanced, and the marks in the leger fhow
what articles are compared.
The fums of accounts tranfported fhould be left
blank till the books be compared ; as an error in any
article will occafion an alteration in the fum.
40. Some accountants correct all errors in the le¬
ger, without crazing any thing, by the following me¬
thods: ill, If the fum be entered too fmall, they make
a fecond entry for the deficiency. 2d, If it be entered
to.o large, they make an entry on the oppofite fide for
the excels. 3d, If it be entered on the wrong fide of
the account, they enter it twice on the other; once, to
counterbalance the error, and a fecond time for the true
entry. 4th, If it be entered on a wrong account, they
charge the wrong account Dr. to, or Cr. by, the right
one.
41. We do not much approve of thefe methods; as
they give the books a confufed appearance; and would
rather recommend the following rules: ifl, If an ar¬
ticle be omitted, do not attempt to interline at the
place where it fhould have been ; but infert it under
the laft article when you difeover the omifiion, and mark
a crofs X againft it on the margin, and another at the
place where it fhould have been. 2d, If you difeover
a miftake immediately when committed, corredl it with¬
out cancelling any thing, as in this example. To Cafh,
fay. To James Speirs received to account. 3d, If you
have written a line entirely wrong, or in a wrong place,
write the word Error at the end, prefix a crofs, and
oniiL or cancel the fum. 4th, Cmicel errors, by draw¬
ing a line lightly through them, fo that the old wri¬
ting may Hill be legible; by which it will be evident,
that th-e book has not been vitiated for a fraudulent
purpofe. The fame method fhould be followed in cor-
redling errors in the journal.
42. When the comparifon of the books is finifhed,
glance over the leger, to obferve if the mark of com-
parifon be affixed to every article. If not, you muft
turn to the journal, and obferve if the articles be right
which had not been marked.
43. Becaufe the whole fum of the Dr. fide of the
leger fhould be equal to the whole fum of the Cr. $ 14.
it is proper to try if they correfpond. For this pur¬
pofe, you may add the Dr. of, every account, except
fuch as are already balanced, placing the fums in an in¬
ner column, and extending them at the end of one or
more folios, as you find mofl convenient, to the outer
column : and, as you go along, add the Cr. in the fame
manner. If the fum total of both fides be equal, it
gives a prefunvption that the books are right; if they
differ, there is certainly fome miflake. This is called
the Trial-balance. The labour be flowed upon it is not
loft, as the fums may be refetved for affifting us to col¬
lect the balances; the method of which will be ex¬
plained afterwards.
44. If the fums of the trial-balance do not corre¬
fpond, the books muft. be examined again. For this
purpofe, begin with the firft article on the Dr. fide of
the firft account, and turn to the account where the
correfponding entry is, which you will find by the fi¬
gure in the reference-column. If the articles agree,
mark them with a dot. Proceed in like manner with
the other articles on the Dr. of the firft account; then
with the articles on the Cr. of the fame; and then with
the following accounts in their order, till the error or
errors be difeovered. In complex entries, obferve if
the amount of the fums on one fide be equal to the
fum on the .other. When you come to a dotted article,
you may pafs it by, becaufe it has been examined al¬
ready.
If the errors be not dife-overed at the firft revifal, you
muft repeat the fame operation again, till you bring the
.books to balance. Marks different from the former
opes,
375
BOOK-K EEPING.
ones, or differently placed, may be ufed, to fignlfy that
an article- has been examined a fecond or third time.
As the dete&ion of errors is the moft tedious and dif-
agreeable part of book-keeping, the accountant will
be induced to guard againft them with all poffible care,
when he has once experienced the trouble which they
occafion.
45. Before we explain the method of balancing the
books, it will be proper to direft the learner how to
balance particular accounts. When we fettle accounts
with any perfon, and afcertain how much is owing at
either hand? it is neceffary to balance his account in
the leger, and open a new one, beginning with the
fum that was due according to the fettlement; and
when we clear accounts again, we mud go back to that
article, and no farther.
If any articles be charged on either fide, at the time
of fettling, they muft he immediately entered on the
wafte-book; from which they will pafs in courfe to the
journal and legtr; and a remark muft be entered in
the wafte-book, that the account was fettled, and the
balance transferred to the proper fide of the new ac¬
count. This remark is tranfcribed in the journal;
and the leger account is balanced, when it occurs, in
the courfe of pofting.
If the balance be due to you, write on the Cr. By
balance due to him to Dr. nenv account, and infert the
fum due you ; after which, the amount of both fides
will be equal. Add the account, placing the fums op-
pofite to each other ; and, if the fides be unequal, draw
a diagonal line through the vacant fpace of the ftiorter
fide, and clofe the old account by drawing lines under
the fums. Then open the new account immediately
under the old one, or in a new folio if the old one be
full, by writing on the Dr. To balance of former ac¬
count due by kirn. If the balance be due by you to
him, the entries are made on the oppofite fides, with
the neceffary alterations. When the new account is
opened in the fame folio, it is unneceffary to repeat the
title; but the year and month, as well as-the day, are
repeated at the date of the firft article.
46. Sometimes when an account is balanced, one or
more articles are left out on purpofe : For example,
goods lately bought on credit may be left out, and the
fettlement may only relate to articles of longer Hand¬
ing. When this is the cafe, if the articles omitted be
on the Dr. of the leger, we write on the Cr. thus,
By articles fold him fsnce \Jl January replaced: and
when we have balanced the account, and opened a new
one, we write on the Dr. To articles replaced at fettling,
furnijhtd ftnce January : or, if the articles were
left out for any other reafon, we explain the fame in
the narration. If the omitted articles be on the Cr. the
like entries are made on the oppofite fides. It (hould
be noticed in the waft-book and journal when this o-
peration is neceffary.
47. When we poll any common article from the
journal, we enter the fum on the Dr. of one account,
and on the Cr. of another: when we balance an ac¬
count, We place the balance fum on the Dr. of the old
account, and on the Cr. of the new one, or contrary-
wife : and when we replace an article, as above direfted,
to the Dr. or Cr. of the old account, we place it after
balancing to the Cr. or Dr. of the new one. Thus, in
thefe entries, as well as in common polls, there are like
5
fums entered on the Dr. and Cr. of the leger, and the
general equality of the fides is ftill preferred.
48. Merchants generally balance their books oncea-
year. The delign of this operation is, to colleft the
various branches of their bufinefs, diffufed through the
books, into a concife abftraft ; to afcertain their gain
or lofs fince the laft balance ; and exhibit the prefent
ftate of their funds. If the bufinefs be of fuch a kind,
that moft of the branches naturally come to an iffue at
a certain time of year, that time is the proper one for
making the balance. Otherwife the end of the year,
or the leaft bufy time, may be chofen.
49. It is proper, before balancing; to fettle as many
perfonal accounts as poffible ; to clear all arrears and
fmall charges ; to take an exadl inventory of the goods
on hand, as far as can be done ; and affix a moderate
value to each article, according to the current prices at
the time; fuch a value as you would be willing at pre¬
fent to buy for. It is more proper to value the goods
on hand in conformity to the current prices, than at
prime coll : for the defign of affixing any value is to
point out the gain or lofs, and the gain is in reality
obtained fo foon as the prices rife, or the lofs ftsffered
fo foon as they fall; therefore it Is impoffible to make
up a juft ftate of the affairs, unlefs the prefent prices
be attended' to.
50. Thefe things being done, proceed to make the
balance as follows: Prepare two fheets of paper, ruled
with money-columns, in the form of Dr. and Cr.; write
Profit and Lofs as the title of the firft, and Balance as
the title of the fecond.
Prepare alfo fome paper for computing-the balances,
and mark down the folios, titles, and futns of each ac¬
count in the leger, in a regular order. If a trial-ba¬
lance was made, the fums may be tranfcribed from it.
Pafs by fuch accounts as are already clofed; alfo the
accounts of Stock and Profit and Lofs, which are al¬
ways the laft of being balanced.- Then fubtraft the
leffer fum from the greater, and enter the difference on
either of the fheets that the nature of the article points
out, and on the fide of that fheet which correfponds to
the greater fum of the account. More particularly.
In perfonal accounts, enter the difference, which is
the debt owing to you; or by you, on the proper fide
of the balance-fheet.
In the calh-account, enter the difference, which is the
money in hand, on the Dr. fide of the balance-fheet.
In accounts of goods or other property, if there be
nothing remaining on hand, enter the difference, which
is the gain or lofs, on the proper fide of the profit and
lofs Iheet.
If the whole be ftill on hand, enter the prefent value
on the Dr. of the balance-fixeet; and, if this be dif¬
ferent from the prime coft, charges included, enter the
difference in the proper fide of the profit and lofs fheet.
If part be fold, and part on hand, place the value
of the quantity on hand under the fum of the Cr. and
add them. The fum is the whole return that will be
obtained, if the reft of the goods be fold at the dli-
mated value ; and this, being compared with the furn
of the Dr. which is the whole expence, fhows the gain
or lofs. Enter the fame in the proper fide of the pro¬
fit and lofs (beet, and enter the quantity and value on
hand on the Dr. of the balance-lheet.
Obferve if the quantities in the inner columns be e»
qual
BOO K-K E
qual on both fules, when the goods are.all fold ; or, if
the difference, when only part is fold, be equal to the
quantity on hand. If they correfpond, you have'a juft
account of the goods. If the Dr. be greater, there is
fomething amiffing, which you muft enter on the Dr.
of the balance-fheet, and mark the caufe of the defi¬
ciency, as inlake, wafte, or the like. If the Or. be
greater, there is an excefs, which you muft enter on the
Cr. of the balance-fheet, together with the occafion of
it, as difference of meafure, of the like.
In accounts fubfidiary to' profit and lofs, enter the
difference on the proper fide of the profit and lofs fheet.
When there is nothing written oh pne fide of an ac¬
count, enter the fum of the article or articles on that
fheet which the kind of the account points out.
51. When you have collcdled all the balances, fum
tip both fheets, and add to the profit and lofs fheet the
fums of the profit and lofs account in the leger : then
fubtraft the leffer fum. of each fheet from the greater.
This being done, mark the fums of the ftock-account
on your computation-paper, and add thereto the ba¬
lance of the profit and lofs fheet on the fide which cor-
refponds with the greater fum of that account: then
fubtraCf the leffer fum from the greater. The remainder
will be equal to the difference of the fides of the balance-
fheet, if the books be right, and the balances exactly
colle&ed. •
52. We fhall prove .that this equality muft always
hold, from the nature of the articles collected. The
Dr. of the balance-fheet contains every kind of pro¬
perty belonging to you, and every debt owing to you;
and the Cr. contains every debt owing by you; there¬
fore the difference ^of the fides fhows what your nett
eftate amounts to. The profit and lofs fheet, when the
articles from the leger are included, contains every
thing you have gained on the Cr. and every thing you
have loft on the Dr. ; and the difference of the fides is
your nett gain or lofs. The ftock-account contained
your effefts anddebts at the time the books were opened;
and therefore, when the gain or lofs is added to the
proper fide, it muft fhow the extent of your nett eftate
at prefent. Thus the ftock-account and the balance-
fheet both point out how much you are worth at prefent;
■the one from your former ftock, allowance being made
for your gains or Ioffes; the other from a view of your
prefent effects and debts ; and they will correfpond,
becaufe both rhuft be agreeable to the truth, if the
•books be correct.
53. Though the books muft balance, if free froiji
error, yet it is fometimes'difficult to adjuft them ex¬
actly, efpecially when the bufinefs is extenfive, and the
error trifling. If there be ftill a difference, which we
do not think it worth while to make further fearch for,
we may clofe the books, by making Profit and Lofs
Dr. or Cr. for the fame. This introduces an article on
one fide of the leger, which has none correfponding
to it on the other, but is balanced by fome undifeovered
error.
54. The balance being ftruck, your next work is to
clofe the books. Every article in the leger fhould be
polled from the journal; therefore, the moft regular
way of finiftiing both is by inferting the following ar¬
ticles'in the journal, and polling them in the common
manner to the leger.
ill, Profit and Lofs Dr. to Sundries, for lofs, on the
L9 50.
: .E P I N G.
following accounts. The particulars are taken from the
Dr. of the Profit and Lofs Iheet.
2d, Sundries Dr. to Profit and lofs, for gain, on the
following accounts. The particulars are taken from the
Cr. of the Profit and Lofs Iheet.
3d, Balance-account Dr. to Sundries, for debts and
property belonging to we.
4th, Sundries Dr. to balance-account, for debts due
by me. The particulars of this and the former are ta¬
ken from the refpe&ive fides of the balance-lheet.
5 th, Profit and Lofs Dr. to Stoek for nett gain ; or
Stock Dr. to Profit and lofs, for nett Idfs.
6th, Balance-account Dr. to Stock, for nett fiock.
55. When the four firft of thefe articles are polled
in the leger, all the perfonal, real, and fubfidiary ac¬
counts will balance, and you may add them as you go
along. In accounts of goods, if there be any defi¬
ciency, you muft enter it on the Cr. in the inner co¬
lumn ; and, if there be any outcome, you mull enter
it on the Dr. before you add the account. Then the
fums of every account and every column on the oppo-
fite fides will be equal.
The only accounts that remain open arc, Profit and
Lofs, Stock, and Balance. The fifth poll balances the
profit and lofs account, and the lixth balances the llock-
account. It was noticed, $ 14. that the whole fums
of Dr. and Cr. of the leger are equal; and therefore,
if the fides of every account, except one, be balanced,
that one will balance of its own accord. The balance-
account alone remains open, and, upon trial, you will
find that the fides are equal. This affords an additional
proof, or, at leaft, a different view, of what was de-
monllrated, with refpeft to the balance of the books,
in $52-.
The lines above and under the fums, at a general
balance, may be drawn with red ink ; and, at the ba¬
lancing of particular accounts, with black ink, for di-
llindlion.
56. Some chufe to infert the particulars of the profit
and lofs and balance ffieets in the refpedtive accounts of
the leger. If this be done, it is unneceffary to enu¬
merate them alfo in the journal. —Some chufe to balance
the'accounts of goods, whenever" the quantity is fold
off ; and we approve of this method, as it leffens the
work at the general balance, which is always fufficiently
laborious.
57. Thus is the ftate of a perfon’s affairs brought
together, in a ffiort compafs, under his view; and the
articles of the balahce-ffieet fupply materials for a new
inventory. It is convenient, however, to alter the or¬
der, and arrange the real accounts together, and the
perfonal ones together.
58. It is not neceffary to begin n£w books, nor open
the accounts anew, unlefs the old folios be full. The
accounts may be continued in the former folios; but it
is beft to begin a new leger, if the old one be not
likely to hold all the bufinefs of the next year. When
one comes to have feveral fets of books, it is common
to diftinguiffi them by the letters of the alphabet. The
firft wafte-book, journal, and leger, are marked A, the
fecond, B; and fo on.
In the following fpecimen, the wafte-book and jour¬
nal are placed on oppofite pages, that the learner may
eafily compare them; and the rules are referred to by
their numbers.
WASTE-
BOO
(i) WASTE-BOOK.
Edinburgh, January i. i 789.
K-K E E p I
/jlNVENTORY of ready money, goods, and debts,
belonging to JamesOfwald merchantin Edinburgh.
Ready money - - L75 10 —
sop bolls meal, at 13s L130 
6 hds Port wine, at L15 90 —
70 reams paper, at xos 6d 36 iy —
20 fp. five hank yarn, at
2 S 3 d % IO  
LIST of debts by the faid James Ofwald.
S' To he Royal bank per account L 230 1
To Tho. Smith merchant London per do 54 
To Will. Nilbet carpenter Leith per do 28 7
A houfe in Lawn-market Edin. value
James Bofwell merch. Edin.
owes per account I-173 4 —
Thomas Pirie writer Edin.
owes per do 1238
Henry Hardy merch. Glaf-
gow per bill 75 — —
David Miller manufa&urer
Haddington per receipt 18
Sold James Cuthbert merchant Leith 50 bolls meal,
at 13s 3d
Rule I.
Bartered 60 fpindles five hank yarn, at 2 s 4d, for 80
yards diaper, at 1 s gd
Rule III.
270 5 —
300 
$ 29
178 7 8
£29
Bought for ready money 105 yards calicoe, at 3 s'2d
Rule III.
Paid William Nifbet in full
Rule!.
   13. 
[Bought from Will. Bruce merchant
»' Leith, 200 bulhels fait, atisiSd L16 13
320 ftone iron, at 3s 4d 53 6
Rule II.
Sold 30 rms paper to Ja. Bofwell, at 12 s L 18 —
12 to John Henderfon ftationer
Edinburgh, at 128 ’7 4 —
5 for ready money, at 11 s 2 15 —
47'
Rules I. III.
bl told Will. Hunter merchant Dunbar
H > 50 bulb, fait, at 1 s gd, L13 2 6
iiflieceived in part
wtl ind he owes the balance
Lio 
326
.a ' Vol. III. PaJtL
Rules I. III.
824
N G.
JOURNAL.
Edinburgh, January 1. 1789.
(0
377
Sundries Dr. to Stock for articles belonging to James
Ofwald merchant Edinburgh.
Houfe in Lanvn-?narket Edin. value
ya.i?<yau<?//mer.Ed.per.ac.L73 4 —
Tho. Tirie writer Ed. per do i 2 3 8
Henry Hardy merchant Glaf-
gow per bill - 75 
David Miller manufa&urer
Haddington, per receipt 18 
Cajh on hand
Meal. For 2 00 bolls at 1? s L13 o ■— -
Port-nxiir.e. For6hds atL 15 90 — -
Paper. Foryorms, at 10s 6d 36 15 -
Tarn. For i2ofp. five hank,
at2s3d 1310-
L75 10 •
270 5
300 
178 7 3
Stock Dr. to Sundries.
To Royal Bank per account L 230   
To Tho. Smith merch. London per acc. 54 —- —
To Will. Nijbet carpenter Leith per do 2875
Calicoe Dr. to Gajh. Bought ioj yards at 3s 2d
James Cuthbert merchant Leith, Dr to Meal, fold
50 bolls, at 13 s 3d
Diaper Dr. to Tarn. Delivered 60 fp. five hank in
barter for 80 yards, at j 3 gd
William Nijbet Dr. to Cajh. Paid him in full
Sundries Drs. to- William Bruce merchant Leith.
Salt. For zoo bufhels, at is8d L16 13 4
Iron. For 320 ftones, at 3 s 4d 53 6 8
Sundries Drs. to Paper.
^ James Bofwell, for 30 rms, at 12s L18 — —
'4 John Henderfon ftationer
Edinburgh, for 12 12s 7 4
1. Cajh. For - 5 us 2 15 —
47
 19.-
SundriesDrstoSalt,for\50btt1. atis gd,1*1$ 2 6
Cajh. Received in part - L io — —
Williatn Hunter merchant Dunbar, for
balance due by him - .3 2 61 13' 2
3:B
I
6.
Edinburgh^,
«,8 BOO K-K. E E P I N G,
(3) WASTE-BOOK.
Edinburgh^ January 22. 1789.
Receivtd from Henry Hardy in pay¬
ment of his bill I-"75 
And for intereft on do 2 10
Paid the Royal Bank
Bought from Alex. Sharp merch. Dundee 500 fp.
four hank yarn, at 1 s lid I47 18 4
Paid him in part L 15 
And the balance due him is 32 18 4
Rules II. III.
  ; 
Received 150 bolls meal, 13s 2d L98 : 15s, m bar
ter for 6 hds. Port wine, at L16 L96 
Paid the balance 215 —
Rule I.
-26.—
Rule III.
Edinburgh, 2^ February 1789.
Sold James Bofwell
48 buih. fait, being the rem. at is 8J-d L4 2 —
60 fp. five hank yarn, at 2 s 34-d 617 6
100 ftone iron, at 3s 444 16 17 6
Rule I.
-3-
Received from James Cuthbert in part
Rule II.
Bartered 22 reams paper, at )2s
30 bolls meal, at 13s 6d
For 334t fp. four hank yarn, at 2s
Rule III.
LiS 4
20 5 —
^33 9 -
/ Taken for the ufe of my Ihop the remaining ream
paper, value
Rule VI.
-16.-
Received from William Hunter in full L 3 2
from James Bofwell in part 70 
y Paid the Royal Bank
V
Rule I.
19.-
Bartered too yards calicoes, at 3s 6d X17 : 10s
For one hd. Port-wine
Received the balance
L14 10
3 
Rule IJI.
JOURNAL.
Edinburgh, January 22. 1789.
N
Cajh Dr. to Sundries.
.2 To Henry Hardy. Rec. paym. of his bill L 75 —
.1 To Profit and Lofs. Rec. intereft on do 2 10 —
Royal Bank Dr. to Cafio. Paid them
Tarn Dr. to Sundries, for 5®o fpindles four hanL
at is 1 id L47 18 4
To Cajh. Paid in part — —
-4 To Alex. Sharg merch. Dundee for bal. 32 18 4
-26.—
-30.
Meal Dr. to Sund. for 150 bolls, at 13s 2d L98 : 15s
To Port-Wine. For 6 hds. delivered in
barter, L16 L96 
To Cajh. Paid balance 2 1 j —
Edinburgh, 2d February 1789.
'James Bofiwell Dr. to Sundries.
To Salt, for 48 bufh. being the rem.
at is SJd L4 2
To Tarn, for 60 fp. five hank, at 2s 3xd 6 17 6
To lron, for 100 ftones, at 3s 444 16 17
-3--
Cajh Dr. to James Cuthbert. Received in part
Tarn Dr. to Sundries. For 334^ fp. four hank yarn,
at 2s L 33 : 9s
To Paper. For 22 reams delivered in
barter, at 12s L13 4 —
To Meal. For 30 bolls, at 13s 6d 20 5 —
Charges Merchandize Dr. to Paper, taken for the ufe
of Ihop, 1 ream, value
Cajh Dr. to Sundries.
To William Hunter. Received in full L 3 2 6
To James Bofwell. —  in part 70 
Royal Batik Dr. to Cajh. Paid them
Sundries Drs. to Calicoes. For 100 yards delivered in
barter, at 3s 6d L 17 : 10s
Port Wine. Por I hd. 1,14 10 —
Cajh. Received balance 3 
Idinbumk
R«
BOO K-K
(3) WASTE-BOOK.
Edinlurgh igtb February, 1789.
Sold 30 bolls meal for ready money,
at 13s 8d L20 le
45 to Henry Hardy, at 13s tod 3.1 2 6
27 to William Hunter, at 13s lod x8 13 6
52 to Baillie and Bell, Borrow-
ftownnefs, at 13s icd 35 19 4
I54
Rules I. III.
--23"
i the Royal Bank
Rule II.
Paid William Bruce in part L. 5.0   
Alexander Sharp in full 32 1 ^ 4
And Tho. Smith’s bill on me at fight 35 
Rule I.
Edinburgh, id March, 1789.
Paid charges' and cellar-rent of fait L t 2
Charges and toft rent of meal 3 3 •
eceived from Thomas Pirie in full L. 12 ■— -
pDifcounted him — 3
Rules It. VI*
360
old James Dalton, Manchefter
5o fpindles four hank yarn, at 2s £d L 6 1
do do do at is 11J- 29 13
Ride I.
Received from Jan Jonkheer Rotterdam 6 bags clo¬
ver feed, qt. 200 lb. each, amount per invoice
/ 312, at 22d per/ L. 28 12
Paid freight aud charges 1 5
Rules II. IV.
—i?"
dartered with James Bofwell 2 bags clover feed, at
L 6, L 12, for 2 hds. lintf. at 55s L 5 10
deceived in money 5 —
iVnd he owes the balance 1 1 o
Rules III. I.
|raid Tho. Smith in full
I And for intereft
L 19 
old 149 lb. clover-feed to John Scott farmer ;
Haugh-head, at yjd L 4 7
70 to James Cuthbert, at 7xd 2. 3
120 for ready money, at 73d 3 12
330
E E P I N G. 379
JOURNAL. (3)
Edinburgh, 19^ February, 1789.
Sundries Drs. to Meal.
•l',Cafh. For 30 bolls, at 13s 8d L 20 10 —
•‘2[Henry Hardy. For 45 13s led 31 2 6
'd,William Hunter. Foray 13s! od 18 13 6
Baillie and Bell, Bor-
rowitownnefs. For52 13s icd 35 19 4
Sundries Drs. to Cajh.
Salt. Paid charges and celler-rent
Meal. Paid charges and loft-rent
H4
23-
Cajh Dr. to Royal Bank. Drawn on them
Sundries Drs. to CaJJo.
William Bruce. Paid him in part L. 50 —
/Ilex. Sharp. Paid him in full 32 18
Tho. Smith. Paid his bill on me at fight 35 
Edinburgh, id March, 1789.
Lr :
3 3 —
Sundries Drs. to Thomas Pirie.
Cajh. Received in full
Profit and Lofis. Difcounted him
L 12 
— 3
James,Dalton, Manchefter, Dr. to Tarn.
For 60 fp. four hank, at 2s -Jd L 6 x
And 3po do. at is u^d. 29 13
360
Clover feed Dr. to Sundries.
To Jan Jonkheer, for 6 bags, qt. 200 lb. each,
is 1200 lb. amount per invoice, f. $12, at
22d L 28 12 —
To Cajh. Paid freight and charges 1 <
Sundries Drs. to Clover feed. For 2 bags, at
Lint-feed, for 2 hds. reed, in bart. 55s 5 to —
Cajh. In part 5 —
fjames Bofwell, for balance 1 10
Sundries Drs. to Cajh.
Thomas Smith. Paid him in full L 19 •
Profit and Lofs. Paid him intereft 1 i
Sundries Drs. to Clover feed.
John Scott, farmer at Haugh-head, for
140 lb. at 7-Jd L4 7
James Cuthbert, for
Cajh for
7^1
7id
330
3 B 2
35 15—:
Edinburgh;,
3$o B O
' (4) WASTE-BOOK.
Edinburgh, 24/^ March, 1789.
O K-K
/
James Bofwell has paid the Royal Bank on my acct,
Rule VIII.
Bought from William Ainflie merchant Alloa \ (hare
of the fhip Hazard, for
Rule II.
Sold Baillie and Bell,
150 ftone Iron, at 3 s 7 d
l hd. Port-wine
Sold for ready money
50 yards diaper, at I s 11 d
30 bolls'meal, at 13 s yd
1 hd. lint-feed
160 lb. clover-feed, at yjd
30 ftone iron, at 3 s 6Jd
"25 —
L 26 17 6
15 5 —
Rule I.
Edinburgh, id April, 1789.
L4 15
3 3
5 3
5 6
Rule III,
-6.-
n the Royal Bank for
Rule II.
Bought for ready money
30 calks train oil, at 22s E33 — •—
30 bolls meal, at 13 s L 19 10 —
40 do. at 14 s 2 d 26 6 8
    45 1 <5 8
70  
Rule III.
Sold Will. Ainflie 30 yds. diaper, at 2 s L 3 — -
And paid him 30 — -
Rule I.
Baillie and Bell have paid Will. Ainflie, at my de¬
fire, balance of my ftrare of the flrip Hazard
Rule VIII.
-11.-
Sold James Bofwell 20 calks train-oil, at 27 s
Rule I.
Sold George Gordon mercht. Stirling
10 calks train oil, at 28 s
1 hd. lint-feed
35 bolls meal, at 13 s 8 d
L 14 
3 5 —
23 .8 4
L41 3
Received in part
And he owes the balance
L35 
6 3 4
Rules I. II.
—16.-
Paid Baillie & Bell’s bill on me to C. Cowan, at fight
Rule!,
E E P I N G.
JOURNAL.
Edinburgh, i^th March, 1789.
Royal Bank Dr. to James Bojwell. Paid them by him
Cajh Dr. to Royal Bank. Drawn on them for
(4)
— 25.-
Share of Jhip Hazard Dr. to William Ainjlie mer¬
chant Alloa, bought -J lhare for
Baillie and Bell Drs. to Sundries.
To Iron. For 150 ftone, at 3 s 7 d L 26 17
To Port wine. For 1 hd. 15 5 •
Edinburgh, id April, 1789.
Gajh Dr. to Sundries.
Diaper. For 50 yards, at 1 s x 1 d L4
To Meal. For3o bolls, at 13 s yd 20
To Lint-feed. For I hd. 3
To Clover-feed. For 160 lb. at yjd 5
To Iron. For 30 ftone, at 3 s 6Jd 5
'5
7 6
3 —
3
^ 3
-6.-
Sundries Drs. to Cajh.
Train-oil. For 30 calks, at 22 s L 33 
Meal. For 3obolls, at 13s L 19 10 —
And 40 ati3s*d 26 6 8
70 — 
William Ainfie Dr. to Sundries.
To Diaper. For 30 yards, at 2 s L 3 —
To Cajh. Paid him 30 — —
William Ainfie Dr. to Baillie and Bell. Paid him
by them on my account, being balance of lhare
of Ihip Hazard
James Bofwell Dr. to Train-oil. Sold him 20 calks
at 27 s
-r4-
George Gordon Dr. to Sundries.
To Train-oil. For 1 o calks, at 28s L14 —
To Lint-feed. For 1 hd. 35 —
To Meal. For 35 bolls, at 13 s 8 d 2318 4
Cajh Dr. to George Gordon. Received in part
Baillie and Bell Dr. to Cajh. Paid their bill on h
to C. Cowman, at fight
78
EdinbimSk
B O
(s) WAS T E-BOOK.
Edinburg/), 18th April, 1789.
Taken far the ufe of my family, the remaining five
yards calicoe, at 3 s 2 d
Rule VI.
O K-K E E
The Royal Bank have paid Jan Jonkheer’s bill on
me, 1 mdt. at my defire
Rule VIII.
Received my proportion of profits on a voyage to
Rotterdam by the Hazard
Rule V.
S/ Paid for fmall charges on my bufinefs
fince ift January - X. ij 3 8
Perfonal and family expences 32 •—
 30-
Rule VI.
F Due Thomas Sharp, my clerk, for wages
K Rule VI.
!/ Due the Royal Bank for intereft
Rule VI.
I value my houfe at -
And my {hare of fliip Hazard
Previous to the balancing of my books, I have ta¬
ken an inventory ©f the goods in ray {hop ant
ware-houfe,
^24 bolls meal, at 13s 6d L83 14
474 fp. four hank yarn, at 2 s 47 8
40 ttone iron, at 3 s 4d 6 13 4
300 lb. clover-feed, at fid 7 10 —
Li4y f 4
300 —
140 —
lJ85 5 4
Proper expences Dr. to Calicoes. For 5 yards taken
for family ufe, at 3 s 2 d
Jar. Jonkkeer Dr. to Royal Bank. For his bill on
me 1 mdt. paid by them.
PING
JOURNAL
Edinburgh, 18M April, 1789.
(sf
28 12
djh Dr to Share of Ship Hazard. Received my pro¬
portion of profits on a voyage to Rotterdam
-30—
Sundries Drs. to Cajh.
Charges Merchandize. Paid fmall char¬
ges fince Jan. 1. - . L 5 3
Proper Exp. Paidperf. and family charges 32 —
Charges of Merchandize Dr. to Thomas Sharp, my
clerk. Due him for wages
Profit and Lqfs Dr to Royal Bank. Due them for int.
Profit and Lofs Dr. to Sundries, for articles of lofs.
To Salt - - L— 11 4
To Charges Merchandize - 13 14
To Proper Expences - 32 15 10
See $ 54.  
Sundries Drs. to Profit and Lofs, for articles of gain.
Meal
Port-’wine
Paper
2 Tarn
■3 Calicoes
3 Diaper
3 Iron
4 Clover-feed
4 Lint-feed
■5 Share offihip Hazard
f.'Train-oil
L 9 18 —
6 15 —
418 6
2 3
‘ ^
— >5
2 7
5 —
— 18 —
23 
•S Bal. Account Dr. to Sun. for articles belonging to me.
.1 To Cajh
.1 To Meal. For 124 bolls, at 13s fid
.2 To Tarn. For 474 fp. at 2 s
Amiffing 4- fpindle.
.2 To Houfe in La'vm market
.2 To James Bofwell
.2 To Henry Hardy
.2 To David Miller
.3 To James Cuthhert
.3 To Iron. For 40 {tone, at 3s 4d
.4 To John Henderfon
.4 To William Hunter
.4 To James Dalton
.4 To Clover-feed. For 300 lb. at fid
Inlake 10 lb.
.5 To John Scott
.5 To Share of [hip Hazard
, .5 To George Gordon
L 8 3 10
83 ‘4
47 8 —
300 —
37 ‘i
312 6
18 —
5 6 3
6 13
7 4 —
1813 6
35 15 —
7 10 —
476
140 
6 3 4
I757I „
Edinburgh^
382
BOOK-KEEPING.
(6) JOURNAL.
Edinburgh, 30M April 1789.
Sundries Drs. to Balance-account.
Meal. Outcome 3 bolls
Royal Bank - - L 201 3
William Bruce - 20 —-
Thomas Sharp - 8 ■— —
Profit and Lofs Dr. to Stock, for nett gain
Stock Dr* to Balance-Account, for nett ftock
The next Journal, would begin thus..
Sundries Drs. to Stock.
on hand L8 3 10
Meal. For 1 24 bolls, at 13s L 83 14 —
J'lsr/z. For474fp, 4-hank,at 2s 47 8 —
Iron. For 40 itone, at-3s 4d 6 13 4
Clover-feed. For 300 lb. at 6d 7 10 —
  _-,45 5 4
Houfie in Lawn- market Edin¬
burgh, value L 300 —. —-
Share in Jhip Hazard. For
one third; 140 -'-.—
 440 
James Bofiwell Edinburgh.
Due by him L37 11 —
Henry Hardy Glafgow. Do 31 2 6
David Miller Haddington.Do i 8 
James CuthbertSL.tlth. Do 563
John Henderfon Edin. Do 7 4 —
William Hunter Dunbar. Do 1813 6
_7«wrZW/i?«Ma»ehefter. Do 35 15 —
John Scott Haughhead. Do 4 7 6
George Gordon Stirling. Do 6 3 4:
-164 3 1
Stock Dr. to Sundries.
To Royal Bank. Due them L 201 3
To William Bruce Leith. Due him 20 —
Thomas Sharp, my clerk. Do 8 
(0
BOO K-K
L E G E R. ft.
E E P I N G.
L E G E R.
Stock,
To Sundries per J.
To Balance-account, for nett ftock
Profit and Lofs,
To Thomas Pine, difcounted him
To Calh, paid Tho. Smith intereft
To Royal Bank, for intereft due them
To Sundries, per J.
To Stock, for nett gain
Capo,
To Stock on hand
To Paper, for 5 reams, at 11 s
To Salt, in part, per J.
To Sundries for Hen. Hardy’s bill, with int.
To James Cuthbert, in part
To Sundries, per J.
To Calicoes, for bal. of i©o yards, per J.
To Meal, for 30 bolls, at 13s 8 d
To Royal Bank, drawn on them
To Thomas Pirie, in full
To Clover-feed, in part, for 2 bags
To Clover-feed, for 120 lb. at 7^d
To Sundries, per J.
6 To Royal Bank, drawn on them
14 To George Gordon, in part
25 To Share of fhip Hazard for ftiare profits p. J.
Meal,
To Stock on hand, at 13 s
30 To Sundries, per J. at 13 s 2 d
2 To Cafh, paid charges and loft-rent
6 To Cafh, per J.
30 To Profit and Lofs, for gain
Outcome
Port-'wine,
To Stock on hand, at L 15
To Calicoes, in barter
To Profit and Lofs, for gain
Hds
i 6
840
287
1789
Jan.
Apr.
1789
Jan.
AP,
1789
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
1789
— Jan.
- Feb.
8 Apr
1789
Jan.
Mar.
'ontra Cr.
By Cafh, received int. on Hen. Hardy’s bill
By Sundries, per J.
By Sundries, per J.
By Profit and Lofs, for nett gain
Contra
Cr.
Contra
By James Cuthbert, at 13 s 3 d
By Yarn in barter, at 13 s 6 d
By Sundries, per J.
By Cafh, at 13 s 7 d
By George Gordon, at 13 s 8 d
By Balance-account, at 13 s 4 d
*.(■)
383
By Calicoes, for 105 yards, at 3 s 2d
By William Nifbet, in full
By Royal Bank, paid them
By Yarn, in part, for 500 fp. four hank
By Meal, paid balance of 150 bolls
By Royal Bank, paid them
By Sundries, per J.
By Sundries, per J.
By Clover-feed, paid freight and charges
By Sundries, paid Tho. Smith, with int. per J.
By Sundries, per J.
By William Ainflie, paid him
By Baillie and Bell, paid their bill on me ft.
By Sundries, for charges and expences per J.
By -Balance-account
Cr.
Bolls
5°
3°
>54
3°
35
1245
By Meal, in barter, at L 16
By Baillie and Bell
423
Cr.
Hds
6
287
3
384
(2)
B
G E
O K-K E E P I
Dr.
1789
Jan.
Apr.
Dr.
1789
Jan.
Feb.
Api
Dr.
1789
Jan.
Dr.
1789
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
Dr.
1789
Dr.
1789
Jan.
Feb.
Dr.
1789
Dr.
1789
Feb.
Mar.
Api
Paper,
To Stock on hand, at 10s 6d
To Profit and Lofs, for gain
Tarn,
To Stock on hand, at 2s 3d
To Sundries, per J. at is ud
To Sundries, per J. at 2S
To Profit and Lofs, for gain
Houfe in Lawn-market,
To Stock, for value
Spindles
ThVh
500
334t
8341120
Ja. Bofwell merchant Edinburgh,
To Stock due by him, per account
To Paper, for 30 reams, at 12s
To Sundries, per J.
To Clover-feed, for bal. of 2 bags, per J.
To Train-oil, for 20 calks, at 27s
Thomas Pirie writer Edinburgh,
To Stock due by him per account
Henry Hardy merchant Glafgow,
To Stock due by him per bill
19 To Meal, for 45 bolls, at 13s lod
David Miller manufacturer Haddingtor
To Stock due by him per receipt
Royal Bank of Scotland,
To Calb, paid them
t6 To Calh, paid them
To Ja. Bofwell, paid them by him
30 To Balance-account
1789
Jan.
Feb.
1789
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
1789
Apr.
1789
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
1789
8 Mar.
1789
— Jan.
6 Apr
*789
Ap,
1789
Jan.
Feb.
Apr.
N G.
L E
G E R.
By Sundries, per J.
By Yarn in barter, at 1 2s
By Charges Merchandize, for {hop-ufe
Contra
By Balance account
^ (2)
Cr.
Spindles.
4^15#
By Diaper, at 2s 4d
By James Bofwell, at 2s 3id
By James Dalton, per J.
By Balance-account, at 2S
Amiffing
834I 120
By Calh in part
By Royal Bank, paid in by him
By Balance-account
Centra Cr.
By Sundries in full, with difeount, per J.
Contra
By Calh in full
By Balance-account
Contra
By Balance-account
Contra
Cr.
By Stock, due them per account
By Calh, drawn on them
By Calh, drawn on them
By J. Jonkheer, for his bill paid them, p. J.
By Profit and Lofs, for intereit due them
BOO K-K E E P I N G.
(3) L E G E R. L E G E R.
rV
789
"eb.
Uar.
|)r.
789
*89
Tko-. Smith merchant London^
23 To Cafli, paid his bill on me at fight
7 To Cafh, in full
Will. Nijbet carpenter Leith,
To Calh, paid him in full
Calicoes,
To Calh, at 35 2d
To Profit and Lofs, for gain
Ja. Cuthbert merchant Leith,
To Meal, for 50 bolls, at 13s 3d
To Clover-feed, for 70 lb. at 7t
Diaper.
To Yarn in barter, at is Qd
To Profit and Lofs, for gain
Yds.
80
Bujh.
3 To William Bruce, at is 8d loo
To Calh, paid charges and cellar-rent
William Bruce merchant Leith,
23 To Calh in part
30 To Balance-account
To William Bruce, at 3s 4d
To Profit and Lofs, for gain
Stones.
3 20
53
55
1789
Jan.
1789
3 Jan.
1789
6 Feb.
4 Apr.
1789
6 Feb.
9 Api
1789
10 Apr.
1789
4 Jan.
6 Feb.
Apr.
17.89
Jan.
1789
8 Feb.
I Mar.
Apr.
Contra
By Stock, due him per account
Contra
By Stock, due him per account.
Contra
By Sundries, per J. at 3s 6d
By proper Expences taken at 3s 2d
By Calh in part
By Balance account
By Calh at is lid
By William Ainflie, at 28
Contra
By Sundries, per J. at 1 s 9d
By J. Bofwell, for the rem. at is 8dJ
By Profit and Lofs,
Inlake
Contra
By Sundries per J.
Cr.
Yds.
5°
3°5
Cr.
Bujh.
■ 150
48
By James Bofwell, at 3s 4-id
By Baillie and Bell, at 3s and yd
By Caffi, at 3s 6d|d
By Balance-account, at 3s 4d
Cr.
Stones.
1504
S°
,'ol. HI. Part I.
I
" (3)
54
54
335
Cc
3*6
(4)
B O O K-K E E P
Dr.
1789
Jan.
Dr.
17^9
Jan.
Dr
1789
Feb:
Dr.
1789
Feb.
Api
Dr.
1789
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
Dr.
1789
Mar.
Dr.
1789
Mar.
Apr.
Dr.
3789
Apr.
i>.
1789
Mar.
Ap;
Jo. HenderfonJlationer Edinburgh,
4To paper, for 12 reams at r? s
William Hunter merchant Dunbar,
To Salt, for balance of 150 buftiels, per J.
19 To Meal, for 27 bolls, at ijsiod'
9 T<
Alexander Sharp merchant Dundee,
To Cafli, in full
Charges Merchandize,
To paper, taken for fhop-ufe, 1 ream
To cafli, for fmall charges fince ift Jan.
To Tho. Sharp, for wages
Baillie and Bell Borro’wjlonnefs,
'o Meal, for 52 bolls, at 3 s 10 d
To Sundries per J.
To Cafli, pd their bill on me to C. Cowan, st
James Dalton Manchejler,
To Yarn, for 360 fpindles four hank,, per J.
Clover-feed,
To Sundries per J. for pr. coll and . char.
30 To Profit and Lofs, for gain.
J. Jonkbecr merchant Rotterdam,
To Ro. Bank, for his bill on me paid by them
Lint-feed,
To Clover-feed, in barter at 55 s
30 To Profit and Lpfs, for gain
I N G.
L E G E R.
35J9
42j
3^18
—p
29 17
5 —
6
1789
Apr,
1789
Feb.
Apr.
Contra
By Balance-account
1789
Jan.
1789
Api
1789
4 Api
6
1789
Api
1789
Mar.
Apt
1789
Mar.
1789
Apr.
Contra
By Cafli in full
By Balance-account
Contra Cr.
By Yarn, for balance of 300 fpindles, per J,
Contra
By Profit and lofs
Contra Cr.
By William Ainflie, paid him by them
Contra
By Balance-account,
Contra
By Sundries per J.
By Sundries per J.
By Cafli, at 7|-d
By Balance-account, at 6 d
Iplake
Cr.
lb.
1400
33°
16c
I 3°°
Contra
By Clover-feed, for 6 bags, per J.
By Cafli
4 By Geqrge Gordon
Cr.
Hds.
(5)
BOO
L E G E R.
K-K E
E P X N G.
L E G E R.
Share of flip Hazard,
25 To William Ainflie, bought •|- {hare for
30 To Profit and Loi's,
William Ainflie merchant Alloa,
To Sundries, per J
To Baillie and Bell, for bal. paid him by them
To Calh, at 2 2 s
To Profit and Lofs, for gain
3°
John Scott farmer at Haughead,
To Clover-feed, for 140 lb. at 7-l-d
Ca/ks
3°
George Gordon merchant Stirling,
14 To Sundries, per J.
Proper Expences,
To Calicoes, for 5 yards, at 3 s 2 d
To Cafh, for charges fince ift January
Thomas Sharp, my clerk,
To balance-account
Balance-account,
To Sundries, per J.
1789
Api
1789
Mar.
1789
_ Ap,
1789
6 Api
3°:
0
- 17S9
- Apr.
r-
4
-17%
> Api
1789-
■ .Apr.
1789
3 Api
By Cafh, for fhare profit of a voyage to RotT
By Balance-account
Contra
By .Balance-account
Contra Cr.
By Share of Ship Hazard, for bt. from him
By James Bofwell, at 27 s
By George Gordon, at 28 s
Cr.
Cajks
to 2
Contra Cr.
ir.fi rrririV/
14’By Cafh in part
30 By Balance-account ’ 1 " 1
Contra
By Profit and Lofs
Contra Cr.
By Charges Merchandize, due him for wages 4
Contra
By Sundries, per J.
By Stock
Cr.
fc.(s)
387
4 7 6
3C2
TRIAL-
BOO K-K E E P I N G.
388
TRIAL-BALANCE.
Dr.
i Stock
Profit and Lofs
Cafti
2 Meal
Port-wine
Paper
Yarn
j Houfe in Edinburgh
3 James Bofwell
Henry Hardie
David Miller
Royal Bank
4 Calicoes
James Cuthbert
Diaper
Salt
5 Iron
William Bruce
John Henderfon
William Hunter
Charges Merchandize
6 James Dalton
Clover-feed
Tlax-feed
John Scott
Share of Ship Hazard
7 Train-oil
George Gordon
Proper Expences
Thomas Sharp
L 312 7 3
4 4 10
599 15 11
  L 916
L 277 14 8
104 10 —
36 15 —
94 >7 4
300 — —-
 813
L 247 11 —
31 2 6
18 — —
140 — —
 436
L 16 12 6
35 6 3
17 15 10
 76
L 53 6 8
50 — —
7 4 —
18 13 6
13 14 2
"       142
L 35 15 —
29 17 —
5 io —
476
150 — —
   225
L 35 — —
4i 3 4
32 15 10
■ ■ ■ . I. - !. I06
L27I9
Cr.
4 9
9 8
3 3
6 *
1 5
ij *
L 824 2 8
210 —
591 12 1
L 203 18 8
in 5 —
41 13 6
49 12 6
406
44i 3 *
13 6 — 551
L 18 S 10
3° — —
7 15 10
17 4 6
14 7 73
L 49 1 3
70 — —
27 7 1
6 8 —
9 6
L 41 — —
35 — “
84
L2719 >
compu-
BOOK-KEEPING.
3.%
C O M P U T A
4 Salt
Dr. Cr.
L599 15 II L591 I
591 12 I
T I O N S.
JL 17 15 10 L
i? 4 6
4 6
L 8 3 r»
5 William Bruce
2 Meal
Dr. 420 boils
Cr. 299
121
-III r
3 outcome
Port-wiijfe
Paper
Yarn
Spindles
834t 120
360 120
474f
Amiffing |-
Houfe in Edinburgh
3 Ja. Bofwell
Henry Hardy
David Miller
Royal Bank
4 Calicoes
J» Cuthbert
Diaper
X277 14 8 L203
L 83 14 —-  --
L 287
277
18 8
14 —
12 8
14 8
Iron
320 ftone
280
Profit L 918 — 40
L:o4 10 — L 111
 104
Profit L 6
L 36 15 — L 41
 36
5 ~
10 —
15 ~
13 6
■5 —
Profit L 4
L 94 17 4 L 49
 47
L 47 8 — 
L 91
94
18 6
12 6
— 6
17 4
Profit L 2
X300 
L147 11 — L no -
no 
J. Henderfon
W. Hunter
Char. Merchan.
6 Ja. Dalton
Clover-feed
1200 lb.
890
410
30a
1 o inlake
Lint-feed
J. Scott
Share Hazard
7 Train-oil
L 16 12; 6 L 18
——  16
5 le
12 6
George Gordon
Profit L
£ 35 6 3
30 
L 5 6 3
L 7 L 7
— 7
Profit L —
15 10
15 10
Proper Ex.
Thomas Sharp
STOCK
Balance
Profit
L 7 4 —
L 18 13 6
L 13 14 2 lofs.
L 35 15 -
L 29 17 — L 27 7
 “ 7 10 -
L 7 10 — 
L 34 «7
29 17 -
L 5 —
L 6 8 ■
5 10 -
Profit
5 10 -
Profit L. — l& —
L 4 7 6
L150 33  
   140 — —
L140  
L173 
,5o 
Profit L 23 «’
L 33 E 4i 
33 
Profit L 8 ■
L 41 3 4 L 35 •
35 
L 6 5 4
L 32 15 10 lofs.
L 8 ~ «
L312 7 3 L824 2
528 9 iprof.16 13
L840 16 4 L840 16
PROEI.T
39®
BOO K-K E E F I N G,
PROFIT and LOSS SHEET.
Salt
Charges Merchandize
Proper Expences
In Leger
L— u 4
13 14 2
32 15 10
L 47 1 4
4 4 10
L51 6 z
Meal
Port-wine
Paper
Yarn
Calicoes
Diaper
Iron
Clover-feed
Lint-feed
Share of (hip Hazard
Train-oil
Nett gain
16 13 8
L67 19 10
In Leger
L 9 18
6 15 —
4186
23a
* ‘3 4
  15 IQ
2 7 II
5 — I
— 18 —
L 65 9 IQ
2 IO  
L67 19 IO
B A L A N C
Cafli
Meal, 124 b. at 13 s 4d
Yarn, 474 fp. at 2 s
Amilfing !•
Houfe in Edinburgh
James Bofwell
Henry Hardie
David Miller
J. Cuthbert
Iron, 40 ftone, at 3s 4d
J. Henderfon
W. Hunter
James Dalton
Clover-feed, 300 lb. at 6d
Inlake 10 lb.
J. Scott
Share of (hip Hazard
George Gordon
L 8 3 1
83 14 ■
47 8 -
300 
37 11 —
3126
18 
563
6 13 4
7 4“
18 13 6
35 15 “
7 10 
476
140 — —-
6 3 4
L757 12 3
E - S H E E T,
Meal, outcome 3 b.
Royal Bank
William Bruce
Thomas Sharp
STOCK
L 20i 3 a
20 — ■—
8 
L229 3 3
528 9
L757 12 3
BOO K-K E
The prefent article, it is hoped, will appear fuffi-
eiently extended for a work of this nature. It contains
the general principles of Italian book-keeping j and is
fufficient to unfold the nature and defign of that art
to the fpeculative inquirer, to direct the accountant in
common and eafy cafes, and prepare him for under-
ftanding thofe that are more complicated. In fa6t, if
he has a clear apprehenfion of the fenfe of the tranfac-
tions, the tendency of the journal-entries, and the im¬
port of the balances in the leger, he will feldom be at
a lofs how to proceed.
Subjidiary Books ufed by merchants*
Though all merchant-accounts may be kept by the
Wafte-book, Journal, and Leger, alone; yet men of
great bufmefs find it convenient, either for abridging
thefe, or for other ends, to ufe fome others, generally
called Subjidiary or Subfervient Books; the molt com¬
mon of which are thefe nine following, viz.
t. Cajh book. This book is kept in a folia form,
like the leger, and ferves to abridge the cafh-account
there. On the left-hand page, or Dr. fide, Cajh is
charged Dr. for all the fums received ; and on the
right-hand page, Cajh is made Cr. for all the fums
paid. Once a-week, or, which is more ordinary, once
a month, this book is polled to the leger ; or, if you
pleafe, firft to the journal, by two entries, viz. Cajh
Dr. to Sundries, for all the receipts, and Sundries Drs.
to Cajh, for all the payments. By this means the
calh-account in the leger will be fo far contrafted as to
confift of 12 lines, viz. one for each month in the year.
2. Book of Charges of Merchandize. This book is
only paged, and defigned to abbreviate the calh-book.
It contains particular charges on goods and voyages ;
fuch as carriage, cuftom, freight, cranage, wharfage,
&c, : as alfo other expences that affeft trade in gene¬
ral ; fuch as, warehoufe-rent, {hop-rent, accountant’s
wages, pottage of letters, and the like. At the end
of each month the money-columns of this book are
added up, and the fum carried to the credit-fide of the
calh-book.
3. Book of Houfe-expences. This book is alfo paged,
and defigned likewife to eafe the calh-book. It con¬
tains all dilburfements for family provifions, fervant’s
wages, houfe-rent, apparel, utenfils, &c. The money-
columns of this book are alfo added up at the end of
each month, and the fum transferred to the credit-fide
of the calh-book.
4. Invoice-book. This book, which is ufed chiefly
by factors,, is paged, and contains doubles or copies of
the invoices of goods fent to fea, or of goods received
from abroad.
5. Sales-book. This book too is chiefly ufed by
faftors; and into it is polled, from the walte-book,
the particular fales of every configned cargo ; by which
means the feveral articles of a fale, that lie fcattered in
the walte-book, are brought together, and reprefented
under one view, and that in a manner more full and
minute than they are collected in the leger account.
E P I N G
This book exhibits the fales of every confignment fepa-
rately and by themfelyes ; to which are fubjoined the
Yefpeftive charges, fuch as freight, cuftom, the fadtor’s
commilfion, as alio abatements allowed to buvers, &c.
whofe fum fubtradted from the grofs amount of fales
gives the neat proceeds. From this book, when a car¬
go is fold off, an account of fales is drawn out, in or¬
der to be tranfmitted to the employer.
6. Bill-book. The defign of this Bill-book, ox Month-
book, is to furnilh a merchant with a ready way of know¬
ing the time when bills or other debts become payable
to or by him. It confilts of 12 folios, one for each
month in the year. The left-hand page contains the
debts that fall due to the merchant in the month on
the top, and the right-hand page contains the debts
payable by him to others in the fame month.
7. Receipt-book. In this book a merchant takes re¬
ceipts of the payments he makes. The receipt Ihould
contain the date ; the fum received, expreffedin words
at large, and alfo in figures in the money-columns;
the reafon why ; and whether in full or in part; and
mult be figned by the perfon receiving But there is
no occafion to mention the merchant’s name ; for the
book being his own, fufficiently implies that.
8. Letter-book. It is very imprudent in any perfon
to fend away a letter of bufinefs, without keeping a
double, of it to hknfelf; and therefore to prevent the
bad confequences of fuch a carelefs practice, merchants
are provided with a large book in folio, into which is
copied verbatim every letter of bufinefs before it be
fent off. So that this book, together with the letters
received (which mull alfo be carefully kept in files or
boxes), makes a complete hiftory of all the dealings that
pafs betwixt a merchant and his cbrrefpondents ; which-
may be very ufeful and neceffary on many occafions.
9. Pocket-book. This is a fmall book, of a portable
fiae, which a merchant carries in his pocket when bu¬
finefs calls him abroad to a tavern, a fair, the country,,
or other places. In this he fets down the bargains he
makes, the expences he is at, the debts he pays, or fums
he receives, with every other part of bufinefs he tranf-
adts while abroad; as alf<\any occurrence or piece of
news he thinks worth while to record. And when he
comes home to his counting-houfe or Ihop, he transfers
the things contained in this book, each to their proper
places in the walte-book, or books fnbfidiary.
Factors of great bufinefs fometimes keep another fmall
book, called the Memorandum-book. Into this book Is-
copied, from letters as they come to hand, Ihort notes
of the feveral commiflions for buying goods contained
in them ; and as the commiffions are effedted, the notes
are croffed, or have fome mark affixed to them. This
is more convenient in doing bufinefs, thanlo be con¬
tinually running to the letters themfelves.
The above are the fubfidiary books moll in ufe : but.
a merchant is not tied down or reftridted to them ;
he may keep fome, and negledt others, or invent moreb
as the nature of hisbufineis requires, and he finds con¬
venient.
591
BOO
BOOKSELLER, one who trades in books, whe¬
ther he prints them himfelf, or gives them to be print¬
ed by others.
BOO
Booksellers, among us, are the fame with biblio-
pola among the ancients, whofe office was diltindt from
that of librarii. Petty dealers, or venders of fmall,
3 ware.
BOO L 392 ] BOO
Boolifeiiesvv.’are, like our publifners, were more particularly deno-
l‘—minated libelliones. At Rome, the Argiletum was the
mart of books, a^ Paul’s Church-yard, or Fleet-flreet,
and Paternofter-row, have been among us: whence
that of Martial,
Argiletanas mavis habitare tabernas,
Cum tibi, parve liber, fcrinia nojlra vacent.
Bookfellers in many places are ranked among the
members of univerfities, and intitled to the privileges
of iludents: as at Tubingen, Salilburgi and Paris,
v. here they have always been diftinguifhed from the
vulgar and mechanical traders, and exempted from di¬
vers taxes and impofitions laid on other companies.
Formerly, the offices of bookfellers and printers
were united in the fame perfons. Labbe gives a lift of
learned bookfellers ; moll of whom were alfo authors.
‘Of late, bookfellers have drawn their bufinefs into lefs
compafs, and leaving the labour of compofmg books
to one fet of perfons, and that of printing them to a-
nother, content themfelves with the gainful part; thus
miniftering to the republic of letters not with the head
-or the hand, but the purfe only. In this view, they
have been very important and ufeful agents between
authors and-the public,; and-have contributed, in no
fmall degree, to the encouragement of genius and
literary induftry, .and the fpread of fcience. There
are few authors, who have undertaken the printing and
publilhing of any work likely to be tranfmitted to po-
fterity, without being connedled with fome bookfeller,
-or bookfellers, eminent in their profeffion.
The fairs of Frartcfort and Leipfic are famous for
the refort of bookfellers, not only from all parts of the
empire, but Holland, Flanders, &c.. They have each
their fhop or warehoufe, over which is infcribed the
name of fome celebrated bookfeller of former times ;
cfficina, Elzeviriana, Frobeniana, Morelliana, 'Janfsmi-
ana, 8cc.
An acquairttance with the bookfellers marks or figns,
frequently expreffed on the title-pages of their books,
is of fome ufe ; becaufe many books, efpecially in the
laft century, have no other defignation either of printer,
bookfeller, or even city. The anchor is the mark of
Raphelengius at Leyden ; and the fame with a dolphin
twifted round it, of the Manutii at Venice and Rome ;
the Arion denotes a book printed by Oporinus at Ba-
fd ; the caduceus, or pegafus, by the Wecheliufes at
Paris and Francfort; the cranes, by Cramoify ; the
compafs, by Plantin at Antwerp; the fountain, by
Vafcofan at Paris ; the fphere in a balance, by Janfon
or Rlaew, at Amfterdam ; the lily, by the Juntas at
Venice, Florence, Lyons, and R.ome ; the mulberry-
tree, by Morel at Paris; the olive-tree, by the Ste-
phenfes at Paris and Geneva, and the Elzeviers at Am¬
fterdam and Leyden ; the bird between two ferpe'nts,
by the Frobeniufes at Bafil; the truth, by the Com-
melins at Heidelberg and Paris ; the Saturn, by Coli-
naeus; the printing-prefs, -by Badius Afcencius, See.
The traffic of books was anciently very inconfider*
able, infomuch that the book-merchants of England,
France, Spain, and other countries, were diftinguiftied
by the Appellation of as having no (hops,
but only ftalls and ftands in the ftreets. During this
ftate, the civil magiftrates took little notice of the book¬
fellers, leaving the government of them to the univer-
N° 50, 2
fities, to whom they were fuppofed more immediate Boom
retainers ; who accordingly gave them laws and regu-
lations, fixed prices on their books, examined their, "0t^
corre&nefs, and punifhed them at diferetion. But
when, by the invention of printing, books and book¬
fellers began to multiply, it became a matter of more '
confequence ; and the fovereigns took the direftion of
them into their own hands, giving them new ftatutes,
appointing officers to fix prices, and granting licences,
privileges, &C.
BOOM, in the fea language, a long piece of timber
with which the clew of the ftudding fail is fpread out;
and fometimes the boom is ufed to Ipread or boom out
the clew of the main-maft.
Boom, denotes alfo a cable ftretched athwart the
mouth of a river or harbour ; with yards, top-mafts, i
battling or fpars of wood laffied to it, to prevent an
enemy’s coming in.
BOOMING, among failors, denotes the application
of a boom to the fAils. A ftiip is faid to come boom¬
ing forwards, when (he comes with all the fail fixe can
make.
BOONEN (Arnold), portrait painter, was born at
Dort in 1669, and at firft was a difciple of Arnold i
Verbids, a painter of hiftory and portrait. After- |
wards he placed himfelf with Godfrey Schalcken, and
continued with that artift for fix years. The fweet-
nefs of his colouring, and the neatnefs of his touch,
with a ftriking likenefs in his portraits, procured
him a number of admirers. He painted in the
manner of his matter, particularly fubjefts by candle¬
light, which were very delicate, and very natural; and
much more of his work was requefted by the lovers of
the art than it was poffible for him to undertake.
He had the honour to paint the portraits of the Czar
of Mufcovy ; of Frederic I. King of Pruffia ; of the
victorious Duke of Marlborough, as well as many of
the princes of Germany; and moft of the noblemen
who attended the Czar. His ftyle of colouring was
extremely good, and he had an elegant manner of dif-
pofing the attitudes of his figures ; his handling was
neat, and the whole had fo much harmony that he -;
was juftly ranked among the ableft artifts of his time.
The fmall pictures of Boonen are in the tafte of his
matter Schalcken ; but his exceffive application, to an- .11
fwer the multitude of his engagements, impaired his
health, and deftroyed while it enriched him. He died
in 1729.
BOOPTHALMUS, a kind of agate with large
circles in it, bearing fome fefemblance to an ox’s eye,
from whence it has got this name.
BOOPS, in zoology, the trivial name of a fpecies
of balsena. See Balden a.
BOOSHATTER, formerly the city of Uttica, fa¬
mous for the retreat and death of Cato, lies about fe-
ven miles inland froih Porto Farina in the bay of
Tunis. Nothing remains of its ancient grandeur ex¬
cept part of a large aqueduft, fome citterns, and other
magnificent ruins, which cover a large extent of ground,
and fhow it to have been a very confiderable place.
The fea, it is known, came up anciently to this city,
though now feven miles diftant.
BOOT, a leathern cover or defence for the leg, ufed
on horfeback, both to keep the body more firm, and
defend the part from the injuries of the weather. Boots'
feem I
BOO
C 393 1
BOO
Boot
II
I Booth.
feem to have taken their name from the refemblance audience. From this time he continued daily impro- Booth,
they bear to a fort of jacks or leathern bottles formerly ving ; and, after two fuccefsful campaigns in that king- —v—*~
in ufe, and called bottce, in the old French bouts. Borel dom, conceived thoughts of returning to his native
derives the name from the old French word hot, a Hump, country, and making a trial of his abilities on the Eng-
by reafon the boot gives the leg this appearance. The lilh ftage. To this end, he firft, by letter, reconciled
Chinefe have a kind of boots made of iilk or fine ftuff himfelf to his friends; and then, as a farther Hep to-'
lined with cotton, a full inch thick, which they always wards infuring his fuccefs, obtained a recommendation
wear at home. This people are always booted ; and from Lord Fitzharding (one of the lords of the bed-
when a vifit is made them, if they happen to be with- chamber to prince George of Denmark) to Mr Bet-
out their boots, their gueft muft wait till they put terton, who with great candour and good-nature took
them on. They never llir out of doors without their him under his care, and ^ave him all the affiftance in
boots on; and their fcrupuloufnefs in this refpedt is . his power. The firlt part Mr Booth appeared in at
the more remarkable as they are always carried in their London was that of Maximus in Lord Rochefter’s Va-
chairs. lentinian, his reception in which exceeded even his moll
The boot was much ufed by the ancients, by the fanguine expectations; and veryfoon after his perform-
foot as well as by the horfemen. It was called by the ance of Artaban, in Rowe’s Ambitious Stepmother,
ancient Romans ocrea; in middle-age writers, greva, which was a new tragedy, eftablilhed his reputation,
gamberia, bainberga, besnbarga, or benbarga. The boot as fecond at leall to his great inftruftor. Pyrrhus, in
is faid to have been the .invention of the Carians. It the Diftrefied Mother, was another part in which he
was at firft. made of leather, afterwards of brafs or iron, Ihone without a rival. But he was indebted to a happy
and was proof both againll cuts and thrufts. It was coincidence of merit and chance, for that height of
from this that Homer calls the Greeks brazen-booted, fame which he at length attained in the charadler of
The boot only covered half the leg ; fome fay the right Cato, as drawn by Mr Addifon, in 1712. For this
leg, which was more advanced than the left, it being play being confidered as a party one, the Whigs, in
advanced forwards in an attack with the fword ; but favour of whofe principles it was apparently written,
in reality it appears to have been ufed on either leg, thought it their duty ftrongly to fupport it, while at
and fometimes on both. Thofe who fought with darts the fame time the Tories, who had too much fenfe to
or other miffile weapons, advanced the left leg fore- appear to confider it as a reflection on their adminiftra-
moft, fo that this only was booted. tion, were ftill more vehement in their approbation of
Fijhing-Boors, are a thick ftrong fort ufed in drag- it, which they carried to fuch an height, as even to
ging ponds, and the like. Hunting-boots, a thinner make a collection of 50 guineas in the boxes during the
kind ufed by fportfmen. Jack-boots, a kind of very performance, and prefent them to Mr Booth, with this
flrong boots ufed by the troopers. compliment, “ That it was a flight acknowledgement
Boor, is likewife a kind of torture for criminals ; for his honeft oppofition to a perpetual dictator, and
to extort a confefiion, by means of a boot, flocking, or his dying fo bravely in the caufe of liberty.” Befides
buikin of parchment ; which being put on the leg this, he had a prefent of an equal fum from the mana-
moift, and brought near the fire, in fhrinking fqueezes gers, in confideration of the great fuccefs of the play,
the leg violently, and occafions intolerable pain. which they attributed in a good meafure to his extra-
There is alfo another kind of boot; confilling of ordinary merit in the performance; and certain it is,
fou. thick ftrong boards bound round with cords : two that no one fince that time has ever equalled, or even
of thefe are put between the' criminal’s legs, and the nearly approached, his excellence in that charafter.—
two others placed one on the outfide of one leg and the But thefe were not the only advantages which were to
other on the other ; then fqueezing the legs againft the accrue to Mr Booth from his fuccefs in this part; for
boards by the cords, the criminal’s bones are feverely Lord Bolingbroke, then one of the principal fecretaries
pinched, or even broken, &c. of ftate, in a little time after procured a fpecial licence
The boot is now difufed in England and Scotland; from queen Anne, recalling all the former ones, and
but it fubfifts ftill in fome other countries. nominating Mr Booth as joint manager with Wilks,
Boor-Tree, or Boot lajl, an inftrument ufed by (hoe- Cibber, and Dogget; none of whom were pleafed at
makers to widen the leg of a boot. It is a wooden it; but the laft efpecially took fuch difguft as to with-
cylinder flit into two parts, between which, when it is draw himfelf from any further {hare in the management,
put into the boot, they drive by main force a wedge or In 1704, Mr Booth had married a daughter of Sir
quoin. William Barkham Bart, who died in 1710, without
BOOTES, a conftellation of the northern hemi- iffue. Being now eftablifhed in the management, he
BOOTH (Barton), a famous Engliftt aftor, born pofition, whofe great merit as an adlrefs, added to tlte
a Lancafhire in i68t, and educated in Weftminfter utmoft difcretion and prudential oeconomy, had enabled
fchool under the celebrated Dr Buftiby, where his fuc- her to fave up a confiderable fortune. During the 20
cefs in the Latin plays cuttomarily performed by the years in which Mr Booth continued a manager, the
fcholars gave him an inclination for the ftage. He theatre was in the greateft credit ; and his illnefs and
was intended for the church ; but running away from death, which happened on the 10th of May J733,
fchool to Dublin, he there commenced adtor. His firft contributed not a little to its decline,
appearance was in the part of Oroonoko, in which he Mr Booth wrote a dramatic entertainment called
came off with every teftimonial of approbation from the Dido and JEneas; but his mafter-piece was a Latin in-
Vo n. III. Part I. 3D fcription
BOR [3
Booty icription to the memory of Mr William Smith, a cele-
II ' brated actor, who died while he was young.—As an
Sorak' , aftor, his excellency lay wholly in tragedy, not being
^ able to endure fuch parts as had not ftrong paffion to
infpire him. And even in this walk, dignity rather
than complacency, rage rather than tendernefs, feemed
to be his tafte. For a particular idea of his abilities,
we mull refer to the defcription Mr Cibber has given
of him in his Apology; and the admirable character
drawn of him by that excellent judge of dramatic per-
fe<Stion, Aaron Hill, Efq; in a political paper publiihed
by him called the Prompter, which may be feen at
length in TheopK Cibber’s Lives of the Poets, and
Chctwood’s Hiilory of the Stage.—His character as a
man was adorned with many amiable qualities, among
which, a goodnefs of heart, the balls of every virtue,
was remarkably eonfpicuous; and fo particularly was
he diftinguifhed and carelfed, and his company fought
by the great, that, as Chetwood relates of him, not one
nobleman in the kingdom had fo many fets of horfes at
command as he had.
BOOTY, whatever is taken from an enemy in time
of war.—Among the Greeks, the booty was divided
in common among the army, the general only claiming
a larger lhare. By the military difcipline of the Ro¬
mans, fpoils taken from the enemy belonged to the re¬
public, particular perfons having no right to them. The
generals who piqued themfelves on their probity carried
it wholly to the public treafury. Sometimes indeed
they divided it among the foldiery, to animate them,
and ferve in lieu of a reward. But this diftribution
depended on the generals, who were to conduft them¬
felves herein with great equity and moderation ; other-
wife it became a crime of peculate to lay hands on the
pillage, as regularly belonging only to the date. The
eonfuls* Romulus and Vaturius were condemned for
having fold the booty taken from the iEqui.—Among
the Jews, the booty was divided equally between the
army and the people, though under the kings a dif¬
ferent kind of diilribution obtained.—Among the Ma¬
hometans, two thirds of the fpoils are allowed to the
army: the other third to God, to Mahomet and his re¬
lations, and to the orphans, the poor, and the pilgrims.—
Among us, formerly the booty was divided among the
foldiery. If the general be in the field, every body
takes what he can lay hold on: if the general be abfent,
the booty is diftributed among the foldiery, two parts
being allowed to the cavalry, and one to the infantry.
A captain is allowed, ten {hares, a lieutenant fix, and a
cornet four.
BOPPART, a town of Germany, in the circle of
the Rhine, and ele&orate of Treves ; it is feated at
the foot of a mountain near the Rhine, in E. Long. 7.
35. N. Lat. 50. 19.
BOPSINGEN, a town of Suabia in Germany,
feated on the river Egar, in E. Long. 9. 55. N. Lat.
48.51.
BOQUIN1ANS, in church-hiftory, a fe£t of here¬
tics, fo called from Boquinus their founder, who taught
that Chrift did not die for all mankind, but only for
the faithful, and qonfequently was only, a particular
Saviour.
. BORAGO, in botany, a fynonime of the Anchu-
SA.
20RAK, among Mahometans, a fabulous animal,
4. ] BOR
fuppofed to be of the middle kind between an afs and Borax,
a mule, whereon their prophet was carried in his noc-
turnal flight from Jerufalem into the heavens. This
animal the Arabians call Al-Borak, q. d. Jhimng. The
night when the journey was performed is called Lailat
al Meeraga, i. e. the night of afeenjion; and the flight
itfelf Al Mefra ; concerning which there are a multi¬
tude of traditions.
BORAX, in chemiftry, a fait in appearance fome-
what fimilar to cryftals of alum, brought oiiginally from
the Eail Indies in an impure ftate, and afterwards freed ]
from its impurities by certain procefles in the Euro- r
pean countries. It was long a matter of uncertainty !
whether this fait be a natural or faftitious fubftance in ;
thofe countries from whence it is brought; but it is i1
now beyond a doubt, that it is naturally produced in
the mountains of Thibet, from whence other parts of 3
the cafteru continent are flip plied. Mr Kirwan, in his
mineralogy, informs us, that Mr Grill Adamfon fent
fome to Sweden in the year 1772, in a cryualline form,
as dug out of the earth in the kingdom of Thibet, |
where it is called pounxa, my pom, and houi poun. It
is faid to have been found in Saxony in fome coal-pits.
In the Philofbphical Tranfadtions, vol. 77. we have
two different accounts of the place where it is found,
and the manner of obtaining it. One of thefe is by
William Blane, Efq; who tells us that in the language
of the country it is called fuagah, and is brought into
Hindoftan from the mountains of Thibet. It is pro- I
duced in the kingdom of Jumlate, about 30 days jour¬
ney north from Betowle, a fmall principality about 200.
miles N. E. of Lucknow. The place where it is found
is faid to be a fmall valley Jfurrounded with fnowy
mountains, in which is a lake about fix miles in cir¬
cumference ; the water of which is conftantly fo hot that ' j
the hand cannot bear it for any time. Around this
lake the ground is perfe&ly barren, not producing
even a blade of grafs; and the earth is fo full of a faline
matter, that after falls of rain or fnow it concretes in
white flakes on the furface like the natron of Hindo-
ftan. On the banks of this lake, in the winter feafon,
when the faUs of fnow begin, the earth is formed into
fmall refervoirs fix inches high: when thefe are filled 1 j
with fnow, the hot water from the lake is thrown upon
it; which, together with the water from the melted
fnow, remains in the refervoif, to be partly abforbed by |jl
the earth and partly evaporated by the fun; after
which there remains at the bottom a cake of fometimes-
half an inch thick of crude borax, which is taken up ^ll
;and referved for ufe. It can only be made in the win¬
ter feafon, becaufe the falls of fnow are indifpenfably |
requifite, and alfo beeaufe the faline appearances upon
the earth are ftrongeft at that time. When once it
has been made on any fpot, it cannot be made again 1
on the fame until the fnow has fallen and diflblved three 11
or four times, when the faline efflorefcence appears as
before. The borax, in the Hate in which it is taken
off the earth, is carried from hill to hill upon goats, and.
paffes through many hands, which increafes the diffi¬
culty of obtaining any authentic information concern- j
ing the original manufinffure. When brought down
from the hills, it is refined from the grofs impurities by
boiling and cryftallization. Our author could obtain
no anfwer from thofe who gave him the account, to
any of his quefttons .concerning the quality of the wa¬
ter
BOR [ 395 J BOR
Borax, ter and the mineral produ&ions of the foil. All they
—V—' could tell him was, that the water was very hot, very
foul, and as it were greafy ; that it boils up in many
places, and has a very offenlive fmell; and that the foil is
remarkable o»ly for the faline appearances already men¬
tioned. The country in general produces confiderable
quantities of iron; copper, and fulphur; and our author
was affured that all the borax in India came from this
i PIace- . ■
As this part of Afia is entirely unfrequented by
Europeans, our author could only obtain his informa¬
tion from the natives : however, as he had an oppor¬
tunity of feeing fome of thofe who refided near the
fpot, it might be reckoned as genuine as could well be
expe&ed. The place, he tells us, is inacceffible not
only to the Europeans, but even to the inhabitants of
Indoftan, being never vifited by any of them except a
few wandering Faquirs, who have been fometimes led
there, either with a view to vifitfomeof the temples in
the mountains, or to do penance. They defcribe the
cold in winter to be fo intenfe, that every thing-is fro¬
zen up; and life can only be preferved by loads of
blankets and flcins. In the fummer, again, the reflec¬
tion of heat from the fides of the mountains, which„are
fteep and clofe to one another, renders the heat into¬
lerable. With refpett to the credibility of the account,
he obferves, firft, “ I’hat borax is really brought from
the mountains of Thibet is certain, as he himfelf often
had occafion to fee large quantities of it brought
down, and had purchafed it from the Tartar moun¬
taineers, who brought it to market ; fecondly, he had
never heard of its being produced or brought into In¬
dia from any other quarter; and, thirdly, if it was made
on the coaft of Coromandel, as fome books mention,
he thinks there can be little doubt but that the whole
procefs would have been fully inquired into, and given
to the public long before this time.,,
The other account is from father Jofeph de Ravato,
prefident of the million of Thibet, and fent in a letter
to the Royal Society, communicated by Jofeph Banks,
Efq; He pretends alfo to liave had his intelligence
from a native of the country where the borax is made,
though it differs very conliderably from that of Mr
B-lane. “ In the province or territory of Marme (fays
he), 28 dayjs journey to the north of Nepal, and 25 to
the weft of Laffa, the capital of Thibet, there is a vale
about eight miles broad. In a part of this vale there
are two villages or caftles, the inhabitants of which are
wholly employed in digging the borax which they fell
into Thibet and Nepal, they having no other means of
fubliftence, the foil being fo barren as to produce no¬
thing but a few rufties. Near thefe two caftles there is-
j a" pool of a moderate fize, and fome fmaller ones, where
the ground is hollow and the rain-water collefts. In
thefe pools, after the water has been fome time de¬
tained in them, the borax is formed naturally : the men
wading into the water, feel a kind of a pavement un¬
der their feet, which is a fure indication that borax
t is there formed; and there they accordingly dig it.
Where there is little water, the layer of borax is thin ;
where it is deep, it is thicker; and near the latter
there is always an inch or two of foft mud, which
is probably a depofit of the water after it has been agi¬
tated by rain or wind. Thus is the borax produced
merely by nature, without either boiling or diftillation.
The water in which it is formed is fo bad, tha>the Borax."
drinking a fmall quantity of it will occafion a fwelling v—
of the abdomen, and in a fliort time death itfelf. The
earth that yields the borax is of a whiti/h colour; and
in the fame valley,' about four miles from the pools,
there are mines of fait, which is there dug in great a-
bundance for the ufe of all the inhabitants of thefe
mountains, who live at a great diftance from the fea.
The natives, who have no other fubfiftence on account
of the fterility of the foil, pay nothing for digging bo¬
rax ; but ft rangers muft pay a certain retribution, and
ufually agree at fo much per workman. Ten days
journey farther north, there is another valley named
Tapre, where they dig borax ; and another ftill farther
to the northward, named Cioga. Borax, in the Hin¬
doo and Nepalefe languages, is called Soaga. If it be
not purified, it will eafily deliquefee ; and in order to
preferve it for any time till they have an opportunity
of felling it, the people often mix it with earth and
butter. la the territory of Mungdan, 16 days journey
to the north of Nepal, there are rich mines of arfenic ;
and in various other places are found mines of fulphur,
as alfo of gold and filver, whofe produce is much purer
than thofe of the mines of Pegu.”
Mr Fourcroy informs us, that borax is found in
commerce in three different Hates. 1. Crude borax,
tin cal, or chryfocolla, which comes from Perfia. He
deferibes it as confifting of a greenilh mafs of a grea¬
fy feel, or in opaque cryftals of an olive green, which
are fix-fided prifms terminated by irregular prifms.
There are two varieties of thefe cryftals, differing in
magnitude : this fait is very impure by the addition of
foreign matters. Mr Kirwan tells us, that this kind is
called brute borax, tincal, or chryfocolla, and that it is
in the form of large, flat, hexangular, or irregular
cryftals, of a dull white or greenilh colour, greafy to
the touch ; or in fmall cryftals, as it were cemented to¬
gether by a rancid, yellowilh, oily fubftance, intermix¬
ed with'marl, gravel, and other impurities. Mr En-
geftrom, he adds, has a fufpicion that the tincal is onlj
the refiduum of the mother liquor of borax evaporated
to drynefs; and that the greafinefs ariles from its
being mixed with butter-milk, to prevent its effloref-
cence.
2. Borax of China is fomewhat purer than the fore¬
going, and is met with in the form of fmall plates or
maffes irregularly cryftallized, and of a dirty white.
It appears to confift of fragments of prifms and pyra¬
mids confounded together without any fymmef. ical ar¬
rangement : a white powder is - obferved on the fur-
face, which is thought to be of an argillaceous nature.
3. The Dutch or purified borax, in the form of por¬
tions of tranfparent cryftals of confiderable purity.
Pyramids with feveral facets may be obferved among
them, the cryftallization appearing to have been inter¬
rupted. “ This form (fays Mr Fourcroy) Ihowsto a
certainty that the Dutch refine this fait by folution and
cryftallization.”—Mr Kirwan fays, that it is purified
by folution, filtration, and inftallization; and the
cryftals thus obtained are calcined, to free them ftill
farther from greafinefs; and then diffolved, filtered,
and cryftallized, a fecond time. 'Sometimes more mi¬
neral alkali is added, as tincpl is faid to contain an ex-
cefs of fedative fait. Mr Fourcroy tells us, that a puri¬
fied borax, not inferior to the Dutch, but perhaps
3 D 2 even
BOR
[ 396 ]
BOR
* See Cle-
"fry-
even t>f greater purity, is prepared by feme chemifts at
' Paris.
The fame author informs us, that Mr La Piame, an
apothecary at Paris, has difeovered, that it is continu¬
ally formed in the foap-fuds and refufe-waters of the
kitchen, which a perfon preferves in a kind of ditch ;
and from which, at the end of a certain time, he ob¬
tains true borax in fine cryftals. “ All that we can
deduce (fays he) from the known fa&s concerning its
formation, is fimply, that it is produced in ftagnant
waters which contain fat matters.” Some authors af¬
firm, that it is produced by art in China. A mixture
of greafe, clay, and dung, is faid to be depofited in a
ditch, JiratumfuperJiratum. This mixture isfprinkled
with water, and fuffered to remain for fome years; at
the end of which time it is lixiviated, and affords crude
borax by evaporation. Others have fuppofed that it
is obtained from water, which filters through copper
mines. Mr Beaume pofitively afferts, that the former
of thefe proceffes fucceeded very well with him ; but
Dr Black gives little credit to his afiertions.
Borax ferves as a flux to vitrifiable earths, with
which it forms a good glafs, and is employed in making
artificial gems. It vitrifies clay, but much lefs com¬
pletely than filiceous earths ; and from this property it
adheres to the infides of crucibles, and glazes them.
Borax, as is related at length under the article Che¬
mistry, is a peculiar neutral fait formed by the union
of a kind of acid with mineral alkali. This acid, from
fome fuppofed properties of allaying the heat of fevers,
had the name offalfedativus, which it ftill retains. It
has been fuppofed to be an artificial product, and per¬
haps may be artificially made *: but Mr Hoefer, apo¬
thecary to the grand duke of Tufcany, has difeovered
that the waters of feveral lakes of that country contain
it in a flate of great purity ; and the chemills of the
academy of Dijon have confirmed this difeovery by
analyfing the waters of Monte Rotondo, which were fent ed world.
ture. Thefe waters not only contain the acid of bo¬
rax, both in the fluid and concrete ftate, but various
other concretions are there obferved, fuch as martial
vitriol, ammoniacal, aluminous, concrete boracic falls,
brimftone, &c.,
“ It is remarkable (fays our author, p. 363.), that,
near 40 years ago. Dr Hill, in his notes to Theophraf-
tut's Trcatife on Stone 1, aflerted, that borax was a fait
made by evaporation of an ill tailed and foul water, of
which there were fprings in Perfia, Mufcovy, and Tar¬
tary. But he was hardly believed, on account of the
many bold and groundlefs affertions of which he had
been found guilty in almoft all his numerous works.
Mr Beaume at Paris pretended to have difeovered the
method of making the fedative fait by a long macera¬
tion of greafy and earthy fubllances ; but nobody has
yet been able to verify this fanciful difeovery.
“ The unrefined borax which is brought to Europe
under the name of tincal, looks like foft foap, is fat,
and covers or encrufts the borax cryftals. The mine-
mafter, Mr Swab, has publiflied fome experiments up¬
on this tincal in the a£ls of the Royal Academy of
Sciences at Stockholm for 1756. He found in it a
martial earth, and a fat fubftance, which, to fmell
and other circutnftances, comes neareft to a mineral
fat: as alfo, that pure borax does not yield any hepar
fulphuris when united with a phlogifton and a vitriolic
acid ; from which he concludes, that borax is prepared
from its own particular mineral fubftance.
“ Profeffor Pott and M. d’Henouiville have very
carefully examined the refined borax ; and from their
experiments, which have been publilhed, it is evident,
that it is of a peculiar nature. However, there remains
to be known, for certain, from whence it is prepared
by the Indians : for if it is produced from a mineral
fubftance, as is very probable, there mull exift other
mixtures and compofitions as yet unknown to the learn-
Mtivellan 3
Notes on
Cronjiedt's
Mineralogy,
p.315.
to them ; and in which they found fedative fait, as dif¬
eovered by Mr Hoefer. It is probable (fays our au¬
thor) that it may hereafter be found in other mineral
waters ; and it feems to be produced by the putrefac¬
tion of fat fubftances.
I have alfo found in the tincal fmall bits of lea¬
ther, bones, and fmall pebbles, whence there is no cer¬
tainty to be concluded on from its examination ; but
if it ihould happen that it is prepared from animal fub¬
ftances, it mull be allowed, that nature has formed an
Mr Hoefer firft difeovered this acid in the waters of alkaline fait in the animal kingdom analogous to the
the Lagoon named Cerchiaio near Monte Rotondo, of fal fufibile microcofmicum. Some years ago a report was
which difeovery an account was publifhed in the year propagated from Saxony, that fomebody had difeover-
1778. The fame was found, in a concrete-ftate, by ed there a fubftance out of which borax could be made,
Mr Paul Mafgagni profeffor of Anatomy, in feveral and alfo the art of preparing it: but nothing more has.
ftreams %f the Lagoon in the neighbourhood of Sien- tranfpired fince, than that the author fliowed it in fe-
na and Volterra. He enumerates fix places; viz. the cret to his friends, and gave a defeription of it which
lake of Travals, 20 miles to the weft of Sienna ; that was only intended to miflead them, if he really did pof-
of Rotondo, which lies 30 miles to the weft ward of the fefs the art.”
fame town ; of del SaJJb, three miles further ; at ano- According to Mr Kirwan, 100 parts of purified bo¬
ther called Sarazzano, fix miles from Monte Rotondo; rax contain 32 of real boracic acid, 17 of mineral alka-
auother named Cajlel Nuevo, feven miles from Monte li, and about 47 of water ; but of this quantity of mi-
Rotondo and 24 from Sienna; and that of Monte neral alkali only about five parts are faturatedj
Cerboli, four miles diftant from Cajlel Nuovo. In the whence, in many cafes, borax afts as an alkali. Berg-
neighbourhood of all thefe lakes are confiderable man informs us, that it requires an equal weight of
fprings of hot water rufhing out of the earth, fome acid to make the alkaline properties entirely difappear;
clear, and fome muddy ; either of a dark or a whitifti and Dr Withering, that double the quantity of acid
colour ; and, in fome, a kind of metallic cruft or pel- is required for this purpofe, both in the tincal and
licle is perceived on the furface of the water. Many refined borax.
cavities from which the waters rufti out feem to be This acid, like the borax in fubftance, is made ufe of
»rue fmall volcanic craters, and continually emit from to fufe vitrifiable earths, with which it forms clear and
the earth vapours of a fulphureous and ammoniacal na- nearly colourlefs glaffes: by the affiftance of heat it
diffolves
BOR [ 397 1 BOR
- difiblves the earth precipitated from the liquor of flints.
It unites with ponderous earth, magnefia, lime, and al¬
kalis, and forms, with thefe different fubftances, falts .
. diftinguiflied by one general name of borax, though
only that formed by the combination of fedative fait
and mineral alkali is ufed in the arts. It is ufed in
many other chemical operations as a flux, befides that
of glafs-making ; and the dyers alfo ufe it for giving a
glofs to filks. In medicine it has been given as a nar¬
cotic, and was formerly an ingredient in a powder for
promoting deliverr, but is now difufed.
BORBETOMAGUS, (anc. geog.), a city of the
Vangiones on the Rhine ; now Worms, in Germany.
BORBONIA, in botany : A genus of the decandria
order, belonging to the diadelphia clafs of plants ;• and
in the natural method ranking under the 32d order,
Caryophyllea. The ftigma is emarginated ; the calyx
has pointed fpines; and the legumen is pointed—There
are fix fpecies, all of which are natives of warm countries.
They are a kind of broom ; and in the places where they
grow naturally, they rife to the height of ten or twelve
feet, but in Europe feldom rife more than four or five.
They muff be kept conftantly in the ftove, and may be
propagated by laying down the young flroots ; but as
thefe are generally two years before theyput forth proper
roots, the moft eligible method is by feeds, which muff;
be procured from thofe places where they grow na¬
turally, as they do not come to perfection in this
country.
BO RBORITES, in church-hiftory, a fed of gno-
ftics^dn the fecond century, who, befxdes embracing the
errors of thefe heretics, denied the laft judgment. Their
name comes from the Greek Borboret, “ filth on ac¬
count of a cuftom they had of daubing their faces and
bodies with dirt and filth.
BORCH, a town of the duchy of Magdeburgh in
Lower Saxony, feated on the river Elbe, in E. Long.
12. 14. N. Lat. 52. 25.
BORCHLOEN, a town of the biffiopric of Liege
in Germany, fituated in E. Lpng. 5. 28. N. Lat.
50. 50.
BORCOVIUM, (anc. geog.,), a town of the Otta-
dini in Britain, now Berwick on Tweed.
BORD-halfpenny, a fmall toll by cuftom paid
to the lord of the town for fetting up boards, tables,
booths, &c. in fairs and markets.
Boris Lands, the demefnes which lords keep in their
hands for the maintenance of their board or table.
Boro Lode, a fervice required of tenants to carry
timber out of the woods of the lord to his houfe. It
is alfo ufed to fignify the quantity of provifion which
the bordarii or bordmen paid for their bord-lands.
Bord-Service, the tenure of bord-lands, by which
fome lands in certain places are held of the biftiop of
London, and the tenants now pay fixpence per acre,
in lieu of fending provifion anciently for their lord’s
table.
BORDAT, in commerce, a fmall narrow fluff,
which is manufactured in fome parts of Egypt, parti¬
cularly at Cairo, at Alexandria, and Damieta.
BORDE (Andrew), a phyfician, was born at Pe-
venfey in Suffex, early in the 16th century, and fup-
pofed to have been educated at Weftminfter fchool. In
his Introduttion to Knowledge, he fays, that he was a
ftudent of Oxford; but of what college he does not
mention. He left the univerfity without a degree, and
entered himfelf a brother of a Carthufian convent in or ,
near London ; but, not liking the fevere difeipline of
that order, he returned to Oxford, and applied himfelf
to the ftudy of phyfic. Some time after, he embarked
for the Continent j and, as he himfelf expreffes it, “ tra¬
velled through and round about Chriftendom, and out
of Chriftendom into fome parts of Africa.” In the
years 1541 and 1542, he refidedat Montpelier in France,
where he was made doClor of phyfic, and after his re¬
turn to England was incorporated into the fame degree
at Oxford. From the preface to his introduttion above
mentioned, it appears that he had been in Scotland,
which probably was foon after his return from France.
Having now fatisfied his inclination for travelling, he
fettled firft at Pevenfey where he was born, afterwards
at Winchefter, and finally m London, where he is (aid
to have become a fellow of the college 0/ phyficians,
and firft phyfician to king Henry VIII. But, not-
withftanding his eminence in his profeffion, he had the
misfortune to fpend the latter end of his life in the
Fleet prifon, where he died in the year 1549. As to
his character, Wood fays, that “ he was efteemed a
noted poet, a witty and ingenious perfon, and an ex¬
cellent phyfician.” Pits calls him a man of fufficient
learning, but too volatile and incOnftant. Bale and
fome others, on the contrary, abufe him grofsly. His
writings are, 1. A book of the introduction of know¬
ledge, the whych doth teach a man to fpeak part of
all manner of languages, &c. Lond. 15-42, 410 ; dedi¬
cated, from Montpelier, to the lady Mary daughter
to Henry VIII. It is written partly in verfe, and
partly in profe, containing 39 chapters, before each
of which is a wooden prin^of a man., 2. The brevi¬
ary of health, wherein are remedies for all manner-
of fickneffes and difeafes, &c. Lond. 1547, &c. 410..
3. Dietary of health, Lond. 1576, 8vo. 4. The
merry tales of the madmen of Gotham. Printed, fays-
Wood, in the time of Henry VIII. in whofe reign, and
after, it was accounted a book full of wit and mirth by
fcholars and gentlemen. Afterwards being often printed,
it is now fold only on the ftalls of ballad-fingers. 5. A
right pleafant and mex-ry hiftory of the mylner of
Abington, with his wife and his fair daughter, and of
two poor fcholars of Cambridge. Lond. printed by
Richard Jones, 4to. 6. A book of every region,
country, and province ; which ftxows the miles and
leagues diftance from city to city, and from town to
town, with the noted things in the faid cities and towns.
Wood fays that the author lent the manufeript of this
book to his friend Thomas Cromwell, who loft it, to
the great grief of the author, who would otherwife
have publiftied it. In this inftance, however, the an-
tiquai-y was mifmformed; for it has fince been publiftied
by Hearne at the end of Benedittus abbas Peierb. do
vita Henrici II. Oxf. 1735, 8vo. 7. The principles
of aftronomy, the whych diligently perfecuted is in a
manner a prognoftication to the world. Lond. printed
by Robert Copland, i2mo. The author fays that he
wrote this little book in four days, with one old pen
without mending, .
BORDER,, in gardening, is. made to inclofe par¬
terres, that they may not be injured by walking in
them. Borders are made either circular, ftraight, or in
cants; and are turned into knots, fcrolls, volutes, and
6 - other
BOR [ 398 ] BOR
other compartiments. They are rendered very orna¬
mental by the flowers, flirubs, yews, &c. that are
railed in them. They are always laid with a fliarp ri¬
ling in the middle ; becaufe, if they are flat, they are
noways agreeable to the eye: and as for their breadth,
the largeft are allowed five or fix feet, and the fmalleit
commonly four.
BORDUNI, or Bordone, (Paris), an excellent
Italian painter, was born at Venice about the year
1512 ; and, being of a noble family, had a polite edu¬
cation. He was the difciple of Titian ; but has been
admired more for the delicacy of his pencil than for the
truth of his outlines. He was at the court of France
in the reign of Francis I. who had a great efteem for
him, and for whom he drew not only abundance of
hiftory-pieces, but the portraits of feveral court-ladies,
in fo fine a manner, that original nature was hardly more
charming. He at length returned to Venice, laden
with riches and honour ; and having gained great repu¬
tation in all parts of Italy, died in 1587, aged 75.
BORDURE, in heraldry. See there, n° 10.
BORE, among engineers, denotes the diameter of
the barrel of a gun or cannon, or rather its whole
cavity.
BOREAS, a Greek name, now in common ufe for
the north wind. Pezron obferves, that anciently Bo¬
reas fignified the north-eajl mind blowing at the time
of the fummer folftice. The Greeks ere&ed an altar
to Boreas. He is reprefented on the temple at A-
thens with his robe before his moutk, as if he felt the
cold of the climate over which he prefides, agreeably
to the defcription of Ovid, who calls him gelidus tyran¬
nus, “ the fiiivering tyrant,” Met. vi. ver. 711. But
he is ufually defcribed by the Roman poets as violent
and impetuous; ibid. ver. 686—ver. 707. In paint¬
ing, he is generally reprefented like an old man with a
horrible look, his hair and beard covered with Inow or
hoar froft, with the feet and tail of a dragon. M-
Spierlingius has a treatife in praife of Boreas, wherein
he Ihows the honours paid to him by antiquity. Bo¬
reas, according to this author, purifies the air, renders
it calm and falubrious, preferves buildings from de¬
cay, drives away the plague and other noxious difeafes,
and expels locufts and other vermin hurtful to the
grounds.
BOREL (Peter), a learned phyfician, was the fon
of James Borel who publilhed feveral poems, and was
born at Caftres in 1620. He applied himfelf to the
ftudy of phyfic, of which he was created dodfor, and
praftifed with great fuccefs in the city of Caftres. To¬
wards the end of the year 1653, went t0 Paris, and
was foon after made phyfician in ordinary to the king.
In 1674, he was received into the academy of fciences,
and diftinguifhed himfeif by writing a great number
of works. The moft efteemed are, 1. Hijioriarum
& olfervationum medico-phy/icarum. 2. Bibliotheca
chymica, duodecimo. 3. De vero tele/copii inventore,
cum brevi omnium confpicillorum hijioria. He died in
1678.
BORELLI (John Alphonfo), a famous philofo-
pher and mathematician born at Naples the 28th of
January 1608. He was profefibr of philofophy' and
mathematics in fome of the moft celebrated univer-
fities of Italy, particularly at Florence and Pifa, where
he became highly in favour with the princes of the
houfe of Medicis ; but having been engaged in the re¬
volt of Meffina, he was obliged to retire to Rome,
where he fpent the remainder of his life under the pro-
tedlion of Chriftina queen of Sweden, who honoured
him with her friendftiip, and by he? liberality towards
him foftened the rigour of his hard fortune. He con¬
tinued two years in the .convent of the regular clergy
of St Pantaleon, called the pious fchools, where he in-
ftrufted the youth in mathematical ftudies. He died
there of a plettrify, the 31ft of December 1679, in the
726 year of his age. He wrote, in Latin,-1. Euclid
reftored. 2. The theory of the influence of the planets
in medicine, deduced from phyfical caufes. 3. Of
percuffive force. 4. Of natural motions depending upon
gravity. 5. An hiftorical and meteorological account
of the burning of mount aEtna, in the year 1669. 6.
Of the motion of animals; and feveral other works,
fome of which are in Italian.
BORGIA (Caefar), natural fori of pope Alexan¬
der VI. was a brave general, but a moft abandoned
villain. See (Hijlory of) Italy.—It is incredible what
numbers he caufed to be taken off by poifon, or by the
fword; and it is notorious that fwarms of affaffins were
conftantly kept in pay by him at Rome, for the fake
of removing all who were either obnoxious or inconve¬
nient to him. He experienced various turns of for¬
tune ; and was fometimes very profperous, fometimes
the reverfe. He very narrowly efcaped dying by poi-
fon in 1503; for having concerted with the pope a de-
fign-of poifoning nine newly created cardinals at once,
for the fake of poffelling their effe&s, the poifoned wine,
deftined for the purpofe, was by miftake brought to
and drank by themfelves. The pope died of it; but
Caefar, by the vigour of his youth, and the force of
antidotes, after many ftruggles^ recovered. He only
recovered to outlive his fortune and grandeur, to fee
himfelf depreffed, and his enemies exalted ; for he was
foon after divefted of all his acquifitions, and fent a
prifoner to Spain, in order to free Italy from an incen¬
diary, and the Italian princes from thole dangers which
the turbulent and reftlefs fpirit of Csefar made them
fear, even though he was unarmed. He efcaped from
thence ; and got fafe to Navarre, to king John his bro¬
ther-in-law, who was then at war with his fubjefts.
Cxfar ferved as a volunteer in that war, and was killed
in 1507.
BORGO, an ancient town of Sweden, feated on the
gulf of Finland, in the province of Nyland. E. Long.
26. 25. N. Lat. 60. 34.
Borgo de St Sepulcbro, a town of Tufcany, in Italy,
fituated in E. Long. 13. o. N. Lat. 43. 30.
Borgo de val de Faroj a town of Italy, in the duchy
of Parma, in E. Long. 10. 36. N. Lat. 44. 35.
BoRco-Forte, a town of the Mantuan in Italy, fitu¬
ated at the confluence of the rivers Po and Menzo. E.
Long. 11. o. N. Lat. 44. 50.
Borgo San Domino, a town of Italy, in the duchy
of Parma, with a biftiop’s fee. E. Long. 10. 31. N.
Lat. 41. 53.
BORGOGNONE, a celebrated painter, whofe true
name was Giacomo Corteffi; but he is commonly called
Borgognone, from the country where he was born, a-
bout the year 1605. He was much admired and highly
applauded for his admirable gufto and grand manner
of painting battles. He had for feveral years been con-
verfani
BOR [3
Bom verfant in military affairs, was an officer of confiderable
| rank in the army, made the camp his fchool, andform-
on icnes. ^ ideas from what he had feen performed in
the field. His ftyle is roughly noble, full of fire and
fpirit, and there are a few prints etched by his own hand.
Towards the clofe of his life he retired to the Jefuits
convent in Rome, where he is faid to have taken fanc-
tuary to rid his hands of an ill bargain he had got of a
wife 5 but happily furviving- her, he lived in great
efteem and honour till after the year 1675.
BORIA, a fmall town of Spain, in the kingdom of
Arragon. W.Long. 2. 2. N. Lat. 41. 50.
BORING, in a general fenfe, the art of perforating,
or making a hole through any folid body.
Boring of. Water-pipes. The method of boring
water-pipes is as follows. The poles of alder, which
is a very ufeful wood in making pumps, water-pipes,
&c. being laid on horfes or traffels of a foot height,
to reft the augre upon while they are boring, they fet
up a lath to turn the leaft end of the poles, to fit them
to the cavities of the great end of the others. They
turn the fmall ends of the poles about five or fix inches
in length, to the fize they intend to bore the bjgger
ends about the fame depth, viz. five or fix inches. This
is defigned to make a joint to fliut each pair of poles
together, the concave part being the female part, and
the other the male of the joint. In turning the male
part, they turn a channel in it, or a fmall groove at a
certain diftance from the end ; and in the female part
they bore a fmall hole to fit over this channel^* This
being done, they bore the.poles through ; and to pre¬
vent them from boring out at the fide,.th‘ey ftick great
nails at each end to be a guide in boring. It is ufual,
however, to bore them at both ends, fo that if a pole
be crooked one way, they can bore it through and not
fpoil it.
Boring, in farriery, a cruel and abfurd method of
treating a wrenched fhoulder. See Farriery,$ xxiii. 7.
Boring, in mineralogy, a method of piercing the
earth with fcqoping irons, which being drawn back at
proper times, bring up with them famples of the dif¬
ferent ftrata through which they have paffed } by the
examination of which the fkilful mineralogift will be
able to guefs whereabouts a vein of ore may lie, or
whether it will be worth while to open a mine there
or no.
BORIQIJEN, one of the Caribbee iflands in North
America, near that of Porto Rico. The Englilh for¬
merly had a fettlement there, but were driven away by
the Spaniards. It is at prefent without inhabitants,
though agreeable and fertile ; the air being wholefome,
and the water good. There are a great number of
land-crabs, whence fome have called it Crab-ifland..
W. Long. 64. 35. N. Lat. 18. o.
BORISTHENES, (anc. geog.), the largeft river
of Sarmatia Europea, thus defcribed by Mela, who
copies verbatim from Herodotus : . “ It runs through
a cognominal people, is the moft pleafant of all the
rivers of Scythia, and calmer than all of them in its
courfe, and very agreeable to drink : it feeds very rich
paftures, and produces large fiih of the beft flavour,
and without bones: it comes a great way, rifing from
fprings unknown ; its courfe is a diftance of 40 days,
and fo far it is navigable.” It is now called the Dnie¬
per or Nieper.
99 1 BOR
BORKELO, a ftrong town in the United Provin- Borkelo
ces, in the county of Zutphen, feated on the river Bor- „ IJ
kel, in E. Long. 6. 30. N. Lat. 52. 15. I
BORLASE (Dr Edmund), an eminent phyfician
and Englifh writer in the 17th century, was the fon of
Sir John Borlafe, mafter of the ordnance, and one of
the Lord Juftices of Ireland in 1643. -H-6 ftndftd in
Dublin college, and afterwards at the univerfity of
Leyden, at which laft place he took the degree of
doftor of phyfic. He afterwards pradlifed phyfic with
great fuccels in the city of Chefter, and was incorpo¬
rated do&or of the faculty in the univerfity of Ox¬
ford. Among the books which he wrote and pubKflr-
ed are the following. 1. Latham Spaw in Lancalhire,
with fome remarkable cafes and cures performed by it.
2. The redudlion of Ireland to the crown of England.
3. The hiftory of the Irifh rebellion. 4. Brief reflec¬
tions on the earl of Caftlehaven’s memoirs, &c. He
died after the year 1682.
Borlase (William), a very ingenious and learned
writer, was of an ancient family in Cornwall, and born
at Pendeen, in the parilh of St Juft. Feb. 2. 1695-tf,
He was put early to fchool at Penzance, and in 1709
removed to Plymouth. March 1712-13, he was en¬
tered of Exeter college, Oxford ; and, June 1719) took •
a mafter of arts degree. In 1720, he was ordained a
prieft; and, in 1722, inftitutcd to the re&ory of
Ludgvan in Cornwall. In 1732, the lord chancellor
King prefented him to the vicarage of St Juft, his
native parilh } and this, with the redtory aforefaid,
were ail the preferments he ever had. In the parilh
of_ Ludgvan were rich copper works, which abound
with mineral and metallic foffils; and thefc, being
a man of an adtive and inquifitive turn, he colledl-
ed from time,to time, and thence was led to ftudy
at large the natural hiftory of his native county. He
was ftruck at the fame time with the numerous mo¬
numents of remote antiquity that are to be met with,
in Cornwall; and, enlarging therefore his plan, he de¬
termined to gain as accurate an acquaintance as ,pof-
fible wiih the Druid learning, and with the religion
and cuftoms of the ancient Britons, before their con-
verfion to Chriftianity. In 1750 he was admitted a
fellow of tl^e Royal Society ^ and, in 1753, publilhed
in folio at Oxford his “ Antiquities of Cornwalla
fecond edition of wdiich was publilhed, in the fame
form, at London, 1769, with this title, “ Antiquities,
hiftorical and monumental, of the county of Cornwall;
confifting of feveral effays on the ancient inhabitants,
Druid fuperftition, cuftoms and remains of the moft
remote antiquity in Britain, and the Britilh illes, ex¬
emplified and proved by monuments now extant in
Cornwall and the Scilly iflands; with a vocabulary of
the Cornu-BritiHi language. Revifed, with feveral
additions, by the author; to which is added a map
of Cornwall, and two new plates.” His next pub¬
lication was, “ Obfervations on the ancient and pre¬
fent ftate of the iflands of Scilly, and their import¬
ance to the trade of Great Britain; Oxf. 1756,”
4to. This was the extenfion of a paper which had
been read before the Royal Society in 1753. In
1758 came out his “ Natural hiftory of Cornwall;,
Oxf.” fol. After thefe publications, he fent a variety,
of foffils and remains of antiquity which he had de¬
fcribed in his works, to be repofited iu the Allinrokan
BOR [ 400 ] BOR
5nmu> nuifeum : for which, and other benefaflions of the
Borneo ^arae ^‘n^> reccive(i the thanks of the univerfity, in
»_ 01jie"’ a letter from the vice-chancellor, Nov. 18. 1758; and,
March 1766, the degree of doftor of laws. He died
in 1772, aged 77 years, leaving two fons out of fix,
whom he had by a lady he married in 1724. Befides
his literary conneftions with many ingenious and learn¬
ed men, he had a particular correfpondence with Mr
Pope; and there is ftill exifting a large colle&ion of
letters written by that poet to Dr Borlafe. He fur-
nifhed Pope with many of the materials which formed
his grotto at Twickenham, confiding of curious foflils;
and there may at prefent be feen Dr Borlafe’s name in
capitals, compofed of chryftals, in the grotto. On
which occafion Pope fays to Borlafe in a letter, “ 1
am much obliged to you for your valuable coliettion of
Corniih diamonds: I have placed them, where they
may belt reprefent yourfelf, in a Jhade, but Jhining
alluding to the obfcurity of the doctor’s fituation, and
f.hejwilliancy of his talents. Befides the above works,
he fent many curious papers to the Philofophical
Tranfa&ions, and had in contemplation feveral other
works.
BORMIO, a county depending on the republic of
the Grifons in Switzerland. It is bounded on the fouth
by the eftate of Venice, on the eaft by the territory of
the houfe of Auflria, and on the fouth and weft by
Caddea. It is 15 miles over both ways; and is divided
into five communities, viz. the town of Bormio, the
valley of Forbia, the Interior Valley, the Lower Valley,
and the Valley of Luvino. Bormio is the only town in
this diftrift ; and has a governor called a podtjla, fent
by the Grifons to prefide in civil and criminal affairs.
It is feated at the confluence of the rivers Addo and
Ifalacua, in E. Long. 10. 10. N. Lat. 46. 45.
BORNE, a market town of Lincolnlhire in Eng¬
land. W. Long. o. 20. N. Lat. 52. 40.
BORNEO, an ifland of Afia, in the Eaft Indies,
and one of the three great Sunda iflands. It is thought
to be the largeft ifland in the world, next to New Hol¬
land; being 1500 miles in circumference. It is feated
under the equator, that line cutting it almoft through
the middle. It is almoft of a circular figure; abounds
with gold; and the fineft diamonds in the Indies are
found in its rivers, being probably wafhed down from
the hills by torrents. Here are zdfo mines of iron and
See Birds- tin, and loadftones. Birds neftsf are to be had in this
ifland, which are eatable, and reckoned a great deli¬
cacy. The beafts are, oxen, buffaloes, deer, goats,
elephants, tigers, and monkeys. This ifland has fine
rivers, efpecially towards the weft arid fouth. In
their monfoon from April to September, the wind
is wefterly; and they have continual heavy rains,
attended with violent ftorms of thunder and lightning.
The rainy feafon continues for eight months of the
year, and as during that time all the flat country near
the coaft is overflowed, the air is rendered very un¬
healthful, and the inhabitants are forced to build their
houfes on floats, which they make faft to trees. The
houfes have but one floor, with partitions made with
cane ; and the roofs are covered with palmetto leaves,
the eaves of which reach within four or five feet of the
bottom. The weft and north-eaft fides of the ifland are
almoft defart, and the eaft is but little known. The
.inland parts are very mountainous j and the fouth-
^50.
eaft, for many leagues together, is a ftinking morafs, Borneo
which being overflowed in the wet feafon, is very un- „ II
healthy.
The Portuguefe, who firft difcovered Borneo, had
arrived in the Indies above 30 years before they knew
any thing of it more than the name, and its fituation,
by reafon of their frequently paflxng by its coaft. At
laft one captain Edward Corril had ordered to examine
it more narrowly; and being once acquainted with the
worth of the country, they made frequent voyages
thither. They found the coafts inhabited by Malayan
Moors, who had certainly eftabliflied themfelves there
by conqueft; but the original inhabitants ftill remain
in the mountains, and are ftyled Beajus, which in the
Malayan language fignifies a wild man. The moft
authentic account of thefe people is the following,
which was extra&ed from the papers of father Antonia
Ventimiglia, an Italian miffionary. He was fent to
Borneo from Macao, on board a Portuguefe ftiip, con¬
verted great numbers to Chriftianity, and died on the
ifland about the year 1691. The Beajus have no kings,
but many little chiefs. Some are fubjtdf to the Moor-
ifh kings, and pay them tribute; but fuch as live far
up the country, are altogether independent, and live
according to their own cuftoms. They are generally
very fuperftitious, and much addifted to augury. They ■!
do not adore idols ; but their facrifices of fweet wood J
and perfumes are offered to one God, who, they be¬
lieve, rewards the juft in heaven, and punilhes the wick¬
ed in hell. They marry but one wife; and look upon
any breach of conjugal faith, either in the man or wo¬
man, as a capital offence. The Beajus are naturally ho-
neft and induftrious, and have a brotherly affe&ion for
one another. They have a notion of property, which yet
does not render them covetous. They fow and culti¬
vate their laftjds; but in the time of harveft, each reaps
as much as will ferve his family, and the reft belongs
to the tribe in common ; by which means they prevent
neceffity or difputes. With the Moors on the coafts * 3
the Portuguefe for feme time carried on a confiderable
trade, and at their requeft fettled a fa&ory there;
which, .however, was afterwards furprifed and plunder¬
ed by the Moors, who put moft of the people to the
fword. The moft c 'hderable river in Borneo is called
Banjar, at th or of which our Eaft India compa¬
ny have a fa£i .„
BORNHOi^ an ifland in the Baltic fea, to the
fouth-eaft of tae prbvince of Schonen in Sweden. It
is twenty-one miles in length, and above thirteen in 'Mil
breadth It has three confiderable towns, Rattum,
Sandwick, and Nexia ; with a great number of vil- ||
lages; and is fertile and populous. It was con¬
quered by the Swedes in 1658 ; but the inhabitants,
under the conduit of Jens Roefods, voluntarily fur-
rendered it to the king of Denmark, on account of the
bad ufage they received from the former. In 1678, a
body of 5000 Swedifh troops, in their paffage from
Pomerania to Sweden, being fliipwrecked on this ifland,
fuch of them as remained were made prifoners of war. :f||
The inhabitants defend the ifland by their own militia,
without any expence to the crown. The commandant
or governor refides at Rattum. E. Long. 14. 56.
N. Lat 55. 15.
BORNOU, a kingdom or province of Zaara in
Africa, extending from 12 to 22 degrees of eaft lon¬
gitude
BOR [ 4oi I BO R
Bomou glttide, and from 17 to 21 degrees of north latitude.
It The northern part is poor, and like the reft of the pro-
oroii on. v(nres c)f 2aara: but all the^retl is well watered by
fprings and rivers that tumble down with a dreadful
noife from the mountains ; rendering the country pro¬
lific in corn, grafs, and fruits, and giving it a pleaiing
1 aipedt. The eaftern and weftern frontiers are divided
into mountains and valleys, the latter being all covered
with flocks of cattle, fields of rice and millet, and many
of the mountains with wood, fruit-trees, and cotton.
On the north-weft ftands the mountain of Tarton, ha¬
ving plenty of good iron mines ; and on the fouth flows
the river Niger, which, it is faid, after running a great
many leagues under a long chain of mountains, rears
up its head again, and mingles its ftreams with the wa¬
ters of the lake Bornou in its courfe, from whence it
| wafhes the walls of the capital of this kingdom. The
compilers of the Univerfal Hiftory, however, are of
opinion, that in thefe mountains the river Niger hath
its fource, becaufe no river hath been traced to the
eaftward, except the Nile, which runs in a different
’ courfe from north to fouth, and the White river, on the
weftern frontiers of Abyffinia, which is a branch of
the Nile. The eaftern and weftern parts of Boriiou
are inhabited by a people of a roving difpofition, who
live in tents, and have their women, children, and every
I thing elfe, in common; the word property, or any idea
; equivalent to it, being utterly unknown among them.
They have neither religion, laws, government, nor any
degree of fubordination ; and hence they have been
fuppofed by Cluverius to be the lineal defeendents of
h the ancient Garamantes, and this to have been the re-
fidence of that people. In thefe parts, the natives are
almoft to a man fhepherds and hufbandmen. In fum-
mer they go naked, except a fhort apron before ; but
in winter they are warmly clothed with the fofteft fheep-
fkins, of which they alfo form their bed-clothes ; and
indeed this is fcarce a fufficient defence againft the in¬
clemency of the weather at certain feafons of the year,
when a cold piercing wind blows from the northern
mountains that chills the blood in proportion as the
pores of the body have been opened by the fcorching
heats of fummer. Baudrand and Daper affirm, that
the natives are fcarce fuperior in their underftanding
to brutes; not even having any names whereby to idi-
r ftinguifh each other, except what they take from fome
perfonal defeft or Angularity; fuch as lean, fat, fquint-
irg, hump backed, &c. In the towns, however, it is
acknowledged that they are fomething more civilized
and polite, being many of them merchants; but of
thefe towns, or indeed of the kingdom in general, very
little is known.
IBOROMiEUS. SeeBoROMEus.
BORONDON, (St.), an illand in the Atlantic Ocean,
mentioned by fome writers, particularly Linfchotten,
in their defeiption of the Canary iflaads, as fomething
fupernatural. It is faid to be about 100 leagues di-
ilant from Ferro, probably weft, though no writer has
j pretended to lay down its exa£f fituation. Here it is
affirmed feveral Ihips have touched by accident, and all
agree in their relations of the ftate of the inhabitants
and ifland. They affirm, that it is perpetually clothed
with a great variety of wood, chiefly fruit-trees: that
the valleys are in a perpetual ftate of verdure ; andcon-
|‘i tinually decked with flowers, grafs, and plants, the
Vol. III. Part XI.
fpontaneous productions of the earth; or with corn and B
pulfe, cultivated with great care by the inhabitants : ^
that the foil is fo prolific as to raife large quantities of
corn for exportation; and that the fhips that call here
never fail of meeting with refreihments of every kind.
It is faid to be peopled by Chriftians, who have a lan¬
guage of their own, apparently combined of a variety
of modern languages ; for, fay they, whoever under
ftands the European tongues may make ftrift to hold
converfation with this people. It is remarkable, that
no flrips, expret'sly fent upon this difeovery, were ever
fortunate enough to fall in with the ifland of St Boron-
don, though the Spaniards have feveral times attempted
it from the Canaries. Hence it has been called the
marvellous ijland; and hence indeed we may conclude,
either that it exifts wholly in imagination, or at leaft
that it is furrounded with fuch currents as infenfibly
carry (hips out of their courfe, and prevent their meet¬
ing with it. Some writers affirm that it a&ually dif-
appears upon certain occafxons, and fliifts its pofition ;
while others, with more appearance of truth, allege,
that it is frequently overcaft with thick and impene¬
trable clouds, which occafion the difappointment of all
the adventurers who have gone in fearch of it.
BOROUGH, Burrough, Boronu, or Burgh, is
frequently ufed for a town or corporation which Is
not a city.
Borough, in its original Saxon b'.rge, or horgh, is
by fome fuppofed to have been primarily meant of a
tithing or company confifling of ten families, who
were bound and combined together as each others
pledge. Afterwards, as Verftegan infer ms us, borough
came to fignify a town that had fomething of a wall or
inclofure about it: fo that all places which among our
anceftors had the denomination borough, were one
way or other fenced or fortified. But, in later times,
the fame appellation was alfo beftowed on feveral of
the villa: infigniores, or country towns of more than or¬
dinary note, though not walled.
The ancient Saxons, according to Spelman, gave the
name burgh to thofe called, in other countries, cities.
But divers canons being made for removing the epifeo*
pal-fees from villages and fmall towns to the chief cities,
the name city became attributed to epifcopal towns, and
that of borough retained to all the reft ; though thd'e
too had the appearance of cities, as being governed by
their mayors, and having laws of their own making,
and fending reprefentatives to parliament, and being
fortified with a wall and caftle, and the like.
Borough,or is now particularly appropriated
to fuch towns and villages as fend burgefles or repre¬
fentatives to parliament. Boroughs are equally fuch,
whether they be incorporate or not; there being great
numbers of our Englifli boroughs not incorporated; and,
on the contrary, feveral corporations that are not bo*
roughs; e. gr. Kingfton, Deal, Kendal, &c.
Boroughs, in Scotland. See Law, N° clviii. 1 r.
Royal Boroughs, in Scotland, are corporations
made for the advantage of trade, by charters granted
by feveral of their kings; having the privilege of fend¬
ing commiffioners to reprefent them in parliament, be-
fides other peculiar privileges. The Royal Boroughs
are not only fo many diftinft corporations, but do alfo
conftitute one entire body, governed by, and account¬
able to, one general court, anciently called the court of
3 E four
■reu^h.
BOR
[ 402 ]
BOR
Borough yjKr loroughs, held yearly to treat and determine con- cafe epidemic in the countries about the river Senega. Borrachio-
Borozail cerning matt:ers to the common advantage of It principally affefts the pudenda, but is different from II
^ orczai. ^ boroughs. The four boroughs which compofed the lues venerea. It owes its rife to exceffive venery ; orromeu^
this court were, Edinburgh, Stirling, Roxburgh, and
Berwick 5 which two laft falling into the hands of the
Englifh, Linlithgow and Lanerk were put in their’
places; with a faving to the former, whenever they
fliould return to their allegiance. But this court not
being fufficient to anfwer the neceffities of the royal
boroughs, they were all empowered, under James III.
in 1487, to fend commiffioners to a yearly convention
of their own, which was then appointed to be held at
Inverkeithing, but is now held at Edinburgh, under
the denomination of the convention of boroughs, veiled
with great power, and having for their object the bene¬
fit of trade, and the general intereft of the boroughs.
Borough- Courts, are certain courts held in boroughs,
by prefcription, charter, or a£t of parliament : fuch
are the fheriff’s court, and court of huttings, in Lon¬
don.
BoiiouGH-Engli/h, a cuftomary defcent of lands or
tenements, in tome ancient boroughs and copy-hold
manors, by which the youngeft fon, and not the eldeft,
fucceeds to the burgage tenement on the death of his
father. For which Littleton gives this reafon; becaufe
the younger fon, by reafon of his tender age, is not fo
capable as the reft of his brethren to help himfelf. Other
authors have indeed given a much ftranger reafon for
this cuftom ; as if the lord of the fee had anciently a
right to break the feventh commandment with his te¬
nant’s wife on her wedding night; and that therefore
fhe tenement defcended, not to the eldeft, but- to the
youngeft fon, who was more certainly the offspring of
the tenant. But it cannot be proved that this cuftoth
ever prevailed in England, though it certainly did in
Scotland, (under the name of mercheta, or marcheta),
till abolifned by Malcolm III. But perhaps a more
rational account than either may be brought from the
practice of the Tartars; among whom, according to Fa-
therDuhalde, this cuftom of defcent to the youngeft fon
alfo prevails. That nation is compofed totally of fhep-
herds and herdfmen ; and the elder fons, as foon as they
are capable of leading a paftoral life, migrate from their
father with a certain allotment of cattle, and go to feek
a new habitation. The youngeft fon, therefore, who _ ^
continues lateft with his father, is naturally the heir of an abbacy to him of a confiderable revenue, which was
the men this diftemper is called afab, and in wo¬
men ajfabatus.
BORRACHIO. See Caouchouk.
BORRAGE. See Anchusa.
BORRELLISTS, in church-hiftory, a Chriftiart
feft in Holland; fo denominated from their founder
Borrel, a perfon of great learning in the Hebrew,
Greek, and Latin tongues. They rejeft the ufe of
the facraments, public prayer, and all other external
afts of worlhip. They affert, that all the Chriftian
•churches of the worid have degenerated from the pure
apoftolical doftrines, becaufe they have fuffered the
word of God, which is infallible, to be expounded, or
rather corrupted, by doctors who arc not infallible.
They lead a very auftere life, and employ a great part
of their goods in alms.
BORRICHIUS, one of the mod learned men of
his age, the fon of a Lutheran minifter in Denmark,,
was born in 1626. He applied himfelf to phylic in
the univerfity of Copenhagen, and began to praftife
during a moft terrible plague that iftade great havoc in
that city. He travelled : but before his departure, in
1660, he was appointed profei’for in poetry, botany,
and chemiftry ; and at his return difcharged his duties
with great afliduity, of which the works he publifhed
afford full proof. He was raifed to the office of coun-
fellor in the fupreme council of juftice, in 1686 ; to
that of counfellor of the Royal Chancery, in 1689 ; and
died of the operation for the. ftone, in 1690. He
publifhed, 1. Lingua pharmacopaorum. 2. Dif 'ertatimes
cie poeticis Grads et Latinis. 3. De ortu ft progrsjjvt '
chetnia ; and feveral other works.
BORROMEUS (St Charles), cardinal, and arch-
bilhop of Milan ; a perfonage of great note in the Ro-
mifh kalendar, and whofe fincere piety, ftmpheity of
manners, and zeal for reformation, render him indeed
a charafter equally interefting and inftruftive to the
members of any church. He was the fon of Gilbert
Borromeus Count of Arona and of Mary of Medicis,
and was born at the caftle of Arona upon Lake Ma¬
jor in the Milanefe in October 1538. When he was
abtut 12 years old, Julius Csefar Borromeus refigned
his houfe, the reft being already provided for. And
thus we find, that among many other northern nations
it was the cuftom for all the fons but one to migrate
from the father, which one became his heir. So that
poffibly this cuftom, wherever it prevails, may be the
remnant of that paftoral ftate of the ancient Britons
and Germans which Caefar and Tacitus defcribe.
BoRouGH-head, or Head-borough, called alfo borough-
holder, or burjholder, the chief man of the decenna, or
confidered as an hereditary inheritance of the family ;
which Charles accepted, but applied the revenue whol¬
ly in charity to the poor. Having acquired a fuffi¬
cient knowledge of the languages at Milan, he ftudied
the civil and canon law at Pavia, where he lived like
another Lot in Sodom, preferving his innocence among
a thoufand fnares by which it was endangered. He
received great advantage from the company and con-
verfation of Francis Alciat, one of the moft learned
hundred, chofen to fpeak and aft in behalf of the reft. _ men of the age, for whom he afterwards procured the
Head-borough alfo fignifies a kind of head conftable, purple. He would accept no new benefice but upon
where there are feveral chofen as his affiftants, to ierve condition that he Ihould be at liberty to apply the re-
warrants, &c. See Constable. venue to public ufes. In the year 1554, Charles be-
BOROUGHBRIDGE, a town in the north riding ing then 16 years old, his father died, an event which
of Yorkfhire in England, feated on the river Your, brought him back to the caftle of Arona ; where,
• which there is a handfome ftone bridge. The
town is not large, but commodious, and fends two mem¬
bers to parliament. W. Long. 1. ry. N. Lat. 54. 10.
BOROZAIL, or the zeal of the Ethiopians, a dif-
though he had an elder brother. Count Frederick,
he was requefted by the family to take upon him the
management of the domeftic affairs, to which at length
he confented.
After
BOR [ 403 ] BOR
Jorromeus. After fome time he returned again to his ftudies,
which, in the year 1559J being then juft 21, he fi-
niflied by a folemn aft, and took his doftor’s degree.
The promotion of his uncle to the pontificate, by the
name of Pius IF. which happened the year following,
feemed to have very little effeft upon him ; but he was
very foon made protonotary, and intrufted both with
the public and privy feal of the ecclefiaftical ftate: he
was alfo, at the fame time, created cardinal deacon,
and foon after archbifhop of Milan. In obedience to
the will of his uncle the pope, he liyed in great fplen-
dor, having a brilliant retinue and a great number of
dbmeftics ; yet his own temperance and humility were
never brought into queftion. In order to render even
his amufements ufeful, he eftablifhed an academy of
feleft and learned perfons, as well ecclefiattics as laics,
from among his houfehold and dependants, who were
employed in fome exercife which tended to infpire a
love of virtue, and to form a juft tafte. Each of them
was to write upon fome chofen fubjeft, either in verfe
or in profe, and to communicate to each other in fre¬
quent conferences the fruits of their ftudies. The-
works produced by’ this fociety have »,een publifhed in
many volumes, under the title of Nofles Fatican#,
becaufe thefe ufeful affemblies were held at the Vati-
l can, and at night, after the bufinefs of the day was
over. About this time Charles alfo formed a defign
j of founding a college at Pavia, which ftiould at the
fame time be a fchool of fcience and an afylum from
the vices and vanities of the world. In profecution of
this defign, he railed a large edifice upon the founda¬
tions of feveral houfes which belonged to the family
| of Borromeus in that city ; he obtained from the pope
feveral benefices, which he . attached to his building ;
he provided it with all things neceffary for the young
fcholars out of his own revenue; and he'dedicated his
f college to St Juftina virgin and martyr.
Upon the death of his only brother Frederick, his
relations, his friends, and even the pope himfelf, advifed
him to change his ftate, to quit the church, and marry,
I that his family might not become extinft. Charles, how¬
ever, contrary to this advice and the expectations of
the world, received the priefthood, and addreffed the
pope in thefe terms : “ Do not complain of me, Holy
Father, for I have taken a fpoufe whom I love and
on whom my wifties have been long fixed.” From this
time he became more fervent in eicercifes of piety and
ecclefiaftical knowledge : He perceived that ibme li¬
terati who had departed from the faith had alio cor¬
rupted the writings of fome holy doftors of the church,
and he thought he ftrould render religion good fervice
I if he could reftore the genuine reading : He therefore
j I employed Achilles Statius, a Portuguefe of great learn¬
ing, in this work, whom for that purpofe he retained
f at Rome. To his zeal and attention alfo is owing the
congregation of eight cardinals, ftill fubfifting, to re-
1 ; folve doubts and obviate difficulties which Ihould arife
in explanations of the council of Trent.
1 There was a very intimate friendlhip between Bor¬
romeus ‘and Don Barthelemy des Martyrs archbifhop
of Prague, and author of a work intitled Stimulus
Paftorum. This work falling into Borromeus’s hands
gave him an earneft defire to become a preacher, as he
was now convinced that preaching was one of the
principal duties of a prelate. An alnioft inconceivable
multiplicity of bufinefs, ill health, a feeble voice, and Borr omeus
a difficult pronunciation, were no inconfiderable ob-
ftacles to his defign, yet he furmounted them all ; and
though his beginnings were weak, yet perfeverance
crowned them with fuccefs.
Having obtained permiffion to vifit his church,
which the pope had hitherto refufed as he found his
prefence neceffary at Rome, he prepared to fet out
for Milan. He had before fent thither his grand vicar
Ormanetus, whofe labours at firft had not been unfuc-
cefsful, but who foon found oppofitions fo pertinacious,
and obftinate as put an end to his hopes : Borromeus
therefore faw the neceffity of going in perfon, and he
was received with the moft diftinguiihed honours. He
was, however, foon recalled to Rome, where many
things made his prefence meceffary : the pope wras gra¬
dually dying ; and Charles arrived juft time enough to
adminifter to him the laft facram'ents.
Pius IV. died on the 7th of January 1566, and
28 days afterwards Cardinal. Alexandrine mounted the
papal chair, and affumed the name of Pius F. the
fkill and diligence of Borromeus having contributed
not a little to prevent the cabals of the conclave.
As-foon as this event had taken place, and all was
quiet at Rome, Borromeus gave himfelf wholly up to
the • reformation of his diocefe, where the moft flagi¬
tious irregularities were openly praftifed, having firft
made another reform in his own family. He’began
by making paftoral vifits in his metropolis, where the
canons were not diftinguiftied for the purity of their
manners. He foon reftored proper decency and dig¬
nity to divine fervice, by a variety of wife and necef¬
fary regulations : In conformity to the decrees of the
council of Trent, he cleared the cathedral of many
pompous tombs, rich ornaments, banners, arms, and
in general of all the trophies with which the vanity of
man had disfigured the houfe of God ; and in order
to give a fanftion to his zeal by his example, he fpared
not the monuments of his neareft relations. Nor did
his zeal flop here : he divided tire nave of the church
through its whole length into two parts, by ftrong
thick planks, that the two fexes, being feparated,
might perform 4heir devotions without any attention
to each other, and with a modefty and recollection
more fuitable to the place.
This paftoral care extended from the cathedral to
the collegiate churches, and even to the fraternities or
focieties of penitents, particularly that of St John the
Baptift. The duty of this fociety was to -attend cri¬
minals to the place of-puniftunent, to affift, comfort,
and prepare them for death ; but the fpirit of the in-
ftitution was now forgotten, and the wretches who
were condemned to death wefe commonly dragged to
execution like beafts, without any fpiritual affiltance or
confolation. But the archbifkop revived the original
fervor of this order, in the exercife of their peculiar
duty, and perfuaded many of the nobility and princi¬
pal perfons of the city to become members of a fociety
appropriated to fo eminent a branch of Chriftian cha-
rity^. The reformation of the monafteries followed
that of the churches, and the vigilance of the paftor
foon extended itfelf from the city to the country found
it, which abounded with irregularities that required
his correftion. The great abufes and irregularities
which had over-run the church at this time arofe prin-
3 E 3 cipally
BOR
[ 404 ]
BOR
Boirotrrci s. cipal!y from the grofs ignorance of the clergy ; in or-
der therefore to attack thefe evils at their root, Charles
dtablilhed feminariea, colleges, and communities, for
the education of young perfons intended for holy or¬
ders. He met with many difficulties, and much op-
pofition in his endeavours to bring about a reformation
of manners ; but he prevailed againft every obftacle by
an inflexible conltancy, tempered with great fweetnefs
of manners.
The governor of the province, and many of the fe-
nators, were apprehenfive that the cardinal’s ordinances
and proceedings would encroach upon the civil juril-
diftion, and become inconfiftent with the rights of his
catholic majefly, to whom the duchy of Milan was
then in fubjeciion. And this was a fruitful fource of
remonftrancea, reprefentations, and complaints, which
long troubled the courts of Rome and Madrid, and
■which the king of Spain, Philip II. referred entirely
to the decifion of the pope. But Borromeus had a
more formidable oppofition to llruggle with, that of
feveral religious orders, particularly the Brothers of
Humility. Three provolts of this fociety entered into
a confpiracy to cut him off; and one of their confe¬
derates, called Jerom Donat, whofe furname was Fa¬
rina, took upon him to carry the delign into execu¬
tion. For this purpofe he mixed with the crowd that
went into the archiepifcopal chapel, where the cardinal
fpent an hour every evening in prayer with his dome-
ilics and other pious perfons; and having watched his
opportunity, he fired an harquebufs at him, which was
loaded with a ball fuited to the bore of the piece, and
with a confiderable charge of leaden (hot. It is faid that
the ball {truck him on the fpinal bone-, but fell down
at his feet without doing any other damage than foil¬
ing his rochet, and that one of the ffiot penetrated his
clothes to the Ikin, and there flopped, without im¬
printing any wound, which was confidered as a mi¬
racle, efpecially as the other {hot tore away part of a
wall, and went quite through a table.
In the year 1576, the city and diocefe of Milan
were vifited by the plague, which fwept away incredi¬
ble numbers; and the behaviour of Borromeus, on this
occafion, was truly chriftian and heroic : He not only
continued on the fpot, but he went about giving di-
redtions for accommodating the fick, and burying the
dead, with a zeal and attention that were at once ar¬
dent and deliberate, minute and comprehenfive ; and
his example ftimulated others to join in the good work.
He avoided no danger, and he fpared no expence ; nor
did he content himftlf with eftablilhing proper regu¬
lations in the city, but went out into all the neigh¬
bouring pariihes where the contagion raged, diftribu-
ting money to the poor, ordering proper accommoda¬
tions for the fick, and punifhing thofe, efpecially the
clergy, who were remifs in the duties of their calling.
Charles, notwithflanding the fatigue and perplexity
which he fuffered by thus executing his paftoral charge*
abated nothing of the ufual autterity of his life, nor
omitted any of his ftated devotions ; for, whatever ap¬
proached to luxury or magnificence; he confidered as
incompatible with the propriety of his chara&er. It
happened, , that being once on a viiit to the archbilhop
of Sienna at his palace, a very fumptuous entertain¬
ment was provided for him. Borromeus, though he
had been ufed to content himfelf with bread and wa¬
ter, yet fat down at the table, where however Ire eat —
but little, and gave fufficient intimation that he was Bonointul
much difpleafed with fuch oftentatious prodigality;
but what was his furprife when he faw the table agaiir
covered with a defert, coniiiling of whatever was .moll
rare, exquifite, and coftly ? He immediately rofe ha-
llily from his feat, as if he had fuddenly recollected
fome preffing bufinefs, and gave orders for his depar¬
ture, notwithftanding the rain, and the moft earaeft,
entreaties of the archbifliop. “ My Lord,” laid the
cardinal, “ if I fliould tarry here to-night, you would
give me another fuch treat as that I have juil ften, and
the poor will then fuffer another k>fs, great numbers oF
whom might have been fed with the iuperfluities that
have been now fet before us.”
The continual labours and aufterities of Borromeus
naturally fhortened his life ; he went to Vercal to put
an end, if poffible, to the divifions which threatened
the moft fatal confequences; and, when he was there,
he received a meffage from the Duke of Savoy, re-
quefting his prefence at Turin. From Turin he re¬
tired to a place called the Sepulchre, on the mountain-
Varais, where he was feized with an intermittent fever,.
which fcarce permitted him to return alive to Milan,
where he arrived on the 3d of November 1584, and
died thfc next day. He was lamented by the city and
the whole province with fuch marks of fincere forrovv
as are rarely feen ; and he was immediately worftiipped'
as a faint without waiting for the pope’s approbation.
The pope, however, when he was told of it by Cardi¬
nal Baronius, gave diredtions that the devotion of the
people Ihould not be reftrained, though Bqrromeus was.
not canonized till the ill of November 161 o, in the:
pontificate of Leon XL Since that time many
churches and chapels have been erected in honour of
this faint, and many religious focieties inflituted and
put under his protection.
The foregoing particulars are extradted from an ac¬
count of the life of Borromeus, written fome years a-
go by Father Anthony Touron. Upon a comparifon
of this life with that written by Ribadeneira a Spanifli
Jefuit above a century ago, it appears that the im¬
provement of knowledge has made a very ftriking dif¬
ference in this kind of biography. Ribadeneira, who
lived in the midft of ignorance and fuperllition, did
not fufpedt that the time was at hand when the incre¬
dible and ridiculous fables he recites could not be be¬
lieved : his life of this faint therefore abounds with
particulars which Touron has juftly omitted. We are
told that a miraculous light was feen over the chamber-
of Borromeus’s mother when fire was in labour: Thar
Borromeus, feeing two perfons carried violently down
a rapid river on their horfes, and juft ready to perifti,
caufed their horfes fuddenly to leap with them out of
the water, by giving them his benedidtion : That O-
clavian Varefe, a gentleman of Milan, who was con¬
fined to his bed by ficknefs, when Borromeus died be¬
came ihftantly well, by recommending himfelf to the
Saint’s interceffion. That a daughter of Julius Bona-
cina was inftantly cured of a diforder in her eye, which
had taken away the fight of it, by performing an adt
of devotion in honour of this Saint: That a count of
Ferrara was inftantly feized with a violent difeafe upon
fpeaking irreverently of Borromeus’a pidlure, but was
cured upon confelling his fault. It would certainly be
BOR [ 405 ] BOS
Borrowing a work of infinite fen-ice to the Rotnifh. church, to
iL new-write the lives of her faints in fuch a manner as
holder" can now ke believed, fince the lives already written
. might by that means be gradually fuperceded, w'hich
are a better antidote againft Popery than the arguments
of the bell reafoner in the world.
BORROWING and Hiring, in law, are contra&s
bv which a qualified property may be transferred to
tire hirer or borrower ; in which there is only this dif¬
ference, that hiring is always for a price or ftipend, or
additional recompenfe ; borrowing is merely gratuitous.
But the law in both cafes is the fame. They are both
contradls, whereby the pofieffion and tranfient pro¬
perty is transferred for a particular time or ufe, on con¬
dition and agreement to reftove the goods fo hired or
borrowed, as icon as the time is expired, dr the ufe per¬
formed, together with the price or ftipend (in cafe of
hiring) either exprefsly agreed upon by the parties,
or left to be implied by law, according to the value of
the fervice. By this mutual contract, the hirer or bor¬
rower gains a temporary property in the thing hired,
accompanied with an implied condition to ufe it with
moderation, and not to abide it; and the owner or
lender retains a reverfionary intereft in the fame, and
acquires a new property in the price or reward. Thus,
if a man hires or borrows a horfe for a month, he has
the pofleffion and a qualified property therein during
that period ; on the expiration of which his qualified
property determines, and the owner becomes (in cafe
of hiring) intitled alfo to the premium or price for
which the horfe was hired.
There is one fpecies of this price or reward the mod
ufual of any, but concerning which many good and
learned men have in former times very much perplexed
themfelves and other people, by raifing doubts about
its legality in faro confcientia. That is, when money
is lent on a contra61 to receive not only the principal
fum again, but alfo an increafe by way of compenfation
for the ufe, which is generally called intereji by thofe
who think it lawful, and ufury by thofe who do not fo.
Hut as to this, fee the article Interest,
BORROWSTOWNESS. SeeBuRROwsTowNESs.
BORSEHOLDER, among the Anglo-Saxons, one
of the lowed magiftrates, whofe authority extended
only over one freeburgh, tithing, or decennary, con¬
fiding of ten families. Every freeman who wifhed to
enjoy the protedlion of the laws, and not to be treated
as a vagabond, was under the neceflity of being ad¬
mitted a member of the tithing where he and his fa¬
mily refided ; and in order to obtain this admiffion, it
was as neceflary for him to maintain a good reputa¬
tion ; becaufe all the members of each tithing being
mutual pledges and fureties for each other, and the
whole tithing fureties to the king for the good beha¬
viour of all its members, they were very cautious of
admitting any into their fociety who were of bad or
doubtful characlers. Each tithing formed a little date
or commonwealth within itfelf, and chofe one of its
mod refpedlable members for its head, who was fome-
times called the alderman of fuch a tithing or free¬
burgh, on account of his age and experience, but
mod commonly borjholder, from the Saxon words borh,
“ a furety,” and alder, “ a head or chief.” This
, magiftrate had authority to call together the members
. of his tithing, to prefide in their meetings, and to
put their fentences in execution. The members of
each tithing, with their tithing-man or borfeholder at Borftt
their head, conftituted a court of juftice, in which all ^
the little controverfies arifing within the tithing were . ' ' j.
determined. If any difpute of great difficulty or im¬
portance happened, or if either of the parties was not
willing to fubmit to a fentence given in the tithing-
court, the caufe was referred or appealed to the next
fuperior court, or court of the hundred.
BORSET, or Borsett, celebrated for its baths,
a place about half a league from Aix-la-Chapelle in
Germany. The abbey here is a very magnificent pile
of building. It was formerly a monaftery ; but ferves
for a nunnery, whofe abbefs is a princefs of the em¬
pire, and lady of Borfet. The waters are warm, and
of the nature of thofe of Aix-la-Chapelle ; but they
are only ufed as baths for the difeafes in which the
waters lad mentioned are recommended, and alfo in
dropfical and cedematous cafes. The waters are dl-
flinguifhed into the upper and lower fprings. The
former Were found by Dr Simmons ,'to raife the ther¬
mometer to 158°, the latter to only 1270. All the
baths are fupplied by the firft. Dr Simmons obferved
that thefe waters were much lefs fulphureous than thofe
of Aix-la-Chapelle, probably on account of their great¬
er heat. He like wife found that they abounded much
with felenites, which incruft the pipe through which
the water pades, and likevvife the fides of the bath.
BORYSTHENES. See Boristhenes.
BOS (John Baptift du), a celebrated author and
member of the French academy, was born at Beauvais
in 1670, and finidied his ftudies at the Sorbonne. In
1695, he was made one of the committee for foreign
affairs under Mr Torez ; and was afterwards charged
with fome important tranfa6lions in England, Germa¬
ny, Holland, and Italy. At his return to Paris, he
was handfomely preferred, made an abbe, and chofen
perpetual fecretary of the French academy. He was
the author of feveral excellent works; the principal
of which are, 1. Critical refledlions upon poetry and
painting, 3 vols izmo. 2. The hiftory of the four-
Gordians, confirmed and illuftrated by medals. 3. A
critical hiftory of the eftablidiment of the French mo¬
narchy among the Gauls, 2 vols 410, 4 vols i2mo.
He died at Paris on the 23d of March 1742.
Bos (Lewis Janlfen), an efteemed painter, was
bom at Bois-le-Duc. Having been carefully indrufled
in the art of-painting by the artifts of his native city,
he applied himfelf entirely to ftudy after nature, and
rendered himfelf very eminent for the truth of his co¬
louring and the neatnefs of his handling. His favou¬
rite fubjefts were flowers, and curious plants, which
he ufually reprefented as grouped, in glaffes, or vafes
of cry dal, half filled with, water and gave them fo
lovely a look of nature, that it feemed fcarce polfible
to exprefs them with greater truth or delicacy. It
was frequent with this mafter to reprefent the drops of
dew on the leaves cf his objedls, which he executed^
with an uncommon tranfparence ; and embellidied his
fubje6ls with butterflies, bees, wafps, and other infe6ls,
which, Sandrart fays, were fuperior to any thing of
that kind performed by his cotemporary artifts. He
likewife painted portraits with very great fuccefs ; and
fhowed as much merit in that dyle as he did in his.
compofitions of dill life. He died in 1507.
BOS, in zoology, a genus of quadrupeds belonging
to the order of pecora. The charafiters of this genus
see
BOS [ 406 ] BOS
are taken from the horns and teeth. The horns are begins to eat pretty well, and two or three fueks in a
hollow within ; and turned forward, in the form of day will be fufficient. But if the objeft be to have it ^
crefcents: There are eight fore-teeth in the under jaw,
and none in the upper, their place being fupplied by a
hard membrane ; and there are no dog-teeth in either
jaw. Linnasus enumerates fix fpecies, viz.
I. The taurus, including the bull and cow, has cy¬
lindrical horns bent outwards, and loofe dewlaps. The
bull, or male, is naturally a fierce and terrible animal.
When the cows are in feafon, he is perfedlly ungo¬
vernable, and often altogether furious. When chaffed,
he has an air of fullen majelly, and oft tears up the
quickly fattened for the market, a few raw eggs every
day, with boiled milk, and a little bread, will make it
excellent veal in four or five weeks. This management
of calves applies only to fuch as are defigned for the
butcher. When they are intended to be nourilhed and
brought up, they ought to have at leaft two months
fuck ; becaufe the longer they fuck, they grow the
ftronger and larger. Thofe that are brought forth in
April, May, or June, are the moft proper for this
purpofe ; when calved later in the feafon, they do not
ground with his feet and horns. The principal ufe of acquire fufficient ffrength to fupport them during the
the bull is to propagate the fpecies ; although he might
be trained to labour, his obedience cannot be depended
on. A bull, like a ftallion, fhould be the moft hand-
fome of his fpecies. He fhould be large, well-made,
and in good heart; he fhould have a black eye, a fierce
afpeft, but an open front ; a fliort head ; thick, fhort,
and blackifh horns, and long fhaggy ears ; a fhort and
ftraight nofe, large and full breaft and fhoulders, thick
and flefhy neck, firm reins, a ftraight back, thick
flefhy legs, and a long tail well covered with hair. Ca-
llration remarkably foftens the nature of this animal;
it deftroys all his fire and impetuofity, and renders him
mild and traftable, without diminifhing his ftrength ;
on the contrary, after this operation, his weight, is in-
creafed, and he becomes fitter for the purpofes of plow¬
ing, &c.
The beft time for caftrating bulls is at the age of
puberty, or when they are 18 months or two years
old ; when .performed fooner, they often die. How¬
ever, it is not uncommon toeaftrate calves a few days
winter. The cow comes to the age of puberty i;
months, but the bull requires two years : but although
they are capable of propagating at thefe ages, it is
better to reltrain them till they be full three years.
From three to nine years thofe animals are in full vi¬
gour ; but when older, they are fit for nothing but to
be fed for the butcher. A milk-cow ought to be cho-
fen young, flefhy, and with a brifk eye.
The heavieft and moft bulky animals neither fleep fo
profoundly, nor fo long, as the fmaller ones. The
fleep of the ox is ihort and flight; he wakes at the leaft
noile. He lies generally on the left fide, and the kid- •
ney of that fide is always larger than the other. There
is great variety in the colour of oxen. A reddifti or
black colour is moft efteeemed. The hair fhould be
gloffy, thick, and foft; for when otherwife, the animal
is either not in health, or has a weakly conftitution.
The beft time for inuring them to labour is at the age
of two and a half or three years. The ox eats very
quick, and foon fills his firft ftomach ; after which he
after birth. But fuch as furvive an operation fo dan- lies down to ruminate or chew the cud. The firft and
gerous to their tender age, generally grow larger and
fatter, and have more courage and activity than thofe
who are caftrated at the age of puberty. When the
operation is delayed till the age of fix, feven, or eight
years, they lofe but few of the qualities of bulls ; are
much more furious and untra&abie than other oxen
fecond ftomachs are continuations of the fame bag,
and very capacious. After the grafs has been chewed
over again, it is reduced to a kind of mafh, not unlike
boiled fpinage ; and under this form it is fent down to
the third ftomach, where it remains and digefts for
fome time; but the digeftion is not fully completed
and when the cows are in feafon, they go in queft of till it comes to the fourth ftomach, from which it is
them with their ufual ardour.
The females of all thofe fpecies of animals which we
keep in flocks, and whofe increafe is the principal ob-
jeft, are much more ufeful than the males. The cow
produces milk, butter, cheefe, &c. which are principal
articles in our food, and befides anfwer many ufeful pur¬
pofes in various arts. Cows are generally in feafon,
and receive the bull, from the beginning of May to
the middle of'rJuly. Their time of geftation is nine
months, which naturally brings the veal or calves to
r markets from the beginning of January to the end
thrown down to the guts. The contents of the firft
and fecond ilomachs aie a collection of grafs and other
vegetables roughly macerated; a fermentation, how¬
ever, loon commences, which makes the grafs fwell.
The communication between the fecond and third
ftomach is by an opening much fmaller than the gullet,
and not fufficient for the paffage of the food*in this
ftate. Whenever then the two firft ftomachs are di-
ftended with food, they begin to contraCt, or rather
perform a kind of reaftion. This reaftion comprefl’es
the food, and makes it endeavour to get out: now the
of April. However, luxmy has fallen upon methods gullet being larger than the paffage between the fecond
of interrupting this natural courfe, and veal may be
had almoft every month in the year. Cows, when im¬
properly managed, are very fubjeft to abortion. In
the time of geftation, therefore, they ought to be ob-
ferved with more than ordinary care, left they fhould
leap ditches, &c. Neither fhould they be fuffered to
draw in the plough or other carriage, which is a prac¬
tice in fome countries. They fhould be put ihto the
beft pafture, and fhould not be milked for fix weeks
or two months before they bring fqjth their young.
The calf fhould be allowed to fuck and follow its mo¬
ther during the firft fix or eight days. After this it
5
and third fiomachs, the preffure of the ftomach necef-
farily forces it up the gullet. The adlion of rumina¬
ting, however, appears to be in a great meafure volun¬
tary ; as animals of.this kind have a power of increa-
fing the reaCtion of their ftomachs. After the food
undergoes a fecond maftication, it is then reduced into
a thin pulp, which eafily paffes from the fecond to the
third ftomach, where it is ftill further macerated; from
thence it paffes to the fourth, where it is reduc :d to a
perfeCt mucilage, every way prepared for being taken
up by the laCteals, and converted into nouriihment.
What confirms this account of chewing the cud is,
that
BOS
[ 4°7 ]
BOS
that as long as thefe animals fuck or feed upon liquid
aliment, they never ruminate; and in the winter, when
they are obliged to feed upon hay and other dry vic¬
tuals, they ruminate more than when they feed upon
frefh grafs.
Bulls, eows, and oxen, are fond of licking them-
felves, efpecially when lying at reft. But this practice
fhoiild be prevented as much as poffible; for as the ha# from Poland,
is an undigefttble fubftance, it lies in the ftomach or About 250 y
guts, and is gradually coated by a glutinous fubftance,
which in time hardens into round ftones of a confider-
able bulk, which fometimes kills them, but always
prevents their fattening, as the ftomach is rendered in¬
capable of digefting the food fo well as it ought.
The agex?f thefe animals may be diftinguifhed by
£///'t^ teeth and horns. The firft fore-teeth fall out at
the age of fix months, and are fucceeded by others of
a darker colour, and broader. At the end of fixteen
months, the next milk-teeth likewife fall out; and at
the beginning of the fourth year all the fore-teeth are
renewed, and then they are long, pretty white, and
equal: However, as the animal advances in years, they
cattle of Cornwall are of the fame fize with the laft.
The large fpecies that is now cultivated through moft
parts of Great Britain, are either entirely of foreign
extraftion, or our own improved by a crofs with the
foreign kind. The Lincolnfiure kind derive their fize
from the Holftein breed ; and the large hornlefs cattle
that are bred in fome parts of England, come originally
ago, there was found in Scotland,
a wild race of cattle, which were of a pure white colour,
and had, if we may believe Boethius, manes like lions.
Mr Pennant fays, he cannot but give credit to the re¬
lation ; having feen in the woods of Drumlanrig in
North Britain, and in the park belonging to Chilling-
ham caftle in Northumberland, herds of cattle probably
derived from the favage breed. They had loft their
manes, but retained their colour and fiercenefs; they
were of a middle fize, long legged, and had black muz-
zels and ears; their horns fine, and with a bold and
elegant bend.—The keeper of thofe at Chillingham
faid, that the weight of the ox was 38 ftones; of the
cow, 28 : that their hides were more efteeme,d by the
become unequal and blackifh. The horns of oxen four tanners than thofe of the tame ; and they would give
years of age are fmall pointed, neat, and fmooth, but
thickeft near the head : This thick part next feafon
is pufhed further from the head by a horny cylinder,
which is alfo terminated by another fwelling,part, and
fo on (for as long as the ox lives, the horns continue
to grow); and thefe fwellings become fo many annular
knots by which the age may eafily be reckoned: But
from the point to the firft knot muft be counted three
years, and every fucceeding knot only one year. -The
fixpence per ftone more for them. Thefe cattle were
wild as any deer; on being approached, they would in-r
ftantly take to flight, and gallop away at full fpeed ;
never mix with the tame Ipecies ; nor come near the
houfe, unlefs conftrained to it by hunger in very fevere
weather. When it is neceflary to kill any, they are al¬
ways ihot: if the keeper only wounds the beaft, he
muft take care to keep behind fome tree, or his life
would be in danger from the furious attacks of the
bull, cow, and ox, generally live about fourteen or fif- animal, which will never defift till a period is put
teen years.
Ox-beef is very nouriihing, and yields a ftrong ali¬
ment ; the flefti of a cow, when well fatted and young,
is not much inferior. Bull-beef is hard, tough, and
dry ; for which reafon it is not much ufed for food.
Veal is well tafted, eafy of digeftion, and rather keeps
the body open than otherwife.
The r ’ • - -
its life.
Frequent mention is made of our favage cattle by
hiftorians. One relates, that Robert BrUce was (in
chafing thefe animals) preferved from the rhge of a
wild bull by the intrepidity of one of his courtiers,
from which he and his lineage acquired the name of
Turn-bull. Fitz-Stephen* names thefe animals (#>7 * H;ft0ry0j
them countries of Europe produce the heft fylvejlres) among thofe that harboured in the great fo-London
cattle of this kind. In general, they bear cold better reft that in his time lay adjacent to London. Another Prek’rvfd in
than heat; for this reafon they are not fo plenty in the enumerates, among the provifions at the great feaft of i^'viu
fouthern countries. There are but few in Afia to the Nevil archbiftiop of York, fix wild bulls; and Sibbald
fouth of Armenia, or in Africa beyond Egypt and aflures us, that in his days a wild and white fpecies was
Barbary. America produced none till they were car- found in the mountains of Scotland, but agreeing in
tied there by the Europeans. But the largeft are to form with the common fort. Thefe were probably the
be met with in Denmark, Podolia, the Ukrain, and a- fame with the bifontes jubati of Pliny found then in
mong the Calmuck Tartars ; HkeWife thofe of Ireland, Germany, and might have been common to the cor.-
England, Holland, and Hungary, are much larger than tinent and our illand ; the lofs of their lavage vigour
tliofe of Perfia, Turky, Greece, Italy, and Spain; but by confinement might occafion fome change in the ex-
thofe of Barbary are leaft of all. In all mountainous ternal appearance, as is frequent with wild animals dc-
countries, as Wales, the Highlands of Scotland, &c. prived of liberty ; and to tliat we may aferibe theirloiti
the black cattle are fmall; but hardy, and when fat- of mane. The urus of the Hercynian foreft deferibed
tened make excellent beef. In Lapland, they are moftly by Caefar (lib. vi.) was of this kind; the fame which
white, and many of them want horns. is called by the modern Germans, aurochs, i. e. bos
%r„ of The Britifti breed of cattle, Mr Pennant obferves, fylvefiris.
■ipcd:. has in general been fo much improved by foreign mix- The ox is the only horned animal in thefe iflands that
ture, that it is difficult to point out the original kind will apply his ftrength to the fervice of mankind. I;
of thefe iflands. Thofe which may be fuppofed to have is now generally allowed, that, in the draught,, oxen
been originally Bririfli are far inferior in fize to thofe are in many cafes more profitable than horfes; their
on the northern part of the European cormtient: the food, harnefsv and {hoes, being cheaper; and ftiould
cattle of the Highlands of Scotland are exceedingly they be lamed or grow old, ^an old working beaft will
fmall; and many of them, males as well as females, are be as good meat, and fatten as well, as.a young one.
hornlefs: the Welih runta are much larger: the black There is fcarce any part of this animal without its
B O S [408] BOS
®os. yfe. The blood, fat, marrow, hide, hair, horns, hoofs,
milk, cream, butter, eheefe, whey, urine, liver, gall,
fpleen, bones, and dung, have each their particular ufe
in manufactures, commerce, and medicine.
The Ilf in has been of great ufe in all ages. The an¬
cient Britons, before they knew a better method, built
their boats with oliers, and covered them with the hides
of bulls, which ferved them for fhort coafting voyages.
Primum -cana falix madefafto vimim parvam
Texitur in puppim, caefaque indutajuvenco,
Vs ft or is patisns, tumidum fuper emicat amnem:
Sic Venetus Jlagnante Pado,fufoque Brit annus
Navigat aceano. Lucan, lib. iv. 131.
The bending willow into barks they twine;
Then line the work with fpoils of flaughtei’dkine.
Such are the floats Venetian filhers know,
When in dull marfhes hands the fettling Pot
On fuch to neighb’ring Gaul, allur’d by gain,
The bolder Britons crofs the fwelling main.
Rowe.
Veffels of this kind are ftill in ufe on the Jrilh lakes;
and on the Dee and Severn: In Ireland they are called
■curach; in Englifli, coracles; from the Britifh C'wrnvgl,
a word fignifying a boat of that ftrudure. At prefent
the hide, when tanned and curried, ferves for boots,
fltoes, and numberlefs other conveniences of life.—
Vellum is made of the thinneft calve-lkins, and the
Campbell's /king abortions. Of the horns are made combs,
Jw”7 boxes, handles for knives, and drinking veffels; and
arve3' when foftened by water, obeying the manufacturer’s
hands, .they form pellucid laminae for the fides of lan-
thorns. Thefe laft conveniences were invented by the
great king Alfred, who firft ufed them to preferve his
.candle time-meafurers from the wind; or (as other
writers wiH have it) the tapers that were fet up before
the reliques in the miferable tattered churches of that
-time. The veiy fmalleft fragments, and even the dull
and filing, of horn, are found very ferviceable in ma¬
nuring cold lands. The matter lying within, on which
•the horn is formed, is called the Jlough ; and, when dry,
is ufed in making walls or fences, in which, covered
from wet, it will laft a long time. It is alfo molt ad¬
mirable in mending roads, where the foil is foft and
fpewy; for, diffolving, it becomes a glutinous fub-
llance, that binds amazingly with gravel. As a ma¬
nure, they allow between two and three quarter-facks
to an acre. Horn faw-duft with mould is an excellent
compoft for flowers. It is alfo of ufe in hardening,
and giving what is called a proper temper, to metals.
In medicine, horns were employed as alexipharmics
or antidotes againft poifou, the plague, or the fmall-
pox ; they have been dignified with the title of Bnglijb
bazaar, and are faid to have been found to anfwer the
end of the oriental kind.
The teguments, cartilages, and griftles, for the in¬
different,—and, for the finei, all the cuttings, parings,
and ferapes of hides,—are boiled in water, till the ge¬
latinous parts of them are thoroughly dilfolved ; and
the mafs, properly dried, becomes glue. See Glue.
The bones are ufed by mechanics where ivory is too
expenfive ; by which the common people are ferved
with many neat conveniences at an eafy rate. From
the tibia and carpus bones is procured an oil much u-
fed by coach-makers and others in di effing and eiean-
N° 51.
ing harnefs, and all trappings belonging to a coach; and ^
the bones calcined afford a fit matter for tefts for the —
ufe of the refiner in the fmelting trade. The blood is
ufed as an excellent manure for fruit-trees, and is the
balls of that fine colour the Pruffian blue. The fi-
news are prepared fo as to become a kind of thread or
finall cord, ufed in fewing faddles, in making racquets,
and other things of a like nature. The hair hath alfo
its value, and is employed in many different ways.
The long hair of the tail is frequently mixed with
horfe-hair fpun into ropes, and fometimes wove. The
fhort hair ferves to fluff faddles, feats of feveral kinds,
mattreffes, and chairs. The refufe is a good manure,
and operates more fpeedily than the horns. The fat,
tallow, and fuet, furnifti us with light ; and are alfo
ufed to precipitate the fait that is drawn from briny
fprings. The gall, liver, fpleen, and urine, had alfo
their place in the materia medica, though they have
now refigned it to more efficacious and agreeable me¬
dicines. The ufes of butter, cheefe, cream, and milk,
in domeftic ceconomy, and the excellence of the latter
in furnifhing a palatable nutriment for moft people
whofe organs of digeftion are weakened, are too obvi¬
ous to be infifted on.
II. The eonasus has a long mane ; its horns are
bent round towards the cheek, and are not above a
fpan long. It is about the fize of a large bull, and is
a native of Africa and Afia. When enraged, he throws
out his dung upon dogs or other animals that annoy
him ; the dung has a kind of cauftic quality, which
burns the hair off any animal it falls upon.
III. The bison has fhort black rounded horns, with
a great interval between their bafes. On the fhoulders
is a vaft hunch, confifting of a fiefhy fubftance, much
elevated. The fore-parts of the body are thick and
ftrong; the hind-part, Gender and weak. The hunch
and head are covered with a very long undulated fleece,
divided into locks, of a dull ruft-colour: this is at
times fo long, as to make the fore-part of the animal
of a fhapelefs appearance, and to obfeure its fenfe of
feeing. During winter, .the whole body is clothed in
the fame manner. In fummer the hind part of the bo¬
dy is naked, wrinkled, and dufky. The tail is about
a foot long ; at the end is a tuft of black hairs, the
reft naked. It inhabits Mexico and the interior parts
of North America. It is found in great herds in the
Savannas ; and is fond of marfhy places, where it lod¬
ges amidft the high reeds. In Louifiana they are feen
feeding in herds innumerable, promifeuoufly with mul¬
titudes of flags and deer, during morning and evening ;
retiring in the fultry heats into the fhade of tall reeds,
which border the rivers-of America. They are ex¬
ceedingly fhy ; and very fearful of man, unlefs they
are wounded, when they purfue their enemy, and be¬
come very dangerous.
The chafe of thefe animals is a favourite diverfion
of the Indians; and is effe&ed in two ways. Firft,
by {hooting: when the markfman muft take great
care to go againft the wind ; for their imell is fo ex-
quifite, that the moment they get feent of him they
inftantly retire with the utmoft precipitation. He
aims at their ffioulders, that they may drop at once,
and not be irritated by an ineffeftual wound. Pro¬
vided the wind does not favour the beafts, they may
be approached very near, being blinded by the hair
which
Plate Cl .
CD^/.BOS 3
(Syte'O'Zy.
3 ay.
//<v2X frsu2~.
B O S [ 409 j B O S
which covers their eyes.—The other method is per¬
formed by a great number of men, who divide and
form a vaft fquare : each band fets fire to the dry grafs
of the favannah where the herds are feeding: thefe
animals having a great dr ead of fire which they fee ap¬
proach on all fides, they retire from it to the centre of
the fquare ; when the bands clofe and kill them (prefied
together in heaps) without the leaft hazard. It is
pretended, that on every expedition of this nature they
kill 1500 or 2000 beeves. The hunting-grounds are
prefcribed with great form, left the different bands
ftrould meet and interfere in the diverfion. Penalties
are enafted on fuch who infringe the regulations, as
well as on thofe who quit their pofts and fuffer the
hearts to efcape from the hollow fquares; the punifh-
ments are, the ftripping the delinquents, the taking a-
way their arms (which is the greateft difgrace a favage
can undergo), or laftly the demolition of their ca¬
bins.
The ufes ©f thefe animals are various. Powder-flalks
are made of their horns. The fkins are very valuable;
in old times the Indians made of them the beft targets.
When dreffed, they form an excellent buff; the In¬
dians drefs them with the hair on, and clothe them-
felves with them ; the Europeans of Louifiana ufe
them for blankets, and find them light, warm, and
foft. The flefh is a confiderable article of food, and
the bunch on the back is efteerfied a very great delica¬
cy. The bulls‘become exceffively fat, and yield great
quantities of tallow, 150 pounds weight having been got
from a fingle beaft, which forms a conftderable matter
of commerce. Thefe over-fed animals ufually become
the prey of wolves; for, by reafon of their great un-
wieldinefs, they cannot keep up.with the herd. The
Indians, by a very bad policy, prefer the flefh of the
cows ; which in time will deftroy the fpecies : they
complain of the ranknefs of that of the bulls ; but Du
Pratz thinks the laft much more tender, and that the
ranknefs might be prevented by cutting off the tef-
ticles as foon as the beaft is killed. The hair or wool
is fpun into cloth, gloves, ftockings, and garters,
which are very ftrong, and look as well as thofe made
of the beft Iheeps wool; Governor Pownall affures us,
that the moft luxurious fabric might be made of it.
The fleece of one of thefe animals has been found to
weigh eight pounds.
Their fagacity in defending themfelves againrt the
attacks of wolves is admirable. When they fcent the
approach of a drove of thofe ravenous creatures,
the herd flings itfelf into the form of a circle: the
weakeft keep in the middle ; the ftrongeil are ranged
on the outfide, prefenting to the enemy an impene¬
trable front of horns : fliould they be taken by fur-
prife, and have recourfe to flight, numbers of the fat¬
ted or the weakeft are fure to perilh. Attempts have
been made to tamfe and domefticate the wild, by catch¬
ing the calves and bringing them up with the com¬
mon kind, in hopes of improving the breed ; but it has
not yet been found to anfwer : notwithftanding they
had the appearance for a time of having loft their fa¬
vage nature, yet they always grew impatient of re-
ftraint, and by reafon of their great ftrength would
break down the ftrongeft inclofure, and entice the
tame cattle into the corn-fields. They have been
known to engender together, and to breed.
Von. III. Part II.
a. The mufti-0: of Hudfon’s bay, a variety of this Bo».
fpecies, wants the hump between the (houlders. It is
about the fize of a Scotch bullock ; has a thick body,
and ihort legs. The horns are large, and very re¬
markable : they are United at their origin in the ikull;
but immediately''after, they fall down on each fide of
the crown of the head, then taper away fmall,the points
turning up. The hair is black, and grows to a great
length; underneath which is a fine wool fuperior to
Vigonia wool. The male only has the curious fcalp ;
the female is covered with hair. Thefe animals frequent
the country about 100 miles inwards to the north-weft
of Churchill river in Hudfon’s bay, where they are
very numerous. They live in herds of 30, 40, and
upwards to the number of 80 or zoo. The bulls are
very few' in proportion to the cows : for, according to
Mr Graham’s information, it is rare to fee more than
two or three full-grown bulls with the largeft herd;
and from the number of males which at times are
found dead, the Indians are of opinion that they kill
each other in contending for the females at the rutting
feafon. They are then fo jealous of their miftreffes,
that they run at either man or beaft: who offers to ap¬
proach them, and have been feen to run and bellow
even at ravens and other large birds which chanced to
fly or light near them. They go to rut in Auguft.
The females bring forth their young about the latter
end of May or beginning of June, and are never known
to have more than one at a time. They delight moft
in the ftonnieft and mountainous parts of the barren
grounds, and are feldom found at any great diftance
through the woods. Though a beaft of confiderable
magnitude and apparently unwieldy form, yet it climbs
the rocks with great eafe and agility; and is nearly as
fure-footed as a goat, and like that animal will feed on
any thing: for though they feem fondeft of grafs, yet in
winter they eat mofs and any other herbage they can
find ; alfo the tops of the willows and the brufti of the
.pine-tree. The flefh of this animal no ways refembles
that of the weflern buffalo ; but is more like that of
the moofe or elk, the fat being of a clear white {light¬
ly tinged with a light azure. The calves and young
heifers are ■exceeding good eating; but the flefh of the
bulls both fmell and tafte fo ftrong of mufk, as to
render it very difagreeable. It fe<?ms to have been
from want of better information, that Mr Drage af-
ferts the heart to be the moft impregnated: had he
faid the kidneys, he would have been much nearer the
truth. The urine muft cbntain this fcent in a very
great degree : for the penis is always lubricated with
a brown gummy fubftance, fo highly fcented with
mufk, that after having been kept for feveral years it
does not feem to have loft any of its quality. The dung
of this animal (though fo large) is all in little round
knobs ; and fo exaftly like that of the varying hare
both in fize and colour, that it would be very eafy to
miftake the one for the other, were it not for the quan¬
tity. The Indians kill great numbers of them. From
2000 to 4000 weight of the flefh frozen is brought to
Prince of Wales’s fort annually, and is ferved out as
provifions to the Europeans. See the figures, Plate Cl.
b, The Cape Buffalo, or Bos Caffer of Sparrman, an¬
other variety, inhabits the interior parts of Africa north
of the Cape of Good Hope, but does not extend to the
north of the Tropic. They are faid to be greatly fuperior
3 F in
B O
[ 4io ]
BOS
Bos. infizetothelargeftEnglifliox: hangthe!rlieadsdown,and Hottentots, perfe&ly refembled thofe of an ox: the Bos.
have a moft ferocious and malevolent appearance. They buffalo’s, however, are much larger, and take up more ^
are in fa& exceffively fierce and dangerous to travellers ;
will lie quietly in wait in the woods, and rufh fuddenly c
paffengers, and trample them, their horfes, and oxen of was full three feet.
room, and indeed gave us no little trouble in clearing
them away; for the diameter of this creature’s body
draught, under their feet: fo that they are to be fhun-
ned as the moft cruel beafts of this country. They will
even return to the attack, and delight to lick the
flaughtered bodies. They are prodigioufly fwift, and
fo ftrong, that a young one of three years of age, be-
Upon the whole, the fize of the buffalo was as
follows: the length eight feet, the height five and a
half, and the fore legs two feet and a half long ; the
larger hoofs were five inches over ; from the tip of the
muzzle to the horns was twenty-two inches. This
ing placed with fix tame oxen in a waggon, could not animal in fhape, as may be feen in the plate, very much Plate Cfi
by their united force be moved from the fpot. They
are alfo found in the interior parts of Guinea ; but
refembled the common ox ; but the buffalo has much
flouter limbs, in proportion to its height and length.
fo . fierce and dangerous, that the negroes who are in Their fetlocks hang likewife nearer to the ground.
chafe of other animals are fearful of fhooting at them.
The lion, which can break the back of the flrongeft
dbmeflic oxen at one blow, cannot kill this fpecies,
except by leaping on its back, and fuffocating it by
fixing its talons about its nofe and mouth. The lion
The horns are Angular, both in their form and poli¬
tico : the bafes of them" are x 3 inches broad, and are
only an inch diftance from each other; by which
means, there is formed between them a narrow chan¬
nel or furrow, in a great' meafure bare of Jiair. Mea-
often perifhes in the attempt; but leaves the marks of furing them from this furrow, the horns rife up in
its fury about the mouth and nofe of the beaft. They fpherical form, with an elevation of three inches at
live in great herds, efpecially in Krake-Kamma, and
other defarts of the Cape; and retire during the day into
the thick forefts. They are reckoned good meat by
the Dutch of the Cape. They are called Aurochs, but
differ totally from the European. The warmth of the
moft. In this way they extend over a great part of
the head, viz. from the nape of the neck to the di¬
ftance of three and a half inches from the eyes; fo
that the part from which they grow out, does not oc¬
cupy a fpace of lefts than 18 or 20 inches in circum-
climate has prevented the vaft length and abundance of ference. From hence bending down on each fide of
hair which diftinguifhes the former, and the luxuriance
of herbage in this country has given it the vaft fu-
periority of fize.
the neck, and becoming more cylindrical by degrees,
they each of them form a curve, the convex part of
which is turned towards the ground, and the point up
Of this animal we have the following account by in the air; which, however, at the fame time is gene-
Dr Sparrrnan, who was the firft who gave a diftinft rally inclined backwards. The diftance between the
delineation and defcription of it. Defcribing the death points of the horns is frequently above five feet; the
of one that was Ihot, he informs us, that “ immedi- colour of them is black ; and the furface, to within a-
ately after the report of the gun, the buffalo fell up- bout a third part of’tliem, meafured from the bafe, is
on its knees: that he afterwards, however, raifed himfelf very rough and craggy, with cavities fometimes an
up, and ran feven or eight hundred paces into a
thicket; and dire&ly upon this, with a moft dreadful
bellowing, gave us to underftand that it was all over
with him. All this together formed a fpeftacle,
which* moft fportfmen would have been highly delight-
inch deep. Neither thefe cavities, nor the elevations
which are formed between them, appear to be at all
accidental, as there is a tolerable iimilarity between
thefe excrefcences, though they are very different in
different buffaloes. The ears are a foot in length.
ed to have been prefent at. This creature, as well as fomewhat pendant, and in a great meafure covered and
moft of the larger kind of game, was fhot by a Hot¬
tentot. Even fome of the beft huntfmen among the
defended by the lower edges of the horns. The edges
of the ears are notched and fhrivelled up in divers
farmers are obliged, for the moft part, to make ufe of ways, which probably proceeds from the wounds thefe
Hottentots by way of bufti-hunters ; as in their Ikin
cloaks they do not excite the attention of the wild
beafts fo much as the Europeans do in their drefs.
They are hkewife ready at any time when there is oc-
cafion for it, to go barefoot, and crawl foftly upon
creatures frequently receive in their battles with each
other, and from the rents they get in the briars and
almoft impenetrable thickets through which they pafs,
together with other cafualties of that nature : Though
feveral Hottentots have been induced from thence to
their bellies, till they come within a proper diftance of imagine, that the buffaloes belonged to certain fuper-
the animal. Moreover, when the buffalo at length is
irritated, the Hottentots can much eafier efcape from
the danger which threatens them than a Chriftian. I
myfelf, on another occafion, faw two Hottentots run
with amazing fwiftnefs when a buffalo was in purfuit
natural beings, who marked thefe animals in this man¬
ner for their own cattle. By way of naming thefe
beings to me, they made ufe of the word duyvd, which
means devil.
The hairs of the buffalo are of a dark brown co-
of them. It was not without the greateft difcontent lour, about an inch long; harih ; and on fuch males as
on the part of my Hottentots that I made a draught
and took the dimenfions of this buffalo ; thus prevent-
are advanced in years, very thin, efpecially on the
middle of' the fides of the belly : hence they appear
ing them, in the mean while, from falling aboard of at fome diftance as if they were girt with a belt; and
the fleih. Neither did they afterwards delay one mo- what contributes not a little to this appearance is, that
ment to cut a few flices off and broil them. They the buffaloes in general are very fond of rolling in the
likewife laid two bones on the fire to broil, for the fake
of the marrow. After this they began to take out
the entrails, which, according to the teftimony of my
The hairs on the knees are in moft buffaloes
fomewhat longer than thofe on the reft of the body,-
and lie as it were in whirls. The eyes are fomewhat
funk
BOS [4
funk within their prominent orbits. This, together
with the near fituation of them to the bafes of the
horns, which hang fomewhat over its pendant dangling
ears, and its ufual method of holding its head inclined
to one fide, gives the buffalo a fierce and treacherous
afpedl. The difpofition likewife of the animal feems
to correfpond with its countenance. He may in fome
fort be called treacherous, as he is wont to hide him-
felf among the trees, and Hand there fkulking till fome-
body happens to come very near him, when he rufhes
out at once into the road, and attacks them. This
animal likewife deferves the appellation of fierce and
cruel; as it has been remarked, that, not content with
throwing down and killing the perfon whom he at¬
tacks, he ftands over him afterwards, in order to
trample upon him with his hoofs and heels, at the
fame time crufiiing him with his knees, and with his
horns and teeth tearing to pieces and mangling the
whole body, and {tripping off the Ikin by licking it
with his tongue. This, however, he does not do all at
once, but at intervals, going away between whiles to
fome drftanee off. Notwithftanding all this, the buf¬
falo will bear to be hunted ; though fometimes he will
turn and hunt his purfuer, whofe only dependence in
that cafe is upon thefwiftnefs of his {teed. The fureft
way to efcape from him is to ride up fome hill, as the
great bulk of the buffalo’s body, like that of the ele¬
phant, is^a weight fufficient to prevent him from being
able to vie with the {lender and fine limbed horfe in
fwiftnefs; though, on the other hand, the buffalo, in
going down-hill, gets on much fafter than the hbrfe ;
a faft to which I have more than once been an eye-
vvitnefs.
“ The flefh of the buffalo is coarfe and not very fat,
but full of juice, and of a high and not difagreeable
flavour. The hide is thick and tough, and is in great
requell with the farmers for thongs and harneffes. Of
it we made the only halters that can be depended upon
for fecuring our horfes and oxen ; fo that thefe beafls
cannot get loofe by flapping them afunder, which they
are otherwife apt to do when the lions and wolves
make their appearance in the neighbourhood. Every
fuch halter fhould be a finger and a half in breadth
and about three yards long, and are fold a good way
up in the country for a quarter of a rixdoliar a-piece.
“ The hide of the buffalo we had now fhot, after it
had been dreffed in fome fort by my Hottentots, by
being flretched out and faked a little, and afterwards
half dried, ferved to make a pair of new four-plaited
traces for my waggon. We obferved, that the ball
had hit the lower part of the neck, and entered the
lungs; where, though it did not feem to have {truck
againit any bone, and though it was alloyed with the
ufual quantity of tin, it was yet found to be pretty
much flattened. In other buffaloes that we fhot fince,
I have fometimes found the balls, though alloyed with
tin, fhivered into feveral pieces againfl the bones in the
internal parts, or at leaf! very much flattened. It is
not, therefore, worth while to fet about {hooting the
buffalo with balls made of lead only, for they will fel-
dom be able to penetrate into thofe parts where they
are likely to prove mortal. Befides being pofieffed of
the degree of hardnefs icquifite, a ball fhouid be of a
.tolerable^fize, in order to-kill fo large an animal as the
11 ] BOS
buffalo. The leafl that ought to be ufed for this pur-
pofe fhould weigh two ounces and a quarter.
“ My Hottentots flowed fo much diligence and
zeal both in cutting up and eating this beafl, that the
encouragement and llimulation wliich is otherwife fre¬
quently neceflary to fet their (luggifh and heavy fouls
in motion, would on this occafion have been quite fu-
perfluous. They drove the waggon then up to the
place where the beafl lay, and loaded it with the befl
and fattefl part of the flefh. The raw hide, which
was of confiderable weight and extent, was tied under
the waggon till it ftiould be wanted, and the two
remaining legs or marrow-bones were faftened to eack
fide of the body of the waggon. Notwithftanding this,
our Bofhies-men had each of them loaded themfelves
with a quantity of flips of flefli made up into bundles.
Thus covered up to the eyes and ears in meat, we
made a fingular_ appearance, which might have given
any traveller who had happened to pafs that way the
idea of a walking flefli-market. As we proceeded on
our journey, afwarm of other carnivorous animals in a
confiderable number, viz. eagles, falcons, and common
hawks, were feen foon afterwards to occupy our places
about the buffalo’s remains ; though vve faw none of
them either in the trees or flying about in the air till
we had got to the diftance of a few gun-lhots from the
fpot.”
Another hunt of this formidable animal he afterwards
defcribes as follows : “ There was now again a great
fcarcity of meat in the waggon ; for which reafon my
Hottentots began to grumble, and reminded me that
we ought not to wafle fo much of our time in looking
after infe&s and plants, but give a better look out after
the game. At the fame time they pointed to a neigh¬
bouring dale over-run with wood, at the upper edge of
which, at the diftance of a mile and a quarter from the
fpot where we then were, they had feen feveral buffa¬
loes. Accordingly we went thither; but though our
fatigue was leffened by our Hottentots carrying our
guns for us up a hill, yet we were quite out of breath
and overcome by the heat of the fun before we got up
to it. Yet, what even now appears to me a matter of
wonder is, that as foon as we had got a glimpfe of the
game, all this languor left us in an inftant. In fail,
we each of us ftrove to fire before the other, fo that we
feemed entirely to have loft light of all prudence and
caution. When we advanced to within twenty or
thirty paces of the beaft, and confequently were per¬
haps likewife in fome degree aftuated by our fears, we
difcharged our pieces pretty nearly at the fame time ;
while the buffalo, which was upon rather lower ground
than we were, behind a thin fcambling bufli, feemed to
turn his head round in order to make towards us. In
the mean while, however, the moment we had difchar¬
ged our guns, we had the pleafure to fee him fall, and
direcftly afterwards run down into the thickeft part of
the wood. This induced us to hope that our fhot
had proved mortal; for which reafon, we had the im¬
prudence to follow him down into the clofe thickets,
where luckily for us. we could get no farther. We
had, however, as we found afterwards, only hit the
thindmofl part of the chine, where the balls, which lay
at the diftance of three inches from each other, had
.been Ihivered to pieces againft the bones. In the
3 F z mean
BOS [41
mean while our temerity, which chiefly proceeded from
hurry and ignorance, was confidered by the Hotten¬
tots as a proof of fpirit and intrepidity hardly to be
equalled; on which account, from that inftant they
ever after appeared to entertain an infinitely higher
opinion of our courage than they had ever done before.
Several of our Hottentots now came to us, and threw
ftones-down into the dale, though without fuccefs, in
order to find out by the bellowings of the beaft
whither he had retired : afterwards, however, he feem-
ed tp have plucked up his courage; for he came up at
laft out of the dale of his own accord to the fkirts of
the wood, and placed himfelf fo as to have a full view
of us on che fpot where we were refting ourfelves
fomewhat higher up : his intention was, in all proba-
Irility, and in the opinion of our old fportfmen, to re¬
venge himfelf on us, if we had not happened to fee
him in time, and fired at him diredtly. What, per¬
haps, in fome meafure put a flop to his boldnefs was,
that we Hood on higher ground than he did : for feve-
ral veteran fportfmen have affured me of it as a fadl,
that they know from experience, that the buffaloes do
not willingly venture to afcend any hill or eminence.in
order to attack any one. The third fhot, which af¬
terwards wasobferved to have entered at the belly, was
fatal. This occafioned the buffalo to take himfelf
down again into the vale, dyeing the ground and bufhes
all the way he went with his blood. Though ftill hot
upon the chafe, yet we advanced with the greateft
caution, accompanied by two of our Hottentots, thro’
the thin and more pervious part of the wood, where
the buffalo had taken refuge. He was advancing a-
gain in order to attack fome of us, when Mr Immel-
man, from the place where he was polled, fhot him in
the lungs. Notwithftanding this, he had ftill ftrength
enough left to make a circuit of a hundred and fifty
paces, before we heard him fall: during his fall, and
before he died, he bellowed in a moft ftupendous man¬
ner ; and this deathrfong of his infpired every one of
us with joy, on account of the victory we had gained:
and fo thoroughly fteeled is frequently the human
heart againft the fufferings of the brute creation, that
we haftened forwards, in order to enjoy the pleafure of
feeing the buffalo ftruggle with the pangs of death.
I happened to be the foremoft amongft them; but
think it impofiible for anguifh,' accompanied by a fa-
vage fiereenefs, to be painted in ftronger colours than
theyswere in the countenance of this buffalo. I was
within ten fteps of him when he perceived me, and bel¬
lowing raifed himfelf fuddenly again on his legs. I
had reafon to believe fince, that I was at the time very
much frightened ; for before I could well take my
aim,T fired off my gun, and the fhot mifled the whole
of his huge body, and only hit him in the hind legs, as
we afterwards difcovered by the fize of the ball. Im¬
mediately upon this I flew away like lightning, in or¬
der to look out for fome tree to climb up into. Not¬
withftanding the tedious prolixity it might occafion
me to be guilty of, I thought the belt and readieft me-
ilipd of giving my reader an idea of the nature of this
animal, and of the method of hpnting it, as well as of
other contingent circumftances, would be to adduce an
inftance or two of what occurred during the chace.
My Hottentots cut up the buffalo with their ufual
alacrity and ardour; but as they had a great way to
2 ] BOS
carry the flefh to the waggon, they took it thither in
a rather unufual way. This was as follows: they cut
out large flips of flefh, whole and entire, with holes in
the middle, wide enough for them to put their heads
and arms through, and loaded themfelves with it in this
manner before, behind, ind on every fide of them^ the
meat all the while dangling about their bodies in a-
manner ludicrous enough, though not much adapted to
create an appetite in the fpeftator. In this way, their
hands being entirely difengaged, excepting that each
man carried a flick, they clambered up the brow of
the hill that overhung the vale, and thus walked on
■towards the waggon, whither one might trace them
all the way by the blood.”
IV. The grunniens, or hog-cow, has cylindrical
horns bent backwards. The body is fo hairy, that the
hair hangs down upon its knees like a goat. The
colour of the body is black, but the front is white.
It has briftles on its back, tail, and hind-legs, and it
grunts like an hog. It is an inhabitant of the north
of Afia,
a, A variety of this fpecies is the Indian ox, with a
. vaft hump on the ftioulders.v They differ much in fize
and itr the form of their horns. Some are very large,
and of a reddifh colour; with horns fhort, and bending
clofe to the neck; others very fmall, with horns almofl
upright, bending a little forward. In Surat is a minute
kind not bigger than a great dog, which have a very
fierce look, and are ufed to draw children irt fmall carts,
In Celebes is a fmall fpecies not bigger than a middle-
fized fheep, called 4xoa, very fierce and wild, of a dark
afh-colour, inhabiting the.rocks. Mr Loten, when in
India, put fome of them into a paddock, and in one
night’s time they killed 14 or 15 of his deer, by rip¬
ping up their bellies.
V. The b ubalus, or common buffalo, haslarge black
horns bent backward and inward, and plain before.' The
hair on the back is very hard, but thinly fcattered over
the body. . It is a native of Afia ; but they are tamed
in Italy, and ufed for the fame purpqfes as black cattle
in other countries. They draw carriages, and are
guided by a rope tied to a firing thruft through their
nofes. This buffalo is larger than an ox,, has a thicker
body, and a very hard hide. His pace is flow; but
he will carry a great burden. They feed in herds like
cows ; and yield plenty of milk, of which very good
butter and cheefe is made. Their flefh is pretty good,
but not to be compared to beef. The wild buffalo is a
very fierce and dangerous animal; he often attacks tra¬
vellers, and tears them in pieces. However, they are
not fo much to be feared in woods as in the plains,
becaufe their horns, which are fometimes ten feet long,
are apt to be entangled in the branches of trees, which
gives thofe who are furprifed by them time to efcape.
They are excellent fwimmers, and will crofs the larged
rivers without any difficulty. They run wild in great
troops on the coaft of Malabar ; for which reafon Gran¬
gers are allowed to hunt and kill them at pleafure.
VI. The indicu s, or little Indian buffalo, has horns
fhorterthan its ears, a bunch on its back, and no mane.
It is about the fize of a calf fix months old, and uftd
in the Eaft Indies for drawing coaches.
BOS, in antiquity, was peculiarly ufed for an ancient
Greek filver coin, which was didrachmus, or equiva¬
lent to two drachms. It was fo called as having on it
the
BOS [ 413 ] BOS
the impreffion of an ox, and chiefly obtained among
the Athenians and Delians; being fometimes alfo
{truck of gold. From this arofe the phrafe Bos in lin¬
gua, applied to thofe who had taken bribes to hold
their tongue.
BOSA, a maritime town in the weftern part of the
ifland of Sardinia, with a caflle, a good port, and a
bifltop’s fee. It is feated on the river Bofa, to the
north-eall of an ifland of the fame name; and has good
falt-pits. E. Long. 8. 30. N. Lat. 40 19.
BOSCAGE, the fame with a grove or thicket.
Boscage, ih a law fenfe, is that food which trees
yield to cattle ; as maft, &c. But Manwood fays, to
be quit of bfticage is to be difcharged of paying any
duty for windfall wood in the foreft.
Boscage, among painters, denotes a landfcj^pe re-
prefenting much wood and trees.
BOSCA-N (John), a Spanifh poet of the 16th cen¬
tury, born at Barcelona. He was the friend of Gar-
cilaffo de Viga, another Spaniftt poet. Thefe two
were the firft who made any great improvement in
the .poetry of their nation, and their pieces were print¬
ed together. Bofcan, who died about the year 1542,
principally fucceeded in fonnets.
BOSCAWEN (Edward), a brave Britifh admiral,
was the fecond fon of Hugh late lord vifcount Fal¬
mouth. Having early entered into the navy, he was,
in 1740, captain of the Shoreham ; and behaved with
,great intrepidity as a volunteer under, admiral Vernon,
at the taking of Porto Bello. At the fiege of Car-
thagena, in March 1740-1, he had the command of a
party of feamen who refolutely attacked and took a
battery of 15 twenty-four pounders, though expofed
to the fire of another fort of five guns. Lord Aubrey.
Beauclerk being killed at the attack of Boca-Cltica,
captain Bofcaw^en fucceeded him in the command of
the prince Frederic of 70 guns. In May 1742, he
returned to England, and married Frances daughter
•of William Glanville, Efq; and the fame year was e-
le&ed reprefentative for Truro in Cornwall. In 1744,
he was made captain of the Dreadnought of 60 gyns ;
and foon after he took the Media, a French man of
war commanded by M. Hoquart, the firft king’s {hip
taken in that war. May 3. 1747, he fignalized him-
felf under the admirals Anfon and Warren, in an en¬
gagement with the French fleet off Cape Finifterre,
and was wounded in the fhoulder with a mulket ball.
Here M. Hoquart, who then commanded the Dia¬
mond of 56 guns, again became his prifoner ; and all
the French {hips of war, which were ten-in number,
were taken. On the 15th of July, he was made rear-
admiral of the blue, and commander in chief of the
land and fea forces employed on an expedition to the
Eaft Indies ; and, .on the 4th of November, failed from
St Helen’s, with fix {hips of the line, five frigates, and
2000 foldiers. On the 29th of July 1748, he arrived
at St David’s, and foon after laid fiege to Pondicherry ;
but the men growing fickly, and the monfoons being
expefted, the fiege was raifed, and Mr Bofcawen {bow¬
ed himfelf as much the general as the admiral in his
retreat. Soon after he had newTs of the peace, and
Madrafs was delivered up to him by the French. In
April 1750, he arrived at St Helen’s in the Exeter, and
found that in his abfence he had been appointed rear-
4-
admiral of the white. He was the next year made one Bofch,
of the lords commiffioners of the admiralty, and chofen Bofcliaerts*
an elder brother of the Trinity-houfe. In February
1755, he was appointed vice-admiral of the blue^ On
th<* 19th of April, failing in prder to intercept a French
fquadron bound to North America, he fell in with the
Alcide and Leys of 64 guns each, which were both
taken: on this oCcafion M. Hoquart became his pri¬
foner a third time, and he returned to Spithead with
his prizes and 1500 prifoners. In 175$, he was ap¬
pointed vice-admiral of the white; and in 1758, admi¬
ral of the blue, and commander in chief of the expe¬
dition to Cape Breton ; when, in conjunftion with ge- . -
neral Amherft, and a body of troops from New Eng¬
land, the important fortrefs of Louifbourg and the '
whole ifland of Cape Breton was taken, for which he
afterwards received the thanks of the Houfe of Com¬
mons. In 1759, being appointed to command in the
Mediterranean, he arrived at Gibraltar, where hearing
that the Toulon fleet, under M. de la Clue, hadpaffed
the Straits, in order to join that at Breft, he got un¬
der fail, and on the 18th of Auguft faw, purfued, and
engaged the enemy. His {hip, the Namur of 90
guns, lofing her main-maft, he fitifted his flag to the
Newark; and, after a fharp engagement, took three
large ftiips, and burnt two in Lagos-bay, and the fame
year arrived at Spithead with his prizes and 2000 pri-
foners. On December 8. 1760,. he was appointed ■
general of the marines with a falary of L. 3000 per
annum, and, was alfo .fworn one of the privy-council. •
He died in 1761.
BOSCH .(Jacob Vanden), a painter of ftill life, was
born at Amfterdam in 1636, and painted fummer
fruits of various kinds, peaches, pears, apples, plums,
nectarines, and cherries, with extraordinary neatneL
of pencil. He painted all his objedts after nature, and
imitated every fort of fruit, with fo great truth and deli¬
cacy, with fuch natural and tranfparent colour, that they
appeared delicious, and almoft real. He died in 1676.
BOSCHAERTS (Thomas Willtborts), a cele¬
brated painter, was born at Bergen-op-zoom; and, ,
frke the great painters who flouriflted at that time, be¬
gan to draw, when very young, in the books that were
intended for. other ftudies. Preferring his pencil to
every thing elfe, he dreyv his own pidlure, by his re-
femblance in a looking-glafs, fo like, that thofe who
faw it were aftonifhed. This he did before he had the
leaft inftrudfion from any one, and-when he was only
12 years of age. Upon this his parents fent him to a
mafter, that he might follow the bent of his genius ; .
but his firft roafter being only an indifferent painter, ,
and incapable of fatisfying his earneft defire of learn¬
ing, he left him, and engaged himfelf with Gerard Se-
gers ; under whom, after four years praftice, he proved
a moft aceomplifhed artift. Antwerp being at that
time the feat of arts, where there was a conflux of the
moft eminent painters, he thouglrt it the fitteft place
for his improvement; and there executed fuch a num¬
ber of noble pieces as added greatly to the Iplendor of
that wealthy city. In 1642, Henry Frederick prince
of Orange, and his fon prince William, employed him
in their fervice ; in which he continued feveral years,
and made thofe excellent pieces that are to be feen in
that prince’s palace at the Hague and other parts of
Holland,.
BOS [ 414 ] BOS
Holland, and pointed portraits for mod of the perfOns foil has been found clofe by their habitations. A great 1
. of quality that were then living. He died in the flower many of them are entirely naked ; but fuch as have
of his age, in 1670. been able to procure the flcin of any fort of animal,
BOSCO, or Boschi, a town of Italy, in the Mila- great or final!, cover their bodies with it from the
nefe, feated on the river Orbe. E. Long. 9. 44. N. Lat. ihoulders downwards as far as it will reach, wearing it
44. yt- riM it falls off their backs in rags. As ignorant of a-
BOSCOI, or Bosci, in ecclefiaftical hiftory, de- griculture as apes and monkies, like them they are o-
notes' a fpecies or tribe of monks in Paleftine, who fed bliged to wander about over hills and dales after certain
on grafs like the beafts of the field. The word is wild roots, berries, and plants (which they eat raw),
Greek, q. d. “ grazersformed from /5«rK«, in order to fuftain a life that this miferable food would
pafco, “ I feed.” The Bofcoi are ranked among the foon extinguilh and deftroy were they ufed to better
number of Adamites, not fo much on account of their fare. Their table, however, is fometimes compofed
habit, as food. They took no care about provifion ;
but when eating-time came, or any of them was hun¬
gry, went into the fields, with each his knife in his
hand, and gathered and eat what he could find.
BOSEA, golden-rod tree : A genu's of the di-
gynia order, belonging to the pentandria clafs of plants ;
and in the natural method ranking under the 53d
order, ScabricLe. The calyx is pentaphyllous ;
there is no corolla ; and the berry is monofpermous.
Of this genus there is but one fpecies, viz. the yer-
of feveral other diflies, among which may be reckoned
the larvae of infefts, or that kind of caterpillars from
which butterflies are generated; and in like manner a
fort of white ants (the rerwer), grafshoppers, fnakes,
and. fome forts of fpiders. With all thefe changes of
diet, the Bofliies-man is neverthelefs frequently in
want, and famiflied to fuch a degree 'as to wafte almofl
to a fhadow. “ It was with no fmall aftonifliment
(fays Dr Sparrman), that I for the firft time faw in
Lange Kloof a lad belonging to this race of men with
vamora. This is a native of the Canary iflands, and his face, arms, legs, and body, fo monftroufly fmall
alfo of fome of the Caribbees. It hath been long an in- and withered, that I could not have been induced to
habitant of the Britifti botanic gardens, but hath never fuppofe but that he had been brought to that Hate by
been obferved to flower in this country. It is a pretty the fever that was epidemic in thofe parts, had I not
ftrong woody ftirub, growing with a ftem as large as a feen him at the fame time run like a lapwing. It re¬
middling perfon’s leg; the branches come out very ir- quired but a few weeks to bring one of thefe fiarvelings
regular, and make confiderable ftioots every fummer, to a thriving ftate, and even to make him fat ; their
which fliould be ftiortened in the fpring. Thefe branches ftomachs being firong enough to digeft the great quan-
retain their leaves till towards the fpring, when they tity of food with which they are crammed, as they
fall away, and new leaves are produced in' their place, may rather be faid to bolt than eat. It fometimes
It may be propagated by cuttings planted in the happens indeed that they cannot long retain what they
fpring ; and the plants muft be houfed in winter, for have ‘taken in; but this circumftance, it is faid, does
they are too tender to bear the open air at that feafon not hinder them from beginning again upon a new
of the year.
BOSHIES-MEN, a fpeeies of Hottentots, fo cal¬
led, according to Dr Sparrman, from their dwelling in
woody or mountainous places. They are fworn ene¬
mies to a paftoral life. Some of their maxims are, to
live on hunting and plunder, and never to keep any a-
nimal alive for the fpace of one night. By this means
they render themfelves odious to the reft of the inha-
fcore.”
The capture of flaves from among this race of men
is by no means difficult; and is effeded (Dr Sparrman
informs us) in the following manner. “ Several far¬
mers that are in want 'of fervants join together and
take a journey to that part of the country where the
. Bofliies-men live. They themfelves, as well .as their
Lego-Hottentots, or elfe fuch Bofhiesrmen as have
bitants of the Cape ; and are purfued and exterminated been caught fome time before, and have been trained
like the wild beafts, whofe manners they have aflumed. up to fidelity in their fervice, endeavour to fpy out
Others of them again are kejrt alive, and made flaves where the wild Boftiies-men ‘have their haunts. This
of. Their weapons are poifoned arrows, which ftiot is belt difeovered by the fmoke of their fires. They
out of a fmall bow will fly to the diftance of 200 are found in focieties from 10 to 50 and 100, reckon-
paces, and will hit a mark with a tolerable degree of ing great and fmall together. Notwithftanding this,
certainty at the diftance of 50 or even 100 paces. From the farmers will venture in a dark night to fet upon
this diftance they can by Health, as it were, convey
death to the game they hunt, for food, as well as to
their foes, and even to fo large and tremendous a beat!
as the lion ; this noble animal thus falling by a weapon
which perhaps it defpifed, or even did not take notice
of. The Hottentot, in the mean time, concealed and
them with lix'or eight people, which they contrive to
do by previoufly ftationing themfelves at fome diftance
round about the craal. They then give the alarm by
firing a gun or two. By this means there is fuch a
confternation fpread over the whole body of thefe fa-
vages, that it is only the moft bold and intelligent a
fafe in his ambufh, is abfolutely certain of the opera- mong them that have the courage to break through
tion of his poifon, which he always culls of the moft the circle and fteal off. Thefe the captors are glad
virulent kind; and it is faid he has only to wait a few enough to get rid of at fo eafy a rate ; being better
minutes in order to fee the wild beaft languifti and die. pleafed with thofe that are ftupid, timorous, and ftruck
The dwellings of thefe foes to a paftoral life are gene- with amazement, and who confequently allow them-
rally not more agreeable than their maxims and man- felves to be taken and carried into bondage. They are,
ners. Like the wild beafts, bullies and clifts in rocks however, at firft treated by gentle methods; that is,
by turns ferve them inftead of houfes; and fome of the viitors intermix the faireit promifes with their
them are faid to be fo far worfe than beafts, that their threats, and endeavour, if pofiible, to flioot fome of
6 the
BOS [ 415 ] BOS
hie?- the larger kinds of game for their prifoners, fuch as
cn- buffaloes, fea-cows, and the like. Such agreeable baits,
together^jivith a little tobacco, foon induce them, con¬
tinually cockered and feailed as they are, to go with
I a tolerable degree of cheerfulnefs to the colonift’s place
of abode. There this luxurious junketting upon meat
1 • and fat is exchanged for more moderate portions, con-
fifting for the moll part of butter-milk, frumenty, and
:> hafty-pudding. This diet, neverthelefs, makes the Bo-
■** - fhies-man fat in a few weeks. However, he foon finds
his good living embittered by the maundering and
grumbling, of his mailer and milirefs. The words
t’guzeri and t’gaunatji, which perhaps are befl tranf-
lated by thofe of “ young fbrcefer” and “ imp,” are
expreffions which he mud frequently put up with, and
fometimes a few curfes and blows into the -bargain 5 and
P thisfor negledl, remiffnefs, or idlenefs: which lafl failure,
if it cannot be faid to be born with him, is however in
a manner naturalifed in him. So that, both by nature
and cuflom detefling all manner of labour, and now
from his greater corpulency becoming ilill more floth-
ful, and having befides been ufed to a wandering life
I fubjedt to no controul, he mofl fenfibly feels the want
of his liberty. No wonder, then, that he generally
endeavours to regain it by making his efcape : but
what is really a fubjedl for wonder is, that when one
of thefe poor devils runs away from his fervice, or
| more properly bo'ndage, he never takes with him any
thing that does not belong to him. This is an in-
flance of moderation in the favages towards their ty¬
rants which is univerfally attefted, and at the fame
time praifed and admired by the colonifts themfelves ;
which, however, I cannot eafily reconcile with what
I have learned of the human heart. Is it in confe-
f quence of their fearing to meet with harder ufage in
cafe they fhould be retaken ? Thus far, however, is
\ certain, that none of this fpecies of Hottentots are
much given to violence or revenge. Free from many,
wants and defires that torment the reft of mankind,
they are little^ if at all, addidled to thieving, if we ’
except brandy, vidluals, and tobacco. It is not im-
^ 'l probable, likewife, that the advantages accruing from
a theft may be overlooked by them, when their thoughts
are taken up with regaining their liberty, the greateft
of all treafures. It is neceffary to obferve here, that
fome of the Hottentots or Bolhies-men, who are thus
1 : forced into the fervice of the colonifts, live in fmall
K focieties peaceably and quietly in defert tradls, where
the colonifts cannot eafily come at them, and are fome¬
times in the pofleflion of a few cows, Thefe people
l probably originate from Bolhiies-men who have run
away from the colonifts fervice.
f i “I muft confeftf (continues oilr author), that -the
Bolhics-men in fome hufbandmens fervice are treated
in the gcntleft manner, and perhaps even without ever
having a harlh word given them ; live very well with
regard to provilions; are well clad, relatively to their
|condition in life ; and are very comfortably lodged, in
. , comparifon of what others are, in their own ftraw cot¬
tages. The chief of their bufinefs perhaps confifts
in tending a herd of cattle or flock oft fheep during
the heat of the day, when they have an opportunity
of getting into a gentle ftate of intoxication by fmo-
i i king tobacco; a ftate which excites in them fenfations
of as agreeable a nature as the frenzy produced by fpi- Bofna
rituous liquors and opium feems to afford to many R . H
others, who are never at eafe but when they can pro- . 0 i; c”’'iS^.
cure to themfelves this delicious pleafure. And yet,
though they may thus agreeably pafs away the other-
wife tedious hours of their lives in fmoking and fleep,
they neverthelefs generally run away. The colonifts
wonder at this, as a procedure entirely devoid of rea-
fon; without perceiving that in fo doing they fuppofe
the Hottentots not endued with a defire, which has its
immediate foundation in nature, and which is common
to the human race, and even to moil brute animals,
viz. an earneft longing after their birth-place and fa¬
milies, and efpecially after their liberty.
“ The Have bufinefs, that violent outrage to' the
natural rights of mankind, always in itfelf a crime,
and which leads to all manner of mifdemeanors and
wickednefs, is exercifed by the colonifts in general with
a cruelty towards the nation of Bofhies-men which
merits the abhorrence of every one ; though I have
been told that they pique themfelves upon it: and not
only is the capture of thofe Hottentots confidered by
them merely as a party of pleafure, but in cold blood
they deftroy the bands which nature has knit between
hufbands and their wives and children. Not content,
for inftance, with having torn an unhappy woman from
the embraces of her hufband, her only protedlion and
comfort, they endeavour all they can, and that chiefly
at night, to deprive her likewife of her infants; for
it has been obferved, that the mothers can feldom per-
fuade themfelves to flee from- their tender offspring.
The amiable tendernefs of the mother, which perhaps
glows with a more lively flame in the breaft of this
poor heathen than in thofe of her Chriftian tyrants,
is the very circumftance laid hold on by their perfecu-
tors in order to rivet the chains of this wretched fe¬
male fo much the fafter. There are fome mothers,
however, that fet themfelves free, when they have loft
all hopes of faving their children. After having made
their efcape, they fometimes keep fecretly about the
neighbourhood, in hopes of finding fome opportunity
of recovering their infants again.” .
BOSNA-serago, a large and ftrong town of Turky
in Europe, and capital of the province of Bofnia. E.
Long. 18. 57. N. Lat- 44. 40.
BOSNIA, a province of Turky in Europe, feated
between Sclavonia arid Dalmatia. It belongs entirely
to the Turks; but they were on the point of being
expelled from it by the Chriftians, when the Spaniards
invaded Sicily, and obliged the emperor to conclude
the peace of Paffarowitz in 1718, by which he gave up
Bofnia to the Turks. It is 200 miles in length, and 75
in breadth. It is a barren country, and but little cul¬
tivated ; the principal revenue arifing chiefly from the
filver npues. Among the game there are falcons,
winch are held in great efteem.
BOSPHORUS, or Bosporus, in geography, a
long and narrow fea, which it is fuppofed a bullock
may fwim over. In a more general fenfe, it is a long
narrow fea running in between two lands, or feparating
two continents, and by which two feas, or a gulph and
a fea, are made to communicate with each other: In
which fenfe, bofphorus amounts to the fame with what
we othevwife call an arm of the fea, qhannel, or ftrait;
the
;
BOS I 416 ] .BOS
Bofquet the Italians, faro ; the Latins, fretum; and the wall, in England, which fends two members to pariia-
_ J1 French, pas, manche. The word is Greek, ment. W. Lon. 5. o. N. Lat. 50. 40.
f°rme^ fr0111 “bullock”, and o-op*f “ paffage.” BOSSU (Rene le), born at Paris in 1631, wasad-
The name bofphorus, is chiefly confined to two mitted a canon regular in the abbey of St Gene.ieve,
ftraits in the Mediterranean fea, viz. the bofphorus of in 1649; and after a year’s probation, took the habit.
Thrace, commonly called the f rails of Conjlantinople, He taught polite literature with great iiiccefs in feveral
or channel of the Black Sea ; and the Cimmerian or religious houfeS for 1 2 years, when he gave up the talk
Scythian bofphorus, fo called, it feems, from its refem- for retirement. He then pubiiihed a parallel betwixt
blance to the Thracian; now more commonly the the principles of Ariftotle’s natural philofophy and
Jlraifs of Kapha, or Kiderleri, from two cities hand- thoff of Des Cartes, with a view to reconcile them ;
ing on it. which was but indifferently received. His next trea-
The origin of the name is better agreed on than the tife was on epic poetry ; which Boileau declared one
reafon why it was firft given to the Thracian bofpho- of the beii compolitions on that fubjedb in the Fr ench
rus. Nymphius tells us, on the authority of Accarion,^ . language, and which produced a great friendfliip be-
that the Phrygians, defiring to pafs the Thracian ilrait, tween them. He died in 1680, and left a great num-
built a veffel, on whofe prow was the figure of a bul- ber of MSS. which are kept in the abbey of St John
lock ; and which was hence called fi*, “ bullockde Chartres.
and ferved them for a ferry-boat. Dionyfius, Valerius BOSSUET (James Benigne), bifliop of’ Meux,
Flaccus, Callimachus, Apollodorus, Marcellinus, &c. w^as born at Dijon, on the 27th of September, 1627.
fay, that lo, being transformed into a cow by Juno, He diftinguilhed himfelf by his preaching, and tfcc
paffed this ftrait fwimming, which hence was called zeal he difcovered in his endeavours to bring over the
bofphorus. Arrian tells us, that the Phrygians were Proteftants of France to the Romifh church ;• by hia
enjoined by the oracle, to follow the rout'which a bul-' oppofition to Quietifm ; and by his numerous writ-
lock Ihould mark out to them ; and that, upon ftirring ings both in French and Latin, which have been col-
one up, it jumped into the fea to avoid their purfuit, letted together, and printed at Paris in 17 vols 4to,
and fwam over this ftrait. Others fay, that an ox, tor- This famous divine died at Paris, in 1704, aged 77.
mented by a gad-fly, threw itfelf in, and fwam over: BOSSUPT, a town of the Auftrian Netherlands,
and others, that anciently the inhabitants of thefe in the province of Brabant. E. Long. 4. 30. N. Lat.
coafts, when they would pafs over, joined little boats 50. 52.
together, and had them drawn over by bullocks, &c, BOSSUS (Matthew), diftinguiftied by his virtue
BOSQUETS, in gardening, groves fo called from and his learning, was born in 1427. He devoted him-
bofchetto, an Italian word which fignifies a little wood, felf to the ecclefiaftical ftate in 145?, in the congrega-
They are compartments in gardens formed by branches tion of regular canons of Lateran, and afterwards
of trees difpofed either regularly in rows, or wildly and taught divinity at Padua. His orations, his fermons,
irregularly, according to the fancy of the owner. A and his letters, have been often printed. He alfo
bofquet is either a plot of ground inclofed with pali- wrote a fort of an apology for Phalaris, and other
fadoes of horn beam, the middle of it being filled with works. He died at Padua in 1502, aged 75.
tall trees, as elm or the like, the tops of which make BOST, a very ftrong town of Perfia, and capital of
a tuft or plume ; or it confifls of only high trees, as the province of Zableilan. E. Long. 64. 15. N. Lat.
horfe-chufnut, elm, See. The ground fhould be kept 31 50.
very fmooth and rolled, or elfe covered with grafs, after BOSTANGIS, in the Turkifti affairs, perfons em-
the manner of green plots. In planting bofquets, care ployed in the.garderi of the feraglio,|out of whofe num*
fhould be taken to mix the trees which produce their ber are colledted thofe that are to row in the Grand
leaves of different fhapes, and various fhades of green, Signior’s brigantines, when he has a mind to divert
and hoary or areally leaves, fo as to afford an agreeable himfelf with fifhing, or to take the air upon the canal,
profpeft. Bofquets are only proper for fpacious gar- They who row on the left hand are only capable of
dens, and require a great expence to keep them up. mean employments in the gardens : but they w’ho row
BOSS AGE, in architedlure, a term ufed for any on the right hand may be promoted to the charge of
ftone that has a projefture, and is laid rough in a build- boftangi-bachi, who has the general intendency of all
ing, to be afterwards carved into mouldings, capitals, the Grand Signior’s gardens, and commands above
coats of arms, See. Boffage is alfo that which is other- 10,000 boftangis.
wife called r«/?/c ,uwi ; and confifts of ftones which ad- BOSTON, a corporation-town of Lincolnfhire in
vance beyond the naked, or level of the building, by England, which fends two members to parliament,
reafon of indentures or channels left in the joinings. It is commodioufly feated on both fides the river Wi-
Thefe are chiefly ufed in the corners of edifices, and tham, over which it has a handfome, high, wooden
thence called rujlic quoins. The cavities or indentures bridge ; and, being near the fea, enjoys a good trade,
are fometimes round, fometimes chain-framed, or bevel- It has a fpacious market-place, and the largeft parilh
led, fometimes in a diamond form-, fometime^ inclofed church without crofs ifles in Europe, the fleeple of
with a cavetto, and fometimes with a liftel. which ferves for a land-mark to failors. Bofton is a
BOSSE (Abraham), an able engraver, born at barony in the Irby family. E. Long. o. 15. N. Lat.
Tours, was well fkilled in perfpeftive and archite&ure. 53. 3.
He wrote two treatifes, which are efteemed ; the one Boston, the capital of New England in North A-
on the manner of defigning, and the other upon en- merica, built in 1630, in a peninfula of about four
graving. miles in circumference, at the bottom of Maffachufets^
BOSSINEY, or Boss-castle, a town of Corn- bay, in a vyry convenient fituation for trade. Thefol-
N0yr. lowing
Boftlt 1
It I
Bofton s 1
BOS [4
lowing is a defcription of this capital before the com¬
mencement of the prefent American war. “ The town
{lands in W. Long. 71. 5. N. Lat. 42. 24. about nine
miles from the mouth of the bay. At the entrance of
this bay are feveral fmall rocks which appear above
water, and upwards of a dozen of fmall iflands, fome
of which are inhabited. There is but one fafe channel
to approach the harbour ; and that fo narrow, that two
{hips can hardly fail through abreafl.; but within the
harbour there is room for 500 fail to lie at anchor in
a good depth of water. On one of the iflands of the
bay Hands Fort William, the moll regular fortrefs in
Britifh America. This caftle is defended by IOC guns,
20 of which lie on a platfown level with the water, fo
that it is fcarce pofiible for an enemy to pafs the caftle.
To prevent furprife, they have a guard placed on one of
the rocks, at two leagues diftance, from whence they
make fignals to the caftle when any {hips come near it.
There is alfo a battery of guns at each end of the town.
At the bottom of the bay is a noble pier near 2000 feet
in length ; along which on the north fide extends a
row of warehoufes for the merchants ; and to this pier
{hips of the greateil burden may come and unload
without the help of boats. The greateft part of the
town lies round the harbour in the form of a half moon,
the country beyond it riling gradually and affording
a delightful profpeft. The neck of land which joins
the peninfula to the continent is but 40 yards over ;
which fituation, if properly improved, might render the
town impregnable on the land fide. Bofton contains
17 ]• BOS
only about 18,000 inhabitants. They were more nu¬
merous 50 years ago; but the furprifing increafe of
Newbury port, Salem, Marble-head, Cape Ann, Ply¬
mouth, Dartmouth, and the ifland of Nantucket, check¬
ed the growth and trade of the capital. The trade of
Bofton, however, was fo confxderable, that, in 1768,
1200 fail entered and cleared at the cuftom-houfe
there. The predominant religion is the Independent;
though there are other perfuafions, and ten churches
ferve for them all, but the Independents have fix.”
Bofton has frequently fuffered by fire, but the houfes
that were thus dellroyed have always been rebuilt to
advantage. The late American war began here by
the attack at Bunker’s-hill, where many brave men
loft their lives.
BOSWORTH, a town of Leicefterlhire in Eng¬
land, fituated in W. Long. 1. 24. N. Lat. 52. 45'. It
has a lofty fituation on a hill, and the country about
it is fertile in corn and grafs. It is memorable for the
decifive battle fought near it between Richard III.
and the earl of Richmond, afterwards Henry VIL
wherein the former loft his crown and life.
BOTALLUS (Leonard), phyfician to the duke
of Alen^on, and to Henry III. was born at Afti in
Piedmont. He introduced at Paris the praflice of
frequent letting of blood ; which was condemned by
the faculty ; but foon after his death it came into
practice with all the phyficians. He publiflred feveral
books in phyfic and furgery ; and the bell edition of his
works is that of Leyden in 1660, o&avo.
B O T A N Y,
IN the utmoft extent of the word, fignifies a know¬
ledge of plants, and of the ufes to which they may
be applied, either in medicine, chemiftry, or in the dif¬
ferent arts. But as the medical virtues of plants fall
properly under the province of the phyfician, their
chemical properties belong to the chemift, &c. ; hence
the fcience of botany is commonly reftri&ed to a bare
knowledge of the different plants themfelves, and of
the diftinguifhing marks whereby each individual fpe-
cies may be known from every other. This knowledge
is indifpenfably neceffary for thofe who propofe to apply
plants to any ufeful purpofe: for example, though we
firould fuppofe a phyfician ever fo well acquainted with
. the virtues of opium, and a chemift ever fo well ac¬
quainted with the method of preparing it, yet if both
of them were entirely ignorant of botany, fo as to be
unable to diilinguiflt the particular fpecies of poppy
which produces opium from others of the fame genus,
it is evident their medicinal and chemical {kill could
be of no ufe.
The utility of botanical claflifications may be fur¬
ther illuftrated from the following confiderations.
1. With regard to Many animals are endowed
with an inflinftive faculty of diftinguifhing with cer¬
tainty whether the food prefented to them be falutary
or noxious. Mankind have no fuch inftindl. They
muft have recourfe to experience and obfervation. But
thefe are not fufficient to guide us in every cafe. The
traveller is often allured by the agreeablenefs of fmell
and tafte to eat poifonous fruits. Neither will a gene-
Voi.III. Part If.
ral caution, not to eat any thing but what we know
from experience to be falutary, anfwer in every emer¬
gency. A (hip’s company, in want of provifions, may
be thrown upon an uninhabited coaft or a defert ifland.
Totally ignorant of the nature of the plants they meet
with, difeafes, or fcarcity of animals, may make it
abfolutely neceffary to ufe vegetable food. The con-
fequence is dreadful: they muft firft eat before any
certain concfuiion can be formed. This is not the de¬
fcription of danger aiifing from an imaginary fituation.
Before the vegetables that grow in America, the Eaft
and Weft Indies, &c. became familiar to our failors,
many lives were loft by trials -of this kind : neither has
all the information received from experience been fuf¬
ficient to prevent individuals from ftill falling a prey to
ignorance or rafhnefs.—If the whole fcience of botany
were as complete as fome of its branches, very little
{kill in it would be fufficient to guard us infallibly from
committing fuch fatal miftakes. There are certain or¬
ders and claffes which are called natural, becaufe every
genus and fpecies comprehended under them are not
only diftinguilhed by the fame charafteriftic marks, but
likewife poffefs the fame qualities, though not in an
equal degree. For example ; Show a botanift the flower
of a plant whofe calyx is a double-valved glume, with
three ftamina, two piftils, and one naked feed; he can
pronounce with abfolute certainty, that the plant from
which the flower was taken, bears feeds of a farinaceous
quality, and that they may be fafely ufed as food. In
like manner, (how him a flower with 12 or more fta-
3 G mina
4iS
B O T
mina allinferted intotlie internal fide of the calyx, tho’
it belonged to a plant growing in Japan, he can pro¬
nounce without hefitation, that the fruit of it may bf
eat with fafety. On the other hand, fhow him a plant
whofe flower has five ftatnina, one piitil, one petal, or
flower-leaf, and whofe fruit is of the berry kind, he will
tell you to abftain from it, becaufe it is poifonous.
Fa£t; of this kind render botany not only a refpedtable,
but a moft interfiling, fcience. *
2. With refpeft to Medicine, the fame thing holds
good. It is found by experience, that plants which
are diftinguifhed by the fame characters in the flower
and fruit have the fame qualities, though not always
in an equal degree as to ilrength or weaknefs ; fo
that, upon infpedtion of the flower and fruit, abotanift
can determine a priori the eifeCts that will refult when
taken into the ftomach. In order, therefore, to deter¬
mine the medical virtues of all the plants belonging to
a natural clafs, the phyfician has nothing to do byt
to afcertain by a fet of clear and unqueftionable expe¬
riments, the virtues of any one of them. This greatly
fhortens the labour of inveftigation. Suppofing the
number of known fpecies to be 2£>,ood ; by afcertain-
ing the virtues'of one genus, at a medium, ypU deter¬
mine the virtues of 12 fpecies. But by afcertaining
the virtues of one genus belonging to a natural order,
the virtues of perhaps 300 or 40b fpecies are afcer-
tained.
Seel. I. Hiftcry of Botany.
The origin of this fcience, like that of moft others,
cannot be found out from the moft ancient hiftories ;
but it is very probable, that fome degree of botanical
knowledge has exifted in every age of the world. The
firft botanical writings of which we have any account
are thofe of Solomon, who we are informed by feripture
wrote a treatife upon this fubjeCt; which, however, is
abfolutely loft, not being quoted by any ancient author,
nor the leaft fragment of it remaining. Among the
Greeks, Anaxagoras, Pythagoras, and other ancient
philofophers, wrote treatifes on plants : but their works
are alfo loft 5 and from the quotations that yet re¬
main in the works of Theophraftus, Diofporides, and
Pliny, we learn* that thofe firft botanical writings
could convey but very little knowledge.
The hiftorical sera of botany, therefore, commences
with Theophraftus the difciple of Ariftotle. He was
born at Erefium, in the ifland of Leibos ; and flourifhed
in the third century before the Chriftian rera, being
.about 100 years pofterior to Hippocrates. His work
is intitled °ibe Hijhry of Plants, and treats of their
origin, propagation, anatomy, and conftrudtion ; of
vegetable life, and of vegetation. It confifted origi¬
nally of ten books; but of which only nine are now
extant. In thefe, vegetables are diftributed into feven
claffes or primary divifions : which have for their ob-
je£t, the generation of plants ; their place of growth ;
their fize, as trees and flirubs; their ufe, as pot-herbs
and .efculent grains; and their la&efcence, or the li¬
quor, of whatever colour, that flows from plants when
cut. In his work, about 500 different plants are de-
feribed.
The next botanift of any note was Diofcorides, a
Grecian by birth, but under the Roman empire, being
near 400 years pofterior to Theophraftus. He de-
A N Y. Sea
feribes about 600 plants; and thefe he has arranged,
from their ufes in medicine and domeftic ceconomy, into
four claffes, which are thus defigned : aromatics; ali¬
mentary vegetables, or fueh as ferve for food ; medi¬
cinal, and vinous plants.
Almoft cotemporary with Diofcorides flourifhed
Antonius Mufa, Cato, Varro, Virgil, and Columella ;
the firft, author of a treatife ftill extant on the plant
betony ; the four others celebrated for their ufeful tracts
on agriculture and rural ceconomy.
Pliny the Elder, in his voluminous work intitled
The Hijjory of the World, hath a botanical part which
is contained in 15 books. In thefe, befides the plants
of Theophraftus and Diofcorides, he has given deferip-
tions of feveral new fpecies, extradfed probably from
works which would otherwife have been totally loft.
Pliny ufes fcarce any mode of arrangement, except the,
ancient, but very incorreft, diftin&ion into trees,
fhrubs, and herbs. His plan, however, extends not
only to botanical diftindlions, but to gardening, agri¬
culture, and whatever is connedled either more nearly
or remotely with the fcience of plants. He gives de-
feriptions of above 1000 different fpecies; but from
the want of a proper fyftematic arrangement, it is oft¬
en difficult, and perhaps impoffible, to determine»what
plants he or other ancient botanifts do really deferibe.
. This want of precilion in properly arranging their
plants was the reafon why theFotany of the ancients
was always very limited, and after the time of Pliny
declined fo rapidly. On the deftru&ion of the weftern •
empire by the Goths and other barbarous nations, it is
not to be thought that botany could furvive any more-
than the other fciences. It was not till near the clofe
of the eighth century, that the ancient botany began ‘
again to appear in Arabia. Serapion, well known in
medicine, ftands firft in the Arabian catalogue of bo¬
tanifts ; to him fucceeded Razis, Avicenna, Averrhoes,
Adluarius, &c. An author known by the name of
Plato Apuleius, or Apohenfs, of whofe Herbarium very
old manufeript copies are preferved in fome curious li¬
braries, is fuppofed to have lived near this period. .The
works of moft of thefe botanifts, however, were only
tranflations and compilations from the Greek writers';
fo that, for want of a proper fyftematic arrangement,
the fcience funk a fecond time into total oblivion. For
near 400 years after Abengiiefit, an Arabian phyfi¬
cian who flouriftied in the end of the 12th century,
fcarce any attempts were made in the botanical way.
Sortie obfeure writers indeed appeared in feveral parts
of Europe ; as Arnoldus de Villa Nova ; Platearius;
Mattheus Sylvaticus ; and Bartholomew Glanvil,.
commonly called Bartholomeus Anglus, a Francifcau
monk, defeended of the family of the Earls of Suffolk,
who lived in the reign of King Edward III. and wrote
a book of natural hiftory, intitled De proprietatibus
rerum, which was tranflated into Englifh by John de
Trevifa in . 1398 : but though all thefe wrote of plants^
they were fo totally deftitute of method, that their '
works remain one great chaos, from whence it is im¬
poffible to extraft any thing intelligible.
On the revival of letters in the beginning of the 16th'
century, the botany of the ancients was reftored a fe¬
cond time. The Greek writings were tranflated into
Latin, the common language of Europe. Gaza, a*
Greek refugee at Rome, made elegant tranflations of:
Aiiftotle
I, EOT
Ariftotle and Tbeophraftus, who afterwards were com¬
mented upon by Scaliger and Stapel. Diofcorides was
alfo tranilated and commented on. His beft commen¬
tators are Hermolaus Barbaras, Fuchfcius, Radius
Gordus, Gefner, and Matthiolus. The moft diftin-
guifhed commentators of Pliny are Dalechamp in i 604,
Salmafiiis in 1689, Harduin, and Guilandinus. Meur-
lius and Urfinus have written commentaries upon Cato;
Campegius and Monardes upon Mefue the Arabian,
and Lonicer upon Avicenna. This laft hath been
tranllated by feveral writers, particularly Alpagus, Co-
flaeus, and Plempius, into Latin ; and by one writer,
Amalthseus, into Hebrew.
Hieronymus Bock, or Bouc, a German, generally
known by the name of Tragus, is the firft modern who
has given a methodical diftribution of vegetables. In,
1532, he publhhed a Hiftory of Plants, in which he
deferibes 800 fpecies ; and thefe he divides into three
claffes, founded on the qualities of vegetables, their
figure, habit, and fize. The fame method of arrange-
mept was followed by Lonicer, Dodonteus, L’Obel,
Clufius, Brunsfelfius, Monordes,Cordus,and fome other
botanifts of this period. How far fuch a method was
deficient, (hall be confidered in the following fe&ion ;
however, it was not till 1560 that Conrad Gefner firft
projiofed to the world an arrangement of vegetables
from the parts of the flower and fruit. He did not
eftablifli any plah founded upon this principle ; but, ha¬
ving fuggefted the idea, left the application to be made
by others : and in 1582, Dr Andrew Caefalpinus, phy-
fician at Pifa, and afterwards profefibr of botany at
Padua, firft availing himfelf of the ingenuity of his
predeceffor, propoftd a method of arrangement which
has the fruit for its bafis; and thus gave origin to
fyftematic botany, the fecond grand sera in the hiftory
of that fcience.
Even this improved method of Caefalpinus was not
without very great inconveniences, which fhall be ta¬
ken notice of hereafter. As it was, however, fo greatly
fuperior to every thing that had appeared before, it
might have been expefted that the learned would have
immediately adopted it, and that all the former equi¬
vocal'and infufficient characters would have been rejec¬
ted. But the fa£t was otherwife. Csefalpinus’s me¬
thod of arrangement died with him; and it was not till
near a century after, that Dr Robert Morifon of A-
berdeen, attaching him to the principles of Gefner
and Cssfalpinus, re-e(tabliflied fcientific arrangement
upon a folid foundation ; fo that, from being only the
reftorer of fyftero, he has been generally celebrated as
its founder. In the long interval between Csefalpinus
and Morifon, flouriftied fome eminent botanifts. The
moft noted are, Dalechamp, author of A general Hi-
'ftcry of plants; Theodore, furnamed
and Thalius, two German writers; Porta, an Italian,
famous for an arrangement of plants from their relations
to the ftars, to men, and other animals; Profper Al-
pinus, author of a Catalogue of the plants qf Egypt;
Fabius Columna, inventor of many of the botanical
terms now ufed ; the two Bauhins; Gerard, and Par-
kiufon; Zaluzianfki, a Pole, author of an arrangement
from the qualities and habit of plants; Marcgrave and
Pifo, celebrated for their Natural Hiftory of Brafil;
Hernandez, equally celebrated for his Hiftory of Mexi-
A N Y.
co ; Paflseus, or Du Pas, author of an arrangement of
plants from the time of flowering, of all chara&ers the
moft uncertain and infufficient; Johnfton; Bontius, a
Dutchman, author of a Natural Hiftory of the Eaft
Indies; Aldrovandus, the celebrated naturalift; and
Rheede, governor of Malabar, and author of the well-
known Hortus Malabaricus.
The method propofed by Morifon has the fruit for
its bafis, as well as that of Casfalpinus; to which, how¬
ever, it is greatly inferior both in the plan and execu¬
tion. It is indeed of all others the moft difficult in
praClice ; and was- therefore not adopted by any fuc-
ceeding writer, except Bobart, who in 1699 completed
Morifon’s Univerfal Hiftory of Plants, and an anony¬
mous author whofe work appeared in 1720. Imper-
feCt, however, as his method is, it furniflied many ufe-
ful hints, which fucceeding botanifts have not failed to
improve. Ray and Tournefort have owed him much,
gnd are not afliamed to own the obligation. The
fame has been done even by Linnasus; who hath efta-
blilhedthe fcience of botany on the moft 'folid founda¬
tion, by introducing a method of arrangement, if not
abfolutely perfeCt, at leaft as nearly approaching to per¬
fection as can be expeCted ; and therefore hath been
defervedly.followed, in preference to every other, by
^11 botanifts, fince its firft publication. But to give a
particular account of all the different botanical fyftems,
with the particular advantages and difadvantages at¬
tending each,- flaall be the bulxuefs of the fubfequent
feCtions.
Sect. II. Of the Ancient Method of arranging
Vegetables.
In giving an account of the works of Theophraftus
and Diofcorides, we have already taken notice that
the former chofe feven diftinguiffiing characters, viz.
the generation of plants ;; their place of growth ; their
fize, as trees and ihrubs: their ufe, as pot-herbs and
efculent grains ; and their laCtefcence, or liquor that
flows from them when cut. Diofcorides divided them
into aromatics, ajimentai'y, medicinal, and vinous plants.
The good properties of this method are, that the bo»
tanift as it were comes to the point at once; and when-
he knows the plant, knows alfo its virtues and ufes, or
at leaft part of them : but this convenience is greatly
overbalanced by innumerable difadvantages; for the
qualities and virtues qf plants are neither fixed and in¬
variable, nor are they impreffed in legible characters
on the plants themfelves. The different parts of a plant
often poffefs different and even oppofite virtues; fo that
fuppofing the virtues to be known, and applied to the
purpofe of vegetable arrangement, the root muft fre¬
quently fall under one diviiion, the leaves under a fer
cond, and the flower and fruit under a third. Betides,
if we refleft that the foie end of fuch arrangement is
to facilitate the knowledge of plants to others, the Jn-
fufficiency and even abfurdity of methods founded upon
their virtues will immediately appear. A ftalk of ver¬
vain, for inftance, is prefented to me, which I am to
inveftigate from a prefuppofed knowledge of the virtues
of plants. Before I can fettle the clafs to which it be¬
longs, I muft difeoyer whether or not it has the virtues
belonging to any of the plants I know; and this dif-
3 G 2 covery
419
420
B O T
covery being the refult of repeated experiments on va¬
rious parts of the human body, may require many years
for its accemplifliment.
The fame caufes which render methods founded on
the virtues of plants unfavourable for the purpofe of
inveftigation, muft evidently difqualify all their other
variable quantities and accidents from having a place in
a genuine fyftematic arrangement. The natale folum
of plants, which is one of Theophraftus’s divifions, af¬
fords no better diftin&ive charaflers than their powers
and virtues. Many countries as well as many foils pro¬
duce the fame individual plants. The fame fpecies
which crown the mountains, frequently cover the fens;
and plants which have long been reckoned the peculiar
inhabitants of fome parts of Alia and America, are now
found to grow naturally in equal perfedbion in the very
different climates of Lapland and Siberia. The fize
of plants, which fuggeited the ancient divifion into trees
and fhrubs, is no Ids an equivocal mark of diftitnbion
than the circumftances already mentioned. The vine,
which modern botanifts denominate a Ihrub, was ranged
by Theophraftus in his third clafs containing trees. In
fad, every thing refpe&ing frze is fo much affe&ed by
differences of foil, climate, and culture, that the fame
plant, in different circumftances, fhall differ exceedingly
in height; and in a method founded upon the fize,
would fometimes be ranged as a tree, and fometimes as
a fhrub, or even an under-fhrub, according as it hap¬
pens to exceed, equal, or fall fhort of, a given flandard.
No lefs infufficient are charadferiftical marks drawn from
the colour, tafte, and fmell of plants. Of all the at¬
tributes of vegetable nature, colour is perhaps the moft
inconftant. Heat, climate, culture, foil, &c. contri¬
bute to the produdfion of endlefs diverfities of colour,
and render the tranfition from one to another natural
and eafy. Red and blue pafs eafily into white, white
into purple, yellow into white, red into blue, blue into
yellow, &c. In the fame leaf or flower, different co-
loursTare frequently obferved. Variations too in point
of colour are frequently obferved to take place not
only in different individuals of the fame fpecies, but
even in fimilar parts of the fame plant. Marvel. of
Peru and Sweet William produce flowers of different
colour upon the fame ftalk. Objedfions equally valid
lie againft charadteriftical marks drawn from the'tafte
and fmell. The former varies in different individuals
from differences of age, and even in the fame indivi¬
dual at different times, according to the morbid or found
ffate of the organ. The latter is different in different
fubjedfs, and varies in each; nor are the effluvia fent
forth from the fame body always of equal intenftty.
In plants, tafte is fubjeft to continual variations from
differences of climate, foil, and culture. Garlic in fome
climates, particularly in Greece, is faid to lofe its rank-
nefs; apples and pears, that grow naturally in the woods,
are intolerably acid ; celery and lettuce, which culture
renders fweet and palatable, are in their wild unculti¬
vated ftate bitter, difagreeable, and in fome cafes
noxious.
Thefe confiderations are abundantly fufficient to fhow
the imperfedfion of the ancient fyftem of botany; and,
indeed, conftdering the vague and uncertain marks by
which the ancients diftinguifhed one plant from an¬
other, we may rather wonder how fuch a fcience as bo¬
tany came to have an exiftence among them, than that
ANY. Sea.
they arrived at no greater perfection in it, or fuffered
it fo foon to fall into oblivion.
Sect. III. (Pf the different Botanical Syftems from
the time of Gefner to that of Linnaeus.
The infufficiency of the ancient botanical fyftem be¬
ing fo fully fhown in the laft fedtion, we think it need-
lefs to take much notice of the methods ufed by Tra¬
gus and his cotemporaries and followers. The virtues
of plants being found an infufficient charadteriftic, fuc-
ceeding botanifts had taken in the root, ftem, and
leaves ; but thefe being alfo found infufficient and va¬
riable, Gefner turned his eye to the flower and fruit,
as being the moft permanent and unchangeable parts
of the plant. In propofing the parts of frudlification,
however, as the moft proper for arranging plants, he
communicated no hints refpedting the choice of fome
of thofe parts in preference to others. Each particular
organ of the flower and fruit furnifhes fufficient variety
to ferve as the foundation of a method ; but all of them
are not equally proper for this purpofe. Cefalpinus,
the firft follower of Gefner, made a miftake in his choice,
and took his diftinguifhing charadteriftics only from the
fruit. The parts af the flower, therefore, being em¬
ployed by the firft fyftematic writers only as fubaltern
diftindtions in finding out orders and genera, it is eviT
dent that the plant could not be fully inveftigated for
feveral months. Suppofe a plant ripens its fruit in
Odfober, and does not produce flowers till the follow¬
ing May: the clafs, upon infpedtion of the fruit in the
month of October, is immediately afcertained; but the
plant ftill remains unknown, and will continue fo up¬
wards of fix months after, if the characters of the order
and genus have been made to depend on any part of the
flower. Methods founded on the fruit have another
inconvenience; plants conftantly ripen their fruit in
thofe countries where they grow naturally, but not
always in the countries to which they may be acci¬
dentally tranfported. So far from this, many plants
that are natives of a warm climate neither ripen nor ,
form fruit in a cold one. Few of the African, Afiatic
and Weft-Indian plants produce fruit in Britain. A
method, therefore, founded upon the fruit, could only
facilitate the knowledge of fuch plants to the inhabi¬
tants of thofe countries where they grow: to the En-
glifh botanift they could be of little or no fervice. The
fame objedtion cannot reafonably be urged againft me¬
thods founded on the flower, fince the influence of cli¬
mates much colder than that of Britain has not been
able to deftroy the faculty of producing flowers in many,
perhaps in moft, of the plants juft mentioned.
Caefalpinus fets out with an ancient diftindlion of
vegetables, from their duration, into trees and herbs.
With the former he combines ihrubs; with the latter,
under-fhrubs ; and diftributes his'plants into the 15 fol¬
lowing clafles. 1. Trees with the germ (radicle or
principle of life in the feed) on the point of the feed.
2. Trees with the germ on the bafe of the feed. 3.
Herbs having one feed only. 4. Herbs having two
feeds. 5. Herbs having four feeds. 6. Herbs having
many feeds. 7. Herbs having one grain or kernel.
8 Herbs having one capfule. 9. Herbs having two
capfules. 10. Herbs having fibrous roots. 11. Herbs
having bulbous roots. 12. Herbs having fuccory or
en-
111. B O T
endive-like flowers. 13. Herbs having common flowers.
14. Herbshaving feveral follicles or feed-bags. 15.
Herbs having neither flower nor feed.
The inconveniences of this method have been-already-
pointed out pretty fully, and will evidently appear upon
an attempt to refer any common plant to one of the
15 abovementioned clalfes. His fe&ions, orders, or
fecondary divifions, are 47 in number, and depend upon
a variety of par|s and circumttances. The principal
of thefe are, the difpofition, lituation, and figure, of
the flowers ; the-nature ®f the feed-veflel, or cover of
the feeds; the fituation of the radicle in the feed ; the
number of feeddobes, or feminal leaves; the difpofition
of the leaves, and colour of the flowers. The la&ef-
cence too, or milkinefs, which is obferved in the com¬
pound flowers with flat florets, is made a chara&eriflic
difHn&ion, and difcriminates the firft order of the 12th
clafs. Thus, in the firft fyftematic arrangements, the
eharafters of the claffes only were borrowed from the
parts of fr.udeification ; while thofe of the fubaltern di¬
vifions were very numerous, and refpefted every part
of the plant; but that fuch divifions might be perfedb,
they fhould be conftituted, like the clafles, from the
modifications of a Angle part-of the frudtification.
The great objeft had in view by Morifon, who comes
next in order to Casfalpinus, was to inveftigate the
<order of nature, not to fabricate an eafy method of
arranging plants. Hence his fyftem is devoid of uni¬
formity, and clogged with a multiplicity of characters;
his clafles are frequently not fufficiently diftingniihed
from one another, and the key of arrangement feems
totally loft. He fets out with a divifion of plants, from
their confiftence, into ligneous or woody, and herbace¬
ous. He founds his fyftem on the fruit, the corollas or
bloflbms, and the habit of the plants. His clafles are
as follow: 1. Trees. 2. Shrubs. 3. Under-flirubs.
Herbs climbing. 5. Herbs leguminous or papilio¬
naceous. 6. Herbs podded. 7. Herbs tricapfular or
with three capfules. 8. Herbs with four or five cap-
fules. 9. Herbs corymbiferous. 10. Herbs having a
milky juice, or downy tops. 11. Herbs culmiferous,
as gralfes. 12. Herbs umbelliferous. 13, Herbsha¬
ving three kernels. 14. Herbs having helniet-lhaped
flowers. 15. Herbs having many capfules. 16. Herbs
berry-bearing. 17. Herbs called capillary plants, as
the fern kind. 18. Anomalous or irregular herbs.
Of thefe clafies, the fourth and eight pofiefs no ge¬
nuine diftinftive charafter ; nor are the ninth and tenth
claffes, fufficiently diftinguilhed; the fifteenth clafs is
not fufficiently diftinguiftied from the eighth, nor the
i6ih from the fourth. His fe&ions or iecondary di-
vilions, which are 108 in number, arife from the fi¬
gure and fubftance of the fruit; the number of feeds,
leaves, and petals; the figure of the root; the direc¬
tion of the ftem; the colour of the flowers ; the place
of growth; and, in one clafs, from the medicinal vir¬
tues of fome of the plants that compofe it.
In 1682, Ray propofed his method to the world,
two years after the publication of Morifon’s, which
ferved in fome meafure as its bafis. It confifted ori¬
ginally of the following 25 claffes: i. Trees. 2. Shrubs.
3. Herbs imper£e£t. 4. Herbs having no flower. 5.
Capillary plants.. 6. Staminous herbs having only the
ftamina. 7. Thofe having one naked feed. 8. Um¬
belliferous herbs. 9. Verticillated, annular, or fing-
A N Y.
fhaped ones. 10. Rough-leafed plants, ti. Stellated
or ftar-ftiaped ones. 12. Apple-bearing herbs. 13. Ber¬
ry-bearing herbs. 14. Herbs having many pods.
15. Monopetalous uniform, or regular herbs. 16. Mo-
nopetalous irregular, or having different forms. 1 7. Te-
trapetalous, having large pods. 18. rretrapetalous,
having final! pods. 19. Papilionaceous. 20. Penta-
petalous herbs. 21. Corns. 22. Grafi'es. 23. Grafs-
leafed plants. 24. Bulbous rooted plants. 25. Plants
near akin to the bulbous.
This method Ray carefully corre&ed and amended
at different times ; fo that the plan of arrangement
which now bears the name of that author, and was firft.
publiflred in 1700, is entirely different from what had
appeared in 1682. It now confifts of 33 claffes. Their
diftinguiffiing marks are taken from the port or habit
of the plants; their greater or lefs degree of perfection ;
their place of growth ; the number of-feed-lobes, or
feminal leaves, petals, capfules, and feeds; the fituation
and difpolition of the flowers, flower-cup, and leaves ;
the abfence or prefence of the buds, flower-cup, and
petals; the fubftance of the leaves and fruit; and the
difficulty of clafling certain plants. They are as follow.
1. Submarine, or fea-piants. 2. Fungi. 3. Mofles.
4. Capillary plants. 5. Thofe without petals. 6. 'Pla-
nipetaU, thole with compound flowers; femiflofculous,
or half-florets. 7. Thofe with compound flowers ra¬
diated. 8. Thofe with compound flowers, fiofculous,
or with whole florets. 9. Plants with one feed,
xo. Plants umbellated. 11. Thofe ftellated or ftar-
fliaped. 12. Rough-leafed plants. 13. Plants verti-
ciliate or whorled. 14. Thofe with many feeds.
15. Apple-bearing herbs. iC. Beiry-bearing herbs.
17. Thofe with many pods. 18. Monopetalous herbs.
19. Thofe with two and three petals. 20. Thofe with
great and fmall, or long and Ihort, pods. 21. Legu¬
minous plants. 22. Pentapetalous obcs. 23. Bulbs,
and bulbous-like plants. 24. Stamineous ones, or
thofe having only the ftamina. 25. Anomalous plants,
or thofe of an uncertain family. 26. The palms.
27. Trees without petals. 28. Trees with an timbi-
licated fruit. 29. Trees with fruit not umbilicated.
30. Trees with a dry fruit. 31. Trees with podded
fruit. 32. Anomalous, or Irregular trees.
The diftinCtion into herbs and trees with which Ray’s
method fets out, acknowledges a difterent, though not
more certain, principle than that of Csefalpinus and Mo¬
rifon. The former, in making this dittiiuftion, had an
eye to the duration of the ftem; the latter, to its con¬
fidence. Ray called in the buds as an auxiliary ; and
denominates trees, “ all fuch plants as bear buds
herbs, fuch as bear none.” Hat againft this auxi¬
liary there lies an unanfwerable objection ; namely, that
though all herbaceous plants rife without buds, all trees
are not furnilhedwith them : many of the largeft trees
in warm countries, and fome ffirubby plants in every
country, being totally deftitute of that fcaly appear¬
ance which conftitutes the effence of a bud. In other
refpedts, it is evident that neither Mr Ray’s plan nor
execution is in any degree calculated to facilitate the
knowledge of plants. In fadt, it feems to have been
Ray ’s great objed, no lefs than Morifon’s, to colled
as many natural claffes as poffible ; and theie being fe-
parately inveftigated, a multiplicity of charaders and
fteps was neceflarily required to conned them : and
hence
2
B O T
■hence the intricacy complained of in both thefe me-
•thods, which mufl: always take place where the claffes
give rife to the connedling characters, and not the cha¬
racters to the claffes. The characters,of the orders, or
Secondary diviiions, in Ray’s method, are no lefs mul¬
tifarious than thofe of the-claffes. They refpeCt the
place of growth of plants^ their qualities; the figure of
•the ftem ; the number, fituation, fubitance, and divi-
.fion, of the.leaves : the fituation and difpofition of the
flowers and calyx ; the number and regularity of the.
:petals ; with the number and figure of the fruit. In his
improved method, Ray has adopted Tournefort’s cha¬
racters of the genera, wherever his plan would permit.
His general Hiftory of Plants contains 18,655 fpecies
and varieties. The third volume, which was not pub-
lifhed till 1704, and was defigned as a fupplement to
the two former, contains the plants difcovered by Tour-
nefort in the Levant, and by Camelli-at Luzon one of
;the Philippine iflands. Ray’s method was followed by
Sir Hans Sloane, in his Natural Hi.ftory of Jamaica ;
by Petiver, in his Britifti Herbal; by Dillenius, in his
Synopfis of Britifti plants ; and by Martyn, in his Ca*-
talogue of .plants that grow in the neighbourhood of
Cambridge.
To Ray’s original method fuceeeded that of Chrifto-
,pher Knaut, a German ; which acknowledges the fame
.principle, and is manifeftly founded upon it. In his
enumeration of the plants that grow round Hal in
.Saxony, publifhed in 1687, he divides vegetables into
17 claffes, which have for their bafis the fize and dura¬
tion of plants, the prefence or abfence of the petals,.the
.difpofitiqn :of the flowers, the fubftance of the fruit,
.the number of capfules or feeds, the number and figure
,of the petals, and the p'refence, abfence, or figure of
.the calyx. His claffes are, I. Herbs berry-bearing.
2. Monopetalous, or with one flower-leaf. 3. Tetra-
.petalous and regular, with four petals. 4. Tetrapeta-
lous and irregular. 5. Pentapetalous, ^or with five pe¬
tals. 6. Hexapetalous, or fix petals. 7. Polypetalous,
or many petals. 8. Multicapfujar, or many capfules.
9. Naked feeds. 10. Solid, or not downy, xx. Downy
feeds. 12. Without petals. 13. Stamineous, with¬
out petals or calyx. 14. Imperceptible. 15. Imper-
feCt. 16. Trees. 17. Shrubs.
The fe&ions or fubdivifions of the claffes in Knaut’s
method are 62 in n.iunber; and arife from the figure of
the ftem and petals, the number of capfules and cells,
.their figure, the number of feeds and leaves, and fitua¬
tion of the flowers.
In 1696, a new method, propofed by Dr Herman
profeffor of botany at Leyden, was publifhed by Zum-
bac, who arranged according to it the plants contain¬
ed in the public garden of Leyden. Rudbeckius the
Younger, in a differtation publiftied the fame year, on
the fundamental knowledge of plants, adopted Her¬
man’s method with a few inconfiderable variations. The
claffes of Dr Herman are 25 in number. They are
founded on the fize and duration of the plants; the
prefence or abfence of the petals and calyx ; the num¬
ber of capfules, cells, and naked feeds; the fubftance
of the leaves and"fruit j the form and confiftence of the
roots; the fituation and difpofition of the flowers, leaves,
and calyx; and figure of the fruit. 1. Herbs having one
naked feed and a fimple flower. 2. flaving one naked
feed and a compound flower. 3. With two naked feeds,
pud ftellated or ftar-lhaped. 4. Two naked feeds/and
ANY. Sed,
umbelliferous. 5. Four naked feeds, and rough leaves.
6. Four naked feeds, and yerticiliated or whorl-ftiaped.
7. With many naked feeds. 8. Flaving feed-veffels,
bulbous and tricapfular. 9. Having one feed-veffel.
1 o. With two feed-veffels. 11. With three feed-veffels.
12. With four feed-veffels. 13. With five feed-veffek.
14. Podded,Which are always tetrapetalous. 15. Le¬
guminous and papilionaceous. 16. With many cap¬
fules. 17. Having fleihy fruit, berry-bearing, x 8. With
flefhy fruit, apple-bearing. 19. Without petals, but
having a calyx. 20. Without petals, chaffy or ftami-
neous. 2 1. Without petals, calyx, chaff, or ftamina,
i. e.- a naked anthera, as the molfes. 22. Trees. Im¬
perfect frudliiication, bearing catkins. 23. Trees with
a fleihy fruit umbilicated. 24. Trees with a fleihy
fruit not umbilicated. 25. Trees with a dry fruit.
^ The claffes in Herman’s method are fubdivided in¬
to-82 feCtiorrs or orders; which have for their bafis
the number of petals, feeds, capfules, and cells, the
figure of the feeds and petals, and difpofitiojx of the
flowers.
To the method of Dr Herman fucceeded that of
Dr Boerhaave, who fucceeded to the botanical chair of
Leyden in 1709. His method is that of Herman,
blended with part of the fyftems of Tournefort and
Ray ; and contains the following claffes. I. Herbs
fubmaiine, or fea-plants. 2. ImperfeCI land-plants.
3. Capillary plants, or the fern kind. 4. Many naked
ieeds. 5. Four naked feeds, and verticillated. 6. Four
naked feeds, and rough leaves. 7. Four naked feeds,
and four petals. 8. Plants having one feed-veffel,.
9. Two feed-veffels. 10. Three feed-veffels. 11. Four
feed-veffels. 12. Five feed-veffels. 13. Many feed-
veffels. 14. Two naked feeds, and umbelliferous. 15.
Two naked feeds, and ftar-fnaped. x6. One naked
feed, and a fimple flower. 17. One naked feed, and
compound flowers femiflofculous. 18. One naked feed,
and: compound flowers radiated. 19. One naked feed,
and compound flowers corymbiferous. '20. One naked
feed, and compound flowers flofculous. 21. Berry-
bearing herbs. 22. Apple-bearing herbs. 23. With¬
out petals. 24. One cotyledon, and having petals.
25. One cotyledon, and without petals. 26. Trees
having one cotyledon. 27. Many podded. 28. Podded.
29. Tetrapetalous and cruciform. 30. Leguminous,
31. Having no petals. 32. Bearing catkins. 33. Mo¬
nopetalous flowers. 34. Rofaceous flowers.
Thefe 34 claffes of Dr Boerhaave are fubdivided in¬
to 104 feCtions, which have for their charafters, the
figure of the leaves, ftem, calyx, petals, and feeds; the
number of petals, feeds, and capfules; the fubftance of
the leaves; the fituation of the flowers, and their diffe¬
rence in point of fex. By this method, Dr Boerhajtve
arranged near 6000 plants, the produce of the bota¬
nical garden at Leyden, which he carefully fuperin-
tended for the fpace of 20 years, and left to his fuccef-
for Dr Adrien Royen, in a much more flouriihing ftate
than he himfelf had received it. His Index or Cata¬
logue of the Leyden plants was publifhed in oftavo iu
1710; and afterwards, with great additions, in quarto, I
in 1720. This laft edition contains deferiptions of 5650
plants ; of which number upwards of two thirds' had
been introduced into-the garden fin£e the time of Her¬
man, by' his illuflrious fucceffor. Boerhaave’s charac¬
ters are derived from the habit or general appearance
of plants combined with all the parts of fructification ;
fo
42J
nr. b o t
fo that, as Lianaeus very properly obferves, he was the
firlt who employed the calyx," (lamina, and ftyle, in de¬
termining ttie genus. About' 17 new genera were efta-
blifhed by this author; among others, the very fpleri-
did family of the protea and fdver-tree, which, although
partly defcribed by Morifon, had remained generally
unknown till this period. His method was adopted by
one Emfling, a German, in a treatife intitled The firft
principles of Botany, pablifhed in odlavo at Wolfen-
buttle, in 1748.
Hitherto all the botanifts bad been iptent upon inve-
ftigating the order of nature, rather than facilitating.
the arrangement of vegetables: therefore their piethods
were very intricate and perplexed ; and their writings,
however entertaining to the learned, could afford but
very little inftruction to the young botanid. In.1690,
however, Auguftus Quirinus Rivinus, a German, pro-
feffor of Botany at Leipfic, rtlfnquifhing the purfuit
of natural affinities, and convinced of the infufficiency
of charaSeriftic marks drawn only from the fruit, at¬
tached himfelf to the flower, which, he was fenfible,
would furnifh characters no lefs numerous, permanent,
and confpicuous, than thofe drawn from the fruit.
The calyx, petals, flamina, and ftyle or pointal,
which conflitute the flower, are fufficiently diverfi-
fled in point of number, figure, proportion, and fitua-
tion, to fervd as the bails of a mode of arrangement;
yet all are not equally proper for this purpofe. Rivi¬
nus made ufe of the petals as the largeft and moil Beau¬
tiful part, and that from which the flower itfelf is com¬
monly characterized. His method confifls of the fol¬
lowing 1 8 claffes, which have for their balls the perfec¬
tion and difpofition of the flowers, and regularity and
number of the petals. 1. Regular monopetalous, or
having -one petal, 2. Dipetalous. 3. Tripeta’ous.
4. Tetrapetalous. , 5. Pentapetalous. 6. Hexapeta- •
lous. ’ 7. Polypetalous, or having many petals. 8. Ir¬
regular monopetalous. 9. Irregular dipetalous. 10. Ir¬
regular tripetalous. 11. Irregular tetrapetalous. 12. Ir¬
regular pentapetalous. 13. Irregular hexapetalous.
14. Irregular polypetalous. 15, Compound flowers of
regular florets. 16. Compound flowers of regular and
irregular florets. 1 7. Compound flowers of irregular
florets only. 18. Incomplete, or imperfect plants.
As Rivinus fet out with the profeffed defign of im¬
parting facility to botany, he judged very properly in.
divefling his method of all extraneous matter, and ren¬
dering it as Ample and uniform as the nature of the
faience would admit. The diftindlion into herbs and
trees had been adopted by every writer on plants fince
the time of Ariflotle. Rendered in fomc meafure fa-
cred by its antiquity, this diftimflion maintained a kind
of importance to which it was by no means eflentially
intitled. Rivinus was the iiril who in this matter dared
to think for himfelf. He was early fenfible of the in¬
conveniences to which thofe had fubmitted who em¬
ployed it as a primary divifion ; and therefore refolved
at once to get rid of a diflinftion that is frequently un¬
certain, always deftrudlive to uniformity, and in its na¬
ture repugnant to the genuine fpirit of fyftem, becaufe
totally unconnected with the parts of fructification. In
the uniformity of its orders or fecondary divxfions, •
which are 91 in number, and acknowledge the fruit
for their principle, Rivinus’s method equals, perhaps
excels, all that went before or fucceeded.it. Only three.
A N Y.
claffes of his method were puhlifhed by Riyinus him¬
felf. Thyfe are the nth; -14th, and 15th, which were
offered to the public at different times, illuflrated vvifh
very fplendid figures. The method was completed and
publifhed entire by Heucher, in a work intitled Hor tut
IVitl'enbergenfis, printed in quarto at Wittenberg in iyfiv
Several German authors have followed Rivinus’s me¬
thod, either wholly or in part, without offering any
confiderable amendment. The principal of thefe are,
Koenig, in a work on vegetables, publifhed at Bafil in
1696 ; Welfch, in his Bafis Botantca, printed at Leip¬
fic in oftavo, in 1697 ; Gemeinhart, in a catalogue of
plants publifhed in 1725 ; Kramer, in a work intitled
Tehtamen Botanicum, publifhed at Drefden in 1728,
and afterwards reprinted with additions at Vienna in
1 744 ; and Hecker, in a differtation on botany pub¬
lifhed at Hal,in Saxony, in 1734. To thefe may pc
added Hebenttreit, an ingenious botanifl, who in a trea¬
tife on plants publiflied at Leipfic in 1731, juft before
his famous African expedition, eftablifhed generical
characters, which had hitherto been wanting in Rivi¬
nus’s method.
The writers who have attempted to improve upon
Rivinus’s method are Bernard Ruppius, Chriflopher
Ludwig, and Chriftian Knaut. Ruppius, in his Flora ■
fsnenfts, publifhed at Frankfort iti 1718, has arranged
the 1200 plants there defcribed by a method partly
Rivinus’s, and partly his own. It cpnfifts of 17 claffes,
and fets out with the fame divifions and fubdivifions as
that of Rivinus; with this difference, however, that,
whereas in Rivinus’s method all perfeft flowers are di¬
vided into Ample and compound, in , Ruppius the divi¬
fion of regular and irregular flowers precedes that juft
mentioned, and Ample and compound flowers are made
fubdivifions of the regular flowers only.
Chriftopher Ludwig’s method, which was-publifhed
in 1737, and confifls of 20 claffes, differs but little from
that of Rivinus. The author accompanied Hebenflreit
on his expedition into Africa, and feems to have made
plants his favourite fludy- The improvement, however,
which he has made on Rivinus’s plan, confifls only in
rendering it more univerfal, having enriched it with a
multitude of genera collected from the works of Tour-
nefort, Ray, Boethaave, Dillenius, and other eminent
botanifts, whofe gerierical characters he has likewife
adopted. His plan of arrangement has been followed'
by two fucceeding writers ; M. Wedel, in a botanical ‘
effay publifhed in 1747'; and three years after by M.
Boehmer, in his catalogue of the plants which grow iu ■.
thC garden of Leipfic.
The method of Chriftian Knaut is much more pro¬
perly his own, and departs in a much greater degree
from that of Rivinus than either of the two former.
The regularity and number of the petals furnifhed the
claffical divifions in Rivinus’s method : in that of Knaut,
number takes place of regularity; fo that it is very pro¬
perly termed by Linnseus, “ The fyftem of Rivinus in¬
verted.” This method was publiffied in 1716; and fets •
out with a divifion into flowers which have one petal,
and fuch as have more than one. It conflfts of the 17
following claffes. t. Monopetalous uniform or regular.
2. Monopetalous difform or irregular. 3. Monopeta¬
lous compound uniform or regular. 4. Monopetalous
compound difform or irregular. 5. Mbnapetalous com¬
pound uniform "and difform together. 6. Dipetalous"
uniform.
424
B O T
uniform or regular. 7. Dipetalous difform or irregu¬
lar. 8. Tripetalous uniform or regular. 9. Tripeta-
lous diffbrm or irregular. 10. Tetrapetalous uniform
or regular. 11. Tetrapetalous difform or irregular.
12. Pentapetalous uniform or regular. 13. Pentape-
talous difform or irregular. 14. HexapetaSous uniform
or regular. 15. Plexapetalous difform or irregular.
16. Polypetalous uniform or regular. 17. Polypeta-
lous differm or irregular.
The fe£h‘ons or Secondary divifions in Knaut’s me¬
thod are 121, and depend upon the internal divifions
of the fruit; and upon this his opinions are fomewhat
lingidar. Every kind of fruit, whether pulpy or mem¬
branaceous, is termed by our author a capful*. Neither
is the term rellrifted to fruits properly fo called : it is
extended alfo to thofe termed by botanifts naked feeds,
the exiftenceof which Knaut abfoiutely denies. Agree¬
able to this opinion, capfules, he fays, with refpecvt to
their confiftence or fubltance, are of two forts 5 pulpy',
or membranaceous. The former correfpond to the
fruits of the apple, berr y, and cherry kind ; the latter
to the capfules properly fo called, and naked feeds of
other botanifts. Again, with refpeiff to their cells or
internal diviiions, capfules are either fimple or com¬
pound. Simple capfules have an undivided cavity or a
frngle cell; compound capfules are internally divided
into two or more cells. With other botanifts', the um¬
belliferous flowers bear two, the lip-flowers four, na¬
ked feeds; according to Knaut, the former produce two,
the latter four, fimple capfules. Ranunculus, adonis,
anemony, herb-bennet, and fome other plants, have
their flowers fucceeded by a number of naked feeds col-
le&ed into an aggregate or head; each of tljefe feeds
paffes with Knaut for a limple capfule ; fo that the
whole is an aggregate of feveral capfules with ^ un¬
divided cavity or Angle cell. In numbering the cells
or internal divifions of the pulpy fruits, our author has
adopted a very Angular method. Some fruits of the
apple kind inclofe a capfule that is divided into five
membranaceous cells. It might then be very reafon-
ably expected to find fuch fruits arranged with com¬
pound capfules of five cells; but, inftead of this, the
author whimfically enough combines in their arrange¬
ment the idea both of a fimple and compound capfule.
The pulpy part is undivided ; in other words, it is a
fimple capfule furnifhed with one cell; the compound
capfule inclofed contains five cells, which added to that
of the pulp make the number fix ;.and thus thele kinds
of fruits are arranged with thofe having capfules of fix
cells. By the fame kind of reafoning, the fruit of the
dogwood, which is of the cherry kind, and contains a
ftone with two cells or cavities, is placed by Knaut
among compound capfules with three cells; the pulp
puffing for one divifion, and cavities of the ftone or nut
for the remaining two. This method of calculation is
not the only Angularity for which Knaut is remark¬
able. The effence of the flower is made by Ray, Tour-
nefort, Rivinus, and moft other botanifts, to confift in
the ftamina and ftyle. This pofition Knaut abfolutely
denies ; and has eftablifhed for a principle, that the
flower is effentially conftituted by the petals only. With
him, the flower-cup, flamina, and ftyle, are of little
fignificance: their prefence doesnot conftitute a flower,
if the petals are wanting ; neither is their abfence fuf-
ficient to deftroy its exittence, if the petals are prefent.
. N°5i- 5
ANY. Sea.
From this it follows, i. That the e can be no flowers
without petals; and, 2. That the regularity or irre¬
gularity of the flo wer can never depend on the ftamina
and ftyle, which are only occafionally prefent, and no¬
wife effential to its exiilence ; both of which are evi¬
dently falfe to every botanical reader.
Since the time of Rivinus, no leading method in bo¬
tany has appeared except that of Tournefort and Lin¬
naeus. Tournefort fets out with reviving the diftinc-
tion of plants into herbs and trees, which had been ex¬
ploded by Rivinus. His fyftem is founded on the re¬
gularity and figure of the petals, together with the
two-fold lituation of the receptacle of the flowers; his
orders, on the piftillum or calyx. The claffes are,
I. Herbs with fimple flowers monopetalous, and bell-
fliaped. 2. Simple flowers monopetalous, tunnel and
wheel-fhaped. 3. Simple flowers monopetalous, labi-
ated or lipped. 4. Simple flowers monopetalous, ano¬
malous, or irregular. 5. Simple flowers polypetalous,
cruciform or crofs-fhaped. 6. Simple flowers polype¬
talous, and rofaceous or like a fofe. 7. Simple flowers
polypetalous, umbellated. 8. Simple flowers polype¬
talous, caryophyllaceoUs, clove-form. 9. Simple flowers
polypetalous, liliaceous or lily-form. 1 o. Simple flowers
polypetalous, papilionaceous, or butterfly form.
II. Simple flowers polypetalous, anomalous or irre¬
gular. 12. Compound flowers, flofculous, tubular or
whole florets. 13. Compound flowers femiflofculous,
flat or half florets. 14. Compound flowers radiated,
like the fpokes of a wheel. 15. Apetalous, having no
petals, 16. No flower, but bearing feed. 17. Ns
flower nor feed, in the vulgar eftimation. 18. Trees
with no petals, but bare ftamina. 19. Trees with no
petals bearing catkins. 20. Trees monopetalous.
21. Trees rofaceous. .22. Trees papilionaceous.
The iecondary divifions in Tournefort’s method,
which are 12 2 in number, have obtained the name of
feiliens. Their general diftinCtions are founded princi¬
pally upon the fruit, as thofe of the claffes are upon
the flower.
Tournefort hath been followed by a vaft number of
botanical writers, of whom the moft confiderable are,
Dr William Sherard, an eminent botanift of the laft
and prefent centuries. In 1689, he publifhed the firll
fketch of Tournefort’s method, under the title of Schola
Botanices ; or a catalogue of the plants demonilrated
by Dr Tournefort, in the royal garden at Paris. It
was not till five years after, that the tJementa Botanica,
a work which contains the rudiments and ilhvftration
of his method, was publiftied by Tournefort himielf.—
Father Plumier, termed byway of eminence the Tour¬
nefort of America, publifhed in 1703, at Paris, a de-
feription of American plants, which he has arranged
according to the fyftem of Tournefort. In this work
he accurately characterized 96 new genera. Falugi, an
Italian, has deferibed, in pretty elegant Latin verfe, all
the genera of Tournefort, in a work intitled Profo-
popceits Botanic.?, publiftied at Florence, i2mo, 1705.
Several celebrated French academicians, partitulaily
Marchant, Dodart, Niffole, Juffieu, and Vaillant, have
alfo occafionally paid their tribute of acknowledgment
to this author, from the year 1700 to 1740. The
other authors of note who have followed Tournefort’s
method, are, M. Petit, an ingenious French botanift ;
Johren, a German, author of a treatife publiftied at
Colberg
425
III. B O T
Colberg in 1710, intitled Vade mecum Botanicum, feu
Odegus Botanicus; Feuille, in his defcription of the
plants of Chili and Peru, publifhed at Paris in quarto,
1714; Chriftopher Valentin, a German, author of a
book intitled Tournefertius Contraftus, publilhed at
Francfort, in folio, 1715; Ripa, an Italian, in a
work intitled Hiflorice Univsrfalis Plantarum Conferi-
bendi publifhed in quarto, at Padua, in 1718;
Michael Valentin, a German, in his Viridarium Refor-
matum, publifhed in folio, at Francfort, in 1719; the
celebrated Dillenius, profeffor of botany at Oxford, and
author of feveralmuch efteemed publications on botany,
particularly the Hortus Eltbamerjis, and Hiflory of
Moffes, in his Flora GifTenfis, printed at Francfort in
1719; Pontedera, an Italian, author of the delinea¬
tion of a method which combines thofe of Tournefort
and Rivinus, publifhed at Padua, in his botanical dif-
fertations, in iT’20; Monti, an Italian, in a work pu¬
blifhed at Bologna in 1724, under the title of Indices
Plantarum Varii; Lindem, a German, in his Tourne-
fortius Alfaticus, firft publifhed in 1728; Signior Mi-
cheli, author of feveral curious difeoveries refpeftlng
mofles and mufhrooms, in his Nova Genera Plantarum,
publifhed in folio at Florence in 1729 ; Elvebemes, a
Swede, in a work publifhed in the Swedifh language
at Upfal in 1730; Fabricius, a German, author of a
work intitled Primitia Flora Buti/bacenfs, feu fex De¬
cades Plantarum Rariorum, publiihed in 1743 ; Sab-
bati, an Italian, in his catalogue of the plants that grow
in the neighbourhood of Rome, printed at Rome in
1745 ; and the ingenious Dr Charles Alfton, late pro-
feffor of botany at Edinburgh, in his Tyrocinium Bo-
tanicum, publifhed at Edinburgh in 1753.
Of all this numerous lift of writers, Father Plumier and
Pontedera alone have ventured to quit the tra£t pointed
out by Tournefort. The former, in his arrangement
of American plants, has relinquifhed the diftin&ion
into herbs and trees ; but the latter has attempted'more
confiderable variations. His claffes are, 1. Uncertain.
2. Having no flowers. 3. Without buds, imperfect
plants. 4. Anomalous or irregular. 5. Labiated.
6. Bell-fhaped. 7. Saucer-fhaped. 8. Wheel-fliaped.
9. Tunnel-fhaped. 10. Flofculous. 11. Semiflofculous.
12. Radiated. 13. Irregular. 14. Papilionaceous.
15. Liliaceous. 16. Caryophillaceous. 17. Cruciform,
or crofs-fhaped. 18. Umbellated. 19. Staminous,
or with naked ftamina. 20. Bearing buds, apetalous,
or without petals. 21. Bearing buds irregular. 22 . Bear¬
ing buds bell-fhaped. 23. Bearing buds wheel-fhaped.
24. Bearing buds tunnel-fhaped. 25. Bearing buds,
papilionaceous. 26. Bearing buds, rofaceous.
Befides all thefe methods, there have been invented
two others, founded upon the calyx. The firft of thefe
was the invention of Peter Magnol, a celebrated pro-
fefibr of botany at Montpelier, and publifhed in 1720,
five years after the author’s death. The other was de¬
lineated by Linnaeus, and publifhed in his Clajfes Plan¬
tarum in 1738, three years after the publication of
the fexual fyflem. Magnol diftinguifhes two kinds of
calyx ; one external, which invelopes and fuftains the
•flower, and is the flower-cu^) properly fo called ; the
other internal, which is the feed veflel or fruit. Ac¬
cording to this idea, all plants, whether herbaceous or
woody, are furnifhed with either the external calyx only,
or with both. His claffesare, 1. Herbs with the calyx
Vol. HI. Part L
ANY.
external, including a flower unknown. 2. Calyx ex¬
ternal, including a flower ftaminous. 3, Calyx external,
including a flower monopetalous. 4. Calyx external,
including a flower polypetalous. 5. Calyx external,
including a flower compound. 6. Calyx external, fup-
porting a flower monopetalous. 7. Calyx external,
fupporting a flower polypetalous. 8. Calyx internal
only, which is the corolla. 9. Calyx external and in¬
ternal, flower monopetalous. xo. Calyx external and
internal, flower with two and three petals. 11. Calyx
external and internal, tetrapetalous. 12. Calyx ex¬
ternal and internal, polypetalous. 13. Trees with the
calyx external only. 14. Calyx internal only. 15. Ca¬
lyx external and internal both.
The characters of the orders, or fecondary divifions,
in Magnol’s method, are derived chiefly from the figure
of the calyx, petals, and feeds ; from the difpofition
of the flowers, from the number of petals, and fub-
ftance of the fruit. Fifty-five feftions or orders arife
from the combination of thefe characters with thofe of
the clafies; and thefe are again fubdivided into genera,
which poflefs this Angularity, that, in place of diftinc-
tive characters hitherto employed, they exhibit com¬
plete deferiptions of all the parts of fructification of
one or two fpecies of each genus. From this improve¬
ment Linnseus manifeftly borrowed the hint of his ge-
nerical characters.
Sir John Hill, in his vegetable fyftem endeavours
to clafs plants according to thei ■ iiit-.ual ftruCture *. * Vol. I
“Perhaps (fays he), upon the foundation of a trueP-U0*
anatomy of plants a natural method maybe eftabliflxed:
for it is certain, the forms of all the external parts of
vegetables depend on the difpofition of the internal ;
and all their differences are founded thgre. On the
different inner ftruCture of the vegetable bo^y, under
certain courfes of its veflels, evidently depend the dif¬
ferences \fchich characterize the feven firft families, to
the diftinCtions of which all claffes are fubordinate; and
as thefe' original diftinCtions are truly natural, we may
here begin very fafely.
“ TheUeven families are thefe, 1. The mufhrooms.
2. The algae, or foliaceous fea and land plants. 3. The
moffes. 4. The ferns. 5. The graffes. 6. The palms.
7. The common race of plants. Their diftinCtions one
from another are thefe:
“ 1. The mufhrooms are flefhy; and are deftitute of
leaves and vifible flowers. 2. The algae are merely
foliaceous, the entire plant confifting of a leafy matter
without other vifible parts. 3. The moffes have pro-
ceffes of the inner rhind for leaves. 4. The ferns con-
fift of a Angle leaf raifed on a ftalk; and bear their
flowers upon its back. 5. The graffes have jointed
ftalks and undivided leaves, and huiks to -hold the feeds.
6. The palms have a Ample trunk, with leaves only on
the top, and have the flowers and fruit in divided ears.”
Laftly, the feventh clafs, which he calls the common
race of plants, are fuch as have their roots, leaves, ftalks,
flowers, and fruits, diftinCt and obvious; and have not
the characters of any of the other fix families.
To this natural method his artificial one, confifting
of 43 claffes, and which takes up the whole of his vo¬
luminous work, is defigned only as an index; but as
this is univerfally allowed to be inferior to Linnaeus’s,
though he pretends to improve that fyftem, we think
it needlefs to Utke any farther notice of it.
Befides
426
B O T
Befides the fexual fyftem of Linnasus, which is now
almoft univerfally followed, he formed another, which,
like that of Magnol, had the calyx for its bafis; but
greatly fuperior both in the idea and execution, be¬
ing indeed Angularly ferviceable to the novice in bo¬
tany, by familiarizing to him various appearances
of an organ fo important in its nature, and fo diver-
iified in its form, as the calyx is. The claffes are,
1. Spathaceous, like a (heath or hofe. 2. Glumofe
or chaffy. 3. Amentaceous, or catkins, 4. Umbel-
lated. 5. Common calyx or flower-cup. 6. Double
calyx. 7. Flowering; the petals and flamina inferted
into the flower-cup. 8. Crowned, or crown-fliaped,
with a radius- 9. Irregular. 10. Difform, or different
fhapes. 11. Caducous, which fall off or fhed their
leaves. 12. Not caducous, uniform and monopetalous.
13. Not caducous, uniform and polypetalous. 14. Not
caducous, difform and monopetalous. 15. Not ca¬
ducous, difform and polypetalous. 16. Incomplete
calyx. 17. Apetalous,. or a bare calyx without petals.
18. Naked, or neither petals nor calyx.
Se£t. IV. Of the Method of reducing Plants to
ClaJfeSy Orders, Genera* and Species, according
to Limans’s Sexual Syjlem.
Before proceeding to explain this fyftem, it will
be proper to make the reader acquainted with the prin¬
cipal outlines of a plant, as delineated by our author in
his Prineipia Botanica.
A plant confifts of Root, Trunk, Leaves, Props,
Fru&ification, and Inflorefcence; to which may be
added the Habit.
I. The ROOT confifts of two parts, viz. the cau-
dex and the radicula, diftinguifhed according to fliape,
dire&ion, duration, &c,
1. Caudex, or fttmp, is the body or knob of the
root from which the trunk and branches afcend, and
the fibrous roots defcend; and in different plants is
either folid, bulbous (placed under a bulb), or tube¬
rous. Solid, as in trees, fhrubs, and many of the herbs.
Bulbous will be explained under Hyhernacle.—Tube¬
rous knobs are alfo folid and hard, containing one or
more embryos or eyes. They are either only one knob,
as turnip, carrot, &c. containing only one eye at the
top; or confift of many knobs connected together by
llender fibres, as in potatoes, jerufalem artichokes, &c.
each containing many eyes difperfed over the'furface:
and are either pitted, when the eyes lie inward, as in
potatoes, &c. or tuberculated, containing the eyes out¬
ward, as in jerufalem artichokes, &c. In tuberous
knobs, the fibres or ftringy parts iffue from every part
of the furface; which is an effential difference from
bulbous knobs, where they are confined to the caudex
of the bulb only, and are the true and genuine roots,
the bulb itfelf being only a large bud under ground.
Thofe tuberous knobs with only one eye, differ as to
duration, but are in general biennial j thofe with many
eyes are perennial; both feem to be produced by the
nutriment of the ftemlike buds, and not by the fibrous
roots, for the ftem is firft formed and becomes ftrong,
and as it grows to maturity, the tuberous knobs increafe.
2. Radicula, a little root, is the ftringy or fibrous
part of the root, defcending from the caudex : it is
really the principal and effential part of every root, and.
A N Y. Sea.
by which the nourifhment is drawn from the earth for
the fupport of the plant.
II. The TRUNK, which includes the branches, is
that part which rifes immediately from the caudex, and
produceth the leaves, flowers, and fruit. It is either
herbaceous, fhrubby, or arborefeent; and is diftin.
guiftied according to its fhape, fubftance, furface, &c.,
and admits of the following forts.
1. Caulis, a flalk or Jiem, is the main or univerfal’
trunk which elevates the leaves and fruftification, and
is applied to trees,. fhrubs, and herbs: It is denomi¬
nated Jimple when it doth not. divide,, and compound
when it is divided into branches..
2. Culmus, a flranu or hauhn, is the proper trunk
of graffes; and alfo elevates both the leaves and fruc¬
tification : It is fometimes jointed, and fometimes not;
it is alfo fometimes round, and fometimes angular.
3. Scapus, a falk, is an herbaceous, trunk, which
elevates the fru&ification, but not the leaves; that is,
it is a flalk proceeding immediately from the root, and
terminated by the flowers, as in narciffus, hyacinth, &c.
4. Stipes, a trunk, ufed by Linnaeus for the trunk
of mufhrooms: as alfo for that {lender thread or foot-
ftalk which elevates the feathery or hairy down with
which fome feeds are furnilhed, and connects it with
the feed.
III. The LEAVES are faid by Linnaeus to be the
mufcles or organs of motion of a plant; by ethers, the
organs by which perfpiration and infpiration are per¬
formed. They are defined as proceeding from the ex-
panfion of the veffels of the ftalk, forming feveral rami¬
fications like net-work, extended in length and breadth
in a determinate manner, having the interftices filled
up with a tender pulpy fubftance; and the external
covering is fuppofed to be a continuation of the fcarf.
{kin of the ftalk.
Leaves are either Ample or compound; and are diftin¬
guifhed by their figure, fituation, infertion, number,
divifions, &c.
A fimple leaf, is fuch as either adheres to the branch
fingly, or whofe footftalk is terminated by a Angle
fimple expanfion, not parted to the middle rib; and is
determined by its fhape, furface, and. divifions.
A compound leaf, is fuch whofe footftalk is furnifhed
with feveral feparate fimple expanfions ; or, in other
words, whofe divifions extend to the middle rib, now
called a common petiole or footftalk, fupporting feveral
lobes or little fimple leaves, of which the compound leaf
confifts: they are diftinguifhed by fhape, &c. and the
form by which they are attached to the common foot¬
ftalk, as palmated, winged, feathered, &c. Sometimes
leaves are twice or more compounded; which divifions
admit of many modifications, and give rife to as great
variety of terms. It may fometimes be difficult, at
firft fight, to know a common footftalk to a compound
leaf, from a branch: but it may be obferved, that a
common footftalk, where ft iffues from the branch, is
either flat or hollow on one fide, and convex on the^
other ; whereas branches are alike on both Aides, whe¬
ther round, flat, or angular: again, buds are never
found at the angles formed by the lobes of a compound
leaf with the footftalk, but at the angles formed by
the footftalk of the whole compound leaf and the ftem:
and it may always certainly be diftiuguiftied by its fall¬
ing off with the little leaves which it fupports.
The
tea. iv.
427
BOTANY.
The manner or place in which leaves are attached to only common part to aggregate flowers, arife feven dU
the plant, is called the determination of leaves ; and is viiions.
diitinguilhed by feveral terms, according to number, 1. Aggregate, properly fo called, confifting of
difpofition, infertion, figure, &c. fuch flowers as are formed by the union of feveral ieffer
IV. The PROPS, fulcra^ a term ufed to exprefs flowers or florets, placed on partial peduncles, on a
thofe external parts which ftrengthen, fupport, or de- common dilated receptacle, and within a common pe-
fend the plants on which they are found, or ferve to rianthium; and in thofe flowers where each floret hath
facilitate feme neceflary fecretion ; and are a? follow : its proper calyx, that is alfo a perianthium. [A flower
1. Petiolus, the footftalk or fupport of a leaf. is faid to be radiate, when the florets in the radius or
2. Pedunculus, the footftalk or fupport of a flower, circumference differ from thofe in the dilk ; in which
3. Stipula, haulm or hujk, a fort of fcale or fmall cafe they are generally larger, and are called femi-flo-
leaf, ftationed on moft plants (when prefent) on each rets, from their difference in form, and in diftinttion
fide the bafe of the footftalk of leaves and flowers, at from thofe of the difk, which are called proper florets :
their firft appearance, for the purpofe of fupport: and they alfo differ as to fex, which gives rife to feveral
They are, placed either Angle or double; and fome- of the orders in the clafs fyngenefia, which contains the
times on the infide,.as in the fig and mulberry ; or on compound flowers.]
the .outlide, as in the birch, lime, and papilionaceous 2. Compound aggregate, confifting alfo of feve-
flowers: They are alfo either fitting, extended down- ral florets, placed fitting (or without partial peduncles)
wards, or flreathing along the ftem, as in the plane on a common dilated receptacle, and within a common
tree. As to duration, they fometimes fall before the perianthium ; and where each floret hath its proper
leaves, and fometimes are equally perfiftent : They calyx, it is alfo a perianthium. Compound flowers
often afford a good diftin&ion for the fpecies. alfo admit of a further defeription, viz. each floret con-
4. Cirrhus, a car/, meaning a clafper or tendril, is fifts of a Angle petal, with generally five divifions,
the fine fpiral firing or fibre by which plants fallen and having five ftamina diftinft at the bafe, but united
themfelves to fome other body for fupport: They are at the top by the antherae into a cylinder, through
fometimes placed oppofite to the leaves; fometimes at which paffeth the ftyle of the piilillum, longer than the
the fide of the footftalks of the leaves ; fometimes they ftamina, and crowned by a ftigma with two divifions
iffue from the leaves themfelves; and fometimes they that are rolled backwards, and having a fingle feed
put out roots, as in ivy, &c. placed upon the receptacle under each floret. This
5. Pubes, a term applied to the hair, down, Wool, is the general charafter of a compound flower, to which
beard, briftles, glands, and feveral other appearances there are a few exceptions; it alfo differs when the
on different parts of plants, ferving the double pur- flower is radiate: but the effential chara&er of a regu*
pofe of defence and veffelsof fecretion. lar floret confifts in the antheras being united fo as to
6. Arma, the defenfive weapon of plants; as thorns, form a cylinder, and having a fingle feed placed upon
prickles, &c • ' the receptacle under each floret.
7. Bracte^e, thin plates of metal, are the floral 3. Umbellate aggregate, when the flower con-
leaves ; and mean not only thofe leaves fituated on the fifts of many florets placed on faftigiate peduncles pro*
ftalk neareft to the lower parts of the flower, but thofe ceeding from the fame ftem or receptacle ; and which,
which fometimes terminate the flower ftalk; being though of different lengths, rife to fuch an height as
compofed of large bra&eae, refembling a bufti of hair, to form a regular head or umbel, whether flat, convex,
and are then called bradex comofe, as in crown-imperial, or concave ; and both the common and partial calyx
lavender, and fome fpecies of fage. Linnaeus calls an involucrum. It is called a fmple uni-
V. The FRUCTIFICATION, or mode of fruit- when it hath no leffer divifions; a compound umbel,
hearing, confifting of the calyx, corolla, ftamina, piftil- when each peduncle is fubdivided at its extremity into
lum, pericarpium, femina, and receptaculum ; which many leffer peduncles for fupporting the flowers, fo as
will be afterwards explained. to form feveral little umbellas, uniting in one head;
VI. The INFLORESCENCE, or mode by which the whole together is called an univerfal umbel, and the
flowers are joined to their feveral peduncles, whether little umbellas are called partial umbels. In fome ge-
common or partial. nera, that have radiated umbels, the florets of the cen-
A flower in the Sexual botany hath a very different ter and thofe of the circumference, differ both as to feX
fignification from the fame term of former writers; and fize ; but in general each hath five petals, five fta-
for if the antherae and ftigma be prefent, though the mina, and two ftyles, or one that is bifid, with a ger*
calyx, corolla, filaments of the ftamina, and ftyle of the men placed beneath and two naked feeds, which wdxen
piftillum be wanting, it is ftill a flower ; and if all the ripe, feparate below, but remain conneded at the top.
parts are prefent, it is a complete flower. The feed 4. Cymous aggregate (from cyma, a fprout) call-
alfo conftitutes the fruit, .whether there be a pericar- ed by Linnaeus a receptacle, is when feveral faftigiate
pium or not. peduncles proceed from the fame centre like the um-
Complete flowers are either fimple or aggregate ; bel, and rife to nearly an even height; but unlike the
fmple, when no part of the frudification is common umbel, the fecondary or partial peduncles proceed
to many flowers or florets, but is confined to one only; without any regular order, as in fambucus, viburnum,
aggregate, when the flower confifts of many florets &c.
colleded into a head by means of fome part of the fruc- 5. Amentaceous aggregate, are fuch flowers as
tification common to them all, as by a common recep- have a long common receptacle, along which are dif-
tacle, or common calyx ; as in dipfacus, fcabiofa, &c. pofed fquamae or fcales, wife;; ' mn that fort of calyx
From the different ftrudure, difpofition, and other called an amentum or rylus, pinus, ju-
circumftances of the receptacle or calyx, being the glans, &c. Ament: * -Hy want the
3 H 2 petals.
42 S
EOT
petals, and all of them are of the clafles monoecia and
dioecia.
6. Glumose aggregate, are fuch flowers as pro¬
ceed from a common huflcy calyx belonging to grafles,
called gluma ; many of which are placed on a common
receptacle called rachis, collefting the florets into the
fpike, as triticum, hordeum, fecale, lolium, &c.
7. Spadiceous aggregate, are alfo fuch flowers
as have a common receptacle, protruded from within
a common calyx called fpatha, along which are difpo-
fed feveral florets. Such a receptacle is called a />a-
dix: and is either branched, as in phoenix; or Ample,
as in narciflus, '&c.: In this lait cafe the florets may
be difpofed, either all around it, as in calla, dracon-
tium, pothos, &c.; on the lower fide of it, as in arum,
&c.; or in two fides, as in zoftera, &c. Thefe flowers
have generally no partial calyx. v
Thefe are the feveral diftlnctions of aggregate flowers
(according to Linnaeus); befides which there are feve¬
ral other modes of flowering, properly fo called, that
come under the general term Inflorefcence, and often
afford the bell marks to difcriminate the fpecies. Thefe
inodes of flowering are chiefly exprefled as follows :
j. Verticillus, a whorl, when the flowers are pla¬
ced in whorls at each joint, round the common ftalk :
they have very Ihort partial peduncles ; are ail of the
labiated kind ; and have either two or four llamina, and
four naked feeds, as in falvia, marrubium, mentha, &c.
A verticil hath feveral diftinttions, as naked, brafted,
&c.; and all thofe genera with four flamina are of the
clafa. didynamia.
a. Capitulum, a little head, is when many flowers
are connedled into nearly a globular form or head, on
the fummit of the common ftalk, fometimes with and
fometimes without partial peduncles, as in gomphrena,
&c. and is diftinguifhed by its ftiape and other circum-
ftances.—Xln&tr capitulum is now introduced the term
fafciculus (a little bundle), which in former editions
flood diftinft. It means when the peduncles are eredf,
parallel, approaching each other, and raifed to the
lame height as in fweet William, where they generally
proceed from different parts of the common ftalk, op-
pofite to each other.
Spica, a fpike, when the flowers, having no partial
peduncles, are arranged alternately around a common
Ample peduncle. It is called /pica fscunda (a fingle-
row’d fpike), when the flowers are all turned one way,
following each other; andfpicadifiicha (a double-row’d
fpike), when the flowers ftand pointing twd ways, as in
lolium, &c.: And it is diftinguifhed by fhape and
other circumftances.
4. Corymbus, (a clufler of ivy berries), when the
leffer peduncles of the flowers proceed from different
parts of the common peduncle or ftalk ; and though
of unequal lengths, and fometimes fimple, and fome¬
times branched, yet form a regular furface at the top ;
as in the .filiquofe plants (clafs. fetradynamia.) The
corymbus may be fuppofed to be formed from a fpike,
by adding partial peduncles to the flowers ; and feems
to be the mean between racemus and umbella, the pe¬
duncles rifing gradually from different parts of the com¬
mon ftalk, like thofe of the raceme, and proceed to a
proportionable height like thofe of the umbel.
5. Thyrsus [p.young falk); a mode of flowering
®efembling the cone of a pine ,\ Linnaeus faith, it is a
A N Y. Sed.
panicle contrafted into an ovate or egg-ihaped form ;
the lower peduncles, which are longer, horizontally ;
and the upper, which are fhorter, mount vertically, as
fyringa, &c. *
6. Racemus, (a lunch of grapes), is when the
flowers are placed on fhort partial peduncles, proceed*
ing as little lateral branches, from and along the com¬
mon peduncle. It refembles a fpike in, having the
flowers placed along a common peduncle, but differs
from it in having partial peduncles : it alfo differs from
a corymbus in the fhartnefs and equal length of its pe¬
duncles, not forming a regular furface at the top ; as
in ribes-rubrum, vitis, &c.
7. Panicuea, (the/«/? upon reeds), is when the
flowers are difperfed upon peduncles varioufly fubdi-
vided; or it is a fort of branching fpike, compofed of
feveral fmaller fpikes, attached along a common pedun-
cle, as in avena panicum, and feveral other graffes, and
many other plants. When the partial peduncles di¬
verge and hang loofe, it is called a dijfufe, and when
they converge, it is called a clofe, panicle.
To thefe may be added the term Axillares,
(from axilla, the arm-pit), being fuch flowers' as pro¬
ceed from the angle formed by the leaf and the ftem,
as is moft common : And Terminales, being fuch
flowers as terminate the ftalk or branch. Alfo every
other mode of flowering is called the Inflorefcence, whe¬
ther oppofite to the leaves, lateral, Angle, double, ereft,
bending, &c. *
Under this head of Inflorefcence may be explained
Luxuriant Flowers, (commonly called double-
flowers) ; which, as they are confidered only as varie¬
ties and unnatural, belong properly to the head, Habit
of plants. A luxuriant flower is fuppofed generally to
be owing to fuperabundant nouriftiment; the luxuriant
part is generally the corolla, but fometimes the calyx
alfo. It is divided into three degrees : 1. multiplica-
tus ; 2. plenus ; 3. prolifer .-To which may be added,
as an oppofite imperfection,yfer tnutilatus.
1. Multiplicatus, when-the petals of the corol¬
la are only fo far multiplied as to exclude part of the
ftamina ; and is called duplicate, triplicate, quadrupli¬
cate, life, according to the number of rows of petals.
2. Plenus, when the corolla is fo much multiplied,
as to exclude all the ftamina; which is occafioned by
the ftamina turning petals, and the flower is often fo
crowded as to exclude or choak thepiftillum alfo. There¬
fore, as the effential parts of generation are thus wholly ,
or in part deftroyed, the plants become barren and im-
perfeft, and no feed, or very little, can’ be expefted
from them.. Flowers with one petal are not very fub*
jeeft to fulnefs; when they are, if generally arifes from
an increafe of the divifions of the petal. It is moft
ufual in flowers of many petals, where it arifes various
ways; fometimes by multiplication of the petals only,
fometimes of the calyx or neftarium, and fometimes
of all. Compound flowers are alfo fubjeft to luxuri-
ance, arifing feveral ways.
3. Prolifer, when one flower grows out of ano^
ther ; this,generally happens in full flowers, from their
greater luxuriancy. In fimple flowers, it rifes from
the centre, and proceeds from thepiftillum fhootingup
into another flower, Handing on a Angle footftalk. In
aggregate flowers (properly fo called) maqy footftalk:
ed flowers are produced out of ope common calyx. In
3L umbtlv.
429
IV, B O T
umbellate flowers, a fecond umbel proceeds from the
centre of the firft umbel, producing little umbels ;
which by a greater exertion of luxuriancy may produce
others with little umbels, and thus may proceed feveral
heads of flowers, each growing out of that immediate¬
ly below it, furniflied with little umbels varioufly com¬
pounded. A prolific flower is alfo called leafy (fron-
dofus), when it produceth branches with flowers and
leaves, which, though rare, fometimes happens in
rofaj anemone, monarda, and others. [As in luxu¬
riant flowers many parts of the natural chara&er
are deficient in the whole or in part, they can only be
diilinguiflied by the general habit, and by fuch parts as
remain in the natural ftate ; as very often by the calyx,
and in polypetalous flowers, the loweft feries or rows of
petals remain the fame, as in rofa, papaver, nigella,&c.]
Flos mutilatus, is fuch a flower as occaiionally
is deprived of all, or the greateft part, of the petals,
yet bears feeds, as in fome fpecies of tuffilago, campa¬
nula, &c. This term is oppofed to luxuriance, and is
fuppofed by Linnteus to be caufed by a defeft of heat,
though it may alfo happen by other caufes.
Under this head of flowers, may alfo be mentioned
the different fexes.
Flowers, in refpeft to Sex, are diftinguifhed into
male, female, hermaphrodite, and neuter. Male flow¬
ers are fuch as have only the ftamina or males, as in the
claffes monoecia, dioecia, and polygamia. Female
flowers are fuch as have only the piftilla or females, as'
in the fame claffes monoecia, dioecia, and polygamia.
Hermaphrodite flowers are fuch as have both the fta¬
mina and piftilla in the fame flower, as in all the other
claffes: hermaphrodites are alfo diftinguifhed into
male hermaphrodites, when the female is ineffectual;
and female hermaphrodites, when the ma»e is ineffec¬
tual. Neuter flowers are fuch as have neither ftamina
nor piftilla perfect. The plants themfelves alfo take a
denomination from the fex of their flowers; as male
plants are fuch as bear male flowers only; female
plants are fuch as bear female flowers only; herma¬
phrodite plants are fuch as bear hermaphrodite flowers
only. Androgynous (male and female) plants are fuch
as bear both male and female flowers, diftinft, upon
the fame root, as in the clafs monoecia. Polygamous
plants are fuch as bear hermaphrodite flowers, and male
or female flowers, or both diftindt, on the fame or on
different roots : if on the fame root, the flowers are ei¬
ther male hermaphrodites and female hermaphrodites ;
or hermaphrodites and male ; or hermaphrodites and
female, diftindt : if on different roots, the flowers are
either hermaphrodites and male ; hermaphrodites and
female ; hermaphrodites and both male and female t or
are androgynous and male ; andTometimes androgy¬
nous and male and female on three diftindl plants.
VII. The HABIT of plants, by which ancient bo-
tanifts meant the whole external appearance of every
part thereof, whereby they were arranged in their fe-.
veral fyftems ; but by Linnaeus it is meant to be the
agreement of plants of the fame genus or natural or¬
der ; chiefly in the following circumftances.
Gemmation. The ftrudlure and difpofition of the
bulb, as foltd, coated, fcaly, ftem-bulb. Alfo of the
bud ; its origin petioled, ftipuled, cortical; its con¬
tents leafy, floral, common.
Vernation. The complication of the leaves within
the bud, as cojiduplicate or dpubled together ; convo-
A N Y.
lute or rolled tdgether ; involute or rolled in ; revolute
or rolled back; imbricated or tiled; equitant or ri¬
ding ; obvolute or rolled againft each other; plaited
or, folded over ; fpiral or coiled like a watch-fpring,
one end in the centre.
Mfivation. The ftate of the bud in fummer, as con¬
volute, imbricated, conduplicate,valved, unequal-valved,
Tortion. The twifting or bending of the parts, as
uniform, diflimilar, from the right, from the left, re¬
ciprocal, refupine, fpiral.
Nuptials. Male, female,androgynous,hermaphrodite.
Semination. The fhape and other circumftances of-
the feed, as tail, wing, tuft, awn, hooks, gluten, cur¬
vature. Alfo of the pericarpium ; as berrying, infla¬
tion, vifcofity, elafticity, ftruCture..
Placentation. The number and difpofition of the co¬
tyledons ; or if wanting.
Variation. Of colour, fize, pubefcence, age.
External: plaited, bundled, broad-leaved, curled,
awnlefs.
Internal: mutilated, great-flowered, luxuriant, creft-
ed; viviparous, bulb-bearing.
By variation or variety are meant fuch differences as-
are only incidental to vegetables, and are not found
conftant and unchangeable ; that is, where plants raifed
from the fame feed, by fome accidental caufe differ in
form and appearance, from the true character of the
fpecies to which they belong ; which caufe being re¬
moved, the plant is reftored to its true fpecific charac¬
ter : and thefe incidental varieties chiefly arife by dif¬
ference of foil or culture, in fome of the above circum¬
ftances. And though it is as neceffary to colledt varieties-
under their proper fpecies, as the fpecies under their pro¬
per genera j yet it is often more difficult; firft, from
the difficulty of afeertaining the genus, and fecondly,.
from the variety of confounding the fpecies ; and fome¬
times fome parts of the fpecific charadter itfelf are alfo
fubjeft to variety, particularly the leaves ; though in
general the true fpecific character is,conftant and un¬
changeable, arifing only from fuch circumftances
wherein plants of the- fame genus are found to difagree,
which diftin&ions are commonly taken with moft cer¬
tainty, from the following parts, (viz.) root, trunk,,
leaves, fulcra, hybernacle, inflorefcence : all which parts
have been already explained, except hybernacle.
The HYBERNACULUM, {'winter lodgement),
is that part of a plant which defends the embryo or
future fhoot from external injuries during the winter ;
and, according to Linnaeus, is either a bulb or a bud.
1. A Bulb (bulbus), is a large fort of bud produ¬
ced under ground, placed upon the caudex of certain
herbaceous plants, hence called bulbous plants ; all of
which are perennial, that is, perpetuated by.their bulbs,
or ground buds, as well as by feeds ; they are therefore
improperly called roots, being only the hybernacle of
the future ftioot. Bulbs are of.the following forts:
r. Squamous;, confifting. of feales laid over each
other like tiles, as in the lily.
2. Solid; coafifting of a clofe fubftance, as in tulips.
3. Coated; confifting of many.coats infolding each .
other, as in onions..
4. Cauline ; produced not only from the fides of
the principal bulb, called a fucker or offset, but from
other parts o'f the Item ; as in crow or wild garlic, and in
fome fpecies of onion (hence called bulbiferous) ; where -
they are produced at the origin of .the umbel of flowers.
4_>3
B O T
II, A Bud (gemma), is the embryo of the plant,
feated upon the Item and branches, covered with fcales.
In general there are three forts of buds:—That con¬
taining the flower only, as in poplar, afh, See. where
the leaf-buds and flower-buds are diftindl:—That con¬
taining the leaves only, as in birch, &c. :—and. That
containing both flower and leaves, as in the generality
of plants; and thefe lalt fometimes contain leaves and
male flowers, fometimes leaves a«l female flowers,
fometimes leaves and hermaphrodite flowers.
Annual plants are only renewed from feeds; and
feveral other plants, both trees and flirubs, have no
winter buds: It is alfo obferved in hot countries, that
few plants have buds; or at leaft they are without that
fcaly covering which feems effential to a bud, and con-
ftitutes the hybernacle ; inftead whereof are protruded
fmall feather-like branches from the wings of the leaves,
(defence and proteftion from cold not being neceflary);
whereas in cold countries moft plants have buds, which
are wrapped up all the winter, in readinefs to greet
the approaching fpring.
Laftly, What is called the Sleep of plants, accord¬
ing to Linnaeus, happens various ways ; as by conver¬
ging, including, furrounding, fortifying,conduplicating,
involving, diverging, depending, inverting, imbricating.
This difpofition in plants is very remarkable in chick-
weed, pimpernel, dandelion, goat’s-beard, See. which
A N Y. Sea
expand their flowers only at certain times of the day,
and ihut them up at the-approach of night or a ftorm :
which fliows the great care nature takes to proteft
and invigorate her feeble offspring ; and from hence
may often be prognofticated a change of weather. In
many plants, not only the flowers, but the young flioots,
are defended from external injuries, by the nearelt
leaves converging and inclofing the tender rudiments.
The Sexual Method of reducing plants to claffes,
genera, and fpecies, i* founded upon the fuppofition that
vegetables propagate their fpecies in a manner fimilar
to that of animals. Linnaeus endeavours to fuppoct
this hypothefis by the many analogies that fubfdt be¬
tween plants and animals, which fliall be more particu¬
larly pointed out in the next fe&ion. It is from this
circumilance that Linnaeus’s fyftem of botany has got
the name of the fexual fyftem. The names of his
clafles, orders, &c. are all derived from this theory.
He calls the ftamina of flowers, as we have feen, the
males, or the male parts of generation ; the piilils he
calls females, or the female parts of generation ; and
plants whofe flowers contain both male and female
parts, are faid to be hermaphrodites. Sec. His clafles,
orders, and genera, are all derived from the number,
fituation, proportion, and other circumftances attending
thefe parts, as will appear from the following
SCHEME of the SEXUAL SYSTEM, TABLE of the CLASSES,
f Either publicly, i. e. have vifible flowers:
( Monoclinia, males and females in the fame bed :—e. The -flowers are all hermaphrodite, having fta¬
mina and piftils in the fame flower,
f Diffinitas, the males or ftamina unconnected with each other.
IndifferentiJJimus, the males or ftamina having no determinate proportion betwixt each other as to
length.
r. MonandrIA, i. e. one male or ftamen in a hermaphrodite flower.
2. Diandria,  two males or ftamina.
3. Triandria,  three males.
4. Tetrandria,  four males.
5. Pentandria,  five males.
6. Hexandria,   fix males.
7. Heptandria,   feven males-
8. Octandria,    eight males.
9. Enneandria,   nine males.
10. Decandria,  ten males.
11. Dodecandria, eleven males.
< 12. Icosandria,  twenty, or more males inferted into the calyx, and not into the recep¬
tacle.
13. Polyandria,  all above twenty males inferted into the receptacle.
\ Subordinate, two of the males or ftamina uniformly ftiorter than the reft.
14. Didynamia,   four males, two of them uniformly ftiorter than the other two.
15. Tetradynamia,— fix males, two of which are uniformly fliorter than the reft.
\Affinitas, the males or ftamina either connected to each other, or to the piftillum.
16. Monodelphia, the males or ftamina united into one body by the filaments.
17. Diadelphia, the ftamina united into two bodies or bundles by the filaments.
18. Polyadelphta, the ftamina united into three or more bundles by the filaments.
19. Syngenesia, the ftamina united in a cylindrical form by the antheras.
20. Gynandria, the ftamina inferted into the piftillum. \
l_ Diclinia, males and females in feparate beds ; i. e. plants that have male and female flowers in the
fame fpecies.
21. Monoecia, male and female flowers in the fame plant.
22. Dioecia, male flowers in one plant, and females in another, of the fame fpecies.
23. Polygamia, male, female, and hermaphrodite flowers in the fame fpecies.
Or clandestinely, i. <?. whofe parts of fruftification are invifible.
24. Cryptogamia, the flowers invifible, fo that they cannot be ranked according to the parts
of fructification.
43 ^
IV.
BOTANY.
Thefe 24 Classes comprehend every known genus
and fpecies. It is an eafy matter to clafs a plant belong¬
ing to any of the firft 11 claffes, as they all depend on
the number of ftamina or male parts, without regard to
any other circumftance: only it is to be obferved, that
'the 11 th clafs, Dodecandria1 although its title is ex-
preffive of 12 ftamina only, confifts of fuch plants as
are furniftied with any number of ftamina from 1 1 to
19 inclufive. The reafon of the chafm in the claffes
from 10 to 12 ftamina, is, that no flowers have yet been
found with only 11, fo as to form a clafs. Refeda
Hath fometimes only 11, but oftener more, yet never
exceeding 15. The 12th clafs requires more atten¬
tion than the preceding. When the ftamina amount
to above 20, a tyro will be apt to imagine that the
plant belongs to the polyandria clafs. In reducing
plants of this kind to their claffes, particular regard
muft be had to the infertion of the ftamina. If they
are inferted into the calyx or cup, the plant belongs
to the icofandria clafs; if to the receptacle or bafis of
the flower, it belongs to the polyandria. This di-
ftinftion it is very neceffary to obferve, as the fruits
of the latter clafs are frequently poifonous.
The 14th clafs is likewife in danger of being con¬
founded with the 4th. In the 4th, the number of fta¬
mina is the fame witlx that of'the 14th : But in the
14th, two of the ftamina are uniformly much ftxorter
than the other two ; at the fame time each particular
ftamen belonging to the different pairs ftahds dire&ly
oppofite to one another.
The 15th clafs may be miftaken for the 6th, as they
confift of the fame number of ftamina. But in the 15th,
four of the ftamina are uniformly longer than the other
two ; and thefe two are always oppofite to each other.
ORDERS.
In the firft 13 claffes, the Orders, which are inferior
divifions, and had us a ftep nearer the genus, are ta¬
ken fr6m the piftils or female parts, in the fame man¬
ner as the claffes from the ftamina : Monogynia, digy*
nia, trigynia, tetragynia, &c. /. e. one, two, three,
four, &c. female parts. When the piftils or female
parts have no ftalk or filament like the ftamina, they
are numbered by the ftigmata or tops of the piftils,
which in that cafe adhere to the capfule in the form of
fmall protuberances, as may be obferved in the flowers
of the poppy, &c.
The Orders of the 14th clafs axe derived from a dif¬
ferent fource. The plants belonging to it have their
feeds either inclofed in a capfule, or altogether unco¬
vered. Hence they naturally admit of a divifion into
the following orders, viz. gymnofpetmia, comprehend¬
ing fuch as have naked feeds; and angiofpermiaf which
comprehends fuch as have their feeds covered, or inelo-
fed in a capfule.
The ijth clafs is divided into two Orders, viz. the
filiculofa, or thofe which have a ftxort filiqua or pod ;.
and the Jiliqmfa, or thofe which have a longer filiqua.
The Orders of the 16th, 1 7th, 18th, and 20th claf¬
fes, are taken from the number of ftamina; e.g. mo~
nodclphia pentandria, decatidria, polyandria, 8cc.
The 19th clafs confifts of plants whofe flowers are
compounded of a great number of fmall flowers or flof-
cules inclofed in’ one common calyx. The Orders of
this clafs are,,
Poly garni a aqualis, or fuch whofe flofcules are all
furniftied with ftamina and piftils.
Polygamia fpuria, comprehends thofe which have
hermaphrodite flofcules in the dilk, and.female flofcules
in the margin. This circumftance is made the founda¬
tion of the three following orders. 1. Polygamia fu-
p'erjlua, includes all thofe whofe hermaphrodite flowers.
in the difk are furniftied with ftigmata, and bear feed ;
and whofe female flowers in the radius likewife produce
feeds. 2. Polygamia frujlranea, include fuch as have
hermaphrodite feed-bearing flofcules in the diflc; but
whofe flofcules in the radius, having no ftigmata, are
barren. 3. Polygamia necejfaria, is the reverfe of the
former : the hermaphrodite flowers in the diflc want
ftigmata, and are barren ; but the female flofcules in the •
radius are furniftied with ftigmata, and produce feeds.
Polygamia fegrtgata, many flofcules inclofed in one
common calyx, and each of the flofcules likewife fur¬
niftied with a perianthium proper to itfelf.
Mono garni a. This order conlifts only of feven genera,
•viz. the ftrumphia, feriphium, corymbium, jafione, lo¬
belia, viola, and impatiens; none of which have pro¬
perly compound flowers, but are ranked under this clafs'
purely from the circumftance of having their ftamina
united by the anther®.
The Orders of the 2Jft clafs are partly taken from
the number of ftamina, and partly from the names and
chara&ers peculiar to fome of the other claffes ; e. g..
monoecia triandria, moncecia fyngenefia, monoscia gy-
nandria.
The Orders- of the 22d clafs are founded upon the
number, union, and lituation of the ftamina in the
male flowers.
The Orders of the 23d are all taken from claffical cha-
racters ; e. g. polygamia moncecia, polygamia diced a,,
and polygamia tricecia.
The 24th clafs is divided into the four following
Orders : 1. Filices* comprehending all plants that bear
their feeds in the back or edges of the leaf, and thofe
that are called capillary plants. 2. Mnfci, which com¬
prehends all the mofs kind. 3. Algee, including the
lichens, fuci, and many others whofe parts of fructifi¬
cation are either altogether invifible or exceedingly
obfcure. 4. Fungi, comprehending all the mulhroom i
tribe..
Table of the Orders.
Orders.
Class I: confifts of 2 : Monogynia, Digynia; com--
II.
III.
IV.
V. ,
VI.
VII.
prehending 18 gfenera.
3 : Monogynia, Digynia, Tri--
gynia>.35 genera.
3 : Monogynia, Digynia, Tri—
gynia ; 76 genera.
3: Monogynia, Digynia, Te¬
tragynia ; 85 genera.
6:: Monogynia, Digynia, Tri¬
gynia, Tetragynia, Pen-•
tagynia, Polygynia ; 264 .
genera.
5 : Monogynia, Digynia, Tri¬
gynia, Tetragynia, Po-
lygynia; 82 genera.
4: Monogynia, Digynia, Te¬
tragynia, Heptagynia; 7 /
genera.
3.1
Class;
B O T
A
Y.
Orders*
Class VIII. confiftsof/j.:
- IX. 3-
X. 5:
XI. 5:
XII. 5:
XIII. 7:
XIV. 2:
XV. 2:
XVI. 7:
XVII. 4:
XVIII. 3:
XIX. 6:
XXL ix :
XXII. 14:
Monogynla, Digynia, Tri-
gynia, Tetragynia ; 45
genera.
Monogynia, Trigynia,Hex-
agynia; 6 genera.
Monogynia, Pigynia, Tri-
gynia, Pentagynia, De-
cagynia; 94 genera.
Monogynia, Digynia, Tri-
gynia, Pentagynia, Do-
decagyn’ia; 33 genera.
Monogynia, Digynia, Tri-
gynia, Pentagynia, Po-
lygynia; 29 genera.
Monogynia, Digynia, Tri-
gynia, Tetragynia, Pen¬
tagynia, Hexagynia, Po-
lygynia; 77 genera.
Gymnofpermia, Angiofper-
mia 5 102 genera.
Siliquofa, -Siliculofa; 32
genera.
Triandria, Pentandria, Oc-
tandria, Decandria, En-
decandria, Dodecandria,
Polyandria; 36 genera.
Pentandria, Hexandria, Oc-
tandria, Decandria; 56
genera.
Pentandria, Icofandria, Po¬
lyandria ; 12 genera.
Polygamia aequalis, Polyga-
mia fuperflua, Polygamia
fruftranea, Polygamia ne-
ceffaria, Polygamia fe-
gregata, Monogamia; 116
genera.
Diandria, Triandria, Te-
trandria, Pentandria,
Hexandria, Oftandria,
Decandria, Dodecandria,
Polyandria ; 33 genera.
Monandria, Diandria, Tri¬
andria, Tetrandria, Pen¬
tandria, Hexandria, Hep-
tandria, Polyandria, Mo-
nadelphia, Syngenefia,
Gynandria; 80 genera.
Monandria, Diandria, Tri¬
andria, Tetrandria, Pen¬
tandria, Hexandria, Oc-
tandria, Enneandria, De¬
candria,Dodecandria, Po¬
lyandria, Monadelphia,
N
XXIII.
XXIV.
Appendix,
Sea.
Syngenefia, Gynandria ;
55 genera. _
3 : Monoecia, Dicecia, Trice-
cia ; 34 genera.
4: Filices, Mufci, Algae, Fun¬
gi; 51 genera.
Palmas.
Thefe laft, though capable of being arranged in the
feveral claffes of the fyftem, yet, on account of their An¬
gular flru£ture, have been placed in an appendix, con¬
taining fuch genera as have a fpadix and fpatha, i. e.
whofe flowers and fruit are produced on that particular
receptacle or feat called a fpadix, protruded from a
common calyx in form of a iheath called fpatha. This
order -confifts of trees and flirubs only. Thefe have al¬
ways a Ample ftem, not branched, bearing leaves at the
top, refembling thofe of fern, being a compofltion of a
leaf and a branch, called frondes ; and the corolla hath
always three petals, or three deep diviflons. The
known genera are 10 in number.
GENERA.
Having thus explained the diftinftions of clafles and
orders, the next ftep is the inveftigation of the genus
or family.
The efferice of every vegetable, fays Linnaeus, con-
flfts in the fruftiAcation (or mode of fruit-bearing),
and the efience of the fru&iflcation conflfts inf the
flower and fruit; the effence of the flower conflfts in
the antherae and ftigma, and the effence of tlye fruit
conflfts in the feed. Hence, in his fexual theory, he
neceffarily makes the flower and" fruit the foundation
of his generic diftinftions. Thefe are generally com-
pofed of feven parts ; the calyx, the corolla, the
STAMINA, the PISTILLUM, the PERICARPIUM, the SE¬
MINA, the receptaculum ; and the prefence or ab-
fence, the number, flgure, proportion, and Atuation
of the feveral parts, conftitute the genus. But as there
are few genera wherein all the parts of the natural
character are conftant in every one of the fpecies, it is
neceflary to Ax upon fuch circumftances as are conftant
in both genus and fpecies, and call thofe the effential
or ruling character, as well the more eaflly to diftin-
guifti one genus from another, as to regulate and Ax
the feveral fpecies and their varieties to their re-
fpedtive genera ; for which purpofe, in fome cafes, Lin¬
naeus was obliged to have recourfe to the netlarium,
afterwards explained. The Arft four parts of the fru&ift-
cation are properly parts of the flower, and the laft three
are parts of the fruit.
I. The CALYX (a), zcup, is the termination'of the
outer bark {cortex) of a plant. Its chief ufe is to
inclofe, fupport, and protect the other parts of the
fru&iflcation. When prefent, it is feated on the re¬
ceptacle :
(a) The calyx is confldered a part of the flower, though it more generally attends, and is permanent with,
the fruit, as in the clafs didynamia, and moft other plants ; yet fometimes it drops before or with the corolla,
and before the fruit is ripe, as in the clafs tetradynamia, and many other plants. It is alfo confldered a part
of the flower, as there is no inftance of its coming out after the plant has done flowering; yet in/patagonula it
is obferved to grow to a much larger flze in the fruit than it had in the flower: In fome plants there is
none, or fcarce perceptible ; in others, it is only a rim or border (margo). The germen is alfo confldered as
part of the flower, as being the bafe of the piftillum, though it afterwards becomes the feed-veffd.
N°,?5i.
K Sea. IV.
B O T
r
ceptacle : and is diftinguiihed by its figure; by the
number, divifion, and ftiape of its leaves, or fegments;
and by the following names, according to the circum-
ftances with which it is attended.
Perianthium, {furrounding the flower}> when its
flation is clofe to, and furrounds the other parts of the
fruftification, and it is then called the periantbium of the
fruttification : If it includes many flofcules, as in fca-
biofa, and other aggregate and compound flowers, it
is called a common perianthium : if it includes only one
flofcule, in fuch flowers it is called a proper perianthi¬
um: if it includes the ftamina, and not the germen, it
is the perianthium of the flower, and is faid to be
■above, as in lonicera, ribes, campanula, &c.: if it in¬
cludes the germen, but not the ftamina, it is the peri¬
anthium of the fruit, and is faid to be below, as in
linnea and morina, each of which have two calyxes
and two receptacles above each other, one of the
flower and the other of the fruit, and may therefore
ferve as inftances in both cafes.
Involucrum, (a cover), when ftationed at the foot
of an umbel, below the common receptacle, and at a
diftance from the flower: it is called univerfal, if
placed under the univerfal umbel; and partial, if placed
under a partial umbel.
Amentum, (a thong), meaning a catkin, when it
confifts of a great number of chaffy fcales, difpofed
along a flender axis or common receptacle, which, from
its refemblance to a cat’s tail, hath obtained the name
catkin ; and thefe flowers have generally no petals :
Sometimes the fame amentum fupports both male and
female flowers, diftinft, on the fame plant, as in car-
pinus, &c. ; fometimes the male and female flowers
are removed from each other on the fame plant, and
the amentum fupports only the male flowers, and the
female flowers are inclofed by a perianthium, as in co-
rylus, juglans, fagus, &c.; and fometimes an amen¬
tum only fupports male flowers on one plant, and fe¬
male flowers on another plant, as falix, *populus, &e.
Spatha, (a (heath), being a fort of calyx growing
from the llalk, burfting lengthways, and protruding a
fpadix or receptacle, fupporting one or more flowers,
which have often no perianthium; and confifts cither
of one leaf, with a valve or opening on one fide only,
as in narciffus, gal a nth us, and the greater number of
fpathaceous plants ; -or of two leaves, with two valves
or openings, as in ftratiotes, &c. ; or is imbricated, as
in mufa, &c. with one or two valves.
Gluma, (a hujk ;) this chiefly belongs to corn and
graffes, confifting of one, two, three, or more valves,
•folding over each other like fcales, and frequently ter¬
minated by a long, ftiff, pointed prickle, called the
(beard or awn).
vCa‘uyptra, (a veil or covering), the proper calyx to
.moffes; it is placed over the antherre of the ftamina,
Tefembling an extinguifher, a hood, or monk’s cowl.
Volva, from its infolding or involving, is the proper
calyx to fungufles, being membranaceous, and fur¬
rounding the ftalk or pillar before their expanfion.
[It is often difficult to diftinguiffi the calyx from the
brafteae, or floral leaves, which are found on many
plants, fituated on the flower-ftalks-; and are often fo
near to the lower parts of the fruftification as to be
confounded with, and miftaken for, the calyx, as in
fcilia, helleborus, paffiflora, &c. (in helleborus the calyx
Von. IIL Part II.
A N Y.
is wanting): but they may be beft diftinguiffied by
this rule ; the floral leaves differ in fhape and colour
from the other leaves of the plant, but are commonly
of the fame duration ; w’ tfceas the calyx always withers
when the fruit is ripe, il f before.]
II. The COROLLA, [a wreath or little crown), is
the termination of the inner bark [liber ) of the plant;
which accompanies (he fru&ification, in the form of
leaves varioufly coloured : it is generally feated on the
receptacle, fometimes on the calyx; ferving as an inner
work of defence to the part it inclofes ; as the calyx,
which is ufually of ftronger texture, does for an outer
work. The leaves of which the corolla are compofed
are called petals, by the number, divifion, and fhape
of which it is diftinguifhed. It is faid to be below,
when it includes the germen, and is attached to the
part immediately below it, as in falvia, borago, con¬
volvulus, primula, &c.; and it is faid to be above,
when it is placed above the germen, as in lonicera, ri¬
bes, cratasgus, &c. In refpeftto duration, the corolla
either continues till the fruit is ripe, as in nymphaea ;
or falls off at the firft opening of the flower, as in ac-
ttea, thaliftrum ; or falls off with the ftamina and
other parts of the flower, as in moft plants ; or does not
fall, but withers, as in campanula, cucumis, and others.
There is alfq a part which Linnaeus fays principally
belongs to the corolla, as an appendage to the petals;
which he calls the nettarium (from nedtar the fabled
drink of the gods); and is that part containing the
honey, which is the principal food of bees and other
infefts. But, though in fuch plants where it is found,
it may more commonly be attached to the corolla, and
be then moft evident; yet It is almoft as often at¬
tached to other parts of the fru&ification : Linnaeus
therefore chiefly makes ufe of it as an effential charac¬
ter in many of the genera, as being lefs variable than
his other diftin&ions; and obferves, that when it is
diftindf from the petals, that is, not united with their
fubftance, thofe plants are generally poifonous: The
tube or lower part of monopetalous flowers, he con-
fiders as a true ne&arium, becaufe it contains a fweet
liquor. But as it affords very lingular varieties in
other inftances, it hath obtained the following diftinc-
tions.
i. Calvcine nectaria, fuch as are fituated up¬
on, and make a part of, the calyx ; as in tropaEolum,
monotropa, &c.
2. Corollaceous nectaria, fuch as are attach¬
ed to the corolla. Thefe are called calcariate (from
calcar), whea they referable a fpur or horn : which
are either on flowers of one petal, as invaleriana, antirrhi¬
num, &c.; or on flowers of many petals, as in orchis,
delphinium, viola, fumaria, &c. Or the ne&arium
lies within the fubftance of the petals, as in fritillaria,
lilium, berberis, iris, ranunculus, &c.
3. Stamineous nectaria, fuch as attend the ftami¬
na, and are either feated upon the anthene, as in adenan-
thera ; or upon the filaments, as in laurus, didtamnus,
campanula, &c.
4. Pistillaceous nectaria, fuch as accompany
the piftillum, and are placed upon the germen, as in
hyacinthus, butomus, cheiranthus, hefperis, &c.
5. Receptaculaceous nectaria, fuch as join to
the receptacle, as in polygonum, fedum, fempervivum,
&c.
3 I
433
6. NectAriA, that crown the corolla, that is, when
placed in a feries or row within the petals, though en¬
tirely unconnected with their fubftance, as in paffiflo-
ra, lychnis, lilene, &c.; and in this fituation it often
i efembles a cup, as in narciflus, &c.
7. Nectaria of Angular conRrudtion, being fuch
as cannot properly be placed under any of the forego¬
ing diftindtions, as in amomum, curcuma, falix, urtica,
&c.
The proper ufe of the nedtarium, and why it fhould
have fuch very different fituations, is not yet known :
but as it is found in moft plants, there is great reafon
to believe it an effential part in the fructification,
though not always perceptible.
III. The STAMINA, (tirtaJs or cfoves); the
Aales of the flower, proceeding from the wood of the
plant, each flamen confifting of two parts, viz. the
filament and the antherae. In moft flowers they are
placed upon the receptacle, within the corolla, and
round the germen; and are chiefly diftinguifhed by
number.
The Filament (from filum, a thread), is the
thread-fhaped part of the ftamen, ferving as a footflalk
to elevate the antherae, and is fometimes found to have
jags or divifions (lacini#); which are either two,, as in
falvia; three, as in fumat ia; or nine, as in the clafs
diadelphia. They are alfo diftinguifhed by their form
or figure, as awl-fhaped, thread-fhaped, hair-like, fpi-
ral, revolute, &c.: by their proportion, as equal, un¬
equal, irregular, long, or fhort: and by their fkuation,
being generally oppofite to the leaves or divifions of
the calyx, and alternate with the petals; that is, when
the divifions of the calyx are equal in number to the
petals, and to the ftamina. In monopetalbus flowers
they are generally inferted into the corollabut.
fcarcely ever in flowers of more than one petal, but in¬
to the receptacle : Yet in the clafs icofandria they
are inferted into the calyx or corolla (though the flow¬
ers have many petals), as alfo in a few other plants.
But in the clafs polyandria, and mofb other polypeta-
Ibus plants, they are inferted into the receptacle, like
the calyx and corolla. The clafs gynandria,.however, is
an exception to the above rules, where the ftamina are
placed upon the piftillum, or female part of the flow¬
er ; and are fometimes without filaments.
The Anthera (hom. antkcs, a flower)* emphatical¬
ly fo called from its great utility in the fru&ification,
is the top or fummit of the filament, containing the
impregnating pollen or farinaand is either one to
each filament,,as in moft plants; or one common to
three filaments, as in eucurbita, &c. ; or one common
to five filaments, as in the whole clais fyngenefia : or
fometimes there are two anthera to each filament, as
In ranunculus and mercurialis ; three to each filament,
as in fumaria ; five to three filaments, as in bryonia ;
or five to each filament, as in theobroma. The anthera
Is alfo diftinguifhed by its form or figure,, as oblong,
round, angular, &c. It alfo confifts of one or more
cells, which butft differently in different plants ; either
on the fide, as in moft plantson the top; or from
the top to the bafe. It is alfo faftened to the top of
the filament, either by its bafe, as in moft: plants* or
horizontally by its middle, to the top of the filament,
f© poifed as to turn like a vane (yerfatilis) : or it is
fetedby its fide, leaning to the top of the filajnent,
4
then called incumbent: or it fometimes grows to the
nedtarium, as in coftus; to the receptacle, as in arum;
to the piftillum, as in the clafs gynandria.
IV. The PISTILLUM, or the female of the flow¬
er, proceeding from the pith of the plant. It is that
eredt column which is generally placed in the centre
of the flower, amidft the ftamina ; and confifts of three
parts, the germen, the ftyle, and the ftigma.
1. Germen (a bud^ is the bafe of the piftillum,
fupporting the ftyle. After a procefs of nature, it
becomes a feed-veffel, and may therefore be confidered
as the rudiment of the pericarpium. It is diflinguifh-
ed by its fhape, number, and fituation ; and is faid to
be above or below, according to its fituation above or
below the attachment of the corolla*
2. The Style (from Jiylus, a pillar), is that part
which elevates the ftigma from the germen, in order to
receive the influence of the ftamina, and to convey the
effedls down to the germen as through a tube. It is
diftinguifhed either by its number, which, when pre-
fent (or when- abfent, the number of ftigmata), gives
rife to moft of the orders, and are called fo many fe¬
males ; or by its divifions {lacin'ue'), being double,
treble, or quadruple, &c. though joined at the bafe;
or by its. length, being longer, fhorter, or equal with
the ftamina ; or by its proportion, being thicker or
thinner than the ftamina ; or by its figure, being an¬
gular, cylindric, awl-fhaped, bent, &c. ; or by its fitu¬
ation, being generally on the top of the germen, tho’
in fome inftances fuppofed to be both above and below,
as in capparis and euphorbia ; unlefs the lower part in
thefe genera be confidered as the extenfion of the re¬
ceptacle : It is alfo often placed on the fide of the
germen, as in hirtella, furiana; alfo in rofa, rubus, and
the reft of the plants in the clafs and order icofandria
polygynia. With refpeft to duration, it generally falls
with the other parts of the flower ; but in fome plants
is permanent, and attends the fruit to its maturity, as
in the clafs tetradynamia. In flowers which have no
ftyle, the ftigma adheres to the germen.
3. The Stigma (a mark), when Angle, is generally
placed like a head on the fummit of the ftyle: when
leveral, they are either placed on the top, or regularly
difpofed along the fide ; and covered with a moiftnre,
to retain the pollen of the anthera. It is diftinguifhed
either by its number, being fingle in moft plants; by
its divifions; by its figure or fhape ; by its length ;
by its thicknefs; and by its duration, as in moft plants
it withers when the germen is become a feed-vefiel; in
fome it is permanent, as in papaver.
V. The PERICARPIUM, [rou7idthefru.it); the
germen grown to maturity, and now become a matrix
or feed-veffel. All plants, however, are not furnifhed
with a feed-veflel, as in corylus, &c. In many, it is
fupplied chiefly by the calyx, which converging inclo-
fes the feeds till they arrive at maturity ; as is the cafe
with the rough-leaved plants, and the labial and com¬
pound flowers of the fcveral claffes pentandria, didyna-
mia, and fyngenefia. Sometimes the receptacle fup-
plies the office of feed-vefiel, as in gundelia-; and- fome¬
times the ne&arium, as in carex. The pericarpium is
fituated at the receptacle of the flower, either above or
below, or both, as in faxifraga and lobelia ; and is di¬
ftinguifhed by the following appellations* according to ,
its diiTerent ftru&ure.
I. Capsula,
43S
Sea. IV. B O T
1. Capsula (a little chtjl or cajket), which is fre¬
quently fucculent whilft green ; but when ripe, it is a
dry bulky feed-veffel, that cleaves or parts in fome de¬
terminate manner to difcharge its contents ; and by
fome fort of elaftic motion, the feeds are often darted
forth with confiderable velocity, as in dictamnus, &c.
It opens alfo various ways ; either at the top, as in
moft plants} at the bottom ; at the fide ; horiEontally
acrofs the middle ; or longitudinally ; and if it is arti¬
culated or jointed, it opens at each of the joints, which
contains a Angle feed. It is further diftinguiflred ex¬
ternally, by its number of valves; and internally, by
the number of its cells or divifion§, wherein the feed is
inclofed ; as alfo by its lhape and fubftance.
2. Siliqua (a pod), which is a pericarpium of two
Valves; butasfome are long, others round or broad, Lin-
nasus thought it necelfary to diltinguilh them by their
form intoJiliqua and fdicula ; which gives rife to the two
orders in the clafs tetradynamia. Tfie Jiliqua means a
long pod, being much longer than broad, as in braffica,
finapis, &c.; the filicida (a little filiqua), is a roundilh
pod, either flat or fpherica}, and the length and breadth
nearly equal, as in lunaria, draba, thlafpi, &c. In
both, the apex, which had been the ftyle, is often fo
long beyond the valves, as to be of equal length with
I the pod ; and the feeds in both are faftened alternately
I by a flender thread, to both the futures or joinings of
I; the valves.
3. Legumen [pulfe), is alfo a pod, and is likewife
a pericarpium of two valves, wherein the feeds are
faftened to ftiort receptacles along the upper future on-
Ily, on each fide, alternate : this chiefly belongs to the
papilionaceous or butterfly flowers of the clafs diadel-
l| phia.
4. Folliculus (a liltle lag, in former editions
I.. called conceptaculum), is a pericarpium of one valve
■ only, opening lengthwife on one fide, and the feeds
not faftened to the future, but to a receptacle within
the fruit, as in apocynum, afclepias, &c.
5. Drupa (from -unripe olives), is a peri*
I carpium that is fucculent, or pulpy, having no valve
or external opening. It contains within its fubftance
a ftone or nut; that is, a feed inclofed with an hard
ligneous cruft:, as olea, cornus, juglans, pnmus, amyg-
dalus, &c.: and when the drupa is feated below the
calyx, it is furniftied with an umbilicus like the po*
1: mum.
6. Pomum (an apple), is alfo a pericarpium that is
fucculent or pulpy, and without valve; but containing
in the middle a membranous capfule, with feveral cells
or cavities containing the feeds ; and at the end oppo-
fite to the footftalk there is generally a fmall cavity
1 called umbilicus (the navel), from its refemblance to
that part in animals, and which was formerly the calyx,
|j feated above the fruit, and perfiftent, as in pyrus, cu-
cumis, cucurbita, &c.
7. Bacca (a berry), is alfo a pulpy pericarpium
without valve, inclofing one or more feeds, which have
1 no membranous capfule or covering, but are difpofed
promifcuoufly through the pulp, as in folanum, &c.
and are generally placed on footftalks attached to re¬
ceptacles within the pulp, as in ribes,- &c. The berry
alfo admits of the following diftinftion : It is faid to
I be proper, when it is a true pericarpium formed of a
germen ; and improper, when it- is formed from other
A N Y*
parts of the fruftification ; as in morus, rofa, juniperus,
taxus, &c. A large fucculent calyx becomes a berry;
and in juniperus the three petals become the umbilicus ;
in poterium the berry is formed of the tube of the co¬
rolla ; in fragaria, &c. it is formed of the top of the
receptacle ; in rubus, &c. it is formed from a feed,
which is the receptacle of the berry; in rufcus, See.
it is inclofed within and is a part of the nectary. The
berry is commonly either round or oval, and is fre¬
quently furniftied with an umbilicus, as in ribes, &c.:
It does not naturally open to difperfe the feeds like the
capfule, that office being performed by birds and other
animals.
8. Strobilus (a cone), is a pericafpium formed of
an amentum, being a feed-vefiel compofed of woody
feales placed againft each other in the form of a cone,
opening only at the top of the feales, being firmly fixed'
below to a fort of axis or receptacle, occupying the
middle of the cofte ; as in pinus, thuya, cupreflus, &c»
. VI. SEMINA (the feeds). A feed is the effence
of the fruit of every vegefable ; and is defined by Lin¬
naeus to be “ a deciduous part of the plant, containing
the rudiments of a new vegetable, fertilized by the
fprinkling of the pollen and they are diftinguilhed
according to number, fliape, texture, appendage, &c.
A feed, properly fo called, confifts of the five follow¬
ing parts ; to which is added the nux and propago.
1. The Corculum (from cor, a heart), is the of¬
fence of the feed, and principle of the future plant;
and confifts of two parts, viz. pluniula and roftellum.
Plumula is the fcaly part and effence of the corculum,
which afeends and becomes the ftem or trunk of the
plant: it extends itfelf into the cavity of the lobes or
cotyledons, and is terminated by a fmall fort of branch
refembling a feather. Roftellum is the plain or Ample
part of the corculum, vrhich defeends into the earth,
and becomes the root: its form is that of a fmall beak,
placed without the lobes, and adhering internally to
the plumula.
2. The Cotyledons (from cotyledon, the hollow
of the huckle-bone), are the thick porous fide-lobes of
the feed, confifting of farinaceous matter, and which
involve and for fome time furnifh nouriftiment to the
embryo plant, but wither and die away when it be¬
comes ftrong. If a plant be cut below the cotyledons,
it will fcarce ever put out frefti leaves, but withers and
decays ; if it is cut above the cotyledons, it generally
ftioots out afrefh, and continues to grow ; Therefore,
if plants wdiofe cotyledons rife above ground, as tur¬
nips, See. be cut or eat to the ground by cattle, they
decay; but where the cotyledons remain below
ground, as in giaffes, and are cut or eat to the ground,
they will ftioot out afrefti. The cotyledons are alfo
called the feminal or feed leaves: fome plants have
only one, as in grafles and in cufcuta, See.; others
two, as in vicia, See.; linum hath four; cupreflus hath
five ; and pinus, Linnasus faith, hath ten. The coty¬
ledons in muftirooms, ferns, and mofll-s, are not fuffi-
ciently afeertained to know if they have any,
3. The Hilum (the black fpot on a bean, called
the eye), is the external mark or fear on the feed, where
it was faftened within the pericarpium.
4. The Arillus, a term ufed to exprefs the pro¬
per exterior coat or covering of the feed ; which falls
off fpontaneoufly, and is either cartilaginous or fuccu-
3 I 2 lent;
•J
436
B O T
lent: yet feeds are faid to be naked, when not inclofed
in any fort of pericarpium, as in the clafs and order
didynamia gymnofpermia.
5. The Coronula, is either a little fort of calyx
adhering to the top of the feed, like a little crown, and
affifting to difperfe it by flying, as in fcabiofa, knautia,
&c. where the little calyx of the floret becomes the
crown of the feed : Or a down ; which is either fea¬
thery, as in valeriana, leontodon, gnaphalium. See.;
or is hairy, as in tuffilago, fenecio, hieracium, See.
[This down has. generally been thought intended to
difperfe the feeds; yet as it frequently breaks off when
thofe have flown to fome diftance, and is feen flying
alone, fome have imagined that the down is only in¬
tended as a defence of the feed till arrived at maturity.J
—-The coronula is alfo either fitting (feJTilis), that is>
attached clofe to the feed, as in hieracium, See.; or
footftalked (Jlipitatui), by a thread elevating and con¬
necting the crown or tuft with the feed, as in laCtuca,
crepis, See. Some feeds are alfo furnifhed with a wing,
a tail, a hook, an awn, Sec. all coming under the term
coronula, and tending either to difperfe or fix the feve-
ral feeds to which they belong. Some feeds are alfo
furniflied with an elaftic force, in order to difperfe them;
which is either in the calyx, as in oats and fome others;
in the pappus, as in centaurea-crupina ; or in the cap-
fule, as in geranium, fraxinella, fpurting cucumber,
&c. Other feeds, efpecially thofe whofe pericarpium
is a berry, as alfo the nutmeg and other nuts, are dif-
perfed by birds and other animals.
Nux (Nut), a feed inclofed in an hard woody fub-
ftance, called theJhell, which is one-celled, two-celled,
&c. and the inclofed feed is called the kernel.
Propago. The feed of a mofs, not coming under the
above defcription,Linna2uscalls/>/*o/^o(ay%or Jhoot);
which hath neither coat nor cotyledon, but confifts on¬
ly of a naked plumula where the roftellum is inferted
into the calyx of the plant.
VII. The RECEPTACULUM is the bafe which
receives, fupports, and connefts the other parts of the
fruflification ; but it is only mentioned by Linnseus (in
his Gen. PI.) when it can be introduced as a charac¬
ter varying in fhape and furface, as principally in the
clafs fyngenefia. It hath the following diftin&ions.
Proper, when it fupports the parts of a fingle fruc¬
tification only : When it is a bafe to which only the
parts of the flower are joined, and not the germen, it
is called a receptacle of the flower ; in which cafe, the
germen being placed below the receptacle of the flower,
hath a proper bafe of its own, which is called the re¬
ceptacle of the fruit: And it is called a receptacle of the
Jeeds, when it is a bafe to which the feeds are fattened
within the pericarpium. In fome Ample flowers, where
the germen is placed above the receptacle of the
flower, the fruit hath a feparate receptacle, as in mag¬
nolia, uvaria, &c. in which genera the numerous ger-
mina are feated upon a receptacle rifing like a pillar
above the receptacle of the fruftification.
Common, when it fupports and connefts a head of
fipwers in common; as in the amentum, and other ag¬
gregate flowers.
Umbella, which Linnseus calls a receptacle. See
aggregate flowers, under the head of Inflorescence,
above, p. 427.
Cyma (a fprout), is alfo called a receptacle. Ibid.
ANY. Setf.
Rack is (the lack-bone); a filiform receptacle, col-
le&ing the floiets longitudinally into a fpike, in many
of the glumofe flowers, as wheat, barley, rye, &c.
Spadix, anciently only fignified tire receptacle of a
palm (phoenix) iffuing out of a fpatha, and branched;
but now every flower-ftalk that is protruded from a
calyx called fpatha, is denominated a fpadix, as in nar-
ciflus, &c.
When all thefe parts are underftood, the genus may be
cafily inveftigated. But in order ttill further to affift
the young botanift, we fhall give a fyftematic deferip-
tion of a few common plants belonging to different
claffes. [The numbers refer to the figures in the fub-
joined Explanation of the Plates.']
DIANDRIA MONOGYNIA.
Veronica, or Speedwell.
The Calyx is a perianthium (18) divided into four
parts or fegments, and perfiftent (i. e. does not fall off
till the feeds are ripe) ; the fegments are (harp and
lance-lhaped.
The Corolla (11) confifts of one rotated petal;
the tuhus ( 11) is about the fame length with the ca¬
lyx ; the limbus (r 1) is plane, and divided into four
oval fegments, the loweft of which is narrower than the
reft, and the one immediately oppofite broader.
The Stamina (12) are two, narrower below, and
inclined upwards ; the antherae (12) are oblong.
The ‘Pistillum (12) has a compreffed germen(12),
a filiform or thread-like ftylus (12), about the fame
length with the ftamina, and a little declined to one
fide : the ftigma (12 ) is finaple.
The Pericarphim (12) is a heart-fhaped capfule,
compreffed at the top, and having two cells or parti¬
tions, and four valves.
The Seeds are roundifh and numerous.
ICOSANDRIA POLYGAMTA.
Fragaria, or Strawberry.
The Calyx is a perianthium confiding of one plain
leaf, divided into ten fegments, each alternately nar¬
rower.
The Corolla has five roundiih open petals Inferted
into the calyx.
The Stamina are 20 in number, fubulated or ta¬
pering, (horter than the corolla, and inferted into the
calyx. The antheras are lunulated, or ftiaped like a
crefcent.
The Pistillum confifts of many fmall germina col-
le&ed into a little head or knob. The ftyli are fimple,
and inferted into the fides of their refpeftive germina.
The ftigmata are fimple. «
The Pericarpium is wanting in this plant. But
the common receptacle of the feeds, which fupplies the
place of a pericarpium, is a roundifh oval berry, plain
at the bafe, pretty large, foft, pulpy, coloured, and de-
fiduous, /. e. falls off before the feeds be ripe.
The Seeds are fmall, pointed, very numerous, and
difperfed through the fuperficial part of the receptacles
DIDYNAMIA AN G I O SP E R M I A.
Digitalis, or Fox-glove.
The Calyx is a perianthium divided into four
deep-
Plate CIU.
437
Sea. IV. BOX
deep-cut fegments, which are roundifh, fharp at the
top, perfiftent, and the highefl: one is narrower than
the reft.
The Corolla confiftsof one bell-ihaped petal; the
tubus is large, open, ventricofe or bellied at the back-
fcde ; the bafe is cylindrical and narrow : the limbus is
fmall, and divided into four fegments; the fuperior
fegment is more open and more emarginated than the
reft.
The Stamina are four, fubulated (44), inferted in¬
to the bafe of the corolla, and inclined to the fame fide;
two of them are longer than the other two: the antherae
are divided into two parts, and pointed at the top.
The Pistillum confifts of a germen fharp at the
top, a fimple ftyle fituated like the ftamina, and an acute
ftigma.
The Pericarpium has an oval capfule, of the fame
length with the calyx, fharp at the top, having two cells,
and two valves which burft open at both fides.
The Seeds are many and fmall.
TET RADYNAM IA SILIQJJOSA.
Sinapis, or Mustard.
The calyx is a perianthium confining of four open
or fpreading leaves; the leaves are linear (43), con¬
cave, furrowed, difpofed in the form of a crofs, and de¬
ciduous.
The Corolla confifts of four cruciform petals: the
petals are roundifh, plain, open, entire or not emargi¬
nated, with ereft linear ungues (13) fcarcely fo long as
the calyx.
The Nectarta (14, See.), orglandulce neftarifera,
are four, of an oval figure, one of which is fituated on
each fide betwixt the fhort ftamina and ftylus, and like-
wife one on each fide between the long ftamina and the
calyx.
The Stamina have fix fubulated ereft filaments,
two of which are of the fame length with the calyx,
and always oppofite to each other, and the other four
are uniformly longer: the anther a are ereft, and fharp
at the top.
The Pistillum has a cylindrical germen; the ftylus
is of the fame length with the germen, and the fame
height with the ftamina; the ftigma is entire, with a
little knob or button.
The Pericarpium is an oblong, fcabrous, double-
celled, two valved pod, gibbous, and full of little pro¬
tuberances on the under parts: the diftepimentum (29)
a is large, compreffed, and often twice the length of the
valves.
The Seeds are many and round.
I MONODELPHIA POLYANDRIA.
Malva, or Common Mallow.
The Calyx is a double perianthium: the exterior
| one confifts of three lanceolated, loofe, perfiftent leaves;
the interior has but one large, broad, perfiftent leaf,
1 divided into five fegments.
The Corolla has five plain leaves united at the bafe,
heart-fhaped, and premorfe, (54).
The Stamina confift of numerous filaments, united
into a cylindrical form below, loofe above, and inferted
into the corolla': the antherae are kidney-fhaped.
The Pistillum has an orbicular germen, a cylin-
A N Y.
drical fhort ftylus, and many briftly ftigmata ofan equal
length with the ftylus.
The Pericarpium confifts of feveral diftin£heap-
fules joined by an articulation, refembling a depreffed
globe, and opening from within when ripe: the recep*
taculum is a kind of column binding the capfules toge¬
ther.
The Seeds are folitary, and kidney-fhaped.
SYNGENESIA POLYGAMIA-2EQUALIS.
Leontodon, or Dandelion.
The common Calyx is oblong, and imbricated: the
interior feales are linear, parallel, equal, and open at
the top ; the exterior feales are fewer in number, and
frequently reflefted at the bale.
The compound Corolla is uniform and imbricated.
The fmall hermaphrodite corollce are very numerous
and equal.
The corolla proper to each flofcule confifts of one li-
gulated (/'. e. plain and expanded outwards), linear,
truncated (/. e. terminated by a tranfverfe line), and
five-teethed petal.
The Stamina confift of five very fmall capillary fila¬
ments : the antherae are conne&ed together, and form
a cylindrical tube..
TheGERMEN of the pijlillum\% fituated below the pro¬
per cordila. The ftylus isf filiform, and- nearly of the
fame length with the corolla: the ftigmata are two, and
turned back in a fpiral form.
This plant has no pericarpium.
The Seeds are folitary, oblong,- rough, and termi¬
nated by a long pappous ftipes (31).
The receptacle, or common bafe of the flofcuIeS (9),
is naked, and full of fmall hollow points.
GYNANDRIA PENTANDRIA.
Passiflora, or PA“ssion-flower.
The Calyx is a perianthium confifting of fiveplaira
coloured leaves, fimilar to thofe of the corolla.
The Corolla confifts of five plain obtufe femi-Ian-
ceolated leaves, of the fame magnitude and figure with
thofe of the calyx.
Hheneftarium is a triple corona, the exterior of which
is longeft, furrounding the ftylus within the petals, and
ftraitened above.
The Stamina are five, fubulated, open, and connec¬
ted to the ftylus at the bafe of the germen: the antherss
are oblong, obtufe, and incumbent.
The Pistillum confifts of an ereft cylindrical fty¬
lus, upon the top- of which an oval germen is placed :
the ftyli are three, thicker and wider above : the ftig-
mata are roundifti knobs.
The Pericarpium is a flefhy, fuboval* one-celled
berry, refting upon the ftylus.
The Seeds are numerous, oval, and each of them in-
clofed in a fmall membrane.
MONO EC I A TET RAND RI A-
Urtica, or Common Nettle.
The Calyx of the male Sowers is a four-leaved pe¬
rianthium ; the leaves are rbundilh, concave,, and ob¬
tufe.
The Corolla has no petals; but there is a fmall ur-
ceolated
438
EOT
ceolated (/. t. an inflated flcin, gibbous on each fide)
neftarium in the eentre of the flower.
The Stamina confift of four fubulated open fila¬
ments, of an equal length with the calyfc, and one of
them is placed betv/een each leaf of the calyx: the an¬
ther a have no cells.
The Calyx of the female flowers is a double-valved}
oval, concave, erefl, perfiftent, perianthiilm.
The Corolla is wanting.
The PistilluM has an oval germen, no ftylus, and
a downy ftigma.
They have no perlcarpiurri.
The Seed is Angle, oval, ftuning, and a little com-
preffed.
SPECIES.
The genera include a great number of relative fpe-
cies, diftinguifhed by the fpecific difference of the root,
the trunk, the branches, the leaves, &c. (yet all agree¬
ing in the eflential generic charafler); and are called
ty trivial names (expreflive of the difference or fame
other circumftance) added to the generic name. In
order to inveftigate the fpecies, therefore, it is necef-
fary to underfland thofe differences, and be acquainted
with the names by which they are expreffed. Seve¬
ral of thefe have been already incidentally explained;
but for a complete enumeration, the reader muff have
recourfe to the nomenclature fubjoined to this feftion.
And to illuftrate the manner in which thofe terms are
ufed, we fhall here give a few examples ; referring, by
numbers, to the figures on the plates.
Clafs II. DIANDRIA.
Order, MONOGYNIA.
Genus’, Veronica, or Speedwell.
Species, Veronica arvenfu., has folitary flowers ;
cut, fefiile (130), and cordated (46),
leaves.
Veronica agreJHs, has folitary flowers; cut,
cordated (46), and petiolated (129),
leaves.
Clafs XVI. M ONODELPHIA.
Order, POLYGYNIA.
Genus, Malva, or Mallow.
Species, Malva fpicata, has tomentofe (84), cre-
nated (74), and cordated (46), leaves,
and oblong hairy fpicte (34).
Malva has an eredt {119) her¬
baceous ftalk (148), with acute (74),
feven-lobed (30) leaves, and hairy pe-
dunculi and petioli (129).
ClafsXIX. SYNGENESIA.
Order, POLYGAMIA .EQUALlS.
Genus, Carduus, or Thistle.
Species, Carduus helenioides, or melancholy thifile^
has lanceolated (42), teethed (66),
amplexicaule (132) leaves; with un¬
equal, ciliated (86), fmalifpines( 157).
ClafsXXlV. CRYPTOGAMIA.
Order, FILICES,
Genus, Asplenium, or Maidenhair.
Species, Afplenium trichomanes, has a pinnated
(104) frons (144) ; the pinnae are
roundifh (38), and crenated (74).
ANY. Sea.
To thefe examples we fhall add a defcription of a
plant, according to the natural character, from the
Genera Plantarum ; and according to the ejfential cha-
radter, with the feveral fpecies, from the Syftema
Vegetabilium, as tranflated by the Litchfield So¬
ciety.
P AP AVE R, Poppy.
Natural Character.
CalyX. A perianthium two-leaVed, ovate, end-
. nick’d; leaflets fubovate, concave, ob-
tufe, deciduous.
Corolla. Petals four, roundifh, flat, expanding,
large, narrower at the bafe, lefs alter¬
nately.
Stamina. Pilaments numerous, capillary, much
fhorter than the corolla: anther* ob¬
long, compreffed-, eredt, obtufe.
PistilluM. Germ, roundifh, large; flylus none,
Jligma pellated, flat, radiated.
Pericarpium. A capfule crown’d with the large flat
fligma, unilocular, femi-multi-unilocular,
gaping at the top under the crown with
many apertures.
Semina. Seeds, numerous, very fmall; receptaclesi
longitudinal folds, of equal number with
the rays of the ftigma adhering to the
fides of the pericarpium.
Essential Character*
PAPAVER. Corolla four-petal’d, calyx two-leav’d,
capfule one-cell’d, gaping with pores
under the permanent ftigma. Poppy*
* With hifpid cctpfules.
1 P. hybryDum. Capfules fubglobular,brawny, hifpid,
ftem leafy, many-flower’d. mule*
2 P. argeMone. Capfules club’d, hifpid, ftem leafy,
many-flower’d.
3P.alpinum. Capfules hifpid, fcape one-flower’d,
naked, hifpid, leaves twice-feather’d.
alpine*
4P. nujSicaule. Capfules hifpid, fcape one-flower’d*
naked, hifpid, leaves fimple, feather-
fin uous. nakedJlent*
** With fmooth capfules.
5P. rhoeas. Capfulesfmooth, globular,ftemhairy,
many-flower’d, leaves feather-cleft*
gafh’d.
6P. dubium. Capfules oblong, fmooth, ftem many-
flower’d, with briftlesapprefs’d, leaves
featherdeft, gafh’d. dubious*
7P.S0MNIFERUM.Calyxes and capfules fmooth, leaves
ftem-clafping, gafh’d. fomniferous*
SP.cambricuM. Capfulesfmooth, oblong; ftem many-
flower’d, polifli’d, leaves feather’d,
gafh’d.
9P.ORIENTALE. Capfules fmooth, ftem one-flower’d,
rugged, leafy, leaves feather’d, faw’d.
oriental.
Laftly, we fhall fubjoin a complete defcription of a
plant reduced to its clafs, order, genus, and fpecies,
with figures of all the parts neceffary for that purpofe.
RHEUM
lea. IV.
B O T
RHEUM palmatum, or True Rhubarb^
Plate CVII.
The flower of this plant has no Calyx:.
The Corolla,'^, conflfts of one petal, narrower at
the bafe, not perforated, and divided in the margin
into fix obtufe fegments, one lefs and one larger al¬
ternately ; the petal is marcefcent, i. e. decays, but
does not fall off till the feeds be ripe.
The Stamina, ee, conlilt of nine capillary filaments,
inferted into the corolla, and about the fame length
with it. The anther a are didymous (/. e. appear to
be double), oblong, and obtufe.
The Pistillum, f, has a ftiort three-fided germen.
It can hardly be faid to have any ftyli; but has three
reflefted plumofe ftigmata.
The Pericarpium is wanting.
Each flower contains but one large, three-fided,
acute Seed^, with a membranaceous edge.
The number of Stamina determines this plant to be¬
long to the Enneandria Clafs •, and the number of
Stigmata fixes its Order to be Trigynia. The o-
ther parts of the above defeription clearly demonftrate
thegenusto be the Rheum or Rhubarb, and fufficiently
diftinguiih it from the Laurus, Tinus, Caflyta, and
Butomus, the only other genera belonging to this clafs.
The Specific mark is taken from the leaves, which
are palmated (58), and fliarp and tapering at the
points. There are but five fpecies of Rheum, none of
whofe leaves are palmated, except the fpecies now de-
feribed,
EXPLANATION of the PLATES.
Plate CII. exhibits the 24clafles ; fig. 1. reprefenting
the firfl: clafs, or Monandria ; fig. 2. the feeond clafs,
or Diandria ; fig. 3. the third clafs, or Triandria;
and fo on, according to the enumeration in the table.
Plate CIII. reprefents the parts of a plant upon which
the inveftigation of the GENUS depends.
Parts of the Flower.— Fig. i. Spatha. Fig. 2.
Spadix. Fig. 3. Gluma, or glume ; b b, arijla, or awn.
Fig. 4. Umbclla and involucrum : a, Umbella univer-
falis, or univerfal umbel; b, partialis, or partial um¬
bel: c, Involucrum univerfale, univerfal involucre; d, .
parti ale, or partial involucre. Fig. 5. Calyptra:. a,
capitulum ; b, operculum; parts of mofles. Fig. 6.
Amentum. Fig. 7. Strobilus. Fig. 8. a, Prleus ; b,
volva ; c, JHpes; parts of fungi or mufhrooms. Fig. 9..
a, Receptaculum commune nudum, the common re¬
ceptacle, or bafe of the flower, when the ftamina, pi-
11 ilium, capfule, &c. are taken off. Fig, 10. Receptacu¬
lum commune paleis hnbricutum^ or common receptacle
imbricated with paleae or membranaceous lamelhe. Fig.
11. Corolla: monopet ala—a, tubus ; b, limbus ; i.e. a tie
tube, b the edge or margin, of a monopetalous corolla.
Fig. 12, is a flower laid in a proper pofition for {bow¬
ing its different parts. a, Germen, which includes the
feeds and capfule in which they are inclofed ; b,Jlylus,
a continuation of the germen ; c,Jligma, or top of the
ftylus; d d d d d d, filament a, or threads ; e e e e e, an¬
ther a ; f f f f f, Retala, or flower-leaves. Fig. 13. a,
the ungues or claous, b the lamina or plates, of a poly-
petalous corolla. Fig. 14. a, Neflarium campanula-
turn in narcifio, or bell-lhaped neftarium of the nar-
ciffus.. Fig. 15. Nettaria cor nut a in aconito, horned
ncctaria of the monkfhood. Fig. 16. Horned, nettar-.
A N Y.. _ 439
rium in the calyx of the tropceolus. Fig. 17. a a a a,
Neftarium in parnafiia ; the nedlaria of the parnaflia
grafs are fix .in number, each of which have 13 flyli,
with round buttons on their tops.
Parts of the Fructification.—Fig. 18. a, Peri-
anlhium; b, germen; c, Jlylus; d, Jligma ; e e, fila¬
ment a ; f f, anther ee dehifeentes, or antheras (hedding
the pollen or duff ; g, anther a Integra, i. e. the ap¬
pearance of the anthera before it (beds the pollen,.
Fig. 19. a the filament, and b the anthera, feparated
from the flower. Fig. 20. a, one grain of the ptollen
magnified by a microfcope ; b, halitus elajlicus, i. e. an
elallic aura fuppofed to be neceffary for impregnating
the feeds. Fig. 21. a, Germen ; b, Jlylus ; c c, Jligma..
Fig. 22. Folliculus : The feeds not adhering to the fu¬
ture, are inclofed in a particular receptacle a. Fig.
23. Legumen, or a double-valved pericarpium, having,
the feeds fixed only to one of the futures a a. Fig.
24. Siliqua, or a double-valved pericarpium with the
feeds fixed to both futures or margins ah. Fig. 25.
Pomum, or a flelhy pericarpium, containing a caplule in -
which the feeds are inclofed, as in the apple, &c.; a, the
pericarpium ; b, the capfule or feed-cafe. Fig. 26. a,
Drupa, or pericarpium containing a nut or Hone, and ha¬
ving no valve, b, The nucleus, or Hone. Fig. 27. Bacca,.
or berry, a pericarpium containing naked feeds difperfed.
through the pulpy part. Fig. 2.;. Gupjuta apice debi-
fiens, a capfule opening at tiie top to allow the feeds
to fall out. Fig. 29, Four capfules included in a com¬
mon pericarpium. a a, The valves ; b b, the diffepi-
mentum, or partition which feparates the different feed-
capfules from one another ; c, columella, or central co¬
lumn, by which the capfules are coiinected. Fig. 30.
A capfule cut open longitudinally, to fnow the recep¬
tacle of the feeds. Fig. 31. Pappus, or down ; a, pi¬
le fus, refembling hair; b, plumofus, or feathered j c,
femen; d, Jlipes.
Pedunculi or Footjlalks of Flowers.—Fig. 32.
Corymbus. 33. Racemus. 34. Spica.. 35. Verticil-p:ate
lus. 36. Panicula. fig. 3*—
Elates CIV. CV. CVI. contain delineations relative36*
to the SPECIES of plants.
1. Leaves as to figure. A, Simple.—Fig. 37.
Orbiculatum, of a circular figure. Fig. 38. Subro-
tundum, roundilh or nearly- circular. Fig. 39. Ova-
turn, ovate. Fig. 40. Ovale, Jive Ellipiicum, oval
or elliptical. Fig. 41. Oblongum, oblong. Fig. 42.
Lanceolatum, lanceolate. Fig.- 43. Lineare, linear.
Fig. 44. Subulatum, fubulated, or awl-lhaped. Fig,
45. Rcniforme, reniform, kidney-lhaped. Fig. 46,
Cor datum, cordate, heart-.fhaped. Fig, 47. l.u-
nulatum, lunulated. Fij£. 48. Triangulare, triangu¬
lar. Fig, 49. Sagittainm, fagittated. Fig. 50. Cor- -
dato-fagittatum, heart-lhaped behind and fharp like"
the point of an arrow before. Fig. 51. Hajlatum, .
halberd-lhaped. Fig. 52. Fijfium, notched. Fig, 53,
Trilobum, trilobous, or having,three (55) lobes. Fig,.
54. Preemorfum,. fore bitten. Fig. 55. Lobaium, lo-
bed. Fig. 56. Quinquangulare, quinquangular. Fig.
57. Erofum, eroded. Fig. 58. Palmatum, palmated.
Fig. 59. Pinnatum, pinnated. Fig. 60. L acini at urn,
laciniated. Fig. 61. Sinuatum, finuated. Fig. 6i.
Dentato-Jinuatum, tooth-fmuous. Fig. 63. Retrorfum . ♦
Jinuatum; finuous backwards. Fig. 64. Parti turn,
partite. Fig. 65. Re/iwAw, fcollop’d. Fig. 66. Denta-
J«iw,.dentated. Fig. 67. Serratum, ferrated or fawed,
Egv
44°
B O T
Fig. 68. DupBcats-ferratani, doubly ferrated. Fig. 6g-
Duplicato-crenatum, doubly crenated. Fig.70. Cartila-
ginewtt, cartilaginous. Fig. 71 • Acut'i-crenatuw, acute¬
ly crenated. Fig. qz. Obtui'e-crenatum, obtufely cre-
nated. Fig. 73. Plicatum, plaited. Fig. 74- Crenatum,
crenated. Fig. 75. Crifpum, curled. Fig. 76. ObtuJumt
obtufe. Fig. 77. Actttum, acute. Fig. 78. Acuminatum,
acuminated. Fig. 79. Obtufum cum acumine, ob-
tufb with a fharp point fuperadded. Fig. 80. Etnargi-
u.: m acute, acutely emarginated. Fig. 81. Cunei-
fortho emarginatum, cuneiform and emarginated. Fig.
82. Retufuni, retufe. Fig. 83. Pilojutn, hairy. Fig.
84. Tomentofum, tomentofe or downy. Fig. 85. Hif-
piduin, briftly. Fig. 86. CiUatum, ciliated, or fringed.
Fig. 87. Rugofum, rugofe or wrinkly. Fig. 88. Veno-
fum, venofe of"veined. 89. Nervofwm, nervofe. Fig.
90. Papillofum, papillous. Fig. 91. Linguiforme, lin-
guiform or tongue-fhaped. Fig. 92. Acinstciforme, fcimi-
tar-ft aped. 93. Ddabriforme, hatchet-(haped. Fig.
94. Deltoides, deltoid. Fig. 95. Triquetrum, trique¬
trous or prifmatical. Fig. 96. Canaliculatum, chan¬
nelled. Fig. 97. Sulcatum, falcated. Fig. 98. Ter is,
cylindrical.—13. Compound Leaves. Fig. 99. Binatum,
binate. Fig. 100.. Ternatum foliclis petioiatis, ternated
■with feflile feuillets or leaflets. Fig. 101. Ternatum fo~
iiolis petioiatis, ternated with petiolated feuillets Fig.
10J. Digitatum, digitated or fingered. Fig. 103. Peda-
tum, pedated. Fig. \o\. Pinnatumcumimpart, pinna¬
ted with an odd feuillet. Fig. 105. Pinnatum abrupte,
abruptly pinnated. Fig. 106. Pinnatum alternatisn,
pinnated alternately. Fig 107. Pinnatum interrupts,
abruptly pinnated. Fig. 108. Pinnatum cirrhofum,
pinnated with a oirrhus. Fig. 109. Pinnatum conju-
gatum, pinnated with only two feuillets. Fig. no.
Pinnatum decurfive, pinnated decurfively. Fig. in.
Pinnatum articulate, pinnated jointedly. Fig. 112.
Lyratum, lyre-fliaped. Fig. 113. Biternatum, or du-
phcato-ternatum, biternate (too), or double-ternate,
or having three ternated (100) leaves upon one petiole.
Fig. 114 Bipinnatum, or duplicate pinnatum, bipin-
nated, or double pinnated, i. e. having the primary pinna
pinnated again a fecond time. Fig. 115. Triternatum, or
triplicato-ternatum, triple ternated, or confifting of
■three biternated (113) leaves. Fig. 116. Tripinnatum
Jine impari, triple-pinnated without an odd feuillet, or
having the fecondary pinna pinnated again, and thefe
laft pinna not terminated by an odd feuillet. Fig 117.
Tripinnatum cum impari, triple-pinnated with an odd
fenillet.
3. Leaves, as to determination.—Fig. wb.lnjlexupi,
incurvated. Fig. 119 Ereftum, eredt. Fig. 120. Pa¬
tens, patent or expanding. Fig. 121. Horizontdle, ho¬
rizontal. Fig. 122. Recjinatum, or reflexmn, reclined
or reflex. Fig. 123. Revolutum, revolute. Fig. 1 24.
Seminale, feminal leaves,, or feed leaves. Fig. 125.
Caulinum, cauline or item leaf. Fig. 126 Rameum,
a branch leaf. Fig. 127. Fiorale, floral; leaf next the
flower ; alfo termed a braclea or fpangle. Fig. 128.
Pcitatum, peltated. Fig. 129. Petidatum, petiolated
■Fig. 130. Re file, feffile' or fitting. Fig. 131. Decurrens,
decurrent. Fig. 132. Amplexicaule, amplexicaule. Fig.
132. Perfoliatum, perfoliate. Fig. 134. Connatum,
connate. Fig. 135. Vaginans, fiieathing. Fig. 136.
Articulatum, articulated or jointed. Fig. 137. Stella-
tum, ftellated, or ▼erticillated. Fig. 138. SPiatcrna,
N° 51.
A N Y. Sea.
quina, fena, &c. denote different fpecies of flellated,
or verticiilated leaves, when there are four, five, fix,
&c. leaves in one veticillus or whirl. Fig. 139.
Oppojita, oppofite. Fig. 140. Alterna, alternate.
Fig. 141. Acerofa, linear and perfifting. Fig. 142.
Imbricata, imbricated, or tyled. Fig. 143. Fafci-
culata, fafciculated or penciled. Fig. 144. Frons, a
fpecies of ftalk or trunk, confifting of branches and
leaves, and fometimes the fruftification, all united to¬
gether ; peculiar to the Filices or Ferns, and the Pal¬
mas. Fig. 145. Folium fpatulatum, (Sauv.) fpatulated,
or roundifh above, with a long linear bafe. Fig. 146.
Folium parabolicUm, parabolical; having its longitudi¬
nal diameter longer than the tranfverfe, and growing
narrower from the bafe till it terminate fomewhat like
an oval.
3. Caules, or Stems Fig. 147. Culmusfquamofus, pj
a fcaly culm or ftalk. Fig. 148. Caulis repens, a re¬
pent or creeping ftalk or ftem; appropriated to herba
ceous plants. Fig. 149. Scapus, fcape. Fig. 150
Culmus articulatus, a jointed culm (r47) or ftalk
Fig. i£i. Caulis volubilis, a twining ftem. Fig. 152
Caulis dichotomus, a dichotomous or two-forked ftem.
Fig. 153. Caulis brachiatus, brachiated.
4. Fulcra or Supports.—Fig. 154. a, Cimhus,
a dafper or tendril; b, Stipula, the little feales at the
bafe of the petiole or foot-ftalk of the leaf, or at the
bafe of the peduncle or flower-ftalk ; c, Glandula con-
cava, fmall hollow glands for the fecretion of fome
particular fluid. Fig. 155. a, Glandula pedicellata,
fmall pedicellate glands. Fig. 156. a, Brattea, a
fpangle or flower-leaf, differing from the other leaves
of the plant. Fig. 157. a, SpinaJimplex, a Ample or
one-pointed fpine. b. Spina triplex, a triple or three-
pointed fpine. Fig. 158. AculeusJimplex, a Ample or
one-pointed prickle. Fig. 159. Aculeus triplex, a
triple or three-pointed prickle. Fig. 160. Folia eppo-
fita, oppofite leaves ; a, the axilla, or angle betwixt
the leaf and the ftalk.
5. Roots—Fig. 161. Bulbus fquamofus, z.{cd\yhv\h.
Fig. 162. Bulbus folidus, a folid bulb. Fig. 163. Bul¬
bus tunicatus, a tunicated or coated bulb. Fig. 164.
Radix tuberpfa, a tuberous root. Fig. 165. Radix
fuftformis, fufiform or fpindle-fhaped. Fig. 166. Ra¬
dix ramofa, a branchy root. Fig. 167. Radix repens,
a repent or creeping root.
ARRANGEMENT and RECAPITULATION
of the Botanical Terms ufed in the Linrusan
Syjlem*
THE ARRANGEMENT.
I. Names of parts.
General Terms applicable to all Parts whatever,
II. Terms exprefling the mode of Duration.
III. of Magnitude.
IV. of Subftance.
V. of Divifion.
VI. of Dire&ion.
VII. of Figure; as,
C1. of Surfaces.
•< 2. of Solids.
£ 3. of Similitude.
VIII.
ft o r a xy.
. trr f ' /Tswe/'.i .
Plate CIV.
'4/.if// tA’rn //a/:• //'t.-ft/t'K/t'v/l ’
IV. B O T
VTTI. Terms exprefling the mode of Expanfion.
IX. \ of Place.
X. of Situation.
XT. of Surface.
XII. of the Margin.
XIII. of the Point or Top.
Special Teems or fuels as agree or are applicable
only to certain Parts.-
XIV. Terms applicable to the Root.
XV. the Trunk.
■ XVI. the Petiole.
XVII. the Leaf: as being either
r- i. Simple ; or
\ 2. Compound, Decom-
‘ p pound, or Supra-
decompound.
XVIH. the Down, Hair, £*.
XIX. the Armour.
XX. the Floral-leaves.
XXI. _ the Peduncle.
Under this are included the Inflorefcence and
its different modes.
ANY.
containing the feeds (12), which, when ripe, it
lets go, f. 23, 24, 28.
12 The feed, or rudiment of a new plant, fuppofed to
be vivified by the irrigation or fprinkling of the
pollen pr flower-duft, f. 27.
13 The receptacle, or bafe with which the parts of
the fruftification areconne&ed, f. 9, a.
14 The ftipula, or fmall fcaly leaf that ufually ftands
at the bafe of the petioles when they are rifing,
fig. 154. b.
15 A cirrhus, tendril, or fpiral thread by which a plant
is tied to any neighbouring body, fig. 154. a.
16 A bradea, fpangle, or floral leaf, differing in it*
appearance from the other leaves of the plant,
fig. 156. a a.
17 The pubes, the down or hairynefs of any fort on
plants.
18 Arma, the armour or fharp points that defend a
plant from being hurt by animals.
19 A bulb, the winter habitation of a plant, confift-
ing of the remains of its former leaves.
20 A gem or bud, confilling of the rudiments of the
plant’s future leaves.
XXII. Terms applicable to the Fruftification.
Under this are included,
f 1. The calyx or cup.
12. The corolla, or coloured part of the flower.
3. The ftamina, or chives.
<j 4. The piftillum.
j 5. The pericarpium, or feed-cafe.
I 6. The feed.
7. The receptacle. ,
XXIII. Terms applicable to the Vernation.
XXIV. Additional Terms.
N° I. The Parts of a Plant are,
1 The root, the organ that nourilhes the plant.
2 The trunk or ftalk, the organ that multiplies it.
3 The branches, or divifions and fubdivilions of the
(talk.
4 The petioles, or ftalks that fupport the leaves (6).
5 The peduncles, or ftalks that fupport the fr unifica¬
tion.
6 The leaves, which are the organs of motion to the
plant.
The Fructification, confiding of the Flower and
the Fruit.
The Parts of a Flower are,
7 The cup, or outer rind of the plant, continued to
and prefeot in the fru&ificatioii.
8 The corolla, or inner rind of the plant, continued'
to and prefent in the coloured part of the flower,
fig. 11.
9 The itamina, or chives, the organs deftined for the
preparation of the pollen (332) or flower duft,
fig. 18. f, f.
10 The piftil, or organ adhering to the fruit, for the
reception of the pollen, f. 18. c d.
The Parts of the Fruit are,
■11 The pericarpium, or feed-cafe ; the bowel or organ
Vol. III. Part IL
GENERAL TERMS.
N° II. The Duration of a Plant is either,
21 Annual, or dying within one year.
22 Biennial, or flowering the fecond year, and then
dying.
23 Perennial, or flourifhing for many years.
24 Caducous, or falling down and dying before the
end of one feafon.
25 Deciduous, dying at the end of one feafon.
26 Perfifting, not dying after one feafon.
27 Sempervirent, evergreen, or remaining frelh and
green through all the feafons of the year.
N’ III. Magnitude.
“ I very feldom admit,” fays Linnaeus, “any other
“ than the proportional meafure between the different
“ parts of plants, where this or that' part is longer or
“ flrorter, broader or narrower, than another.”
Phil. Bot. p. 262.
N° IV. Substance is either,
28 Solid, filled internally with hard matter.
29 Inane, filled only with fpongy matter.
30 Pulpous, filled with tenacious or glutinous matter.
31 Carnous, or flefhy, filled with a hardilh pulp.
32 Cartilaginous, confiding of griftly matter.
33 Membranaceous, confifting of dry and Ikinny mat¬
ter.
34 Fiftulous, tubulated or hollow within.
N°V. Division is either,
35 Fiffured, or divided by linear (70) notches, with
ftraight (42) margins, f. 52.
36 Bifid, trifid, &c. to quinquefid, according to the
number of fiffures.
37 Partite, divided almoft to the bafe.
38 Bipartite, tripartite, &c. to quinquepartite, accord¬
ing to the number of divifions. -
39 Lobate, or lobed, divided down to the middle into
parts Handing afunder, fig. 53,
3 K
40'
244
BOTANY.
Sea.
40 Sinuated, admitting of wide finufes or notches on
the fides, f. 61, 62, 63.
41 Dichotomous, trichotomous, &c. divided fucceffive-
ly into two, three, or more parts, fig. 152.
N° VI. Direction is either.
42 Right, or ftraight, free of bendings.
43 Ereft, riling nearly to a perpendicular, f. 119.
44 Oblique, departing from a perpendicular, or hori¬
zontal line.
45 Afcending, or turned archwife upward.
46 Declining, or declined, turned archwife down¬
ward.
47 Incurvated, turned archwife inward.
48 Nntant, nodding, having the point turned out¬
ward.
49 Reflex, having any part turned backward.
50 Revolute (377) rolled back into a fpiral line,
yt Procumbent, weak and leaning on the ground.
_52 Flexuofe, bent hither and thither.
The foWo'wing terms refped chiefly the direilion of
branches (3).
53 Patent, expreffes the direftion of an acute angle,
54 Diverging, parting at a right angle.
55 Divaricated, expreffes the direfition of an obtufe
angle.
56 Dependent, looking ftraight to the ground.
57 Diltich, or diftichated [flowers, leaves, or branches]
turning to the two fides, though inferted all
round.
58 Sequent, turning all to one fide.
59 Appreft, approaching fo as to be almoft parallel to
the ftalk or trunk.
60 Coarflate, almoft incumbent towards the top.
61 Diffufe, having fmall patent (53) branches.
VII. Figure is that, either of Surfaces, or Solids,
or Similitudes.
I. The figure of Surfaces is either,
62 Orbicular, of a circular form, f. 37.
63 Subrotund, almoft circular; and Subglobofe, almoft
fpherical, fig. 38*
64 Ovate, having its longitudinal diameter longer than
the tranfverfe, with the bafe terminated by a feg-
ment of a circle, and the top narrower, f. 39,
6y Parabolical, refembling a parabola.
66 Elliptical, refembling an ellipfe or oval, f. 40.
67 Cuneiform, wedge-lhaped, growing by degrees
narrower toward the bafe.
68 Oblong, having the longitudinal diameter any num¬
ber of times longer than the tranfverfe diameter,
f. 41. i>:
69 Lanceolate, oblong (68), and attenuated (75) on
either end, f. 42.
70 Linear, everywhere of equal breadth, f. 43.
71 Triangular, quadrangular, &c.^ according to the
number of angles, f. 48.
7 2 Rhombeous, or rhomboidal, of the ftiape of a rhom¬
bus.
73 Trapeziform, of the ftiape of a trapezium-
2. The figure of Solids is either,
74 Filiform, everywhere of equal thicknefs.
7y Attenuated, gradually lofmg its thicknefs towards
the point-
76 SubuJated, awl-lhaped ; linear, but attenuated
towards the point.
77 Clavated, club fliaped, growing thicker towards
the point or top.
78 Turbinated, top-ftiaped like an inverted cone.
79 Globofe, globular, like a fphere.
80 Conical, refetnbling a cone.
81 Teres, found, like a cylinder, f. 98.
82 Semiteres, half round, femicylindrical.
83 Ancepa, two-edged, having the two oppofite an¬
gles acute.
84 Trigonous, tetragonous, &c. having three, four,
&c. prominent longitudinal angles.
85 Triquetroirs, having three exactly plain fides (199).
86 Gibbous, or gibbofe, having both upper and under
furface convex, by reafon of a more copious pulp
(30) intervening.
87 Comprefled pulpous (30), having the edges flat¬
ter than the dilk or middle.
88 D^prefled pulpous, having the dilk flatter than
the edges.
89 Lingulated, tongue-lhaped ; linear (70), carnous
(31) , convex (112), below.
90 Enfiform, fword-lhaped, ancipitous (83), gradu¬
ally attenuated, or tapering from the bafe to the top.
91 Acinaciform, fabre-fhaped, comprefled (87), car-
nous, having the one edge convex and thin, and the
other ftraighter and thicker, fig. 92.
92 Dolabriform, hatchet-lhaped, compreffed, fubro-
tund (63), gibbous on the outfide (86), with the
edge fliarp, and roundilh below, f. 93.
The tubulated figures that are moflly applied to the
corolla, are,
93 Infundibuliform, funnel-ftiaped, an inverted cone
placed upon a tube.
94 Campanulated, bell-lhaped, ventricofe (*07),
without any tube.
95 Inflated, hollow, and as it were blown up like a
bladder.
96 Rotated, wheel-lhaped, plain, and not placed on a
tube.
3. The figure of Similitudes is either,
97 Cordate, heart-lhaped, fubovate, having a notch
cut out of the bafe, without any pofterior anglesr
f. 46.
98 Reniform, kidney-ihaped, fubround (63), having
a notch cut out of the bafe, without pofterior an¬
gles, f. 45.
99 Lunular, crefcent-lhaped, fubrotund, having the
bafe notched, with acute pofterior angles, f. 4.7.
ICO Sagittated, arrow-lhaped, triangular (71), ha¬
ving acute pofterior angles feparated by a notch,
f. 49* 5°-
101 Haftated, halberd-lhaped, fagittated (100), ha¬
ving the pofterior angles divided by a blunt notch,
and prominent towards the fides, f. 51.
102 Lyrated, lyre*ftiaped, divided acrofs into lacinias,
or fegments of no determinate form, whereof the
under ones are leffer and more remote from one ano¬
ther than the upper ones, f. 112.
103 Runcinated, pinnatifid (/. e. divided acrofs into
horizontal oblong fegments), in fuch fort that the
fegments are convex on the fore-fide and tranfverfe
behind, e.g, the dandelion.
104 Pan.
443
:a. IV. B O T
104 Pandurifcmn, pandour-fliaped, oblong, and co-
aiftated or narrowed below.
105 Spathulated, fubrotund or rovmdilh, with a linear
and narrower bafe.
jo6 Palmated, divided pall the middle into lobes
nearly equal, f. 58.
t J07 Ventricofe, gibbous or fwelling put on the fides.
S08 Deltoid, rhomboidal (72), confiding of four
angles, of which the lateral ones are lefs diftant
from the bafe than the other two ; as the leaves
of the black poplar. See alfo the figure of the an*
cient delta of the Greeks.
N° VIII. Expansion is either,
tog Plain, having an equal furface.
J 110 Canuliculated, hollowed above with a deep lon¬
gitudinal furrow, f. 96.
111 Concave, by the margin being lefs in proportion
than the dilk, and the diflt of courfe depreffed or
pulhed downwards.
112 Convex, by the margin being lefs in proportion
than the diflt, fo that the diflt is elevated or pulhed
upwards.
I 113 Cucullated, cowi-fhaped, having the edges folded
or curling inwards at the bafe, and fpreading at the
top like a cowl.
114 Undated, waved, having the diflt alternately bend¬
ing up and down in obtufe plaits.
115 Crifped, curled, by having the margin fo luxu¬
riant that the diflt becomes longer than its rachis
(283) or quill.
: * ' N° IX. Place.
I. A Leaf is either,
116 Radical, growing out of the root.
I 117 Cauiine, growing on the caulis (197) or ftalk,
f. 125.
118 Ramous, growing on a branch, f. 126*
219 Axillary, placed under the bafe of a branch.
120 Floral, next the flower. See Def. 16. f. 127.
2. A Stipula, or fcale, is either,
121 Lateral, inierted into the fide of a petiole.
122 Extrafoliaceous, placed below a leaf.
123 Intrafoliaceous, placed above a leaf.
I[ 124 Oppofitifolious, placed on the fide of the ftalk
II oppofite to a leaf.
3. A Cirrhus, or tendril, is either,
1*5 Petiolar, growing out of a petiole or leaf-ftalk.
126 Peduncular, growing out of a peduncle, or flower-
ftalk, See. Sec.
N° X. The StTUAtiON of the Parts of a Plant is
either,
J27 Oppofite, when the leaves, &c. are placed in de-
cuffated (129) or cfofs pairs, f. 114, 116;
128 Alternate, growing all round a ftalk or branch
one after another gradually, f. 140.
j 129 Decuflated, placed oppofite in fuch a manner,
I that if one look down from the top of the plant,
the leaves, &c. reprefent four diftindt rows.
130 Verticillated, whirled ; leaves, flowers, &c. fur¬
rounding the ttalk or trunk at the joints in great
number like a whirl, f. 35,
A N Y.
131 Bifarious, leaves, See. growing only on the op¬
pofite fideS|Of a ftalk or branch.
132 Sparfe, placed without any certain order.
133 Fafciculated, pencilled, growing in numbers out
of the fame point like a pencil, f. 143.
134 Confert, clofe-ranged, leaves, &c. almoft cover¬
ing the whole furface.
135 Diftant, parts remote from one another.
136 Terminal, placed at the top.
N° XL ^ Surtace. is either,
137 Naked, deftitute of fetse (245) or briftles, and pllt
(240) or hairs.
138 Levigated, fmooth, of an equal plainnefs. The
fame with plain (109).
139 Glabrous, of a flippery nature.
140 Nitid, flippery and Alining,
141 Lucid, as if it were illuminated.
142 Coloured, of a colour different from green (whets '
that is the natural colour).
143 Lineated, lined, the nerves being depreffed.
144 Striated, gently furrowed in parallel lines.
145 Sulcated, furrowed in deep lines, f. 97.
a. Alveolated, honey combed, a receptacle deep¬
ly pitted foas to referable a honey-comb.
1. Hifpid, any furface planted with ftiff Jhort
hairs, f. Sj.
c. Rimofe, full of rents or chinks.
[The following terms, to 156, belong chiefly to Leaves.]
146 Nervous, having unconnedted fmall vtffels, re-
fembling nerves, running from the bafe to the ’top,
147 Trinerved, having three fmall nerves meeting
at the bafe.
148 Triplinerved, having three nerves meeting above
the bafe.
149 Trinervated, having three nerves meeting below
the bafe.
150 Enervisi nervelefs, the oppofite to nervous.
151 Venous, having veies or fmall veffels divided va-
rioufly, without arty regular order*
152 Avenis, veinlefs, the oppofite to venous.
*53 Rugofe* wrinkled, full of wrinkles, f. 87.
154 Bullated, having the furface, from being rugofe,
raifed up in the form of bubbles, by the veins being
eontrafted, the other fide by that means becoming
concave.
155 Lacunous, pitted, by the difk being depreffed
between the interfperfed veins.
156 Pun&ated, befprinkled with hollow points.
157 Papiilous, coveied with carnous or flelhy pointSi
f. 90.
158 Papulous, covered with veficular or bladder-like
points.
159 Vifcid, befmeared with a gluey moifture.
160 Tomentofe, covered with fine down interwoven
together, hardly to be difeerned, f. 84.
161 Villous, covered with foft hairs. See (241),
162 Sericeous, filky, covered with very fine hairs laid
clofe down.
163 Lariated, woolly, covered as it werfc with a cob¬
web (or fpontaneoufly curled hairs). See La¬
na (242).
164 Pilofe, hairy, covered with long diftinft hairs.
See Pili (240), and f. 83.
3K2 165 Bearded,
44+
botany.
Sea.
165 Bearded, covered with parallel hairs. See Bar-
Id (243).
166 Setaceous, briftly, fet or covered with briftles.
See Seta (245).
167 Scabrous, having hard prominent points caufing
a roughnefs to the touch.
168 Aculeated, armed with prickles fixed only to the
bark. See (253).
369 Strigofe, having ftiff lanceolated (69) prickles.
See Striga (244).
370 Paleaceous, chaffy, covered with dry fcales re-
fembling chaff. Sec Palea (246).
371 Muricated, befprinkled with fubulated points.
172 Spinous, thorny, befet with fpines, or prickles
rifing out of the wood of the plane.
373 Burning, befet with ftimulating and inflaming
points, as the nettle, &c.
N° XII. ^Margin is either,
174 Entire, linear without the leaft dent or notch.
175 Crenated, having notches without refptft to the
extremity, f. 74.
176 Serrated, faw-toothed, all the notches and teeth
looking towards the extremity, f. 67, 68.
177 Ciliated, having parallel briftles fet in a row
lengthwife, like eye-lafties.
178 Dentated, toothed, with the points patent and
afunder, f. 66.
179 Repand, having a plain ferpentine form, f. 65.
199 3. A fcapus or {haft; a trunk fupporting the
fru&ification, but not the leaves, f. 149.
20Qr 4. A ftipes or flock ; a trunk changing into
leaves.
201 Scandent, climbing, but needing the fupport of
other bodies.
202 Voluble, twining, afcending (45) in a fpiral line
by the afixltance of other bodies.
203 Repent, creeping, lying on the ground and fend¬
ing out roots here and there. See 196, f. 167.
204 Sarmentofe, full of twigs, filiform, with rooting
joints.
205 Stoloniferous, putting forth young {hoots at the
root, or tillering.
206 SimpliciJJimus, very Ample, having fcarcely any
branches.
207 Simplex, Ample, extended in a continued feriea
towards the top.
208 Entire, with the branches gathering inwards.
209 Proliferous, putting forth branches only from the
middle of the top.
210 Subramofe, having only a few lateral branches.
211 Ramofe, having many lateral branches
212 RamoJiJJimus, very ramofe, loaded with numerous
branches, without any determinate order.
213 Virgated, having fmall weak pliant branches of
unequal length.
214 Panicled, having branches varioufly fubdivided.
N° XVI. 4 Petiole is either filiform, or,
N° XIII. An Apex or Point is either, 2T^ A]ated) winged, dilated on the fides.
;8o Obtufe, terminated within the fegment of a 216 Spinefcent, hard and pricking.
circle, f. 76.
181 Emarginated, terminated by a notch, f. 80, 81.
182 Retufe, terminated by a round bofom.
183 Truncated, terminated by a tranfverfe line.
184 Acute, terminated by an acute angle, f. 77.
185 Acuminated, terminated by a fubulated or awl-
Ihaped point, f. 78.
186 Cufpidated, terminated by a briftle or prickle.
N° XVII. A Leaf is either Jimple or compound.
A. A Jimple Leaf, f. 37 to 43, may be,
217 Submerfed, hid under the face of water.
218 Natant, fwimming, lying on the furface of the
water.
219 Acerous, chaff like, linear and perfiftent (26),
f. 141.
SPECIAL TERMS.
NQ XIV. A Root is either.
The Infection of Leaves.
220 Petiolated, having a petiole inferted at its bafe,
187 Fibrous, confiding wholly of fmall fibres.
188 Bulbous, furnifhed with a bulb (19).
189 1. Solid (28).
390 2. Scaly, with the fcales imbricated (390).
19I 3- Tunicated, having coats above coats.
392 Tuberous, confiding of flefhy parts conne&ed by
threads to the bafe.
193 Fafcicular, confiding of flefhy parts conne&ed to
the bafe without the intervention of threads.
194 Granulated, compofed of fmall fleftiy particles.
J95 Fufiform, fpindle-fhaped, Angle and tapering,
f. 165.
196 Repent, running out a great way, and budding
here and there. '
N° XV. y? Trunk//,
197 j. A ftem or ftalk (f. 147, 148), a trunk fup¬
porting both the fru&ification and the
leaves.
§8 2. A culm, proper to graffes, f. 147..
..129.
221 Peitated, or targetted, having the petiole in the
difk of the leaf, f. 128.
222 Adnate, conne&ed with the branches at the bafe
on the upper fide.
223 Connate, having the oppofite pairs united at the
bafe on each fide, f. 134.
224 Coadunate, having more than two united..
225 Decurrent, having the bah of the leaf runnings
along the ftalk downwards, f. 131.
226 Amplexicaul, having the bafe furrounding or em¬
bracing the ftalk, f. 132.
227 Perfoliated, having the bafe furrounding the ftalk
ftraight acrofs, without any opening before, f. 133.
228 Vaginating, or fheathing, having the bafe form¬
ing a tube that covers the ftalk, f. 135.
B. I. A Leaf is called Compound, when the fame Pe¬
tiole produces more Leaves than one. It is
229 Articulated, jointed, when one leaf grows out of
the top of another, f. 1 u.
230 Di*
445
IV. B O T
230 Digitated, when a fimple petiole conne&s leaflets
or fmall leaves at the top. Binate, ternate, &c. are
modifications of this according to the number of
leaflets thus conne&ed, f. 102.
231 Pedated, when a bifid or forked petiole connefts
feveral leaflets only by the interior fide, f. 103.
232 Pinnated, or feathered, when a Ample petiole con-
ne&s any number of leaflets to its fides. Bijugous
(double-paired), quadrijugous (four-paired), &c.
when only four, eight, See. Sec. leaflets are thus con-
ne&ed, f. 104—no.
Pinnated with an odd one, when terminated by
a Angle or odd leaflet.
abruptly, when terminated neither by a
tendril nor by a leaflet,
cirrhous, w’hen terminated by a tendril (15).
with oppofite (127) leaflets;
with alternate (128) leaflets,
with interrupted leaflets, when the leaflets
are alternately greater and fmalien
with decurfive leaflets, or leaflets running
down the petioles.
2. *4 Decompound Leaf is eithert
233 Bigeminous, q. double-twin, leaves, when the
petiole is dichotomous, or fucceffively divided into
two, and every top carries a pair of leaflets.
234 Biternated, doubly ternated (230), f. 113.
235 Bipinnated, doubly pinnated (232), f. 1x4.
3. A Supradecompound Leaf is either,
236 Tergeminous, when the petiole being twice di¬
chotomous, or divided into two, bears a pair of
leaflets.
237 Triternated, thrice temated, f. 115.
238 Tripinnated, thrice pinnated, f. 116.
Stipula, or Scale.
Cw-nW, or Tendril.
N° XVIII. Pubes, the hair, •wool, &c. of plants, is
either,
239 Tomentum, a flock, fine interwoven hairs (villi,)
fcarcely vifible. See 160, 241, and f. 84.
240 Pili (164), excretory duds of a plant refem-
bling fetas or bridles (166).
241 Villi (161), foft hairs.
242 Lana (163), curled thick hairs.
243 Barba, a beard, parallel hairs.
244 Strigee, comb-teeth, ftiff rigid plain hairs.
245 Seta, briftles, fliff round hairs.
246 Palea (170), a membranaceous fcale (33)-
247 /Zfl'wa.r, hook, an acuminated (185) crooked point.
248 Glochis, a point or prickle with many teeth turn¬
ed- backwards.
249 Glandule, a papilla, or fmall gland fecreting moi-
fture, f. 155. a.
250 Utricle, a fmall veflel full of fecerned moifture.
254 Vifcofity, exprefles the quality of tenacious moi¬
fture.
252 Glutisiofity, exprefles the quality of flippery hu-
mour.
N° XIX. Arm A, the arms ofplants, are either,
253 Aculei, prickles, pricking points affixed only to
the bark.
ANY.
254 Furcee, forks, prickles (233) divided or forked.
255 Spina (172), thorns, points or prickles put forth
from the wood of the plant, f. 157.
256 Stimuli (273), points producing inflammatory
jpun&ures, whereby the parts become itching.
N° XX, A Bractea, or floral leaf.
257 Coma, the braftese or fpangles on the top of the
flalk of fome plants, remarkable in fize compared
to the other leaves.
N° XXI. A Peduncle is either,
258 Common, to more flowers than one.
259 Partial, bearing any number of flowers of the
common peduncle.
260 A pedicle, proper to flowers in a common pe¬
duncle.
261 Cernuous, Hooping, having the top looking to
the ground.
262 Retrofrad, broken backward, reduced to a de¬
pending ftate as if by force.
263 Multiflorous, producing many flowers.
264 Inflorescence is the mode in which flowers are
conne&ed to the peduncle of a plant; and this is
either,
263 x. Verticillus, a whirl, when a number of flowers
furround the plant in a ring.
266 2. Capitulum, a knot, when a number of flowers
are colle&ed together in form of a globe. It
fignifies alio the upper parts ©f the fru&ifica-
tion of mofles.
267 3. Fafciculus, a bunch, when ereft parallel flowers
of equal height are collefted together (392).
268 4. Spica, a fpike, when fefiile alternate flowers
are placed on a common Ample peduncle. A
fpike is either
269 Simple, continued and undivided.
270 Compound, when more fmall fpikes Hand
on one peduncle.
271 Glomerated, when the fmall fpikes are crowd-
ed together, without any certain order.
272 Interrupted, when the fmaller fprkes are
placed alternately and diftant one from
another.
273 5. A. corymbits, is formed of a fpike (268), ha¬
ving every Angle flower provided with a pedicle
of its own, and the whole elevated to a pro¬
portionable height, f 32.
274^,6. Racemus, a clufter, when the common pe¬
duncle has lateral branches, f. 33.
275 Unilateral, when all the flowers grow on one
fide.
276 7. Panicula, a panicle, when the flowers are
fparfe, and grow on peduncles varioufly divided,
f. 36.
277 8. Thyrfus-, a panicle (276) gathered into an.
ovate (64) form.
278 Umlella, an umbel; a receptacle (13) lengthen¬
ed out from one centre into filiform peduncles riling
to a proportionable height,.fo as to refemble an um¬
brella above, f. 4. b b.
279 Simple, when all the peduncles fpring out of
one and the fame receptacle.
280 Compound, when every peduncle carries a fmalb
umbel on its top.
6
281 Urn-
N Y.
B O T
281 Umlelluh fejjilis, a (mail feffile umbel, when a
number of peduncles rife from the fame centre, and
(land equally all around it.
282 Cyma, a receptacle riling from the fame general
centre, with partial ones here and there, and length¬
ened into peduncles all equally high at top.
283 Rar.his. a filiform receptacle conne&tng any num¬
ber of florets into a long fpike.
384 Spadix, the receptacle of a palm-tree rifing within
a fpatha or Iheath, and divided into fru&ifying
branches, f. 2.
N0 XXII. Fructification is,
285 The temporary part of a vegetable, deftined to
generation. And is either
286 Simple, confifting of few flowers.
287 Compound, when a number of flowers are fet
together.
A. Calyx, the Cup.
’288 1. Perianthium, a cup contiguous to the fructifi¬
cation, f. 18. '
289 ——- of the fructification, containing the fta-
mina (9) and the germen (333),
2 go    of the flower, containing ftamina without
a germen.
-291   of the fruit, containing a germen without
ftamina.
• a. Proper, belonging to any particular
flower. And is either
Monophyllous, confifting only of one leaf.
Polyphyllous, confifting of a number of
leaves.
Superior, having the germen below the
receptacle.
Inferior, having the germen above the
receptacle.
2g7 —— Common, containing a number of flow¬
ers fet together.
2g8 —— Calculated, a calyx or cup, having, as it
were, another leffer cup round its bafe.
299 2. Involucrum, or wrapper, a cup remote from
a flower, f. 4.
300    Univerfal, fet under an univerfal umbel,
(278) f. 4. a a.
301   Partial, fet under a partial umbel f. 4. dd.
302    Proper, fet under any particular flower.
303 3. Gluma, a glume or chaff, the cup of any kind
of grafs, confifting of valves embracing
one another, f. 3. Either
304    Uniflorous, containing a Angle flower.
305    Multiflorous containing any number of
flowers.
306 Arifta, or awn,f.3- aa. a tapering pointgrowing
out of the glume or chaff; either ftraight, or
367 Tortile, twifted like a cord.
308 Amentum, a catkin, confifting of a chaffy
common receptacle like a gem or bud, f. 6.
309 5. Spatha, fpath or Iheath, a cup opening longi¬
tudinally, f. x.
310 6. Calyptra, hood, the cowl-fhaped cup of fome
mofles placed over the antherafjji) f. 5.
311 7. Fo/iia, the membranaceous cup of a muftiroom.
——— a. Perichatium, a circular tuft of fine hair-like
leaves furrounding the bafes of the filaments
in the genus Hypnum.
292 •
293 -
294 -
295 -
296 ■
A
Sea.
- B. Corolla, or coloured part of a flower.
312 PetalJ a part of a corolla when divided into more
parts than one, f, 13. b b.
313 Tube, the inferior part of a monopetaloqs corolla,
f. 11. a.
314 Limb, the fupetior fpreading part of a monope-
talous corolla, f. 13, 14.
315 Unguis, heel, the inferior part of a polypetalous
corolla affixed to the receptacle.
316 Aamisa, lappet, the fuperior fpreading part'of a
polypetalous corolla, f. 14.
317 Regular, equal in figure, magnitude, and propor¬
tion of parts.
318 Irregular, when the fegments of the limb differ
in figure, magnitude, or proportion of parts.
3x9 Ringent, irregular (318) gaping like two lip#
opened very wide.
320 Galea-ringcntis, the vizard or upper lip of a rin-
gent corolla,
321 Faux, the throat or opening between the feg¬
ments of a corolla where the tube '(313) terminates.
322 Cruciated, croffed, having four equal and patent
petals.
323 Perfonata, mafked, ringent (319), but fhut clofe
between the lips by the palate.
324 Papilionaceous, butterfly-fhaped, irregular; the
inferior petal being cymbiform or fhaped like a boat
(called the carina or keel) ; the fuperior afeending,
(called the vexillum or flag) ; the fide petals ftand-
ing fingle (called the aU or wings),
325 Compound, confifting of a number of florets, on
a common receptacle, and within a common peri¬
anthium.
326 x. Ligulated, having all the exterior floret#
plain on the outfide.
327 2. Tubulous, having all the fmall corollse of the
florets tubulated.
328 3. Radiated, having all the fmall corolla: of the
diflt tubulous, and thofe of the circumference
ligulated and of a different form.
329 Neftary, the melliferous part proper to any flow¬
er, f. 15, 16.
C. Stamen, a Chi^.
330 Filament, the part fupporting the anthera, and
connecting it with the plant, f. 18. ee.
331 Anthera, the part of a flower which is full of pol¬
len (332) or fine flower-duft, which it difeharge#
as foon as itfelf comes to maturity, f. 18. f f, g.
332 Pollen, flower-duft, burfting by being brought in¬
to contadt with moifture, and throwing out ela-
ftic atoms. (According to the principles of the
fexual fyftem, this is the origin of generation in
plants).
D. Piflillum, a Piftil.
333 Germen, the rudiment of the unripe fruit in t
flower. This is either*
334 Superior, included in the corolla.
335' Inferior, placed below the corolla.
336 Style, the part of the piftil that raifes the ftigma
(337)'from the germen, f. 18. c.
337 Stigma, the fummit of the piftil bedewed with
moifture, f. 18. d.
5
E. Pe*
IV.
447
B O T
E. Pcrtcarpium, a Fruit-cafe, is a
338 I. Capfule, a fruit-cafe, hollow and opening in
a certain determinate manner, f. 23, 24,
25-
339 2; Valvule, a fcreen or defence, with which the
fruit is covered on the outlxde.
340 Loculamenlum, a hole or cavity for lodging
the feeds.
341 Dijfepimentumy a partition, by which the fruit
is diftinguilhed or divided within, into any
number of cavities, f. 29.
342 Bicapfular, having two capfules (338).
343 Bilocular, having two cavities (340).
344 Tricoecous, a capfule having three protube¬
rant knobs, and divided into three cavities
within, each containing one feed.
345 Bidymous, haying two knobs protuberant on
the outfide.
346 SiUqua, a hulk; a fruit-cafe having two valves,
and attaching the feeds along both futures,
f. 23, 24. _
347 ‘Torujofa, having prominences fwelling out on
each fide.
348 Paralltlum d'l/feplmentum, a parallel partition
of equal breadth with the valves.
349 Contrarium chjjepimenlum, a crofs partition nar¬
rower than the valves.
35° 3* Legumen, a cod cr fwob; a pericarpium having
two valves, and attaching the feeds only along
the one future, f. 23.
351 JJlhtr’s interceptum, having parts at regular di-
ftances ftraiter than the reft, fo as to divide
it acrofs into different internal cavities.
352 4. Follicle, a pericarpium of one valve, opening
longitudinally on one fide, and not having the
feeds attached to the future, f. 22.
333 5. Zh-K/a, plum; a pericarpimn fluffed with fleihy
fubftance, without any valve, and containing
a nut or ftone in the middle, f. 26.
354 5’ P°mum> apple or pear; a pericarpium fluffed
with fleihy fubftance without valves, and con¬
taining a capfule or feed-cafe in the middle,
f. 25.
355 6. Bacca, berry; a pericarpium full of pulpy or
foft fubftance, wiihout valves, and containing
feeds otherwife naked.
356 7. Nidulant, neftling; feeds difperfed through a
pulpy or foft fubftance.
357 8. StrobiluSy cone ; a pericarpium formed by the
induration of the feales of a catkin, (308).
f- 7*
F. Semen, Seed.
35^ Hilum, fpeck ; the external fear or mark of the
feed, occalioned by its attachment to the fruit-cafe
before it come to maturity.
359 Corculum, the original fubftance of a new plant
within a feed.
360 Corona, crown, or drefs adhering to the top of a
feed, by which it is enabled to fly about after it is
ripe. ■
361 Pappus, down ; a feathery or hairy crown with
which it flies, f. 31.
362 Stipitatus, flalked, having a thread betwixt it
and the down.
ANY.
363 Capillary, confiding of fine undivided hairs.
364 Plumofe, feathery; confiding of hairs feathered
on the fides.
365 Cauda, tail; a thread or membrane at the end of
a feed.
366 Hamus, A.hook, (247).
367 Caliculus, the interior and proper integument of
a feed.
368 Nux, kernel; a feed covered with a bony fhell.
369 Ardlus ; the outer coat of a feed, which falls off
of its own accord.
G. Reccptaculum, a Receptacle.
370 Common, containing more flowers and fruits than
one.
371 Compound, cr compofite flower; having the re¬
ceptacle dilated and entire, the florets fefiiie.
372 Aggregate flower; having the receptacle dilated,
and the florets fubpedicellated, or ftanding on very
fhort flower-ftalks.
Bulbus, a bulb. Gemma, a gem or bud.
N° XXIII. Vernation is the
373 Difpofition of leaves within the bud (20).
374 Conduplicated, doubled together, having the
oppofite edges approaching each other in parallel
lines.
375 Convoluted, rolled together fpirally like a cowl.
376 Involuted, rolled inwards, having the edges on
bqjh fides rolled fpirally, fo as to be nearly met on
the upper furface of the leaf.
377 Revoluted, rolled backwards, having the edges on
both fides rolled fpirally, fo as to be nearly met on
the back of the leaf, f. 123.
378 Equitant, riding, when two leaves oppofite to
each other clofe their edges, fo that the one includes
or clafps about the other.
379 Obvoluted, when two edges of one leaf clofe on
the upper furface, fo that one edge divides or lies
betwixt-the two fides of the other.
380 .Plicated, plaited, gathered into various plaits,
f- 73; .
381 Circinal, rolled fpirally from the top to the bafe,
fo that the top comes to occupy the centre.
N0 XXIV. General Terms to be added.'
382 Laxus, flexible at pleafure. Debilis (weak), and
(flagging) are almoft fynonymous.
383 Rigid, not enduring to be bent.
384 Articulated (229), jointed or knotted.
385 Enodis, without joints or knots.
386 Pramorfus, forebitten ; having the top as it were
bitten off. f. 34.
387 Radicant, puftiing down roots.
388 Squamous, covered with feales.
389 Proliferous flowers, having one flower rifing with¬
in another.
390 Imbricated parts, one overlapping another like
tiles or flates, f 10.
391 Squarrofe, rough or feurfy, applied to the tops
or irregular ferments of leaves, &c. wl'tn they
ftand out on all fides.
392 Faftigiated, trunks, branches, or peduncles rifing ,
all alike high.
393
A
Sea. I
448 B O T
393 Refupinated, turned upfide down.
394 I.acerated, a term applied to the edges of flowers
or leaves when divided irregularly as if they were
torn.
395 Laciniated, divided into parts or fegments in an
indeterminate manner, f. 60.
Terms omitted to le infer ted in their proper places.
396 Brachiated branches, when each pair Hands at
right angles with the pairs immediately above and
below them, f. 116, 117.
397 Aphyllous, without any leaves.
398 Adverfe leaves, turning their faces, not to the
(ley but to the fouth ; as, Amomum.
399 Arloreus., arborefeent, of the nature of a tree
producing buds. A term of great lubricity.
4C.0 Bulbiferous, bearing bulbs.
-Bulbs are either
401 Scaly, confiding of imbricated lamellae, as
the lily root, f. 161.
402 Solid, confiding of folid fubflance ; as the
tulip, f. 162.
403 Tunicated, coated, like the common o-
nion, f. 163.
404 Articulated, confiding of lamellae linked to¬
gether as the Lathraa.
405 Calcareous, of a hard crumbly nature, like
dry lime plafter.
406 Circumfeiffits, parting as if cut flraight over ; as
the capfule of Steliaria.
407 Cirrhous, terminating in a tendril.
408 Columella, the part of a fruit-cafe that connefts
the internal partitions with the feeds.
409. Intortion, the twilling of any part towards one
fide :
410 To the right, fupporjng one’s felf placed in
the centre ;
411 To the left, fuppofi'ng one’s felf placed in the
centre.
412 Cotyledon, the lateral body or lobe of a feed,
porous, and imbibing moillure, and afterwards fall¬
ing off.
413 Acotykdones, plants whofe feeds have no lateral
bodies or lobes ; as the Mufci.
414 Monccotyledones, plants whofe feeds have only one
lateral body ; as the Grades, &c.
415 DicotyleJones, plants whofe feeds have two lateral
bodies or lobes; as the Legumina, &c.
416 Polycotyledones, plants whofe feeds have many
lateral bodies or lobes ; as the Pines, &c.
417 Monofpermous, capfules or feed-cafes that contain
only one feed.
418 Di—tri—-tetra—penta,—,&c. fpermous, contain¬
ing 2, 3, 4, 5, &c. feeds in one capfule.
419 Poly fpermous, containing many feeds.
420 Suherofus, refembling cork.
421 Echinatus, befet with fpines or prickles, fo as to
refembit a hedge-hog.
422 Muticus, without awn, beard, or prickle.
.423 Pileus, the hat or bonnet of a mulhroom, which
has the frudlrfications on its under fide, f. 8. a.
424 Difcus, the middle part of a compound flower,
cor filling of regular florets.
325 Radius, the rim or outward part, confiding of ir-
xcg ular florets.
N Y.
Sect. V. Of the Sexes of Plants.
As many philofophers and botanifls deny that fuch
a thing as the didinftion of fexes take, place in vege¬
tables, it will be neceffary to give a narration of the
arguments employed by both parties on this fubjedt.
We (hall begin with the arguments in favour of the
fexes.
I. Linnaeus is at great pains in tracing the notion
of fexes in plants to the remoted periods of antiquity.
He informs us, that Empedocles, Anaxagoras, and
other ancient philofophers, not only attributed the di-
ftin&ion of fexes to plants, but maintained that they
were capable of perceiving pleafure and pain.
Hippocrates and Theophradus are next introduced
as diftinguifhing the conyza, the abies, the filix, &c»
into male and female. The latter of thefe writers
affirms that the fruit of the male palm will not germi¬
nate, unlefs the pollen of the male be (haken over the
fpatha of the female previous to the ripening of the
feed.
Diofcorides takes notice of a male and female man-
dragora, mercurialis, cidus, &c.
Pliny does not confine his views of fex to animals,
but exclaims, that every thing this earth produces is
characterized by the diliinCtion of fex.
From the days of Pliny to thofe of Caefalpinus, who
lived in the 16th century, the analogy between the ve¬
getable and animal feems to have been entirely neglefted.
Csefalpinus tells us, that the males of the oxycedrus,
taxus, mercurialis, urtica, and cannabis, are barren 5
and that the females of thefe plants only bear fruit. .
After Csefalpinus, we find Dr Grew and Sir Thomas,.
Millington engaged in a converfation concerning the
utility of the damina and dyli of plants. The refult
of this converfation was the mutual agreement of thefe
two eminent naturalids, that the damina and dyli of
vegetables were analogous to the organs of generation
in animals, and that they were adapted by nature to
anfwer the fame purpofes. Dr Grew, in his anatomy
of plants, after enumeratingthe analogies between plants
and animals, concludes, that the pollen probably emits
certain vivjfc effluvia, which may ferve for the impreg¬
nation of the feeds.
Mr Ray gave a further fan&ion to the doClrine of
fexes, by concurring with Grew, and adding fome fur¬
ther iiludrations from analogy.
In the year 1695, Camerarius attempted to prove
the fexes of plants. But, as he truded folely to the
palm-tree, and withal feemed to be doubtful as to the
authenticity of the fad, he,cannot be confidered as ha¬
ving done any thing in confirmation of the fexual hy-
pothefis.
Mr Morland, in the year 1703, adopted the fame
hypothefis ; but gave it a new modification, by fuppo-
fing that the pollen contained the feminal -plant in
miniature, and confequently that it behoved one pollen
at lead to be conveyed into every feparate feed be¬
fore it could be properly impregnated. Analogy and
the dru&ure of the parts are the only arguments he
employs.
Some years after this, Mr Geoffrey wrote a treatife
on the fexes of plants : but as he advanced nothing new,
we fhall take no farther notice of him.
Vaillant,
fea. v.
449
B O T
Valllant, In tlie year 1717, jodlcioufly confiderlng
that the canal in the ftylus of mod plants was too nar¬
row to admit the pollen itfelf, republiflied Dr Crew’s
theory of impregnation by means of a fubtile feminal
anra. .
Thefe are the fentiments of the principal botanifts
with regard to the generation of plants, till the celebra¬
ted Linnaeus made his appearance as a botanical writer,
who has extended the idea fo far as to compofe a com¬
plete fyftem upon it.
Although Linnaeus can have no claim to the fuppo-
fed difcovery of the fexual hypothefis, his being pre-
cifely the fame with that of Dr Grew; yet, as he is the
chief fupporter and improver of this doftrine, we fliall
give a fuccinft narration of the arguments he makes ufe
of in order to prove that vegetables propagate their
fpecies by a regular commerce of fexes.
In a treatife intitled, Sponfalia Plantarum, publifhed
as an inaugural differtation by Wahlbom, in the firft
volume of the Anuenitates Academic#, all the arguments
made ufe of by Linnaeus in his Fundanienta Botanipa,
and other works, are colleifed and arranged in one
view. But as Wahlbom honellly attributes all the me¬
rit of this differtation to his great mafter, we fhall here
drop his name altogether, and give the arguments as
the property of Linnaeus, by whom they were origi¬
nally employed.
Linnaeus, then, firft attempts to fhow, that vege¬
tables are endowed with a certain degree of life ; and,
lecondly, that they propagate their fpecies in a man¬
ner fimilar to that of animals.
“ That vegetables are really living beings (fays he),
muft be obvious at firft fight; becaufe they pollefs all
the properties contained in that accurate definition of
life laid down by the great Dr Harvey, namely, Vita
eft fpontanea propulfw humorum. But univerfal experi¬
ence teaches, that vegetables propel humours or juices:
hence it is plain that vegetables muft be endowed with
a certain degree of life.”
Not trufting folely to a fyllogifm founded on a defi¬
nition, Linnaeus proceeds to fupport the life of vege¬
tables by arguments drawn from the following particu¬
lars in their ceconomy; the firft of which he intitles,
11 Nutritio.— The very idea of nutrition implies a
propulfion of humours, and of courfe the idea of life.
But vegetables derive their nouriihment from the earth,
air, &c. and confequently muft be confidered as living
creatures.
“ 2. JEtas.—Every animal muft not only begin to
exift, and have that exiftence diffolved by death, but
muft likewife pafs through a number of intermediate
changes in its appearance and affections. Infancy, youth,
manhood, old age, are characterifed by imbecility, beau¬
ty, fertility, dotage. Are not all thefe vicifiitudes con-
fpicuous in the vegetable world? Weak and tender in
infancy} beautiful and falacious in youth; grave, ro-
buft, and fruitful, in manhood; and when old.age ap¬
proaches, the head droops, the fprings of life dry up,
and, in fine, the poor tottering vegetable returns to that
duft from whence it fprung.
“ 3. Motus.—No inanimate body is capable of felf-
motion. Whatever moves fpontaneoufly, is endowed
with a living principle: for motion depends on the fpon-
taneous propulfion of humours; and wherever there is
a fpontaneous propulfion of humours, there alfo is life.
Vol. III. Part II.
A N Y.
That vegetables are capable of motion, is evident from
the following fails: plants, when confined within doori,
always bend towards the light, and fome of them even
attempt to make their efcape by the windows. The
flowers of many plants, efpecially thofe of the fynge-
nefia clafs, purfue the fun from eaft to weft, rejoicing
in his beams. Who then can deny that vegetables are
poffeffed of living and felf-moving powers ?
“ 4. Morbus.— Wz term difeafe means nothing more
than a certain corruption of life. It is well known,
that vegetables are fubjeif to difeafes as well as ani¬
mals : when over-heated, they turn thirfty, languilh,
and fall to the ground; when too cold, they are tor¬
mented with the chilblain, and not unfrequently expire;
they are fometimes afRi&ed with cancers; and every
plant is infefted with lice peculiar to its fpecies.
“ 5. Mors.—Death is oppofed to life, the former
being only a privation of the latter. Experience flrows,
that every living creature muft die. But as vegetables
are daily cut off by internal difeafes and external inju¬
ries ; as they are fubjeft to death from the attacks of
hunger, thirft, heat,1 cold, &c. with what propriety
could vegetables be thus faid to die, unlefs we allow
that they previoufly lived?
“ 6. Anatomia.—Under this article we are referred
to Malpighius and Grew for the organic fibres, meim-
branes, canals, veficles, &c. of plants, as additional
proofs of their living powers.
“ 7. Organizatii.—Vegetables not only propel hu-
mdurs, but alfo prepare and fecern a number of diffe¬
rent juices for the fruit, the neftar, &c. analogous to
the various fecretions in animal bodies.”
From thefe fafts and obfervations, Linnaeus con¬
cludes, that plants are unqueftionably endowed with
life as well as animals; and then proceeds in the fol¬
lowing manner to fhow how thefe animated vegetables
propagate their fpecies.
After difcuffing the long exploded doftrine of equi¬
vocal generation, he lays hold of another maxim of Dr
Harvey, viz. Omne vivum ex evo.—“ It being fully
evident (fays he), from the foregoing chain of reafon-
ing, that vegetables are endowed with life, it neceffa-
rily follows, agreeable to this maxim of Harvey’s, that
every vegetable muft in like manner derive its exiftence
from an egg. But as vegetables proceed from eggs, and
as it is the diftinguifhing property of an egg to give
birth to a being fimilar to that which produced it, the
feeds muft of courfe be the eggs of vegetables.
“ Granting then that the feeds of vegetables are in¬
tended by nature to anfwer the fame end as the eggs
of animals, and confidering at the fame time that no
egg can be fecundated without receiving an impregna¬
tion from the male, it follows, that the feed or eggs of
vegetables cannot be fecundated by any other means.
Hence alfo the neceflity of vegetables being provided
with organs of generation. But where are thefe organs
fituated ? The anfwer is eafy:—We have already found
impregnated feeds within the flowers of plants ; and it
is natural to expeft that the genitalia fhould not be at
a greater diftance. Now, as copulation always precedes
birth, and every flower precedes the fruit, the genera¬
ting faculty muft be afcribed to the flower, and the birth
to the fruit. Again, as the anther# vxi& jligmata are
the only effential parts of flowers, thefe parts muft ne-
ceffarily be the organs of gene ration V
3 L BeIng
45°
B O T
Being thus far advanced, Linnaeus affirms, that the
anther a are the tejies, and that the pollen performs the
office of the male femen. Thefe affirmations he at¬
tempts to eftablifh by the following arguments; the
firft: of which he terms,
“ i. Preecedentia.—The anther®, or vegetable tc-
fles, always precede the fruit; and as foon as the an¬
ther® come to maturity, which conftantly happens be¬
fore the maturity of the fruit, they continue to throw
out their pollen as long as the flower lafts; but decay
and fall off whenever the fruit comes to perfe&ion.
“2. Situs.—The anther® of all plants are uniform¬
ly fituated in fuch a manner that the pollen may with
the greateft facility fall upon the Itigma or female
organ.
“ 3. Tempus.—The anther® and ftigmata always
flourifh at the fame time, whether the flowers be of the
hermaphrodite or dioicous kind.
“ 4. Localumenta.—When the anther® are diflec-
ted, they difcover as great a variety or ftru&ure as the
pericarpia or feed capfules : for fome of them have
one cell, as the mercury ; fome two, as the hellebore,
&c.
“ 5. Cqftratio.—If all the anther® be cut off from
an hermaphrodite"plant, juft before the flowers begin to
expand, taking care at the fame time that no plant of
the fame fpecies grow near it, the fruit will either prove
entirely abortive, or produce barren feeds.
“ 6. Figura.—When the pollen of different plants
is examined by the microfcope, it exhibits as great a
variety of figures as is difcoverable in the feeds them-
felves.
“ The accumulated force of thefe arguments (con¬
cludes Linnaeus) amounts to a full demonftration that
the anther® are the teftes, and that the pollen is the
femen or genitura of vegetables.
“ The male organ being thus inveftigated, we hope
(fays Linn®us) that none will hefitate to pronounce
the ftigma to be the female organ, efpecially when the
following obfervations are fufficiently attended to.
“ The piftillum is compofed of the germen, ftylus,
and ftigma. The germen, being only a kind of rudi¬
ment of the future foetus or feed, ceafes to exift as
foon as the flower comes to maturity. Neither is the
ftylus an effential part, as many flowers have no ftylus.
But no fruit ever comes to maturity without the af-
fiftance of the ftigma. It follows, that the ftigma
muft be the female organ adapted by nature for the re¬
ception of the pollen or impregnating fubftance. This
will appear ftill clearer from the following chain of rea-
foning.
“ t. Situs.—The ftigmata are always fituated fo that
the pollen may with moft eafe fall upon them. Be-
fldes, it is remarkable, that in moft plants (though not
in all) the number of the ftigmata exaftly correfponds
with the loculamenta or cells of the pericarpium.
“ 2. Tempus.—Here the obfervation, that the ftig¬
mata and anther® conftantly flourifh at the fame time,
is repeated.
“ 3. Decidentia.—The ftigmata of moft plants, like
the anther®, decay and fall off as foon as they have dif-
charged their proper funftion ; which evidently ftiows,
that their office is not to ripen the fruit, but folely to
anfwer the important purpofe of impregnation.
“ 4. AbfciJJio.—The argument here is precifely the
ANY. Sed.
fame with the caftration of the anther® ; and the re-
fult is likewife the fame, namely the deftruftion of the
fruit.
“ Thefe arguments (concludes Linn®us) are fuffi-
cient to demonftrate, that the ftigma is the female or¬
gan of generation, or that organ which is fuited for the
reception and conveyance of the femen to the vegetable
eggs. Hence plants may be faid to be in aftu veneris,
when the anther® or tefticuli fpread their pollen over
the ftigma or female vulva.”
To fhow how the coitus of vegetables is effe&ed, is
our author’s next objeft-of inveftigatioh. He affirms,
that the pollen is conveyed, by means of the wind or
infefts, to the moift ftigma, where it remains until it
difcharges a fubtile fluid, which being abforbed by the
veffels of the ftigma, is carried to the feeds or ova, and
impregnates them. His proofs are taken from the fol¬
lowing particulars.
“ 1. Oculus.—When the flowers are in full blow,
and the pollen flying about, every one may then fee the
pollen adhering to the ftigma. This he illuftrates by
mentioning as examples the viola tricolor, iris, campa¬
nula, &c.
u 2. Proportio.—The ftamina and piftilla, in moft
plants, are of equal heights, that the pollen, by the in¬
tervention of the wind, may, with the greater facility,
fall upon the ftigma.
“ 3. Locus.—The ftamina of moft plants furround
the piftillum, to give the pollen an opportunity of fall¬
ing upon the ftigma at every breeze of wind. Even in
the moncecia clafs, the male flowers Hand generally a-
bove the female ones, to afford an eafier conveyance of
the pollen to the ftigma.
“ 4. Tempus.—It is remarkable that the ftamina
and piftilla conftantly appear at the fame time, even im
plants belonging to the monoecia clafs.
“ 5. Plavix.—The flowers of moft plants expand
by the heat of the fun, and flint themfelves up in the
evening or in rainy weather. The final caufe of this
muft be to keep the moifture from the pollen, left it
fltould be thereby coagulated, and of courfe prevented'
from being blown upon the ftigma.
“ 6. Palmicolte.—That the cultivators of palm-trees
were in ufe to pull off the fpadices from the males, and
fufpend them over the fpath® of the females, is attefted
by Theophraftus, Pliny, Profper Alpinus, Kempfer,
and many others. If this operation happened to be
neglefted, the dates were four and deftitute of nuts.
Kempfer adds this Angular circumftance, that the male
fpadix, after being thoroughly dried and kept till next
feafon, ftill retained its impregnating virtue.
“ 7. Flores nutantes.—As the pollen is fpecifically
heavier than air, fuch flowers as have their piftillum
longer than the ftamina, hang down, or incline to one
fide, e. g. the fritillaria, campanula, &c. An eafy ad-
miffion of the pollen to the ftigroa is the final caufe of
this appearance.
“ 8. Submerji.—Many plants that grow below wa¬
ter, emerge when their flowers begin to blow, and fwim
upon the furface till they receive their impregnation,,
and then fink down.
“ 9. Omnium florum genuina confide ratio.”—Here a
number of particulars are recited. We ftiall confine
ourfelves to thofe that are. moft ftriking and applicable
to the fubjedt.
“ When.
Sea. V.
B O' T A
“ When the flowers of the male hemp are pulled off
before thofe of the female are fully expanded, the fe¬
males do not produce fertile feeds. But as a male flower
is fometimes found upon a female plant, this may be the
reafon why fertile feeds are fometimes produced even
after this precaution has been obferved.
“ The tulip affords another experiment to the fame
purpofe.—Cut off all the antherse of a red tulip before
the pollen is emitted; then take the ripe antheras of a
white tulip, and throw the pollen of the white one upon
the ftigma of the red ; the feeds of the red tulip being
thus impregnated by.one of a different complexion, will
next feafon produce fome red, fome white, but moft
variegated flowers.”
In the year 1744) Linnaeus publifhed a defcription of
a new genus, which he called peloria, on the fuppofition
of its being a hybrid or mule plant* i. e. a plant pro¬
duced by an unnatural commixture of two different ge¬
nera. The root, leaves, caulis, &c. of this plant are
exceedingly fimilar to thofe of the antirrhinum linaria;
but the flower and other parts of the fruftification are
totally different. On account of its fimilarity to the li¬
naria in every part but the flower, Linnaeus imagined it
to have been produced by a fortuitous commixture of
the linaria with fome other plant, although he has ne¬
ver yet been able to point out the father. This dodtrine
of the produ&ion of mule plants has fince been greatly
prized and carefully propagated by Linnaeus and the
other fupporters of the fexual hypothefis. In the third
volume of the Amcenitates Academic#, there is a com¬
plete differtation, intitled Plant# Hybrid#, wherein the
dodlrine of vegetable mules is much improved and ex¬
tended. This differtation contains a lift of 47 mules,
with their fuppofed fathers and mothers. For ex¬
ample,
The Veronica fpuria is faid to be a mule plant-begot
by the Verbena officinalis upon the Veronica mari-
tima.
The Delphinium hybridum, a mule begot by the Aconi-
tum napellus upon the delphinium datum.
The Ar&otis calendula, a mule begot by the Calendula
pluvialis upon the arftotis triftis.
The Afclepias nigra, a snule begot by the Cynanchum
acutum upon the Afclepias vincetoxicum, &c.
From the examples given in this differtation, Lin-
uaeus draws this conclufion. That only two fpecies of
each genus exifted ab origine ; and that all the variety
of fpecies which now appear have been produced by
unnatural embraces betwixt fpecies of different genera.
Under this head, Linnasus likewife quotes from Ray
the ftory of Richard Baal gardener at Brentford. This
Baal fold a large quantity of the feeds of the braffica
florida to feveral gardeners in the fuburbs of London.
Thefe gardeners, after fowing their feeds in the ufual
manner, were furprifed to find them turn out to be
plants of a different fpecies from that which Baal made
them believe they had purchafed j for, inftead of the
braffica florida, the plants turned out to be the braffica
longifolia. The gardeners, upon making the difcovery,
commenced a profecution of fraud againfl Baal in Weft-
minfler-hall. The court found Baal guilty of fraud,
and decerned him not only to reftore the pjdce of the
feeds, but likewife to pay the gardeners for their loft
time, and the ufe of their ground. “ Had thefe judges
(fays Linnaeus) been acquainted with the fexual hy¬
pothefis, they would not have found Baal guilty of any
crime, but would have afcribed the accident to the for¬
tuitous impregnation of the braffica florida by the pollen
of the braffica longifolia.”
Linnaeus next proceeds to celebrate the utility of in¬
fers, becaufe they convey the pollen of the male to t he
ftigma of the female. “ In this way (fays he), it,is
reafonable to think that many dioicous plants are im¬
pregnated. Nay, even the hermaphrodites themfelves
are greatly obliged to the different tribes of infefts,
which, by fluttering and treading in the corolla, are
conftantly fcattering the pollen about the ftigma.
“ Upon the whole then, (concludes Linnasus), the
coitus of vegetables is evident to a demonftration. This
coitus is nothing more than the conveyance of the pol¬
len to the ftigma, to which it adheres till it burfts, and
difcharges a fubtile elaftic fluid. This fluid or aura is
abforbed by the veffels of the ftylus, and carried dirtftly
to the ovarium or germen, where the myfterious work
of impregnation is fully completed.”
These are the arguments employed by Linnasus and
other advocates for the fexual commerce of vegetables.
—Let us next attend to thofe employed by the oppo-
fers of this hypothefis.
It is admitted by Pontedera, Dr Alfton, &c. that
fome of the ancients applied the terms male and female
to feveral plants. But-then they deny that thefe terms
conveyed the fame ideas to the ancients that they do to
the moderns. Male and female, when applied to plants,
were to the ancients mere terms of diftinftion, ferving
only as trivial names to diftinguifh one fpecies or va¬
riety from another. The ancients were ignorant of the
very charafters which conftitute the difference between
what is called a male and female plant among the mo¬
derns. ' Theophraftus, Diofcorides, Pliny, and, in a
word, the whole ancient botanical writers, confound
the very notion of the modern fexes: they call the real
female, or feed bearing plant the male; and. the male,
or barren plant, the female. Nay, they have even ap¬
plied the terms male and female to many plants which
bear nothing but hermaphrodite flowers.
Such is the nature of this controverfy, that it cannot
be determined with any degree of certainty, but by ex ¬
periments made upon dioicous plants. If a female plant
can produce fertile feeds without having any communi¬
cation with the pollen of the male, the ufe of this pollen
with refpeif to the impregnation of feeds muft of ne-
ceffity be entirely fuperfeded.
Now, both Camerarius and Dr Alfton tried thefe ex¬
periments with the fame fuccefs. Thofe two eminent
botanifts took female plants of the mercury, fpinage,
and hemp ; tranfplanted them at a great diftance from
any males of the fame genus, and befides had them in-
clofed by double rows of hedges. The refult was, that
each of thefe plants produced great quantities of fer¬
tile feeds. Tournefort nude the fame trial upon the
lupulus, Miller upon the bryony, and Geoffroy upon
the mays; and all of them declare that the feeds of thefe
plants were as fertile as if they had been furrounded by
a thoufand males.
Linnaeus, in his firft argument for the coitus of plants,
refers every man to the evidence of his fenfes.
M Do we hot fee (fays he) the ftigma of almoft every
3 L 2 hermaphrodite
452
EOT
hermaphrodite flower covered over with the pollen or
impregnating fubftance ? Do not we fee the parietaria,
the urtica, &c. by violent expjofions, difcharging their
pollen in the open air, that it may be carried in that ve¬
hicle to the ftigmata of their refpeftive females ?—All
this is admitted by the oppofers of the fexes : but then
they deny that thefe explofions, See. are intended to
create any intercourfe between the male and the female;
and further allege, that this ejeftion of the pollen is in¬
tended by nature to throw off'fomething excrementi-
tious, or at leaft fomething which, if retained, would
prove noxious to the fru&ification
Linnaeus takes his fecond argument from the propor¬
tion which the llamina bear to the flyius, alleging that
they are generally of the fame height.—This obferva-
tion (fay the anti-fextialifts) is not only contrary to
experience, but, allowing it to be univerfal, no conclu-
fion can be drawn from it either for or againfl the fex-
ual hypothefis.
The third argument is taken from the locus or fixa¬
tion of the ftamina with refpedf to the ftylus: “ and
as the male flowers in the monoecia clafs ftand always
above the female flowers, it mult be concluded (fays
Linnaeus), that the intention of nature, in this difpofi-
tion of the parts, is to allow a free and eafy accefs of
the pollen to the ftigma.”-—But the ftamina cannot be
faid to furround the piftillum in the monandria and di-
andria clafles: and the pofition of the male flowers in
the moncecia clafs is a mere chimera ; for in the rici-
nus, one of the examples which Linnaeus mentions in
confirmation of his doftrine, the female flowers Hand
uniformly fome inches above the males.
That the ftamina and piftilla generally come to per¬
fection at the fame time, and that this happens even in
the dioicous plants, is Linnaeus’s fourth argument. But,
as it is acknowledged by Linnaeus himfelf, that there
are iftany exceptions with refpedt to this faft, the op¬
pofers of the fexual hypothefis allege that it carries the
beft anfwer in its own bofom.
The fifth argument is founded on the circumftance of
fome flowers (hutting up their petals in rainy or moift
evenings.—But many flowers do not (hut themfelves
up, either in the night or moift weather, as the paffion-
flower, &c. The lychnis nofkiflora, mirabilis peruvi-
anae, &c. open their flowers in the night, and fhut them
at the approach of the fun. Hence this is another fi¬
nal caufe (fay the anti-fexualifts) perverted to fupport
a favourite hypothefis.
We come now to the culture of the palm-tree, which
is the fixth and moft plaufible argument employed by
the fexualifts. Of this, the moft authentic account we
have is the following by Dr Haffelquift, in one of his-
letters to Linnaeus, dated Alexandria May 18th, ryjo.
“ The firft thing I did after my arrival was to fee the
date-tree, the ornament and a great part of the riches
of this country. It had already bloffomed ; but I had,
neverthelefs, the pleafure of feeing how the Arabs affift
its fecundation, and by that means fecure to themfelves
a plentiful harveft of a vegetable, which was fo import¬
ant to them, and known to them many centuries be¬
fore any botanift dreamed of the difference of fexes in
vegetables. The gardener informed me of this before
I had time to inquire ; and would (how me, as a very
'curious thing, the male and female of the date or palm-
trees;. nor could he conceive how I, a Frank, lately
A NY. Sea
arrived, could know it before 5 for, fays he, all who
have yet come from Europe to fee this country, have
regarded this relation either as a fable or miracle. The
Arab teeing roe inclined to be further informed, accom¬
panied me and my French interpreter to a palm-tree,
which was very full of young fruit, and had by him
been wedded or fecundated with the male when both
were in bloflbm. This the Arabs do in the following
manner: When the fpadix has female flowers, that come
out of its fpatha, they fearch on a tree that has male
flowers, which they know by experience, for a fpadix
which has not yet burfted out of.its fpatha : this they
open, take out the fpadix, ^nd cut it length wife in fe-
veral pieces, but take care not to hurt the flowers. A.
piece of this fpadix with male flowers they put length-
wife between the fmall branches of the fpadix which
hath female flowers, and then lay the leaf of a palm
over the branches. In this fixation I yet faw the
greateft part of the fpadices which bore their young
fruit ; but the male flowers which were put between
were withered. The Arab befides gave me the follow¬
ing anecdotes; Firft, unlefs they, in this manner, wed
and fecundate the date-tree, it bears no fruit. Se¬
condly, they always take the precaution to preferve
lome unopened fpathae with male flowers from one year
to another, to be applied for this purpofe, in cafe the
male flowers fhould mifearry or fuffer damage. Third¬
ly, if they permit the fpadix of the male flowers to burft
or come out, it becomes ufelefs for fecundation: it mull
have its maidenhead (thefe were the words of the Arab),,
which is loft in the fame moment the bloflbms burft out
of their cafe. Therefore the perfon -who cultivates-
date-trees muft be careful to hit the right time of af-
fifting their fecundation, which is almoft the only ar¬
ticle in their cultivation. Fourthly, on opening the fpa¬
tha, he finds all the male flowers full of a liquid which,
refembles the fineft dew; it is of a fweet and pleafant
tafte, refembliug much, the tafte of frefh dates, but
much more refined and aromatic; this was likewife con¬
firmed by my interpreter, who hath lived 32 years in
Egypt, and therefore had opportunities, enough of ta--
fting both the nedftar of the blofibms and the frefh.
dates.”
Now,.though this account feems fully to confirm the
fatt, viz. that fuch a pra&ice obtains among the A-
rabs, and that they affert its efficacy in fecundating the.
trees, it is certain ( fay the oppofers of this do&rine)*.
that no intelligent perfon, who is not already wedded
to an hypothefis, will attempt to found an argument
upon the affertions of a people fo full of ridiculous fu-
perftitions, Before Dr Haffelquift, or any other per¬
fon, can draw any argument from the above mentioned
account, he ought to fee the experiment feveral times
repeated, with his own eyes, and not take it upon the
word of a people whoj befides their fuperftition, may
very probably, find it their intereft to impofe upon tra¬
vellers.
Mr Milne, author of the Botanical Diftionary, how¬
ever, relates an experiment, near akin to the above-
mentioned, which merits fome attention : “ In the
garden of M. de la Serre, of the Rue S-. Jacques at
Paris, was a female turpentine tree, which flowered e-
very year, without furniftiing any fruit capable of ve¬
getation. This was a fenfible mortification to the
owner,, ■who greatly, defired to have the tree increafed.
4v.3
Sea.V, B O T
Mefiieurs Duhamel and Je3ieu very properly judged
that they might, procure him that pleanireby the afiift-
ance of a male piftachio tree. They fent him one very
much loaded with flowers. It was planted in the gar¬
den of M- de la Serre, very near the female turpentine
tree, which the fame year produced a great quantity of
fruits, that were well-conditioned, and rofe with faci¬
lity. The male plant was then removed; the confe-
quence.of which was, that the turpentine-trec of M.
de la Serre in none qf the fucceeding years bore any
fruit that, upon examination, was found to germi-
nate.”
Upon this experiment it is obferved by the antifex-
ualifts, that, though it were a thoufand times repeated,
it never could be decifive. The nature of the contro-
verfy, fay they, is fuch, that one experiment is more
decilive in favour of their opinion, than 10,000 can be
againft them. The reafon is plain : If there is fuch a
thing as a fexual intercourfe in vegetables, it is as won¬
derful that any feeds fhould be perfefted without that
intercourfe, as that a virgin fhould have a child ; the
laft is not in the lealt more extraordinary than the Arft.
One experiment, therefore, which (hows that feeds may
be perfe^ed without fuch fexual intercourfe, is either
to be refolved into a miracle, or muft prove abfolutely
deeifive againft the fexual fyftem ; while numberlefs ex¬
periments fuch as that above mentioned could prove no¬
thing, becaufe we know not what effeft vegetables may
|[; ’ have by growing in each other’s neighbourhood, inde¬
pendent of any fexual intercourfe.
In Milne’s Botanical Dictionary, under the article
Sexus Plantarum,t\\c author quotes Dr Alfton’s experi¬
ments partially. The fafts recorded by Dr Alfton are as
follow. 1. Three fets of fpinach, planted at a great di-
I’ ftance from each other, proved all of them fertile, and
I ripened plenty of feeds, which were found to anfwer as
well as other fpinach feed. 2. A plant of hemp grow¬
ing by itfelf, being taken care of, produced about 30
good feeds, though in a fituation very much expofed,
i;' and plucked-up too foon, on account of bad weather.
In the autumn. 3. This experiment, which is the moft
11 . remarkable of the three, we fhall give in the Doftor’s
own words. “In the fpring of 1741, I carried two
young feedling plants of the French mercury, long be¬
fore there was any in,from the city phyfic garden, the
only place where it was then to be found in this coun¬
try, to the king’s garden at the Abbey ; which are
more than 700 yards diftant from one another, with
many high houfes, trees, hedges, and part of a high hill.
Mi * between them': and planted one of them in one inclo-
fure, where it was /haded from the fun the greateft part
Mi ©f the day ; and the other in another, 25 yards diftant,
expofed to the fouth and weft. Both plants ripened fer¬
tile feeds; and the laft /hed them fo plentifully, that it
proved a troublefome weed for feveral years, though
none of the fpecies- was to be found in that garden for
j more than 20 years preceding.”
Of this experiment Mr Milne hath .not taken any
notice ; but upon the other two, has-the following re¬
mark. “ The refult of thefe, and fuch like experi¬
ments, can be accounted for, on the principle of the
ffexes, in no other way than on the fuppofition that
feme male flowers have been intermixed with the fe¬
male, and operated the fecundation in queftion. This
| appears the more probable, as only a part of the feeds
A N Y.
in the above experiments attained'to perfed maturity,
fo as to be capable of vegetation.”
The feventh argument of Linnaeus is taken from the
fiores nutantes.—The piftils of thefe flowers, according
to Linnaeus, are always longer than the ftamina ; and
nature has affigned them this penfile pofture,' that the
pollen, which is fpecifically heavier than air, may the
more conveniently fall upon the ftigma.—But the pi¬
ftils of the campanula, lilium, and many other fiores nu¬
tantes, are not longer than the ftamfna. Befides, grant¬
ing this were uniformly the cafe ; yet, as the pollen is
heavier than air, this pofture muft of neceflity either
make the pollen mifs the piftillum altogether, or, at any
fate, it can only fall upon the back part of thepiftil in
place of the ftigma ; and, of courfe, fuch a dire&ion
would rather tend to fruftrate than promote the im¬
pregnation of the feed.
The eighth argument is taken from the plant# fub-
merf#, which are faid to emerge as foon as their flowers-
begin to blow, left the pollen fhould be coagulated or
waflied off by the water.—But many fubmarine and
aquatic plants fruftify entirely below water ; and, fub-
pofing they did not, the fame argument would equally
prove it to be the intention of nature, that the pollen
/hould be blown away by the winds, as that it fliould
be fubfervient to the impregnation of the feed.
The ninth and laft argument is intitled Omnium jh-
rum genuina confideratio ; which (fay the antifexual-
ifts) is nothing more than a colleftion of vague obfer-
vations upon the itrufture and oeconomy of particular
plants, fome of them true, others falfe, but all of them-
evidently thruft in as fupports to a favourite hypothefxs.
Thus the difpute refted fome years ago ; but of late
there has appeared a tranflation of one of Linnseus’s
works upon the fubjeft, which, though publi/hed in
1759, was but little known in this country. A trea-
tife on the Sexual Syftem had alfo been publi/hed by
the Abbe Spalanzani, in which he not only oppofed the
Linnaean doftrine, but treated it with ridicule, though
without taking any notice of this laft publication,
which he feems to have been ignorant of. In this he
mentions an experiment with hemp fimilar to fome of
thofe already related; but which was alfo tried by Lin¬
naeus, and in his hands turned out the very reverfe of,
what it did with Spalanzani. In the treat!fe alluded
to, Linnaeus mentions Sir Thomas Millington as the
firft among the moderns who thought of the diftin&ion
of fexes in plants. He was Savilian profeffor at Ox¬
ford ; and Dr Grew, in his anatomy of plants, relates,
that, in a converfation on the nature of the anthers of
flowers, Sir Thomas hinted, that thofe parts might pro¬
bably be analogous to the male organs of animals, and
ferve for the impregnation of the fruit. Grew impro¬
ved on the idea and purfued it. That the fubjeft,
however, may be properly undfirftood, our author is of
opinion, that we /hould firft accurately underftand the
nature of vegetable bodies ; and in order to do this, we
ought firft to confider the operations of nature in the
human frame, and from thence'Continue our refearch-
es through the various tribes of inferior animals, till at
laft we arrive at the vegetable creation. In like man¬
ner, to illuftrate the generation of plants, we muft like-
wife take our firft lights from the animal kingdom, and:
purfue the fame chain till we come to vegetables. This-
454
BOTANY.
Sea. V
fubjeft, indeed, he owns to be fo obfeure, that no natu-
ralifts has hitherto been able to fay any thing fatisfac-
tory concerning it; he only mentions ibme remarkable
fafts concerning the production of mule animals from
the copulation of two individuals of different fpecies.
In the horfe-kind we fee two different kinds of mules
.produced. “ From the mare and male afs (fays he)
proceeds the mule properly fo called, which in its na¬
ture, that is, in its medullary fubflance and nervous fy-
flem, agrees with its mother; but in its cortical fub-
itance and outward form, in its mane and tail, refem-
bles the afs. Between the female afs and the horfe,
.the other kind of mule is engendered, whofe nature or
medullary fubftanee refembles that of the afs ; but its
cortical ftrufture that of the horfe. If the he-goat of
Angora copulates with the common fhe-goat, the kid,
by that means procured, inherits the external ftru&ure
and valuable coat of its father; while, on the other
hand, if the common he-goat impregnates the goat of
.Angora, the kid produced has the fame external form,
and bears the fame worthlefs hair with its father. Hence
it feems probable, that the medullary fubftance, with
what Malpighi calls the keel (carina), and the ner¬
vous fyftem, are latent in the egg of the mother; the
cortical fubftance, or vafcular fyftem, being derived
from the father.”
Thefe cortical and medullary fubftances are pfeviouf-
ly explained by our author to be thofe of which both
animal and vegetable bodies are compofed. By the
medullary fubftance in animal bodies, he means the fpi-
nal marrow arifing from the organized brain, and fend¬
ing off the nerves ; by the cortical fubftance the veffels
with the heart attached to them, by which the medul¬
lary part is nourifhed. In vegetables, the cortical part
nourilhes the plant, not only by its root, but with its
whole furface. For a fmall branch torn from the pa¬
rent ftem, and placed in water, imbibes nouriihment at
its pores. Thus the Fuci, and other marine vegetables,
are nourifhed without a root, folely by the pores dif-
perfed through their whole fubftance. The bark of
trees every year depofites its gelatinous internal layer,
which is added to the wood, and affimilates itfelf to it.
The medullary, which is the other effential part of ve¬
getables, is multiplied and extended without end ; and
whenever it is entirely loft, the death of the plant ne-
ceffarily follows. In examining this fubftance, we muft
be careful, in two cafes, that we be not mifled; firft, by
the ftraws of graffes, and by other hollow ftems, where
the medulla lines the infide of the bark ; and fecondly,
by large trees, whofe trunks become perfectly folid
throughout, except in the very fummits of the branch¬
es. The wood performs the office of bones, when
there is no longer any occafion for the medulla in that
part; and trees, although become hollow, continue ne-
verthelefs to grow fo long as this fubftance remains in
the extreme branches. It is by no means neceffary
that the medulla fhould have any conneftion with th&
root, as it is only nourifhed by the cortical fubftance
of the plant, and is therefore increafed at its upper ex¬
tremity without end if it meets with no refiftance. In
thofe animals whofe fpinal marrow is furrounded by a
bony covering, as in the larger and more perfeft kinds,
this fubftance never cornea out of its confinement; and
the harder its cafe, the more abfolutely is its increafe
prevented: but in the fmaller tribes of worms, where
5
this covering is lefs rigid, a perpetual and unlimited in¬
creafe of the animal takes place.
“ The moft important parts of the flower, and
which are abfolutely eflential to it, (our author pro¬
ceeds to obfervef), are the ftamina and piftilla. SoH0#^'
eflential are they, that among the many thoufands piu^ts
of flowers with which we are acquainted, no one can Smith’s
be found not furnifhed with both thefe organs. The tranflatiom
ftamina derive their origin from the fubftance of the^- ao- ei-f%
wood, which was originally formed from the inner
bark, and they may therefore be faid to fpring from the
cortical fubftance of the vegetable. This is perfectly
evident in the Afarum (Afarabacca), whofe twelve fta¬
mina proceed from twelve fibres in the inner bark.
Double flowers, illuftrate the fame fa<&: in them, the
ftamina being weakened and diffolved by excefs of nou-
rifhment, the woody fubftance reaflumes the foftnefs
of the inner bark, of which it was originally formed.
All ftamina confift of veflels containing the pollen, or
impregnating powder, which they difeharge in due
time, not without the ftri&eft obfervance of certain
natural laws. The form of thefe veflels, like that of
the capfules of the fruit, is accurately defined, as well
as their cells, their particular manner of burfting, and
the pollen which they contain ; this pollen, likewife, is
no lefs certain and uniform in its figure, fize, and co¬
lour, than the feeds themfelves.
“ The piftillum is the only part which originates from
the medullary fubftance, and is therefore invariably fi-
tuated in the centre of the flower. It always contains
the rudiments of the feed, which, in procefs of time,
ripen into fruit. The rudiments of the fruit are called
ihz gertnen, or feed-bud ; this has conflantly another
organ connedled with it, named the Jligma, which is
in its higheft degree of vigour and perfe&ion during
the time of flowering.
“ Another circumftance worthy of attention is, that
the root, which the firft year of its growth is large
and filled with medullary pulp, the following feafon
becomes hollow, in producing the ftem, -flowers, and
feed ; all this pulp being conveyed to the flower, and
feeming to be only deftined to the formation of feed,
fo many new and diftinft animations being formed from
it as there are rudiments of new plants. This is par¬
ticularly obfervable in the turnip.
“ Thus vegetables, like infedts, are fubjeft to a meta-
morphofis ; with this difference only, that their flow¬
ers are fixed to one fpot, inftead of being able, like
infefts, to fly from place to place ; and that their nou-
riftiment is not given them by means of peculiar organs
for the formation of chyle. We have feen, that the
outer bark becomes calyx, the internal bark corolla,
the wood ftamina, and the medulla piftillum ; the
fructification exhibiting the internal parts of a plant
naked and unfolded. We have likewife feen, that the
fructification puts an end to vegetation in the part
from whence it aiifes, flopping the progrefs of the
medulla, which would otherwife have extended itfelf
without end by the branches, and occafioning the di-
vifion of that medulla into a number of feeds, each
endowed with a feparate living principle. But as the
medulla exifts naked in the germen, it cannot fupport
itfelf, or make any farther progrefs, without the af-
fiftance of the cortical fubftance which it has left; it
muft therefore receive this affiftance by fome means or
other,
455
V. B O T
other, and in fad does receive it from the ftamina and
their pollen, which owe their origin to the woody mat¬
ter derived from the, inner bark, and originally gene¬
rated by the outer bark. But if it happens that the
cortical fubftance is able to ihveft the medullary rudi¬
ments of the feed in the flower itfelf, the plant becomes
viviparous, as in fefiuca, air a, and poa vivipara, in
which nearly the fame thing takes place as in the me¬
dulla of other plants, which remains in the branches,
and is varioufly diftributed, being at once both clothed
and nourifhed by the bark, and enabled to form new
branches, juft as it happens in the compound animals,
or fertularix.
“ The organs common in general to all plants are,
I. The root, with its capillary veffels, extra&ing nou-
rifhment from the ground. 2. The leaves, which may
be called the limbs, and which, like the feet and wings
of animals, are organs of motion ; for being them-
felves fhaken by the external air, they fhake and exer-
cife the plant. 3. The trunk, containing the medul¬
lary fubftance, which is nouriftied by the bark, and for
the moil part multiplied into feveral compound plants.
4. The fru&ification, which is the true body of the
plant, fet at liberty by a metamorphofis, and confifts
only of the organs of generation ; it is often defended
by a calyx, and furniftied with petals, by means of
which it in a manner flutters in the air.
“ Many flowers have no calyx, as feveral of the lily
tribe, the hippuris, &c. ; many want the corolla, as
grafles, and the plants called apetalous ; but there are
none deftitute of ftamina and piftilla, thofe important
organs deftined to the formation of fruit. We there¬
fore infer from experience, that the ftamina are the
male organs of generation, and the piftilla the female ;
and as many flowers are furnifhed with both at once,
it follows that fuch flowers are hermaphrodites. Nor
is this fo wonderful, as that there ihould be any plants
in which the different fexes are in diftinft individuals ;
for plants being immoveably fixed to one fpot, cannot,
like animals, travel in fearch of a mate. There exifts,
however, in fome plants, a real difference of fex. From
feeds of the fame mother, fome individuals fhall be
produced, whofe flowers exhibit ftamina without piftil¬
la, and may therefore be properly called males ; while
the reft, being furnifhed with piftilla without ftamina,
are therefore denominated females: and founiformlydbes
this take place, that no vegetable was ever found to pro¬
duce female flowers, without flowers furnifhed with fla-
mina being produced, either on the fame individual, or
on another plant of the fame fpecies, and vice verfa.
“ As all feed-veffels are deffined to produce feeds,
fb are the ftamina to bear , the pollen, or fecundating
powder. All feeds contain within their membranes a
certain medullary fubftance, which fwells when dipped
into warm water. All pollen, likewife, contains in its
membrane an elaftic fubftance, which, although very
fubtile and almoft invifible, by means of warm water
often explodes with great vehemence. While plants
are in flower, the pollen falls from their antheras, and
is difperfed abroad, as feeds are difiodged from their
fituation when the fruit is. ripe. At the fame time
that the pollen is fcattered, the piftillum piefents its
fligma, which is then in its higheft vigour, and, for
a portion of the day at leaft, is moiftened with a fine
dew. The ftamina either furround this ftigma* or, if
A N Y.
the flowers are of the drooping kind, they are bent
towards one fide, fo that the pollen can eafily find ac-
cefs to the ftigma ; where it not only adheres by means
of the dew of that part, but the moifture occafions its
burfting, by which means its contents are difcharged.
What iffued from it, being mixed with the fluid of the
ftigma, is conveyed to the rudiments of the feed. Ma¬
ny evident inftances of this prefent themfelves to our
notice ; but I have no where feen it more manifeft than
in the Jacobean lily {amaryllis fonnofiftma), the piftil¬
lum of which, when fufficient heat is given the plant
to make it flower in perfedlion, is bent downwards,
and from its ftigma iftfues a drop of‘limpid fluid, fo
large that one would think it in danger of falling to
the ground. It is, however, gradually re-abforbecf
into the ftyle about three or four o’clock, and becomes,
invifible till about ten the next morning, when it ap¬
pears again ; by noon it attains its largeft dimenfions;
and in the afternoon, by a gentle and fcarcely percep¬
tible decreafe, it returns to its fource. If we fhake
the antherse over the ftigma, fo that the pollen may
fall on this limpid drop, we fee the fluid foon after be¬
come turbid, and aflume a yellow colour; and we per¬
ceive little rivulets, or opake ftreaks, running from
the ftigma towards the rudiments of the feed. Some,
time afterwards, when the drop has totally difappear-
ed, the pollen maybe obferved adhering to the ftigma,
but of an irregular figure, having loft its original
form. No one, therefore, can affent to what Morland'
and others have aflerted, that the pollen pafles into the
ftigma, pervades the ftyle, and enters the tender rudi¬
ments of the feed, as Loewenhoek fuppofed his worms*
to enter the ova. A moft evident proof of the falfe-
hood of this opinion may be obtained.from any fpecies.'
of mirabilis (marvel of Peru), whofe pollen is fo very
large, that it almoft exceeds the ftyle itfelf in thick-
nefs, and, falling on the ftigma, adheres firmly to it
that organ fucking and exhaufting the pollen, as a
cuttle-filh devours every thing that comes within its-
grafp. One evening in the month of Auguft I re¬
moved all the ftamina from three flowers of the mira¬
bilis longiflora, at the fame time defiroyfng all the reft
of the flowers which were expanded; I fprinkled thefe
three flowers with the pollen of mirabilii jalappa ; the
feed-buds fwelled, but did not ripen. Another even¬
ing I performed a fimilar experiment, only fprinkling
the flowers with the pollen of the fame fpecies; all
thefe flowers produced ripe feeds.
“ Some writers have believed, that the ftamina are
parts of the fruftification, which ferve only to dif-
charge an impure or excrementitious matter, and by
no means formed for fo important a work as genera¬
tion. But it is very evident, that thefe authors have
not fufficiently examined the fubjeft ; for as, in many
vegetables, fome flowers are. furniihed with ftamina-
only, and others only with piftilla, it is altogether im-
poffible, that ftamina fituated at fo very great a di~
ftance from the fruit as on a different branch, or per¬
haps on a feparate plant,.ftiould ferve to convey any,
impurities from the embryo.
“ No phyfiologift could demonffrate, a priori, the ne-.
ceflity of the mafculine fluid to the rendering the eggs
of animals prolific; but experience has eltabliftied it
beyond a doubt. We therefore judge a posteriori prin¬
cipally of the fame effect in plants..
“la-.
45 6 B O T
■ “ Iji the ffton'.h of January 1760 the antholyza cu-
nonia flowered in a pot in my parlour, but produced
no fruit, the air of the room not being fufficiently
agitated to waft the pollen to the ftigma. One day,
about noon, feeing the ftigma very moift, I plucked
off one of the antherce, by means of a fine pair of
forceps, and gently rubbed it on one of the expanded
ftigmata. The fpike of flowers remained eight or ten
days longer ; when I obferved, in gathering the branch
for my herbarium, that the fruit of that flower only
on wlftch the experiment had been made had fwelled
to the .ftze of a bean. I then diffc&ed this fruit, and
difcovered that one of the three cells contained feeds
in confiderable number, the other two being entirely
withered.
“ In the month of April I fowed the feeds of
hemp (cannalis) in two different pots. The young
plants came up fo plentifully, that each pot contained
50 or 40. I placed each by the light of a window,
but in different and remote apartments. The hemp
grew extremely well in both pots. In one of them I
permitted the male and female plants to remain toge¬
ther, to flower and bear fruit, which ripened in July ;
and being macerated in water and committed to the
earth, fprung up in twelve days. From the dlher,
however, I removed all the male plants as foon as
they were old enough for me to diftinguifh them from
the females. The remaining females grew very well,
and prefented their long piftilla in great abundance,
thefe flowers continuing a very long time, as if in ex-
peftation of their mates ; while the plants in the other
pot had already ripened their fruit, their piftilla having,
quite in a different manner, faded as foon as the males
had difcharged all their pollen. It was certainly a
beautiful and truly admirable fpe&acle, to fee the un¬
impregnated females preferve their piftilla fo long green
and flourifhing, not permitting them to begin to fade
till they had been for a confiderable time expofed, in
■vain, to the accefs of the male pollen. Afterwards,
when thefe virgin plants began to decay through age,
1 examined all their calyxes in the prefence of feveral
botanifts, and found them large and flouriftiing, al¬
though every one of the feed-buds was brown, com-
preffed, membranaceous, and dry, not exhibiting any
appearance of cotyledons or pulp. Hence I am per-
fe6Uy convinced, that the circumftance which authors
have recorded, of the female hemp having produced
feeds, although deprived of the male, could only have
happened by means of pollen brought by the wind
from fome diftant place. No experiment can be more
eafily performed than the above ; none more fatisfafto-
ry in demonftrating the generation of plants.
“ The Cluiia tenelia was in like manner kept growing
in my window through the months of June and July.
The male plant was in one pot, the female in another.
The latter abounded with fruit, not one of its flowers
proving abortive. I removed the two pots into diffe¬
rent windows of the fame apartment: ftill all the fe¬
male flowers continued to become fruitful. At length
I took away the male entirely, leaving the female alone,
and cutting off all the flowers which it had already
born. Every day new ones appeared from the axilla
of every leaf; ea6h remained eight or ten days ; after
which their footftalks turning yellow, they fell barren
to the ground. A botanical friend, who had amufed
N° 52.
A_N Y\ Se'a
himfelf with obferving this phenomenon with me, per-
fuaded me to bring from the ftove in the garden a An¬
gle male flower, which he placed over one of the fe¬
male ones, then in perfe£tion, tying a piece of red filk
round its piftillum. The next day the male -flower
was taken away, and this fingle feed-bud remained and
bore fruit. Afterwards I took another male flower
out of the fame ftove, and with a pair of flender for¬
ceps pinched dff one of its antheras, which I after¬
wards gently fcratched with a feather, fo that a very
fmall portion of jts pollen was difcharged upon one of
the three ftigmata of a female flower, the two other
ftigmata being covered with paper. This fruit likewife
attained its due fize; and on being cut tranfverfely,
exhibited one cell filled with a large feed, and the other
two empty. The reft of the flowers, being unimpreg¬
nated, faded and fell off. This experiment may be
performed with as little trouble as the former.
“The Dalifca cannabina came up in my garden from
feed ten years ago, and has every year been plentifully
increafed by means of its perennial root. Flowers in
great number have been produced by it; but being all
female, they proved abortive. Being defirous of pro¬
curing male plants, I obtained more feeds from Paris.
Some more plants were railed; but thefe likewife, to
my great mortification, all proved females, and bore
flowers, but no fruit. In the year 1757, I received
another parcel of feeds. From thefe 1 obtained a few
male plants, which flowered in 1758. Thefe were
planted at a great diftance from the females j and when
their flowers were juft ready to emit their pollen, hold¬
ing a paper under them, I gently fhook the fpike or
panicle with my finger, till the paper was almoft cover¬
ed with the yellow powder. I carried this to the fe¬
males, which were flowering in another part of the
garden, and placed it over them. The cold nights of
the year in which this experiment was made, deftroyed
thefe datifcas, with many other plants, much earlier
than ufual. Neverthelefs, when I examined the flowers
of thofe plants which I had fprinkled with the fertili¬
zing powder, I found the feeds of their due magni¬
tude ; while in the more remote datifcas, which had
not been impregnated with pollen, no traces of feeds
were vifible.
“ Seveial fpecies of Momordica, cultivated with us,
like other Indian vegetables, in clofe ftoves, have fre¬
quently born female flowers; which, although at firft
very vigorous, after a fhort time have conftantly faded
and turned yellow, without perfefting any feed, till I
inftrufted the gardener, as foon as he obferved a female
flower, to gather a male one and place it above the fe¬
male. By this contrivance we are fo certain of ob¬
taining fruit, that we dare pledge ourfelves to make
any female flowers fertile that ftiall be fixed on.
“ The Jatropha urens has flowered every year in my
hot-houfe; but the female flowers coming before the
males, in a week’s time dropped their petals, and faded
before the latter were opened ; from which caufe no
fruit has been produced, but the germina themfelves
have fallen off. We have therefore never had any fruit
of the jatropha till the year 1752, when the male
flowers were in vigour on a tall tree at the fame time
that the females began to appear on a fmall jatropha
which was growing in a garden-pot. I placed this
pot under the other tree, by which means the female
flowers
457
, V. BOX
flowers bore feeds, which grew on being fown. I
have frequently fince amufed myfelf with taking the
male flowers from one plant, and fcattering them over
the female flov/ers of another, and have always found
the feeds of the latter impregnated by it.
“ Two years ago I placed a piece of paper under
fome of thefe male flowers, and afterwards folded up
the pollen which had fallen upon it, preferving it fo
folded up, JfT remember right, four or fix weeks, at the Sect. VI. Of the Natural Method of Cla Me at ion
end of which tune another branch of the fame jatropha J
ANY.
flower bears witnefs to it. Any perfon may make the
experiment for himfelf, with any plant he pleafes, only
taking care to place the pot in which it is growing in
the window of a room fufficiently out of the reach of
other flowers; and I will venture to promife him, that
he will obtain no perfeft fruit, unlefs the pollen has ac-
cefs to the piftillum.”
s in flower. I then took the pollen, which I had fo
long preferved in paper, and ftrewed it over three fe¬
male flowers, the only ones at that time expanded.
Thefe three females proved fruitful, while all the reft
which grew in the fame bunch fell off abortive.
“ The interior petals of the Ornithogalum, commonly,
but improperly, called Canadenfe, cohere fo clofely to¬
gether, that they only juft admit the air to the ger-
men, and will fcarcely permit the pollen of another
flower to_ pafs : this plant produced every day new
flowers and fruit, the fru&ification never failing in any
in (lance ; I therefore, with the utmoft care, extracted
the anthene from one of the flowers with a hooked
needle; and) as I hoped, this fingle flower proved bar¬
ren. This experiment was repeated about a week af¬
ter with the fame fuccefs.
“ I removed all the antherse out of a flower of Che-
lidonium corniculatum (fcarlet horned poppy), which
was growing in a remote part of the garden, upon the
firft opening of its petals, and ftripped off all the reft
of the flowers ; another day I treated another flower
of the fame plant in a fimilar manner, but fprinkled
the piftillum of this with the pollen borrowed from an¬
other plant of the fame fpecies : the refult was, that
the firft flower produced no fruit, but the fecond af
forded very perfeCt feed. My defign in this experi¬
ment was to prove, that the mere removal of the an¬
thers? from a flower is not in itfelf fufficient to render
the germen abortive.
“ Having^the Nicotiana fruticofa growing in a gar¬
den-pot, and producing plenty of flowers and feed, I ex¬
tracted the anthers; from a newly-expanded flower be¬
fore they had burft, at the fame time cutting away
all the other flowers; this germen produced no fruit,
nor did it even fwell-
“ I removed an urn, in which the Afphodelas fiftnlo-
•fus was growing, to oseoorner of the garden, and from
one of the flowers which had lately opened I extracted
its anthers;; this caufed the impregnation to fail.
Another day I treated another flower in the fame man¬
ner : but bringing a flower from a plant in a different
pa^ of the^gardtn, with which I fprinkled the piftil¬
lum of the mutilated one, its germen became by that
means fruitful.
M Ixia chinenjis, flowering in my ftove, the windows
of which were ill'llt, all its flowers proved abortive. I
therefore took forrie of its antherse in a pair of pincers,
and with them fprinkled the ftigmata of two flowers,
and the next day one ftigma only of a third flower;
the feed-buds of thefe flowers remained, grew to a large
fize, and bore feed ; the fruit of the third, however,
contained ripe feed only in one of its cells.
“ To relate more experiments would only be to fa-
tiguei the reader unneceffarily. All nature proclaims
the truth I have endeavoured to inculcate, and every
Von. HI. Part II.
Besides all the abovementioned methods of clafiing
and diftributing plants into their different orders, ge¬
nera, &c. which are deduced from the fructification,
and are therefore called artificial, Linnseus and moil
other botanifts are of opinion that there is a natural
method, or nature’s fyftem, which we (hould diligently
endeavour to find out. That this fyftem, fay they, is
no chimera, as fome imagine, will appear particularly
from hence, That all plants, of what order foever, (how
an affinity to fome others; and thus, as formerly ob-
ferved, not only the virtues of a great number of fpe¬
cies may be afeertained, but we may know with cer-
-tainty how to find a proper fuccedaneum for plants
which cannot eafily be had.—Linnasus divides vege¬
tables into the 58 natural methods following.
1. Palma. Thefe are perennial, and moftly of the
(hrub and tree kind. The Item is in height from 2 to
100 feet and upwards. The roots form a mafs of fibres
which are commonly fimple and without any ramifica¬
tions The (tern is generally fimple, without branches,
cylindrical, and compofed of ftrong longitudinal fibres.
The leaves, which are a compofition of a leaf and a
branch, by Linnaeus called frondes, are of different
forms ; being fometimes (haped like an umbrella or fen;
fometimes fingly or doubly winged ; the fmall or par¬
tial leaves, which are often three feet in length, being
ranged alternately. The branches, or principal leaves,
are fix, eight, ten, or twelve feet long; the length va¬
rying according to the age and fize of the plant. They
are covered at firft with a thick brown duft, like thofe
of the ferns. The bafe of the leaves frequently em¬
braces the greater part of the (tern. The flowers are
male and female upon the fame or different roots; ex¬
cept in ftratiotes, which bears hermaphrodite flowers
only; and palmetto, in which the flowers are herma¬
phrodite and male upon diftinft roots. The flowers are
all difpofed in a panicle or diffufed fpike, except in the
hydrocharis, ftratiotes, and villifneria; in which they
proceed fingly from the wings or angles of the leaves.
The common calyx, in this order, is that termed 3.Jpa-
tha or Jheaih, and has either one or two valves. The
fpadix, or head of flowers protruded from the (heath,
is generally branched. Each flower is generally fur-
niftied with a perianthium or proper flower-cup, con¬
fiding of three leaves or divifions that are fmall and
permanent. The petals are three in number, of a fub-
ftance like leather, and permanent like the leaves of the
calyx. The flowers of zamia have no petals. The (la¬
mina are from 2 to 20 and upwards, cohering (lightly
at their bafe. The feed buds are from one to three in
number, placed in the middle of the flower, and fup-
porting a like number of ftyles which are very ftiort.
The feed-veffel is generally a pulpy fruit of the berry
or cherry kind, containing one cell filled with fibrous
fle(h, and covered with a (kin which is of a fubftance
3 M like
B O T
like leather. The feeds are in number from one to three
in each pulpy fruit, of a hard bony fubilance, round
or oval, and attached by their bafe to the bottom of
the fruit.—Thefe plants, particularly the feeds, are a-
ftringent, and of efficacy in dyfenteries.
2. Piperita. Thefe plants are moftly herbaceous
and perennial. The ftalks of pothos creep along rocks
and trees, into which they ftrike root at certain di-
flances. The greateft height which any of them is
known to attain is 15 feet ; the greater part do not
exceed three or four. The fleffiy roots of many of
thefe plants are extremely acrid when freffi. They lofe
this pungent quality, however, by being dried, and be-
come of a foapy nature. The fmell of many of them is
extremely fetid, frequently refembling that of human
excrements. The flowers, however, of an Ethiopian
dracunculus or arum, and the cover in which they are
involved, are faid to emit a very fragrant odour. With,
regard to their virtues, thefe plants are commonly a-
flringent.
3. Calcnnaria. In this clafs the bafe of the leaf,
which embraces the ftalk like a glove, has no longitu¬
dinal aperture, but is perfectly entire. The ftalk is ge¬
nerally triangular, and without knots or joints. The
moots of fome are long and knotty; in others they are
Sompofed of fleftiy fibres which pierce deep into the
ground ; and in others, of a bulb. The flowers are
either hermaphrodite, or male and female upon the faqae
root. The mode of inflorefcence in this order is gene¬
rally a fpike ; fometimes a capitulum or head. The
calyx is either a gluma or an amentum. The corolla
is wanting. ' The filaments of the ftamina are three in
number, ftrort, flenderlike a hair,and fometimes briftly.
The antherje are generally long, flender, and ereft.
The feed-bud is very fmall, blunt, and fometimesthree-
cornered. The ftyle is thread-ftraped, and of the length
of the fcaly calyx. The ftigmata are generally three
in number; flender,, hairy, and fometimes permanent-.
The virtues, ufes, and fenfible qualities, of this order,
of plants are the fame with thofe of the following.
4. Gramina. Moft of thefe plants are annual or per¬
ennial herbs; fome of them creep upon the ground,
others are ereft. The roots, in the greateft number,
are creeping, and emit fibres from each knot or joint;,
in others they are Amply branching and fibrous. The
Hems and branches are round. The leaves are fimple,
alternate, entire, very long, and commonly narrow.
They form below a fort of Iheath, which embraces or
furrounds the ftem, and is generally cleft or divided on
one fide through its whole length.. The flowers are ei¬
ther hermaphrodite, .male and female on the fame root,
or hermaphrodite and mate on the fame root. They
proceed either fingly from the ftreath of the leaves, or
are formed into a panicle or loofe fpike. The calyx and
corolla in this order are not fufficiently afcertained; in
fome a Angle fcale or hulk, in others two, fupply the
place of both covers ; fome grafles have four hulky
fcales, two of which ferve for the calyx, and the other
two for the corolla; feme have five; others fix, four of
which conftitute thg calyx, and the other two are termed
improperly enough the hujky petals. The corolla is
fometimes compofed of one petal with two divifions ;
and in general the hulks of the calyx are always placed
appofite to thofe of the corolla. The ftamina are ge-
aterally three in number, and. placed irregularly with re-
A N Y. Sea.
gard to the fituation of the calyx and corolla. The
antherar are long, furnilhed with two cells, and flightly
attached to the filaments. The feed-bud is placed upon
the fame receptacle as the calyx, corolla, and ftamina.
The ftyle is generally double, and crowned with a hairy
ftigma or fummit. The feed-veffel is wanting. The
feeds are Angle, oval, and attached below to the bot¬
tom of the flower.—The roots of the grafles are open¬
ing; fuch as have an aromatic fmell are ftomachic; their
feeds are mealy, mucilaginous, and nourifhing. All the
parts of thefe plants are wholefome.
5. Tripet aloidex ((rom t res, three; and pet alum, a
petal). Thefe plants have no very ftriking charafters,
and are nearly allied to the graffes. All the genera of
this order have not the circumllance expreffed in the
title.
6. Enfatx. This order, which is very nearly allied
to the graffes and liliaceous plants, furnifhes a veiyt
beautiful colleftion of perennial herbs, which are of
different heights, from one inch to 15 feet. The roots
are tuberous or ftefhy, and garnifhed with fibres;, the
ftalks are fimple, and commonly flat or compreffed on
the fides. The leaves are fimple, alternate, entire,
fword ffiaped, and, like the liliaceous plants, form at
their origin a (heath or glove, which in the greateft;
number is cleft or divided through the whole length,
except, at the bafe, where it is entire, and embraces the
ftalk like a ring. The flowers are hermaphrodite, and
generally proceed from the fummit of the ftalks either
ftngiy, in an umbel, a fpike, or in a panicle. In .pan-
tederia they proceed from the wings or angles of the
leaves either fingly or in an umbel. Moft of thefe
plants want the perianthium or flower-cup; the flowers
burft from a common cover or fheath, termed by Lin¬
naeus fpatha, which in this order is frequently perma¬
nent. The petals are in number from one to fix. The
ftamina are generally three. The feed-bud is placed
fometimes above the flower, fometimes below it. The
ftyle is generally Angle, and crowned with a triple
ftigma. The feed-veffel is a dry capfule^ generally of
an oblong ftiape, and opens at three valves, difcovering
the fame number of cells, each inclofing a quantity of'
roundifti feeds.—Thefe plants refemble the liliaceous in
their powers and fenfible qualities ; very few of them,,
however,, are ufed in medicine.
7. Orchidcxi The roots of many of thefe plants are
compofed of one or more flelhy tubercles or knobs, at¬
tached to the lower part of the ftem, and fending forth
fibres from the top. Thofe of orchis bear an obvious
refemblance to the fcrotum in animals: from which
circumftance the genus has derived its name. The leaves
are of a moderate fize, infcribed with a number of lon¬
gitudinal nerves or ribs, and without any footftalk. At,
their origin they form round the ftalk a kind of {heath,
which is long, entire, cylindrical; but not furniftied, like,
the grafles and fome other plants, with a crown at top..
The flowers are hermaphrodite, and placed at the fum¬
mit of the ftalk either in a fpike or in a panicle. The
calyx is that fort termed by Linnaeus a fpatha.or Jlseathj
that burfting open protrudes a head or clufter of flowers,,
termed the fpadix, which have no perianthium or flower-
cup, The petals are five in number, and very irregular.
The ne&arium in this order is remarkably confpicuous;.
yet fo different in the different genera, that Linnaeus ,
has employed it for his principal charafter or mark of:
459
Sed. VI. B O T
diftin&ion, inllead of the root, which had chiefly en¬
gaged the attention of former botanifts. It has the
' appearance of a fixth petal. The filaments are always
two in number, and placed upon the piftillum or fe¬
male organ. The anthers are eredt, and generally co¬
vered by the upper lip of the nedtarium. The feed-
bud is either oblong or pillar-fliaped, twifted like a
fcrew, and univerfally placed below the receptacle of
the flower. The ftyle is Angle, very fhort, and forms
one fubftance with- the inner margin of the nedtarium.
The feed-veflel is generally a capfule with one cavity
or cell, and three valves or openings, which are keel-
Ihaped, and open on the angular fides, being jointed
both at the bottom and top. The feeds are nume¬
rous ; very fmall, like faw-dutl; and attached, without
footftalks, to a flender receptacle or rib, which extends
itfelf lengthwife in the middle of each inclofure or
valve. The plants of this order are reckoned ftrong
aphrodifiacs.
8. ScitamineiP. This clafs conflfts of beautiful exo¬
tic plants, all natives of very warm countries. Some
of them furnifli exquifite fruits; but though the plants
rife very high, they are perennial only by their roots.
Thofe which have only one filament, have in all their
parts an aromatic odour, and an acrid or poignant talle;
qualities, however, poffeffed in a much greater degree
by the roots, which are hot and refinous.
9. Spathacex, fo called becaufe their flowers are
protruded from a fpatha or (heath. They are nearly
allied in habit and llrudlure to the liliaceous plants,
from which they are chiefly diftinguiflred by the fpatha
out of which their flowers are protruded.
to. Corcnarix. Thefe plants are herbaceous, per¬
ennial, and from one inch to 15 feet high. The roots
are either bulbous, fibrous, or compofed of fmall flefhy
knots, which are jointed at top. The bulbs either con-
fid of fcales laid over each other like tiles, or are folid.
The (tern of the liliaceous bulbous plants is properly
wanting; what fupplies its place being nothing elfe
than the bafe of the leaves, w'hich, wrapping or enfold¬
ing each other, form at bottom a roundifii flefliy bulb
hitherto diftinguifhed, though perhaps improperly, by
the name of root. In the others the Hem is fimple,
that is, has few branches, and is either furnifhed with
leaves, or rifes naked. The branches are alternate and
cylindrical. The leaves are fimple, alternate, and en¬
tire. Thofe next the root, termed radicai leaves, ge¬
nerally form at their ^origin a (heath, which in a great
number is entire; that is, goes all round; whilft in
others, it is cleft or divided longitudinally on one fide.
The flowers are univerfally hermaphrodite, except in
white hellebore, which has both male and hermaphrodite
flowers mixed together on the fame root. The flowers
are fometimes Angle, and terminate the ftera ; fometimes
they form an umbel, fometimes a fpike, and fometimes
a panicle. The calyx or flower-cup, in this order, ac¬
cording to Linnaeus, is generally wanting. In drift
propriety, however, the (ingle cover that is prefent in
mod of thefe plants, though beautifully coloured, ought
to be denominated a calyx ; as its divifions, generally fix
in number, are placed oppofite to the damina. The
petals, or, to fpeak more properly, the coloured leaves
of the flower, are in number from one to fix. Plants
which have a (ingle petal, have the limb or upper part
fplit into fix divifions or fegments. The petals in fome
ANY.
fpecies are rolled or turned back. The neftarium is
various; in the lily it is a longitudinal line which runs'
through each petal, and reaches from the bafe to the
middle. In crown imperial, it is a fmall hollow or
pore, formed at the bafe of each petal; in afphodel it
confids of fix very fmall valves, which, approaching,
form a globe, and are inferted into the bafe of the pe¬
tal ; in hyacinth, it is compofed of three melliferous
pores, fituated on the top of the feed-bud. In pine¬
apple, it is a fmall fcale lying within the fubdance
of each petal above the bafe ; and in albuca, or badard
dar of Bethlehem, it confids of two (harp-pointtd bodies
proceeding from the furrows of the feed-bud, and co¬
vered by the broader bafe of the three fertile filaments.
In fome fpecies of lily the neftarium is hairy ; in o-
thers it is naked. The damina are fix in number;
ereft, and inferted into the common receptacle, if the
flower confids of many petals; into the tube, or divi¬
fions of the corolla, if it confids of one. The antherae
are long, commonly divided below, and (lightly attach¬
ed by their fides to the filaments on which they turn like
a vane or the needle of a compafs. The feed-bud is
fingle, and placed either within the flower-cup or be¬
low it. The dyle is fmgle, thread-fliaped, and gene¬
rally of the length of the petals. The digma is gene¬
rally fingle, of a conic form, and (haggy or hairy at the
• extremity. The feed-veffel is generally a capfule, di¬
vided externally into three valves, internally into three
cells.—With refpeft to the powers of the plants of this
order, it may be affirmed in general, that fuch as have
little tade or fmell, as the roots of tulip, and dar of
Bethlehem, are perfeftly innocent; whild thofe which
have a heavy naufeous fmell, as fquill, hyacinth, crown
imperial, and fpider-wort, are at lead fufpicious, and
f requently prove noxious.
11. Sarmentofa, (from famentum, a long (hoot,
like that of a vine.) This order confids of plants
which have climbing dems and branches, that, like the
vine, attach themfelves to the bodies in their neigh¬
bourhood for the purpofe of fupport. Thefe plants are
far from being a true natural aflemblage; in faft they
fcarce agree in a fingle circumdance, except that ex-
preffed in the title, which is far from being peculiar to
this order.
12. Holeraceee. This order confids of plants which
are ufed for the table, and enter into the ceconomy of
domedic affairs: it contains trees, (hrubs, perennial,
and annual herbs. Some of the woody vegetables retain
their green leaves during the winter. The roots arc
very long, and frequently fpindle-lhaped; from the
knots on the dems and branches of filch plants as creep
on the ground, or float on the water, proceed fibrous
and branching roots. The flems and young branches
are cylindric; and in the greated part of the aquatic
plants of this order, the dalks are hollow within. The
buds are of a conic form, and nakedthat is, not ac¬
companied with fcales. The leaves are generally fimple,
entire, alternate, and attached to the branches by a
cylindric foot-dalk, which is fometimes very long, but
commonly very (hort. Some plants of this kind have
two dipular or fcales which are attached to the branches
near the origin of the foot-dalk of each leaf. In many
others, inltead of dipulse, each leaf bears on its foot-
dalk a membranaceous (heath, which is cylindric, fre¬
quently fringed on the margin, and pierced or pene-
3 M 2 trated
460
B O T
trated by the ftem. The flowers are either hermaphro¬
dite ; male and female upon the fame root; male and
female upon different roots; hermaphrodite and male
on the fame root ; hermaphrodite and female on the
feme root j or hermaphrodite and male on different
roots*
13. Succulents. This order confifts of flat, flefhy,
and juicy plants, moft of them ever-greens. They are
aflringent, refrefliing, and very wholefome.
14. Gruinales [fromgrus a crane). Thefe confiff of
geranium, vulgarly called cranes-bill, and a few other
genera which Linnaeus confiders as allied to it in their
habit and external ftruilure. This order furnifhes both
herbaceous and woody plants. The roots are fometimes
librous, fometimes tuberous. In fome fpecies of wood-
forrel they are jointed. The ftems are cylindric ; the
young branches, in fome, nearly fquare. The buds are
of a conic form, and covered with fcales. The leaves
are either Ample or compound. The flowers are her¬
maphrodite ; they proceed from the wings of the leaves
either flngly or in clufters. The calyx or flower-cup
conflfts of Ave. diftinft leaves, or of one leaf divided al-
moft. to the bottom into Ave parts. It generally ac¬
companies the feed-bud to its maturity. The petals
are five in number, fpreading, and frequently funnel-
fhaped. The ftamina are generally ten in number,
awl-fhaped, ereft, and of the length of the petals. The
ilamina are generally oblong; and frequently attached
to the filaments by the middle, fo as to lie, and fome¬
times to veer about, upon them. The feed-bud is ei¬
ther oblong or five-cornered. The number of ftyles is
either one or five. In tribulus, the ftyle is wanting.
The feed-veffel is generally a five-cornered capfule,
with one, three, five, or ten cells. The feeds are ge¬
nerally equal in number to the internal divifions or the
cells of the feed-veffel; one feed being placed in each
cell.
15. Inundats. The plants of this order are aqua¬
tic, of low ftature, herbaceous, and moftly perennial.
The roots are fibrous. The ftem is generally wanting.
In its place are an affemblage of leaves, which wrap¬
ping or enfolding each other mutually form a fheath ;
and from the middle of this flieath is produced the foot-
ftalk of the flower. The leaves are fometimes alternate,
fometimes placed in whirls round the ftem. In a great
many genera the foot-ftalk is extended at its origin into
a membranaceous fubftance, which forms a flieath that
is cleft through the whole length, on the fide oppofite
to the leaf. The flowers are hermaphrodite, or male
and female on the fame root. The flower-cup is either
wanting, or confifts of three, four, or five divifions or
leaves, which accompany the feed-bud to its maturity.
The petals are generally wanting. The ftamina are
in number from 1 to 16 and upwards. The filaments
in fome genera are fo fliort, that they feem wanting.
The anthers are ftiort, and generally marked with four .
longitudinal furrows. The feed-buds -are in number
from one to four, the ftyle is frequently wanting. The
feed-veffel is univerfally wanting, except in Elatine,
which has a dry capfule, with four external openings,
and the fame number of cells. The feeds are generally
four in number.
16; Calyciflora, (from calyx the flower-cup, andyfor
the flower), confifting of fuch plants as have the fta¬
mina (the flower) inferted into the calyx. All the plants
ANY. Sed.
of this order are of the fltrub and tree kind. Some of
them rife to the height of 12 or 14 feet; others not
above two or three. The roots are branching, fibrous,
and woody. The ftems are cylindric. The branches,
when young, are cornered; the buds of a conic form,
and without fcales. The leaves are fimple, alternate,
and attached to the branches by a very fliort foot-
ftalk. The flowers are either male or female uporr
diftin& roots, or hermaphrodite and male on the fame
root. The calyx is a perianthium compofed of one
leaf divided into two, three, or four fegments. It is
commonly placed upon the germen or feed-bud, which
accompanies it to maturity. The corolla is univerfally
wapting, except in trophis, the male plants of which,
according to Linnseus, have four obtufe and fpreading
petals. The ftamina are generally four in number,
flender like a hair, ftiort, placed at a confiderable di-
ftance from the ftyle, and inferted into the tube of the
Calyx. The piftillum is compofed of a roundifti ger¬
men, crowned with the calyx a Angle thread-fliaped
ftyle ; and a cylindric ftigma. The feed-veffel is either
an o'btufe oval fruit of the cherry kind, or a globular
berry with one cell, containing a roundifli feed. The
plants of this order are aftringent.
17. Calycanthems, (from calix the flower-cup, and
av6&- the flower); confifting of plants, which, among
other charafters, have the corolla and ftamina inferted
in the calyx. This order furnifhes trees, ftirubs; and
annual, biennial, and perennial herbs. The herbaceous
annuals are by much the moft numerous. The roots are
branching and fibrous; the ftems and branches cylin¬
dric, fquare, or four-cornered while young. The buds
are of a conic form, and without fcales. The leaves are
generally either alternate, fimple, and attached to the
branches by a fliort foot-ftalk, or oppofite at the bot¬
tom of the ftem ; and in fome, alternate towards the
top. They are univerfally felfile ; that is, attached to
the branches, without any foot-ftalk. The calyx is uni¬
verfally a perianthium, and generally monophyllous, or
compofed of one leaf. The corolla confifts of four, five,
and fix petals, which are attached to the tube of the
calyx, and are fometimes placed alternate, fometimes
oppofite, to the divifions of the limb. The ftamina,
which are in number from 4 to 20 and upwards, are at¬
tached to the tube of the calyx either on its margin or
lower down. When the number of ftamina is double
the divifions of the calyx, the ftamina which ftand op¬
pofite thefe divifions are a little longer than the reft*
The antherre are generally of a hemifpherical figure ;
frequently cleft or flit below ; and by that aperture at¬
tached flightly to the filaments, on which they often
veer about like a vane or needle. They are furrounded
longitudinally, and open on the fides into two loculi or
cells. The pollen, or male duft, confifts of a number
of minute particles, of an oval figure, yellow and tran-
fparent. The germen or feed-bud, is placed either a-
bove or under the receptacle of the flower. The ftyle
is Angle, thread-fhaped, and of the length of the fta¬
mina. The ftigma is generally Angle and undivided.
The feed-veffel is a capfule, which is generally divided
internally into four loculi or cells. The feeds are nume¬
rous, minute, and frequently three-cornered. The
plants of this order are reckoned aftringent.
18. Bicornes, (from bis twice, and cornu a horn),
plants whofe antherae have the appearance of two horns*
This
VI. B O T
This appearance, however, is not very confpicuous,
unlefs in a few genera. The plants of this order are
all of the flirub and tree kind. The roots are branch¬
ing and fibrous. The ftems and branches are cylin-
dric. The buds conic, fometimes covered with fcales,
and fometimes naked. The leaves are generally alter¬
nate. In moft plants of this order they are either feffile,
or fupported by a very fiiort foot-ftalk, which is femi-
cylindric, and flat above. The flowers are univerfally
hermaphrodite, except in one genus, the Indian date-
plumb, where hermaphrodite and male flowers are pro¬
duced in the fame fpecies upon diftinft roots. They
proceed either folitary, or in a corymbus from the
angles formed by the leaves and branches; or hang
down in fpikes and clufters at the end of the branches ;
each flower having a fmall fcale or floral leaf placed
under it. In moft plants of this order the calyx is
placed around or below the germen. The calyx is uni¬
verfally a perianthium, and generally monophyllous or
of one piece, deeply divided into four or five fegments,
which are permanent, that is, accompany the germen
to its maturity. The fegments are often acute, and
fometimes coloured. The corolla is generally monope-
talous, and bell or funnel fhaped; the figure, however,
is not very conftant, even in plants of the fame genus.
The limb, or upper part of the petal, is generally di¬
vided into four or five fegments, which are fometimes
rolled back, fometimes bent inwards. The limb too is
fometimes flightly cut, fometimes divided almoll to the
bottom. The tube, or lower part of the petal, is cy-
lindric, and generally of the fame length with the calyx.
The number of ftamina is from 4 to 20. Thefe are ge¬
nerally ereft, and attached to the lower part of the tube
of the corolla. The antherse are bifid or forked below,
and, being flightly attached to the filaments, are fre¬
quently inverted in fuch a manner as to exhibit the ap¬
pearance of two horns at top. The germen or feed-
bud, is generally roundifh, and feated above the recep¬
tacle. The fiyle is fingle* thread-fliaped, of the fame
length with the corolla, and in a few genera permanent.
The feed-veflel is either a capfule with five cells, a round-
ifh berry, or an oblong four-cornered nut with two
cells.—The plants of this order are aftringent.
19. He/peridex, (from the Hefperides, whofe orchards
are faid to have produced golden apples). The plants
of this order are of the flirub and tree kind, and moftly
evergreen. The bark of the ftalks is flender, and comes
off- in thin plates. The leaves are generally oppofite,
and covered with fmall tranfparent points. In fome,
the leaves are placed oppofite at the bottom of the
ilalks, and alternate above. The buds are of a conic
form, the flowers generally hermaphrodite; they pro¬
ceed from the wings of the leaves either fingly, or in
clufters like ivy-berries. The calyx is placed above the
feed-bud, and accompanies it to its maturity. The pe¬
tals are three, four, or five in number, and Hand upon
the brims of the tube of the calyx. The feed-bud is
large, oblong, and placed below the receptacle of the
flower. The ftyle is Angle, awl-fhaped, of the length
of the ftamina, and terminated with a fingle ftigma.
The feed-veflel in fome genera is a berry furnifhed
with one or three cells ; a capfule with four cells, or of
the nature of a cherry, containing a ftone. The feeds
are generally numerous, fmall and oblong. The leaves
and fruits are aftringent, the berries efculent.
ANY.
20. Rotacea, (from rota, a wheel), confiftingofplants
with one wheel-lhaped petal without a tube. Thefe
referable in quality thofe of the order of precise, to
which they are in all refpefts very nearly allied; but
very few of them can be faid in ftri& propriety to pof-
fefs the chara&er fpecified in the title.
21. Precise, (from precius early). Thefe confift of
primrofe, an early flowering plant, and fome others
which agree with it in habit and ftru&ure, though not
always in the chara&er or circumftance exprefled in the
title. Thefe plants, which poffefs no ftriking uniform
charafters, are, in general, innocent in their quality ^
yet the root of fow bread is dangerous, if taken inter¬
nally.
22. Caryophylle.e. All the plants of this order are her¬
baceous, and moftly annual. Some of the creeping
kinds do not rife above an inch, and the talleft exceed
not feven or eight feet. The roots are branching,
fibrous, and of a moderate length. The ftems are cy¬
lindrical. The branches proceed from the wings or
angles of the leaves, and are generally oppofite, and
as it were jointed at each knot. In fome fpecies of
ceraftium the branches are fquare. The leaves are ge¬
nerally placed oppofite in pairs, fo as to referable a
crofs; and are flightly united at the bottom by their
foot-ftalks, which form a fort of glove round the ftem.
The hairs are Ample, like filk. The flowers are her¬
maphrodite ; but fome have male and female flowers,
upon diftinft roots. They either -ftand fingle on their
foot-ftalks, and proceed from the wings or angles of
the leaves and branches, or are difpofed in a fpike,
corymbus, umbel, or panicle. The calyx is permanent,
and compofed either of one piece with five ihdentments,
or of four or five diftinft leaves. The corolla generally
confifts of five petals, which have claws of the length
of the calyx; and a fpreading limb', fometimes entire,
but oftener cleft or divided in two. The ftamina are
in number from 3 to 15, and of a moderate length.
When their number is double the divifions of the calyx,,
they are attached alternately to the claws of the petals,
thofe fo attached being fliorter than the reft; the re¬
maining ftamina are inferted into the common recepta¬
cle, and ftand oppofite to the fegments of the calvx. In-
fome genera of this order the number of ftamina is found
to vary, even in the different flowers of the fame plant.
The antherae are fliort, hemifpherical, marked with
four longitudinal furrows, frequently divided or cleft
below, moft commonly ered; fometimes, however, in¬
cumbent, that is, faftened to the filaments by the fides.
The pointal is compofed o( a fingle feed-bud, which is
generally roundifh, fometimes cornered. The ftyles.
are thread-fhaped, of the length of the ftamina, and
crowned with a Ample ftigma, which is fleek or fmooth
externally, and flightly hollowed or vaulted within.
The feed- veflel is a dry capfule, of an oval form of the
length of the calyx, and confifts of one or three cells.
The plants of this order are innocent in their quality;
they abound in a watery fort of phlegm, and have bit¬
ter feed. With refped to their virtues, they are rec¬
koned aftringent, attenuating, and deterfive.
23. Trihilatx, (from tres three, and hilum an ex¬
ternal mark on the feed); confifting of plants with
three feeds, which are marked diilindtly with an exter¬
nal cicatrix or fear, where they were faftened within-,
to the fruit.
24.
4^2
EOT
24. Cory dales, (fronl a helmet); confifling of
plants which have irregular flowers, fomewhat refem-
bling a helmet or hood. Thefe plants are moftly her¬
baceous and perennial. The roots are tuberous or
knobby. The ftems are generally branching. The
leaves are alternate, fometimes Ample, but moil com¬
monly winged. The foot-ftalk of the leaves is -ftrait
or narrow, except in epimtdium, where it is large,
and has a membranous edge or border. The flowers
are univerfally hermaphrodite. They proceed either
fmgly from the wings or angles of the leaves, or are
colle&ed in clufters at the end of the branches. The
calyx confifts of two, four, five, or fix leaves, which are
frequently coloured, and commonly fall off immediately
before, or very foon after, the expanfion of the petals.
’The corolla is generally irregular ; of one, or many
pieces; gaping ; and furniflied with a ne&arium, which
is very different in the different genera. Tim ftamina
are in number from two to fix, and of a proportionate
length, except in honey-flower, which has two fhorter
than the reft. The filaments are diftinft, except in
tvv;o genera, fumitory and monnieria, which have two
fets of firings or filaments united in a cylinder. The
anthers* are univerfally diftinft, except in impaiiens,
where they are formed into a cylinder divided at the
bafe. The feed-bud is generally roundifh, but fome¬
times angular or cornered. The ftyle is commonly
Angle, extremely fhort, {lender, or thread-fliaped, and
crowned with a Ample ftigma. The feed-veflel is ei¬
ther a hollow blowri-up berry, a capfule of one cell,
a longilh, or a roundifh pod. The feeds are generally
numerous and round.
25. Putamitiece, (from putamen a fhell) ; confiding
of a few genera of plants allied in habit, whofe flefhy
feed-veflel or fruit is frequently covered with a hard
woody fhell. Moft of thefe plants are acrid and pe¬
netrating.; and yield, by burning, a great quantity of
fixed alkali. With refpeft to their virtues, they are
powerful aperients; The Indians pretend that the
fruit of a fpecies of caper-bufh, which they call baducca,
cxtinguifhes the flames of love.
26. Multijiliqux, (from multus many, and Jiliqua
a pod) ; confifting of plants which have more feed-
veffels than one. From the etymology of the term, one
would naturally imagine that the feed-vefiels in queftion
were of that kind called by Linnaeus Jiliqaa, or pod :
but the fa£l is, that not a fingle plant of this order
bears pods; the greater part having many dry capfules,
and the remainder being furniflied properly with no
feed-veflel, but bearing numerous diftinft feeds. Plants
of this order are moftly perennial herbs ; the flems of
feme are ereft; others creep upon the ground, and
produce roots near the origin of each leaf; laftly, others
climbi and attach themfelves to the bodies in their
neighbourhood, either by the footftalk of the leaves,
or by tendrils and clafpers which terminate the foot-
flalk. The greateft height of thofe which rife erect,
feldom exceeds eight feet. Thofe which climb rarely
exceed 15 or 20 feet. The roots are generally flefhy.
In fome they are hand-draped ; in others finger-fhaped,
or cylindric. In fome fpecies of hellebore and ranun¬
culus they are divided into fpherical knobs. Laftly, in
fome plants of this order, the roots are fibrous. The
ftems and young branches are cylindric. The leaves,
ANY. ‘ Sed. VI
which are of different forms, being fometimes fimple and
entire, fometimes hand-fliaped or winged, are generally
alternate. The footftalk, which is fometimes cylindric,
fometimes angular, is membranous, and very large at
its origin, furrounding a great part of the ftem from
which it proceeds. The flowers are hermaphrodite.
They proceed either fingly from the wings of the leaves
or termination of the branches, or terminate the branch¬
es in a fpike, panicle, or head. The calyx in fome
is wanting; in others it is generally compofed of five . !
pieces, which fall off with the petals. The petals are in
number from 4 to 15 ; generally equal, and fome¬
times difpofed in two or three feries ; five is the pre¬
vailing number. The ftamina are in number from 5
to 300, diftinft, and attached generally in feveral rows
or feries to the receptacle. The feed-buds _ are gene¬
rally numerous; the ftyle is frequently wanting. In
fome the feed-veffel is wanting; in others it is compofed
of feveral dry capfules, each containing a fingle cell.
The feeds are numerous, and frequently angular. Moil
of thefe plants are acrid, and many of them poifonous.
In general, plants that have a great number of ftamina
are noxious in their quality. When burnt, thefe plants
furnifh a fixed alkali; by diftillation there is drawn
from them a kind of nitrous and aluminous fubftance.
With refpedl to their virtues, they are cauftic and pur¬
gative.
27. Rhaxdeee, confifting of poppy, and a fe v genera
which refemble it in habit and ftrudture. Thefe plants,
upon being cut, emit plentifully a juice, which is white
in poppy, and yellow in the others. With refpeCt to
their virtues, they feem to operate principally upon the
nerves. Their juice is foporific and narcotic, their
feeds lefs fo, their roots aperient. Applied externally,
they are {lightly corrofive.
28. Lurid#, confifting of plants whofe pale and o-
minous appearance feems to indicate fomething baleful
and noxious in their natural quality, Moft of thefe
plants are herbaceous and perennial. Many of them
• are of the mafqued tribe of flowers ; others refemble
thefe in their general appearance, but differ from them
effentially in the equality of their ftamina. The roots
are generally branched, fometimes tuberous. The
ftems and branches are cylindric. The leaves are ge¬
nerally fimple, and placed alternate. The flowers are
hermaphrodite. They proceed either fingly or in cl lif¬
ters from the angle formed by the leaves and branches.
In fome fpecies of lycium, they terminate the branch¬
es. The calyx is generally of one piece deeply di¬
vided into five parts. The corolla confifts of one pe¬
tal, which is either bell, funnel, or wheel fhaped. The
flamina are four or five in number; and thofe either of
equal lengths, as In the greater, or unequal. The feed-
bud is placed above the receptacle of the flower. The
llyle is fingle; and is terminated by a fummit which is
-hemifpherical, and frequently channelled or furrowed.
The/eed-veffel, in fuch as have equal ftamina, is a berry;
in the reft, it is generally a capfule. The feeds are nu¬
merous, and frequently kidney-fhaped.—Thefe plants
in general are poifonous. They have an infipid tafte,
and a naufeous difagreeable fmell.
29. Campanace#, (from campana a bell); plants with
bell-fhaped flowers. The plants of this order are her¬
baceous and perennial. The roots are either fpindle-
fhaped,
463
VI. BOTANY.
fhaped, or branching and fibrous. The ftems are round, flowers fometimes terminate the branches, fometlmes
The branches are generally alternate. The leaves are proceed from the angles of the branches, and fometlmes
Ample, alternate, and commonly attached to the branch- Hand at the fide of the wings without iflulng from
es by a femi-cylindric foot-ftalk, which is furrowed them. The flower-cup is compofed of one leaf divided
above. The indentments are terminated by a fmall almoft to the bafe in five unequal fegments, which em-
white tubercle or knob, which renders them confpicu- brace each other, and are permanent, or accompany
ous. The flowers are hermaphrodite ; and proceed el- the feed-bud to its maturity. The corolla confifts of
ther folitary from the wings of the leaves, or are col- one petal, which in the different genera is bell, falver,
letted into a fpike and head at the end of the flower- funnel, or wheel ftiaped. The limb, or upper fpread-
ftalk. The calyx is univerfally a perianthium fituated ing part of the petal, is generally divided into five
upon or round the germen, and generally compofed equal parts, which are flightly bent or twifted to the
of one leaf deeply divided into five fegments. The left, and embrace or unfold each other like the petals
corolla is monopetalous, and of the bell, funnel, or wheel of the mallow tribe. The tube is generally long and.
(hape. The tube, in flowers of the bell and wheel flrape, cylindrical; fometimes club-fhaped, and often wanting,
is very fliort; in thofe of the funnel-fhape, very long. In feveral flowers of this order the petal is accompanied
In Greek valerian, the tube is fhut with five valves, with that fpecies of fuperfluity termed a La
which are placed on its apex or top. The limb or up- the different genera, however, it affumes very differ-
per part of the corolla is deeply divided into five feg- ent appearances. The {laminaare five in number, fliort,,
ments, which fpread, and are alternate with the divifions equal, attached at the fame height, to the tube of the
of the calyx. The corolla is generally permanent. The petal, alternate with its divifions, and oppofite to thofe
ftamina are five in number, attached to the bafe of the of the calyx. The antherae are generally erett, and
tube of the corolla, alternate with its divifions, and frequently approach fo as to form a compatt body in
oppofite to thofe of the calyx. The filaments are di- the middle of the flower. The feed-bud is either Angle
ftintt ; very large at their origin ; and frequently ap- or double. In fome the ftyle is wanting. Thelligma
proach fo as to form a fort of vault, which covers the is frequently double. The feed-veffel in fome genera,
fummit of the germen. They are {lender and awl- is a pulpy fruit, of the berry and cherry kind ; but
fliaped above. Theantherseare very long; oval; marked moft frequently that fpecies termedbyLinnaeusc'W-
with four longitudinal furrows, either dillintt, or united ceptaculum, and folliculus, which has one valve or ex-
in a cylinder. The pollen is compofed of very fmall, ternal inclofure, opens lengthways on one fide, and;
fpherical, white, fliining, and tranfparent particles, has not the feeds fattened to it. Two of thefe dry
The germen is roundilh, and fituated either wholly or fruits, with a Angle cell, compofe the feed-vefiel of moil
in part under the flower. The ftyle is generally plants of this order. The feeds are generally, numerous,.
Angle, and of the lengfh of the ftamina or corolla, and in feveral genera crowned with a long pappus or
The ftigma is commonly fingle, but deeply divided, downy wing like that of the compound flowers, by.
The feed-veffel is a roundifti capfule, generally divided means of which they eafily difperfe and fowthemfelves.
into three cells, and furniihed externally with the fame •—The plants of this order being cut, emit a juice which,
number of valves. The feeds are fmall, numerous, at- is generally milky, and fametimes of a greenifti white,
tached to a receptacle in the centre of the fruit, gene- From the circumftance of their abounding in this milky
rally rounded, and fometimes cornered.—This order juice, the greater part are deemed poifonous; repeated
furnilhes many excellent medicines. The plants abound obfervations having eftabliihed this aphorifm, That
with a white milky juice, which, upon the ftalk being milkyplants,except thofe of the plain compound flowers,,
cut, flows out in great quantities. are generally of a baneful deftruttive nature, and ought
30. Contort a, (from con together, and torqueo to at leaft to be. admin iftered with caution, Withrefpett.
twift) ; confifting of plants which have a fingle petal to their fenfible qualities, they are hitter ; particularly
that is twifted or bent towards one fide. This order the feed roots, and bark,, in which refides their prin-
furnifties trees, ftirubs, and fat fucculent plants, fome cipal virtue.
of which retain their leaves during the winter. The 31. Veprecul<z> (from vepres a briar or bramble),,
herbaceous vegetables in this order are generally peren- confifting of plants refembling the daphne, dirca, gni-
nial. The roots are fometimes branching, but com- dia, See. but which, however, do not conftitute a true :
monly flefliy, fucculent, and garniffied with fibres or natural aflemblage.
firings like thofe of turnip. The ftems are round and 32. Papilionace<e, plants that have papilionaceous •
in fome genera pulpy and fucculent. The branches flowers, e. fomewhat refembling a butterfly in fliape;.
are fometimes;placed alternate, and fometimes oppofite. of which number are all the leguminous plants. The
The buds are of a conic form, and naked or without plants of this order are of very different duration; .fome
feales. The leaves are fdmetimes alternate, fometimes of them being herbaceous, and thofe either annual or
placed oppofite in pairs, and not feldom furround the perennial; others woody vegetables of the flrrub and'
ftem in whirls. They are attached to the branches by tree kind, a few of which rife to the height of 70 feet^
a cylindrical foot-ftalk', which is ftrort, and frequently and upwards. The herbaceous plants of this order ge--
united to the foot-ftalk of the oppofite leaf. The de- nerally climb ; for, being weak .and as it were help-
ftnfive and offenfive weapons in this order are a dowmy lefs of themfelves, they are provided by nature with ,
fort of pubefcence, and Ample, or forked prickles, tendrils, and even fharp-pointed. hooks, at their-extre-
which, in fome genera, iffue from the wings of the mities, to fallen upon the neighbouring trees or rocks 5,
leaves. The flowers are hermaphrodite ; and Hand ei- or the ftalks are endowed with a faculty of twilling ,
ther fingly upon their footftalks, or are colletted into themfelves, for the purpofe of fupport, around the bo-.-
umbels and duffers. Thefe bunches or collettions of. dies in their neighbourhood... The pea, vetch, and kid-:-
4, . ' mi-
4®4
B O T
ney-bean, afford familiar examples of this appearance.
The fhrubs and trees of this order are mollly armed with
ftrong fpines. The roots are very long, and furniftied
with fibres; but fome genera have fleflry knobs or tu¬
bercles placed at proper intervals along the fibres.. The
Items are cylindric, as likewife the young branches,
which are placed alternately : thofe which climb, twill
themfelves From right to left, in a diredtion oppofite to
the apparent motion of the fun. The bark of the large
trees is extremely thick and wrinkled, fo as to refemble
a net with long melhes; the wood is very hard in the
middle, and commonly coloured or veined. The buds
are hemifperical, without fcales, and proceed from the
branches horizontally a little above the angle which
they form with the leaves. The leaves are alternate,
and of different forms, being either fimple, finger-lha-
ped, or winged. This laft form is very common ; the
lobes or leffer leaves are entire, and fometimes placed
in pairs, but moll commonly the winged leaf is termi¬
nated by an odd lobe. The winged or pinnated leaves
of this order have a daily or periodical motion, de¬
pending upon the progrefs of the fun in his diurnal
courfe. The common footftalk of the winged and com¬
pound leaves is marked on the upper furface with a ca¬
vity or furrow which runs through its whole length.
The flowers are hermaphrodite; and proceed eitherfrom
the wings of the leaves, or from the extremity of the
branches. The calyx is a perianthium of one leaf, bell-
fliaped, bunching out at the bottom, and cut on its brim
or margin into five irregular divifions or teeth; thelower-
moft of which, being the odd one, is longer than the
reft : the other four ftand in pairs, of which the upper-
moft is ftiorteft, and ftands fartheft. afunder. The bot¬
tom of the calyx is moiftened with a fweet liquor like
honey, fo may be deemed the neftarium of thefe plants.
The petals are four or five in number, very irregular,
and from their figure and pofition bear an obvious re-
femblance to a butterfly expanding its wings for flight.
Thefe petals have been characterized by diftindt names:
the upper one, which is commonly the largeft, is termed
the ftandard, (vexMum); the two fide petals, the wings,
(alee); and the lowermoft, which is generally united
at top, and divided at bottom, the keel, (carina). The
ftamina are generally ten : thefe are either totally di-
ftinft, or united by the filaments into one or two bun¬
dles involving the feed-bud. In the latter cafe, where
there are two fets of united filaments, one of the fets is
compofed of 9 ftamina, which are united into a crooked
cylinder, that is cleft on one fide thro’ its whole length:
along this cleft lies the tenth filament or ftamen, which
conftitutes the fecond fet, and is often fo clofely at¬
tached to the fecond bundle, that it cannot be fepara-
ted without fome difficulty. The anthene are fmall,
round, marked wuth four longitudinal furrows, and
flightly attached to the filaments. In lupine, the an-
therce are alternately round and oblong. The feed-bud
is fingle, placed upon the receptacle of the flower, ob-
kmg, cylindrical, flightly compreffed, of the length of
the cylinder of the united ftamina by which it is invol¬
ved, and fometimes elevated by a flender footftalk
which iffues from the centre of the calyx. The ftyle is
fingle, flender, and generally crooked or bent. The
ftigma is commonly covered with a beautiful down, and
placed immediately under the antherae. The feed-vef-
fel is that fort of pod termed a legumcn, which is of an
N°52. 6
A N Y. Sea.
oblong figure, more orlefs compreffed, with two Valves,
and one, two, or more cavities. Thefe cavities are oft*
en feparated, when ripe, by a fort of joints. The feeds
are generally few in number, round, fmooth, andfleftry.
Jointed pods have generally a fingle feed in each arti¬
culation. The feeds are all faftened along one future,
and not alternately to both, as in the other fpecies of
pod termedJtliqua.—The plants of this family are, in
general, mucilaginous. From the inner bark of moft of
them flows, either naturally or by incifion, a clammy
liquor, which dries and hardens like gum ; the juice of
others is fweet like fugar; fome tafte bitter, and are
purgative, emetic, or even mortal. A fpecies of eaftern
aftragalus, with goats-rue leaves, is faid to be remark¬
ably cauftic, and to burn the tongue exceffively when
chewed. In general, however, thefe plants are foft
and clammy. With refpedt to their virtues, the plants
of this order are highly emollient; fome of them are
vulnerary and aftringent; and the root of anonis, or
reft-harrow, is diuretic.
3 3. Lementaceee,' (from lonientum, a colour ufed by
painters). Many of thefe plants furniffi beautiful tinc¬
tures, and fome of them are much ufed in dyeing. They
very much refemble the lalt order, differing only in the
following 'particulars. 1. In all plants of this order,
except milk-wort, the ftanfina are diftindt. The flower
is not ftraped like a butterfly, but is lefs irregular, and
frequently confifts but of one petaL The leaves are
fometimes fimple, but molt commonly winged. The
feeds are commonly marked with a circular furrow on
both fides. Like thofe of the leguminous tribe, the
plants of this order are generally mucilaginous. From
the inner bark of the greater number exfudes, either
naturally or by incifion, a mucilaginous liquor, which
fometimes dries upon the plant, and becomes a gummy
fubftance.
33. Cucurlitacex, (from cucurbit a a gourd); con¬
fiding of plants which refemble the gourd in external
figure, habit, virtues, and fenfible qualities.—The
plants of this order, which generally climb, and have
long diffufed branches, are moftly herbaceous and per¬
ennial. The roots in the perenhial plants of this or¬
der are ftiaped like thofe of the turnip; in the annuals
they are branching and fibrous. The items are cylin¬
dric and fucculent. The! young branches have gene;
rally five corners. In fome fpecies of paffion-flower
they are fquare. The leaves are alternate, angular, and
fometimes hand-ftiaped. They are attached to the
branches by a foot-ftalk, which is pretty long and cy¬
lindrical, without any furrow. From thewihgor angle
of each of the upper leaves proceeds a tendril, which is
either fimple or branching, and twifts itfelf fpirally
round the different bodies in its neighbourhood, for
the purpofe of fupporting and training of the branches.
The lower leaves have no tendril The flowers are ei¬
ther hermaphrodite or male and female. In this laft,
the male flowers are generally feparated from the female
upon the lame root; and that either in the fame wing
or angle of the leaves, or in different angles. The flowcr-
cup, in the female flowers, is placed upon the feed-
bud ; and generally confift of one bell-ftiaped leaf,
that is deeply divided into five unequal fegments, and,
unhke the other plants which have the calyx feated up¬
on the fruit, falls off with the petals and the other
parts of the flower. The corolla confills of one petal,
with
vr. B O T
with five equal divifions, which adhere to the tube of
the calyx, as if glued to it. A fpecies of pafiiou-flower,
termed by Linnseus pajjiflora fuberofa, wants the petals.
The flamina are in number from one to five, (hort, and
, generally inferted into the calyx. The filaments are di-
ftinft 5 the antherae of many genera are united in a cy¬
linder. In the paffion-flower they are flightly attached
to the filaments, on which they turn like a vane or the
needle of a compafs. The feed-bud is Angle; and pla¬
ced below the receptacle of the flower. The ftyleis ge¬
nerally Angle, cylindrical, of the length of the calyx,
and crowned with a triple ftigma. The feed-veffel is
generally pulpy, of the apple or berry kind, and con-
fifts of one, two, or three cells. The feeds are nume¬
rous, generally flat or comprelfed, and fometimes co¬
vered with that kind of proper coat called by Linnaeus
arillus.—The fruit of thefe plants is generally purga¬
tive andrefrtflring; that of fome of them prove a very
violent emetic when ufed too freely
35. Senticofa, (from fentis- a briar or bramble); con¬
fining of the rofe, bramble, and other plants which re¬
ferable them in port and external ftrufture. Thefe
plants are fo nearly allied in form, habit, and llruc-
ture, to thofe of the natural order Pomace a, that they
ought never to have been feparated from it. The leaves
have a llyptic tafte ; the fruits are acid and cooling.
With refpeft to their virtues, the leaves are vulnerary
and aftringent, the roots are diuretic. The acid fruits,
as ftrawberry and raflpberry, are ufed with fuccefs in pu¬
trid and bilious fevers, as likewife in contagious and
epidemic dyfenteries, which prevail in fummer and au¬
tumn, and are occafioned by a fudden tranfition from a
hot to a cold air, or by the acrid humour which flows
into the inteftines.
36. Pomacea, (frompomum an apple); confiding of
thofe which have a pulpy efculent fruit, of the apple,
berry, or cherry kind. The plants of this order, which
furnidi many of our mod efteemed fruits, are modly
of the Ihrub and tree kind. The roots are branched,
fibrous, and in^he greater part very long. The items
and branches are cylindric. Thefe lad are placed al¬
ternate ; and, when young, are, in fome genera, angu¬
lar. The bark is thick and wrinkled. The buds are
of a conic form, placed in the angles of the leaves, and
covered with fcales which lie over each other like tiles.
The leaves, which differ in form, being in fome genera
fimple, in others winged, are, in the greater number,
placed alternate. The footdalk of the leaves is fur¬
rowed above, and frequently,accompanied by a number
of knobs like glands. Mod of thefe plants . are fur-
niihed with two dipulte at the origin of the young foot-
dalksof the leaves. Thefe, in fome genera, are pretty
large; in others, they are fo fmall as fcarce to be per¬
ceived ; and in cocoa-plumb, in particular, they by their
minutenefs referable hairs. The flowers are univerfally
hermaphrodite, except in Jpirxa aruncut, in which male
and female flowers are produced on diflindt plants. In
the greater number of genera they are produced in clu-
fters or heads at the end of the branches. The calyx is
of one piece, with five fegmentsor divifions, which are
permanent, and placed above the feed-bud in fome ; in
the red, they either fall off with the flower, or wither
upon the flalk. The petals are five in number, and are
inferted into the tube of the calyx. The damina are
generally 20 and upwards, and attached like the petals
Von. III. tart IL
A N Y.
to the margin of the tube of the calyx. The antheras
are Ihort, and flightly attached to the filaments. The
feed-bud is Angle; and in thofe genera which have the
calyx permanent, it is placed below the receptacle of
the flower. The feed-veffel is a pulpy fruit of the apple,
berry, or cherry kind. Thofe of the apple kind are di¬
vided internally into a number of cavities or cells. The
feeds are numerous.—The pulpy fruits of this order are
acid, efculent, and of great efficacy in putrid and bili¬
ous fevers.
37. Columnifera, (from columna a pillar, and fero to
bear); confiding of plants whofe damina and pidil have
the appearance of a column or pillar in the centre of
the flower. This order furnilhes a choice coHe&ion of
herbs both annual and perennial, fhrubs, and trees.
Thefe are very dift’erent in fize and height, from the
Creeping mallows, and low fhrubby tea-tree, to the
fiddly limes, and the more lofty filk cotton-trees, which
by fome modern writers are affirmed to be fo large as
not to be fathomed by 16 men, and fo tall that an ar¬
row cannot reach their top. The fhrubs and trees of
this order are deciduous, pretty thick, of a beautiful
appearance, with an ereft dem, which is formed by its
branches and foliage into a round head. The roots are
extremely long, branch but little, and either run per¬
pendicularly downwards, or extend themfelves horizonr
tally below the furface. The dems are cylindric. The-
young branches, though commonly of the fame figure,.
are fometimes angular. The bark is thick and pliant*
The wood, in general, very foft and light. The buds
are of a conic form, naked, or without fcales; and fitua-
ted either at the extremity of the branches, or in the
angle formed by the branch and leaf. The leaves are
alternate, fimple, divided into feveral lobes, and fre¬
quently hand or finger draped. The ribs or nerves om
the back of the leaf, in fome genera of this order, are
provided near their origin with a number of hollow fur¬
rows or glands, which, being filled with a clammy ho¬
ney-like liquor, have been confidered as fo many veffels
of fecretion. The footdalk of the leaves is cylindric,.
fwelled at its origin, and appears pointed at its jundtion
with the branch. Tire flowers are univerfally herma¬
phrodite, except in higgeleria, and a fpecies of Virgi¬
nian marlhmallow, called by Linnaeus nap.ia dioica ;
the former of which-bears male and female, the latter
male and hermaphrodite, flowers on different rootSi In
many plants of this order, the flowers generally open
about nine in the morning, and remain expanded tilt
one in the afternoon. The flowers either terminate the
branches, proceed from the angles of the leaves, or
are difpofed either fingly or in a corymbus along the
branches or ftem. ImmoA of thefe genera the calyx is
Angle, but in others frequently double. In thefe laft.
the inner calyx is always of one piece, generally divided
into five fegments; the outer confids either of one leaf,,
of three didinid leaves, or of many. The calyx, when
Angle, is fometimes compofed of one leaf which is per¬
manent, prof feveral didinT leaves which are generally
coloured, and fall off with the petals. In plants that
have a double calyx, both flower-cups are generally per¬
manent. The petals in this order are fromTour to nine ;
five is the prevailing number. The ftamina, which are
in number from 5 to 20 and upwards, are. generally in*
ferted into the common receptacle of the calyx, or intn
the pidilluju or feed-bud. The filaments are either dir
3 N dimft,.
46,'
466
B O T
iUn&, or united In a cylinder, which, proceeding from
the receptacle of the calyx, furrounds the feed-bud, and
attaches itfelf to the bafe of the petals, with which it
flightly unites. The antherae are frequently roundifh,
and placed ere A on the filament; moft commonly, how¬
ever, they are oblong or kidney-lhaped, and llightly at¬
tached by the middle, or fides, to the filaments, on
which they turn like a vane or needle. This lall is par¬
ticularly the chara&eriftic of all the mallow tribe. The
feed-bud is generally roundifh or conic; and fometimes,
as in the tea-tree, angular. The feed-veffel is gene¬
rally a capfule ; fometimes a pulpy fruit of the berry
or cherry kind. In fome, it is a woody or membra¬
nous capfule, divided into as many cells internally as
there were partitions in the feed-bud. The feeds are
generally folitary, fometimes angular, and fometimes
kidney-fhaped.—Thefe plants are mucilaginous and lu¬
bricating.
38. Tricoccea’ (from three, and x'ixxO, zgrain) ;
confiding of plants with a Angle three-cornered cap¬
fule, having three cells or internal divifions, each con¬
taining a fingle feed. The Angle feed-veffel of thefe
plants is of a fingular form, and refembles three ,cap-
fules, which adhere to one common footftalk as a centre,
but are divided externally into three pretty deep parti¬
tions. This fam’ly is not completely natural. It muft
be obferved, however, that the chara&er expreffed in
the title is a flriking one; and that though the plants
which poffefs it are not conneded by fuch numerous
• relations as to form a true natural affemfc-lage, yet they
are by that circumflance diftinguifhed from all other
plants with as great, nay greater facility, than by
any artificial charader yet known. But all the gene¬
ra of this order have not the ftriking charader juft
mentioned.
39. Siliqucfz, (from Jiliqua a pod) ; confifting of
plants which have a pod for their feed-veffel. This
order chiefly furnifhes biennial and perennial herbs of
an irregular figure. The roots are long, branched,
crooked, and fibrous. In fome they are fucculent and
fiefhy, in others jointed. The ftems and young
branches are cylindric. The leaves, which differ in
point of form, being fometimes fimple, fometimes
winged, are generally placed alternate. The flowers
are hermaphrodite, and in the greater number difpofed
in a fpike at the extremity of the branches. The
flower-cup is compofed of four leaves, which are ob¬
long, hollow, blunt, bunched at the bafe, and fall
with the flower. Thefe leaves are fometimes ered,
and fometimes fpread horizontally. The petals, which
are four in number, fpread at top, and arc difpofed
like a crofs : the claws or lower part of the petals are
ered, flat, awl-lhaped, and fomewhat longer than the
calyx. The upper part widens outwards. The ftami-
na are fix in number; two of which are of the length
of the calyx, and the remaining four fomewhat longer,
but ftiorter than the petals. The antherse are of an
oblong figure, pointed, thicker at the bafe, and ered.
Betwixt the ftamina, in plants of this order, are gene¬
rally lodged one, two, or four, round greenifh knots,
which in fome genera are fo fmall as to elude the fight.
Thefe glands, called by Linnaeus glundula nefiarifera,
and ufed very improperly by that author as an effential
charader in diferiminating the genera, feem to be pro¬
minences of the receptacle of the flowerj occafioned
A N Y. Sed,
by the ftamina being deeply lodged in its fnbftance.
The feed-bud-is fingle, and Hands upon the receptacle
of the flower. The ftyle, which is either cylindric or
flat like a fcale, is of the length of the four longer
ftamina in fome genera ; in others it is very ftiort, or
even wanting. It accompanies the feed-bud to its ma¬
turity. The ftigma is blunt, and fometimes deeply
divided into two parts. The feed-veffel is either a long
pod, or a ftiort and round one. Either fort has two
valves or external openings, and in a great many ge¬
nera the fame number of internal cavities or cells, the
partition of which projeds at the top beyond the
valves. The feeds are roundilh, fmall, and attached
alternately by a flender thread to both futures or join¬
ings of the valves. Thefe plants have a watery, (harp,
lixivial tafte; and are charged with a fixed alkaline
fait, which is drawn from them by burning, and being
diftilled without any addition produces a volatile alkali.
Moft of them have a (linking fmell. With refped to
their virtues, they are diuretic, attenuating, deterfive,
^nd antifcorbutic. Thefe qualities, however, are moft
eminently poffeffed by the live plants; when dried,
they either entirely difappear, or are greatly diminifli-
ed. Applied externally, thefe plants are ufeful in dif-
eafes of the Hein, as the itch, leprofy, &c.
40. Perfonattse, (from perform, a mafque) ; con¬
fifting of a number of plants whofe flowers are furnifti-
ed with an irregular, gaping, or grinning petal, in fi¬
gure fomewhat refembling the fnout of an animal.
This order furnifhes both herbaceous and woody vege¬
tables of the (hrub and tree kind. The roots are ge¬
nerally fibrous and branched. The ftems and branches
are cylindric when young, except in fome fpecies<of
figwort, in which they are fquare. The leaves are
fimple, generally placed oppofite in pairs at the bot¬
tom of the branches, but in many genera (land alter¬
nate towards the top. The flowers are univerfally her¬
maphrodite ; they proceed either fingly or in clufters
from the wings of the leaves, or terminate the branches
in a fpike, panicle, or head. The calyx is of one leaf,
which is cut into two, three, four, or five fegments,
or divifions, that are permanent. The corolla is com¬
pofed of one irregular petal, with two lips, refembling,
as wras already obferved, the head or fnout of an ani¬
mal. In fome plants the ftamina are two or four in
number, and of an equal length ; in others they are
univerfally four in number, two of which are long and
two (hort. The feed-bud is fingle, and placed above
the receptacle of the flower. The ftyle is fingle;
thread-(haped ; bent in the direftion of the ftamina ;
and crowned with a ftigma, which is generally blunt,
and fometimes divided into two- The feed-veffel is a
capfule, generally divided internally into two cavities
or cells, and externally into the fame number of valves
or inclofures. The feeds are numerous, and affixed to
a receptacle in the middle of the capfule.—Thefe plants
poffefs nearly the fame qualities with the lip-flowers,
though in a lefs degree. With refpeft to their virtues,
many of them are aperient, anodyne, purgative, and
even emetic. The internal ufe of many of them is
ex.tremely pernicious ; applied externally, they are ano¬
dyne, and powerful refolvents.
41. Afperifolix, rough-leafed plants. The greateft
part of tbefe are herbaceous and perennial. The roots
are branching and fibrous; the ftems and branches
5 rounded•
46/
VI. EOT
rounded; the buds of a conic form, naked or with¬
out fcales. The leaves are limple, alternate, commonly
very rough to the touch, and in moll of the herbaceous
plants fefiile or attached to the and branches
without any foot-llalk. In the few trees, however, of
this order, the leaves have a foot-llalk, the lower part
of which, after the fall of the leaves, remains like a
fpine or thorn. The hairs are Ample, and generally
very rough to the touch. The flowers are in fome
genera folitary ; but commonly colledted into a fpike
or corymbus. They do not proceed from the angle
formed by the Hem or branch with the leaf, as in
many plants; but from the fide of the leaf, or from
that part of the Item which is oppofite to the leaf.
They are almolt univerfally hermaphrodite : in a few
fpecies of xordia, male and female flowers are produ¬
ced -upon different roots. The calyx is compofed of
one leaf, which is divided from three to ten equal or
unequal parts. Thofe with four naked feeds have the
calyx deeply divided into five parts which are perma¬
nent. The corolla is monopetalous, or compofed of
one petal, which in different plants is bell, funnel, fal-
ver, and wheel lhaped. The divifions of the limb or
upper part of the petal are generally five, alternate
with thofe of the calyx ; equal and regular, except in
eofrium. The llamina are five ip number, alternate
with the divifions of the corolla. They are equal, at¬
tached to the tube of the corolla a little above its ori¬
gin, and of the fame height. The antherae are in fome
genera connivent; that is, approach and form a com-
pa£l body above the filaments. The piftillum is ge¬
nerally compofed of a flender llyle of the fame length
wij^h the llamina, and crowned with a fimple ftigma.
It proceeds from a germen or feed-bud, which in forhe
plants is undivided, but generally fplit into four. The
feeds are generally four in number, and lodged in the
bottom of the calyx.— Mod of the rough-leafed plants
are ufed in medicine : the flowers are efteemed cordial,
the leaves and roots vulnerary and aftringent; and the
hard bony feeds are reckoned powerful promoters of
urine. Externally, thefe plants are ufed for burnings
and poifonous bites ; they extirpate warts, and relieve
diforders of the loins.
42. Verticillata, confilling of herbaceous vegetables,
having four naked feeds, and the flowers placed in
whorls round the flalk. The roots are branched and
fibrous. The ftems are round when old, but fquare
when young ; as are likewife the young branches, which
Hand oppofite. The leaves are oppofite, and in the
greater number covered with tranfparent points. Thofe
which are placed next the flower generally differ from
the ilem-leaves. In the greater number of plants of
this kind, the leaves are fupported upon a long cylin¬
drical foot-ftalk that is furrowed above. The flowers
are univerfally hermaphrodite, except in a fpecies of
thyme mentioned by Mr Adanfon, which appears to
have male or barren flowers on one root, and female or
fertile flowers on the other. They are difpofed round
the ftem in whorls or fmall heads with fliort foot-ftalks.
The calyx is-of one piece, that is generally cut into five
unequal divifions, whole difpofition fometimesreprefents
two lips; the uppermoft of which has commonly a lefs
number of divifions: it accompanies the feeds, which it
nouriflres in its bofom, to their maturity. The petal
is of the gaping or lip kind, and in the different ge-
A N Y.
nera is more or lefs irregular or unequal, eltlier in its
tube, or in the divifions of the lips; the number of
which varies from two to. five. Thefe divifions fre¬
quently form two lips ;-of which the uppermofl, termed
the creft and the helmet, is fometimes entire,' fometimes
more pr lefs deeply cut into two; the lowermoft, termed
the beard, generally into three. The (lamina are two
or four in number. In the greater part there are four
(lamina of unequal length, two of them being long
- and two fhort. Thefe four unequal (lamina are fre¬
quently diffimilar, and approach by pairs: they are
inclined' towards the back of the petal, and parallel;
the two innermoft being (horteft, and attached fome-
what lower than the two others to the tube of the
flower. The feed-bud, which confifts of four diftindt
ovaries, is placed upon the feat of the flower, and ele¬
vates from their centre a common (lyle, which is (len-
\der, bent in the fame manner as the filaments, which it
fomewhat exceedsin length, and terminated by a double
lligma or fummit, the divifions of which are unequal,
and turned backwards. The feed-veffel in this order
is wanting. The feeds are four in number, and lodged
in the bottom of the calyx as in a matrix or feed-veffel.
Each feed has two covers; the one external, of a car¬
tilaginous or leathery fubfiance ; the other internal,
membranaceous, of a very fine texture, and placed
immediately above the radicle or embryo plant.—The
plants of this order are fragrant, warm, penetrating,
and accounted cordial and cephalic. Their chief vir¬
tue refides in the leaves.
43. Dumoft, (from dumus a bufli) ; confiding of a
number of (hrubby plants, which are thick'fet with ir¬
regular branches, and bufhy. The plants of this order
are all of the fhrub and tree kind, thick and bufhy,
rifing from 6 to 25, 30, and even 40 feet high. Many
of them too, as baffard alaternus, holly, iron-wood,
New-Jerfey-tea, (tar-apple, viburnum, winter-berry,
and fome others, retain their beautiful leaves din ing
the whole year. The roots are branched and fibrous.
The Hems arecylindric ; the young branches fometimes
angular. The buds are naked, that is, without fcales,
in the evergreen (hrubs of this order ; covered with
fcales in mod of the others. The leave;, which in fome
genera are fimple, in others compound, are placed al¬
ternate in fome, and oppofite in others. The flowers
are moftly hermaphrodite. They proceed from the
wings of the leaves either fingly or in cinders ; or they
terminate the ftem in that fort of flowering head called
a corymbus. The calyx is generally very fmall, placed
below or around the feed-bud ; and confids of one
leaf, with four, five, or fix divifions, which are per¬
manent. The rhamnus has no calyx. The petals are
in number from one to five. The (lamina are either
four, five, fix, or ten. The feed-bud is generally,
roundifn, and placed within the flower. The flyle is
commonly Angle, and fometimes wanting. The fligma
is either Angle or triple. The feed-veffel is generally
a berry, fometimes a dry capfule ; the feeds are gene¬
rally Angle and egg-fftaped. The berries, bark, and
flowers of many of thefe plants are purgative, and aft
particularly on the lymph and bile.
44. Sepiarix, (from fepes a hedge) ; confiding of a
beautiful colleftion of woody plants, fome of which,
from their fize, elegance, and other circumdances, are
very proper furniture for hedges. This order furnilhes
3, N 2 woody
468
B O T
v?o<?dV plants botTi of trie ftmib and tree kind, moft of
■which do'not drop their leaves till nearly the time when
the new leaves begin to appear.
- 4.5. Utnbe/{at<e, (from umlella an umbel) ; confid¬
ing of plants whofe flowers grow in umbels, with five
petals that are often unequal, and two naked feeds
that are joined at top and feparated below. Thefe
plants are herbaceous, and chiefly perennial. The
roots are either tuberous or fpindle-fhaped, and fome-
times forked. The ftems are cylindric, full of pitch,
and frequently hollow. The branches are alternate.
The leaves, which like the branches are put on alter¬
nately, are very different in point of form ; being Ample
and entire in fome ; target-fhaped, in a fpecies of na¬
vel-wort; finger or hand fhaped, in fome others; and
winged or pinnated with numerous minute divifions,
as in the greater number. They are Supported by a
foot-dalk, which is very broad and membranous at its
origin, and commonly embraces the whole contour of
the ftem and branches. The flowers are in general
hermaphrodite. There are, however, fome that have
male or barren flowers in the fame umbel. This is par¬
ticularly the cafe with thofe umbelliferous plants which
have the petals in the flowers of the circumference large
and unequal. In thefe plants the flowers in the cir¬
cumference only prove fertile .5 thofe in the centre, or
difk, proving abortive. Oenahthe and imperatoria, on
the contrary, have the flowers in the circumference
abortive. In,ginfeng, hermaphrodite and male flowers
are produced upon diflindl plants. The flowers are
difpofed in an umbel, which is either Ample or com¬
pound. The common calyx in this order is that fort
termed very improperly by Linnaeus involucrum, or
the flower-cover; which in the greater number con-
flfts of one or more leaves placed under the partial or
univerfal umbel, or both, for the purpofe of fupport.
The prefence or abfence of one or both of thefe covers
affords excellent marks in difcriminating the genera of
this very fimilar order of plants. The proper calyx of
each flower, in the aggregate, confifts of five minute in-
dentments placed upon the feed-bud, which it enve¬
lopes, and accompanies to its maturity. The petals are
five in number, and difpofed upon the fides of the
flower-cup in form of a rofe. In the florets of the
.centre, the petals are generally pretty equal and fmall;
in thofe of the circumference, they are frequently un¬
equal and larger; in the greater number, they are heart-
fliaped, and cut almoft to the middle in two, The
ftamina are five in number, placed oppofite to the di-
vifions of the flower-cup, and alternate with the petals.
The feed-bud is univerfally placed under the feat of the
flower, and fupports twp ftyles which are turned back¬
wards, and crowned v/ith Ample fummits which do not
differ in appearance from the ftyles. The feed-veffel
in this order is wanting. The feeds are two in num¬
ber, which, when ripe, feparate below, but remain
■clofely attached at top. The plants of this order, which
grow in dry places, are fudorific, ftomachic, and warm¬
ing. Their virtue refides chiefly in the feeds and leaves.
Thofe which grow in marfhy places are generally poi-
fonous; but, notwithftandjng the extremely warm and.
«ven cauftic quality of moft of thefe plants, many of
them are employed in the kitchen, and in the ceconomy
£>f domeftic affairs.
46. Hederacex, (from hedera ivy) ; confifting of ivy
ANY. Sea. VI.
and a few other genera that feem Tiesrly allied to it.
Thisorder furnifhesboth herbaceous andfhrubbyplants; . I
moft of which, particularly ivy and vine, have creeping
branches, which attach themfelves by roo'ts or tendrils
to the bodies in their neighbourhood. The roots are
long, witlgfew branches. The ftems and young branch¬
es are cylindric. In fome fpecies of vine they are
fquare. The leaves are alternate ; forhetimes Ample,
fometimes winged, in which the furface of the leaves
is covered with points. The foot-ftalk of the leaves
is cylindrical, and without any furrow. The buds are
of a conic form, and without any foales. The flowers
are either hermaphrodite, male and female apon diffe¬
rent roots, or hermaphrodite and male upon different
roots. In fome, they terminate the branches in an
umbel; in others, they proceed in clufters from the
fide oppofite to the leaves; and in fome, they are pro¬
duced along the branches. The calyx confifts of one
leaf divided into five parts, which are fmall and gene¬
rally permanent. The petals in this order are gene¬
rally five. The ftamina are in number five ; awl-iha-
ped, eredf, and generally of the length of the petals.
Ciffus has only four ftamina, which are inferted into
the ne&arium, a fort of border furrounding the feed- v
bud. The antheras are roundilh, and fometimes, as in
ivy, attached to the filaments by the fides. The feed-
bud is fometimes round, fometimes fhaped like a top
or pear, and ends in one, two, or five awl-fliaped ftyles,
which are crowned with a fimple ftigma. The flowers
of the vine have no ftyle. The feed-veffel is of the
berry kind, with one, two, or five ftyles. The feeds
are from one to five in number; placed either in di*
ftinft cells, or difperfed through the pulp without any
partition.
47. Stellata, (from Jlella a ftar); confifting of plants
with two naked feeds, and leaves difpofed round the
ftem in form of a radiant ftar. This order contains
herbs, fhrubs, and trees. The herbs, which are moft
numerous, are chiefly annual, and creep along the fur-
face of the ground. The ftirubs and trees are moftly
evergreens, which rife ereft, and are of an agreeable
conic form.—Thefe plants are opening ; fome of their
feeds, particularly thofe of coffee, are bitter and cordial;
fome of them are ufed in dyeing, and others in medi¬
cine.
48. Aggregate, (from aggregare, to affemble or col-
left); comprehending thofe plants which have aggre¬
gate flowers, confifting of a number of florets or fmall
flowers, each of which have a proper and common
calyx.
49. Compojitig, confifting of plants with compound
flowers. In this order Linnaeus has conftrufted his
firft or primary divifions from the different fexes of the
florets, which he terms polygamy; the fubaltern divi- J|
fions are conftrufted from the figure of the petals, the
difpofition of the flowers, the pappus or crown of the
feed, the common receptacle, and other circumftancea
which charafterize the fubaltern divifions in other au¬
thors.
50. Amentacea, (from amentum a catkin), plants
bearing catkins; as falix, populus, platanus, &c.
51. Coniferee, (from conus a cone, and fero to bear);
confifting of plants, whofe female flowers, placed at a
diftance from the male, either on the fame or diftinft
roots, are formed into a cone. In this charafter, the
only
r;
!i3ea.vr. EOT
only one exprefled in the title, the plants in queftion
feem to be nearly allied to the family of moffes! from
which, however, they are eafily diftinguiflied by their
habit, as well as by the ftru&ure of the fmall flo^vers,
in which the ftamina are united below into a cylinder,
and diftinft at top. The plants of this order are moftly
of the fhrub and tree kind, and retain their leaves all
the year. The form of thefe plants is generally conic,
and extremely beautiful, from the difpofition of the
branches, which cover the Hems even to the roots, ex-
L, tending themfelves horizontally and circularly like fo
many rays. The height of fome genera of this order
' does not exceed half a foot, that of others approaches
to a hundred. The roots are fhort, branching, not very
fibrous, and extend horizontally. The ftems and
branches are cylindric. The bark is thin, and fplit into
flender fcales. The wood, except that of the yew-tree,
pofleifes little hardnefs. The buds are of a conic form,
and naked, or without fcales. The leaves are entire,
i fmall, and thick, frequently triangular, and generally
pointed. Juniper has a prickly and thorny leaf. With
refpeft to fituation, they admit of great variety, being
either alternate, oppofite, placed in whorls round the
ftem, or colledted into fmall bundles which proceed
from a Angle point. They are placed on the branches
without any fenfible footftalk. The flowers in this or¬
der are univerfally male and female. In fome genera,
the male flowers are collefted into a fpike or cone at
the end of the branches; in others, they proceed fingly
I: i from the wings of the leaves, or termination of the
branches. The female flowers are generally colle&ed
into a cone ; but in yew-tree and flirubby horfe-tail
they are Angle, and terminate the branches. The ca¬
lyx of the male flowers is a catkin ; of the female, a
cone. The petals of this order are wanting; except in
the female flowers of juniper, which have three (harp,
I , rigid, and permanent petals. The ftamina are in num¬
ber from 3 to 20 and upwards; united by-their flla-
ments into a cylinder or pillar, which rifes out of the
I : centre of the calyx. The antherae are eredt, diftinft,
HI < of a* roundifli form, and divided into internal partitions
or cells, which, in the different genera, are in number
from two to ten. The feed-buds are generally nume¬
rous, and placed betwixt the fcales of the cone, which
ferve for a calyx. From each feed-bud arffes a very
fhort cylindrical ftyle, crowned with a Ample ftigma,
M i i of a conic form. Thefe plants have probably no feed-
veffel or fruit; the feeds being naked, and involved only
by the fcales of the calyx. In fome genera, thefe fcales
are of a bony nature, and almofl: united; in others, they
are of a fubftance like leather; in juniper, they are uni¬
ted, and become fleftry and fucculent like a berry. The
fMj feeds in this order, being nourifhed, as in a feed-veffel,
II by the fcales of the cone, or common calyx, differ in
I; nothing from the germina or feed-buds.—Moft of the
cone-bearing plants are refinous, or gummy; and the
|: gums proceeding from them have a bitter tafte, but ge¬
nerally a very agreeable fmell.
I, 52. Goadunata, (from coadunare, to join or gather
| together); fo termed from the general appearance of
I the feed-veffels, which are numerous, and being flightly
attached below, form all together a Angle fruit in the
ihape of a fphere or cone ; the parts of which, however,
are eaAlyfeparated from one another. This order, which
j conftfts of exotic plants, furnifhes a beautiful and choice
A N Y. 459
colle&ion of ftirube and trees, both evergreen and deci¬
duous. The trees are often 60 feet high, andgarnifiied
from the bottom to the top with fpreading branches
and leaves-of a bright green colour, which affume a very
agreeable conic form. The roots are branching and
fibrous. The ftems are cylindric, and the wood very
hard. The buds are conic, flat, and generally without
fcales. The leaves are univerfally Ample and alternate.
The footftalk is cylindric, without furrows, frequently
fwelledat its origin, and appears jointed at its infertiorl
into the branch. The flowers are hermaphrodite, and
are generally produced either along or at the end of
the branches. The calyx generally confifts of three ob¬
long plain leaves, like petals, which fall off with the
flower. The petals are in number from 6 to 18, ob¬
long, concave, and frequently difpofed in two or three
feries or rows, the outermoft of which are largeft.
The ftamina are numerous, fhort, and inferted into the
common receptacle in fome, and into the feed-bud in
others. The filaments are very ftiort and flender, fome
genera having fcarce any at all. The antherae are nu¬
merous, flender, and placed round the feed-bud. The
piftillum generally confifts of a number of feed-buds
difpofed in the form of a cone, and feated upon a recep¬
tacle which rifes like a fmall pillar above the receptacle
of the calyx. From each feed-bud generally arifes a.
cylindric ftyle, which is very fhort. The ftigma is
commonly blunt. The feed-veffel is commonly a
berry ; but in magnolia it is an oval cone, confifting
of a number of roundilh capfules laid over each other
like tiles. The fruits or feed-veffels, whether of the
berry, capfule, or cherry kind, are equal in number t@
the feed-buds, and generally flightly attached below.
The feeds are numerous, hard, roundifli, and fome-
times cornered. The plants of this order have a ftrong,
agreeable, and aromatic fmell; the fruits and feeds
have a pungent tafte like pepper; the bark and wood
are bitter.
53. Scabridte, (fromfcaber rough, rugged, or briftly);
confifting of plants with rough leaves. There feems to
be fome impropriety in charadferizing thefe plants by
a name expreffive of the roughnefs of their leaves, as
that circumftance had previoufly furniftied the claflic
character of the Afpcrifol'uc. The degree of roughnefs,
however, is much greater in the plants which make the
fubjeft of the prefent article.—The plants of this ol¬
der are in general of an aftringent nature ; their tafte
is bitter and ftyptic.
54. Mifcellanea;, mifcellaneous plants. This order
confifts of fuch genera as are not connected together
by very numerous relations. They are, datifca, pote-
rium, refeda, fanguiforba, lemna, piftia, coriaria, em-
petrum, achyranthes, amaranthus, celofia, gomphrena,
irefine, phytolacca, nymphasa, farracenia, cedrela, fwie-
tenia, corrigiola, limeum, telephium.
55. Filices, ferns; confifting of plants which bear
their flower and fruit on the back of the leaf or ftalk.
Thefe plants, in figure, approach the more perfedt ve¬
getables ; being furnilhed, like them, with roots and
leaves. The roots creep, and extend themfelves hori¬
zontally under the earth, throwing out a number of
very flender fibres on all fides. The ftem is not to
be diftinguiflied from the common footftalk, or rather
middle rib of the leaves : fo that in ftridt propriety the
greater number of ferns may be faid to be acaules; that
470 BOX
is, to want the ftera altogether. In feme of them, how¬
ever, the middle rib, or a ftalk proceeding from the
root, overtops the leaves, and forms a ftem upon which
the flowers are fupported. The leaves proceed either
fingly, or in greater numbers from the extremities of
the branches of the main root. They are winged or
hand-lhaped in all the genera except in adders-tongue,
pepper-grafs, and fome fpecies of fpleen-wort. The
flowers, whatever be their nature, are, in the greater
number of genera, faftened, and as it were glued, to
the back of the leaves ; in others, they are fupported
upon a ftem which rifes above the leaves; but in fome,
are fupported on a flower:ftalk, as already mentioned.
The ftamina are placed apart from the feed-bud in a
genus termed by Mr Adanfonpalma filix; in the other
ferns, where we have been able to difeover the ftamina,
they are found within the fame covers with the feed-
bud. Moft of the ferns have a heavy difagreeable fmell;
as to their virtues, they are opening-and attenuating.
56. Mufci, mofles. Thefe plants refemble the pines,
firs, and other evergreens of that clafs, in the form and
difpofition of their leaves, and manner of growth of the
female flowers, which are generally formed into a cone.
They frequently creep, and extend themfelves like
a carpet upon the ground, trees, and ftones, being ge¬
nerally eollefted into bunches and tufts: the fmalleft
are only one third of an inch in height, and the lar-
geft do not exceed five or fix. Few of the mofles are
annual; fmall as they are, the greater number are per¬
ennial and evergreens. Their growth is remarkably
flow, as may be judged by the time that the antherae
take to ripen. This, reckoning from the firft appear¬
ance of the antheros to the difperfion of its powder or
male duft, is generally four or fix months. Although
preferved dry for feveral years, thefe plants have the An¬
gular property of refuming their original verdure, upon
being moiftened. It would be worth while to determine
whether they do not alfo refume their vegetative quality.
The roots of plants of this order are fibrous, flender,
branched, and ihort. The ftems are cylindric and wTeak,
as are alfo the branches; they creep upon the ground,
and ftrike root on every fide. The leaves are very fmall
and undivided. They differ with refpedf to fituation;
being either alternate, oppofite, or placed by fours round
the ftalk. They have no perceptible footftalk nor middle
rib, and are feated immediataly upon the ftem. The
flowers are univerfally male and female : in fome, the
male flowers are produced upon the fame plants with
the female, and ftand before them ; in others, they are
produced fometimes on the fame, and fometimes on di-
ilinft plants. The male flowers confift entirely of an-
therse, and their covering ; proceed either fingly, or in
clutters, from the extremity of the branches, or angles
of the leaves; and are either feated immediately upon
the branches, or fupported by a long footftalk. The
female flowers, which generally refemble capfules or
cones, are all placed immediately upon the ftem or
branches, without any footftalk; and proceed fingly
either from the wings of the leaves, or fummit of the
ANY. Sefi.VlW
branches; when produced upon the fame plant with the
male, they are always placed under them. The female
cones of the moffes greatly refemble thole of the pines,
and evergreen trees of that clafs ; the feales which form
them are true leaves, each containing in its wing or
angle a Angle feed. When the feeds are ripe, the cones
probably open for their difperfon. When Ihut, they
refemble buds, and have fometimes been ignorantly mif-
taken for fuch. The calyx, in this order, if it can be ^ «■
called fnch, is that appearance refembling a veil or
monk’s cawl, which in the male flowers covers or is
fufpended over the tops of the ftamina like an extin-
guilher, and is termed by Linnaeus calyptra. The pe-.
tals are univerfally wanting. The moffes in general are
almoft taftelefs, have few juices, and being once dried
do not readily imbibe moifture from the air. Thofe
which grow in water, being thrown into the fire, grow
red, and are reduced to allies without receiving orcom-
mimicating any flame; on which account fome fnper-
ftitious people, the Siberians in particular, place water
mofs in their chimnies as a “prefervative againft fire.
Moft of the moffes are purgative ; fome violently fo,
and even emetic. They are all of wonderful efficacy
in preferving dry fuch bodies as are fufceptible of moi- - n
fture; and in retaining, for a long time, the humidity
of young plants without expofing them to putrefatfiom
For this reafon, fuch plants as are to be fent to any
confiderable diftance, are generally wrapped up in
them.
57. Algte, flags; confifting of plants whofe root,
leaf, and item, are all one. Under this defeription are
comprehended all the fea-weeds, and fome other aqua¬
tic plants.
58. Fungi, mulhrooms. Thefe plants are rarely
branched, fometimes creeping, but moft commonly e-
redt. Such as are furnilhed with branches have them
of a light fpongy fubftance like cork. Muftirooms
differ from the fuci, in that thofe which, like the fuci,
have their feeds contained in capfules, are not branch¬
ed, as that numerous elafs of fea-weeds are. The
greateft part of muftirooms have no root; fome, inftead
of roots, have a number of fibres, which, by their ia-
ofculations, frequently form a net with unequal mefties,
fome of which produce plants fimilar to their parent
vegetable. The ftamina in thefe plants are ftill unde¬
termined. The feeds are fpread over the furface of the
plant, or placed in open holes or cavities, refembling
the open capfules of fome of the fuci. In muftirooms
which are branched, the feeds are frequently vifible by
the naked eye, and always to be diftin&ly obferved by
the affiftance of a good microfcope. Thefe plants are
very aftringent, and fome of them are ufed for flopping
violent haemorrhages. As a vegetable food, they are
at beft fufpicious: fome of them are rank poifon.
Dubii ordinis. Under this name Linnaeus claffes all
the other genera which cannot be reduced to any of
the abovementioned orders, and which are near 120 ia
number.
Alpha-
lea. VI. BOTANY,
Alphabetical Index (/Botanical Terms.
N. B. The abbreviation n° refers to the Arrangement p. 440 ; and fig. refers to the explanation of the plates^ /M39.
Acerosa, fig. 141
Acerous, n° 219
Acinaciform, n° 91, fig. 9 2
Acotyledones, n° 413
Aculeated, n" 168
Aculei, n°253
Aculeus fimplex, fig. 158
triplex, fig. 159
J Acuminated, n° 185
( Acuminatum, fig. 78
Acute, n° 184
Acute-crenatum, fig. 71
Acutum, n° 77
Adnate, n° 222
Adverfe, n° 398
Aggregate, n° 372
Alae, n°324
Alated, n° 215
Alterna,,fig. 140
Alternate, n° 128
Alveolated, n° 145
Amentum, n° 308, fig. 6
Amplexicaul, n° 226, fig.
132
Anceps, n° '83
Ancipitous, r°90
Anthera,n°33i, fig. 19, l.
Anthera Integra, fig. 1 8,^.
Antheras, fig. 12, ee. An-
therce dehifeentes, fig. 18
ff
Aphyllous, n° 397
Apple, n° 354
Appreft, n° 59
Arboreus^ n° 399
Arillus, n' 369
Arifta, n° 306, fig. 3, a.
Arma, n° 1 8 '
Arrow-fhaped, n° 100
("Articulated, n° 229,
\ 384, 404
( Artieulatum, fig. I 36
Afcending, n° 45
Attenuated, nc 75
Avenis, n° 152
Awn, n° 306
Axillary, n- r 19
B
Bacca, n° 355, fig. 27
Barba, n° 243
Bearded, n° 165
Berry, n° 355, fig. 27
Bicapfular, n° 342
Biennial, n° 22
Bifid, n° 36
Biferious, n° 131
Bigeminous, n° 2 3 3
Bijugous, n° 232
Bilocular, n,*343
Binatum, fig. 99
Bipinnatum, n° 235, fig.
114>
Bipartite, n038
Biternated, n° 234, fig.
Brachiated, n° 396
Braftea, n° 16, fig. 156
Branches, n° 3
Bud, n°20
Bulb, n° 19, 401
Bulbiferous, n°400
Bulbous, n° i 88 191
Bulbusfquamofus,fig. 161.
Solidus, 162. Tuni-
catus, 163.
C
Caducous, n° 24
Calcareous, n°405
Caliculus, n°405
Calyptra, n° 3 1 o, fig. 5, c.
Calculated, n° 298
Calyx. See Cup.
Campanulated, n° 94
Canaliculatum, n° 110, fig.
96
Capillary, n° 363
Capitulum,n°266,fig.5, a.
Capfule, n° 338, fig. 25, b.
fig. 28, 30.
Carina, n° 324
Cai nous, n° 31
( Cartilagineum, fig. 70
/ Cartilaginous, n° 32
Catkin, nJ 308
Cauda, n° 365
t Cauline, n° 1 17
1 Caulinum, fig. 125
Caulis repens, fig. 148.
Volubilis, fig. 151. Di-
chotomus, fig. 1 j 2.
Brachiatus fig. 153.
Cernuous, n° 261
Chaff, n° 303
Chaffy, n° 170
Chives, n° 9
Ciliatum, n° 177, fig. 86.
Circinal, n° 381
Circumfciffus, n°4o6
Cirrhous, n° 232, 407
Cirrhus, n° 15, fig. 154
Clavated, n° 77
Coadunate, n02 24
Coarftate, n° 60
Coatedj ^403
Cod, n° 350
Coloured, n° 142
Columella, n° 408, fig.
29, c.
Coma, n° 257
Common, n° 258, 297,
370
Compofite, n° 371
Compound, n°2 2 8, 270,
279, 287, 324, 371
Compreffed, n° 87
Concave, n° 11 j
Conduplicated, n° 374
Cone, n° 357
Confert, n° 134
Conical, n° 80
Connate, n° 223, fig. 134
Contrarium diffepimeu-
tum, n° 349
Convex, n° 112
Convoluted, n°375
Corculum, n° 359
Cordate, n°97
Cordatum, fig. 46
Cordato-fagittatum,n° 50
Corolla, n° 8
Corolla monopetalae, fig.
11
Corona, n° 360
Corymbus, n° 273, fig. 32
Cotyledon, n° 412
Co'vvl-fhaped, n° 1 13
t Crenated, n° 175
( Crenatum, fig. 74
Crefcent-fhaped, n° 99
j Crifped, n° 115
f Crifpum, fig. 75
Croffed, n° 322
Crown, n° 360
Cruciated, n° 372
Cucullated, n° 1 r 3
Culm, n° 198
Culmus fquamofus, fig.
H7
Culmus articulatus,fig. 130
Cuneiforme emarginatum,
fig. 81
Cuneiform, n° 67
Cup, n° 7
Curled, n° 115
Cufpidated, n° 186
Cyma, n° 282
Cymbiform, n°324
Deciduous, n° 25
Decompound, n° 232
Declining, 0^46
j Decurrens, fig. 131
l Decurfive, n° 232
Decuffated, n° 129
j Deltoid, n° 108
1 Deltoides, fig. 94
Dentato-finuatum, fig. 62
j Dentated, n° 178
( Dentatum, fig. 66
Dependent, n° 36
Depreffed, n°88
Dichotomous, n°4f
Dicotyledones, ^415
Diffufe, n°6i
j Digitated, n° 230
? Digitatum, fig. 102
Didymous, n° 345
Difcus, n°424
Diffepimentum, n° 341,
fig. 29, bb.
Difpermous, &c. n° 418.
Difiant, n° 135
Diftich, n° 57
Divaricated, n° 75
Diverging, n° 54
j Dolabriform, n°92
( Dolabriforme, fig. 93
Down, n° 361
Duplicato-crenatum, fig.
69
 pinnatum, fig. r 14
 ferratum, fig. 68
 ternatum, figi 113
Drupa, n° 373, fig. 26, a.
E
Echinatus, n° 421
Elliptical, n°66
Ellipticum, fig. 40
Emarginated, n° 18 r
Emarginatum acute,
80
Enervis, n° 150
Enodis, n°385
Enfiform, n°90
Entire, n° 174, 208
Equitant, n^ 378
{ Ereft, n°43
/ Ereftum, fig. 119
Erofum, fig. 5 7
Evergreen, n° 27
Extrafoliaceous, n° 12 2
F
Fafcicular, n° 193
( Fafciculata, fig, 143
} Fafciculated, n° 133
Fafciculus, ri° 267
Faftigiated, n° 392
Faux, n°32i
Feathery, n° 364
Fibrous, n° 187
Filamenta, fig. 12 dd, Sic.
fig. 18 e e.
Filament, n° 330, fig. 19 <7.
Filiform, n° 74
t Fiffum, fig. 52
7 Fiffured, n° 35
Fiftulous, n°34
Flag, n°324
Fleflry, n° 31
Flexuofe,
fig.
47i
47?
fig-
Flexuofe, n° 52 ^
C Floral, n° 1 20
< Floral leaf, n° 16
( Florale, fig. 127
Flower-duft, n° 332
Folium fpatulatum,
H5
 parabolicum, fig. 146
Frons, fig. 144
Fruftification, n° 285
Fungi, fig. 8
Furiae, n? 254
Fufiform, n° 195
G
Galea, n° 320
Gem, n° 20
Germen, n° 333, fig. 12
a. fig. 18, b. fig. 21, rf.
Gibbous, n° 86
Glabrous, n° 139
Glandulas concavae, fig.
154, c. Pedicillatae, fig.
>55
Glandule, n 249
Globofe, n° 79
Glochis, n° 248
Glomerated, n° 271
Gluma, 303, fig. 3 a.
Glutinofity, no 252 ^
Granulated, n° 194
H.
Halbert-fhaped, n® 101
Halitus elaftieusjfig. 20, b.
Hamus, n° 247, 366
< Haftated, n° 101
) Haftatum, fig. 51
Hatchet-lhaped, n° 92
Heart-lhaped, n-® 97
Heel, n° 315
Hilum, n° 3 5 8 x
C Hifpid, no 145, b.
1 Hifpidum, fig. 85.
Honey-combed, n° 145, <2.
Hook, n° 366
Horizontale, fig. 121
Hulk, n° 346, 366
I.
< Imbricata, fig. T42
J Imbricated, n° 390
Inane, n° 2 8
Incurvated, n°47
Inferior, n° 296, 335
Inflated, n° 95
Inflexum, fig. 118
Inflorefcence, n° 264
Infundibuliform, n° 93
Interrupted, 232, nu 272
Intire, n° 174, 208
Intortion, n° 409, 410,
411
Intrafoliaceous, n° 12 3
Involucrum, n°299
 partial?, fig.
 univerlak, fig. 4,
c c.
N° 52,
B O T
Involuted, n° 376
Irregular, n° 318
Ifthmis interceptum, n°
3S' K.
Keel, n° 324
Kernel, n9368
Kidney-fhaped, n°98
Lacerated, n° 394
t Laciniated, n° 395
/ Laciniatum, fig. 60
Lacunous, n° 155
Lamina, n° 316
Laminae, fig. 13 b.
t Lana, n° 242
] Lanated n° x 63
\ Lanceolate, n° 69
I Lanceolatum, fig. 42
Lappet, n° 316
Lateral, n° 121
Laxus, n° 3 82
Leaf, floral, n° 16
Leaves, no 6
Legumen, n° 350, fig. 23
Ligulated, n° 326
Limb, n° 314
r Linear, n° 70, 174
^Lineare, fig. 43,
jLineated, n° 143
V Lined, n° 143
Lingueforme, fig. 91
Lingulated, n° 89
Lobatei n° 69
t Lobatum, fig. 55
l Lobed, n° 39
Loculamentum, n° 340
Lucid, n° 141
( Lunulated, n° 99
l Lunulatum, fig. 47
(" Lyrated, n° 102
<Lyratum, fig. 112
^ Lyre-fhaped, n° 102
M.
Malked, ^323
Membranaceous, n°33
Monocotyledones, ^4x4
Monopbyllous, n° 293
Monofpermous, ^417
Multiflorous, n° 263,
3°5
Muricated, n° 171
Muticus, n°42 2
N.
Naked, n° 137
Natant, n 218
Neftarium campanulatum
in narciflb, fig. 14 a.
Cornutum jin aconito,
fig. 15. Horned,fig.x6»
In parnalfia,fig. 17, a a,
&c.
Nectary, n° 329
v Nervofum, fig. 89
( Nervous,. n° 146
A N Y.
j Neftling, n°356
} Nidulant,'n° 356
Nitid, n° 140
Nucleus, fig. 26 b.
Nutant, n° 48
Nux, n° 368
O.
Oblique, n°44
j Oblong, n° 68
( Oblongum, fig. 41
r Obtufe, n° 180
J Obtufe crenatum, fig. 7 2
pObtufum,fig. 76. Cum
V acumine, fig. 79
Obvoluted, n° 379
Operculum, fig. 5, b.
\ Oppofita, fig. 129
/ Oppofite, n° 127
Oppofitifolious, n° 124
l Orbicular, n° 61
f Orbiculatum, fig. 3 7
Ovale, fig. 40.
{ Ovate, n° 64
\ Ovatum, fig. 69
F.
Palea, n° 246
Paleaceous, n° 170
C Palmated, n° 106
} Palmatum, fig. 58
( Pandour-fhaped, n° 104
f Pandouriform, n° 104
Panicled, n° 214
Panicula, 276, fig. 36
Papilionaceous, n° 324
( Papillofum, fig. 90
LPapillous, n° X57
Pappus, n° 361, fig. 31.
Pilofus, fig. 31 a. Plu-
raofus, fig. 31 i.
Papulous, n° 158
Parabolical, n° 65.
Parallelum diffepimentum,
n° 348
Partial, n°259, 3°*
C Partite, n° 37
\ Partitum, fig. 64
1 Patens, fig. 120
7. Patent, n® 53
Pear, n° 354
JPedated, n°2 3i
\ Pedatum, fig. 103
Pedicle, n° 260
Peduncles, n° 4
Peduncular, n° 126
3 Peltated^ n° 221
2 Peltatum, fig. 128
5 Perfoliated, n° 227
^ Perfoliatum, fig. 133
Perennial, n° 3-3,
C Perianthium, fig. x 8
^ Perianthy, n° 288—291
Pericarpium, fig. 25 a.
Perichaetium, n° 3 11
Perfifting, n°2 6
Perfonatse, n° 3.23.
Sedl
C Petal, n°3i2
^ Petala, fig. x 2
3 Petiolated, n° 220
^Petiolatum, fig. 129/
Petioles, n° 4, 125
Pileus, 423, fig. 8, a.
Pili, n° 240
( Pilofe, n° 164
^ Pilofum, fig. 83
Pinnatifid, n° 103
C Pinnated, n° 232
^Pinnatum,fig.59. Cum
impari, fig. 104. Ab-
rupte, fig. 105. Alter-
natim, fig. 106. Inter-
rupte, fig. 107. Cirrho-
fum, fig. 108. Conju-
gatum, fig. 109. De*
curfive, fig. no. Ar¬
ticulate, fig.ill
( Piftil, n° 10
) PiftiHum,fig. 12,_/yj&c»
Plain, n° 109
C Plaited, n® 380
< Plicated, n0 380
CPHcatum, fig. 73
Plum, n° 35'3
Plumofe, n°36'4
Pollen, 332, fig. 20, a,
Polycotyledones, n° 41.6
Polyphyllous, n° 294
Polyfpermous, ^419
Pomum, n°354, fig. 25
C Prsemorfum, fig. 54
\ Praemorfus, n° 386
Procumbent, n°5i
Proliferous, n° 209, 389
Proper, n° 292, 302
Pubes, n° 17
Pulpous, n2 30
Punftated, n° 156
Quaterna, &c. fig. 138.
Quinquangulare, fig. 56
Racemus, n° 274 fig. 33
Rachis, n°283
Radiated, n° 328
Radical, n° 116
Radicant, n° 387
Radius, ^425
Radix tuberofa, fig. 164.
Fufiforma,fig. 165. Ra-
mofa, fig. 166. Repens,
167
Rameum, fig, 126
Ramofe, or ramous, n°
2rx
Ramofiffimus,.n? 2 x 2
C Receptacle, n2 13
\ Receptaculumcommune
nudum, fig. 9. Com¬
mune paleis imbrica-
tum, fig. 10
Reclinatuxn, fig. 122
Reflex,
!ea. VI.
C Reflex, n» 49
1 Reflexum, fig. 122
Regular, n° 317
f Reniform, n098
Reniforme, fig. 45
C Repand, n° 179
2 Repandum, fig. 65
Repent, n° 196, 203
Refupinated, ^373
Retrofraft, n° 262
( Retufe, n° 182
( Retufum, fig. 82
t Revolute, n° 50
Revolutum, fig. 123
CRevoluted, n°377
Rhombous, n° 72
Romboidal, n° 108
Right, n°42
Rigid, n° 383
Rimofe, n° 14J
Ringent, ^319
Root, n° 1
Rotated, n°96
f Rugofe, n° 153 _
\Rugofum, fig. 87
Runcinated, n° 103
S.
Sabre-fhaped, n° 91
f Sagittated, n° 100
Sagittatum, fig. 49
Sarmentofe, n° 204
Saw-toothed, n° 176
Scabrous, n° 167
Scandent, n® 201
Scapus, 199. fig. 149
Seed, n° 12
Seed-cafe, n° 11
Semen, fig. 31 r.
Seminale, fig. 124
Semitores, n° 82
Sempervirent, n°2 7
Sequent, n®58
Sericeous, n° 162
C Serrated, n° 176
^ Serratum, fig. 16
B O T
Sefiile, fig. 130
Setaceous, n° 166
Setas, n3 245
Shaft, n° 199
Sheath, n° 309
Sheathing, n0 228
Siliqua, 346, fig. 24
Simple, n° 269, 279, 286
Simplex, n° 207
Simplicifiimus, n 206
Single, n° 207
Sinuated, n° 40
Solid, n° 28, 402
Spadix, 284 fig. 2
Spangle, n° 16
Sparfe, n°i32
Spatha, n° 309, fig. 1
Spathulated, n° ioj
Speck, n° 358
Spica, n° 268, fig. 34
Spina fimplex, fig. 137 a.
Triplex, fig. 157 £
Spinas, n° 255
Spinefcent, n° 2x6
Spinous, no 172
Squamous, n°388
Squarrofe, n° 391
Stalk, n° 2, 197
Stalked, n° 362
Stamina, n° 9, fig. 12.
Stellatum, fig. 137
Stem, n° 197
Stimuli, n° 256
Stigma, n° 337, fig. tl c.
18 ee. 21 c
Stipes, n° 200, fig. 8 e. 31
d
Stipitatus, n° 362
j Stipula, n° 14
) Stipulae, fig. 154, b
Stock, n° 200
Stoloniferous, n° 205
Strobilus, n°357, fig. 7
Striated, n° 144
Strigse, n° 244
ANY.
Strigofe, n° 169
r Style, n° 336
•< Stylus, fig, ii l. 18 c.
C i\b
Suberofus, n°42o
Submerfed, n° 217
Subramofe, n° 210
C Subrotund, n° 63
^ Subrotundum, fig. 38
C Subulated, n° 76
^ Subulatum, fig. 44
C Si'lcated, n° 145
\ Sulcatum, fig. 97
Superior, ^295, 304
Swob, n° 350
Sword-fhaped, n° 90
T.
Tendril, n° 15
Teres, n°8t, fig. 98
Tergeminous, n° 236
Terminal, n° 136
Ternatum foliolis petiola-
tis, fig. 100, 101
Thorny, n° 172
Thyrfus, n° 277
C Tomentofe, n° 160
\ Tomentofum, fig. 84
Tomentum, n0 239
Tortile, n° 307
Torulofa, n° 347
Trapeziform, n°73
y Triangular, &c. n° 71
( Triangulare, fig. 48
T ri coccous, ^344
Trigonpus, &c. n° 84
Trilobum, fig. 53
Trinervated, n° 149
Trinerved, n° 147
Tripinnated, n3 238
Triplinerved, n° 149
rTriternated, n° 237
J Triternatum, fig. 115.
"l Sine impari, fig. 116.
Cum impari, fig. I x 7
Truncated, n° 183
Trunk, n° 2
Tube, n° 313
Tuberous, n° 192
Tubulous, n° 327
Tunicated, n°403
Turbinated, n° 78
V.
Vaginans, n° 135
Vaginating, n°2 28
5 Valves, fig. 29 aa
\ Valvulas, n° 339
C Venofum, fig. 88
£ Venous, n° !5X
Ventricofe, n° 107
Vernation, ^373
Verticillated, n°i30
Verticillus, n0265,
Vexillum, ^324
Villi, n° 241
Villous, n° 161
Virgated, n° 213
Vifcid, n° 159
Vifcofity, n° 251
Vizzard, n°320
Umbella, n°277.Univerfa-
lis, fig. 4 a. partialis,
fig. 4 b
Umbellula, n° 281
Undated, n° 114
C Ungues, fig. 13 a
i Unguis, n° 315
Uniflorous, n° 304
Unilateral, n°2^j
Univerfal, n° 300
Volva, n° 311, fig. 18 b
Voluble, n® 202
Utricle, n02Jo
W.
Waved, n° 114
Wedge-fhaped, n° 67
Wheel-flxaped, no 96
Whirled, n° 130
Winged, n02ij
Wings, n° 324
Wrapper, n° 299
473
|H
BOTANY-bay. See New Holland.
BOTANOMANCY, (from^oravo,^^, and fiavruee,
divination)^ an ancient fpecies of divination, by means
' of plants ; efpecially Cage and fig-leaves. The man¬
ner of perfonning it was thus: the perfons who con-
fulted wrote their own names and their queftions on
leaves, which they expofed to the wind ; and as many
of the letters as remained in their own places were
taken up, and being joined together, contained an an-
fwer to the queftion.
BOTARGO, a kind of faufage, made with the
eggs and blood of the mullet, a large fifh common in
the Mediterranean. The beft kind comes from Tunis
in Barbary: It muft be chofen dry and reddifh. The
people of Provence ufe a great deal of it, the common
way of eating it being with olive oil and lemon juice.
Vol. III. Part II.
There is alfo a great confumption of it throughout the Bote,
Levant. Botelefs.
BOTE, (Sax.), fignifies a recompence, fatisfa&ion, v',“—v—
or amends : hence comes manbote, compenfation or a-
mends for a man flain, &c. In king Ina’s laws is de¬
clared what rate was ordained for expiation of this of¬
fence, according to the quality of the perfon flain.
From hence likewife we have our common phrafe, to-
boot, i. e. compenfationis gratia. There are boufe-bote,
plough-bote,privileges to tenants in cutting of wood,
&c.
BOTELESS, (fine remedio). In the charter of
Hen. I. to Tho. archbifhop of York, it is faid, “ that
no judgment, or fum of money, fhall acquit him that
commits facrilege ; but he is in Englifh called botelefs,
viz. without emendation.” We retain the word ftill in
3 O common
B O T
Both common fpeech: as, It is bootlefs to attempt fuch
„ I) thing; that is, It is in vain to atempt it.
Botticelli. t&.Wt/t’u , • , >
[ 474 ]
EOT
parently were all that Botticelli ever executed. About
the year 1460, it is laid, that he engraved a let of
BOTH (John and Andrew), Flemifh painters, and plates, reprefenting the Prophets and Sibyls. Bafan
pupils of Bloemart. The union of thefe brothers was
very lingular; they were infeparable in their ftudies,
travels, and paintings. John painted the landfcape part
of their piftures in the manner of Lorrain, and Andrew
the figures and animals in the ftyle of Bamboche. They
both died in 1650. John’s talte in landfcape is ^ele¬
gant ; his ideas are grand ; his compofition beautiful;
and his execution rich and mafterly in the higheft de¬
gree. His light is not always well diftributed; but his
figures are excellent. It is to be regretted that we have
not more of his works; for they are certainly, upon the
whole, among the bell landfcapes we have.
BOTHNIA, a province of Sweden, at the end of
the gulph of the fame name. It is divided into two
parts called eajl and ruejl Bothnia, the former of which
belongs to Finland. Weft Bothnia is full of mountains;
the earth is fandy, and yet a fcarcity of provifions is
tells us that he marked thefe plates with a monogram
compofed of an A and a B joined together.
BOTTLE, a fmall veffel proper to contain liquors,
made of leather, glafs, or ftone. The word is formed
from hutellus, or botellus, ufed in barbarous Latin wri¬
ters, for a leffer veffel of wine; being a diminutive of
bota, which denoted a butt or calk of that liquor.
The ancient Jewilh bottles were cags made of goats
or other wild beafts Ikins, with the hair on the inlide,
well fewed and pitched together; an aperture in one
of the animal’s paws ferving for the mouth of the
veffel.
Glafs bottles are better for cyder than thofe of Hone.
Foul glafs-bottles are cured by rolling fand or fmall
Ihot in them; mufty bottles, by boiling them. See
Glass.
Bottles are chiefly made of thick coarfe glafs;
feldom known. Cattle and game are fo common, fal- though there are likewife bottles of boiled leather made
mon and a fort of herrings fo plenty, and the trade of and fold by the cafe-makers. Fine glafs-bottles eover-
Ikins is fo gainful, that the inhabitants can command
what they want from their neighbours. There are on¬
ly two towns worth mentioning, viz. Tornea.and Uma.
The inhabitants of this province are Proteftants; and
are a civil well-behaved people.
BOTRYS, Botrus, or-Z?c/?r*, (anc. geog.) a town
ed with ftraw or wicker, are called flajks or beitees.
The quality of the glafs has been fometimes found to
affeA the liquor in the bottle.
Dr Percival cautions againff the pra&ice of cleaning
of wine-bottles with leaden foot. It frequently hap¬
pens (he thinks), through inattention, that fome of the
of Phoenica, on the Mediterranean, built by Saturn, little pellets are left behind ; and when wine or beer is
(a proof at leaft of antiquity); twelve miles to the
north of Byblus, and twenty to the fouth of Tripolis.
Now almolt in ruins, and called Boteron, or Boturn,
(Poftellus). E. Long. 37. 30. Lat. 34. 6.
BOTT, among bone-lace weavers, a king of round
cufoion of light matter placed on the knee, whereon
they work or weave their lace with bobbins, See.
Bott, in zoology. See Botts.
BOTTICELLI, (Sandro, or Aleffandro), born
again poured into the bottles, this mineral poifon will
flowly diffolve, and impregnate thofe vinous liquors
with its deleterious qualities. The fweetnefs which is
fometimes perceived in red port wine may arife from
this caufe, when fuch an adulteration is neither defign-
ed nor fufpe&ed.—Potafo is recommended for cleanfmg
bottles: a fmall quantity in the water will clean two
grofs.
BOTTLING, the operation of putting up liquors in
at Florence in 1437, learned the rudiments of painting bottles corked, to keep, ripen, and improve. The wn-
under Filippo Lippi. He executed feveral pi&ures ters on good hufoandry give divers rules concerning the
for pope Sixtus IV. and others for the city of Flo- bottling of beer, cyder, and the like. The virtues of
rence : for thefe he received large fums of money, all Spaw, Pyrmont, Scarborough, and other waters, de-
of which he expended, and died at laft in great diftrefs, pend on their being well bottled and corked, otherwife
aged 78. He was not only a painter, but a man of they lofe both their tafte and fmell. To preferve them,
letters. Baldini, according to the general report, com- it is neceffary the bottles be filled up to the mouth, that
municated to him the fecret of engraving, then newly all the air may be excluded, which is the great enemy
difeovered by Finiguerra their townfman. The fa¬
mous edition of Dante’s Poem of Hell, printed at Flo¬
rence by Nicholo Lorenzo della Magna, A. D. 1481,
and to which, according to fome authors, Botticelli
BtrutfsDifi. undertook to write notes, was evidently intended to
have been ornamented with prints, one for each canto;
of bottled liquors. The cork is alfo further fecured by
a cement. Some improve their bottled beer, by put¬
ting cryftals of tartar and wine, or malt fpirits ; and o-
thers, by putting fugar boiled up with the effence of
fome heib, and cloves, into each bottle.
Cyder requires fpecial precautions in the bottling;
and thefe prints (as many of them as were finifoed) being more apt to fly, and burft the bottle, than other
were defigned, if not engraved, by Botticelli. It is liquors. The bell way to fecure them, is to have the
remarkable, that the two firft plates only were printed liquor thoroughly fine before it be bottled. For want
upon the leaves of the book, and for want of a blank of this, fome leave the bottles open a while, or open
fpace at the head of the firil canto, the plate belong- them after two or three days bottling, to give them
ing to it is placed at the bottom of the page. Blank vent; If one bottle break, through fermentation, it is
{paces are left for all the reft; that as many of them belt to give them all vent, and cork them up again.
as were finifoed might be pafted on. Mr Wilbraham
poffeffes the fineft copy of this book extant, in any pri-
Mean cyder is apter to break the bottles than rich.
Some foak the corks in fealding water, to render them
vate library ; and the number of prints in it amounts more pliant and ferviceable. Another particular to be
to nineteen. The two firft, as ufual, are printed on
the leaves ; and the other feventeen, which follow re¬
gularly, are gafted.on.the blank fgaces. And thefe ap- depends 1
obferved is, to Jay the bottles fo as that liquor may al¬
ways keep the cork wet and fwelled. Something alfo
1 the place where the bottles are fet, which
ought
B O T [47S] B O T
j ij Bottom ought to be fuch as expofes them as little as poflible to
11 Bottin t^ie a^terat‘ons ani^ impreffions of the air: ihe ground
'■ is better for this purpofe than a frame; fand better
I than the bare ground, and a running water, or a fpring
often changed, befl of all.
To haften the ripening of bottled liquors, they are
fometimes fet in a warm place, or even expofed to the
fun, when a few days will bring them to maturity.
BOTTOM, in a general fenfe, denotes the loweft
part of a thing, in contradiftinftion to the top or up-
permoft part.
Bottom, in navigation, is ufed to denote as w’dl
the channel of rivers and harbours, as the body or hull
of a (hip. Thus, in the former fenfe, we fay, a gra¬
velly bottom, clayey bottom, fandy bottom, &c. and in
the latter fenfe, a Britijh bottom, a Dutch bottom, &c.—
By ftatute, certain commodities imported in foreign
bottoms pay a duty called petty cujloms, over and
above what they are liable to if imported in Britifh
bottoms.
rljt, BOTTOMRY, in commerce, (a praftice which o-
went. riginally arofe from permitting the mailer of a Ihip in
a foreign country to hypothecate the Ihip in order to
raife money to refit), is in the nature of a mortgage of
a (hip ; when the owner takes up money to enable him
to carry on his voyage, and pledges the keel or bot¬
tom of the (hip (pan pro toto^ as a fecurity for the re¬
payment. In which cafe it is underftood, that if the
(hip be loft, the lender lofes alfo his whole money; but
if it return in fafety, then he (hall receive back his prin¬
cipal, and alfo the premium or intereft agreed upon,
however it may exceed the legal rate of intereft. And
this is allowed to be a valid contract in all trading na¬
tions, for the benefit of commerce, and by reafon of
the extraordinary hazard run by the lender. And in
|!; this cafe, the (hip and tackle, if brought home, are an-
1 fwerable (as well as the perfon of the borrower) for
the money lent. But if the loan is not upon the veffel,
but upon the goods and merchandize, which muft ne-
I ceffarily be fold or exchanged in the courfe of the
voyage, then only the borrower, perfonally, is bound
to anfwer the contrail; who therefore, in this cafe, is
faid to take up the money at refpondentia. Thefe terms
are alfo applied to contrails for the repayment of mo¬
ney borrowed, not on the (hip and goods only, but on
the mere hazard of the voyage itfelf; when a man lends
a merchant 1000/. to be employed in a beneficial trade,
with condition to be repaid with extraordiary intereft,
in cafe fuch a voyage be fafely performed : which kinH
1. of agreement^ is fometimes called fxnus nauticum, and
fometimes ufura maritima. But as this gave an open¬
ing for ufurious and gaming contrails, efpecially upon
long voyages, it was enailed by the ftatute 19 Geo. II.
c. 37. that all monies lent on bottomry, or at refpon¬
dentia, on veflels bound to or from the Eaft Indies,
(hall be exprefsly lent only upon the (hip, or upon the
merchandize ; that the lender (hall have the benefit of
falvage ; and that if the borrower has not on board ef-
! |l feils to the value of the fum borrowed, he (hall be re-
fponfible to the lender for fo mych of the principal as
hath not been laid out, with legal intereft and all other
charges, though the (hip and merchandize be totally
loft.
BOTT0NY. A crofs bottony, in heraldry, termi-
3; nates at each end in three buds, knots, or buttons, re-
fembling, in fome meafure, the three-leaved grafs; on Bottrigaro»
which account Segoing, in his Trefor Heraldique, terms Bott^
it croix irefflee. It is the badge of the order of St Mau- ^ v ’
rice. See Heraldry Plates.
BOTTRIGARO (Hercole), a perfon eminently
(killed in the fcience of mufic, though not a mufician
by profefiion. He was a man of rank in Bologna; and
appears, from feveral letters-to him that have been print¬
ed, to have had the title of Count. He publiftied feVe-
ral controverfial pieces on the fubje£t of mufic. It feems
that he entertained ftrong prejudices in favour of the
ancient mufic ; and that he attempted, as Vincentino
and others had done, to introduce the chromatic ge¬
nus into pra&ice, but with no better fuccefs than had
attended the endeavours of others. He corredled Go-
gavino’s Latin verfion of Ptolemy in numberlefs in-
ftances ; and that to fo good a purpofe, that Dr Wallis
has in general conformed to it in that tranflation of the
fame author which he gave to the world many years
after. He alfo tranflated into Italian Boetius de Mu-
fica, and as much of Plutarch and Macrobius as relates
to mufic: befides this, he made annotations upon Ari-
ftoxenus, Franchinus, Spataro, Vicentino, Zarlino, and
Galiflei; and, in (hort, on alnoft evety mufical trea-
tife he could lay his hands on, as appears by the copies
which were once his own, and are now repofited in
many libraries [n Italy. Of Bottrigaro’s works it is
faid, that they contain greater proofs of his learning
and (kill in mufic, than of his abilities as a writer, his
ftyle being remarkably inelegant: neverthelefs, he af¬
fected the character of a poet; and there is extant a
collection of poems by him, in 8vo, printed in 1557.
Waltherf reprefents him as an able mathematician, ^
and a collector of rarities; and fays that he was poflef- Lexicon.
fed of a cabinet, which the emperor Ferdinand II. had
a great defire to purchafe. He died in 1609.
BOTTS, in zoology, a fpecies of worms which can
be produced and nouriftied only in the inteftines of a
horfe. It is there alone they can enjoy the proper tem¬
perature of heat, and receive the nourilhment neceflary
for them. See Oestrus.
Befides the long worms which have been obferved in
the bodies of horfes, there are alfo (hort ones.—By
thefe are to be underftood what we call bolts.
All authors, both ancient and modern, who have
treated of the difeafes of horfes, have taken notice of
thefe worms; but M. Vallifnieri is the firft who has tra¬
ced them to the laft ftage of their transformation, and
has feen them change into a hairy kind of fly like the
drone.
The flies from which thefe botts are produced inha¬
bit the country, and do not come near houfes, at lead
not near thofe of great towns ; and therefore horfes are
never liable to have thefe worms (/'. e. botts) in their
bodies, if they have been kept in the houfe, efpecially
in a town, during the fummer and autumn.
It is in the former of thefe feafons, and perhaps too
in the beginning of the latter, that the females of thefe
flies apply themfelves to the anus of horfes, and en¬
deavour to gain admittance, in order there to depofite
their eggs, or perhaps their worms.
The precife inftant of their entrance will fcarce ad¬
mit of an eye-witnefs, but by the mereft chance; yet
M. Vallifnieri fays, that Dr Gafpari had attained this
very uncommon fight. The DoCtor (he tells us) was
3 O 3 one
B Q T [476
one day looking at his mares in the field; and from be¬
ing very quiet, he obferved, that on a fudden they be¬
came very reftlefs, and ran about in great agitation,
prancing, plunging, and kicking, with violent motions
of their tails. He concluded, that thefe extraordinary
effedts were produced by fome fly buzzing about them,
and endeavouring to fettle upon the anus of one of
them ; but the fly not being able to fucceed, he obfer¬
ved it to go off with lefs noife than before, towards a
mare that was feeding at a diftance from the reft;; and
now the fly taking a more effedlual method to obtain
its defign, paffed under the tail of the mare, and fo
made its way to the anus. Here at firft it occafioned
only an itching, by which the inteftine was protruded
with an increafing aperture of the anus ; the fly taking
the advantage of this, penetrated further, and fecured
itfelf in the fold of the inteftine:—this effected, it was
in a fituation proper for laying its eggs. Soon af¬
ter this, the mare became very violent, running about,
prancing, and kicking, and throwing herfelf on the
ground; in fhort, was not quiet, nor returned to feed¬
ing, till after a quarter of an hour.
The fly then, we fee, c$n find means of depofiting its
eggs, or perhaps its worms (i. e. botts), in the funda¬
ment of the horfe; which once effe&ed, it has done all
that is neceflary for them. If thefe bott worms are not
hatched when firft depofited in the horfe, but are then
only eggs, it will not be long before it happens, from
the nutritive heat they there receive.
Thefe bott-worms foon make their way into the in-
teftines of the horfe : they occupy fuch parts of this
region as are to them moft convenient; and fometimes
(as we fhall fee prefently) they penetrate even to the
ftomach. All the hazard they appear to be expofed
to, is that of being carried away from the places they
have fixed on by the excrement, which may feem likely
to drive all before it. But nature has provided for all
things ; and when we flrall have further defcribed thefe
bott worms, it will feem that they are able to main¬
tain their fituation, and to remain in the body of the
liorfe, as long as they pleafe.
There is a time when thefe bott-worms are of them-
felves defirous to leave this their habitation, it being no
longer convenient for them after the purpofes of their
growth are anfwered. Their transformation to a fly
muft be performed out of the horfe’s body t and accord¬
ingly, when the time of their transformation draws near,
they approach towards the anus of the horfe ; and then
leave him of their own accord, or with the excrement,
with which they then fuffer themfelves to be carried a-
long.
According to Mr de Reaumur’s obfervations, the
bott worms have two unequal claws, by which they are
enabled to remain in the inteftines of the horfe in op-
pofition to all efforts of the excrement to force them
out.—Thefe claws are of a fort of anchor, differently dif-
pofed from thofe of common anchors, but contrived to
produce the fame effett. Befides thefe two claws, na¬
ture has given them a very great number of triangular
fpines or briftles, very fufficient to arm them againft
the coats of the inteftines, and to refift the force em¬
ployed to drive them towards the anus, provided the
head be directed towards the ftomach of the horfe.
r It will be aflced, no doubt, if thefe bott worms are
sot dangerous to horfesi—The. mares which afforded
] B O T
Mr de Reaumur, for feveral years, thofe on which he
made his obfervations, did not appear to be lefs in
health than thofe which had none ; but it may fome¬
times happen, that they are in fo great a quantity in
the body of the horfe as to prove fatal to him. M.
Vallifnieri fuppofes thefe bott-worms to have been the
caufe of an epidemical difeafe that deftroyed a great
many horfes about Verona and Mantua in the year 1713.
—The obfervations communicated to him by Dr Gaf-
pari fufficiently confirm his fuppolition. This gentle¬
man, upon diffediing fome horfes that died of this dif*
temper, found in their ftomachs a furprifing quantity
of fhort worms ; of which to give us fome idea, he
compares them to the kernels of a pomegranate opened:
each of thefe, by gnawing on the coat of the ftomach,
had made for itfelf a kind of cellule therein, each of
which would eafily contain a grain of Indian wheat. It
is eafy to imagine by this means the ftomach muft be
reduced to a wretched condition; the outer membranes
were inflamed, and the inner ones ulcerated and cor¬
rupted; a very fmall quantity of thefe worms were found
in the fmall inteftines, and only a few in the larger, to
which laft they were found affixed, but had not corro¬
ded them. It is only perhaps when thefe bott-worms
are in great numbers, and thereby incommode each
other in the inteftines of the horfe, that they make their
way towards the ftomach ; and indeed a very few flies
muft be enough to overftock the infide of a horfe, pro¬
vided they fhould depofite all their eggs, and fuch fhould
all be animated, M. Vallifnieri having counted 700 and
odd in the body of one fingle fly.
When one of thefe botts has left the anus of the
horfe, it falls on the ground; and immediately feeks out
for fome place of fafety, where it may retire, to pre¬
pare for the laft ftage of its-transformation, by which
it is to become a fly. And now by degrees the flcin
hardens and thickens; and at length forms afolid ftiell
or cod, the form of which fcarce differs from that of
the worm. It is firft of a pale red colour, which
changes into chefnut ; and at length, by the addition
of gradual and fucceffive ftiades of brown, the ftiell is
rendered black. The worm, or bott, before it paffes
into a nymph, is of the form of an oblong ball; it re¬
mains in this form much longer than worms of the
flefh-fly kind. M. de Reaumur met with worms that
retained this figure five or fix days; as yet, one can
perceive no traces of the legs, wings, and head of the
nymph. Hence he firft learned, that thofe bott worms
do not become nymphs immediately upon their firft;
change ; but that, in order to become flies, they muft
undergo one change more than caterpillars ordinarily
do to become butterflies.—For the cure of horfes
troubled with botts, fee Farriery, $ xy.
BOTWAR, a town of Germany, in the circle of
Suabia, and fubjed to the duke of Wirtemberg. E.
Long. 9. 15. N. Lat. 49. o.
BOTZENBURG, a town of Germany, in the duchy,
or Mecklenburg. It had a caftle, which was deftroyed
by the Danes in 1202. It is feated on- the Elbe, and
the veffels that pafs by are obliged to pay a confider-
able toll. E. Long. 10. 48. N. Lat. 53. 34,
BOVA, an epifcopal town of Italy, in the kingdom
of Naples, feated near the Apennine mountains. E.
Long. 16. 15. N. Lat. 37. 15.
B OUCH AIN, a fortified town of the French Ne¬
therlands,,
B O U [ 477 ] . B O U
9 Bouchc, therlands, in the province of Hainault. It is divided
I ;e into two parts by the river Scheld. It was taken by
j ^ ‘ ' i the French in 1676 ; and by the allies under the duke
[ of Marlborough in 1711, which was the laft military
atchievement of that great general; but the following
year it was retaken by the French. E. Long. 3. 15.
IN. Lat. 50. 17.
BOUCHE of court, the privilege of having meat
and drink at court fcot-free. The word is alfo written
bo'wge, bouge, and budge; it is mere French, where it
fignifies mouth.—The French .ftill ufe the phrafe, Avoir
bouche a la cour ; that is, to have table or diet at court.
This privilege is fometimes only extended to bread,
beer* and wine : it was a cuftom anciently in ufe, as
well in the houfes of noblemen as in the king’s court.
Thomas earl of Lancafter retained Sir John de Ewre,
to ferve him with ten men at arms in time of war, al¬
lowing them bouge of court, vthh. livery of hay and oats,
horfe-fhoes and nails. Sir Hugh Merrill had the fame
privilege for life, on condition of ferving king Ed¬
ward II.
BOUCHET (John), a French poet and hiftorian
flourilhed in the 16th century. Themoft confiderable
of his writings are the Annals of Aquitaine, and his
Chapelet des Princes.
BOUDRY, a fmall town of Swifferland, in the pro¬
vince of Neufchatel, and capital of a chatelainry of the
l| - fame name. E. Long. 7. 5. N. Lat. 47. 11.
BOVEY-coal, an inflammable foflile found in
England, France, Italy, Swiflerland, Germany, Ireland,
&c. Its colour is brown or brownifli black, and of a
laminar ftrufture. It is compofed of wood, penetrated
by petrol or bitumen; and frequently contains pyrites,
alum, and vitriol.
BOUFLERS (Lewis Francis, dukeof), a peer and
1; marfhal of France, was born in 1644. He diftinguilhed
•g himfelf by his valour and conduct in feveral fieges and
battles, and had the command of the right wing when
the French were defeated at the bloody battle of Mal-
|: plaquet. He died at Fountainbleau in 1711.—Marlhal
Bouflers, his fon, died at Genoa, after having delivered
that republic.
BOUGEANT (William Hyacinth), a famous Je
fuit, firft taught humanity at Caen and Nevers, and
afterwards fettled at the college of Lewis the Great,
where he employed himfelf in writing feveral works;
the principahof which were, 1. A collection of phyfi-
cal obfervations, extrafted from the beft authors. 2. An
hiftory of the wars and negociations which preceded
the treaty of Weftphalia. 3. The female doftor, a
philofophical amufement on the language of beafts, &c.
He died in 1743'.
BOUGH, denotes much the fame with branch.—
Green boughs anciently made part of the decoration
of altars and temples, efpecially on feftival occafions.
Oaken boughs were offered to Jupiter; thofe of laurel,
J to Apollo ; of olive, to Minerva; myrtle, to Venus 5.
ivy, to Bacchus; pine, to Pan; and cyprefs, to Pluto.
1 Some make them the primitive food of mankind before
acorns were invented.
BOUGIE. In the French language it fignifies a
wax candle, and is applied to a machine which (as the
wax candle formerly was) is introduced into the urethra
for removing obttruftions there. Monf. Daran, a
French, furgeon, lately boafted of his introducing them
I ‘ ' 3.
as an improvement in his art, and acquired confiderable Bougie,,
profit by making and felling them. Scultetus, about Bouhours..
the middle of the 17th century, ufed bougies in difeafes    
of the urethra, and Monf. Daran probably took the ^
hint from him. Different compofitions have been ufed, Med‘ D‘a'
and generally mercury was a part of them. Riverius.
made a plalter as follows: £ ol. oliv. lb iv. cerae ci-
trin. tb ii. minii & ceruff. aa lb ifs tereb. venet. & rez..
alb. aa ^ iii in. Whether the bougies are made up of
this or any other compofition, they muff be of different
fizes, from the bignefs of a knitting needle to that of
a goofe quill. They are made of linen rags, fpread
with a proper matter, and then rolled up as follows.
Having fpread any quantity .of the linen rag with the
compoiition that is chofen for the purpofe, cut it into
flips from fix to ten inches long, and from half an inch
to an inch broad: then dextroufly roll them on a glazed;
tile into the form of a wax candle ; and as the end of
the bougie that is to be entered firft into the urethra,
fhould be fomewhat fmaller than the reft, it would be
as well to cut the flips a little tapering. Itfhould alfo.
be obferved, that when the bougies are rolled up, that
fide mult be outward on which the plafter is fpread.
Monf. Daran, and fome others, attributed the aftion
of their bougies to the compofition they made ufe of in
forming them. Mr Sharp apprehended, that as much,
of their efficacy was owing to the compreffion they
made on the affe&ed part, as to any other principle ;
and Mr Aiken very juftly fays, As it is evident that
bougies of very different compofitions fucceed equally
well in curing the fame diforders in the urethra, it is
plain that they do not aft by means of any peculiar
qualities in their compofition, but by means of fome.
property common to them all. This muft be their
mechanical form and texture, therefore their mode of
aftion muft be Ample compreffion. The efficacy of
mere compreffion in many cafes of conftriftion is well,
known, from the ufe of fponge tents for widening
parts that are ftraitened by cicatrices; and admitting
obftruftions in the urethra to be from a conftriftion;
formed by cicatrized ulcers, or a projeftion of the
fpongy fubftance of the urethra into the canal, we may
eafily conceive, that a gentle continued elaftic compref¬
fion will in time overcome the difeafe. We may alfo
readily account for the inferior efficacy of metallic and
whalebone bougies, from their not having the property
of fwelling with moifture, and therefore not making fo
equal a compreffion. As to bougies procuring a dif-
charge of matter, there is no doubt but the mechanical
ftimulus of a foreign body in fuch a tender part, though,
free from difeafe, muft produce it in fome degree; and.
that this will be varied according to the chemically
irritating quality of the compofition, and the irritable
ftate of the urethra: but it feems an-abfurdity to apply
a topic, made uniform throughout, to the whole length,
of a canal, with a view of producing, extraordinary ef-
fefts upon a particular part of it, by means of fome
powerful quality in the ingredients. As to that part
of the bougie which was in contaft with the difeafed
part, being particularly covered with matter; this cir-
cumftance is probably owing to the greater irritation
of that part of the urethra where the diforder is, than
any other
BOUHOURS (Dominic), a celebrated French cri¬
tic, was born at Paris in 1628;. and has been by fome
cony-
B O U
t 478 ]
B O U
lands, in the province of Namur, feated qn the river
Maefe or Meufe, in E. Long. 4. 50. N. Lat. 49. 45.
BOVINO, an epifcopal town of Italy, in the Capi-
t-anata, feated at the foot of the Apennine mountains,
in E. Long. 1 6. 15. N. Lat. 41. 17.
a very bold work , but not fo bold and licentious as,
2. & JlntiquitJ dsvoilec, 3 vols !2mo. This was poft-
humous. 3. He furnifhed to the Encyclopedic the ar
tides Deluge, Corvee, and Societe. 4. He left behind
hiin in MS. a Diftionary, which may be regarded as a
BOVIUM, (Itinerary); a town of the Silures, in concordance in ancient and modern language. As 1
Britain, fifteen miles to the fouth of Ifca Silurum, or man, he is laid to have been of a fweet, calm, and en-
Bot.hsurs confidered as a proper perfon to fucceed Malherbe, who Caer-leon, in Monmouthlhire: Now called Conulridgt; BouJainvU,
It died about that time. He was entered into the fociety according to Baudrand, Bangor in Carnarvonfhire. K61,8’ ‘
Fovium. 0f Jefuits at the age of 16 ; and was appointed to read BOULAINVILLIERS (Henry de), Lord of St BottlangH
Inures upon polite literature in the college of Cler- Saife, and an eminent French writer, was defeended v '
mont at Paris, where he had lludied: but he was fo in- from a very ancient and noble family, and born at St
ceffantly attacked with the headach, that he could not Saife in 1658. His education was among the fathers
purfue the dellined talk. He afterwards undertook the of the oratory ; where he difeovered from his infancy
education of two fons of the duke of Longueville, thofe uncommon abilities for which he was afterwards
which he difeharged with great applaufe. The duke diftinguilhed. He applied himfelf principally to the
had fuch a regard for Bouhours, that he would needs die ftudy of hiftory; and his performances in this way are
in his arms; and the “ Account of the pious and Chri- numerous and confiderable. He was the author of a
Ilian death” of this great perfonage was the fir it work hiftory of the Arabians ; Fourteen letters upon the
which Bouhours gave the public. He wasfent to Dun- ancient parliaments of France; a Hiftory of France to
kirk to the Popifii refugees from England; and in the the reign of Charles VIII.; the State of France, with
midft of his miflionary occupations, found means to hiftorical memoirs concerning the ancient government
compofe and publiih books. Among thefe were, En- of that monarchy, to the time of Hugh Capet, “ writ-
tretiens d’ Arijle dyEugene, or “ Dialogues between ten (fays Mr Montefquieu) with a fimplicity and ho-
Ariftus and Eugenius ;” a work of a critical nature, neft freedom worthy of that ancient family from which
and concerning the French language. His book was their author was defeended.” Mr Boulainvilliers died
.printed no lefsthan five times at Paris, twice at Gre- at Paris in 1722; and after his death waspublilhed his
noble, at Lyons, at Bruffels, at Amfterdam, at Ley- Life of Mahomet.
den, &c. and embroiled him in quarrels with a great BOULANGER (Nicholas-Anthony), a very fin-
number of cenfors, with Menage in particular, who, gular Frenchman, was born at Paris in 1722, and died
however, lived in friendfhip with our author before therein 1759, aged only 37. During his education,
and after. The fame of this piece, and the plcafure he he is faid have come out of the college of Beauvais al-
took in reading it, recommended Bouhours fo effedlu- moft as ignorant as he entered into it; but, ftruggling
ally to the celebrated minifter Colbert, that he trufted hard againft his unaptnefs to learn, he at length over-
him with the education of his fon the marquis of Seg- came it. At feventeen, he began to ftudy mathema-
nelai. He wrote afterwards feveral other works; the tics and architedfure ; and in three or four years made
chief of which are, 1. Remarks and doubts upon the fuch a progrefs, as to be ufeful to the baron of Thiers,
French language. 2. Dialogues upon the art of think- whom he accompanied to the army in quality of en-
ing well in works of genius. 3. The life of St Igna- gineer. Afterwards he had the fupervifion of the
tius. 4. The ait of pleafing in converfation. 5. The highways and bridges; and he executed feveral public
life of St Francis Xavier, apoftle of the Indies and of works in Champagne, Burgundy, and Lorrain. The
Japan. This laft work was tranfiated from the French author of his life, in the Uittionnaire des Homines cele-
into Englilh by Mr Dryden, and publiftied at London Ires, writes, that in this province a terrible fpirit dif-
in the year 1688,with adedicationprefixed to Jamesll.’s covered itfelf in him, which he himfelf did not fufpedl
queen. before ; and this was, it feems, the fpirit of “thinking
BOUILLON, a town of France in the duchy of philofophically.” In cutting through mountains, di-
the fame name, and in the county of Luxemburg, with reeling and changing the courfes of rivers, and in
a fortified caftle. The French took it in 1676; upon breaking up and turning over the ftrata of the earth,
which it was given to the duke of Bouillon ; but the he faw a multitude of different fubftances, which (he
king keeps the caftle to himfelf, which is feated on a thought) evinced the great antiquity of it, and a long
rock that is almoft inacceffible. E. Long. 5. 20. N. feries of revolutions which it muft have undergone.
Lat. 49. 45. From the revolutions in the globe, he paffed to the
(Bouillon, in the manege, a lump or excrefcence of changes that muft have happened in the manners of
iflefn that grows either upon or juft by the fruflr, info- men, in focieties, in governments, in religion ; and he
much that the frufii firoots out, juft like a lump of flefli, formed many conjedfures upon all thefe. To be far-
and makes the horfe halt; and this is called the flejh ther fatisfied, he wanted to know what, in the hiftory
blowing upon the frujh. Manege horfes, that never wet of ages, had been faid upon thefe particulars ; and,
their feet, are fubjeft to thefe excrefcences, which make that he might be informed from the fountain-head,
them very lame. See Frush. he learned firft Latin and then Greek. Not yet
BOVINA affectio, a dillemper of black cattle, content, he plunged into Hebrew, Syriac, Chaldaic,
caufed by a worm lodged between the (kin and the and Arabic; and acquired fo immenfe an erudition,
flefli, and perforating the fame. This diftemper is not that, if he had lived, he would have been one of
mentioned by the ancient Greeks, and is but little the moft learned men in Europe : but death, as we
known in Europe. have obferved, prematurely took him off. His works
BOVINES, a fmall town of the Auftrian Nether- are, 1. Traits du Defpotifme Oriental, 2 vols t2mo ;
B O U L 479 ] B O U
Bo-alay gaging temper ; which, however, it is very difficult to
II reconcile with the dark, impetuous, ardent fpirit, that
u °nne' appears to have actuated him as a writer.
ruti’iDia. Boulanger (John), an engraver, who flourifhed
towards the end of the laft century, was a native of
France. His firft manner of engraving appears to have
been copied, in fome degree, from that of Francis de
Poilly; but foon after he adopted one of his own,
which, though not original, he however greatly im¬
proved : He finilhed the faces, hands, and all the naked
parts of his figures, very neatly with dots inftead of
firokes, or ftrokes and dots. The effedt is fmgular
enough, and by no means unpleafing ; only, in fome
few inftances, he has oppofed the coarfe graving of his
draperies, arid back-ground, fo violently to the neater
work of the flefh, that the outline of the latter is there¬
by rendered hard, and the general appearance of it fiat
and chalky. This ftyle of engraving has been carried
to its greateft perfe&ion in the prefent.day, particular¬
ly in England. He did not draw the naked parts of
his figures corre&ly, or with fine tafle. His draperies
are apt to be heavy, and the folds not well marked.
However, his beft prints poffefs much merit, and are
defervedly held in great efteem.
BOULAY (Caefar Egafie du), in Latin Bulans, was
■born at St Ellier, a village of Maine in France; and
became profefibr of humanity at the college of Navarre,
regifter, rector, and hiftoriographer of the univerfity of
Paris. He died in 1678, after having publifhed feve-
ral works. The principal of them are, Hijlory of
the Univerftty of Paris, in Latin, 6 vols folio ; and the
Tre afire of Roman Antiquities, in 1 vol. folio.
BOULCOLACA, among the modern Greeks, de¬
notes the fpeftre of fome wicked perfon who died ex¬
communicated by the patriarch, reanimated by the
devil, and caufing great difturbance among the people ;
of which many ftrange ftories are told. The word is
Greek, and is fometimes written Iroukolakos;
and fuppofed to be derived from or &*?*■*,
“mud”, and a “ditch”, on account of the
filthinefs of the fight.
BOULDER-wall, a kind of wall built of round
flints or pebbles, laid in ftrong mortar, and ufed where
the fea has a beach caft. up, or where there are plenty
of flints.
BOULETTE, in the manege. A horfe is called
beulette, when the fetlock, or paftern-joint, bends for¬
ward, and out of its natural fituation, whether through
violent riding, or by reafon of being too ftiort-jointed,
in which cafe the leaft fatigue will bring it.
BOULLOGNE (Bon de), a painter of fome emi¬
nence, was born at Paris in 1649. From his father
Louis de Boullogne he learned the firft principles of
the art ; but went to Rome in. order to perfedt him-
felf from the works of the beft matters. He abode in
Italy five years. He excelled in hiftory and portrait
His talents for copying the piftures of the great Ita¬
lian painters were fo very extraordinary, that he fre¬
quently deceived the greateft judges. He died at Pa¬
ris in 1717, aged 68.
Boullogne (Louis de), bom. at Paris in 1654,
was the younger brother of the preceding; and like
him learned from his father the firft principles of paint¬
ing, and afterwards went to Rome to complete his
ft udies. His works, on his return, were fo much
efteemed, that Louis XIV. honoured him with the Boulogne
order of St Michael, and, after the death of Antony
Coypell, appointed him his principal painter. He uu ler*
chiefly excelled in hiftorical and allegorical fubjedts.
He died at Paris in 1734, aged 80 years.
BOULLONNE (Lewis), painter to the French
king, and profeffor of the academy of painting, diftin-
guifired himfelf by his art; and died at Paris in 1674,
aged 65. There are three of his pictures in the church Vilk'mgton,.
of Notre Dame.—He left two fons who were admired
for their fleill in painting. The elder, who is well known
under the name of Bon Boullonne, was firft inftrudted
by his father ; after which he went to perfeA himfelf
In Italy, and for that purpofe the king allowed him a
penfion : at his return, he was made profeflbr of the a-
cademy of painting. Lewis XIV. employed him in
adorning feveral of his palaces; and there are a great
number of his pi&ures at Paris. His talents for copy¬
ing the pi&ures of the great Italian matters were fo
very extraordinary, that he frequently deceived the
greateft judges. He died in 1717—Lewis Boullonne
his brother, after being alfo inftru&ed by his father,
gained the prize of painting at 18 years of age ; upon
which he obtained the king’s penfion. He fet out for
Italy at his brother’s return, and acquired great Ikill
in defigning and colouring. At his return to Paris he
was much employed ; and at length became direftor of
the academy of painting, knight of the order of St
Michael, and firft painter to the king. Louis XIV.
allowed him feveral penfions, and raifed him and his
pofterity to the rank of nobility. He embelliftied the
church of the Invalids, the chapel of Verfailles, &c.,
and died at Paris in 1733.
BOULOGNE, a large and handfome town of Pi¬
cardy in France, and capital of the Boulognois, with a
harbour, and a bilhop’s fee. It is divided into two
towns; the higher, and the lower. The former is
ftrong both by nature and art; and the latter is only
furrounded with a Angle wall. The harbour has a mole
for the fafety of the fhips, which at the fame time pre¬
vents it from being choaked up. The lower town is in¬
habited by merchants, and has three large ftreets, one-
of which leads to the high town, and the other two run
in a line on the fide of the river. Many of the Englilh
and Scots refide here, who, from a rebellion, or any o-
ther caufe, are obliged to fly from their native country.
E. Long. 1. 42. N. Lat. 50. 42.
BOULOGNOIS, a territory of France, in the north,
part of Picardy, about 3.0 miles in length and 20 in
breadth. The chief town is Boulogne, and the chief,
trade is in pit-coal and butter.
BOULTER (Dr Hugh), was born in or near Lon¬
don, of reputable and wealthy parents. He was edu¬
cated at Merchant-taylbr’s fchool; and, before the Re¬
volution, was from thence admitted to a commoner of
Chrift-church in Oxford. Some time after, he was cho--
fen a demy of Magdalen-college,. at the fame election
with Mr Addifon and Dr Wilcox. From the merit and
learning of the perfons elefted, this was commonly called
by Dr Hough, prefidentof the college, the golden elec¬
tion. He afterwards became fellow of the fame col¬
lege ; in which ftation he continued in the univerfity
till he was invited to London by Sir Charles Hodges,,
principal fecretary of ftate, in the year 1700, who-
made him his chaplain, and recommended him to Dr
Ten.
Bo-Iter
II
Souluke,
B O U [480
Tenlfon archbifhop of Canterbury; but his firfl: prefer¬
ments were owing to the earl of Sunderland, by whofe
Intereftand influence he was promoted to the parfonage
of St Olave in Southwark, and the archdeaconry of
Surry. Here he continued difcharging very faithfully
and diligently every part of his paftoral office, till he
was recommended to attend George I. as his chaplain,
when he went to Hanover in 1719. He had the ho¬
nour to teach prince Frederic the Englifh language ;
and by his conduct he fo won the king’s favour, that
he promoted him to the deanery of Chrift-church, and
the bifhopric of Briftol, in the fame year. As he
fiting his diocefe five years afterwards, he received a let¬
ter from the fecretary of ftate, acquainting him that his
majefty had nominated him to the archbifhopric of Ar¬
magh and primacy of Ireland. This honour he would
gladly have declined ; and deirred the fecretary to ufe
His good offices with his majefty to excufe him from ac¬
cepting it. Ireland happened to be at this juncture in
a great flame, occafioned by Wood’s ruinous projeftf;
and the miniftry thought that the biftiop would greatly
contribute to quench it by his judgment, moderation,
and addrefs. The king therefore laid his abfolute
Commands upon him: to which he fubmitted, but with
fome reluftance. As foon as he had taken poffeffion
of the primacy, he began to confider that country, in
which his lot was caft for life, as his own 4 and to pro¬
mote its true intereft with the greateft zeal and affi-
duity. Accordingly, in innumerable inftances, he ex¬
erted himfelf in the nobleft afts of beneficence and pu¬
blic fpirit. In feafons of the greateft fcarcity, he was
more than once inftrumental in preventing a famine
which threatened that nation. On one of thefe occa-
fions he diftributed vaft quantities of corn throughout
the kingdom, for which the Houfe of Commons palled
a vote of public thapks ; and at another time 2 joo per-
fons were fed at the poor-hdufe in Dublin, every morn¬
ing, and as many every evening, for a confiderable time
together, moftly at the primate’s expence. When
fchemes were propofed for the advantage of the coun¬
try, he encouraged and promoted them not only with
his counfel but his purfe. He had great compaffion for
the poor clergy of his diocefe, who were difabled from
giving their children a proper education ; and he main¬
tained feveral of the children of fuch in the univerfity.
He erefted four houfes at Drogheda for the reception ~
of clergymen’s widows, and purchafedan eftate for the
endowment of them. His charities for augmenting
fmall livings and buying glebes amounted to upwards
of 30,000!. befideswhat he devifed by will for the like
purpofes in England. In Ihort, the inftances he gave thought deferving, and have been favoured with, pub-
] B o u
enterprize ; they are felefted out of the body for this, Bourn
and, as foon as the bufinefs is over, are received again II
into their former companies. Bounty.
BOUM (anc. geog.), a town in Ethiopia beyond 'r"“"
Egypt, on the weft fide of the Nile.
Boum sons stabula (anc. geog.}, the territory
of Mylae, fo called : A peninfula on the eaft coaft of
Sicily, to the north of Syracufe ; remarkable for its
fertility and rich paftures (Theophraftus) : and hence
arofe the fable of the oxen of the fun feeding there
(Scholiaft on Apollonius). Pliny and Seneca fay, that
fomething like dung is thrown out on the coaft of My¬
lae and Meflana, which gave rife to the fable of the
oxen of the fun being ftalled there ; and at this day
the inhabitants affirm the fame thing (Cluverius).
BOUNCE, in ichthyology, the Englifti name of a
fpecies of fqualus. See Squalus.
BOUND, in dancing, a fpring from one foot to
the other; by which it differs from a hop, where the
fpring is from one foot to the fame. It alfo differs
from a half coupee, as in the latter the body always
bears on the floor, either on one foot or the other;
whereas, in the bound, it is thrown quite from the
floor.
BouNB-Bailiffs, are flieriffs officers for executing of
procefs. The ftieriffs being anfwerable for their mif-' j
demeanors, the bailiffs are ufually bound in a bond for
the due execution of their office; and thence are called
bound-bailiffs, which the common people have corrupt¬
ed into a much more homely appellation.
BOUNDS of lands. See Abuttals.
BOUNTY, in commerce, a premium paid by go¬
vernment to the exporters of certain Britifh commodi¬
ties, as fail-cloth, gold and filver lace, filk-ftockings,
fiffi, corn, &c. The happy influence which bounties
have on trade and manufadtures is well known : nor can
there be a more convincing proof of the good inten¬
tions of the government under which we live, than the
great care that is taken to give all poffible encourage¬
ment to thofe who ftiall eftablilh or improve any ha¬
zardous branch of trade.
All undertakings, in refpeft either to mercantile en- „ |
terprizes, or in the eftablifhment of manufadtures, arepj/ti'al *1
weak and feeble in their beginnings; and if unfuccefsful, Survey of i
either fink entirely, or at leaft are feldom revived in Britain, '
the fame age. Accidents of this nature are not only
deftrudtive to private perfons, but exceedingly detri¬
mental to the public intereft. On this principle, more
efpecially fince trade, for which Providence defigned
us, hath been attended to, fuch attempts have been
of his generofity and benevolence of heart, his virtue,
his piety, and his wifdom, are almoft innumerable, and
the hiftory of his life is his nobleft panegyric. This ex¬
cellent prelate died at London, on the 2d of June 1742,
and was interred in Weftminfter-abbey, where a beau¬
tiful monument of finely poliflied marble is eredted to
his memory.
BOULTINE, a term which workmen ufe for a
moulding, the convexity of which is juft one-fourth of
a circle; being the member juft below the plinth in the
Tufcan and Doric capital.
BOULUKE, in the military orders of the Turks,
a body of the janizaries, with an officer in the place our government, were neceffary and ufeful. Qn .the
of a colonel at their head, fent upon fome particular fame principle, privileges were granted to private per-
N° 52. fons,
lie fupport. This in. former times ufually flowed from
the crown, in the form of letters-patent, charters, or
other grants of privileges, which, however requifite
they might be, were notwithftanding very frequently
objedts of cenfure. If fuch as obtained them failed in
their endeavours, they were reputed projectors; if, on
the other hand, they fucceeded, they were confidered
as monopolizers. Corporations, which imply the uni¬
ting certain individuals into a body, that they may
thereby become more ufeful to the community, are
created by the crown. Many of thefe were formed for
promoting trade ; and, according to the old fyftern of
B O U [481] B O U
fons, on a fuggeftion, that what was immediately of
ufe to them would terminate in public utility. Thefe
alfo did good in bringing in many arts and manufac-
tures; though, in fome cafes, tending to private in-
tereft more*'than public emolument, they were liable
to legal correction. In later times, and in concerns of
moment, a much better method has been adopted, as
often as it hath been found practicable, by rejecting
private or particular intereft, and propofing the de-
fign'ed advantages to fuch as fhould perform the ftipu-
lations on which they are granted. Thefe bounties, as
they are paid by the public, fo they are folely calcu¬
lated for the benefit of the public. They are fometimes
given to encourage indultry and application in raifing
a neceflary commodity-; which was intended by the
bounty on exporting corn. The intention of this
bounty was to encourage agriculture ; and the confe-
tjuence hath been, that we now grow more than twice
as much as we did at the eftablifhment of the bounty ;
we even confume twice as much bread as we then grew ;
yet in A. D. 1697, we exported a fifteenth part of
what we grew, of late years a twenty-ninth part only.
The "bouniy on this twenty-ninth part amounted to
fomewhat more than JL.50,000, and the produce to
more than L.40G,ooo. It is'evident that all this is
fo much clear gain to the nation. But this is far from
being all that we have annually gained. For if our
cultivation is doubled, as indeed it is, then the rent
of lands, the fubfiftence of working hands, the profits
of the tradefmen fupplying them with utenfils, clothes,
the value of horfes employed, &c, mull all be taken
into the account. Befides this we muft add the freight
(amounting to half the bounty), to make the idea of
the advantages complete.
Sometimes bounties are given with a view to promote
manufactures, as in the cafe of thofe made of filk. Many
laws are to be found in our ftatute-books in favour of
the filk manufacture, made with great wifdom and pro¬
priety, for the encouragement and fupport of many
thoufands of induftrious perfons employed therein. By
ftatute 8 Geo. I. cap. 15. $ 1. a bounty was given on
the due exportation of ribbons and ftuffs, of filk only,
of three {hillings upon a pound weight; filks, and rib¬
bons of filk, mixed with gold and filver, four (hillings
a pound ; on filk gloves, filk (lockings, filk fringes,
filk laces, and fewing filk, one (hilling and threepence
a pound ; on (tuffs of filk and grogram yarn, eight-
pence a pound ; on filks mixed with incle or cotton,
one (hilling; on (luffs of filk mixed with worded,fixpence
a pound, for three years: and, from experience of their
utility, thefe were continued by fubfequent llatutes.
Sometirfies bounties are given to fupport a new ma¬
nufacture againd foreigners already in poffeffion of it,
as in making linen and fail-cloth. The promoting of
the manufacture of Britidi fail-cloth was undoubtedly
a very important national objeCt, as the confumption
was very large, and of confcquence the purchafe of it
from foreigners an heavy expence on the public. Ma¬
ny methods were therefore devifed, and countenanced
by law, both here and in Ireland, for introducing and
encouraging our own in preference to that of ftrangers,
more efpecially in the royal navy. By dat. 12 Anna,
cap. 16. $ 2. a bounty was given of one penny per ell
on all that was exported for a term, and continued by
iubiequent datutes. By 4 Geo. II. cap. 27. $ 4. an
Vol. III. Part II.
additional bounty of another penny an ell is granted. Bounty.
Thefe bounties were to be paid out of anadditionalu~v~'^
duty on-imported fail-cloth. By the fame datute every
(hip built in Britain, or in the plantations, is, under the
penalty of L. 50, to be furnifhed with a complete fuit
of fails of Britilh manufacture. The amount of thefe
bounties mark the progrefs of the manfuaCture, which is
alfo affided by the fund on which the payment is af-
figned.
Thefe afiidances, however, are never bedowed but
on mature deliberation, in virtue of drong proofs, and
with a moral certainty of a national benefit. The great
intention of bounties is to place the Britilh trader on
fuch ground as to render his commerce beneficial to his
country. In order to this, fome profit mud accrue to
hirnfelf, otherwife he would not embark therein ; but
this, whatever it be, mud prove inconfiderable in com-
parifon of what refults to the public. For if, by the
help of fuch a bounty, one or many traders export to
the value of 1000, 10,000, or 100,000 pounds worth
of commodities or manufactures, whatever his or their
profit or lofs (for the latter, through avidity and over¬
loading the maiket, fometimes happens) may be, the
nation gains the L. 1000, L. 10,000, or L. 100,000 ;
which was the q.bjeCl of the legifiature in granting the
bounty. Upon this confideration, that the entire pro¬
duce of what is exported accrues to the nation, the le-
gidature, when an alteration of circumdances required
it, have made no fcruple of augmenting a bounty ; as
in the cafe of refined fugar exported, from three to nine
(hillings per hundred weight. In like manner, the ori¬
ginal bounty of one pound per ton in favour of veffels
employed in the whale-filhing hath been doubled, and
many new regulations made, in order to render this
filhery more advantageous to the public. As a bounty
is given on malt when allowed to be exported, fo an
equivalent of 30 (hillings per ton hath been granted on
all Britilh made malt-fpirits when exported, which is a
common benefit to land, manufacture, and commerce.
It is indeed true, that on whatever account, or to
whatever amount, this reward is given, the public feem
to pay, and private perfons feem to receive. But thefe
private perfons receive it as the hire from the public,
for performing a fervice which otherwife they would
not perform, the benefit of which accrues to the public,
and who can therefore very well afford to pay that
reward in reality, which, as we have dated it, (he on¬
ly feems to do. For, looking a little clofer, we can¬
not help obferving, that the bounty is paid to indivi¬
duals, who, as fuch, make a part of the public. But
the commodities or manufactures exported are fold to
foreigners; and the whole produce of them, be it what
it will, comes into the purfe of the public. By at¬
tending to this felf-evident doClrine, every reafonable
and public-fpirited man will be eafily reconciled to
bounties; and the three following conliderations will be
fufficient to obviate the mod common objections that
have been made to the praCtice of giving them. 1 .That
no bounty can be defired but on the plea of national uti¬
lity, which always deferves notice, and cannot be mif-
taken. It mud likewife be alleged and proved, that
this is the only means whereby the national benefit can
be attained. 2. The fums iffued on this account not
only (how the clear expence of the bounty, but alfo
indicate thejprofit gained byjthe public; for as the one
3 P cannot
B O U [ 482 ] B O U
B>n‘ cannot exlft without the other, that amount muft be
II the inconteftable index of both. 3. It muft be remem-
Bourbon. ^ ^ere(j ^an(j 0f too f0me inftances might be given),
that if bounties fhould be improperly beftowed, they
will of courfe prove ineffectual, and after a few fruit-
lefs trials will remain unclaimed, and confequently pro¬
duce no expence. There is indeed another objeAion
which hath been made againft the giving of bounties.
This is grounded on the frauds to which they are fup-
pofed to be liable ; and particularly the relanding of
the goods on which the bounty hath been paid, and
thereby deceiving and cheating the public. But who¬
ever perufes the laws made on this head, and attentively
confiders the numerous precautions taken to fix every-
circumftance relative to the obtaining the bounty, the
checks on the {hipping of goods, the fecurities taken
for their due exportation, the certificates required to
afeertain their being a&ually delivered and fold in a
foreign market, muft be convinced, that to djfcharge
all thofe fecurities, in cafe of an intended fraud, is a
thing very difficult, if not impoffible.
To thefe remarks we may add, that bounties are
ufually granted only for a limited time, and then expire;
are always liable to be fufpended ; and of courfe can
never be the caufe of any'great national lofs. There
is no doubt that, exclufive of frauds, the immoderate
thirft of gain may tempt interefted men to aim at con¬
verting what was calculated for public benefit to its
detriment, for their own private advantage. Thus, on
a profpeft of fhort crops- in other countries, men may
take meafures within the letter, but direflly againft
the fpirit, of the law, to fend fo much of our corn a-
broad as to endanger a famine at home. For this the
wifdom of parliament provides, not barely by fufpend-
ing the bounty, but by prohibiting exportation and o-
pening the ports for foreign fupplies. We cannot with
any fhadow of juftice aferibe fcarcity to the bounty on
the exportation. If this was the cafe, fufpenfions
would be frequent, whereas there have been but five
-in a courfe of 70 years. If the bounty had any {hare,
the larger the exportation, the greater would be the
fcarcity. In A. D. 1750 we exported more than one
fifth of our growth of wheat, which was notwithftanding
but at four {hillings per buftiel; whereas a century be¬
fore, A.D. 1650, when we had neither bounty nor ex¬
portation, wheat, was at nine {hillings and fixpence per
bufliel. The caufes of fcarcity are unkindly feafons ;
which though human policy cannot prevent, yet their
fad effefts have been evidently leffened by our increafed
growth, fince the taking place of bounty and ex¬
portation.
Queen Anne's Bounty, for augmenting poor livings
under L.50 per annum, confifts of the produce of the
firft-fruits and tenths, after the charges and penfiohs
payable out of the fame are defrayed. A corporation
for management of the fame was fettled, &c. in 1704.
See Augmentation.
BOURBON, or Mascarenhas, (ifle of), an ifland
in the Indian ocean, lying to the eaft of Madagafcar,
in E. Long. jS. 30. S. Lat. 21. 23. This ifiand has
no port, and is in fome places inacceffible. Its length
and breadth have not been well determined ; but the
circumference, according to the account of a perfon
who refided there fome time, is about 57 leagues. It
is for the moft part mountainous, but in fome places
there are very beautiful and fertile plains. In thefouth BourboiT; l
part of the ifland there is a burning mountain, which v—
has thrown out vaft quantities of bitumen, fulphur, and
other combuftible materials ; neither does it ceafe
throwing them out ftill, fo that the country about it
is ufelefs, and is called by the inhabitants pays brule,.
that is, burnt land. The ftrore is high and rocky all;
round ; but though on this account it hath no ports,. -
there are feveral good roads, particularly one on the
weft, and another on the north-eaft. As to its form,
this ifland is irregular, fo that it is difficult to judge
from the maps whether it is round or long. The air
is equally pleafant and wholefome, infomuch that the.
people live to a great age without feeling either infir¬
mities or difeafes. This is occafioned by the hurri¬
canes, of which they -have one or two every year.
Thefe purge and cleanfe the air, fo as to render it highly,
falubrious; the certainty of which is thus diftinguiihed,.
that when they fail of making their annual vifits, as &
fometimes they do, difeafes and death find an entrance
into the ifland, which otherwife would foon be over-
ftocked with inhabitants. The climate is hot, but not
to fuch a degree as might be expefted from its fituation,
the breezes from the mountains being conftant and
very refreftiing. The tops of thefe mountains are in
winter covered with fnow ; which, melting in the fum-
mer, furnifties abundance of rivers and rivulets, with
which the country is plentifully watered : fo that the
foil, though not very deep, is wonderfully fruitful, pro¬
ducing Turkey corn and rice twice a-year, and the.
latter in great abundance. Moft fqrts of cattle are.
found here, good in their kind, and are very cheap; wild. «
goats and wild hogs are found in the woods and on '9
the tops of the mountains; here alfo are vaft quanti¬
ties of wild fowl of different kinds, fiffi, and land tor-
toifes, affording at once the moft delicate and whole- j
fome food. As to fruits, they have bananas, oranges,
citrons, tamarinds, and other kinds; neither does it
want valuable commodities, particularly ebony, cotton,
white pepper, gum benzoin, aloes, and tobacco ; all
excellent in their kind, when compared with thofe of
other countries. This ifland is alfo happy in its defi¬
ciencies ; for no animals that are venomous are to be
found therein, and only two forts that are difagreeable
to the fight, viz. fpiders of the fize of a pigeon’s egg,
which weave nets of a furprifing ftrength, reckoned by
fome capable of being treated fo as to become as va¬
luable as filk ; and bats of a moft enormous fize, which
are not only ikinned and eaten, but efteemed alfo the
greateft delicacy that they have.
The ifland of Bourbon was difeovered by the Por-
tuguefe in 1545, as appears by a date inferibed by
them upon a pillar when they firft landed ; but when
the French fettled in Madagafcar, this ifland was to¬
tally defolate. Three Frenchmen being baniihed thi¬
ther, and left there for three years, made fuch a report
of it at their return as furprifed their countrymen.
They lived moft of that time upon pork ; and though
they were in a manner naked, yet they affirmed that
they never had the leaft pain or ficknefs whatever.
This tempted one Anthony Taureau to go over thi¬
ther in 1654, accompanied by feven French and fix ne- if
groes, who carried with them the cattle from which the
ifland has been {locked ever fince. The firft thing they
did was to ered the arms of France, by order of Mr
Falcourt
B G U [ 483 ] B O U
Bourhon. Falcourt who was governor of Madagafcar, and to be-
1 flow upon the illand a new name. Then they fet up
huts, and laid out gardens, in which they cultivated
melons, different forts of roots, and tobacco ; but juft
as the laft became ripe, the-whole plantation was de-
itroyed by a hurricane. The French, however, went
to work again ; and by having'fome acquaintance with
the climate, fucceeded better, and added aloes to the
reft of their plantations: but receiving no fuccour from
Madagafcar, and being tired of living by themfelves in
the ifle of Bourbon, they very readily embraced the
offer of an Englifh captain, and in the year 1658 em¬
barked for Madrafs. When the laft great blow was
given to the French at Madagafcar by the natives, who
furprifed and cut them off in one night, there efcaped
as many men, as with their wives, who were natives,
filled two canoes ; and thefe being driven by the wind
on the ifle of Bourbon, were the next fet of people
who inhabited it. This laft colony, for want of an op¬
portunity to remove, were conftrained to cultivate this
new country of theirs, and to remain in it. It was
not long before a further ftock of inhabitants arrived. A
pirate that had been'committing depredations in the
Indies, returning to Europe, ran afliore and was fplit
to pieces upon the rocks, fo that the crew were forced
to join themfelves to the former inhabitants; and as
they had on board their veffel a great many Indian
women whom they had made prifoners, they lived with
them, and in procefs of time had a numerous pofterity.
As Eaft India {hips touched frequently here, when too
late to double the Cape, many of the failors, for the
fake of the women, deferted at the time of their de¬
parture, and flaying behind became planters in the ifle
of Bourbon. As the place grew more populous, the
people naturally became more civilized, and defirous of
living in a more commodious manner ; which induced
, them to build final! veffels, that in thefe they might
fometimes make a trip to .Madagafcar, in order to pur-
thafe flaves, whom they employed in their plantations
to cultivate aloes, tobacco, and other things, with
which they drove a fmall trade, when fhips of any na¬
tion anchored in their roads for the fake of refrefliments.
In this fituation they were, when the French Eaft
India company put in their claim ; and affuming the
property of the ifland, lent thither five or fix-families
and a governor. At firft the inhabitants expedled to
reap fome benefit from their new matters ; but finding
very little, and thinking the governor took too much
upon him, they revolted at the inftigation of a prieft,
feized their governor and put him into a dungeon,
where he died nf hunger and grief. For this fome of
the ringleaders were puniflaed, a kind of fort was e-
re&ed, fpme guns placed on it, and the French flag
.kept flying; but in other refpedls, fo little care was
taken, that, till within thefe 40 years, the iflahd was
■j in no ftate of defence.
The number of inhabitants, in the year 1717, was
I computed at 2000; viz. 900 free, and 1 too flaves. A-
mongft thefe people the ufual dittimftion of whites and
blacks entirely fails : for even the free are of different
colours ; and a French waiter affures us, that he faw in
a church one family, confiding of five generations, of all
complexions. The eldeft was a female, 108 years of age,
of a brown black, like the Indians of Madagafcar ; her
I, daughter, a mulatto; her grand-daughter, a meftizoj her
great-grand-daughter, of a dufky yellow; her daugh- Bourbon.
ter, again, of an olive colour ; and the daughter of this ' 'v 1
laft, as fair as any Englifti girl of the fame age. Thefe
people are, generally fpeaking, of a gentle quiet difpo-
fition ; very induftrious ; and fubmiffive enough to au¬
thority, provided it is exercifed with a tolerable degree
of equity and decency ; for otherwife the whole of them
are apt to rife in rebellion at once; and the flaves have
fo little reafon to complain of their mafters, that they
are always on the fame fide; The ifland is divided into
four quarters. The firft is that of St Paul, which is the
largeft and beft peopled : their houfes are built at the
foot of a fteep mountain, on both fides of a freflr water
lake. As for the plantations, they are on the top of a
mountain, which they afcend by a very rough and
troublefome paffage. On the fummit there is a fpacious
plain, a great part of which is. divided into plantations
of rice, tobacco, com, fugar, and fruits. The quarter
of St Dennis lies feven leagues from that of St Paul,
towards the eaft ; and there the governor refides. It is
not fo well peopled as the former ; but the country is
more pleafant, and the fituation better. At two leagues
diftance, proceeding along the fea coaft, is the quar¬
ter of St Mary’s, which is but thinly peopled. The
laft and moft fertile quarter is that of St Sufannah,
which is at the diftance of four leagues from St Den¬
nis. The road between thefe two quarters is tolerable,
though part of it has been cut with much difficulty
through a wood : but the paffage from St Dennis to
St Paul is only by fea.
When the prefent company of India became, by
their perpetual eftablifliment, poffeffed of the ifland of
Bourbon, they began to improve it exceedingly: rai¬
ling new forts and batteries, fo as to render it in a man¬
ner inacceffible ; and importing coffee-trees from Ara¬
bia, which have fucceeded fo well, that it is believed
they produce an eighth, according to fome a fixth, part
as much coffee as is railed in the kingdom of Yemen in
Arabia, and it islikewife held next in goodnefs to that,
—In X763, the. population amounted to 4627 white
people, and i5149 blacks ; the cattle confifted of 8702
beeves, 4084 ftieep, 740.5 goats, and 7619 hogs. Upon
an extent of 125,909 acres of cultivated land, they ga¬
thered as much caffava as would feed their flaves,
1,135,000 pounds weight of corn, 844,100 pounds of
rice, 2,879,100 pounds of maize, and 2,535,100
pounds of coffee ;-which laft the company bought up
at about 3 d. per pound.
In 1748, Admiral Bofcawen appeared before this
ifland with a Britifli fleet; but found it fo well for¬
tified both by nature and art, that he was obliged, af¬
ter fome cannohading to very little purpofe, to purfue
his, voyage.
Bourbon (Nicholas), a famous Latin poet in the
l6th century, was a native of Vandeure near Langres,
and the fon of a wealthy man who was mailer of feveral
forges, Margaret de Valois appointed him preceptor
to her daughter Jane d’Albret of Navarre, the mother
of king Henry IV. At length he retired to Conde,
where he had a benefice, and died about the year 1550.
He wrote eight books of Epigrams ; and a poem on
the forge, which he has intitled Ferraria. He had
great knowledge of antiquity and of the Greek lan¬
guage. Erafmus praifes his epigrams.
Bourbon (Nicholas), a celebrated Greek and Latin
3 P2 poet,
B O U [ 484. ] B O U
Bourbon poet, was nephew of the preceding. He taught rheto- nicle; which was printed in 1523, by Richard Pinfon, Bourdalour
II ric in feveral colleges of Paris; and the cardinal de the fcholar of Caxton, and the hfth on the lift of En-Bou,deau*-;
Bourchior. perron caufe(j t0 be nominated profeflbr of elo- glilh printers. His other works were a whimfical med-' 1
quence.in the Royal College: he was alfo canon of ley ot tranflations from French, Spanilh, and Italian
Langres, and one of the 40 of the French academy, novels, which feem to have been the mode then, as they
At length he retired to the fathers of the oratory, were afterwards in the reign of Charles II. Thefe were,
where he died in 1644, aged 70. He is efteemed one The life ot Sir Arthur, an Armorican knight; The
of the greateft Latin poets France has produced. His famous exploits of Sir Hugh Bourdeaux; Marcus Au-
poems were printed at Paris in 1630. relius ; and, The caftle ot love. He compofed alio a
Bourbon-Z,<mry, a town of France, in the duchy of book, of the duties of the inhabitants of Calais; and
Burgundy, and in the Autunnois. It is remarkable for a comedy entitled Ite in Fineam, which is mentioned in
its caftle and baths ; and there is a large marble pave- none ot our catalogues of Engliih plays. Anthony
ment, called the great bath, which is a work ot the Wood fays it was ulually a<fted at Calais after vefpers.
Romans. It is feated near the river Loire, in E. Long. BOQRDALOUE (Lewis), a celebrated preacher
3. 46. N. Lat 46. 37. among the Jeiuits, and one of the greateft orators
Bourbon U Archambaud, a fmall town of France, France has produced, was born at Bourges, on the 20th
remarkable for its baths, which are exceedingly hot. of A.uguft 1632. After having preached at Provence,
E. Long. 3. 28. N. Lat. 46. 35. he, in 1699, went to Paris; and there met with inch
Family of Bourbon are the reigning princes in the applauie, that the king refolved to hear him : on which
kingdom of France. Henry IV. in 1589, though of he was lent for to court, and frequently preached be-
the 10th generation, was die neareft heir ; andfucceed- fore Louis XIV. He affifted the lick, viiited the pri¬
ed Henry III. (the laft of the Valois race), whofe foners and hofpitals, and was very liberal in giving alms,
brother Francis II. married Mary Queen of Scots, and He died at Paris on the 13th of May 1704. The
both died without iffue. Louis Xv I. is the 5th king beft edition of his fermons is in ocftavo.
of this family in fucceffion. This family alfo mounted BOURHEAUX, an ancient, large, handfome, and
the throne of Spain in 1700, by Philip V. grandfon to rich town of France, capital of Guienne, an archbifhop’s
Louis XIV. which was the occafion of the long and fee; hasau univerfity and an academy of arts andfciences.
bloody war that ended in the peace of Utrecht. A It is built in the form of a bow, of which the river Ga-
branch of the Spanifti family Jikewife mounted the ronne is the ftring. This river is bordered by a large
throne of the two Sicilies in 1734. Thefe three quay, and the water rifes fouryards at full tide, for which
branches entered into a treaty offenfive and defenfive in reatoii the largeft vefl'eis can come up to it very readily.
1761, which goes by the name of the family compact. The caftle called the 'Trumpet is feated at the entrance
BOURBONE-le-bains, atownof FranceinCham- of the quay, and the river runs round its walls. Moft
pagne, and in the Baffigni, famous for its hot baihs. of the great llreets lead to the quay. The town has
E. Long. 5.45. N. Lat. 47. 54. 12 gates; and near another caftle are fine walks
BOURBONNGIS, a province of France, with the under feveral rows of trees. The ancient city of Bour-
title of a duchy; bounded on the north, by Nivernois deaux, though coniiderable in point of ftze, was ill
and Berry ; on the welt, by Berry and a fmall part of built, badly payed, dangerous, without police or any of
upper Marche; on thefouth by Auvergne ; and on the thole municipal regulations indifpenfably requifite to
eaft, by Burgundy and Forez It abounds in corn, render a city fplendid or elegant. It has entirely
fruits, paftures, wood, game, and wine. Its principal changed its appearance within thefe laft thirty years,
town is Moulins; and the rivers are the Loire, the Al- The public eaitices are very noble, and all the ftreets
lier, and the Chur. newly built are regular and handfome. The quays
BOURBOURG, a town in French Flanders, whofe are four miles in length, and the river itfelf is conlider-
fortifications are demolifhed. It is feated on a canal that ably broader than the Thames at London bridge. On
goes to Dunkirk, in E. Long. 2. 15. N. Lat. 50. 55. the oppoiite, a range of hills, covered with woods,
BOURCHIER (John), lord Bemars, grandfon and vineyards, churches, and villas, extends beyond the
heir of a lord of the fame name, who was defcended view. Almoft in the centre of the town is a fine
from Thomas of Woodllock, duke of Gloucefter, and equeftrian ftatue in bronze eredted to the late king in
had been knight of the Garter, and conftable of Wind- 1743, with the following infcription :
for-caftle, under Edward IV. Our lord John was Ludovico quindecimo,
created a knight of the Bath, at the marriage of the dne/e vittori, fe?nper pacifcatori;
duke of York fecond fon of Edward IV. and was firft Suos omnes, quam late regnum patet,
known by quelling an infurredtion in Cornwall and De- Faterno peclore gerenti ;
vonfhire, raifed by Michael Jofeph, a blackfmith, in Suorum in animis penitus babitanti.
1495, which recommended him to the favour of Hen- The beauty of the river Garonne, and the fertility of
ry VII. He was captain of the pioneers at the fiege the adjoining country, were probably the caufes which
of Therounne, under Henry VIII. by whom he was induced the Romans to lay the foundations of this city,
made chancellor of the exchequer for life, lieutenant of The ruins of a very large amphitheatre yet remain, con-
Calais and the Marches, appointed to condudt the lady ftrudted under the emperor Gallienus; it is of brick, as
Mary the king’s fifter into France on her marriage are moft of the edifices of that period, when the empire
with Louis XII. and had the extraordinary happinefs was verging to its fall, and the arts began rapidly to
of continuing in favour with Henry VIII. for the fpace decline. During the irruptions of the barbarous na-
of 1 8 years. He died at Calais in 1532, aged 63. He tions, and particularly in thofe which the Normans re-
tranllated, by king Henry’s command, Froilfart’s Chro- peatedly made, Bourdeaux was ravaged, burnt, and al¬
moft
B O U [ 4S5 J B O U
el ®ou,^eau* moft entirely deftroyed. It only began to recover a-
JlBoUrdine* P*11 unc*er Henry II. of England, who having united
^ it to the crown by his marriage with Eleanor of Aqui¬
taine, rebuilt it, and made it a principal objeft of his
policy, to retlore the city again to the luftre from which
it had fallen. The Black Prince received all Guienne,
Gafcony, and many iriferior provinces in full fovereign-
ty from his father. Edward III. he brought his royal
captive, John king of France, to this city, after the
battle of Poitiers in 1356 ; and held his court and re-
fidence here during eleven years.' His exalted charac¬
ter, his uninterrupted feries of good fortune, his vi£to-
ries, his modefty, his affability, and his -munificence,
drew ftrangers to Bourdeaux from every part of Eu-
Irope ; but all this fplendor foon difappeared. He li¬
ved to experience the ingratitude of Pedro the Cruel,
to whom he had reftored the kingdom of Caftile ; he
became a prey to diftempers in the vigour of life ; he
faw his dominions reunited again in many of their
branches to the crown of France, by Charles V.; he
loft his eldeft fon Edward, a prince of the higheft ex-
pe&ations; and at length, overcome with forrow at this
laft affli&ion, he quitted Bourdeaux, and re-embarked
for England, there to expire a memo; able example of the
hafty revolution of human greatnefs 1 In 1453, Charles
II VII. king of France, re-entered the city, and fubjec-
ted the whole province of Guienue, which had been
near three centuries under the Englifh government.
Confcious of the importance of fuch a conqueft, he or¬
dered the Chateau Trompette to be built to defend
the paffage of the river; and Louis the XIV. afterwards
employed the celebrated Vauban to erefit a new fortrefs,
in the modern ftyle of military architefture, on the
fame fpot.—Madame de Maintenon, whom fortune
feemed to have chofen as the objeft of her extremeft
jT rigour and extremeft bounty, was removed from the
1 i; prifons of Niort in Poiftou where fhe was born, with
her father the Baron d’Aubigne, to this caftle, where
fhe ufed to play with the daughter of the turnkey, in
the greateft indigence. Bourdeaux prefents few re-
11 mains of antiquity. The cathedral appears to be very
old, and has fuffered confiderably from the effects of
time. The unfortunate duke of Guienne, brother to
Louis the XI. who was poifoned in 1473, lies buried
before the high altar. The adjacent country, more
peculiarly the Pays de Medoc., which produces the
fined clarets, is exceedingly pleafant, and at the fea-
fon of the vintage, forms one of the moft delicious
landfcapes in the world. W. Long. o. 39. N. Lat.
44. 50.
BOURDELOT (John), a learned French critic,
who lived at the clofe of the 16th and beginning of the
| 17th centuries. He diftinguifhed himfelf by writing
notes on Lucian, Petronius, and Heliodorus; by an
Univerfal Hiftory ; Commentaries on Juvenal; aTrea-
tife on the Etymology of French words; and by fome
8; other works which were never publifhed.—There was
alfo an abbe Bourdelot, his lifter’s fon, who changed
his name from Peter Michon to oblige his uncle. He
was a celebrated phyfician at Paris, who gained great
I reputation by a Treatife on the Viper, and other works.
He died in 1685.
BOURDINES, a town of the Auftrian Nether¬
lands, in the.province of Namur. E. Long. 5. o. N.
Lat. 50. 35.
BOURDON (Sebaftian), a famous painter, born at
Montpelier, in 1619. He ftudied feven years at Rome ;
and acquired fuch reputation, that at his return to
France he had the honour of being the firft who was
made re&or of the academy of painting at Paris. He
fucceeded better in his landfcapes than in his hiftory-
painting. His pieces are feldom finifhed; and thofe that
are fo, are not always the fineft. He once laid a wager
with a friend, that he fhould paint 1 2 heads after the
life, and as big as the life, in one day. He won it; and
thefe are faid not to be the worft things he ever did. His
moft confiderable pieces are, The gallery of M. de Bre-
tonvilliers, in the ifle of Notre Dame ; and, The feven
works of mercy, which he etched by himfelf. But the
moftefteemed of all his performances is, The martyrdom
of St Peter, drawn for the church of Notre Dame : It
is kept as one of the choiceft rarities of that cathedral.
Bourdon was a Calvinift ; much valued and refpe&ed,
however, in a Popifh country, becaufe his life and man¬
ners were good. We have alfo by this mailer a great
number of etchings ; which are executed in a bold, ma-
fterly ftyle, and much more finilhed than thofe we gene¬
rally meet with from the point of the painter. They
are juftly held in the higheft eftimation by the generali¬
ty of colledlors. He died in 1 673, aged 54.
BOURDONE'E, in heraldry, the fame with pomee.
BOURG, the capital of the illand of Cayenne, a
French colony on the coaft of Guiana, in South Ame¬
rica ; in W. Long. 52. o. N. Lat. 5. o.
LouRG-en-BreJ/'e, a town of France, and capital of
Brefft, in the province of Burgundy. It is feated on
the river Refoufle, almoft in the centre of Breffe, in
E. Long. 4. 19. N. Lat. 46. 13.
BovRG-Jur-Mer, a fea-port town of France in Gui¬
enne, and in the Bourdelois, with a tolerable good
harbour : feated at the confluence of the rivers Dor¬
dogne and Garonne, in W. Long. 3. 35. N. Lat. 45. o.
BOURGES, an ancient and large town of France,
the capital of Berry, an archbifhop’s fee, and a famous
univeriity. The archbilhop alfumes the title of Patri¬
arch of the Aquitains, and enjoys the rights of primacy
with regard to Albi. It is feated between two fmall
rivers; the Evry and the Orron, upon a hill that has a
gentle defcent down to thefe rivers, by which it is al¬
moft furrounded, for thefe is but one avenue to it by
land, which is that of Port Bourbonnoux. It Hands
upon a great deal of ground; but one part of it is with¬
out houies ; and the reft is but thinly peopled with
gentlemen, Undents, and ecclefiaftics, the whole num-
ber of fouls amounting only to about 1800. They have
no manner of trade but for their own neceffaries. It is
divided into the old and new town. The walls of the
old are almoft entire, and the new town is almoft; as
large as the old. There are feveral churches, convents,
and nunneries. The parilh church, dedicated to St Ste¬
phen, is a fine old Gothic ftrudlure : it is feated on the
higheft part of the city, and on each fide of the front
are two handfome high towers. The new one, which
is built in the room of one which fell down, is almoft;
200 feet high. Bourbon fquareis the largell in the city,
where there was formerly an amphitheatre, and now a
market. There is a fine walk from St Michael’s-gate
into the fields, and three alleys, formed by four ranks
of trees, the middlemoft of which is fpacious ; befides
which, there is a very long mall. The univeriity is fa¬
mous
BOO [ 486 ] BOO
Bourget m0us for the fludy of the law. This city {lands almoft
Boureotrne t^le centre Fra'nce. E. Long. 2. 30. N. Lat.
—4i«47-10- .
BOURGET (Dom. John), an ingenious French
antiquary, was born at the village of Beaumains near
Falaife, in the diocefe of Seez, in 1724. He was e-
ducated at the grammar-fcbool at Caen, whence he
was removed to that univerlity, and purfued his llu-
dies with great diligence and fuccefs till 1747, .when
he became a Benedidtine monk of the abbey of St Mar¬
tin de Seez. Some time aftef this, he was appointed
jn-ior clauftral of the faid abbey, and continued fix
years in that office, when he was nominated prior of
Tiron en Perche: whence being tranflated to the ab¬
bey of St Stephen at Caen, in the capacity of fub-prior,
he managed the temporalities of that religious houfe
during two years, as he did their fpiritualities for one
year longer ; after which, according to the cullom of
the houfe, he refigned his office. His fuperiors, fen-
fible of his merit and learning, removed him thence to
the abbey of Bee, where he refided till 1764. He was
ele&ed an honorary member of the Society of Anti¬
quaries of London, Jan. 10. 1765 ; in which year he
returned to the abbey of St Stephen at Caen, where
he continued to the time of his death. Thefe honour¬
able offices, to which he was promoted on account of
his great abilities, enabled him not only to purfue his
favourite ftudy of the hiflery and antiquities of Tome
of the principal Benediftine abbeys in Normandy, but
likewife gave him accefs to all their charters, deeds,
regifter-books, &c. &c. Thefe he examined with
great care, anc^left behind him in MS. large and ac¬
curate accounts of the abbeys of St Peter de Jumieges,
St Stephen, and the Holy Trinity at Caen (founded
by William the Conqueror and his queen Matilda),
and a very particular hiftory of the abbey of Bee.
Thefe .were all written in French. The “ Hiftory of
.the Royal Abbey of Bee” (which he prefented to Dr
Ducarel in 1764) is only an abftradl 'of his larger
work. This ancient abbey (which hath produced fe-
veral archbiflrops of Canterbury and other illuftrious
prelates of this kingdom) is frequently mentioned by
our old hiftorians. The death of our worthy Benedic¬
tine (which happened on new-year’s day 1776) was
occafioned by his unfortunate negleft of a hurt he got
in his leg by falling down two or three fteps in going
from the hall to the cloifter of the abbey of St Ste¬
phen at Caen, being deceived by the ambiguous light
of a glimmering lamp that was placed in that pafiage.
He lived univerfally efteemed, and died fincerely re¬
gretted by all thofe who were acquainted with him ;
and was buried in the church of the faid abbey, Jan.
3. 1776.
BOURGET, a town of Savoy, fubjeft to the
king of Sardinia, feated at the fouthern extremity of
a lake of the fame name. E. Long. 5. 55. N. Lat.
45- 47-
BOURGOGNE, or Burgundy, as we call it; a
confiderable province of France with the title of a duchy.
It is 130 miles in length, and 75 in breadth. It is
bounded oh the eaft, by the Franche Compte ; on the
weft, by Bourbonnois and Nivernois ; on the fouth, by
Lyonnois; and on the north by Champagne. It is
very fertile in corn and fruit,.and produces excellent
wine. It is watered by the rivers Seine, Dehune, Bre-
bince, Arrrian^on, Ouche, Souzon, Tille, and Saone. Bourgaljj
There are four mineral fprings at Apoighy, Primeau, n°ns I
Bourbon-Lancy, and St Reine. The lirft are obfeure,
and the two laft in high reputation. In the canton of ——y—j
Breffe, there are two fubterranean lakes which often
overflow in times of the greateft drought, and lay a
large. tra& of ground under water : one of them has no
apparent fpring or opening ; and yet in a dry feafon, it I
throws out water enough to overflow the meadow-land |
near it. The grottos or caves of Arcy are feated about ■
18 miles from Auxere, and over them is foil about
10 feet deep. The entrance into thefe cavities is 200
paces long, but narrow. There are arches which form
feveral vaults, from whence drop clear water, which j
turns into a brilliant hard ftone. Twenty paces from ]
the entrance is a lake, which feems to be formed by that
part of the water that will not petrify. The higheft of j
thefe vaults-is not above eight feet. About 80 paces
from the entrance there is a kind of hall, with a coffee- i
coloured ceiling, wherein there are a thoufand odd fi¬
gures, which have a very agreeable effeft. Dijon is i
the capital town-
BOURGUIGNONS, or Burgundians, one of the ■
northern nations who over-ran the Roman empire, and
fettled in Gaul. They were of a great ftature, and very
warlike; for which reafon the emperor Valent inian the i
Great engaged them in hisfervice againft the (Germans.
They lived in tents which were clofe to each other, that
they might the more readily unite in arms on any un-
forefeen attack. Thefe conjunctions of tents they called
burghs ; and they were to them what towns are to us.
Sidonius Apollinaris tells us, that they wore long hair,
took great pleafure in finging, and were fond of praife
for their vocal talents. He adds, that they ate great
quantities ; and anointed their hair with butter, deem¬
ing that undlion very ornamental. Their crown was
at firft eledtive, and the authority of their kings expi¬
red with their fuccefs. They were not only account¬
able for their own mifcondudl, but likewife for the ca¬
lamities of nature, and the caprice of fortune. They
were depofed if they had loft a battle ; if they fucceeded
ill in any enterprize ; or if, in fhort, any great event
had not correfponded with the hopes of the public.
They were not more favourably treated in cafe of a bad
harveft or vintage, or if any epidemical diftemper had
ravaged the ftate. At firft they were governed by many
kings, and hendin was the title of the royal dignity. ;
But in latter times they were fubjedled to one fove-
reign ; and they grew humane and civilised, efpecially
when Chviftianity was propagated in their country. Be¬
fore that epocha, their religion was much the fame with
that of the other northern nations. They had many
priefts, the chief of whom was diftinguiflied by the name
offiniflrus. He was perpetual, and they paid him great
refpedt and veneration.
BOURIGNON (Antonietta), a famous enthufiaftic
preacher and pretended prophetefs, was horn Lifle
in 1616. At her birth fhe wasfo deformed, that it was
debated fbme days in the family whether it was not |
proper to ftifle her as a monfter : but her deformity di-
minifliing, Are was fpared ; and afterwards obtained fuch
a degree of beauty, that Are had her admirers. From
her childhood to her old age fire had an extraordinary -I
turn of mind. She fet up for a reformer, and publiftied
a great number of books filled with very fingular no,- I
4 ✓ tions; . | §
B 0 XS [ 4S7 ] BOW'
ffiBourignon tions; the moft remarkable of which are intitled The, Some good authors fancy that thefe rhymes are of
L011J rimes ^ of the World,, and The teftimony of Truth. She all others the eafieft, that they affift the invention,
^ ‘ f was an enemy to reafon and common fenfe, which ihe and furnifh the moft new thoughts of all others. Sar-
maintained ought to give place to the illumination of rafin hasapoem on the defeat of the bouts-rimes- The
divine faith ; and aflerted, that whenever any one was academy of Lanternifts at Tholoufe have contributed
born again by embracing her doftrine, fhe felt the towards keeping in countenance the bouts-rimes, by
pains and throes of a woman in labour. Of her pre¬
tended vifions and revelations we ftiall give one inftance
as a fample. In one of her ecftafies fhe faw Adam in
the fame form in which he appeared before his fall, and hereof may be jjiven in the following one, filled up by
the manner in which he was capable of procreating o- P. Comtnire.
propofing each year a fet of fourteen, to be filled up on
the glories of the grand monarque : the vi&orious fon-
net to be rewarded with a fine medal.—An inftance
jr See the
jjirticle A-
ther men, fince he himfelf poffeffed in himfelf the prin¬
ciples of, both fexes#. Nay fhe pretended it was told
her that he had carried this procreating faculty fo far
as to produce the human nature of Jefus Chrift. “ The
firft man (fays fhe), whom Adam brought forth without
any concurrent affiftance in his glorified ftate, was cho-
fen by God to be the throne of the Divinity ; the or¬
gan and inftrument by which God would communi¬
cate himfelf externally to men : This is Chrift the firft
born united to human nature, both God and man.”
Befides thefe and fuch like extravagancies, fhe had other
forbidding qualities : her temper was morofe and pee-
vifh, and fhe was extremely avaricious and greedy of a-
maffing riches. She dreffed like an hermit, and travel¬
led to France, Holland, England, and Scotland.
In the laft fhe made a ftrong party, and fome thou-
fand feftarifts, known by the name of Bourignoifs.
She died at Faneker in the province of Frife, O&ober
30th, 1680, Her works have been printed in 18 vols
odtavo.
BOURN, a town of Lincolnfhire in England,
feated in E. Long. i. 17. N. Eat. 52. 40. It is
Tout ef grand dans le rot, Vafpett feulde fon
Rend nos fiers ennemis plus froids que des
Et Guillaume n’attend que le terns des'
Pour fe voir foccornher fous un bras fi
Shdon ne nous vante plus les miracles dJ
Louis de lien regner lui feroit des
Horace en vain L'egale aux dieux dans fes
Moins que mon heros il etoit fage et
bufte
glagons.
moiffons,
robufte.
Augufte ;
lepons :
chanfons:
jufte, &c.
BOUTON, an ifland in the Eaft Indian ocean, a-
bout 12 miles diftant from the fouth-eaft part of the
ifland of Macaffar, or Celebes. The inhabitants are
fmall, but well flraped, and of a dark olive complexion.
The principal town is Callaiujung,, which is about a
mile from the fea, on tjhe top of a fmall hill, and round
it a ftone wall. The houfes are not built upon the
ground, but on pofts. The religion of the inhabitants
is Mahometar.ifm. E. Long. 122. 30. S. Lat. 4. 30.
BQUVILLON, a city of Luxemburg in the Au-
ftrian Netherlands, fituated in E. Long. 5. o. N. Lat.
49- 55-
BOW {Areas'), a weapon, of offence made of wood,
a pretty large place, has a good market for corn and horn, or other elaftic ipatter, which, after being ftrongr
provifions, and is noted for the coronation of king ly bent, by means of a firing faftened to its two ends,
Edmund. in returning to its natural ftate throws out an arrow
BOURNE, or Burn, an appellation anciently given with great force. It is alfo called the long-low, by
to all little brooks or rivulets, and ftill ufed in the way of diftinaion from the crofs-bow or arbaleft.
fame fenfe in Scotland and in the north of England.
BOURO, an ifland in the Eaft Indian ocean, be¬
tween the Moluccas and Celebes. It is well cultivated ;
and is now fubjea to the Dutch, who have built'a for-
trefs here. Some mountains in it are exceeding high,
and the fea on one fide is uncommonly deep. It pro¬
duces nutmegs and cloves, as well as cocoa and banana
The bow is the moft ancient, and the moft univerfal
of all weapons. It has been found to obtain among the
moft barbarous and remote people, and who had the
leaft communication with the reft of mankind.
The ufe of the bow and arrow was firft abolifhed in-
France under Louis XI. in 1481, and in their place
i introduced the Swifs arms, that is, the halbard,
trees; befides many vegetables introduced by the pike, and broad-fword. The long-bow was formerly
.... - ^ in great vogue in England; moft of our viftories in
France were acquired by it; and many laws were made
to regulate and encourage its- ufe. The parliament
under Henry VIII. complain “ of the difufe of the
long-bow, heretofore the fafe-guard and defence of this
kingdom, and the dread, anti terror of its enemies.” 33
Hen. VIII. cap. 6.
The art of ufing bows is called archery, and thofe
Dutch. It is about'50 miles in circumference. E.
Long. 1290. S. Lat. 4. 30.
BOUTANT, or Arch-Boutant, in archite&ure,
an arch, or part of an arch, abutting againft the reins
of a vault to prevent its giving way.
A Pillar Bout ant, is a large chain or pile of ftone,
made to fupport a wall, terrace, or vault.
BOUTE', in the manege. A horfe is called boutp.
when his legs are in a ftraight line from the knee to pra&ifed therein, archers, or bowmen. See Archery.
’ ’ ' The (Length of a bow may'be calculated on this
principle, that its fgring, i. e. the power whereby it re-
ftores itfelf to its natural pofition, is always proportion¬
ate to the diitance or fpace it is removed therefrom.
The moft barbarous nations often excel in the fabric
the coronet: fhort-jointed" horfes are apt to be boute,
and on the other hand long-jointed horfes are not.
BOUTS-rimes, a poj&glar term in the French poet¬
ry; fignifying certain rhymes, difpofed in order, and
given to a poet together with a fubjeft, to be filled up
with verfes ending in the fame words, and the fame of the particular things which they have the^ greateft
order. The invention of the bouts-rimes is owing to neceffity for in the, common offices of life. 1 he Lap-
one Du Lot, a poet, in the year 1649. In fixing the landers, who fupport themfelves almoft entirely by
bouts, it is ufual to choofe fuch as feem the remoteft, hunting, have an art of making bows, which we, in
and have the leaft connexion. thefe improved parts of the world, have never arrived at.
Their
BOW [ 4S8 ] BOW
Their bow is made of two pieces of tough and ftrong
wood, (haved down to the fame fize, and flatted on
each iide ; the two flat fldes of the pieces are brought
clofely and evenly together, and then joined by means
of a glue made of the flcins of pearch, which they have
in great plenty, and of which they make a glue fupe-
rior in ftrength to any which we have. The tw'O
pieces, w’hen once united in this manner, will never fe*
parate, and the bow is of much more force to expel
the arrow, than it could poflibly have been under the
fame dimenfions if made of only one piece.
Among the ancients, the bow-ftring, called Tpt%ua-tt,
was made of horfes hair, and hence alfo called i*-™* ;
though Homer’s bow-ltrings are frequently made of
hides cut into fmall thongs; whence ^oua.. The
uppermoft part of the bow, to which the tiring was
fattened, was called xopw, being commonly made of
gold, and the latt thing towards finithing the bow.
The Grecian bows were frequently beautified with
gold or filver; whence we have mention of aurei arcus ;
and Apollo is called Apyvporo^o(. But the matter of
which they were ordinarily compofed, feems to have
been wood; though they were anciently, Scythian-
like, made of horn, as appears from that of Pandarus
in Homer, Iliad. v. 105.
The invention of the bow is ufually afcribed to A-
pollo, and wras^ communicated to the primitive in¬
habitants of Crete, who are faid to have been the firft
of mortals who underftood the ule of bows and arrows.
And hence, even in latter ages, the Cretan bows were
famous, and preferred by the Greeks to all others.
Some, however, rather choofe to honour Perfes, the
fon of Perfeus, with the invention of the bow ; while
others afcribe it to Scythes, fon of Jupiter, and pro¬
genitor to the Scythians, who were excellent at this
art, and by many reputed the firft mailers of it. From
them it was derived to the Grecians, fome of whofe
ancient nobility were inftrudled by the Scythians in
the ufe of the bow, which in thofe days palled for a
moil princely education. It was firft introduced into
the Roman army in the fecond Punic war.
The Indians llill retain the bow. In the repofitory
of the Royal Society we fee a Weft Indian bow two
yards long.
The Scythian bow was famous for its incurvation,
which diitingunhed it from the bows of Greece and
other nations ; being fo great as to form an half-moon
or femicircle : whence the Ihepherd in Athenaeus, be¬
ing to defcribe the letters in Thefeus’s name, and ex¬
prefling each of them by fome appofite refemblance,
compares the third to the Scythian bow ; meaning not
the more modern charadter r, but the ancient C, which
is femicircular, and bears the third place in ©HCEVC.
Ctofs-Bojv, is alfo called arbaleji or arbalet; which
word is derived from aria lift a, i. e. arcubalfta, “ a
bow with a fling.” The arbalet confifts of a fteel-bow,
fet in a fliaft of wood, furnilhed with a firing and a
trigger; and is bent with a piece of iron fitted for
that purpofe. It ferves to throw bullets, large ar¬
rows, darts, &c. The ancients had large machines
for thro\jing many arrows at once, called arbalets or
balijhe.
Bow, is alfo an ihftrument ufed at fea, for taking the
fun’s altitude; confifting of a large arch of 90° gra¬
duated, a Ikank or Half, a fide vane, a fight vane, and
an horizon vane. It is now out of ufe.
Bow, among builders, a beam of wood or brafs, with
three long fcrews that diredt a lathe of wood or Heel
to any arch ; chiefly ufed in drawing draughts of Ihips
and projedliotis of the fphere, or wherever it is requi-
fite to draw large arches.
Bow, in mufic, a fmall machine, which, being drawn
over the firings of a mufical inftrument, makes it re¬
found. It is compofed of a fmall Hick, to which are
faftened 80 or too horfe-hairs, and a fcrew which ferves
to give thefe hairs a proper tenfion. In order that the
bow may touch the firings brilkly, it is ufual to rub the
hairs with rofin. The ancients do not appear to have
been acquainted with bows of hair: in lieu hereof they
touched their inftruments with a pledlrum ; over which
our bows have great advantage, for giving long and
fhort founds, and other modifications which a pledlrum
cannot produce.
Bow, among artificers, an inftrument fo called from
its figure ;' jn ufe among gunfmiths, lockfmiths, watch¬
makers, &c. for making a drill go. Among turners it
is the name of that pole fixed to the ceiling, to which
they fafteji the cord that whirls round the piece to be
turned.
Bt)W, a town of Devonlhire in Wales, fituated in W.
Long. 4. o. N. Lat. 50. 45.
Bo iys of a Saddle^ are two pieces of wood laid arch¬
wife to receive the upper part of a horfe’s back, to give
the faddle its due form, and to keep it tight.
The fore-bow which fuftains the pommel, is compo¬
fed of the withers, the breafts, the points or toes, and
the corking.
The hind-bow bears the troufequin or quilted roll.
The bows are covered with finews, that is with bull’s
pizzles beaten, and fo run all over the bows to make
them ftronger. Then they are ftrengthened with bands
of iron to keep them tight; and on the lower fide are
nailed on the faddle ftraps, with which they make fall
the girths.
Bow, Epaule, in fliip-building, the rounding part of
a ftiip’s fide forward, beginning at the place where the
planks arch inwards; and terminated where they clofe,
at the Item or prow. It is proved by a variety of ex¬
periments, that a fliip with a narrow bow is much bet¬
ter calculated for failing fwiftly, than one with a broad
bow ; but is not fo well fitted for a high fea, into
which (he always pitches or plunges her fore-part very
deep, for want of fufficient breadth to repel the volume
of water which fhe fo eafily divides in her fall. The
former of thefe is called by feamen a lean, and the
other a bluff how. “ The bow which meets with the
leaft refittance in a direbl courfe, not only meets with
the leaft refiftance in oblique courfes, but alfo has the
additional property bf driving the leaft to leeward;
which is a double advantage gained by forming the
bow fo as to give it that figure which will be leaft re¬
filled in moving through any medium *
On the Bow, in navigation, an arch of the horizon ^
comprehended between fome diftant objedl and that ^
point of the compafs which is right a-head, or to which
the fhip’s ilern is directed. This phrafe is equally ap¬
plicable when the objedl is beheld from the fliip, or dif-
covered by trigonometrical calculation *. As, we faw a
fleet
BOW [ 489 I BOW
Bow fleet at day-break bearing three points on the Jlarboard-
^er ' that is, three points from that part of the hori-
WCr' zon which is right a-head, towards the right-hand.
See the article Bearing.
Bow-dye, a kind of fcarlet red, fuperior to madder ;
but inferior to the true fcarlet grain for fixednefs and
duration. It was brought into England, and firft prac-
tifed at the village of Bow, near London, by Kephler,
a Dutchman, imthe year 1643.
Bow-grace, in the fea-language, a frame or compo-
fition of old ropes or junks of cables, ufed to be laid
out at the bows, Items, and fides of ihips, to preferve
them from great flakes of ice, chiefly when they fail in
high north or fouth latitudes.
Bow-net, or Bow-wheel, an engine for catching fifli,
chiefly lobfters and craw-fifh, made of two round wick¬
er bafkets, pointed at the end, one of which is thruft
into the other; at the mouth is a little rim, four or five
inches broad, fomewhat bent inwards. It is alfo ufed
for catching fparrows.
Bow-Legged, or Bandy legged. Some children are
bow-legged from their birth; others become fo from
felting them on their feet too early. The tibia of fome
is crooked ; the knees of others are diftorted ; from a
fault in the ankle, the feet of fome are turned inwards.
Thefe are called vari; and in others, who are called
valgi, they are turned outwards. The befl: .method of
preventing thefe diforders in weakly children is to ex-
ercife them duly, but not violently, by dancing or tof-
fing them about in one’s arms; and not fecting them
much upon their feet, at lead not without properly
fupporting them : if the diforder attends at the birth,
or increafes after it is begun, apply emollients, then
apply boots of ftrong leather, wood, &c. fo as gradu¬
ally to difpofe the crooked legs to a proper form; or
•other inftruments may be ufed inftead of boots, which,
“when mot too coftly, are ufiially to be preferred.
• Slighter inftances of thefe diforders yield to careful
nurfing, without inftruments.
Bow-Line, or Bowling, a rope fattened near the
middle of the leech, or perpendicular edge of the fquare
fails, by three or four fubordinate parts called bridles.
It is only ufed when the wind is fo unfavourable that
the fails muft be all braced Tideways, or clofe-hauled to
the wind : in this fituation the bow-lines are employed
to keep the weather or windward edges of the principal
fails tight, forward, and fteady, without which they
would always be fhivering, and rendered incapable of
fervice. To check the bow-line is to flacken it, when
the wind becomes large.
Bow-Pieces, are the pieces of ordnance at the bow
of a ftlip.
Rain-Bow. See Rain-Bow.
Bow-Bearer, an inferior officer of the foreft, who
is fworn to make inquifitibn of all trefpafles againft vert
or venifon, and to attach offenders.
BOWELS, in anatomy, the fame with inteftines.
See Anatomy, n® 93.
BOWER, in gardening, a place under covert of
trees, differing only from an arbour, as being round or
fquare, and made with a kind of dome or ceiling at
top; whereas the arbour is always built long and
arched.
Bower, in the fea-language, the name of an anchor
Vol. III. Part II.
carried at the bow of a (hip. There are generally two Bowefs,
bowers; called yfoy? and fecond, great and little, esc bell H .. •"
and /mail bower. See Anchor. , ^ ^re- .
BOWESS, or Bowet, in falconry; a young hawk,
when fhe draws any thing out of her neft, and covets
to clamber on the boughs.
BOWL, denotes either a ball of wood, for the ufe
of bowling ; or a veffel of capacity, wherein to hbld li¬
quors.
BOWLDER-stones, fmall ftones, of a roundifh fi¬
gure, and no determinate fize, found on the fea-lhore,
and on banks or rather channels of rivers.
BOWLING, the art of playing at bowls.—This
game is praftifed either in open places, as bares and
bowling-greens, or in clofe bowling-alleys.
The fkill of bowling depends much on a knowledge
of the ground, and the right choice of a bowl fuitable
to it: for clofe alleys, the flat bowl ; for green fwards
plain and level, the bowl as round as a ball is prefer¬
red.
The terms ufed in bowling are, to bowl wide, which
is when the bias does not hold, or is not ftrong enough;
narrow, when it is too ftrong, or holds too much;
finely bowled, is when the ground is well chofen, and
the bowl paffes near the block, even though it goes
much beyond it; bowling through, or a yard over, is
done in order to move the block ; an over bowl, that
which goes beyond it; a bowl laid at hand, is that put
down within the gamefter’s reach, to be in the way of
the next bowler, and hinder his having the advantage
of the beft ground ; bowling at length, neither bowling
through nor Ihort; a dead length, a juft or exaift one ;
throwing or flinging, is difcharging a bowl with a
ftrength purpofely too great for a length, in order to
carry off either the block or fome near bowl; bowl-
room, or miftng-wood, is when a bowl has free paffage,
without ftriking on any other ; get off, is when a bowl
being narrow, is wanted to be wider; bowl bejl at block,
that neareft the block; drawing a caft or bowl, is to
win it by bowling nearer, without ftirring either the
bowl or block ; a bowl is faid to rub, when it meets
with fome obftacle in the ground, which retards its
motion, and weakens its force ; it is gone, when far
beyond the block. Block fignifies a little bowl laid for
a mark, alfo called a jack. Mark, is a proper bowling
diftance, not under fo many yards; and being at leaft
a yard and a half from the edge of the green. Ground,
a bag or handkerchief laid down to mark where a bowl
is to go. Lead, the advantage of throwing the block,
and bowling firft. Cajl, is one beft bowl at an end.
End, a hit, or when all tire bowls are out. The game,
or up, is five cafts or beft bowls.
BowtiNG-Green, in gardening, a kind of parterre in
a grove, laid with fine turf, requiring to be frequently
mowed, laid out in compartments of divers figures,
with dwarf-trees and other decorations. Bowling-
greens are of Englifh origin, but have been adopted
by the French and Italians, who have them only for
ornament ; being unacquainted with or not fancying
the exercife, on account of which they were firft made
in England.
BowLWG-Bridles, are the ropes by which the bow¬
line is faftened to the leech of the fail.
BOWSE, in the fea-language, fignifies as much as
3 Q_ to
Bowfprk,
BOW [ 490 ] BOW
to hah or pull. Thus boivjtng upon a tack, is haling
upon a tack. Bowfe away, that is, Pull away all to¬
gether.
BOWSPRIT, or Boltsprit, a kind of mad, rett¬
ing Hope wife on the head of the main ftern, and having
its lower end fattened to the partners of the fore-matt,
and farther fapported by the fore-ftay. It carries the
fprit-fail, fprit-top-fail, and jack-ftaff; and its length
is ufually the fame with that of the fore-matt.
BOWYER (William), the moft learned printer
of his age, was born at White Friars in London.
December 17. 1699. His father, whofe name alfo
Was William, had been eminent in the fame profeffion ;
and his maternal grandfather (Icabod Dawks) was
employed in printing the celebrated Polyglott bible
of bifhop Walton. At a proper age, he was placed
for grammatical education under the care of Mr Am-
brofe Bonwicke, a nonjuring clergyman of known
piety and learning, who then lived at Headly, near
Leatherhead in Surry. Here Mr Bowyer made great
advances in literature, and a firm attachment com¬
menced betwixt him and his matter. On the 30th of
January 1713, the whole property of the elder Mr
Bowyer was deftroyed by fire ; on which occafion Mr
Bonwicke generoufly undertook the education of his
pupil for one year. In 1716, young Mr Bowyer was
admitted a fizar at St John’s college, Cambridge,
where Dr Robert Jenkin was at that time matter.
He continued at the college of Cambridge under the
tuition of the reverend Dr John Newcome till June
J 722, during which period he probably took his de¬
gree of Bachelor of Arts; and it appears that he Was
defirous of obtaining a fellowlhip, though it is not cer¬
tain that he ever ftood a candidate for that honour.
Soon after this he had an opportunity of repaying the
kindnefs which Mr Bonwicke had fhown him, by of¬
ficiating fome time after his death in the capacity of a
fchoolmafter for the benefit.of his family.
Mr Bowyer now entered into the printing-bufinefs
along with his father. One of the firft books which
received the benefit of his corre&ion was the complete
edition of Seldeu in three volumes folio by Dr David
Wilkins. This edition was begun in 1722, and fi-
nifhed in 1726; and Mr Bowyer’s great attention to
it appeared in his drawing up an epitome of Selden
de Synedriit, as he read the proof-ttieets. In 1727, he
drew up an excellent flcetch of William Baxter’s Glof-
fary of the Roman Antiquities. This was called “ A
view of a book intitled Reliquht Baxterianx. In a let¬
ter to a friend.” A fingle fheet 8vo. By this firft
public proof of Mr Bowyer’s abilities, Dr Wotton and
Mr Clarke were highly pleafed; but as it was never
publifhed, and very few copies printed, it is very feldom
found with tire gloflary. In 1727 Mr Bowyer loft his
mother; on which occafion he received a letter of
confolation from Mr ChKhull the learned editor of the
jintiquitates udfiatiae. In October 1728 he married
Mifs Ann Prudom, his mother’s niece, a very accom-
pliihed lady, by whom he had two fons, William and
Thomas; the former of whom died an infant, and the
latter furvived his father. In >729 Mr Bowyer pub-
liflied a curious treatife, intitled, “ A Pattern for
young Students in the Univerfity ; fet forth in the
Life of Ambrofe Bonwicke, fome time fcholar of St
John’s College, Cambridgebut though this treatife
was generally afcribed to Mr Bowyer, it was m reality
the production of Mr Ambrofe Bonvvicke the elder.
About this time it appears, that Mr Bowyer had writ¬
ten a pamphlet againft the Separatifts, though neither
the title nor the occafion of it are now remembered.
The fame year, through the friendfhip of the Right
Hon. Arthur Onflow, he was appointed printer of the
Votes of the Houfe of Commons; which office he
held, under three fucceffive fpeakers, for near fifty
years. In 1731 Mr Bowyer publifhed, and, it is be¬
lieved, tranjlated Voltaire’s Life of Charles XII. Thi*
year alfo his wife died ; on which occafion his friends
Mr Clarke and Mr Chiftml wrote him very affedtionate
and Chriftian letters. He remained a widower till
1747, when he married a very benevolent and worthy
woman, Mrs Elizabeth Bill, by whom he had no chil¬
dren. In 1733 he publifhed a piece in twofheets 4to,
intitled, “ The Beau and the Academicbeing a
tranflation from a Latin poem recited that year at the
Sheldonian theatre ; and in 1736 he was admitted in¬
to the Society of Antiquarians, where he became an
a&ive and ufeful member. In 1737 Mr Bowyer loft:
his father; and on this occafion Mr Clarke again ad-
drefled to him a letter of confolation. In 1742 our
author publifhed a tranflation of Trapp’s Latin Lec¬
tures on Poetry, in which he was affitted by Mr Clarke,
though the latter had a contemptible opinion of the.
performance.
In 1749, Mr Bowyer, along with Dr Burton, was.
virulently attacked by Dr King in a piece intitled
Ehgium famx inferviens yacci ElonerifisJive Gigantis 2
or, “ The praifes of Jack Eaton, commonly called
Jack the Giant.”—This abufe was probably occafion-
ed by Mr Bowyer’s having hinted in converfation fome
doubts concerning the Do&or’s fkill in Latin. Our au¬
thor drew up fome ftri&ures in his own defence, which
he intended to infert at the conclufion of a preface to
Montefquieu’s Reflections ; but by Dr Clarke’s advice
they were omitted. In 1750, a prefatory critical dif-
fertation and fome notes were annexed by our author
to Kufter’s Treatife De ufu verborum mediorum; ?k
new edition of which, with farther improvements, ap¬
peared in 1773. He wrote likewife about the fame
time a Latin preface to Leedes’s Veteres poet a citati.
See.—Being foon after employed to print an edition
of Col. Bladen’s tranflation of Csefar’s Commentaries^
that work received confiderable improvements from Mr
Bowyer’s hands, with the addition of fuch notes in it
as are figned Typogr. In the fubfequent editions of
this work, though printed by another perfon during our
author’s lifetime, the feme fignature, though contrary
to decorum, and even to juftice, was ftill retained. In
1751, he wrote a long preface to Montefquieu’s “ Re¬
flexions on the rife and fall of the Roman Empire;”
tranflated the dialogue between Sylla and Socrates 4
made feveral correftions to the work from the Baron’s
“ Spirit of Laws;” and improved it with his own
notes. A new edition, with many new notes, was
printed in 1759. In 175! he alfo publifhed the firft
tranflation that ever was made of Roufleau’s paradox!-*
cal oration, which gained the prize at the academy of
Dijon in 1750; and which firft announced that fingu-
lar genius to the attention and admiration of Europe..
On the publication of the third edition of Lord Orrery’s
“ Remarks on the Life and Writings of Dr Swift,” in
*752»
Bowyer..
BOW [ 491 ] BOW
Bw/er. i75’j, Mr Bowyer wrote and printed, but never pub- thor. In 1765, at the requeft of Thomas Hollis, Bowyer.
Jiihed, “Two Letters from Dr Bentley in the Shades Efq; Mr Bowyer wrote a fhort Latin preface to Dr '——v■
below, to Lord Orrery in a Land of thick darknefs.” Wallis’s Grammatica Lingua: Anglican#. He wrotev
The notes figned B, in the ninth quarto volume of alfo a larger Englifh preface for the fame work, which,
Swift’s works, are extracted from thefe Letters. In however, ftill remains unprinted. In 1766 he entered
*753, he endeavoured to allay the ferment occafioned into partnerlhip with Mr Nichols, who had been train-
by the Jew bill; with which view he publiihed, in ed by him to the profeffion, and had for feveral years
quarto, “ Remarks on the fpeech made in common- affiHed him in the management of his bulinefs. The
council, on the bill for permitting perforts profefling
the Jewifh religion to be naturalized, fo far as prophe¬
cies are fuppofed to be affefted by it.” This little traft
was written with fpirit, and well received by thofe who
were fuperior to narrow prejudices. Its defign was to
(how, that whatever political reafons might be alleged
againft the bill, Chriftianity was in no danger of being
prejudiced by the intended prote&ion promifed to the
Jews. The fame year fome of Mr Bowyer’s notes
Were annexed to Bifhop Claton’s tranflation of “ A
Journal from grand Cairo to mount Sinai and back
again.”—In 1754, Mr Bowyer, with a view of leflen-
ing his fatigue, entered into partnerlhip with a rela¬
tion ; but fome difagreement arifing, the connexion
was dilfolved in three years. On the death of Mr
Richardfon in 1761, Mr Bowyer fucceeded him as
printer to the Royal Society, through the favour of the
late Earl of Macclesfield; and, under the friendlhip of
five fucceffive prefidents, enjoyed that office till his death.
In 1 763, Mr Bowyer publilhed an excellent edition
of the Greek Teftament, in two vols izmo. It ap¬
peared under! the following title : Novum ‘Tejlamentum
Gracum; ad fidem Gr#corum folurn Codicum MSS.
nunc primum imprejfum, adjlipulante Joanne Jacobo
Wetftenio, jnxta Seliiones Jo. Alberti Bengelii divifum;
et nova interpretations fxpius illujlratum. AcceJJere in
altero volumine, Emendationes conjeflurales virorum doc-
tor urn undecunque colie ft a. This fold with great rapi¬
dity : the Conjectural Emendations were well received
by the learned, and are thought to be a valuable work.
The prelident and fellows of Havard college in .Cam¬
bridge expreffed their approbation of this edition in
very high terms. In a letter to Mr Bowyer, written
in the year 1767, “This work (fay they), though
fmall in bulk, we efteem as a rich treafure of facred
learning, and of more value than many large volumes
of the commentators.” A fecond edition of the Con¬
jectures on the New Teftament, with very confiderable
enlargements, was feparately publifhed, in one vol. 8vo,
in 1772. Bilhop Warburton having cenfured a paf-
fage in the former edition, Mr Bowyer fent him a copy
of this book, with a conciliatory letter. Dr War-
burton’s Divine Legation had received very confider¬
able advantage from Mr Bowyer’s corrections; and
this even in an edition which was neceffarily given to
another prefs. In 1761 he was employed to print his
Lordfhip’s DoCtrine of Grace. A fecond edition be¬
ing foon wanted, and Mr Bowyer not having been in-
trufted with the care of it, he prepared a feries of let¬
ters to the bifhop in his own defence; of which, toge¬
ther with a few he had formerly received from that
great writer, he afterwards printed twelve copies, of
which ten have fince been deftroyed. However, there
is the beft authority for afferting, that notwithftand-
ing any little altercations which happened, Dr War-
burton always retained a fincere regard for our au-
fame year, Mr Bowyer wrote an excellent Latin pre¬
face to Joannis Harduini, Jefuita, ad Cenfuram
Scriptorum veterum Prolegomena. Juxta Autogra-
phum. In 1767 he was appointed to print the jour¬
nals of the Houfe of Lords and the Rolls of Parliament.
This year he printed Mr Cark’s excellent and learned
work on “ The Connexion of the Roman, Saxon, and
Englifh Coins and wrote fome notes upon it, which
are interfperfed throughout the volume with thofe of
the author. Part of the Differtation on the Roman
feftefce was likewife Mr Bowyer’s production ; and
the index, which is an uncommonly good one, was
drawn up by him entirely.
In January 1771 Mr Bowyer loft his fecond wife,
and again received a letter of confolation from his old
friend Mr Clarke, who had fent him one almoft forty
years before on a fimilar occafion. In the Philofophi-
cal Tran factions for this year was printed a very inge¬
nious “ Inquiry into the Value of the ancient Greek
and Roman Money,” by the late Matthew Raper,
Efq. But his opinions not coinciding with thofe of
Mr Bowyer, he printed a fmall pamphlet, intitled,
“ Remarks, occafioned by a late DifTertation on the
Greek and Roman money.” In 1773 three little
traCts were publifhed-by.him, under the title of “ Se-
leCt Difcourfes. 1. Of the correfpondence of the He¬
brew months with the Julian, from the Latin of Pro-
feflbr Michaelis. 2. Of the Sabbatical years, from the
fame. S-.Qf the years^of jubilee, from an anonymous
writer in Maftbn’s Hiftoire Critique de la Republique
des Lettres.” In 1774 he corrected a new edition
of Schrevelius’s Greek Lexicon ; to which he has add¬
ed a number of words, diftinguifhed by an afterifk,
which he himfelf had collected in the courfe of his
ftudies. Confiderable additions, ftill in manufcript,
were made by him to the lexicons of Hederic and
Buxtorf, the Latin ones of Faber and Littleton, and
the Englifh Dictionary of Bailey ; and he left behind
him many, other proofs of his critical fkill in the learn¬
ed languages. In 1774 was publiftied, “ The Origin
of printing, in two Eflays. 1. The fubftance of Dr
Middleton’s Diflertation on the Origin of Printing in
England. 2. Mr Meerman’s Account of the Inven¬
tion of the Art at Haerlem, and its progrefs to
Mentz, with occafional Remarks, and an Appendix.”
The original idea of this valuable traCt was Mr Bow¬
yer’s, but it was completed by Mr Nichols.
Although our author, during the left ten years of
hts life, had been afflicted with the palfy and ftone, he
not only preferved a remarkable cheerfulnefs of tem¬
per, but was enabled to fuppoft the labour of almoft;
inceffant reading ; and he regularly correfted the
learned works, efpecially the Greek books, which'came
from his prefs. This he continued to do till within
a few weeks of his death, which happened in Novem¬
ber 1777, when he had nearly completed his78th year.
3 For
BOW [ 492 ] BOX
Bowyers for more than half a century Mr Bowyer was unriyal-
I! led as a learned printer; and many of the moft ma-
■ ' . fterly prodii&ions of this kingdom have come from his
prefs. To his literary and profeffional abilities he add¬
ed an excellent moral character; and he was particu¬
larly diftinguilhed by his inflexible probity, and an un¬
common alacrity in relieving the neceffitous.
BOWYERS, artificers whofe bufinefs is to make
bows; in which fenfe, bowyera Hand diftinguifhed
from Hetchers, who made arrows.
The bowyers company in London was incorporated
in 1620 : and confifts of a mailer, two wardens, twelve
afiiftants, and 30 on the livery. See Archery.
BOX, in its moll common acceptation, denotes a
fmall cheft or coffer for holding things.
Dice-Box, a narrow deep cornet, channelled within,
wherein the dice are lhaken and thrown. This anlwers
to what the Romans calledfritillus ; whence, crepitan¬
tes fritilli ; and, in Seneca, refonante fritillo. The fame
author ufes alfo concutere fritillum, figuratively, for
playing.—Befides the fritillus, the Romans, for greater
fecurity, had another kind of dice-box called pyrgus,
irupytgr,. and fometimes turricula. It was placed im¬
moveable in the middle of the table, being perforated
or open at both ends, and likewife channelled within ;
Over the top was placed a kind of funnel, into which
the dice were call out upon the fritillus ; whence de-
fcending, they fell through the bottom on the table ;
by which all pradlificg on them with the fingers was
effeftually prevented. For want of fome contrivance
of this kind, our lharpers have opportunities of playing
divers tricks wdth the box, as palming, topping, flab-
bing, &c.
Box, is alfo ufed for an uncertain quantity or mea-
fure : thus a box of quickfilver contains from one to
two hundred weight; a box of prunellas only 14
pounds ; a box of rings for keys, two grofs, &c.
Box-Tree, in botany. See Buxus.
African-Box. See Myrsine.
BOXERS, a kind of athletae, who combat or con¬
tend for vidlory with their fills. Boxers amount to the
fame with what among the Romans were called pugiles.
The ancient boxers battled with great force and fury,
infomuch as to dalh out each others teeth, break bones,
and often kill each other. The llrange disfigurements
thefe boxers underwent were fuch that they frequently
could not be known, and rendered them the fubjedl of
many railleries. In the Greek anthology there are four
epigrams of the poet Lucilius, and one of Lucian,
wherein their disfigurements are pleafantly enough ex-
pofed. See Boxing.
BOXHORNIUS (Marc Zuerius), a learned critic
born at Bergen-op-Zoom in 1612, was profeflbr of elo¬
quence at Leyden, and at length of politics andhillory
in the room of Heinfius. He publilhed, i. Theatrum
urbium Hollandice. 2. Scriptores hijipria Augufce, cum
notis. 3. Poet a fatyrici minores, cum comment. 4. Notes
on Jullin, Tacitus; and a great number of other works.
He died in 1653, aged 41.
BOXING, the exercife of fighting with the fills,
either naked or with a Hone or leaden ball grafped in
them : in which fenfe, boxing coincides with the pugil-
latus of the Romans, and what on our amphitheatres
is fometimes called trial of manhood. When the
champions had or balls, whether of lead or
Hone, it was properly denominated er-tipo/taxi*. The Boxing,
ancient boxing differed from the pugna caijlmm, in ■v*—^
which the combatants had leathern. thongs on their
hands, and balls to offend their antagonills; though
this diftindlion is frequently overlooked, and fighting
with the cajius ranked as a part of the bufinefs of />«»
giles. We may dillinguifh three fpecies of boxing ;
viz. where both the head and hands were naked ; where
the hands were armed and the head naked ; and where
the head was covered with a kind of cap called am-
photides, and the hands alfo furnilhed with the cee-
Jius.
Boxing is an ancient exercife, having been in ufe in
the heroic ages. Thofe who prepared themfelves for
it, ufed all the means that could be contrived to ren¬
der themfelves fat and flelhy, that they might be bet¬
ter able to endure blows: whence corpulent men or
women were ufually called pugiles, according to Te¬
rence : Si qua eji habitior paulo, pugilem ejj'e aiunt.
In modern times this art has been in a manner appro¬
priated by the Engliih. About half a century ago it
formed as regular an exhibition as we now fee at any
of the places of public amufement, the theatres alone
excepted. It was encouraged by the firll ranks of the
nobility, patronifed by the firll fubjedl in the realm, I
and tolerated by the magillrates. Before the ellablilh- i
ment of Broughton’s amphitheatre, a Booth was erec¬
ted at Tottenham Court, in which the proprietor, Mr
George 1'aylor, invited the profeffors of the art to
difplay their Ikill, and the public to be prefent at its
exhibition. The bruifers then had the reward due to
their prowefs, in a divifion of , the entrance-money,
which fometimes was 100, or 150I. The general
mode of lharing was for two thirds to go to the win- ■> ;i
ning champion, while the remaining third was the
right of the lofer ; though fometimes by an exprefs a-
greement of the parties, the conqueror and the van- ?
quifhed lhared alike. The nobility and gentry ha¬
ving complained of the inconveniences fullained at
Taylor’s Booth, prevailed on Mr Broughton, who was
then riling into note as the firll bruifer in London, to
build a place better adapted for fuch exhibitions. |
This was accordingly done ia 1742, principally by I
fubfcription, behind Oxford-road. The building was
called Broughton’s New Amphitheatre '; and, befides
the llage for the combatants, had feats correfponding 9
to the boxes, pit, and.galleries, much in the fame man¬
ner with thofe at Allley’s.* After a courfe of years,.
however, thefe exhibitions became gradually lefs pa- ;]
tronifed and frequented, owing probably to the re¬
finement of our manners. Lately, indeed, they
feemed to be* revived, and for fomc time confiderably
engaged the attention of the public ; but a fatal iffue
which attended one of them, brought the practice a-
gain into difrepute. One of the combatants was kil- ' fj
led on the fpot. His royal highnefis the Prince of
Wales was prefent, and declared that he would have
fome fettlement made on the nearell relation of the
deceafed, but that on account of the dreadful exam¬
ple he had then witneffed he would never more either "; I
fee or patronife another llage-fight.
Boxing, among failors, is ufed to denote the re-
hearfing the feveral points of the compafs in their pro- ||
per order.
Bo-xing is alfo ufed for the tapping of a tree to
make
BOY L 493 1 BOY
Joxtehude make it yield its juice. The boxing of maple is per-
1 II formed by making an hole with an ax or chiffel into
the fide of the tree about a foot from the ground ; out
of it flows a liquor of which fngar is made.
BOXTEfTJDE, a town of Germany, in the circle
^f Lower Saxony, fubjeft to the Lanes. It is ieated
on the rivulet Efle, which falls into the’ Elbe, in E.
Long. 9. 35. N. Lat. 53. 40.
BOXTEL, a town in Dutch Brabant, with fluices,
feated on the river Bommel. E. Long. 5. 15. N. Lat.
51 3°-
BOYAR, a term ufed for a grandee of Ruflia and
Tranfylvania. Becman fays, that the boyars are the
upper nobility ; and adds, that the Czar of Mufcovy,
in his diplomas, names the boyars before the way-
wodes. See Waywode.
BOYAU, in fortification, a ditch covered with a
parapet, which ferves as a communication between two
trenches. It runs parallel to the works of the body of
the place ; and ferves as a line of contravallation, not
only to hinder the fallies of the befieged, but alfo to
fe.cure the manners. But when it is a particular cut
that runs from the trenches to cover fome fpot of
ground, it is drawn fo as not to be enfiladed or fcoured
1 t by the fliot from the town.
BOYD (Mark Alexander), an extraordinary genius,
was fon of Robert Boyd, who was eldefl: foil of Adam
Boyd of Pinkhill, brother to Lord Boyd. He was born
in Galloway on the 13th of January 1562, and came
into the world with teeth. He learned the rudiments
of the Latin and Greek languages at Glafgow under
two grammarians ; but was of fo high and untraftable
a fpirit, that they defpaired of ever making him a fcho-
lar. Having quarrelled with his mailers, he beat them
both, burnt his books, and forfwore learning. While
i he was yet a youth, he followed the court, and did his
utmofl: to pulh his interell there ; but the fervour of
his temper foon precipitated him into quarrels, from
which he came off with honour and fafety, though fre¬
quently at the hazard of his life. He, with the ap¬
probation of his friends, went to ferve in the French
army, and carried his little patrimony with him, which
he foon diffipated at play. He was Ihortly after roufed
by that emulation which is natural to great minds, and
applied himfeif to letters with unremitted ardour, till
he became one of the moll confummate fcholars of his
age. ^ He is laid to have tranllated Caefar’s Commen¬
taries into Greek in the' llyle of Herodotus, and to
have written many Latin poems which were little in¬
ferior to the firft productions of the Auguftan age.
He alfo left feveral manufcripts on philological, politi¬
cal, and hillorical fubjefts, in Latin and French, which
U languages were as familiar to him as his native tongue,
fl He could" with facility di&ate to three amanuenfes at
Hi- the fame time, in different languages, and on different
fubjefts. He was alfo one of the bell Scottilh poets,
yi of the age. To all this we mull add, that his perfonal
8 beauty and accomplilhments were equal to his mental
fuperiority. He died at Pinkhill in Scotland, in 1601.
The' following works,. which are all that have been
I ’printed, were publilhed m Delict# Poetarum Scotorum;
1 ■ Amftel. 1637, izmo. i. Epigrammata,\\h.i\. z.He-
roidum EpiftoU XIV. lib. i. 3. Hymni XIV.
|> BOYER (Abel), a well-known gloffographer and
1, hilloriographer, born at Callres in France, in 1664.
Upon the revocation of the edift of Nantz, he went
firll to Geneva, then to Franeker, where he finilhed
his Undies ; and came finally to England, where he ap¬
plied himfeif fo clofely to the lludy of the Englilh lan¬
guage, and made fo great a proficiency therein, that he
became an author of confiderable note in it, being em¬
ployed in the writing of feveral periodical and political
works. He was for many years concerned in, and had
the principal management of, a newfpaper called the
Pojl-boy. He likewife publilhed a monthly work, in-
titled, the Political flat e of Great Britain- He wrote
a life of queen Anne in folio, which is elleemed a very
goocj chronicle of that period of the Englilh hiftory.
But what has rendered him the molt known, and ella-
blilhed his name to the lateft polleiity, are the excel¬
lent Didlionary and Grammar of the French language;
which he compiled, and which have been and Hill are
reckoned the belt in their kind. He alfo wrote, or ra¬
ther tranflated from the French of M. de Racine, the
tragedy of Iphigenia, which he publilhed under the
title of The Vittim. It was performed with fuccefs at
the theatre of D-rury-lane, and is far from being a bad
play. Nor can there perhaps be a ftronger inllance of
the abilities of its author, than fuccefs in fuch an at¬
tempt ; fince writing with any degree of correftnefs
or elegance, even in profe, in a language which we
were not born to the fpeaking of, is an excellence not
very frequently attained ; but to proceed fo far in the
perfection of it as to be even fufferable in poetry, and
more efpecially in that of the Drama, in which the
didion and manner of exprefiion require a peculiar
dignity and force, and in a language fo difficult to at¬
tain the perfeft command of as the Englilh, is what
has been very feldom accomplilhed. He died in 1729.
Boyer, in navigation, a kind of Flemifh Hoop, or-
fmali veffel of burden, having a boltfprit, a caitle at
each end, and a tall mall; chiefly fit for the navigation
of rivers, and in many of its parts refembling a fmack.
BQYES, idolatrous prielts among the favages of
Florida. Every priell attends a particular idol, and
the natives addrefs themfelves to the priell of that idol
to which they intend to pay their devotion. The idol
is invoked in-hymns, and his ufual offering is the fmoke
of tobacco.
BOYLE (Richard), one of the greateft llatefmen
of the lall century, and generally ftyled the Great earl
of Corke, was the youngell fon of Mr Roger Boyle, and
was born at Canterbury, on the 3d of OClober, 1566.
He lludied at Bennet college, Cambridge ; afterwards •
became a ftudent in the Middle Temple. Having loll
his father and mother, and being, unable to fupport
himfeif in the piofecution of his lludies, he became
cle'rk to Sir Richard Manhood, one of the chief barons
of the exchequer; but finding that by his employment
Tie could not raife his fortune, he went to Ireland in
1588, with fewer pounds in his pocket than he after¬
wards acquired thoufands a-year. He was then about,
22, had a graceful perfon, and many accomplilhments,
.which enabled him to render himfeif ufeful to feveral of
the principal perfons employed in the government, by
drawing up for them memorials, cafes, and anfwers. In
1595, he married Joan the daughter and coheirefs of
William Anfley, who had fallen in love with him; and
Ihe dying in labour of her firll child, who was born dead,
in 1599, left him an .eltate of 500/. a-year in land. In >
con- -
BOY L 494 J BO Y
Boy!e. confequence of various fervices, and the great abilities
he difplayed, he gradually rofe to the higheft offices,
and even to the dignity of the peerage of Ireland ; to
which he was raifed by king James I. on the 29th of
September 1616, by the ftyle and title of baron of
Tough all, in the county of Cork : four years after, he
was created vifeount Dungarvan and earl of Cork; and
in 1631 was made lord treafurer of Ireland, an honour
that was made hereditary to his family. He particu¬
larly diftinguiffied himfelf by the noble (land he made,
when the fatal rebellion broke out in that kingdom, in
the reign of Charles I.; and in his old age afted with
as much bravery and military fkill, as if he had been
trained from his infancy to the profeffion of arms. He
turned the caftle of Lifmore, his capital feat, into a
fortrefs capable of -demanding refpedf 'from the Irifti.
He immediately armed and difeiplined his fervants and
Proteftant tenants; and by their affiftance, and a fmall
army raifed and maintained at his own expence, which
he put under the command of his four fons, defended
the province of Munfter, and in the fpace of a year
took feveral ftrong caflles, and killed upwards of 3000
of the enemy: during which time he paid his forces
regularly ; and when all his money was gone, like a
true patriot, converted his plate into coin. This great
man died on the 15th of September, 1634.
Boyle (Richard), earl of Burlington and Cork,
fon to the former, was a nobleman of unblemiffied
loyalty in rebellious times, and of untainted integrity
in times of the greateft corruption. He was born at
Youghall, O&ober 20th, 1612, while his father was in
the beginning of his profperity, and only Sir Richard
Boyle. He diftinguiffied himfelf by his loyalty to king
Charles I. He not only commanded troops, but raifed
and for a long time paid them, and continued to wait
upon the king as long as any one place held out for
him in England, and then was forced to compound for
his eftate. He contributed all in his power to the Re-
lloration ; on which king Charles II. raifed him to the
dignity of earl of Burlington, or Bridlington, in the
county of York, in the year 1663. He died Jan. 15.
1697-8, in the 86th year of his age.
Boyle (Roger), earl of Orrery, younger brother of
the former, and the fifth fon of Richard, ftyled the Great
earl of Cork, was born April 25. 1621; and by the
credit of his father with the lord deputy Faulkland,
raifed to the dignity and title of baron Broghill, when
only feven years old. He was educated at the college
of Dublin, where he foon diftinguiffied himfelf as an
early and promifing genius. He afterwards made the
tour of France and Italy; and at his return affifted his
father in oppofing the rebellious Iriffi, in which he be¬
haved with all the fpirit of a young, and all the difere-
tion of an old, officer. Upon the murder of the king,
he retired to Marfton in Somerfetffiire, and hid him¬
felf in the privacy of a clofe retirement; but being at
length affiamed to fit the tame fpe&ator of all the mif-
chief that appeared round him, he refolved to attempt
Ibmething in favour of the king ; and under the pre¬
tence of going to the Spa for the recovery of his health,
he determined to crofs the feas, and apply himfelf to
king Charles II. for a commiffion to raife what forces
he could in Ireland, in order to reftore his majefty, and
. ^recover his own eftate. To this purpofe, he prevailed
on the earl of Warwick to procure a licence for his
going to the Spa; and having raifed a confiderable fum
of money, came up to London to profecute his voy- 1
age: but he had not been long in town when he re¬
ceived a meffage from Cromwell, who was then gene¬
ral of the parliament’s forces, that he intended to wait
upon him. The lord Broghill was furprifed at thia*
meflage, having never had the leaft acquaintance with
Cromwell; and defired the gentleman to let the gene¬
ral know, that he would wait upon his excellency. But
while he was waiting the return of the meffenger,
Cromwell entered the room ; and after mutual civilities
had pafled between them, told him in few words, that
the committee of ftate were apprifed of his defign of
going over and applying to Charles Stuart for a com¬
miffion to raife forces in Ireland ; and that they were
determined to make an example of him, if he himfelf
had not diverted them from that refolution. The
lord Broghill interrupted him, by afiuring him that the
intelligence which the committee had received was
falfe, and that he neither was in a capacity nor had
any inclination to raife difturbances in Ireland: but
Cromwell, inftead of making any reply, drew fome
papers out of bis pocket, which were the copies of fe¬
veral letters which the lord Broghill had fent to thofe
perfons in whom he moft confided, and put them into
his hands. The lord Broghill, upon the perufal of
thefe papers, finding it to no purpofe to difiemble any
longer, alked his excellency’s pardon for what he had
faid, returned him his humble thanks for his prote&ion
againft the committee, and intreated his direftion how
to behave in fuch a delicate conjun&ure. Cromwell
told him, that though till this time he had been a
ftranger to his perfon, he was not fo to his merit and
charafter : he had heard how gallantly his lordffiip
had behaved in the Iriffi wars; and therefore, fince he
was named lord lieutenant of Ireland, and the reducing
that kingdom was now become his province, he had
obtained leave of the committee to offer his lordffiip
the command of a general officer, if he would ferve in
that war; and he ffiould have no oaths or engagement#
impofed upon him, nor be obliged to draw his fword
againft any but the Iriffi rebels.
The lord Broghill was infinitely furprifed at fo ge¬
nerous and unexpected an offer. He faw himfelf at li¬
berty, by all the rules of honour, to ferve againft the
Itiffi, whofe rebellion and barbarities were equally de-
tefted by the royal party and the parliament. He de¬
fired, however, fome time to confider of what had been
propofed to him. But Cromwell brifkly told him, that
he muft come to fome refolution that very inftant: that
he himfelf was returning to the committee, who were
ftiU fitting ; and if his lordffiip reje&ed their offer,
they had determined to fend him to the tower. Up¬
on this, the lord Broghill, finding that his liberty and
life were in the utmoft danger,"gave his word and ho¬
nour that he would faithfully ferve him againft the
Jriffi rebels : on which Cromwell once more affured
him, that the conditions which he had made with him
ffiould be punftually obferved; and then ordered him
to repair to Briftol, adding, that he himfelf would
foon follow him into Ireland. Lord Broghill, there¬
fore, having fettled the bufinefs of his command, went
over into that country; where, by his conduft and
intrepidity, he performed many important fervices, and
fully juftified the opinion Cromwell had conceived of
him.
B O Y
him. By his own interefl he now rsifed a.gallant troop
J of horfe, confifting chiefly of gentlemen attached to him
by perfonal friendfhip; v;hich corps was foon increafed
to a complete regiment of i^oo men. Thefe he led
into the field againll the Iiiih rebels; and was fpeedily
joined by Cromwell, who placed the highelt confidence
in his new ally, and found him of the greateft; confe-
quence to the intereft of the commonwealth.
Among other confiderable exploits performed by
lord Broghill, the following deferves to be particularly
mentioned. Whilft Cromwell laid fiege to Clonwell,
Broghill being detached to difperfe a body of 5000 men
who had affembled to relieve the place, he, with 2coo
horfe and dragoons, came up with the enemy at Mae-
crooms on the 10th of May 1650; and, without waiting
for the arrival of his foot, immediately attacked and
routed them,making their general prifoner. Then pro- •
ceeding to the caftle of Carrigdroghid, he fent a fum-
[ 495 1
BOY
of his father.” In fine, the bufmefs came to nothing,
although his lordihip had engaged Cromwell's wife u
and daughter in the fcheme ; but he never durft let
the prote&or know that he had previovfly treated with
Charles about it.
On the death of the protedtor, lord Broghill conti¬
nued attached to his fon Richard, till, when he fawthat
the honefty and good-nature of that worthy man would
infallibly render him a prey to his many enemies, he
did not think it advifable to fink with a man that he
could not fave. The dark clouds of anarchy feemed
now to be hovering over the Britifli ifland. Lord Brog¬
hill faw the ftorm gathering, and he deemed it prudent
to retire to his command in Ireland, where he (hortly
after had the fatisfaction of feeing things take a turn
extremely favourable to the defign he had long been
well-wifher to, viz. that of the king’s reftoration. In
this great event lord Broghill was not a little inftru-
mons to the garrifon to furrender before the arrival of mental; a&d, in confideration of his eminent fervices
his battering cannon, otherwife they were to expeft no in this refpeft, Charles created him Earl of Orrery by
quarter. His own army was furprifed at this fummons,
as knowing he had not one piece of heavy cannon: but
Broghill had ordered the trunks of feveral large trees
to be drawn at a diftance by his baggage horfes; which
the befieged perceiving, and judging from the flownefs
of the motion that the guns mull be of a vaft bore,
immediately capitulated. He afterwards relieved Crom¬
well himfelf at Clonwell, where that great commander
happened to be fo dangeroufly fituated, that he confef-
fed, nothing but the feafonable relief afforded him by
lord Broghill could have faved him from deftruction.
When Ireton fat down before Limeric, he gave Brog¬
hill 600 foot and 400 horfe, with orders to prevent
lord Mufkerry’s joining the pope’s nuncio, who had
got together a body qf 8000 men, and was determi¬
ned to attempt the relief of Limeric. Mulkerry was
at the head of 1000 horfe and dragoons, and about
2000 foot: notwithftanding which, lord Broghill fell
refolutely upon him. The Irilh, having the advantage
of the ground and numbers, would have conquered.
letters-patent bearing date September 5. 1660. He
was foon after made one of the lords juftices of Ire¬
land ; and his conduft, while at the head of affairs in
that kingdom, was fuch as greatly added to the gene¬
ral efteem in which his character was held before.
His lordlhip’s active and toilfome courfe of life at
length brought upon him fome difeafes and infirmities
which gave him much pain and uneafinefs; and a fever
which fell into his feet, joined to the gout with which.
i.„ often afflicted, abated much of that vigour which
he had fhown in the early part of his life; but his in-
duftry and application were ftill the fame, and bent to
the fame purpofes ; as appears from his letters,, which'
(how at once a capacity, and an attention to bufinefsr
which do honour to that age, and may ferve as an ex¬
ample to this.
Notwithftanding his infirmities, on the king's de¬
firing to fee his lordfhip in England, he went over iij.
1-665. He found the court in fome diforder ; where
his majefty was on the point of removing the great
but for a ftratagem of lord Broghill. In the heat of earl of Clarendon, lord high chancellor; and there was
the aftion he defired thofe about him to repeat what
he faid ; and then cried out as loud as he could,<s They
run, they run.” The firft line of the Irifti looked
round to fee if their rear broke ; and the rear feeing
the faces of their friends, and hearing the fliouts of
the enemy, imagined that the firft: line was routed,
and fled. The taking of Limeric, which put an end
to the war in Ireland, was the confequenee of this de¬
feat.
When Cromwell became prote&or, he fent for lord
Broghill, merely to take his advice occafionally. And
we are told, that, not long after his coming to England,
he formed a project for engaging Cromwell to reftore
the old conftitution. The bafis of the fcheme was to
be a match between the king (Charles II.) and the
prote&or's daughter. As his lordfliip maintained a
alfo a great mifunderftanding between the two royal
brothers. Lord Orrery undertook to reconcile the king
with the duke of York ; which he effedted by prevail¬
ing on the latter to afk his majefty’s pardon for fome
fteps he had taken in fupport of the lord chancellor.
On his return to Ireland,.he found himfelf called to
a new feene of a&ion. The Dutch war was then at
its height; and the French, in confederacy with the
Hollanders, were endeavouring to ftir up the afhes of
rebellion in Ireland.- The duke de Beaufort, admiral
of France,, had formed a fcheme for a defeent upon Ire¬
land ; but this was rendered abortive by the extraor¬
dinary diligence, military {kill, and prudent meafures,
of lord Orrery.
But in midft of all his labours;, a difpute arofe,
founded on a mutual jealoufy of each other’s greatnefs.
fecret correfpondence with the exiled monarch and hia betwixt him and his old friend the duke of Ormond,
friends, it was imagined that he was beforehand pretty then lord lieutenant; the bad effedls of which were foon
fare that Charles was not averfe to the fcheme, or he
would hot have ventured to have propofed it ferioufly
to Cromwell ; who at firft feemed to think it not un-
feafible. He foon changed his mind, however, and
told Broghill that he thought his projeft impradlicable :
“ For (faid he) Charles can never forgive me the death.
felt by both difputants, who reforted to England to
defend their refpeftive interefts and pretenfions,.both.
having been attacked by fecret enemies who fuggefted
many things to their prejudice. This quarrel, though*
of a private beginning, became at laft of a public na¬
ture ; and producing firft an attempt to frame an im¬
peachment
BOY [ 496 ] BOY
Btiyle. peachment againft the duke of Ormond, occafioned in
 v   the end, by way of revenge, an adtual impeachment
againft the earl of Orrery. He defended himfelf, how¬
ever, fo well againft a charge of high crimes, and even
of treafon itfelf, that the profecution came to nothing.
He neverthelefs loft his public employments; but not
the king’s favour: he Hill came frequently to court,
and fometimes to council. After this revolution in
his affairs, he made feveral voyages to and from Ire¬
land ; was often confulted by his majefty on affairs.of
the utmoft confequence j and on all occafions gave his
opinion and advice with the freedom of an honeft plain¬
dealing man and a fincere friend; which the king al¬
ways found him, and refpe&ed him accordingly.
In 1678, being attacked more cruelly than ever by
his old enemy the gout, he made his laft voyage to
England for advice in the medical way. But his dif-
order was beyond the power of medicine; and having
in his laft illnefs given the ftrongeft proofs of Chriftian
patience, manly courage, and rational fortitude, he
breathed his laft on the 16th of O&ober 1679, t^ie
59th year of his age. His lordftiip wrote, 1. A work
intitled The art of war. 2. Partheniffa, a romance,
in one volume folio. 3. Several poems. 4. Dramatic
pieces, two volumes. 5. State-tra&s, in one volume
folio, See. Mr Walpole, fpeaking of this nobleman,
fays, he never made .a.-*,bad figure but as a po.et. As
a foldier, his bravery was diftinguifhed, his ftratagems
remarkable. As a ftatefman, it is fufficient to fay, that
he had the confidence of Cromwell. As a man, he was
grateful, and would have fupported the fon of his friend:
but, like Cicero and Richelieu, he could not be con¬
tent without being a poet; though he was ill qualified,
his writings of that kind being flat and trivial.
Boyle (Robert), one of the greateft philofophers
as well as beft men that our own or indeed any other
nation has produced, was the feventh fon and the 14th
child of Richard earl of Cork, and born at Lifmore in
the province of Munfter in Ireland, January 25.
1626-7. Before he went to fchool, he was taught to
write a very fair hand, and to fpeak French and La¬
tin, by one of the earl’s chaplains, and a Frenchman
that he kept in the houfe. In the year 1635, his fa¬
ther fent him over to England, in order to be educated
at Eaton fchool, under Sir Henry Wotton, who was
the earl of Cork’s old friend and acquaintance. Here
he foon difeovered a force of underftanding which pro-
mifed great things, and a difpofition to cultivate and
improve it to the utmoft. While he remained at Eaton,
there were feveral very extraordinary accidents that
befel him, of which he has given us an account; and
three of Which were very near proving fatal to him.
The firft was, the fudden fall of the chamber where he
was lodged, when himfelf was in bed; when, befides
the danger he run of being crufhed to pieces, he_had
certainly been choaked with the duft during the time
he lay under the rubbifh, if he had not had prefence of
-mind enough to have wrapped his head up in the (beet,
which gave him an opportunity of breathing without
hazard. A little after this,. he had been cruflred to
pieces by a ftarting horfe that rofe up fuddenly, and
threw himfelf backwards, if he had not happily dif-
engaged his feet from the ftirrups, and call himfelf
from his back before he fell. A third accident pro¬
ceeded from the careleffnefs of.an apothecary’s fervant,
N°53.
who, by miftaking the phials, brought him a ftrong Hoyle. :i
vomit inftoad of a cooling julep.
He remained at Eaton, upon the whole, between three
and four years ; and then his father carried him to his
own feat at Stalbridge in Dorfetflrire, where he re¬
mained for fame time under the care of one of his chap¬
lains who was the parfon of the place. In 1638, he
attended his father to London ; and remained with
him at the Savoy, till his brother Mr Frapcis Boyle
efpoufed Mrs Elifabeth Killigrew; and then, towards
the end of Oftober, within four days after the marri¬
age, the two brothers, Francis and Robert, were fent
abroad upon their travels, under the care of Mr Mar-
combes. They embarked at Rye in Suffex, and from
thence proceeded to Dieppe in Normandy : then they |
travelled by land to Rowen, fo to Paris, and from
thence to Lyons; from which city they continued
their journey to Geneva, where his governor had a fa- J
mily ; and there the two gentlemen purfued their ftu-
dies without interruption.’ Mr Boyle, during his ftay
here, refumed his acquaintance with the mathematics,
or at leaft with the elements of that fcience, of which
he had before gained fame knowledge. For he tells us
in his own memoirs, that while he was at Eaton, and
afflidfted with an ague, before he was ten years old, by
way of diverting his melancholy, they made him read
Amadis de Gaul, and other romantic books, which pio- ‘
duced fuch a reftleffnefs in him, that he was obliged to
apply himfelf to the extraction of the fquare and cube
roots, and to the more laborious operations of algebra,
in order to fix and fettle the volatile operations of his
fancy. (
In September 1641, he quitted Geneva, after having
fpept 21 months in that city; and palling through
Switzerland and the country of the Grifons, entered
Lombardy. Then, taking his rout through Bergamo, |
Brefcia, and Verona, he arrived at Venice; where
having made a Ihort ftay, he returned to the continent,
and fpent the winter at Florence. Here he employed
his fpare hours in reading the modern hiftory in Italian,
and the works of the celebrated allronomer Galileo,
who died in a village near this city during Mr Boyle’s
refidence in it. It was at Florence that he acquired
the Italian language ; which he underftood perfeCUy,
though he never fpoke it fo fluently as the French.
Of this indeed he was fuch a mafter, that as occafion
required he paffed for a native of that country in more
places than one during his travels.
About the end of March 1642, he began his jour¬
ney from Florence to Rome, which took up but five ■ !
days. He furveyed the numerous curiofities of that
city; among which, he tells us* “ he had the fortune
to fee Pope Urban VIII. at chapel, with the cardinals, ■ j
who, feverally appearing mighty princes, in that affem-
bly looked like a company of common friars.” He
vifited the adjacent villages which had any thing curious
or antique belonging to them,; and had probably made
a longer ftay, had not the heats difagreed with his
brother. He returned to Florence.; from thence to
Leghorn; and fo by fea to Genoa: then palling through . j
the county of Nice, he crofted the fea to Antibes,
where he fell Into danger from refufing to honour the
crucifix : from thence he went tp,Marfeilles by land.
He was in that city, in May 1642, when he received
his father’s letters, which informed him that the rebel-
5 lioa i
BOY [ 497 ] BOY
Boyle, lion had broken out in Ireland, and how difficultly he
had procured the L. 250 then remitted to them in order
to help them home. They never received this money;
and were obliged to go to Geneva with their governor
Marcombes, who fupplied them with as much at leaft
as carried them thither. They continued there a con-
fiderable time, without either advice or fupplies from
England; upon which Marcombes was obliged to
take up fome jewels upon his own credit, which were
afterwards difpofed of wdth as little lofs as might be ;
and with the money thus raifed, they continued their
journey for England, where they arrived in the year
\l_ 1644/ On their arrival, Mr Boyle found his father
dead ; and though the earl had made an ample provi-
vifion for him, by leaving him his manor of Stal-
bridge in England, as wrell as'other conliderable eftates
in Ireland, yet it was fome time before he could receive
any money. However, he procfired prote&ions for
his eftates in both kingdoms from the powers then in
p ■ Being; from which he alfo obtained leave to go over
to France for a fliort fpace, probably to fettle accounts
with his governor Mr Marcombes.
In March 1646, he retired to his manor at Sttil-
bridge, where he refided for the moft part till May
iBjfo,- He made excurfions fometimes to London, feme-
times to Oxford ; and in February 1647, he went over
to Holland : but he made no confiderable ftay any
where. During his retirement at Stalbridge, he applied
himfelf with incredible induftryto ftudiesofvariouskjnds,
. to thofe of natural philofophy and chemiftry in parti¬
cular. He omitted no opportunity of obtaining the ac¬
quaintance of perfons diftinguilhed for parts and learn¬
ing ; to whom he was in every refpedf a ready, ufeful,
generous affiftant, and with"whom he held a conftant
correfpondence. He was alfo one of the firft members
of that fmall but learned body of men which, when all
academical ftudies were interrupted by the civil w'ars,
fecreted themfelves about the year 1645; aild held pri¬
vate meetings, firft in London, afterwards at Oxford,
for the fake of canvaffing fubje&s of natural knowledge
upon that plan of experiment which Lord Bacon had
delineated. They ftyled themfelves.then Thepbilofo- _
pbic college ; and, after the Reftoration, when they were
incorporated and diftinguifhed openly, they took the
name of the Royal Society.
In the fummer of 1654, he put in execution adefign
he had formed for fome time of redding at Oxford,
where hechofe to live in the houfe of one Mr Crofle,
an apothecary, rather than in a college, for the fake of
Bis Irealth, and becaufe he had more room to make ex¬
periments. Oxford was indeed the only place at that
time in England where Mr Boyle could have lived with
much-fatisfaftion ; for here he found himfelf furrounded
wuth a number of learned friends, fuch as Wilkins,
Wallis, Ward, Willis, Wren, &c. fuited exactly to his
| tafte, and Who had reforted thither for the fame reafons
| that he had done,, the philofophical fociety being now
removed from London to Oxford. It was during his
I refrdence here that he improved that admirable engine
the air-pump ; and by'numerous experiments was en¬
abled to difeover feveral qualities of the air, fo as to lay
a foundation for a complete theory. . He was not,
however, fatisfied with this; but laboured inceffantly
j in collefting and digefting, chiefly from his own expe¬
riments, the materials requilite for this purpofe. He
Vol. III. Part II.
declared againft the philofophy of Ariftotle, as having BoyTe.
in it more words than things; promifing much, and u-—y—“
performing little ; and giving the inventions of men
for indubitable proofs, inftead of building upon obfer-
vation and experiment. He w-as fo zealous for, and fo
careful about, this true method of learning by experi¬
ment, that though the Cartefian philofophy then made
a great noife in the world, yet he would never be per-
fuaded to read^ the works of Des Cartes, for fear he
ihould be amufed and led aw'ay by plaufible accounts of
things founded on conje&ure, and merely hypothetical.
But philofophy, and inquiries into nature, though they
engaged his attention deeply, did not occupy it entire"-
ly; fince we find that he ftill continued to purfue cri¬
tical and theological ftudies. In thefe he had the af-
fiftance of fome great men, particularly Dr Edward
Pocock, Mr Thomas Hyde, and Mr Samuel Clarke, all
of great eminence for their flcill in the oriental lan¬
guages. He had alfo a ftrift intimacy with Dr Tho¬
mas Barlow, at that time head keeper of the Bodleian
library, and afterwards biftiop of Lincoln, a man of
various and extenlive learning. In the year 1659,
Mr Boyle, being acquainted with the unhappy circum-
ftances of the learned Sanderfon, afterwards bilhop of
Lincoln, who had loft all his preferments on account
of his attachment to the royal party, conferred upon
him an honorary ftipend of 50I. a-year. This ftipend
was given as an encouragement to that excellent ma¬
iler of reafoning to apply himfelf to the writing' of
“ Cafes of Confcience:” and accordingly he printed
his leftures De cbligatione conJcienti<e, which he read at
Oxford in 1647, and dedicated them to his friend and
patron.
Upon the reftoration of Charles II. Mr Boyle was
treated with great civility and refpeft by the king, as
well as by the two great minifters the lord treafurer
Southampton and the lord chancellor Clarendon. He
was folicited by the latter to enter into holy orders,
not only out of regard to him and his family, but
chiefly with a view to ferve the church itfelf; for Mr
Boyle’s noBle family, his diftinguifhed learning, and,
above all, his unblemilhed reputation, induced Lord
Clarendon to think that any ecclefiaftical preferments
he might attain would be worthily difeharged, fo as to
do honour to the clergy, and fervice to the eftablilhed
communipn. Mr Boyle confidered all this with due at¬
tention : but, to balance thefe, he refle&ed, that, in
the fituation of life in which he was, whatever he
wrote with refpedl to religion would have fo much the
greater weight as coming from a layman; fince he well
knew that the irreligious fortified themfelves againft
all that the clergy could offer, by fuppofing, and fay¬
ing, that it was their trade, and that they were paid
for it. He confidered likewife, that, in point of for¬
tune and chara&er, he needed no acceffions; and indeed
he never had any appetite for either. He chofe, there¬
fore, to purfue his philofophical ftudies in fuch a man¬
ner as might be moft effectual for the fupport of reli¬
gion ; and began to communicate to the world the
fruits of thefe ftudies.
The firft of thefe was printed at Oxford in 1660, in
8vo, under the title of, 1. New experiments, phyfico-
mechanical, touching the fpring of the air and its ef-
fe&s. 2. Seraphic love; or fome motives and incen¬
tives to the love of God, pathetically difeourfed of in a
3 R letter
BOY
letter to a friend. 3. Certain phyfiological effays and
other trails, 1661, 410. 4. Sceptical chemift, 1662,
8vo; a very curious and excellent work, reprinted a-
bout the year 1679, 8vo, with the addition of divers
experiments and notes about the produciblenefs of che¬
mical principles.
In the year 1663, the royal fociety being incorpo¬
rated by king Charles II. Mr Boyle Was appointed one
of the council; and as he might be juftly reckoned
among the founders of that learned body, fo he conti-
nued one of the molt ufeful and induftrious of its mem¬
bers during the whole courfe of his life. In June 1663,
he publilhed, 5. Confiderations touching the ufefulnefs
of experimental natural philofophy, 410. 6. Experi¬
ments and confiderations upon colours; to which was
added a letter, containing, Obfervations on a diamond
that fhines in the dark, 1663, 8vo. Thistreatife is full
of curious and ufeful remarks on the hitherto unex¬
plained doftrine of light and colours ; in which he
fhows great judgment, accuracy, and penetration; and
may be faid to have led the way to that mighty genius
the great Sir Ifaac Newton, who has. fince fet that
ointin the cleareft and moft convincing light. 7. Con-
derations on the ftyle of the Holy Scriptures, 1663,
Svo, It was an extraff from a larger work, intitled,
An ejfay on fcripture ; which was afterwards publilhed
by Sir Peter Pett, a friend of Mr Boyle’s.
In 1664, he was elefted into the company of the
royal mines; and was all this year taken up in the pro-
fecution of various good defigns, which probably was
the reafon why he did not fend abroad any treatifes
either of religion or philofophy. The year following,
came forth, 8. Occafional refledtions upon feveral fub-
jefts ; whereto is prefixed a difcourfe about fuch kind
of thoughts, 1665, Svo. This piece is addrefied to So-
phronia, under whofe name he concealed that of his be¬
loved fifter the vifcountefs of Ranelagh. The thoughts
themfelves are on a vaft variety of fubje&s, written
many years before; fome indeed upon trivial occafions,
but all with great accuracy of language, much wit,
more learning, and in a wonderful drain of moral and
pious refleftion. Yet this expofed him to the only fe-
vere cenfure that ever was palled upon him ; and that
too from no lefs a man than the celebrated Dean Swift,
who, to ridicule thefe difcourfes, wrote A pious medita¬
tion upon a Iroomjiick, in the Jiyle of the honourable Mr
Boyle. But as his noble relation the late Lord Orrery
has faid, “ To what a height mull the fpirit of farcafm
arife in an author, who could prevail on himfelf to ri¬
dicule fo good a man as Mr Boyle ? The fword of wit,
like the fcythe of time, cuts down friend and foe, and
attacks every object that lies in its way. But, lharp
and irrefiftible as the edge of it may be, Mr Boyle will
always remain invulnerable.”
The fame year, he publifhed an important work, in-
titled, 9. New experiments and obfervations upon cold,
1665, 8vo. In the year i6’66, he publilhed, 10. Hy-
droftatical paradoxes made out by new experiments,
for the moft part phyfical and eafy, in 8vo. 11. The
origin of forms and qualities, according to the cor-
pufcular philofophy, illullrated by confiderations and
experiments. This treatife did great honour to Mr
Boyle, whether we confider the quicknefs of his wit,
the depth of his judgment,.or his indefatigable pains in
fearching after truth. We mult, not forget to obferve,
BOY
that, both in this and the former year, he communi- Boyle
cated to his friend Mr Oldenburgh, who was fecretary '■""“V*
to the royal fociety, feveral curious and excellent Ihort
treatifes of his own, upon a great variety of fubjefts,
and others tranfmitted to him by his learned friends
both at home and abroad, which are printed and pre-~
ferved in the Philofophical Tranfaftions.
In the year 1668, Mr Boyle refolved to fettle iii
London for life ; and removed for that purpofe to the
houfe of his fifter, the lady Ranelagh,. in Pall-Mall.
This was to the infinite benefit of the learned in gene¬
ral, and particularly to the advantage of the royal fo¬
ciety, to whom he gave great and continual afliftance,
as the feveral pieces-communicated to them from time
to time, and printed in their Tranfa&ions, do abun- '
dantly teftify. Thofe who applied to him, either to de¬
fire his help, or to communicate to him any new dif-
coveries in fcience, he had his fet hours for receiving ;
otherwife, it is eafy to conceive that he would have had
very little of his time for himfelf. But, befides thefe,
he kept a very extenfive correfpondence with perfons
of the greateft figure, and moft famous for learning, in
all parts of Europe. In the year 1669, he publiftied,.
12. A continuation of new experiments touching the
weight and fpring of the air; to which is added, A
difcourfe of the atmofpheres of confiftent bodies : and
the fame year he revifed and made many additions to
feveral of his former tracts, fome of which were now
tranflated into Latin, in order to gratify the curious.
abroad. 13. Traits about the cofmical qualities of
things; cofmical fufpicions; the temperature of the
fubterraneous regions; the bottom of the fea: to which
is prefixed an introduction to the hiftory of particular
qualities. This book occafioned much fpeculation, as it
feemed to contain a vaft treafure of knowledge which
had never been communicated to the world before; and
this too grounded upon aitual experiments, and argu¬
ments juftly drawn from them, inftead of that notional
and conjeftural philofophy which in the beginning of
the 17th century had been fo much in faftrion.
In the year 1671, he publifhed, 14. Confiderations
on the ufefulnefs of experimental and natural philofophy j
the fecond part, 410. And, 15. Acolleition of traits
upon feveral ufeful and important points of praitical:
philofephy, 4to. Both of which works were received
as new and valuable gifts to the learned world. 16. An
efiay about the origin and virtues of gems, 1672, Svo.
17. A colleition of traits upon the relation between,
flame and air ; and feveral other ufeful and curious
fubjeits: befides furnifhing, in this and the former
year, a great number of ftiort differtations upon a vaft
variety of topics, addreffed to the royal fociety, and
inferted in their Tranfaitions.. 18. Efiays on the
ftrange fubtilty, great efficacy, and determinate nature,
of effluvia ; to which were added a ,variety of’experi¬
ments on other fubjeits;. 1673, ^vo- 19r^- colleition
of traits upon the faltnefs of the fea, the moifture of
the air, the natural and preternatural ftate of bodies;
to which is prefixed a dialogue concerning cold; 1674,
Svo. 20. The excellency of theology compared with
philofophy, 1673, Svo. This difcourfe was written in
the year 1665, while Mr Boyle, to avoid the great
plague which then raged in London, was forced to go
from place to place in the country, and had little or no
opportunity of confulting his books. It contains a
3 great:
[ 498 ]
BOY t 499 ] BOY
great number of curious and ufeful, as well as juft and
natural, obfervations. 2 r. A collection of trafts con¬
taining fufpicions about hidden qualities of the air;
with an appendix touching celeftial magnets; animad-
verfions upon Mr Hobbes’s problem about a vacuum ;
a difcourfe of the caufe of attraction and fuCtion; 16 74,
8vo. 22. Some confiderations about the reconcileable-
nefs of reafon and religion. By T. E. a layman.. To
which is annexed a difcourfe about the poffibility of the
refurreCtion. By Mr Boyle. 1675, 8vo. The reader
muft be informed, that both thefe pieces were of his
writing ; only he thought fit to mark the former with
the final letters of his name. Among other papers that
he communicated this year to the royal fociety, there
were two connected into one difcourfe: the firft was
intitled, An experimental difcourfe of quickfilver grow¬
ing hot with gold; the other related to the lame fub-
je5:„; and both of them contained difcoveries of the ut-
moft importance.
In the year 1676, he publifhed, 23. Experiments and
notes about the mechanical origin or production of
particular qualities, in feveral difcourfes on a great va¬
riety of fubjeCts, and among the reft on eleCtricity.
In 1678, he communicated to Mr Hook a ftiort me¬
morial of fome obfervations made upon an artificial
fubftance that fnines without any preceding illuftration;
which that gentleman thought fit to publifti in his Lec-
ttones Cutlcrianx. 24. Hlftorical account of a degra¬
dation of gold made by an anti-elixir. This made a
great noife both at home and abroad, and is looked
upon as one of the moft remarkable pieces that ever fell
from his pen ; fince the fads contained in it would have
been efteemed incredible, if they had been related by a
man of lefs integrity and piety than Mr Boyle. The
regard which the great Newton had for Mr Boyle, ap¬
pears from a very curious letter, which the former
wrote to him, at the latter end of this year, for the
fake of laying before him his fentiments of that ethe-
rial medium, which he afterwards confidered in his
Optics as the caufe of gravitation. This letter is
to be found in the life of our author by the reverend
Dr Birch.
In the year 1680, Mr Boyle publifhed, 25. The
aerial noCtiluca ; or fome new phenomena, and a pvo-
cefs of a factitious felf-fhining fubftance, 8vo. This
year the royal fociety, as a proof of the juft fenfe of
Iris great worth, and of the conftant and particular fer-
vices which through a courfe of many years he had
done them, made choice of him for their prefident; but
he being extremely, and, as he fays, peculiarly tender
in point of oaths, declined the honour done him, by a
letter addreffed to “ his much refpe&ed friend Mr
“ Robert Hooke, profeffor of mathematics at Grelham
“ College.” 26. Difcourfe of things above reafon ;
inquiring, whether a philofopher fhould admit any fuch;
1681, 8vo. 27. New experiments and obfervations up¬
on the icy noftiluca: to which is added a chemical
paradox, grounded upon new experiments, making it
probable that chemical principles are tranfmutable, fo
that out of one of them others may be produced: 1682,
8vo. 28. A continuation of new experiments, phyfico-
mechanical, touching the fpring and weight of the air,
and their effeds, 1682, 8vo. In 1683, he publilhed
nothing but a ftiort letter to Dr Beale, in relation to
the making of frefli water out of fait. In 1684, he pub¬
lifhed two very confiderable works, viz. ig. Memoirs
for the natural hiftory of human blood, efpecially the
fpirit of that liquor, 8vo; and, 30. Experiments and
confiderations about the porofity of bodies, 8vo.
In 1685, Mr Boyle obliged the world with, 3 r. Short
memoirs for the natural experimental hiftory of mine¬
ral waters, with diredions as to the feveral methods of
trying them ; including abundance of new and ufeful
remarks, as well as fevetal curious experiments. 32. An
effay on the great effeds of even languid and unheeded
motion ; whereunto is annexed an experimental dif¬
courfe of fome hitherto little regarded caufes of the fa-
lubrity and infalubrity of the air, and its effeds. None
of his treatifes, it is faid, were ever received with greater
or more general applaufe than this. 33. Of the re-
concileablenefs of fpecific medicines to the corpufcular
philofophy ; to which is annexed a difcourfe about the
advantages of the ufe of fimple medicines; 8vo. Be-
fides thefe philofophical trads, he gave the world, the
fame year, an excellent theological one, 34. Of the
high veneration man’s intelled owes to God, peculiarly
for his wifdom and power, 8vo.
At the entrance of the fucceeding year, came abroad
his, 3J. Free inquiry into the vulgarly received notion
of nature ; a piece which was then, and will always be,
greatly admired by thofe who have a true zeal and relifti
for pure religion and philofophy. In 1687, he publifti-
ed, 36. The martyrdom of Theodora and Didymia ; a
work he had drawn up in his youth. 37. A difquifi-
tion about the final caufes of natural things; wherein it
is inquired, whether, and (if at all) with what caution,
a naturalift fhould admit them; with an appendix a-
bout vitiated light; 1680, 8vo. In the month of May
this year, our author, though very unwilling, was con-
ftrained to make his complaint to the public, of fome
inconveniences under which he had long laboured;
and this he did by an advertifement, about “ the lofs
of many of his writings addreffed to J. W. to be com¬
municated to thofe of his friends that are virtuofi;
which may ferve as a kind of preface to moft of his mu¬
tilated and unfiniihed writings.” He complains in this
advertifement of the treatment he had met with from
plagiaries both at home and abroad; and though it
might have been difficult in any other man to have
done fo without incuring the imputation of felf-conceit
and vanity, yet Mr Boyle’s manner is fuch as only
to raife in us an higher efteem and admiration of him.
This advertifement is inferted at length in his life by
Birch.
He began now to find that his health and ftrength,
notwithftanding all his care and caution, gradually de¬
clined, as he obferves in a letter to Mr Le Clerc, da¬
ted May 30th, 1689 ; which put him upon ufing every
poffible method of hufbanding his remaining time for
the benefit of the learned. It was with this view that
he no longer communicated particular difcourfes, or
new difcoveries, to the royal fociety ; becaufe this could
not be done without withdrawing his thoughts from
talks which he thought of ftill greater importance. It
was the more lleadily to attend to thefe, that he re-
figned his poll of governor of the corporation for pro¬
pagating the gofpel in New-England ; nay, he went fo
far as to fignify to the world that he could no longer
receive vifits as ufual, in an advertifement which begins
in the following manner: “ Mr Boyle finds himfelf
3 Rz obliged
Boyle.
BOY
[ 5°° 1
BOY
obliged to intimate to thofe of his friends and acquaint-
J ance, that are wont to do him the honour and favour
of vifiting him, i. That he has by fome unlucky acci¬
dents, namely, by his fervant’s breaking a bottle of oil
of vitriol over a cheft; which contained his papers, had
many of his writings corroded here and there, or other-
wife fo maimed, that, without he himfelf fill up the la¬
cunae out of his memory or invention, they will not be
intelligible. 2. That his age and ficklinefs have for a
good while admonilhed him to put his fcattered and
partly defaced writings into fome kind of order, that
they may not remain quite ufelefs. And, 3. That his Ikil-
ful and friendly phyfician, Sir Edmund King, feconded
by Mr Boyle’s beft friends, has preffingly advifed
him againft fpeaking daily with fo many perfons as
are wont to vifit him, reprefenting it as what cannot
but wafte his fpirits, &c. He ordered likewife a
board to be placed over his door, with an infcrip-
tion fignifying when he did, and when he did not, re¬
ceive vifits.”
Among the other great works, which by this means
he gained time to finifh, there is great reafon to believe,
For God giveth to a man that is good in his fight,
wifdom, knowledge, and joy*.” After explaining the ■“
meaning of the words, he applied the dodrine to the *
honourable perfon deceafed ; of whom, he tells us, he 2
was the better able to give a chara&er from the many
happy hours he had fpent in converfation with him, in
the courfe of 29 years. He gives a large account of
Mr Boyle’s fincere and unaffeded piety ; and more e-
fpecially of his zeal for the Chritlian religion, withput
having any narrow notions concerning it, or mikaking,
as fo many do, a bigotted heat in favour of a particu¬
lar fed, for that zeal which is an ornament of a true
Chridian. He mentions, as a proof of this, his noble
foundation for ledures in defence of the gofpel again it
infidels of all forts; the effects of which have been fo
confpicuous in the many volumes of excellent difcourfes
which have been publilhed in confequence of that noble
and pious foundation. He was at the charge of the
tranflation and impreluon of the New Teilament into
the Malayan tongue, which he fent over all the Eaft
Indies. He gave a noble reward to him that tranlkr
ted Grotius’s incomparable book “ Of the truth of
that one was a colledion of elaborate proceffes in che- the Chriflian religion” into Arabic ; and was at the
millry ; concerning which he wrote a letter to a friend,
which is Hill extant; wherein we read, that “ he left
it as a kind of hermetic legacy to the ftudious difciples
of that art.” Befides thefe papers committed to the
care of one whom he efteemed his friend, he left very
many behind him at his death, relating to chemiftry ;
which, as appears by a letter direded to one of his ex¬
ecutors, he defined might be infpeded by three phyfi-
cians whom he named, and that fome of the moft valu¬
able might be preferved.
In the mean time, Mr Boyle publiihed fome other
works before his death ; as, 38. Medicina Hydrojiatica;
or, Hydroftatics applied to the materia medica, Ihow-
ing how, by the weight that divers bodies ufed in phy-
fic have in water, one may difcover whether they be
genuine or adulterated. To which is fubjoined a pre¬
vious hydroftatical way of eftimating ores. 1690, 8vo.
39. The Chriftian virjuofo; fhowing, that, by being
charge of a whole imprefilcn, which he took care
fliould be difperfed in all the countries where that
language was underftood. He was refolved to have
carried on the imprefiion of the New Teftament in the
Turkifh language; but the company thought it be?
came them to be the doers of it, and fo fuffered him
only to give a large fhare towards it. He was at 700 /.
charge in the edition of the Irifh bible, which he or¬
dered to be diftributed in Ireland; and he contri¬
buted liberally to the impreffion of the Wellh bible.
He gave, during his life, 300/. to advance the defign
of propagating the Chiriftian religion in America;
and as foon as he heard that the Eaft India company
were entertaining propofitions for the like defign in the
eaft, he fent 100/. fora beginning, as an example, but
intended to carry it much farther when it firould be
fet on foot to purpofe.
In other refpedts his charities were fo bountiful
addicted to experimental philofophy, a man is rather and extenfive, that they amounted, as this prelate tells
afiifted than indifpofed to be a good Chriftian. To
which are fubjoined, r. A difcourfe about the diftinc-
tion that reprefents fome things as above reafon, but
not contrary to reafon. 2. The firft chapters of a dif¬
courfe intitled Greatnefs of mind promoted by CbriJUa-
nity. The laft work which he publiftied himfelf, was
in the fpring of 1691 ; and is intitled, 40. Experimenta
from his own knowledge, to upwards of 1000/.
a-year. But as our limits will not allow us to follow
the bilhop in the copious and eloquent account he
has given of this great man’s abilities, we muft there¬
fore content ourfelves with adding the (hort eulogium
by the celebrated phyfician, philofopher, and chemift.
Dr Herman Boerhaave ; who, after having declared
et Qbfervationes Phyfica : wherein are briefly treated of lord Bacon to be the father of experimental philofo-
feveral fubje&s relating to natural philofophy in an ex- phy, afferts, that “ Mr Boyle, the ornament of his
perimental way. To which is added a fmall colledion
of ftrange reports. 8vo.
About the entrance of the fummer, he began to feel
fuch an alteration in his health as induced him to think
age and country, fucceeded to the genius and inqui¬
ries of the great chancellor Verulam. Which (fays
he) of all Mr Boyle’s writings {hall I recommend ? AH
of them. To him we owe the fecrets of fire, air, v
of fettling his affairs; and accordingly, on the 18th of ter, animals, vegetables, foffils : fo that from his works
July, he figned and fealed his laft will, to which he af¬
terwards added feveral codicils. In Odtober, his diftem- ledgf
pers increafed ; and on the laft day of December 1691, know', that Mr Boyle w
he departed this life, in the 65th year of his age. He lord Bacon died,
was buried in St Martin’s church in the Fields, Weft-
minfter, on the 7th of January following ; and his fu¬
neral fermon was preached by Dr Gilbert Burnet, bi¬
may be deduced the whole fyftem of natural know-
The reader perhaps may here be pleafed to.
~ ' born the fame year in which
As to the perfon of this great man, we are told,
that he was tall, but flender; and his countenance
pale and emaciated. His conftitution w'as fo tender
fliop of Salifbur'y. The bifliop made choice upon this and delicate, that he had divers forts of cloaks to put
ocqafipn of 3 text very appofite to the fubjeftnamely, on when he went abroad, according to the temperature.
2. of
BOY r 5°I ] BOY.
Boyle, of the air; and in this he governed himfelf by his fible to things very near of kin to that pafiion ; and
1 thermometer. He efcaped indeed the fmall-pox ; but efteem, friendfhip, refpeft, and even admiration, are
for almoft forty years he laboured under fuch feeble- things that their proper objefts fail not proportionably
nefs of body, and fuch lownefs of ftrength and fpirits, to exadf of me, and confequently are qualities which
that it was aftonifhing how he could read, meditate,
make experiments, and write, as he did. He had like-
wife a weaknefs in his eyes; which made him very
tender of them, and extremely apprehenfive of fuch
diftempers.as might aifeft them. He imagined like-
wife, that If frcknefs Ihould confine him to his bed, it
might raife the pains of the ftone to a degree which
might be above his ftrength to fupport; fo that lie
feared his laft minutes Ihould be too hard for him. This
was the ground of all the caution and apprehenfion
with which he was obferved to live ; but as to life it-
felf, he had that juft indifference for it which became a
philofopher and a Chriftian. However, his fight be¬
gan to grow dim not above four hours before he died ;
and when death came upon him, he had not been above
three hours in bed, before it made an end of him, with
fo little pain that the flame appeared to go out merely
for want of oil to maintain it.
Mr Boyle was never married ; but Mr Evelyn was
in their higheft degrees are really and conftantly paid
my lady Barrymore by her moft obliged humble fer-
vant, and affedion*fte uncle, Robert Boyle.”
We fliall conclude this account of Mr Boyle with
the mention of his pofthumous works, which areas fol¬
low. i. “ The general Hiftory of the air defigned and
begun.” 2. “ General heads for the natural hiftory of
a country, great or fmall; drawn out for the ufe of tra¬
vellers and navigators.” 3. “ A paper of the honour¬
able Robert Boyle’s, depofited with the fecretaries of
the Royal Society, October 14th, 1680, and opened-
fince his death ; being an account of his making the
phofphorus? September 30th, 1680,” Printed in the
Philofophical Tranfa&ions. 4. “ An account of a way
of examining waters, as to frefttnefs or faltnefs.” 5. “A
free difcourfe againft cuftomary fvvearing, and a dif-
fuafive from curling,” ifiqy, 8vo. 6. “ Medicinal ex¬
periments, or a colleftion of choice remedies, chiefly
limple and eafily prepared, ufeful in families, and fit for
affured, that he courted the beautiful and ingenious the fervice of the country people. The third and laft-
daughter of Cary earl of Monmouth, and that to this volume, publifhed from the author’s original manu-
paffion was owing his “ Seraphic Love.’r In the me¬
morandum of Mr Boyle’s life fet down by bifhop Bur¬
net, it is remarked that he abftained from marriage, at
firft out of policy, afterwards more philofophically; and
we find by a letter of Dr John Wallis to him, dated at
Oxford, July 1 7th, 1669, that he had an overture made
him with refpeift to the lady Mary Haftings, filter to
the earl of Huntingdon : But it does not appear from
fcript; whereunto is added feveral ufeful notes expli¬
catory of the fame.” 1698, i2tno. Beautiful editions
of all his works have been printed at London, in 5
volumes folio, and 6 volumes 4to.
Boyle (Charles) earl of Orrery in Ireland, and
baron of Mafton in the county of Somerfet, was the
fecond fon of Roger the fecond earl of Orrery, and
born in Auguft 1679. We was educated at
any of his papers, that he had ever entertained the leaft Chrift-church in Oxford, and foon diftinguilhed him-
thoughts of that kind; nay, there is a letter of his, wrote
when he was young, to the lady Barrymore his niece,
who had informed him of a report that he was adftually
married, which ahnoft (hows that he never did. The
letter is written with great politenefs, and in the true
fpirit of gallantry ; and is a clear proof, that though
Mr Boyle did not choofe to marry, yet it was no mifan-
thropic cynical humour which reftrained him from it.
It is impoffible to entertain the reader better than by
prefenting him with that part of it which concerns the
point in queftion. “ It is high time for me to haften
the payment of the thanks I owe your ladylhip for the
joy you are pleafed to wilh me, and of which that wilh
felf by his learning and abilities. Like the. firft earl of
Orrery, he was an author, a foldier, and a ftatefman.
He tranflated the life of Lyfander from the Greek of
Plutarch; and publiftred a new edition of the epiftles
of Phalaris, which engaged him in a literary difpute^
in which he defended the genuinenefs of thefe epiftles
againft Dr Bentley. He was three times member for
the town of Huntingdon; but his elder brother, Lio¬
nel earl of Orrery, dying on the 23d of Auguft 1703
without iffue, he fucceeded to that title; and, entering
into the Queen’s fervice, had a regiment given him,
when he behaved with fuch bravery, that in 1709 he
was raifed to the rank of mrfjor-general, and fworn c
poffibly gives me more than the occafion of it would, of her majefty’s privy council. At the famous battle
You have certainly reafon, madam, tofufpend your be- of the wood, he gave the ftrongeft proofs of his intre-
lief of a marriage, celebrated by no prieft but Fame,
and made unknown to the fuppofed bridegroom. I
may poffibly ere long give you a fit of the fpleen upon
this theme ; but at prefent it were incongruous to blend
fuch pyre raillery, as I ever prate of matrimony and a-
mours with, among things I am fo ferious in as thofe
pid courage, remaining at the head of his regiment in
the warmeft part of the atftion, till the viftory was
complete, which, as it was one of the moft glorious, fo
it was the deareft bought, of any of that war. His
lordftrip had the honour of being appointed the Queen’s
envoy to the ftates of Brabant and Handers; and having
this fcribble prefents you. I ftiall therefore only tell honourably difeharged that truft, was raifed to the
you, that the little gentleman and I are ftill at the old
defiance. You have carried away too many of the per¬
fections of your fex to leave enough in this country for
reducing fo ftubborn a heart as mine; whofe conqueft
e a talk of fo much difficulty, and fo little worth it.
dignity of a Britifti Peer, by the title of lord Boyle*
baron of Mafton in Somerfetftiire. He enjoyed, feve¬
ral other additioaal honours in the reign of King
George I,; but having the misfortune to fall under the-,
fufpicion of the government, his lordfhip was commit-
that the latter property is always 'likely to deter any ted" to the tower: he was, however, at length, admitted
that hath beauty and merit enough to overcome the to bail; and nothing being found that could be efteem--
former. But though this untamed heart be thus infen- ed a fufficient gro-und for a profecution, he was diL
fib(e to the thing itfelf called /cz’."; it is yet very accef- charged. His lordfliip died Auguft 28th 1731, in the
6.6 tk*
BOY [ 5^2 ] BOY
rBoyle "66th year ofhis age. To his tutor, Mr Atterbury, he
'I probably owed a good part of that fine relifh he had
' for the writings of the ancients. He made thefe his
conftant ftudy, and expreffed a high contempt, fays
Budgell, for the greater part of our modern wits and
authors. He was delighted with the company of two
forts of perfons ; either fuch as were really geniufes of
\the firft rank, who had fine underftandings, flrong
judgments, and true taftes ; or fuch as had a few foi¬
bles, and an eye of ridicule in them, which fcrved to
make him laugh. He would rally thefe in fo agreeable,
and yet in fo tender a manner, that, though it diverted
himfelf and others, it was never offenfive to the perfon
rallied. The inftrument which was invented by him,
and bears his name, reprefenting the folar fyftem ac¬
cording to the fentiments of the new aftronomers, is an
undeniable proof of his mechanic genius. His lordihip
had alfo a turn for medicine ; which led him not only
to buy and read whatever was publilhed on that fub-
je£t, but alfo to employ his friends to fend him ac¬
counts of herbs and drugs in foreign countries.
Boyle (John), earl of Cork and Orrery, a noble¬
man diftinguilhed by his learning and genius, was the
■onlyfon of Charles earl of Orrery, and was born on the
ad of January, 1707. He was educated at Chrift-church
college in Oxford : but, as he himfelf declares, early
difappointments, indifferent health, and many untoward
accidents, rendered him fond of retirement, and of im¬
proving his talents for polite literature and poetry; of
which laft art he gave feveral excellent fpecimens. He
alfo wrote aTranflation of Pliny the Younger’s letters,
with various notes, for the fervice of his eldeft fon the
lord Boyle, in two volumes, 410. This was firft publifh-
ed in 1751. The year following, he publifhedthe Life
of Dean Swift, in feveral letters, addreffed to his fe-
cond fon Hamilton Boyle ; and afterwards printed
Memoirs of Robert Cary earl of Monmouth, a manu-
fcript prefented to him by a relation, with explanatory
notes. He died in 1762.
Boyle's Leftures, a courfe of eight fermons or lec¬
tures preached annually, fet on foot by the honour¬
able Robert Boyle, Efq; by a codicil annexed to his
will in 1691 ; whofe defign, as expreffed by the infti-
tutor, is, to prove the truth of the Chriftian religion
againft infidels, without defcending to any controvei-
fies among Chriftians ; and to anfwer new difficulties,
'fcruples, &c. For the fupport of this letture he af-
figned the rent of his houfe in Crooked-lane to fome
learned divine within the bills of mortality, to be eleft-
ed for a term not exceeding three years, by the late
Archbilhop Tennifon and others. But the fund pro¬
ving precarious, the falary was ill paid : to remedy
which inconveniences, the faid archbiffiop procured
a yearly ftipend of L.50 for ever, to be paid quarter¬
ly, charged on a farm in the parifh of Brill in the
county of Bucks. To this appointment we are in¬
debted for many elaborate defences both of natural and
revealed religion.
BOYNE, a river in Ireland, which rifes in Queen’s
county in the province of Leinfter, and runs north-eaft
by Trim and Cavan, falling at laft into the Iriffi chan¬
nel a little below Drogheda. It is memorable for a
battle fought on its banks between James II. and King
"William III. in which the former was defeated.
-BOYSE, Bovs, or Bois (John), one of the tranf-
lators of the Bible in the reign of James I. was fon of Boyfe.
William Bois, re&or of Weft Stowe, near St Ed-v——\r~
mundlbury, Suffolk, and born at Nettleftead in Suffolk
on the 3d of January 1560. He wavs taught the firft
rudiments of learning by his father ; and his capacity
was fuch, that at the age of five years he read the Bible
in Hebrew. He went afterwards to Hadley fchool;
and at 14 was admitted of St John’s college, Cam¬
bridge, where he diftinguiffied himfelf by his fldll in
Greek. Happening to have the fmall-pox when he
was ele&ed fellow, he, to preferve his feniority, caufed
himfelf to be carried in blankets to be admitted. He
applied himfelf for fome time to the ftudy of medicine;
but, fancying himfelf affe&ed with every difeafe he
read of, he quitted that fcience. He was ten years
chief Greek lefturer in his college, and read every day.
He voluntarily read a Greek letfture for fome years at
four in the morning, in his own chamber, which was
frequented by many of the fellows. On the death of
his father, he fucceeded him in the reftory of Weft
„ Stowe. At the age of 36, he married the daughter
of Mr Holt, reftor of Boxworth in Cambridgefhire ;
whom he fucceeded in that living, Oftober 13. 1596.
On his quitting the univerfity, the college gave him
L. 100. His young wife, who was bequeathed to him
with the living, which was an advowfon, proving a
bad oeconomift, and he himfelf being wholly addifted
to his ftudTes, he foon became fo much involved in
debt, that he was obliged to fell his choice colleftion
of books, confifting of almoft every Greek author then
extant. When a new tranflation of the Bible was by
King James I. dire&ed to be made, Mr Bois was
elefted one of the Cambridge tranflators. He per¬
formed not only his own, but alfo the part affigned to
another, with great reputation ; though with no pro¬
fit, for he had no allowance but his commons. He
was alfo one of the fix who met at Stationers Hall to
revife the whole ; which talk they went through in nine
months, having each from the company of ftationers,
during that time, 30 s. a-week. He afterwards affift-
ed Sir Henry Saville in publilhing the works of St
Chryfoftom. - In 1615, Dr Lancelot Andrews, bilhop
of Ely, bellowed on him, unalked, a prebend in his
church. He died on the 14th of January 1643, in
the 84th year of his age. He left a great many ma-
nufcripts behind him, particularly a Commentary on
almoft all the books of the New Teftament.—When
he was a young ftudent at Cambridge, he received from
the learned Dr Whitaker three rules for avoiding thofe
diftempers which ufually attend a fedentary life, to
which he adhered with equal conftancy and fuccefs.
The firft was, To ftudy always Handing; the fecond.
Never to ftudy in a window ; and the third, Never to
go to bed with his feet cold.
Boyse (Jofeph), a late eminent diffenting minifter
in Dublin, much refpe&ed not only for learning and
abilities, but his extenfive humanity and. undiffembled
piety. During his minifterial charge at Dublin, he
publilhed many fermons which compofe fevera. folio
volumes, a few poems, and other trails; but what chiefly
diftinguilhed him as a writer, was the controverfy he
carried on with Dr King, archbilhop of Dublin; and
author of the Origin of Evil, concerning the office of a
fcriptural bilhop. This controverted point was mana¬
ged on both fides with great force of argument and
calmnefs
BOY
Boyfe. calmnefs of temper. The biftiop aflerted, that the epif-
—V—^ copal right of jurifdi&ion had its foundation in the.
New Teftament: Mr Boyfe, confiftent with his prin¬
ciples, denied that any ecclefsaflical fuperiority ap¬
peared'there, with the greateft. candour and good man¬
ners. He was father to
Boyse (Samuel), the poet, a man remarkable for
the finenefs of his genius, the lownefs of his manners,
and the wretchednefs of his life. He was born in 1708,
and received the rudiments of his education in a pri¬
vate fchool in Dublin. When he was but 18 years old,
his father, who probably intended him for the miniftry,
fent him to the univerfity of Glafgow, that he might
finilh his education there. He had mot been a year at
[ ^°J ]
BOY
looked beyond the prefent moment: he declined going Boyfe.
to town on account of the rainy weather ; and while he '-—v—
let flip the opportunity, the place was bellowed upon
another, which the commiflioner declared he kept for
foipe time vacant in expedlation of feeing a perfon re¬
commended by the duchefs of Gordon. Boyfe at lall
having defeated all the kind intentions of his patrons
towards him, fell into contempt and poverty, which
obliged him to quit Edinburgh. He communicated his
defign of going tq London to the duchefs of Gordon j
who, having ilill a very high opinion of his poetical
abilities, gave him a letter of recommendation to Mr
Pope, and obtained another for him to Sir Peter King
the lord chancellor of England. Lord Stormont recom-
the univerfity, when he fell in love with the daughter of mended him to the folicitor-general his brother, and
a tradefman in that city, and was imprudent enough to
interrupt his education by marrying her before he had
entered into his 20th year. The natural extravagance
of his temper foon expofed him to want; and as he had
now the additional charge of a wife, his reduced cir-
cumftances obliged him to quit the univerfity, and go
over with his wife (who alfo carried a filler with her)
to Dublin, where they relied on the old gentleman for
fupport. Young Boyfe was of all men the furthell re¬
moved from a gentleman ; he had no graces of perfon,
many other perfons of the firll falhion. Upon receiving
thefe letters, he, with great caution, quitted Edinburgh,
regretted by none but his creditors. Upon his arrival in
London, he went to Twickenham, in order to deliver
the duchefs of Gordon’s letter to Mr Pope ; but that
gentleman not being at home, Mr Boyfe never gave
himfelf the trouble to repeat his vilit. He wrote poems;.
but thofe, though excellent in their kind, were loll to
the world, by being introduced with no advantage.
He had fo llrong a propenlity to groveling, that his ac-
and fewer Hill of converfation. Never were three people quaintance were generally of fuch a call as could be of
of more libertine chandlers than young Boyfe, his wife,
and filter-in-law; yet the two ladies wofe fuch a mafic
of decency before the old gentleman, that his fondnefs
was never abated. The eftate his father polfelfed in
Yorklhire was fold to difcharge his debts; and when
the old man lay in his lall ficknefs, he was entirely
ried at their expence. We have no further account of
Mr Boyfe, till we find him foon after his father’s death
at Edinburgh. At this place his poetical genius raifed
him many friends, and fome patrons of very great emi-
no fervice to him ; and thofe in higher life he addrelfed
by letters, not having fufficient confidence or politenefs
to converfe familiarly with them. Thus unfit to fup¬
port himfelf in the world, he was expofed to variety of
diltreffes, from which he could invent no means of ex¬
tricating himfelf but by writing mendicant letters. It
fupported by prefents from his congregation, and bu- will appear amazing, that this man, of fo abjeft a fpi;
~J —• iL~'  xir" u—~ — f —‘-1 *• ~c rit, was voluptuous and luxurious : he had no tafle for
any thing elegant, and yet was to the lafl degree ex-
penfive. Can it be believed, that often when he had
received but a guinea in confequence of a fupplicating\
nence. He publifhed a volume of poems in 1731, to letter, he would go iqto a tavern, order a fupper to be
which are fubjoined TYe Tablature ef Cebes, and A let¬
ter upon liberty, inferted in 'the Dublin journal 1726 ;
and by thefe he obtained a vsry great reputation. They
are addreffed to the countefs of Eglinton. This ami¬
able lady was the patronefs of all men of wit, and
greatly diftinguiftred Mr Boyfe while he refided in that ,
country. Upon the death of the vifcountefs Stormont,
Mr Boyfe wrote an elegy, which was very much ap¬
plauded by her ladyfhip’s relations. This elegy he
intitled The tears of the mufes, as the deceafed lady was
a woman of the moll refined talle in the fciences, and
a great admirer of poetry. The lord Stormont was fo
much pleafed with this mark of efteem paidto the me¬
mory of his lady, that he ordered a very handfome pre¬
fent to be given to Mr Boyfe by his attorney at Edin-
burgh. The notice which lady Eglinton and the lord
Stormont'took of our-poet, recommended him likewife
to the patronage of the duchefs of Gordon ;.,who was fo
felicitous to raife him above neceffity, that ftie em¬
ployed her interefl in procuring the promife of a place
for him. She gave him a letter, which he was next day
to deliver to one of the commiffioners of the cuiloms at
Edinburgh. It happened that he was then fome miles
diftant from the city ; arid the morning on which he
was to have rode to town with her grace’s letter of re¬
commendation proved to be rainy. This {lender cir-
cumfiance was enough to difcourage Boyfe, who never
prepared, drink of. the richeft wines, and fpend all the
money that had juft been given him in charity, with¬
out having any one to participate the regale with him,
and while his wife and child were ftarving at home ?
It was about.the year 1740, that Mr Boyfe, reduced
to the laft extremity of human wretchednefs, had not a
fhirt, a coat, or any kind of apparel,, to put on ; the
fheets in which he lay were carried to the pawn-bro¬
ker’s, and he was obliged to be confined to his bed
with no other covering than a blanket. He had little
fupport but what he got by writing letters to his
friends in the moft abjedt ftyle ; but was perhaps aftia-
med to let this ihftance of his diftrefs be known, which
probably was the occafion of his remaining fix weeks
in that fituation. During this time he had fome em¬
ployment in writing verfes for the Magazines ; and
whoever had feen him in his ftudy, mull have thought
the objedt Angular enough : he fat up in bed with the
blanket wrapt about him, through which he had cut a
hole large enough to admit his arm, and, placing the
paper upon his knee, fcnlabled in the belt manner he
could the verfes he was obliged to make : whatever he
got by thofe, or any other of his begging letters, was
but juft fufficient for the prefervation of life. And per¬
haps he would have remained much longer in this
diftrefsful ftate, had not a compaffionate gentleman,,
upon hearing this circumftance related, ordered his-
clothes j,
BOY [ 504 ] BRA
clothes to be taken out of pawn, and enabled him to
appear again abroad.
About the year 1745, Mr Boyfe’s wife died. He
was then at Reading, and pretended much concern
when he heard of her death. His bufinefs at Reading
was to compile a Review of the moft material tranfac-
tions at home and abroad during the laft war : in which
he has included a fhort account of the late rebellion.
Upon his return from Reading, hisbehaviour was more
decent than it had ever been before ; and there were
feme hopes that a reformation, though late, would be
wrought upon him. He was employed by a bookfeller
to tranflate Feneton on the exigence of God; during
which time he married a fecond wife, a woman in low
circum[lances, but 'veil enough adapted to his tafte.
He began now to live with more regard to his charac¬
ter, and fupported a better appearance than ufual; but
while his circumftances were mending, and his irregular
appetites lofing ground, his health vilibly declined. He
had the fatisfaftion, while in this lingering illnefs, to
obferve a ppem of his, intitled The Deity, recommend¬
ed by two eminent writers, the ingenious Mr Fielding,
and the reverend Mr James Hervey author oiThe Me¬
ditation!. ,
Mr Boyfe’s mind was often religioufiy difpofed; he
frequently talked upon that fuhjecl, and probably fuf-
fered a great deal from the remorfe of his confcience.
The early imprdlions of his good education were never
entirely obliterated ; and his whole life was a continued
itruggle between his will and reafon, as he was always
violating his duty to the one, while he fell under the
fubje&ion of the other. It was in cqnfequehce of this
war in his mind, that he wrote a beautiful poem called
The Recantation. Jn May 1749, he died in obfeure
lodgings near Shoe-lane; but in fentiments, there is
the greateft reafon to believe, very different from thofe
in which he had fpent the greateft part of his life. An
old acquaintance of his endeavoured to colledh money
to defray the expences of his funeral, fo that the fcan-
dal of being buried by the parifh might be avoided:
but in vain ; the remains of this fon of the mufes were,
with very little ceremony, hurried away by the parifh-
oflicers.
Never was a life fpent With kfs grace than that of
Mr Boyfe, and never were fuch diltinguifhed abilities
given to lefs purpofe. His genius was not confined to
poetry only: he had a tafte for painting, mufic, and
heraldry; with the latter of which he was very well ac¬
quainted. His poetical pieces, if eollefted, would make
fix ‘moderate volumes. Many of them are fcattered in
The Gentleman's Magazine, marked with the letter T,
and Alceiis. Two volumes were publifhed in London.
An ode of his in the manner of Spenfer, intitled The
Olive, was addrefi'ed to Sir Robert Walpole, which pro¬
cured him a prefent of ten guineas. He tranflated a
poem from the High Dutch of Van Haven, in praife
of peace, upon the conclufion of that made at Aix-la-
Chapelle ; but the poem which procured him the great¬
eft reputation was that upon the attributes of the Deity.
He was employed by Mr Ogle to tranfiate fome of
Chaucer’s tales into modern Englifti, which he per¬
formed with great fpirit, and received at the rate of
three pence a line for his trouble. Mr Ogle publilhed
a complete edition of that old poet’s Canterbury Tales
modernized} and Mr Boyfe’s name is put to fuch tales
as were done by him. In 1743, Mr Boyfe publilhed, Bozol#
without.his name, an ode on the battle of Dettingen, II.
intitled Albion’s. Triumph. ^
BOZOLO, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Man¬
tua, capital of a territory of the fame name, and fubjeft
to the houfe of Auftria. E. L. 10. 25. N. Li 45. q.
B QUADRO, Quadrato, or Durale, in mufic,
called by the French b quarre,From its figure^ This
is what we call B natural ox Jharp, in diftin&ion to B
mol or fat. See Flat and Sharp.
If the flat be placed before a note in the thorough
bafs, it intimates, that its third is to be minor; and if
placed with any cypher over a note in the bafs, as 6,
or gj 5, &c. it denotes, that the fifth or fixth thereto
are to be flat. But if the quadro i^-be placed over any
note, or with a cypher, in the thorough bafs, it has the
contrary effeft ; for thereby the note or interval there¬
to is raifed to its natural order.
BRABANCIONES, in middle-age writers, a kind
of Netherland foldiery, infamous for rapine, being lit¬
tle better than commiflioned banditti, who hired them-
fclves to fight for any that could pay them bed. The
word is variouliy written by the'hiftorians of thofe
days; all given them from the country of Brabant,
which was the chief nurfery of thofe troops. They
are alfo frequently confounded with the Routiers, Ro-
turiers, Ruptarii, Ruterarii, Corteraux, &c.
BRABANT, a large province of the Netherlands,
with the title of a duchy. It is bounded on the north
by the province of Holland and the duchy of Guelder-
land ; on the eaft^ by the fame duchy and the bilhop*
ric of Liege ; on the fouthpby the province of Namur
and Hainhalt; and on the weft, by Zealand. It is di¬
vided into Dutch Brabant and Auftrian Brabant; wa¬
tered by feveral rivers, of which the Scheld, the Rup-
pel, and the Dommel, are the chief. The foil is very
fertile ; and it contains 26 fortified towns, of which
Bruflels is the capital.
BRABEJUM, the African almond: A genus of
the monoecia order, belonging to the polygamia clafs
of plants. In the male the corolla is four-parted ;
there are four ftamina inverted in the throat ; the ftile
is bifid and abortive: The Jemale has a four-parted
corolla, revoluted upwards, with four ftamina, one pi-
ftil with two ftigmas; the fruit is a roundiflr drupa with
a globular feed. Of this genus there is but one fpecies,
viz. the ftellatifolium, which is a native of the Cape of
Good Hope. In Europe it feldom grows above eight or
nine feet high, but in its native foil is a tree of a middling
growth. It rifes'with an upright ftem, which is foft,
and full of pith within, and covered with a brown bark.
The leaves come out all round the branches at each
joint: they are indented at their edges, Handing on
very (hort foot-ftalks. The flowers are produced to¬
wards the end of their (hoots, which are of a pale co¬
lour inclining to white. This may be propagated,
though with difficulty, by layers made in April; but
they are often two years before they produce roots
ftrong enough to be taken from the plants. When the
branches are laid down, it will be proper to flit them
at the point (as ispra&ifed in laying carnations), which
will promote their taking root. In winter, the plants
(hould have a good greenhoufe ; but in fummer they
fhould be placed abroad in a (heltered fituation.
BRA-
B U A [ 535: ] BRA
ij hAeutes BRABEUTES, or Brabeuta, in antiquity, an of- C/jr^ BRACHIALIS. See Anatomy,/3/i/. Brarhiali*
!| II. ficer among the Greeks, who prefided at the public
' aC iaa3'' games, and decided controveriies that happened among
| the antagonifts in the gymniilical exercifes. The num¬
ber of brabeutae was not fixed; fometimes there was
;’| | only one, but more commonly they amounted to nine
BRACCIANO, a town of St Peter’s patrimony,
! about 1 2 miles north of Rome, fituated on the weft fide
of a lake to which it gives name. E. Long. 130.
N. Lat. 42
BRACCIOLINI (Francis), an Italian poet, a na¬
tive of Poftoia, and the friend of Pope Urban VIII.
died about the year 1644, aged 80. He wrote, 1. An
J: epic poem, intitled, The crofs reconquered, under the
emperor Heraclius. 2. An heroic poem, intitled, The
mockery of the Pagan gods. 3. The eledfion of Pope
i 1 Urban VIII. in 23 books.
BRACE is commonly taken for a couple or pair,
1 and applied by huntfmen to feveral beafts of game, as
a brace of bucks, foxes, hares, &c.
Brace, or Braffe, is alfo a foreign meafure, anfwer-
ing £0 our fathom. See Fathom.
Brace, in architecture, a piece of timber framed in
with bevil joints, the ufe of which is to keep the build-
H . ing from fwerving either way. When the brace is fra¬
med into the kingleffes 01 principal rafters, it is by
:j • fome called a Jlrut.
Brace, in writing or printing, a crooked line inclo-
fing a paffage, as in a triplet.
Braces, in the fea-language, are ropes belonging
to all the yards of a ftrip, except the mizen, two to
each yard, reeved through blocks that are fattened
to pennants, feized to the yard-arms. Their ufe is ei-
11 ther to fquare or traverfe the yards. Hence to brace
11 the yard, is to bring it to either fide. All braces come
; aftward on ; as, the main brace comes to the poop, the
I main-top-fail brace comes to the mizen-top and thence
to the main fhrouds, the fore and fbre-top-fail braces
come down by the main and main-top-fail ftays, and fo
1 of the reft. But the mizen-bowline ferves to brace to
the yard, and the crofs-jack braces are brought for¬
wards to the main ftuouds, when the fhip fails clofe.by
a wind.
Braces of a Coach, thick ftraps of leather on which
i it hangs.
BRACELET, an ornament worn on the writt,
much ufed among the ancients: it was made of dif¬
ferent materials, and in different fafhions, according to
|| - the age and quality of the wearer. The word is French,
bracelet; which Menage derives further from bracele-
tum, a diminutive of bracile, a word occurring in wri-
; Dj ters of the Juftiniah age ; all formed from the Latin
brachium, arm. It amounts to the fame with what
was called by the ancients, armilla, brachiak, occabus ;
in the middle age, boga, bauga, armifpatha.
Bracelets are much worn by the favages of Africa,
who are fo exceffively fond of them, as to give the
|%; richeft commodities, and even their fathers, wives, and
children, in exchange for thofe made of no richer ma¬
terials than' fhells, glafs-beads, and the like.
They form alfo, in modern civilized countries, a very
common part of the ornaments of the ladies.
BRACHIiEUS, the name of a mufcle. See Ana-
: tomy. Table of the Mufcles.
Xoh. III. Part II.
BRACHIUM, or Arm. See Anatomy, n°48, &c. „ I*
BRACHMINS, or Brachmans, a branch of the [oftylaf
ancient Gymnofophifts, or philofophers of India, re-
markable for the feverity of their lives and manners.
See the article Gymnosophists.
Some fay they derive their name from the patriarch
Abraham, whom they call in their language Brachma,
or Brama. Others deduce it from the name of their i
god Bracbma ; which fome again take to be the fame
with Abraham: whence Poftel calls them Alrachmanes.
F. Thomaffin derives the word from the Hebrew barach.
to fly or efcape ; becaufe the Brachmans retire into the
country and live in deferts. The fame author gives us
another derivation, viz. from the Hebrew"barach, {bene-
dicere, orare), to blefs or pray •, in regard this is'their
principal occupation.—The Greeks afcribe to them the
doctrine of the immortality of the foul, and certain no¬
tions concerning the nature of the Supreme Being and
future rewards and punilhments. To this fpecies of
knowledge the Brachmans added an infinite number of
religious obfervances, which were adopted by Pytha¬
goras in his fchool; fuch as failing, prayer, filence, and
contemplation. They were looked upon as the friends
of th> gods, becaufe they affected to pay them fo much
regard; and as the protedtors of mankind, becaufe they
paid them no regard at all Mo bounds were therefore
fet to the refpedt and gratitude that were Ihown them:
princes themfelves did not fcruple to confult thefe re-
clufes upon any critical conjuncture, from a fuppofition,
no doubt, that they were infpired; iince it was impof-
fible to imagine that they had the advantages of expe¬
rience. We can fcarcely, however, deny, that there
might be among them fome men of real virtue, whofe
minds reliflied the pure and ingenious delights of
ftudy and fcience ; and who, by nobly railing their
thoughts to the contemplation of the Firft Being, mull
have had more powerful incitements to render themfelves
worthy of his care, and none to juftify them in decei¬
ving and tyrannizing over their fellow-creatures.
There appear ftill fome remains of the ancient brach¬
mans in the call, under the denomination of Bramins.
See Bramins.
BRACHYGRAPHY, the art of fhort-hand-wri-
ting. See Short-Hand.
BRACHYLOGY, (from and ^yoS « ex-
preffion”), in rhetoric, the expreffing any thing in the
moft concife manner. This, fo far as confiftent with
perspicuity, is a virtue and beauty of ftyle ; but if ob-
fcurity be the confequence, which is often the cafe, it
becomes a blemifh and inexcufable defeft —Quintilian
gives an inftance of brachylogy from Salluft : !\lithri-
dates corpore ingenti perinde armatus; “ Mithridates,
as it were, armed with the hugenefs of his ftature.”
BRACHYPTERA, a term ufed by Willoughby,
to denote thofe hawks which have their wings fo fnort
as not to reach to the end of the tail. Of this kind are
the gofs-hawk, fparrow hawk, fsk.
BRACHYPYRENIA, in the hiftory of foffds, a
genus of feptariae, with a ftiort roundilh nucleus. See
Septaria:.
BRACHYTELOSTYLA, in natural hiftory, the
name by which Dr Hill calls thofe cryftals which are
compofed of a fliort hexangular column terminated at
each end by an hexangular pyramid. See Crystal.
3 S BRACKET,
Bracket
II-
Bradten.
BRA [ 5P6 ] BRA
BRACKET, among carpenters, &c. a kind of
wooden flay, ferving to fiipport (helves and the like.
, Brackets, in a Ihip, the fmall knees, ferving to fup-
port the galleries, and commonly carved. Alfo the
timbers that fupport the gratings in the head are called
brackets.
Brackets, in gunnery, are the cheeks of the car¬
riage of a mortar: they are made of ftrong planks of
wood, of almoft a femicircular figure, and bound round
■with thick iron plates; they are fixed to the beds by
four bolts, which are called bed-bolts; they rife up on
each fide of the mortar, and ferve to keep her at any
elevation, by means of fome ftrong iron bolts, called
bracket-bolts, which go through thefe cheeks or
brackets.
BRACKLAU, a ftrong town in Poland, capital of
a palatinate of the fame name. The houfes are built
of wood. It was taken by the Turks in 1672, but
retaken three years afterwards. It is feated on the
river Bog, in E. Long. 29. 20. N. Lat. 48. 5.
BRACKLAW, a palatinate of that name, which
is the eaftern part of Podoiia ; it is alfo called Lower
Podolia, and is of greater extent than Upper Podoiia,
but is more defolate, on account of the neighbourhood
of the Tartars.
BRACKLEY, a borough-town in Northampton-
Ihire, in England, feated on the edge of the county,
next Buckinghamfhire, on a branch of the river Oufe.
It is an ancient and large corporation-town, containing,
two parifh-churches ; is governed by a mayor and al¬
dermen ; and fends two members to parliament. It had
formerly a college, which is turned into a free fchooL
W. Long. r. 15. N. Lat. 52. o.
BRACTEAj in natural hiftory, denotes a fpangle,
or thin flake of any fubftance.
Bractea, in botany, a thin leaf or plate of any
folium florale, ranged by Linnaeus among the fulcra of
plants. Thefe floral leaves differ in ftiape and colour
from the other folia ok the plant; are generally fituated
on the pedunculus, and often fo near the corolla as to
be eafily miftaken for the calyx; than which, however,
the brafte<s are generally more permanent. Examples
of the floral leaves are feen in the tilia, fumaria bul-
bofa, lavendula, and horminum,
BRACKTEARIA, in natural hiftory, a genus of
talcs, compofed of fmall plates in form of fpangles,
each plate either being very thin, or ftflile into very
thin ones.
Of this genus there are a great many fpecies, called,
from their different colours, mica aurea, or gold-glim¬
mer ; and mica argentea, filver-glimmer, or cats-filver,
&c.
BRACTON (Henry), lord chief juftice of Eng¬
land in the reign of Henry III. was probably a native
of Devonfhire. He was educated at Oxford, where he
took the degree of dodtor of laws, and was made one
of the itinerant judges about the year 1244. Ten
years after, he became chief juftice, and had the earl of
Derby’s houfe in London affigned him for his town
refidence, during the minority of that nobleman. He
is faid to have filled this important office with Angular
reputation during 20 years. When he died is not
known; probably it was in the reign of Edward 1.
He wrote De legibus et confuctudinilus Anglia, which
is one of the moil ancient, and alfo moft methodical Brad J
books on our laws. His method is copied front Jufti- „
nian.- This work was printed at London in 1569, fo- ra ^
lio; and in 1640, 410. The firft is very incorredl.
BRAD, a town of Sclavonia, feated on the north
fide of . the river Save, in E. Long. 18. 40. N. Lat.
4-5. 20.
BRADFIELD, a town of Effex in England, in
E. Long. o. 30. N. Lat. 51. 14.
BRADFORD, a town of Wiltlhire in England,
feated in W. Long. 2.40. N. Lat. 51. 20.
Bradford (John), a divine, and martyr to tHe re¬
formation, was born in the former part of the reign of ’ 1
Henry VIII. at Manchefter in Lancalhire. Being a . |
remarkable penman and accountant, he became fecre- - I
tary to Sir John Harrington, who was feveral times em- J
ployed by king Henry, and his fucceffor Edward VI. -
as paymafter to the troops abroad. Bradford at this • - j
time was a gay man, and to fupport his extravagance
made free with the king’s money ; but being, at laft '
unable to fupport the refleftion of his guilt, he deter¬
mined to make reftitution, and actually repaid the -
money. Quitting his employment of fecretary, about
the year 1547, he took chambers -in the inner temple, M
and for fome time ftudied the law ; but finding in him- I
felf -an inclination to preach the gofpel, in the follow- |
ing year he removed to Catharine-hall in Cambridge,
where he applied with fuch uncommon affiduity to the
ftudy of divinity, that in a much ftxorter time than ufual |j
he was admitted to the degree of mafter of arts, and
fdon after made fello w of Pembroke-hall. Bhhop Rid¬
ley, who, in 1559, was trariftated to the fee of Lon¬
don, charmed with Bradford’s application and zeal,
now fent for him-to the metropolis, ordained and ap-
pointedliim his chaplain. In J553, he was alfo made
chaplain to Edward VI. during which time He became
one of the moft popular preachers in the kingdom.
Such a Teformer was too dangerous to be fullered in
the fucceeding reign. Mary was hardly in poffeffion
of the crown, before Bradford’s perfecutions began.
He was firft confined in the tower for fedition, where
he continued a year mid an half; during which time
he wrote feveral epiftles that were difperfed in various
parts of the kingdom. He was afterwards removed to
other prifons, and at laft brought to his trial before
that infernal court of inquifition in which Gardiner fat
as chief inquifitor, where he defended his principles to
the laft, in contempt of their utmcft power. They
condemned him to the flames ; and he was accordingly
burnt alive in Smithfield, on July 1. 1555. His works
are, 1. Seventy-two letters, written'to various people, I
whilft the author was in prifon ; printed in Bilhop Co-
verdale’s colledtion. 2. Ten letters, printed in Fox’s
adls and monuments. 3. Complaint of verity, 1559,
8vo. 4. Three examinations before the commiffioners,
and his private talk with the priefts, with the original
of his life, 1561, oftavo. 5. Two notable fermons
1574, oftavo, 1631. 6. Godly meditations and prayers
1614,2410. 7. Treatife of repentance, 1622. With ||
feveral tranflations and other pieces.
BRADFORTH, a town in the weft of Yorklhire,
feated on a branch of the river Are, in W. Long. 1.35.
N. Lat. 53. 40.
BRADLEY (Dr James), a famous Englilh aftro-
nomer,,
BRA [5°7 3 BRA
tSradley. nomer, was the third fon of William and Jane Brad¬
ley, and was born at Sherborne in Dorfetlhire in the
year 1692.
He was fitted for the univerfity at North Leach by
Mr Egles, and Mr Brice, who kept a boarding fchool
there ; and from North Leach he was fent to Oxford.
His friends intended him for the church, and his ftu-
dies were regulated with that view ; and as foon as he
was of fufficient age to receive holy orders, the bifhop
of Hereford, who had' conceived a great efteem for
him, gave him the living of Bridftow, and foon after
he was induced to that of Welfrie in Pembrokeihire.
But nOtwithftanding thefe advantages, from which he
might promife himfelf ftill farther advancement in the
church, he at length refigned his livings, that he might
be wholly at liberty to purfue his favourite lludy the
mathematics, and particularly aftronomy. He was
nephew to Mr Pound, a gentleman who is well known
in the learned world by many excellent obfervations,
and who would have enriched it with more, if the jour¬
nals of his voyages had not been burnt at Pulo Con¬
dor, when the place was fet on fire, and the English
who were fettled there cruelly mafiacred, Mr Pound
himfelf very narrowly efcaping with his life. With
this gentleman, Mr Bradley palled all the time that he
could fpare from the duties of his function ; and per¬
haps he fometimes trefpafled upon them : he was then
fufficiently acquainted with the mathematics to im¬
prove by Mr Pound’s converfation; yet it does not
appear that, in this ftudy, he had any preceptor but his
genius, or any affiftant but his labour.
It may be eafily imagined, that the example and
converfation of Mr Pound did not render Bradley more
fond of his profelifion than he was before^ he continueds
however, as yet to fulfil the duties erf it, though at this
time he. had made fuch obfervations as laid the founda¬
tion of thofe difeoveries which afterwards diftinguilh-
ed him as one of the greateft aftronomers of his age.
Though thefe obfervations were made as it were by
Health, they gained fiim at firft the notice, and then
the friendlhip, of the lord chancellor Macclesfield, Mr
Newton afterwards Sjr Ifaac, Mr Halley, and many o-
ther members of the royal fociety, into which he was
fooft defied a member. About the fame time, the
.chair of Savilian profeffor of aftronomy became vacant
by the death of,the celebrated Dr Kiel; and Mr Brad¬
ley was elefted to fucceed him on the 31ft. of O&ober
1721, being then juft 29 years old ; and his colleague
• was Mr Halley, who was profeflbr of geometry on the
fame foundation. Bradley, upon his being defied in¬
to this profefforftiip, gave up both his livings, and with
great joy quitted a fituation in which his duty was di-
. redly oppofite to his inclination. Fro'm this time, he
applied himfdf wholly to the ftudy of his favourite
• fcience ; and in the year 1727 he publifhed his theory
of the aberration of the fixed ftars, which is allowed to
• be. one of the moft ufeful and ingenious difeoveries of
modern aftronomy. Three years after this difcovery, by
which Mr Bradley acquired very great reputation, he
.was appointed lefturer in aftronomy and phyfics, at the
mufeum at Oxford.
He purfued his ftudies with equal application and
delight; and in the courfe of his obfervations, which
were innumerable, he difeovered that the inclination of
the earth’s axis upon the plane of the ecliptic was not
always the fame, but that it varied backwards and for- Brad'ey.
wards fome feconds, and that the period of thefe vari- \
ations was nine years. This period feemed altogether
unaccountable, as it could not be fuppofed to have any
thing in common with the revolution of the earth,
which is performed in one year. Mr Bradley, how.
ever, difeovered the caufe of this phenomenon in the
Newtonian fyftem of attraflion. He publiftied this
difeovery in 1737, fo that in the fpace of about ten
years he communicated to the world two of the fineft
difeoveries in modern aftronomy, which will for ever
make a memorable epocha in the hiftory of that
fcience.
Mr Bradley always preferved the efteem and friend-
ftrip of Mr Halley ; who, being worn out by age and
infirmities, thought he could do nothing farther for
the fervice of aftronomy, than procure for Mr Bradley
the place of regius profeflbr of aftronomy at Green¬
wich, which he had pofleffed himfelf many years with
the greateft reputation. With this view, he wrote ma¬
ny letters, which have been fince found among Mr
Bradley’s papers, defiring his permiffion to apply for a
grant of the reverfion of it to him, and even offering
to refign in his favour, if it Ihould be thought necef-
fary: but before Mr Halley could bring this kind pro-
jeft to bear, he died. Mr Bradley, however, obtained
the place afterwards, by the favour and intereft of my
lord Macclesfield, who was afterwards prefident of the
royal fociety. As foon as the appointment of Mr
Bradley to this place was known, the univerfity of Ox¬
ford fent him a diploma creating him dodlor of divini¬
ty. The appointment of aftronomer at Greenwich
placed Mr Bradley in his proper element, and he pur¬
fued his obfervations with unwearied diligence. How¬
ever numerous the colle&ion of aftronomical inftru-
ments at the obfervatory at Greenwich, it was impof-
fible that fuch an obferver as Dr Bradley ftrould not
defire to increafe them, as well to anfwer thofe parti¬
cular views, as in general to make obfervations with
greater exa&nefs. In the year 1748, therefore, he
took the opportunity of the annual viiit made by the
royal fociety to the obferv^tory, in order to examine
the inftruments and receive the profeffof’s obfervations
for the year, to reprefent fo ftrongly the neceffity of
repairing the old inftruments, and purchafmg new, that
the fociety thought proper to reprefent it to his maje-
fty, and his majefty gave them L.iooo for that pur-
pofe. This fum was laid out under the direction of
Dr Bradley, who, with the afliftance of the late cele¬
brated Mr Graham and Mr Bird, furniflved the obfer¬
vatory with as complete a colleftion of aftronomical
inftruments, as the moft Ikilful and diligent obferver
could defire. Dr Bradley, furnifhed with fuch affift-
ance, purfued his obfervations with new afiiduity, an
incredible number of which were found after his death,
and put into the hands of the royal fociety.
It has been already obferved, that when Dr Brad¬
ley was elefiied to the profeffor’s chair at Oxford, he
gave up his two livings, which were at fuch a diftance,
that he could not poffibly fulfil the duties of them him¬
felf; but it happened that after he was fettled at Green¬
wich, the living.of that parilh became vacant, which
is very confiderable, and which was offered to him, as
he was upon the fpot to perform the duty, and had
the claim of uncommon merit to the reward. This
3 S 8 living.
BRA [ 508 I BRA
Bradley. Iwing, however. Dr Bradley, very greatly to his ho-
 nour, refufed, fearing the duties of the aftronomer would
too much interfere with thofe of the divine. His ma-
jefty, however, hearing of the refufal, was fo pleafed
with it, that he granted him a penfion of 2501. a-year
in confideration of his great abilities and knowledge in
aftronomy and other branches of the mathematics,
which had procured fo much advantage to the commerce
and navigation of Great Britain, as is particularly
mentioned in the grant which is dated the 15th of Fe¬
bruary 1752. Dr Bradley, about the fame time, was
admitted into the council of the royal fociety. In the
year 1 748, he was admitted a member of the royal aca¬
demy of faiences and belles lettres of Berlin, upon the
death of M. Crevier, firft phyfician to his catholic ma-
jefty ; in the year 1752, a member of the imperial aca¬
demy at Peterfburgh; and in 1757, of that inilituted
at Bologna.
Dr Bradley was ftill indefatigable in his obfervations,
and whatever honour he received became an incitement
to obtain new diftindtion ; his corporeal abilities, how¬
ever, at length declined, though his intelle&ual fuf-
fered no abatement. In the year 1760, he became
extremely weak and infirm; and towards the end of
June 1762, he was attacked with a total fuppreffion
of urine, caufed by an inflammation of the reins, which
on the 12th of July following put an end to his life,
in the 70th year of his age. He was buried at Mit-
chin-Hampton, in Gloucefterfliire, in the fame grave
with his mother and his wife. In the year 1744, he
married Sufannah Peach, the daughter of a gentleman
of that name in Gloucefterfhire, by whom he had only
one daughter.
As to his charadler, he was remarkable for a placid
and gentle modefty, very uncommon in perfons of an
aftive temper and robuft conftitution. It was ftill more
jemarkable, that, with this untroubled equanimity of
temper, he was compaflionate and liberal in the higheft
degree. Although he was a good fpeaker, and pof-
fefled the rare but happy art of exprefling his ideas
with the utmoft precifion and pcrfpicuity, yet no man
was a greater lover of filence, for he never fpoke but
when he thought it abfolutely neceflary. He did in¬
deed think it neceflary to fpeak when he had a fair
opportunity to communicate any ufeful knowledge in
his own w7ay ; and he encouraged thofe that attended
his lectures to afk him queftions, by the exadlnefs with
which he anfwered, and the care he took to adapt him-
felf to every capacity. He was not more inclined to
write than to fpeak, for he has publiflred very little :
he had a natural diffidence, which made him always
afraid that his works fhould injure his charafter; and
therefore fupprefied many, which probably were well
worthy of the public attention. He was even known,
as it were, in fpite of himfelf; and, in fpite of himfelf,
he was known much, and confequently much efteemed.
He was acquainted with many of the firft perfons in
this kingdom, perfons eminent as well for their rank as
their abilities: he was honoured by all men of learning
in general; and there was not an aftronomer of any
eminence in the world with whom he had not a lite¬
rary con efpondence. Upon the whole, it may be faid
of Dr Bradley, that no man cultivated great talents
with more fuccefs, or had a better claim to be ranked
among the greateft aftronomers of his age.
Brady.
BRADNINCH, a town of Devonlhire, once a con- Bradninch;
fiderable place, but fome time ago totally deftroyed by _ H
fire. W. Long. 3. 35. N. Lat. 50. 45. _
BRADS, among artificers, a kind of nails ufed in
building, which have no fpreading heads as other nails
have. They are diftinguifhed by iron-mongers by
fix names ; as joiner's brads, flooring-brads, batten-
brads, bill-brads, or quarter-heads, &c. Joiners-brads
are for hard wainfcot; batten-brads are for foft wain-
fcot; bill brads are ufed when a floor is laid in hafte, '
or for fhallow joifts fubjeft to warp. See Nail.
BRADSHAW (Henry), a Benedidine monk, was
born at Chefter, about the middle of the 15th century.
Difcovering an early propenfity to religion and litera¬
ture, he was received while a boy into the monaftery
of St Werberg in that city ; and having there imbibed
the rudiments of his education, he was afterwards fent
to Gloucefter college, in the fuburbs of Oxford, where *
for a time he ftudied theology with the novices of his
order, and then returned to his convent at Chefter;
here, in the latter part of his life, he applied himfelf
chiefly to the ftudy of hiftory, and wrote feveral books.
He died in the year 15 13, the fifth of Henry VIII.
His poetry is not inferior to that of any of his cotem¬
poraries. His works are, x. De antiquitate et mag-
nificentia urbis bdejlria. 2. Chronicon. 3. The life
of the glorious virjgin of St Werberg. Printed Lond.
1521, 410, in verfe. The life of St Werberg makes
only part of this work ; for it contains alfo a' defcrip-
tion of the kingdom of Mercia, life of St.Etheldred,
the life of St Sexburg, the foundation and hiftory of
Chefter, and the chronicles of fome kings, Poffibly
this work may include the two firft. Biihop Tanner
fays, that he wrote a chronicle in Englifh verfe, ex-
traded from Bede, Malmfbury, Geraldus, and others.
Probably this is the chronicle above mentioned.
BRADWARDIN (Thomas), archbiftiop of Can¬
terbury, was born at Hartfield in Suflex, about the
clofe of the 13th century. He was educated at Merton
College, Oxford, where he took the degree of dodor
of divinity ; and acquired the reputation of a profound
fcholar, a flcilful mathematician, and confummate di¬
vine. Authors are not agreed as to his firft prefers
ments. Pits fays he was profeflbr of divinity at Oxford.
They agree, however, in aflerting, that from being
chancellor of the diocefe of London, he became a cour¬
tier and confeflbr to Edward III. whom he conftantly
attended during his war with France, affifting tjiat vic¬
torious prince with his advice, animating the troops,
and fervently praying for their fuccefs. After his re¬
turn from the war, he was made prebendary of Lincoln,
and afterwards archbiftiop of Canterbury. He died at
Lambeth in the year 1349, forty days after his confe-
cration ; and was buried in St Anfelm’s chapel, near
the fouth wall. His works are, 1. De caufa Dei,
printed London, 1618, publiftied by J. H. Savil. 2.
De geometria fpeculativa. See. Paris, 1495, 1512,
153°. 3- De arithmetic a prattica, Paris, 1502, 1512.
4. De proportionibus, Paris, 1495. Venice, 1505, folio.
5. De quadratura circuli, Paris, 1495, folio.
BRADY (Robert), born in Norfolk in 1643, was
mafter of Caius college, Cambridge, reg-rus profeflbr
there, and twice reprefentative of that univerfity in par¬
liament. In 1(585, he was made keeper of the records
in the tower, and was phyfician in ordinary to James 15.
He
■tfl Brady,
rifBradypu3.
I Plate.
SIX. fig. 6.
BRA [ 5°9 ] BRA
He wrote, An introduftion to the Old Englhh hiftory ;
An hiftory of England, from the time of the Romans
to the end of the reign of Richard II.; and, A treatife
on Englifh boroughs. He died in 1700.
Brady (Nicholas), an excellent divine and poet, '
born at Bandon, in the county of Cork, Odtober 28th
1659. He ftudied at Weftminller-fchool, and after¬
wards at Oxford and Dublin college. He was a zea¬
lous promoter of the Revolution ; and, in 1690, when
the troubles broke out in Ireland, by his intereft with
M‘Carty, king James’s general, he thrice prevented
the burning of the town of Bandon. Having quitted
feveral preferments in Ireland, he fettled in London,
where he was fucceffively promoted to feveral livings ;
and at the time of his death was redtor of Clapham,
minifter of Richmond, and chaplain to the Duke of Or¬
mond’s troop of horfe-guards. He wrote part of the
new verfion of the Pfalms, now fung in many churches
in England and Ireland ; the Aineids of Virgil, in
4 vols; and 3 vols of fermons. He died May 20th
1726.
BRADYPUS, or Sloth, a genus of quadrupeds,
belonging to the order of bruta. The charafters are
thefe : They have no fore-teeth in either jaw ; the dog¬
teeth are blunt, folitary, and longer than the .grinders ;
they have five grinders on each fide. The body is co¬
vered with hair. There are only two fpecies of brady-
pus, viz.
1. The tridaftylus, or American floth, has a fiiort
tail, and only three toes on each foot. It is about the
fize of a fox. The body is Covered over with hair of
a grey colour; the face is naked ; the throat is yel-
lowifh ; the fore-ffeet are longer than the hind-feet;
the claws, which are three on each foot, are compreffed,
and very ftrong ; and they have no mammae on the
bread:; they have no external ears, but only two wind¬
ing holes. It is the molt fluggifh and moil flow of all
animals, and feems to move with the utmoft pain. Its
food is fruit, or the leaves of trees. If it cannot find
fruit on the ground, it looks out for a tree well loaded,
and with great pain climbs up : to fave the trouble of
defcending, it flings off the fruit; and, forming itfelf
into a ball, drops from the branches, continues at the
foot till it has devoured all, nor ever ftirs till compelled
by hunger. It never drinks, and is terrified at rain.
The following wonderful account of this animal, from
Kircher’s Mufurgia, is quoted by Mr Stillingfleet in
his mifcellaneous crafts. “ The defcription (fays Kir-
cher) I had from father Torus, who refided in Ameri¬
ca, who had animals of this kind in his pofleflion, and
made many experiments in relation to their nature and
qualities. Its figure is extraordinary ; it is about the
bignefs of a cat, of very ugly countenance, and has
claws extended like fingers. The hinder part of the
head and neck are covered with hair. It fweeps the
ground with its fat belly, never rifes upon its feet, and
moves fo flowly, that it would fcarce go the length of
a bow-ftiot in 1 5 days, though conftantly moving, and
it is therefore called the Jloth. It lives generally upon
tops of trees, and employs two days to crawl up, and
as many to get down again. Nature has doubly guarded
this animal againft its enemies. Firft, by giving it fuch
ftrength in its feet, that whatever it feizes, it holds fo
fall, that it never can be freed from its claws, but muft
there die of hunger. Secondly, in giving it fuch a mo¬
ving afpeft, when it looks at any man who fiiould be
tempted to hurt it, that it is impoffible not to be touched
with compaflion ; befides, that at the fame time ii flreds
tears, and upon the whole perfuades one, that a crea¬
ture fo defencelefs, and of fo unhappy a body, ought
not to be tormented. To make an experiment of this,
the above-mentioned father procured one of thefe anL
mals to be brought to our college at Carthagena. He
put a long pole under its feet, which it feized upon very
firmly, and would not let go again. The animal there¬
fore thus voluntarily fufpended, was placed between two
beams along with the pole, and there it remained with¬
out meat, drink, or fleep, 40 days; its eyes being al¬
ways fixed on people that looked at it, who were fo
touched, that they could not forbear pitying it. At
laft; being taken down, they let loofe a dog on it, which
after a little while the floth feized with his feet, and
held him four days, till he died of hunger. This was
taken from the mouth of the father. They add (con¬
tinues Kircher), that this creature makes no noife but
at night, but that very extraordinary. For by inter¬
ruptions, that laft about the length of a figh or femi-
paufe, it goes through the fix vulgar intervals of mufic,
Ut, re, mi, fa, fol, la, La, fol, fa, mi, re, ut, afcending
and defcending, and thefe perfeftly in tune. So that
the Spaniards, when they firft got poffefiion of this
coaft, and heard thefe notes, imagined that fome people
brought up to our mufic were finging. This animal
is called by the natives haut; certainly becaufe, going
through thefe mufical intervals, it repeats, Ha, ha, ha,
ha, ha, &c.” To this account Linnaeus feems, in his
Syftema Nature, to give credit. For he fays, in his.
ftiort way of deicription, among other things, “ It ut¬
ters an afcending hexachord : its noife is horrible ; its
tears are piteous.” He quotes Mufgrave, Clufius, Gef-
ner, &c.
2. The didaftylus has two toes on each foot, and noe
tail: The head is round ; the ears are large and it has
two mammae on the breail: The body is covered with
afti-coloured hair. It is a native of Ceylon.
BRAE-war, a mountainous territory of Scotland,
in the fhire of Aberdeen, where the laft earl of Mar
began to raife a rebellion in 1715. It is 27 miles north-
weft of Aberdeen.
Brae-Mur ray, a mountainous and woody traft of
land, lying in the Ihires of Elgin and Nairn in Scot¬
land.
BRAG, an ingenious and pleafant game at cards;
where as many may partake as the cards will fupply;
the eldeft hand dealing three to each perfon at one time;
and turning up the laft card all round. This done;
each gamefter puts down three ftakes, one for each
card.—The firft ftake is won by the beft card turned
up in the dealing round; beginning from the ace, king,
queen, knave, and fo downwards. When cards of the
fame value are turned up to two or more of the game-
fters, the eldeft hand gains ; but it is to be obferved;
that the ace of diamonds wins, to whatever hand it be
turned up.—Thefecond ftake is won by what is called
the brag, which confifts in one of the gamefters chal¬
lenging the reft to produce cards equal to his: Now it
is to be obferved, that a pair of aces is the beft brag,
a pair of kings the next, and fo on; and a pair of any
fort wins the ftake from the moft valuable Angle card.
In this part confifts the great diverfion of the game 4
BRA . C 5i
Braga for, by the artful management of the looks, geftures,
I! and voice, it frequently happens, that a pair of fives,
ra e' . treys, or even\duces, out-brags a much higher pair, and
* even fome pairs royal, to the no fmall merriment of the
company. The knave of clubs is here a principal fa-
• vourite, making a pair with any other card in hand,
and with any other two cards a pair royal.—The third
Hake is won by the perfon who firft. makes up the cards
in his hand one and thirty ; each dignified card going ‘
for ten, and drawing from the pack, as ufual in this
game.
BRAGA, the capital of the province of Ehtre-min-
hoduro, in Portugal, fituated on the river Cavado, in
W. Long. 8. 40. N. Lat. 41. 20.
BRAGANZA, a city of Portugal, and capital of
a duchy of the fame name. It is feated on an eminence,
by a brook called Fervenca; and is divided into two
parts, the old city, and the town. The former is upon,
an eminence, and fortified with a double wall. That
part next the town has five baftions, but no ditch ; the
citadel is on the oppoiite fide joined to the wall. The
town is in a plain, and defended by a fort with four
baftions. It is feated near the river Sabor on the fron-
; tiers of Galicea, in W. Long. 6. 15. N. Lat. 41. 27.
: BRAGGOT, a kind of drink made of malt, honey,
and fpices, much ufed in Wales.
BRAHE (Tycho), a celebrated aftronomer, de-
fcended of an illuftrious family originally of Sweden
but fettled at Denmark, was born December 14th
1546, at Knudftorp in the county of Schonen. He
was taught Latin when feven years old, and ftudied five
years under private tutors. Plis father dying, his uncle
lent him, in April 1559, to ftudy philoibphy and rhe¬
toric at Copenhagen. The great eclipfe of the fun on
the 21 ft of Auguft 1560, happening at the precife time
the aftronomers had foretold, he began to look upon
aftronomy as fomething divine; and purchafmg the
tables of Stadius, gained fome notion of the theory of
the planets. In 1562, he was lent by his uncle to
Leipfic to ftudy law; but aftronomy wholly engrofled
his thoughts, and in purchafing books on that fcience
he employed all his pocket-money. Having procured a
fmall celeftial globe, he was wont to wait till his tutor
was gone to bed, in order to examine the conftellations
and learn their names ; and when the fky was clear, he
fpent whole nights in viewing the ftars. In 1565, a
^ difference arifing between Brahe and a Danifh noble¬
man, they fought, and the former had part of his nofe
cut off; -which defect he fo artfully fupplied with one
made of gold and filver, that it was not perceivable. It
was about this time that he began to apply to chemi-
ftry, propofing nothing lefs than to obtain the philo-
fopher’s ftone. In 1571, he returned to Denmark; and
was favoured by his mother’s brother, Steno Belle, a
lover of learnings with a convenient place at his cattle
of Herritzvad near Knudftorp, for making his obfer-
vations, and building a laboratory. His marrying a
country girl, beneath his rank, occafioned fuch a vio¬
lent quarrel between him and his relations, that the
king was obliged to interpofe to reconcile them. In
15 74, by his majefty’s command, he read ledlures upon
the theory of the comets at Copenhagen. The year
following he began his travels through Germany, and
proceeded as far as Venice : he then refolved to remove
his family, and fettle at Bafil $ but Frederic II. king
0 ] BRA
of Denmark being"informed of his defign, and unwil- Brahma, j
ling to lofe a man that was capable of being fuch an BraiJalbin.i
ornament to his country, promifed to enable him to ——v—^
purfue his ftudies, to beftow upon him for life the ifland
of Huen in the found, to ereft an obfervatory and la¬
boratory there, and to defray all the expences necef-
fary for carrying on his defigns. Tycho Brahe readily
embraced this propofal; and accordingly the -firft ftone
of the obfervatory was laid Auguft 8. 1576. The
king alfo gave him a penfion of 2000 crowns out of his
treafury, a fee in Norway, and a canonry of Rolhild,
which brought him in 1000 more, James VI.* of Scot- N f
land, afterwards railed to the crown of Engiand, go¬
ing to Denmark in order to marry the prineefs Anne,
paid a vifit to our author in his retirement at -Urania-
burg, made him feveral prefents, and with his own hand
wrote a copy of verfes in his praife : but, foon after the
death of king Frederic, he was deprived of his penfion,
fee, and canonry ; upon which, finding himfelf incapa¬
ble of bearing the expences of his obfervatory, he went
to Copenhagen, whither he brought fome ofhisinftru-
ments, and continued'his aftronomical obfervations in
that city, till Valkendorf, chamberlain to the houfe-
hold of Charles IV. commanded him by the king’s or¬
der to difcontinue -them. He then removed his family ^ f
to Roftock, and afterwards to Holftein, in order to fo-
licit Henry Ranzou to introduce him to the emperor;
and that gentleman complying with his requeft, he was
received by the emperor at Prague with the utmoft ci¬
vility and refpedl. That prince gave him a magnifi¬
cent houfe, till he could procure one for hinVmore fit
for aftronomical obfervations ; affigned him a penfion
of 300© crowns ; and promifed, upon the firft oppor¬
tunity, a fee for him and his defendants : but he did
not long enjoy this happy fituation ; for, upon the 24th
of Odtober 1601, he died of a retention of urine, in
the 55th year of his age, and was interred in a very
magnificent manner in the principal church at Prague,
where a noble monument was eredted to him.—His
Ikill in aftronomy is univerfally known, and he is famed
for being the inventor of a new fyftem, which he en¬
deavoured, though without fuccefs, to eftablifti upon
the ruins of that of Copernicus. He was very credu¬
lous with regard to judicial aftrology and prefages.
If he met an old woman when he went out of doors,
or an hare upon the road on a journey, he ufed to turn
back immediately, being perfuaded that it was a bad
omen. When he lived at Uraniaburg, he had at his
houfe a madman, whom he placed at his feet at table,
and fed himfelf. As he imagined that every thing
fpoken by mad peifons prefaged fomething, he care¬
fully obferved all that this man faid ; and becaufe it
fometimes proved true, he imagined it might always
be depended on. A mere trifle put him in a pafiion ;
and againft perfons of the firft rank, with whom it was
his duty to keep on good terms, he openly difcovered
his refentment. He was very apt to rally others,
but highly provoked if the fame liberty was taken
with himfelf. His principal works are, 1. Progymnaf-
mata aftronomix. 2. De mundi netherei recentioribus
ptammenis. 3. Epiftolarum ajironomicarum liber.
BRAHMA. See Brama.
BRAIDALBIN, a diftrhft of Perthftiire in Scot¬
land, ftretching 32 miles from eaft to weft, and 13
where broadeft from fouth to north ; is a mountainous
country, I
.rf
Brain.
BRA [ 511 .] BRA
country, lying among the Grampian hills, fuppofed to Brain le Comte, a town of the Auftrian Nether- Brain
be the country anciently known by the name of lands, in the province of Hainault. E. Long. 4.11. II
whence the Highlanders to this day call themfelves ^/- N. Lat. 50. 35. Bramer. ^
hinich. It is bounded on the weft by Lochaber, Lorn, BRAINTREE, a large-town of Eflex in England, v
and Knapdale ; on the north andeaft, by pant of Loch- fituated in E. Long. o. 35. N. Lat. 51. 50.
aber and part of Athol; and on the fouth by Strath- BRAKE, denotes female fern, or the place where it
ern and Monteith. It produces plenty of game and grows.—Alfo a ftrarp bit or fnaffle for horfes; and a
black cattle; is inhabited by Highlanders faid to be baker’s kneading-trough.—Alfo an inftrument with
the moft ferocious in all Scotland ; and gives the title teeth to bruife flax or hemp. See FiAx-Drefling.
of earl to a branch of the Campbell family, which is BRAKEL, a town of Germany, in the circle of
pofiefTed of a noble and magnificent feat in this divifion. Weftphalia, and in the bifhopric of Paderborn, feated
Much flax is cultivated here. Some years ago, when on the rivulet Brught, in E. Long. 9. 8. N. Lat. 51.
premiums were given for the greateft crops, from 70 46.
to f 20 hogfheads of lintfeed were annually fown, each BRAMA, or Brtjm'A, a pagan deity of the Eafl \
peck yielding two ftones of dreffe'd flax ; and when the Indies. He is the firft perfon of a kind of trinity ia >
yarn fold higheft, L. 2000 worth has been fold out of their theology ; is the great progenitor of mankind';
the country. Oats and potatoes are the other crops, and has created as many worlds as there are confider-
Oats yield from four to fix fold at the moft, oftener able parts in his body. See the articles Brachmans,
lefs; bear, from eight to ten, at an average fix. The Bramins, and Indostan.
corn raifed feldom fuffices the number of inhabitants, Brama, in ichthyology, the trivial name of a fpe-
fo they are often obliged to have recourfe to importa- cies of cyprinus. See Cyprinus.-
tion. From their potatoes fome have diftilled a very B RAM ANT, a town of Savoy, in the valley of
ftrong fpirit, which has been found cheaper than what Maurich, feated on the river Arck, in E. Long. 4. 15.
is diftilled from any grain. Starch is alfo made from N. Lat. 45. o.
them; and, in fome places, bread. Cotcur, or the BRAMBER, a town of Suffex in England, for-
lichen omphaloides, is an article of commerce ; great merly of fome account, but has neither market nor fair ;
quantities have been feraped from the rocks, and ex- however, it fends two members to parliament. W.
ported for the ufe of the dyers, at the price of 1 s. or Long. o. 15. N. Lat. 50. 50.
i 6d. per ftone. A- good many fheep are reared here, BRAMBLE, in botany, the Englifh name of the
and much wool is fent out of the country. There are rvbus.
few horfes raifed in this country : fuch as feed on the BnAMBLE-Net, otherwife called hall ter, is a net to
tops of the higher hills are often aftiifted with a dif- catch birds in of feveral fizes : the great mafltes mull 5
temper that commonly proves fatal, if a remedy is be four inches fquare ; ihofe of the leaft fize are threp
not applied wnthin 24 hours. It attacks them in the inches fquare; and thofe of the biggeft, five. In the
months of July and Auguft, ufually after a fall of depth they fhould not be above three or four inches :
rain, or before the dew rifes in the morning. An uni- but as for the length, they may be enlarged at plea-
verfal fwelling fpreads over the body : the remedy is fure ; the Ihorteft being 18 feet long,
exercife, chafing, or any method that promotes urine Bramble, or BramUing, in ornithology, the trivial
and perfpiration. The common people attribute this name of a fpecies of fringilla.
evil to a certain animal that fcatters its poifon over the BRAMER (Leonard), hiftory-painter, was born
grafs ; but, more probably, it arifes from fome noxi- at Delft in 1596 ; but learned the art of painting in
ous vegetable hitherto unobferved. Before the year the fchool of Rembrant, and imitated the manner of
1745, lord Bfaidalbin was obliged to keep a conftant his mafter in fmall. In the 18th year of his age he
guard for the proteftion of his vaflals cattle, or to re- went to Rome for his improvement ; but although he
tain fpies among the thievifti clans, having too much continued in Italyforfome years, and acquired fomewhat
fpirit to fubmit to pay an infamous tax, called black- in his ftyle rather more graceful than Rembrant, yet piu;n„illn',
meal, to the plundering chieftains as the price of their 3 he could never diveft himfelf of the Flemiih gout. He D\a. *
fafety. had a fine tafte of defign ; his expreflion is generally
BRAIL, or Brails, in a ftrip, are fmall ropes made good, and in fome of his compofitions truly noble,
ule of to furl the fails acrofs: they belong only to His pencil is delicate, and his colouring very peculiar
the twx> courfes and the mizen-fail; they are reeved in the tints, being alfo remarkably thin in many parts,
through the blocks, feized on each fide the ties, and fo &s barely to cover the panel; yet, by great Ikill in
come dowm before the fail, being at the very Ikirt the management of the chiaro-fcuro, his colouring is
thereof faftened to the cringles; their ufe is, when the bright, bold, and full of luftre ; particularly in the
fail is furled acrofs, to hale up its bunt, that it may vafes, which he was fond of introducing in every fub-
the more eafily be taken up or let fall. Hale up the jedl that could admit them, as he knew how to give
brails, or brail up the fail; that is. Hale up the fail, them a rich and fine relievo. He had accuftomed him-
in order to be furled or bound clofe to the yard. felf to paint with a very thin body of colour, efpe-
BRAILOW, a town of Poland, in the province of dally in the browns and fltadowy parts, in order to
Podolia, feated on the river Bog, in E. Long. 29. o. give his pi&ures a greater tranfparence. At Venice,
N. Lat. 43. 50. Naples, Florence, Mantua, and other cities of Italy,
BRAIN, in anatomy; is that large, foft, whitifli as well as at Rome, he left many proofs of his extra-
mafs, inclofed in the cranium or Ikull; wherein all the ordinary merit, which rendered his name defervedly
organs of fenfe terminate, and the foul is fuppofed famous ; and his works are rarely to be met with out
principally torefide. See Anatomy, n° 17, 129, of Italy, where he painted moft 5 but whenever they ,
4 are
BRA
Brfcfnhall, are to be purchafed they are bought at confiderable
^Bramms prjceSj [f they are entire and undamaged. One of the
moft capital pi&ures of Bramer is the Raijing of La¬
zarus, in which there is a charming oppofition of light
and (hadow; and another is the Denial of St Peter :
They-are both painted, in his bed manner; they are
bright, tianfparent, and finely penciled, and are itill
preferved at Rome. Likevvife at the palace of Ryf-
wick there are feveral valuable paintings by this ma-
fter; in which the invention and execution are highly
commendable. But none of his works can be more
admired than a fmall pi&ure on copper reprefenting
the dory of Pyramus and Thilbe.
BRAMHALL (Dr John), archbidiop of Armagh,
was born of an ancient family at Pontefratd in York-
fhire, about the year 1593. He was invited over to
Ireland by the lord deputy Wentworth ; and foon after
obtained the arch-deaconry of Meath, the bed in that
kingdom. In 1634, he was made bifhop of London¬
derry, which fee he improved very much ; but the
great ed fervice he did to the church of Ireland was by
getting, with the deputy’s adidance, feveral aftspafied
for abolifhing fee-farms, recovering impropriations, &c.
by which and by other means he regained to the church
in the fpace of four years L. 30,000 or L. 40,000 a-year.
In the convocation he prevailed upon the church of
Ireland to unite in the fame faith with the church of
England, by adopting the 39 articles of that church;
and would willingly have introduced the Englidt canons,
but could only prevail on their accepting fuch as they
deemed proper. Articles of treafon were exhibited
againd him in the Irilh parliament; and at the treaty
of Uxbridge in 1644, t^ie Englilh parliament made it
a preliminary article, that BHhop Bramhall, with Arch¬
bidiop Laud, and others, fhould be excepted from the
general pardon. He went abroad ; but on tiie redo-
ration was appointed archbifhop of Armagh, primate
and metropolitan of all Ireland, and was chofen fpeak-
e: of the Houfe of Lords. He died in 1663 ; and
was the author of feveral works, which are colle&ed
in one vol. folio.
BRAMLNS, the name of the prieds among the i-
dolatrous Indians; the fucceflbrs of the ancient Brach-
mans. See the title Brack mans.
Their name is formed from Brama, their particular
deity. They are found in Siam, Malabar, China, Co¬
romandel, and mqd other eadern nations any wife civi-
4 See Indo- lized ; but their chief feat is in Indodanf, or the Mo-
fian. gul’s country. They have a language pecidiar to them-
felves, which they call Shanfchrit; in which they have
feveral ancient books, written, as is alleged, by their
great prophet Brahma ; as the Jhafram, which is their
bible ; and porane, a hidory which they eiteem facred,
and pretend to have been dift ited by God himfelf
There are feveral orders of Bramins. Thofe who
mix in fociety are for the mod part very corrupt in
their morals: they believe that the water of the Ganges
will wadi away all their crimes ; and, as they are not
fubjett to any civil jurifdiction, live without either re-
draint or virtue, excepting that charadler of compaffion
and charity which is fo commonly found in the mild
climate of India. The others, who live abdradfed
from the world, are-either weak-minded men or enthu-
fiads; and abandon themfelves to lazinefs, fuperdition,
and the dreams of metaphyfics. We find in their dif-
53.' ' 6
BRA
putes the very fame ideas that occur in the writings of Bramitv
our mod celebrated metaphyficians; fuch as, fubdance, y■*
accident, priority, poderiority, immutability, indivifibi-
lity, &c.
Their religion, which was anciently of the allegori¬
cal and moral kind, hath degenerated into a heap of i
extravagant and obfcene fuperftitions, owing to their
having realized thofe fidtions which were intended mere¬
ly as fo many fymbols and emblems. Were it poffible
to obtain a fight of their facred books, the only re¬
mains there are of the Indian antiquities, we might in
fome meafure be enabled to remove the veil that enve¬
lopes thofe numerous myderies; but the following
dory will fiiow how little reafon there is to hope that i
we (hall ever be intruded with fuch a communica- ]
tion.
The emperor Mahmoud Akbar had an inclination RaynJ.
to make himfelf acquainted with the principles of all Hiji.of
the religious fedfs throughout his extenfive provinces. :
Having difcarded the fuperditious notions with which
he had been prepofieded by his education in the Maho- t
metan faith, he refolved to judge for himfelf. It was
eafy for him to be acquainted with the nature of thofe ,
fydems that are formed upon the plan of making pro- ;
felytes ; but he found himfelf difappointed in his de-
fign when he came to treat with the Indians, who will !
not admit any perfon whatever to the participation of
their myderies. Neither the authority nor promifes J
of Akbar could prevail with the Bramins to difclofe -
the tenets of their religion ; he was therefore obliged
to have recourfe to artifice. The dratagem he made
ufe of was to caufe a boy, of the name of Feizi, to
be committed to the care of thefe prieds, as a poor or¬
phan of the facerdotal line, who alone could be initiated
into the facred rites of their theology. Feizi, having
received the proper indrudfions for the part he was to
adt, was conveyed privately to Benares, the feat of
knowledge in Indodan; he was received into the houfe
of a learned Bramin, who educated him with the fame
care as if he had been his own fon. After the youth
had fpent ten years in dudy, Akbar was defirous of
recalling him : but he was druck with the charms of
the daughter of his preceptor. The women of the fa¬
cerdotal tribe are looked upon as the greated beauties
in Indodan. The old Bramin laid no redraint upon
that growing paffion of the two lovers: he was fond of
Feizi, who had gained his affeftion by his addrefs and
docility; and offered him his daughter in marriage.
The young man, divided between love and gratitude,
refolved to conceal the fraud no longer; and falling at
the feet of the Bramin, difcovered the impodure, and S
allied pardon for his offence. The pried, without re¬
proaching him in the lead, feized a poniard which hung
a; his girdle, and was going to plunge it in his bread,
if Feizi had not prevented him by taking hold of his
arm. The young man ufed every means to pacify him,
ami declared himfelf ready to do any thing to expiate
his treachery. The Bramin, burding into tears, pro-
mifed to pardon him on condition that he Ihould fwear '
never to tranllate the Bedas or facred volumes, or dif¬
clofe to any perfon whatever the fymbol of the Bramin
creed. Feizi readily promifed all that the Bramin re¬
quired : how far he kept his word is not known ; but j
the facred books of the Indians have never been tranf-
lated by him, or any one clfe, to this day. As the
Bramins
[ 512 1
Iraffil:
irainp-
BRA [ Si3 ] BRA
ns Braroins are the only perfons who underftand the lan- the life. On the other fide of the river they have built Brampto*
guage of the facred book, their comments on the text a new town, which is in a better fituation. A great
,0 t.ppn tnaAp nn rp. trade is carried on in this town, and throughout all , ^ranch' .
the province, where there is made a prodigious quan¬
tity of cotton-cloths, as cotton is in greater plenty here
than in any other place of the empire. E. Long. 77,
25. N. Lat. 21. 10,
BRAMPTON, a town of Cumberland in England*
are the fame as thofe that have ever been made on re¬
ligious books ; all the maxims which fancy, interell,
pafiion, or falfe zeal can fuggeft, are to be found in
thefe volumes. See the articles Shaftah and Ve-
They own a fupreme God, who created Brama, and
gave him a power to create the world. They have alfo feated not far "from the Pifts wall, and on the river
their fubaltern deities, their pagods or temples, and Tp e... —-e—. •-
idols, whom they fan to defend from flies, dancing be¬
fore them. They alfo hold a feaft in honour of the
fun, confidered as the fource of light and heat, whereby
all nature is fecundified.
Their pagods or temples confift of three parts. The
firft. is a vaulted roof, fuppor-ted on done columns: it
lies open, and all perfons, without diftinCtion, are al¬
lowed to enter into it. It is adorned with fymbolical
figures, made of wood, as elephants, oxen, and horfes.
The fecond part is open in the day-time, and (hut at
night. It is filled with grotefque and monftrous figures,
Irthin. It is a very ancient place, but at prefent is
very fmall. W. Long. 2. 40. N. Lat. 54. 50.
BRAN, the Ikins or hulks of corn, efpecially wheat
ground, feparated from the flour by a fieve or boulter.
It contains, befides, a portion of the farinaceous mat*
ter; this is lefs glutinous than the finer flour, and is
fuppofed to have a detergent quality; infufionsofbran
are not unfrequently employed in this intention exter*
nally, and fometimes likewife takes inwardly.
Among the ancients, bran was ufed as an erotic, t<®
excite love. Bran boiled, purges fcurf, dandreff, and
cleanfes the hands in lieu of foap. The dyers reckon
as men with many heads and arms. The third, which it among the not-colouring drugs ; and ufe it for ma-
is a kind of chancel, is kept always fhut, with a very king what they call the four waters, with which they
ftrong gate. In this is placed the ftatue of the deity prepare their feveral dyes. Bran is alfo ufed as a me-
to whom the pagod is dedicated. A great number.of dicine for horfes. See Farriery, $1.6.
lamps burn day and night before the idol The Bra- BRANCH, in botany, an arm of a tree, or a part
mins, before they go into the pagod, pull off their which, fprouting out from the trunk, helps to form the
fhoes, and leave them at the door. head or crown thereof. Branches do not fpring out
The Bramins of Siam and Coromandel maintain of the mere furface of the trunk, but are profoundly
that the earth will be deftroyed by fire ; and the for- rooted therein, fo as not only to penetrate the cortical,
mer affert that another will arife out of its aflies, in but alfo the woody fubllance, and even the pith,
which there fliall be no fea, nor any change of feafons, The conftituent parts therefore of a branch are the
but an eternal fpring ; and the latter maintain a plu- fame as of the trunk, viz. fldn, bark, wood, and pith,
rality of worlds, which are alternately deftroyed and See the article Plants.
renewed. Branches of a Bridle, in the manege, are two pieces
Robert de Nobili, an Italian Jefuit, and one of the of iron bended, which, in the interval between the one
Indian miffionaries, in the beginning of the 17th cen- and the other, bear the bit-mouth, the crofs-chains,
tury, in order to fecure fuccefs to his miffion, affumed and the curb; fo that on one end they anfwer to the
the title and appearance of a Bramin, and at length head-ftall, and on the other to the reins, in order to
perfuaded the credulous people that he was in reality keep the horfe’s head in fubjeftion. With regard to
a member of that venerable order. He forged a deed
in the ancient Indian chara&ers, fhowing thatthe Bra¬
mins of Rome were older than thofe of India, and that
the Jefuits of Rome defcended in a direfl: line from
the god Brahma. He farther declared on oath, that
he derived his origin from this Indian deity. By this
impofture he profdyted twelve eminent Bramins, whofe
their form and ftrufture, branches are either ftrait, :
form of a piftol, for young horfes to form their mouth ;
or after the conftable of France’s faftiion, proper for a
horfe that carries his head well. Some are in form of
a gigot or leg, which will prevent horfes from carrying
too low: Some are in form of a bent knee, contrived
for horfes that arm themfelves againft the operation of
influence proved very favourable to his miffion. After the bit; and others after the French faftiion, which
his death, thePortuguefeJefuits carried on the impofture is hardly above of an inch at the fevile hole, and
with very confiderable fuccefs. Thefe miffions, how¬
ever, were fufpended and abandoned in confequence of
a papal mandate, iffued out in the year 1744, by Be-
nedidt XIV. who declared his difapprobation of the
kneed i ^ inch at the jarret or ham.
It is to be obferved, 1. That the farther the branch
is from the horfe’s neck, the more effedl it will have.
2. That fhort branches, cater is paribus, are ruder, and
artifices that had been ufed in the converfion of the their effeds more fudden, than thofe of longer. 3. That
Indians. See further under the article Observa- the branch is to be proportioned to the length of a
horfe’s neck ; and one may fooner err in choofing one
TORY.
BRAMPOUR, or Brampore, a city of Afia, in too ftvort than too long,
the dominions of the Great Mogul, and capital of Can- Branches of Ogives,
difh. It formerly flood on as much ground as Lon- r ‘ rr"
architefture, are the arches
of Gothic vaults. Thefe arches, traverfing from one
don; but is now greatly decayed, and chiefly Inhabited angle to another diagonal-wife, form a crofs between
by Banians. The ftreets are numerous, but narrow, the other arches, which make the fides of the fquare*
with low thatched houfes made of earth, though a few of which the arches are diagonals,
are covered with varniftied tiles. In rainy weather BRANCH-Stand, with falconers, a term ufed to fig'*
many of the ftreets are overflowed. In the market- nify the making a hawk leap from tree to tree, till the
place is the ftatue of an elephant in red ftone, as big as dog fprings the game.
V Vol. III. Part II. 3 T BRANCHER,
BRA [ 514 } BRA
.BrancLer BRi^NCHER, among fpottfmen, a young hawk, petre, amber, iron, ftone, and medicinal fpvings, are
Branden nevv^y ta^en oat ^ie ue^> can ^10P bough found in it. Abundance of cattle, efpecially (beep, are
burg. t0 bough- bred here ; and the woods not only fupply the inhabi-
Y—BRANCHIAE, or Gills, in the anatomy of fhhes, tants with fuel, but with timber, charcoal, tar, and
the parts correfponding to the lungs of land-animals, wood-allies, both for domeftic ufes and for exporta-
All filhes except the cetaceous ones, and the pteromy- tion. The culture of ftlk alfo is carried on in this country
zum, which have lungs, are furnifhed with thefe organs with great fuccefs. The principal rivers by which it is
of refpiration. See CoMpjRArfyE Anato7>iy. watered are the Elbe, the Oder, the Prignitz, the Ha-
BRANCHIDiE, in Grecian antiquity, priefts of vel, the Wart, and the Spree. Some of the rivers and
the temple of Apollo, which was at Didymus in Ionia, lakes abound in fifh, and are united by canals, for the
a province of Idler Alia, towards the iEgean fea, upon benefit of navigation. They reckon in the.whole Mark
the frontiers of Caria. They opened to Xerxes the 120 towns, above 2500 villages, and about 800,000
temple of Apollo, the riches whereof he took away, inhabitants. The ftates here confift of the nobility and
After which, thinking it unfafe to flay in Greece, they towns, whofe afiembly-houfe is in the Spandau-ftreet at
fled to Sogdiana, on the other fide of the Cafpian fea, Berlin, and who Hill enjoy fome fmall remains of their
upon the frontiers of Petfia, where they-built a city, ancient privileges. The hereditary offices of the mar-
called by their own name : but they did not efcape the quifate are a marlhal, chamberlain, cup-bearer, pur-
punilhment of their crime ; for Alexander the Great veyor, fewer, treafurer, and ranger. The king of
-having conquered Darius king of Perfia, and being in- Pruffia, who is alfo elector of Brandenburg, with his
formed of their treachery, put them all to the fword, whole court, kre Calvinifts; but the religion of moft of
and razed their city, thus puniihing the impiety of the the inhabitants is Lutheranifm. The churches of both
fathers in their pofterity. perfuafions are well endowed, and the laity jointly em-
BRANCHIOSTEGI, in Ichthyology, a term ufed ployed by the government. The .Roman-catholics are
to exprefs one of the general clalfes of fiffies ; the cha- alfo tolerated here. In fhort, every inhabitant enjoys
raflers of which are, that the rays of the fins are of a full liberty of confidence. A great variety of manu-
honv fubfiance ; but thefe fifh have no bones or officula faftures, moft of which were introduced by the French
at the branchiae, ast.he malacopterygious and acanthop- refugees, are carried on in the marqnifate, efpecially at
terygious fifhes all have. Berlin and Potfidam ; where are alio excellent painters,
BRANCHQN, a town of the Auflrian Netherlands, ftatuaries, and engravers. By means of thefe manufac-
in the province of Namur, feated on the river Mehaigne. tures, fabrics, and arts, not only large fums are kept
E. Long. 4. 40. N. Lat. 50. 32. in the country, but alfo imported from other parts, to
BRAND-Sunday, Dimanche dcs Brandons, in which confiderable quantities of the manufaftures, and
French ecclefiaitical writers, denotes the firft Sunday natural productions, are exported. For the education
in Lent; which is thus called on account of an anci- of youth, and the advancement of learning, befides La-
ent praCtice in the Lyonnois, where the peafants, in tin fchools in feveraf places, and gymnafia, there is an
the night of this day, walked about their orchards, univerfity at Frankfort on the Oder, and an academy
gardens, &c. with torches lighted, or fire-brands in of fciences at Berlin.
their hands ; in which plight they vifited every tree, and The Brandenburg family is of great antiquity. Some
addreffing themfelves to them one after another, threat- hiftorians fay it was founded by the Sclavonians, who
ened that if they did not bear fruit well the enfuing gave it the name of Branher, which fignifies the
feafon, they fhould be cut down to the ground and “ Guards of the Foreftsand the Germans called it
burnt. This is evidently a reliCt of paganifm ; the B>anburgh. Henry I. furnamed the Fowler, fortified
like of which was praCfifed by the ancient idolaters in this place in the year 923, to ferve as a rampart a-
the month of February ; hence called Februarius, a ft- gainli the Huns, a warlike nation, who were extreme-
hvuando. ly troublefome by their frequent incurfions. He be-
BRANDEIS, a town of Bohemia, feated on the flowed the government on Sifroi, Count of Ringelheim,
river Elbe. E. Long. 14. 25. N. Lat. 50. 15. with the title of Margrave or Marquis, which fignifies
BRANDENBURG (Marquifate of), a large coun- ProteCtor of the Marches or Frontiers, in 923. It de-
try of Germany, having Mecklenburgh and Pomera- fcended to Geron, Margrave of Lufatia; which, in
nia on the north; Poland, on the eaft ; Silefia, with fucceffion of time, paffed into the families of Staden,
the Lnfatias, the eleClorate of Saxony, Anhalt, and Afcania, Bellenftadt, and that of Bavaria, till the
duchy of Magdebourg, on the fouth ; and part of the Emperor Sigifmund, with the confent of the Hates of
fame duchy, and that of Lunenburg, on the weft. Its the empire in 1416, gave perpetual inveftiture to Fre-
greateft length is near 200 miles, and its greateft derick VI. of Nurenberg ; who alfo, the following year,
breadth near too. Its northern fituation makes it very received from the Emperor, at the diet of Conftance,
cold for feven or eight months in winter. The foil in the inveftiture of the country of Brandenburg as Fre-
general is far from being fruitful, a great part of it derick I. having had previoufly conferred upon him the
cOnfifting of fand : yet there are feveral fruitfulfpots in dignity of eleftor and arch-chamberlain of the holy
♦ it; and the whole, under the laft and prefent reign, has Roman empire.
been greatly improved, and much better peopled. In Brandenburg remained long in fubjeftion to Po-
fome parts there is great plenty of potatoes and tur- land ; and the inveftiture of Pruffia was granted by the
nips ; in others of buck-wheat, millet, and flax ; in o- Poliih kings to each fucceeding margrave. Frederick-
thers of tobacco, woad, and other herbs for dyeing. William, having concluded a treaty with the king of
All forts of colour earths, together with alum, fait- Poland, was acknowledged to be fovereign of Ducal
Pruffia
BRA [5
canden- Pmffia by an aflembly of the ftates at Konigfberg
, A. D. 1663. By the treaty of Vienna the Em-
^ peror confirmed this title; and Frederick, the fon of
Frederick-William, was proclaimed king of PrufSa
Jan. 18^ 1701. He was fucceeded by his fon, who
performed the greateft fervices to his country, and
prepared the materials of the future grandeur of the
late fovereign, Frederick III. who began his reign
on the 31ft of May 1740, at the age of 28. See
Prussia.
Among the eleftors he poffefles the feventh place.
As arch chamberlain, he carries the fceptre before the
emperor at his coronation, and brings him water in a
filver bafon to wafh with. In the college of princes
of the empire, he has five voices. His afleffment, as
ele&or, is 60 horfe and 277 foot, or 1828 florins in
lieu of them. To the chamber of Wetzlar, his quota
is 811 rix-dollars, 58 kruitzers, each term. As to the
orders of the knights of the Black Eagle, and of Merit^
it is fufficient here to obferve, that the former was in-
ftituted by Frederic I. at his coronation, and the other
by the prefent king. For the government of this coun¬
try and the adminiftration of juftice, there are feveral
fupreme colleges and tribunals ; particularly for the de¬
partments of war, foreign affairs, and the finances, there
are diflincf boards. Here is a fupreme ecclefiafticaly
council and confiftory for the Lutherans; a fupreme
dire&ory of the Calvinift church ; a fupreme medicinal
college ; a fupreme mine-office ; a college or board of
trade, &c. Thofe of the French nation, fettled in this
country, are allowed particular courts of their own.
The amount of the yearly revenues of the Mark, ari-
fing from the domains, prote&ion-money paid by the
Jews, tolls, land-tax, mines, forefts, ^duties on flamp-
paper, fait, and variety of other impofts and excifes, is
computed at about 2,500,000 crowns; but the money
is faid to be much inferior in goodnefs to that of Saxony
and the dominions of Hanover. During the late con¬
tinental war it was extr emely debafed. Some eftimate
the whole number of the inhabitants of the royal and
eleftoral dominions at 5,000,000, and the revenues at
about 2,000,000 fterling. Upwards of 100,000 men
are kept on foot in time of peace, which are faid to
coll more than half of the royal revenue. Thefe troops
are under ftridl difcipline, very expert at their exercife,
always in readinefs to march, and always complete.
Each regiment has a particular canton or diflridl al¬
lotted it for its quarters and raifing recruits. The
infantry are clothed in blue, and ‘be horfe and dra¬
goons in white; and both are required to hear fer-
mon twice a-day when in quarters or garrifons. In
; time of peace they are allowed, for feveral months in
I the year, to hire themfelves out, or to follow their
bufinefs either as burghers or peafants, in the canton
where they are quartered; but'they are not allowed to
marry. A coniiderable part of thefe troops are flation-
ed in the Mark, particularly at Berlin and Potfdam.
The corps of huffars alone amounts to about 10,000
f men. The Mark of Brandenburg is divided, in gene¬
ral, into the ele&oral and new Marks. The former is
again fubdivided into the old Mark, the Pregnitz, the
middle Mark, and the Ucker Mark. The old Mark,
which lies on the weft fide of the Elbe, between that
’ river and Lunenburg, is about 50 miles in length, and
30 in breadth.
15 I BRA
Brandenburg, a city of Germany, and capital of
the nfarquifate of that name, fituated on the river Ha¬
vel, in E. Long. 13. N. Lat. 52. 25. It is divided
into the old and new town, and was anciently the fee
of a biftiop. The mountain in the neighbourhood
called Marienberg, is planted with vines. Here is a
fmall colony of French Calvinifts, with a manufa&ure
of cloth, fuftain, and canvas 5 and a pretty good trade is
carried on by the Havel. The fort here looks like a
fuburb, and contains a riding-fchool, with the cathedral
church. The greateft part alfo of the members of the
chapter which ftill fubfifts, and is compofed of- a Lu¬
theran provoft, dean, fenior, fubfenior, and three other
canons, refide in it. They are diftinguiftied by a crofs
of gold enamelled with violet, terminating in eight
points ; and have a confiderable eftate. Near the town
is a large lake.
BRANDEUM, in ecclefiaftical writers, a linen
cloth or veil put over the tombs of the apoftles St Pe¬
ter and St Paul, and left there for fome time; by
which it is fuppofed to acquire a degree of fandlity, fa.
as to be worfliipped as a relic; and for that purpofe
frequently fertt by the pope as a prefent to fome prince.
In this fenfe, Brandeum amounts to the fame with what
was otherwife called fanfhurium, fudarium, orarium,
and velum. The ufe of brandea was introduced as a
means of diffufing and propagating the virtues and in¬
fluences of relics, without moving, or any way impair¬
ing, the fubftance of them ; the tranflation of relics in
early days being forbidden.
BRANDING, in the face or hand, denotes a pu-
nifhment infli&ed by law on various offences, by burn¬
ing with a hot iron, after the offender hath been once
admitted to benefit of clergy.
BRANDON, a town of Suffolk in England, feated
on a little river Oufe, over which it has a bridge, and
a ferry at a mile’s diftance : whence it is divided into
Brandon, and Brandon-ferry ; which laft has the mo^l
bufinefs, becaufe commodities are brought thither from
the ifle of Ely. This place gives the Britifh title of
duke to the family of Hamilton in Scotland. E. Long,
o. 55. N. Lat- 52. 30.
BRANDRITH, denotes a trevet or other iron
ftand, whereon to ftt a veffel over the fire.
Brandrith, among builders, denotes a fence or rail
about the mouth of a well.
BRANDT (Gerard), a learned divine of the re¬
formed religion, was born at Amfterdam in 1626, and
was fucceffively minifter in feveral places of the Nether¬
lands. He wrote fome works which are efteemed, par¬
ticularly The Hi (lory of the reformation of the Nether¬
lands, 4 vols^to ; and The life of admiral Ruyter;
both written in the Flemiih tongue. He died at Rot¬
terdam in 1685.
BRANDY, a fpirituous and inflammable liquor,
extracted from wine and other liquors by diftillation.
See Distillation.
Wine-brandy, made in France, is efteemed the beft
in Europe. They make it wherever they make wine,
and for that purpofe ufe wine that is pricked rather than
good wine. The chief brandies for foreign trade, and
thofe accounted beft, are the brandies of Bourdeaux,
Rochelle, Cogniac, Charenton, the ifle of Rhe, Or¬
leans, the county of Blafois, Poi&ou, Touraine, An¬
jou, Nantz, Burgundy, and Champaign.
3 T 2 BRANK,
BRA [ 516 ] BRA
Jlrank BRANK, an inftrument ufed in fome parts of
Scotland, and in Staffordfliire, for correfting fcolding
« women. It is a fort of head-piece, which opens and in-
clofes the head of the impatient, while an iron, (harp
as a chiffel, enters the mouth, and fubdues the more
dreadful weapon within. Thus harnefled, the offender
is led in triumph through the (beets, Dr Plott, in his
Hiftory of Staffordlhirc, has favoured the world with a
f P. 389,. minute defcription and figure of the inllrument f, which
lab. xxxii. is there called a fcolding-bridle; and tells us, he looks
upon it “ as muci. to be preferred to the ducking-ftool,
which not only endangers the health of the party, but
alfo gives the tongue liberty betwixt every dip ; to nei¬
ther of which this is at all liable.”
BRANLIN, in ichthyology, a fpecies of falmon,
with feveral tranfverfe black (freaks, refembling the im-
prefikm of fo many fingers.
BRANNODUNUM (Notitiae), with a garrifon
of the Equites Dalmatas ; a town of Britain, on the
Sinus Metaris: now Brancefter, in Norfolk, on the
Wadies.
BRANOGENIUM, or Branonium, a town of
the Coritapi, a people in the heart of Britain : from
the diftances of the Itinerary, Caipden fuppofes it to
be Worcefter.
BRANSKA, a town of Tranfilvania, fituated on the
river MarKh. E. Long. 23. 15. N. Lat. 46. 0.
BRASIDAS, a celebrated general of the Lacede¬
monians, about 424 years before the birth of Chrift.
He defeated the Athenians by land and fea, took many
places, and rendered his country formidable to all the
neighbouring (fates. He conquered the Athenians on
their attempting to furpt ife Amphipolis, but died of
the wounds he received in that battle. See Attica
and Lacedemon.
BRASIDA, an anniverfary folemnity at Sparta, in
memory of Brafidas, a Lacedemonian captain, famous
for his atchievements at Methone, Pylos, and Amphi¬
polis. It was celebrated with facrifices and games,
wherein none were permitted to contend but free-born
Spartans. Whoever negledfed to be prefent at the fo¬
lemnity was fined.
BRASIL, a large country of South America, be¬
ing the eaftermoft part of that continent, lying between
the equinodtial line and the tropic of Capricorn. It
is about 1560 miles in length, and 1000 in breadth ;
but, meafuring along the coaft, it is 2000 miles long,
and is bordered with mountains that open from time
to time, and form good harbours where veffels may lie
in fafety. It was accidentally difcovered by the Por-
tuguefe in 1500. Emanuel king of Portugal had e-
quipped a fquadron of 13 fail, carrying 1200 foldiers
and failors deftined for the Eaft Indies, under the con-
dudf of Peter Alvarez Cabral. This admiral, quitting
Lilbon on the 9th of March 1500, (truck out to fea
to avoid the coait of Guinea, and (teered his courfe
fouthward, that he might the more eafily turn the Cape
of Good Plope, which projedts a good way into the
ocean. On the 24th of April, he got fight of the con¬
tinent of South America, which he judged to be a
large ifland at fome dilfance from the coaft of Africa.
Goading along for fome time, he ventured to fend a
boat on (hore; and was aftonifhed to obferve the inha¬
bitants entirely different from the Africans in features,
hair, and complexion. It was found, however, im-
pradticabk to feize upon any of the Indians,, who retired.
with great celerity to the mountains on the approach Br»fif, !
of the Portuguefe ; yet, as the failors had difcovered ——v*^-
a good harbour, the admiral thought proper to come
to an anchor, and called the bay Puerto Seguro. Next
day he fent another boat on fhore, and had the good
fortune to lay hold on two of the natives, whom he
clothed and treated kindly, and then difmiffed, to make
a proper report to their countrymen. The ttratagem
had the defired effeft. The Indians, having heard the
relation of the prifoners, immediately crowded to the
(hore, finging, dancing, and founding horns of different
kinds; which induced Cabral to land, and take folemn
poffeffion in the name of his Portuguefe majefty.
As foon as the court of Li (bon had ordered a furvey
to be taken of the harbours, bays, rivers, and coafts
of Brafil, and was convinced that the country afforded
neither gold nor filver, they held it in fuch contempt,
that they fent thither none but condemned criminals
and abandoned women. Two (hips were fent every
year from Portugal, to carry the refufe of the king¬
dom to this new world, and to bring home parrots and
woods for the dyers and cabinet-makers. Ginger was
afterwards added ; but foon after prohibited, left it
(hould interfere with the fale of the fame article from j
India.
In 1548, the Jews, many of whom had taken re- I
fuge in Portugal, beginning to be perfecuted by the
inquifition, were dripped of their poffeffions, and ba-
nilhed to Brafil. Here, however, they were not en¬
tirely forfaken. Many of themffound kind relations
and faithful friends; others, who were known to be
men of probity and underftanding, obtained money in 1
advance from merchants of different nations with whom-
they had formerly had tranfa&ions. By the affiftance
of fome enterprizing men, they were enabled to culti¬
vate fugar-canes, which they firft procured from the
ifland of Madeira. Sugar, which till then had been
ufed only in medicine, became an article of luxury.
Princes and great men were all eager to procure them- j
felves this new fpecies of indulgence. This circumftance
proved favourable to Brafil, and enabled it to extend
its fugar plantations. The court of Li(bon, notwith-
ftanding its prejudices, began to be fenfible, that a co¬
lony might be beneficial to the mother-country, with¬
out producing gold or filver; and this fettlement, which
had been wholly left to the capricious management of
the colonifts, was now thought to deferve fome kind
of attention; and accordingly Thomas de Souza was
fent thither, in 1549, to regulate and fuperintend it.
This able governor began by reducing thefe men,,
who had always lived in a date of anarchy, into pro- *
per fubordination, and bringing their fcattered planta¬
tions clofer together; after which he applied himfelf
to acquire fome information refpefting the natives,
with whom he knew he mnft be inceffantly engaged-
either in traffic or war. This it was no eafy matter to
accomplifh. Brafil was full of fmall nations, fome of
which inhabited the forefts, and others lived in the
plains and along the rivers. Some had fettled habita- 1
tions ; but the greater number of them led a roving,
life, and molt of them had no intercourfe with each
other. It is not to be fuppofed that fuch a people
would be at all difpofed to fubmit to the yoke which..
the Portuguefe wanted to put upon them on their
arrival. At firft they only declined all intercourfe with
thefe ftrangers; but finding themfelves purfuedin order
to
BRA [ S
to be made Haves, and to be employed in the labours
J of the field, they took the refolution to murder and
devour all the Europeans they could feize upon. The
friends and relations of the favages that were taken pri-
foners, alfo ventured to make frequent attempts to re-
. fcue them, and were fometimes fuccefsful; fo that the
Portuguefe were forced to attend to the double employ¬
ments of labour and war.
Souza did not bring a fufficient number of forces to
change the fituation of affairs. Indeed, by building
San Salvador, he gave a centre to the colony ; but
the honour of fettling, extending, and making it really
tjfeful co the mother-country, was referved for the Je-
fuits who attended him. Thefe mep, whp for their
arts of infmuation and addrefs have been equalled by
none, difperfed themfelves among the Indians. When
any of the miffionaries were murdered, they were im¬
mediately replaced by others; and feeming to be in-
fpired only with fentiments of peace and charity, the
Indians, in procefs of time, grew not only familiar but
paffionately fond of them. As the miflionaries were
too few in number to tranfaA all the bufinefs themfelves,
they frequently deputed fome of the moft intelligent
Indians in their (lead. Thefe men having diftributed
hatchets, knives, and looking-glaffes, among the fa¬
vages they met with, reprefented the Portuguefe as a
harmlefs, humane, and good fort of people.
The profperity of the colony of Brafil, which was
vifible to all Europe, excited the envy of the French,
Spaniards, and Dutch fucceffively. The latter, indeed,
bid faireft for the conquell of the whole. Their ad¬
miral Henry Eonk arrived, in the beginning of the
year 1630, with 46 men of war, on the coaft of Fer-
nambucca, one of the largeft and beft fortified captain-
fhips of thefe parts. He reduced it after feveral obfli-
nate engagements, in which he was always vi&orious.
The troops he left behind fubdued the captainfhips of
Temaraca, Pareiba, and Rio Grande, in the years
1633,1634, and 1635. Thefe, as well as Fernambucca,
furnifhed annually a large quantity of fugar, a great
deal of wood for dyeing, and other commodities. The
Hollanders were fo elated with the acquifition of this
wealth, which flowed to Amfterdam inilead of Lifbon,
that they determined to conquer all the Brafils, and
entrufted Maurice of Naflau with the conduft of this
enterpvize. That general reached the place of his def-
tination in the beginning of the year 1637. He found
the foldiers fo well difeiplined, the commanders fuch
experienced men, and fo much readinefs in all to engage,,
that he dire&ly took the field. He was fucceffively op-
pofed by Albuquerque, Banjola, Lewis Rocca.de Bor¬
gia, and the Brafilian Cameron, the idol of his people,
paffionately fond of the Portuguefe, brave, a&ive, cun¬
ning, and who wanted no qualification neceffary for a
general, but to have learned the art of war under able
commanders. Thefe feveral chiefs exerted their utmoft
efforts to defend the poffeffions that were under their
protection but their endeavours proved ineffectual.
The Dutch feized upon the captainfhips of Siara, Se-
regippe, and the greater part of that of Bahia. Seven
of the 15. provinces which compofed the colony had al¬
ready fubmitted to them, and they flattered themfelves
that one or two campaigns would make them mailers
of the reft of their enemies poffeffions in that part of
America; when they were fuddenly checked by the
7 1 BRA
revolution happening on the banifhment of Philip IV. Brafj
and placing the Dukeof Braganza on the throne! After‘■“"V"
this, the Portuguefe recovering their fpirits, foon drove
the Dutch out of Brafil, and have continued mailers
of it ever fince.
The country of Brafil is divided into the following
provinces, viz. Paria, Maragnano, Siara, Rio Grande,
Pareiba, Tamarica, Fernambucca, Seregippe, Bahia,
Porto Seguro, Efperito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, Angra,
St Vincent, and Del Rcy. See thefe articles.
The firll afpeCl of the country from the fea is rather
unfavourable, as it appears high, rough, and unequal;
but, on a more narrow infpeClion, nothing can be more
delightful, the eminences being covered with woods,
and the valleys and favannahs with the moft refrelhing
verdure. In fo vaft a traCl of land, it cannot be imagi¬
ned that the climate will be found at all equal, or the
feafons uniform. The northern provinces are fubjeft to
heavy rains and variable winds, like other countries
under the fame parallels. Tornadoes, ftorms, and the
utmoft fury of the dements, wreak their vengeance
here ; while the foutherly regions are bleffed with all
the comforts which a fine fertile foil and temperate cli¬
mate can afford. In fome of the provinces, the heat of
the climate is thought to prove favourable to the gene¬
ration of a great variety of poifonous reptiles ; fome of
which, as the liboya, or roebuck fnake, are faid to ex¬
tend to the length of 30 feet, and to be two or three
yards in circumference. The rattfefnake, and other rep¬
tiles of the fame kind, grow likewife to an enormous
fize ; and the ferpent called ibibaboka is affirmed to be
feven yards long, and half a yard in circumference, pof-
feffed too of a poifon inftantaneoufty fatal to the human
race. Here alfo are fcorpions, ant-bears, tygers or ma-
dilloes, porcupines, janonveras, and an animal called
tapirajjbn, which is the produition of a. bull and an afs,
having a great refemblance to both. No country on
earth affords a greater number of beautiful birds, nor
variety of the moft exquifite fruits ; but the chief com¬
modities are Brafil-wood, ebony, dyeing woods, amber¬
gris, rofin, balfams, indigo, fweetmeats, fugar, tobac¬
co, gold, diamonds, beautiful pebbles, cryftal, emeralds,
jafper, and other precious flones-; in all which the Por¬
tuguefe carry on fuch an amazing trade, as,may jullly
be reputed the fupport, and indeed the vital fountain,
of the mother-country. The gold and diamond mines
are but a recent difeovery : they were firft opened in the
year 1681 ; and have fince yielded above five millions
Sterling annually, of which fum a fifth belongs to the
crown. So plentiful are diamonds in this country, that
the court of Portugal hath found it neeeffary to rellrain
their importation, to prevent too great a diminution of
their value. They are neither fo hard nor fo clear as.
thofe of the Eaft Indies, nor do they fparfele fo much,
but they are whiter. The Brafiltan diamonds are fold
ten per cent, cheaper than the Oriental ones, fuppofing^
the weights to be equal. The largeft diamond in the
< world was fent from Brafil to the king of Portugal. It
.weighs 1680 carats, or 1 2-J ounces ; and has been va¬
lued at L.56,787,500. Some fkilful lapidaries, however,,
are of opinion that this fuppofed diamond is only a to-
pazr; in which cafe a very great abatement muff be
made in its value. The crown-revenue arifing from this
colony amounts to two millions Sterling in gold, if we.
may credit fome late writers, befides the duties and
cuftoms.
cuftoms on merchandife imported from that quarter.
This indeed is more than a fifth of the precious metal
j produced by the mines ; but, every other confequent
advantage confidered, it probably does not much ex¬
ceed the truth. The excelfive confluence of people to
the Brafil colonies, as well from other countries as from
Portugal, not only enlarges the imports of gold, but,
what is of infinitely more importance to Europe in ge¬
neral, the exportation of the manufaftures of this hemi-
fphere ; of which the principal are the following. Great
Biitain fends woollen manufa&ures ; fuch as fine broad
medley cloths, fine Spaniflr cloths, fcarlet and black
cloths; ferges, duroys, druggets, fagathies, {balloons,
camblets, and Norwich fluffs ; black Colchefler bays ;
fays, and perpetuanas called long ells ; hats, flockings,
and gloves. Holland, Germany, and France, chiefly
export fine hollands, bone-lace, and fine thread: filk
inanufa&ures, pepper, lead, blcck tin, and other ar¬
ticles, are alfo fent from different countries. Befides
the particulars already fpecified, England likewife
trades with Portugal, for the ufe of the Brafils, in cop¬
per and brafs, wrought and unvvrought pewter, and all
kinds of hardware : all which articles have fo enlarged
the Portuguefe trade, that, inftead of 12 {hips ufually
employed in the Brafil commerce, there are now never
fewer than 100 fail of large veffels conftantly going and
returning to thofe colonies. To all this may be added
the vaft flave-trade carried on with the coaft of Africa
for the ufe of the Brafil colonies; which, we may be¬
lieve, employs a great humber of {hipping, from the
multitude of flaves that are annually tranfported. In¬
deed the commerce of Brafil alone is fufficient to raife
Portugal to a confiderable height of naval power, as it
maintains a conftant nurfery of feamen : yet a certain
infatuation in the policy of the country has prevented
that effedl even amidll all thefe extraordinary advan¬
tages. All the {hips in this trade, being under the di-
reftion of the government, have their appointed feafons
of going and returning, under convoy of a certain num¬
ber of men of war : nor can a Angle {hip clear out or
go, except with the fleet, but by a fpecial licence from
the king, which is feldom granted ; though it is eafily
determined, that fuch reftriftions can prove no way be¬
neficial to the general commerce, though poffibly the
crown-revenue may be better guarded thereby. The
fleets fail in the following order, and at the following
ftated periods: That to Rio de Janeiro fets fail in Ja¬
nuary ; the fleet to Bahia, or the bay of All Saints, in
February ; and the third fleet, to Fernambucca, in the
month of March.
BnASiL-Wood, or Brazil-mood, an American wood
of a red colour, and very heavy. It is denominated
varioufly, according to the places from whence it is
brought: Thus we have brafil of Fernambucca, Japan,
Lamon, &c. For its defeription, &c. fee C^salpina.
BRASILETTO, the fame with Brafil-wood.
BRASLAW, a confiderable town of Poland, in Li¬
thuania, and palatinate of Wilna, with a caftle. It is
feated on a fmall lake, in E. Long. 17. 5. N. Lat.
55- 4S-
BRASS, or, as the French call it, yellow copper, is
a fa&itious metal, made of copper and zinc, or lapis
calaminaris. See CiiEMisrRr-Index*
The firft formation of brafs, as we are aflured by
feripture, was prior to the flood, and difeovered even
in the feventh generation from Adamf. But the ufe of Biafi
it was not, as is generally believed, and the Arundelian ^
marbles affert, previous to the knowledge of iron. They t Gen•
were both firft known in the fame generation, and firft
wrought by the fame difeoverer. And the knowledge
of them muft have been equally carried over the world
afterwards, with the fpreading of the colonies of the
Noachidse. An acquaintance with the one or the other
was abfolutely neceflary to the exiftence of the colo-
nifts; the clearing away of the woods about their fet-
tlements,and the eredlion of houfes for their habitation.
The ancient Britons,.though acquainted from the re-
moteft periods with the ufe of both thefe metals, re¬
mained long ignorant that they were to be obtained in
the ifland. Before this difeovery they imported all
their iron and brafs from the continent. And when
they had at length dete&ed the former in their own
hills, and had ceafed to introduce it, they continued to
receive the latter. Their want of the metal remained,
and no mines of it were opened in the ifland. In the
earlieft ages, whofe manners have been delineated by
hillory, we find the weapons of their warriors invari¬
ably framed of this fa&itious metal; and the moft au¬
thentic of all the profane records of antiquity, the A-
rundelian marbles, for that reafon, miftakenly date the
firft difeovery of iron a couple of centuries below the
Trojan war. Every military nation, as fuch, is natu-
rally ftudious of brightnefs in its arms j and the Bri¬
tons, particularly, gloried in the neatnefs of theirs. For
this reafon the nations of the world Hill fabricated their
arms of brafs, even long after the Arundelian aera for
the difeovery of iron ; and the Britons continued to
import it from the continent, though they had found
iron to be a native of the country, and could have fup-
plied themfelves with a fufficient quantity of it.
Mr Whittakerf fuppofes, that when the Britons de- f Hijl.»/
rived their iron and brafs from the continent, they pur- Mand>e/ty
chafed the latter at an eafier expence than the former.
The Gauls had many large brafs works carried on in ,
the kingdom, but feem to have had few iron forges
within it. And this would naturally induce the Belgas
to be lefs diligent in their inquiry after the veins of
copper and calamine at home, than for the courfes of
iron ore; though the one was equally difcoverable in
the ifland as the other, and lay equally within the Bel-
gic regions of it. Brafs being thus cheaper than iron,
they neceflarily formed with it feme domefticas well as
military implements. Such were common among the
Gauls; and fuch were familiar to the Britons, either
imported into the ifland, as fome actually were, or ma-
nufatftured within it, as others alfo affuredly were. The
Britons had certainly brafs founderies erected among
them, and minted money, and fabricated weapons of
brafs.
In this condition of the works, the Romans entered
the ifland. And feeing fo great a demand among the
natives for this article, they would fpeedily inftrudl
them to difeover the materials of it among themfelves.
This muft unavoidably have refulted from the conqueft
of the Romans. The power of furprifing their new
fubje&s with fo unexpected a difeovery would natu¬
rally ftimulate the pride of the Roman intellect; and
the defire of obliging themfelves with fo cheap a fupply
of that ufeful metal, ftationary as they were in that
kingdom, would alfo equally aftuate the felfiftinefs of
the
BRA
s|Brafs. the Roman heart. The veins of copper and calamine
v -v 1 would be eafily found out by an experienced inquirer
after them ; and the former metal is therefore diftin-
guiftied among the Welfh, only by the Roman appel¬
lation of cyprium, koppr or copper. And many foun-
; deries of brafs appear to have been eftabliihed in the
ifland. Some had been erefted before, one perhaps
within the confines of every kingdom, and probably in
the vicinity of every capital. One at leaft would be
neceffaryi in order to fupply the armoury of the prin¬
cipality : and one perhaps was fufficient for moil of
the Britiih ftates. But feverah appear now to have
been fettled in every kingdom, and one perhaps near
every ftationary town. Two have been difcovered in
the Angle county of Eifex, and within a narrow por¬
tion of it at Fifield and Danbury. And a third was
placed upon Eafterly Moor in Yorkihire, 12 miles to
the north-weft of York, and in the neighbourhood of
Ifurium or Aldborough.
Corinthian Brass, famous in antiquity, is a mix¬
ture of gold, filver, and copper. L. Mummius having
lacked and burnt the city of Corinth, 146 years be¬
fore Chrift, it is laid this metal was formed from the
immenfe quantities of gold, filver, and copper, where¬
with that city abounded, thus melted and run together
J/ by the violence of the conflagration.
Brass, in the glafs trade.-—Thrice-calcined brafs is
I; a preparation which ferves the glaffmen to give many
very beautiful colours to their metal. The manner of
preparing it is this : Place thin plates of brafs on tiles
I' on the leet of the furnace near the occhis} let it iland
to be calcined there for four days, and it will become a
if black powder flicking together in lumps. Powder this,
fift it fine, and recalcine it four or five days more; it will
not then flick together, but remain a loofe powder, of
|; a ruffet colour. This is to be calcined a third time in
T the fame manner ; but great care muft be taken in the
third calcination, that it be not overdone nor under¬
done ; the way to be certain when it is right is, to try
it feveral times in glafs while melting. If it makes it,
when -well purified, to fwell, boil, and rife, it is pro¬
perly calcined ; if not, it requires longer time. This
makes, according to the different proportions in which
it is ufed, a fea-green, an emerald-green, or a turcoife
I, colour.
1 Brafs, by long calcination alone, and without any
mixture, affords a fine blue or green colour for glafs;
but they have a method of calcining it alfo with pow¬
dered brimflone, fo as to make it afford a red, a yel¬
low, or a chalcedony colour, according to the quantity
and other variations in the ufing it. The method of
making the calcination is this: Cut thin plates of brafs
into fmall pieces Vvith fheers, and lay them flratum fu-
per flratum, with alternate beds of powdered fulphur,
in a crucible; calcine this for 24hours in a ftrong fire:,
then powder and lift the whole; and finally, expofe this
powder upon tiles for 1 2 days to a reverberating fur-
nace; at the end of this time, powder it fine, and keep
it for ufe. The glafs makers have alfo a method of
procuring a red powder from brafs, by a more fimple
calcination, which ferves them for many colours. The
method of preparing it is this: They put fmall and
thin plates of brafs into the arches of the glafs furnaces,
and leave them there till they are fufficiently calcined,
which the heat in that place, not being enough to melt
BRA
great perfe&ion. The calcined matter Brafs
powdered, is of a duflcy red, and requires no farther _ II
preparation. . Braffic^
BRASS-Cohur, one prepared by the braziers and co¬
lour-men to imitate brafs. There are two forts of it;
the red brafs or bronze, and the yellow or gilt brafs :
the latter is made only of copper-filings, the fmallefl
and brighteft that can be found ; with the former they
mix fome red ochre, finely pulverized ; they are both
ufed with varnifh.—In order to make a fine brafs that
will not take any ruft or verdigris, it muft be dried
with a chafing-diftr of coals as foon as it is applied. —
The fineft brafs-colour is made with powder brafs im¬
ported from Germany, diluted into a varnifh, made and
ufed after the following manner : The varnifh is com-
pofed of one pound four ounces of fpirit of wine, two
ounces of gum-lac, and two ounces of fandarac ; thefe
two laft drugs are pulverized feparately, and afterwards
put to diffolve in fpirit of wine, taking care to fill the
bottle but half full. The varnifh being made, you mix
fuch quantity as you pleafe of it with the pulverized
brafs, and apply it with a fmall bruflr to what you
would brafs over. But you muft not mix too much at
once, becaufe the varnifh being very apt to dry, you
would not have time to employ it all foon enough ; it
is therefore better to make the mixture at feveral times.
After this manner they brafs over figures of plafter,
which look as well as if they were of call brafs.
BkASs-Leafis made of copper, beaten out into very
thin plates, and afterwards rendered yellow. The
German aitifts, particularly thofe of Nuremberg and
Augfburg, are faid to poffefs the heft method of giving
to thefe thin plates of copper a fine yellow colour like
gold, by Amply expofing them to the fumes of zinc,
without any real mixture of it with the metal. Thefe
plates are cut into little pieces, and then beaten out
fine like leaves of gold ; after which they are put into
books of coarfe paper, and fold at a low price for the
vulgar kinds of gilding. The parings or fhreds of
thefe very thin yellow leaves being well ground on a
marble plate, are reduced to a powder fimilar to gold;
which ferves to cover, by means of gum-water or fome
other glutinous fluid, the furface of various mouldings
or pieces of curious workmanfhip, giving them the ap¬
pearance of real bronze, and even of fine gold, at a very
trifling expence,, becaufe the gold colour of this me¬
tallic powder may be eafily raifed and improved by
fUrring it on a wide earthen bafon over a flow fire.
BRASS-Lumps, a common name given by miners to
the globular pyrites. See Pyrites.
BRASSAW, or Crqnstadt, a ftrong town of
Tranfilvania in Burezland ; feated on the river Buxol,
in E. Long. 22. 3 v N. Lat. 46, 30.
BRASSE, in ichthyology, a fpecies of Pekca.
BRASSICA, cabbage ; A genus of the filiquofa
order, belonging to the tetradynamia clafs of plants;
and in the natural method ranking under the 39th or¬
der, Sitiqwfo. The calyx is ere£l and converging; the
feeds are globular ; the gland between the fhorter fta-
mina and the piftillum, and between the longer ones
and the calyx. There are 12 fpecies. 1 .The orientalis,
with heart-ftiaped fmooth leaves embracing the ftem,
and four-cornered capfules. 2. The campeftris, with
a flender root and ftem, the leaves being uniform, heart-
ftiaped, and feffile. 3, The arvenfis, with fcolloped
5 leaves.
t 519 1
them, does in
BRA [ 52
leaves embracing the ftem ; the higheft heart-ihaped,
and moil entire. 4. The alpina,- with the radical leaves
egg-fliaped, and ereft petals. 5. The napus, with the
root-ftem fpindle ihaped. 6. The raffa, with the radi¬
cal ftem growing orbicular, depreffed, and fleftiy. 7.
The oleracea, with the radical ftem growing columnar
and fleihy.' 8. The chin ends, with very entire oval
leaves; the floral leaves lanceofated and embracing the
ftem ; the calyxes longer thaa the claw of the petals.
9. The violacea, with lanceolated, egg-lhaped, fmooth,
undivided, and dentated.
In thefe fpecies the ftyle is obtufe; in the following
eniiform. 10. The erucaftrum, with runcinate leaves,
a hifpid ftem, and poliftted capfules. ix.Theeruca,
with lyrated leaves, ihaggy ftem, and fmooth capfules.
12. The veficaria, with runcinate leaves, and hifpid
^capfules covered with a ttimid calyx.
Culture, &c. The fecond fort never varies. It grows
.naturally on the fea-fhore near Dover. It hath a per¬
ennial branching ftalk, in which it differs from all the
other fpecies. In very fevere winters, when the other
.forts are deftroyed, this is a neceffary plant, for the moft
fevere frofts do not injure it. The flower-ftalks grow
■from the end of the branches, and fpread out horizon¬
tally ; but thofe which arife from the centre of the
plants grow ereft, and feldom put out branches. The
cauliflower has been much more improved in Britain
than in any other part of Europe. In France they
rarely have cauliflowers till Michaelmas, and Holland
Is generally fupplied with them from Britain. In many
parts of Germany there were none of them cultivated
till within a few years paft, and moft parts of Europe
•are fupplied with feeds from Britain. The eighth fort,
which is generally known by the title of rape or cole
feed, is much cultivated in the ifle of Ely, and fome
other parts of England, for its feed, from which rape-
oil is drawn ; and it hath alfo been cultivated of late
years, in other places, for feeding of cattle, to great
advantage. The cole feed, when cultivated for feeding
of cattle, ftiould be fown about the middle of June.
The ground for this fhould be prepared for it in the
fame manner as for turnips. The quantity of feeds for
an acre of land is from fix to eight pounds; and as the
price of the feed is not great, fo it is better to allow
eight pounds; for if the plants are too clofe in any part,
they may be eafily thinned when the ground is hoed,
which muft be performed in the fame manner as is prac-
tifed for turnips, with this difference only, of leaving
thefe much nearer together; for as they have fibrous
roots and flender ftalks, fo they do not require near fo
much room. Thefe plants fhould have a fecond hoe¬
ing about five or fix weeks after the firft, which, if
well performed in dry weather, will entirely deftroy the
weeds, fo they will require no farther culture. Where
there is not an immediate want of food, thefe plants
had better be kept as a referve for hard weather, or
fpring feed, when there may be a fcarcity of other green
food. If the heads are cut off, and the ftalks left in the
ground, they will fhoot again early in the fpring, and
produce a good fecond crop in April; which may be
either fed off, or permitted to run to feeds, as is the
praftice where this is cultivated for the feeds : but if the
ftrft is fed down, there fhould be care taken that the
cattle d|o not deftroy their ftems, or pull them out of
the ground. As this plant is fo hardy as not to be de-
N° 53. J
3 ] BRA
ftroyed by froft, fo it is of great fervice in hard winters
for feeding of ewes; for when the ground is fo hard
frozen as that turnips cannot be taken up, thefe plants
may be cut off for a conftant fupply. This will afford
late food after the turnips are run to feed ; and if it is
afterwards permitted to ftand for feed, one acre will
produce as much as, at a moderate computation, will
fell for five pounds, clear of charges. Partridges, phea-
fants, turkeys, and moft other fowl, are very fond of
this plant; fo that wherever it is cultivated, if there are
any birds in the neighbourhood, they will conftantly
lie among thefe plants. The feeds of this plant are
fown in gardens for winter and fpring fallads, this be->
ing one of the fmall fallad herbs.
The common white, red, flat, and long-fided/cab¬
bages are chiefly cultivated for autumn and winter ufe ;
the feeds of thefe forts muft be fown the beginning or
middle of April, in beds of good frelh earth ; and when
the young plants have about eight leaves, they fliould
be pricked out into fiiady borders, about three or four
inches fquare, that they may acquire ftrength, and to
prevent their growing long fhanked. About the middle
of June you muft tranfplant them out, where they are
to remain. If they are planted for a full crop in a clear
fpot of ground, the diftance from row to row flrould be
three feet and a half, and in the rows two feet and a
half afunder: if the feafon flrould prove dry when they
are tranfplanted out, you muft water them every other
evening until they have taken freflr root; and after¬
wards, as the plants advance in height, you flrould draw
the earth about their ftems with a hoe, which will keep
the earth moift about their roots, and greatly ftrengthen
the plants. Thefe cabbages will fome of them be fit
for ufe foon after Michaelmas, and will continue until
the end of February, if they are not deftroyed by bad
weather; to prevent which, the gardeners near London
pull up their cabbages in November, and trench their
ground up in ridges, laying their cabbages againft their
ridges as clofe as pofiible on one fide, burying their
ftems in the ground: in this manner they let them re¬
main till after Chriftmas, when they cut them for the
market; and although the outer part of the cabbage
be decayed (as is often the cafe in very wet or hard
winters), yet, if the cabbages were large and hard
when laid, the infide will remain found.
The Ruffian cabbage was formerly in much greater
efteem than at prefent, it being now only to be found
in particular gentlemens gardens, who cultivate it for
their own ufe. This muft be fown late in the fpring
of the year, and managed as thofe before direfted, with
. this difference only, that thefe muft be fooner planted
out, and muft have an open clear fpot of ground, and
require much lefs diftance every way, for it is but a very
fmall hard cabbage. This fort will not continue long
before they will break and run up to feed.
The early and fugar-loaf cabbages are commonly
fown for fummer ufe, and are whst the gardeners about
London commonly call Michael?nas cabbages. The fea¬
fon for lowing of thefe is about the end of July, or be¬
ginning of Auguft, in an open fpot of ground; and
when the plants have got eight leaves, you muft prick
them into beds at about three or four inches diftance
every way, that the plants may grow ftrong and ftiort
(hanked ; and toward the end of Qdlober you fliould
plant them out; the diftance that thefe require is, three
S R A I s
feet row from row, and two feet and a half afunder in
the rows. The ground muft be kept clean from weeds,
and the earth drawn up about your cabbage plants. In
May, if your plants were of the early kind, they will
turn in their leaves for cabbaging; at which time, the
gardeners near London, in order to obtain them a little
fooner, tie in their leaves clofe with a flender ofier-twig
to blanch their middle ; by which means, they have
them at leaft a fortnight fooner than they could have
if they were leh untied.
The early cabbage being the firft, we fhould choofe
to plant the fewer of them, and a greater quantity of
the fugar-loaf kind, which comes after them ; for the
early kind will not fupply the kitchen long, generally
cabbaging apace when they begin, and as foon grow
hard and burft open ; but the fugar-loaf kind is longer
before it comes, and is as flow in its cabbaging; and
being of an hollow kind, will continue for a good long
time. The fugar-loaf kind may be planted out in Fe¬
bruary, and will fucceed as well as if planted earlier ;
with this difference only, that they will be later before
they cabbage. You fhould alfo referve fome plants of
the early kind in fome well-fheltered fpot of ground, to
fupply your plantation, in cafe of a defeft ; for in mild
winters many of the plants are apt to run to feed, efpe-
cially when their feeds are fown too early, and in fevere
winters they are often deftroyed.
The Savoy cabbages are propagated for winter ufe,
as being generally efteemed the better when pinched by
the frofl : thefe muft be fown about the end of April,
and treated after the manner as was dire&ed for the
common white cabbage ; with this difference, that thefe
may be planted at a clofer diftance than thofe; two feet
and a half fqaare will be fufficient. Thefe are always
much better when planted in an open fituation, which
is clear .from trees and hedges; for in clofe places they
are very fubjeft to be eaten almoft up by caterpillars
and other vermin, efpecially if the autumn prove dry.
The broccoli may alfo be treated in the fame man¬
ner, but need not be planted above one foot afunder in
the rows, and the rows two feet diftance; thefe are ne¬
ver eaten till the froft hath rendered them tender; for
otherwife they are tough and bitter.
The feeds of the broccoli (of which there are feveral
kinds, viz. the Roman or purple, the Neapolitan or
white, and the black broccoli, with fome others, but
the Roman is preferred to them all), fliould be fown
about the latter end of May, or beginning of June, and
when the plants are grown to have eight leaves, tranf-
plant them into beds (as was direfted for the common
cabbage) 3 and toward the latter end of July they will
be fit to plant out, which ftiould be done into fome
well-fheltered fpot of ground, but not under the drip
of trees: the diftance thefe require is about a foot and
a half in the rows, and two feet row from row. The
foil in which they fhould be planted ought to be rather
light than heavy : if your plants fucceed well (as there
will be little reafon to doubt, unlefs the winter prove
extremely hard), they will begin to fhow their fmallheads,
which are fomewhat like a cauliflower, but of a purple
colour, about the end of December, and will continue
eatable till the middle of April. The brown or black
broccoli is by many perfons greatly efteemed, though
it doth not defer ve a place in the kitchen-garden where
the Roman broccoli can be obtained, which is much
Vol. III. Part II.
2i ] BRA
fweeter, and will continue longer in feafon : indeed, the
brown fort is much hardier, fo that it will thrive in the
coldelt fituations, where the Roman broccoli is fome-
times deftroyed in very hard winters. The brown fort
fhould be fown in the middle of May, and managed as
hath been dire£ted for the common cabbage, and fhould
be planted at the fame diftance, which is about tw6
feet and a half afunder. This will grow very tall, fo
fhould have the earth drawn up to their ftems as they
advance in height. This doth not form heads fo per¬
fect as the Roman broccoli; the ftems and hearts of the
plants are the parts which are eaten. The Roman broc¬
coli (if well managed) will have large heads, which ap¬
pear in the centre of the plants like clufters of buds.
Thefe heads fhould be cut before they run up to feed,
with about four or five inches of the ftem ; the fkin of
thefe ftems fhould be ftripped off before they are boiled.
After the firft heads are cut off, thete will be a great
number of fide-fhoots produced from the ftems, which
will have fmall heads to them, but are full as well fla¬
voured as the large. The Naples broccoli hath white
heads very like thofe of the cauliflower, and eats fo like
it as not to be diftinguifhed from it.—Befides this firft
crop of broccoli (which is ufuaily fown in the end of
May), it will be proper to fow another crop the be¬
ginning of July, which will come in to fupply the table
the latter end of March and the beginning of April;
and being very young, will be extremely tender and
fweet.
In order to fave good feeds of this kind of broccoli,
you fliould referve a few of the largeft heads of the firft
crop, which fhould be let remain to run up to feed, and
all the under fhoots fhould be conftantly ftripped off,
leaving only the main ftem to flower and feed. If this
be duly obferved, and no other fort of cabbage permit¬
ted to feed near them, the feeds will be as good as thofe
procured from abroad, and the fort may be preferved in
perfection many years.
The turnip-rooted cabbage was formerly more cul¬
tivated in Britain than at prefent; for fince other forts
have been introduced which are much better flavoured,
this fort has been negle&ed. There are fome perfons
who efteem this kind for foups, but it is too ftrong for
moft palates ; and is ftldom good but in hard winters,
which will render it tender and lefs ftrong. At the end
of June the plants fhould be tranfplanted out where
they are to remain, allowing them two feet diftance
every way, obferving to water them until they have ta¬
ken root; and as their ftems advance, the earth fhould
be drawn up to them with a hoe, which will preferve
a moitture about their roots, and prevent their ftems
from drying and growing woody, fo that the plants
will grow more freely ; but it fhould not be drawn very
high, for as it is the globular part of the ftalk which
is eaten, fo that fliould not be covered. In winter
they will be fit for ufe, when they fhould be cut off,
and the ftalks pulled out of the ground and thrown
away, being good for nothing after the ftems are cut
off. As food for cattle, however, the cultivation of
this fpecies deferves particular attention. See Agri¬
culture, n° i 70.
The curled colewort or Siberian broccoli is now
more generally efteemed than the former, being ex¬
tremely hardy, fo is never injured by cold, but is always
fweeter in fevere winters than in mild feafons. This
3 U may
BRA [522] BRA
Braflica. may be propagated by fowing of the feeds the begin-
1 ning of July ; and when the plants are ftrong enough
for tranfplanting, they fliould be planted in rows about
a foot and a half afunder, and ten inches diftance in the
rows. Thefe will be fit for ufc after Chriftmas, and
continue good until April, fo that they are very ufe-
ful in a family.
The mufk cabbage. This may be propagated in the
fame manner as the common cabbage, and fhould be
allowed the fame diftance: it will be fit for ufe in Oc¬
tober, November, and December ; but, if the winter
proves hard, thefe will be deftroyed much fooner than
the common fort.
The common colewert or Dorfetfhire kale, is now
almoft loft near London, where their markets are ufu-
ally fupplied with cabbage plants inftead of them. The
beft method to cultivate this plant in the fields is, to
fow the feeds about the beginning of July, choofing
a moift feafon, which will bring up the plants in about
ten days or a fortnight; the quantity of feed for an
acre of land is nine pounds : when the plants have got
five or fix leaves they ftiould be hoed, as is pra&ifed
for turnips, cutting down all the weeds from amongft
the plants, and alfo thinning the plants where they are
too thick ; but they Ihould be kept thicker than tur¬
nips, becaufe they are more in danger of being deftroy¬
ed by the fly : this work fliould be performed in dry
weather, that the weeds may be killed. About fix
weeks after the plants fliould have a fecond hoeing,
which,, if carefully performed in dry weather, will en¬
tirely deftroy the weeds, and make the ground clean,
fo that they will require no farther culture : in the fpring
they may be either drawn up and carried out to feed
the cattle, or they may be turned in to feed upon them
as they Hand ; but the former method is to be prefer¬
red, becaufe there will be little wafte ; whereas, when
the cattle are turned in amongft the plants, they will
tread down and deftroy more than they eat, efpecially
if they are not fenced off by hurdles.
The two laft forts of cabbages are varieties fit for a
botanic garden, but are plants of no ufe. They are
annual plants, and perifti when they have perfe&ed
their feeds.
The bell method to fave the feeds of alt the forts of
cabbages is, about the end of November you fliould
make choice of fome of your beft cabbages, which you
ftiould pull up, and carry to fome ftied or other covered
place, where you ftiould hang them up for three or
four days by their ftalks, that the water may drain from
between their leaves ; then plant them in fome border
near a hedge or pale, quite down to the middle of the
cabbage, leaving only the upper part of the cabbage
above ground, obferving to raife the earth above it, fo
that it may ftand a little above the level of the ground ;
efpecially if the ground is wet, they will require to be
raifed pretty much above the furface. If the winter
fliould prove very hard, you muft lay a little ftraw or
peafe-haulm lightly upon them, to fecure them from
the froft, taking it off as often as the weather proves
mild, left by keeping them too clofe they fliould rot.
In the fpring of the year thefe cabbages will fhoot out
ftrongly, and divide into a great number of fmall
branches : you muft therefore fupport their Items, to
prevent their being broken off by the wind ; and if the
weather ftiould be veiy hot and dry when they are in
flower, you Ihould refrefti them with water once a week
all over the branches, which will greatly promote their u
feeding, and preferve them from mildew. When the
pods begin to change' brown, you will do well to cut
off the extreme part of every flioot with the pods, which
will ftrengthen your feeds ; for it is generally obferved,
that thofe feeds which grow near the top of the fhoots,
are very fubjed to run to feed before they cabbage ;
fo that by this there will be no lofs, but a great ad¬
vantage. When your feeds begin to ripen, you muft
be particularly careful that the birds do not deftroy it,
for they are very fond of thefe feeds. The beft method
to prevent this, is to get a quantity of birdlime, and
dawb over a parcel of flender twigs, which Ihould be
faftened at each end to ftronger flicks, and placed
near the upper part of the feed in different places, fo
that the birds may alight upon,them, by which means
they will be faftened thereto p where you muft let
them remain, if they cannot get off themfelves : and
although there fliould not above two or three birds be
caught, yet it will fufficiently terrify the reft, that they
will not come to that place again,for a confiderable
time after.
When your feed is fully ripe, you muft cut it off ;
and after drying, threlh it out, and preferve it in bags
for ufe.
But in planting of cabbages for feed, it will be pror
per never to plant more than one fort in a place, or
near one anotherfor example, never plant red and
white cabbages near each other, nor Savoy with white
or red cabbages ; for they will, by the commixture of
their effluvia,, produce a mixture of kinds: and it is
faid to be owing to this negledt, that the gardeners
rarely fave any good red cabbage feed in Britain, but
are obliged to procure frelh feeds from abroad; as fup-
pofing the foil or climate of Britain alters them from
red to white, and of a mixed kind betwixt both; where¬
as, if they fliould plant red cabbages by themfelves for
feeds, and not fuffer any other to be near them, they
might continue the kind as good in Britain as in any
other part of the world.
Cauliflowers have of late years been fo far improved
in Britain, as to exceed in goodnefa and magnitude
what are produced in moft parts of Europe, and by the
Ikill of the gardener are continued for feveral months
together; but the moft common feafon for the great
crop is in May, June, and July. Having procured a
parcel of good feed, you muft fovv it about the 21ft of
Auguft, upon an old cucumber or melon-bed, fifting a
little earth over the feeds, about a quarter of an inch
thick; and if the weather ftiouldprove extremely hot and
dry, you. fliould fliade the beds with mats, to prevent
the earth from drying too fall, and give it gentle wa¬
terings as you may fee occafion. In about a month’s
time after lowing, your plants will be fit to prick out;
you fliould therefore put fome frefti earth upon your
cucumber or melon beds; or where thefe are not to be
had, fome beds fliould be made with a little new dung,
which fliould be trodden down clofe, to prevent the
worms from getting through it; but it fliould not be
hot dung, which would be hurtful to the plants at this
feafon, efpecially if it proves hot; into this bed you
fliould prick your young plants at about two inches
fquare, obferving to fliade and water them at firft plant¬
ing ; but do not water then? too much after they are
growing.
BRA
Stafllca. growing, nor fnffer them to receive too much rain if
' the feafon fhould prove wet, which would be apt to
make them black fhanked, as the gardeners term it,
which is no lefs than a rottennefs in their Items, and
is the deftru&ion of the plants fo affe&ed. In this
bed they (hould continue till about the 30th of Octo¬
ber, when they muft be removed into the place where
they are to remain during the winter feafon ; which,
for the firft fowing, is commonly under bell or hand
glaffes, to have early cauliflowers, and thefe ihould be
of an early kind: but in order to have a fucceflion du¬
ring the feafon, you fhould be provided with another
more late kind, w’hich fhould be fown four or five days
after the other, and managed as was dire&ed for them.
In order to have very early cauliflowers, you fhould
make choice of a good rich fpot of ground that is well
defended from the north, eaft, and weft winds, with
hedges, pales, or walls; but the firft are to be prefer¬
red, if made with reeds, becaufe the winds will fall
dead in thefe, and not reverberate as by pales or walls.
This ground fhould be well trenched, burying therein a
good quantity of rotten dung; then level your ground,
and if it be naturally a wet foil, you fhould raife it up
in beds about two feet and a half, or three feet broad,
and four inches above the level of the ground ; but if
your ground is moderately dry, you need not raife it at
all: then plant your plants, allowing about two feet fix
inches diftance from glafs to glafs in the rows, always
putting two good plants under each glafs, which may
be at about four inches from each other ; and if you
defign them for a full crop, they may be three feet and
a half row from row : but if you intend to make ridges
for cucumbers between the rows of cauliflower plants
(as is generally pradlifed by the gardeners near Lon¬
don), you muft then make your rows about eight feet
afunder; and the ground between the rows of cauli¬
flowers may be planted with cabbage plants, to be drawn
off for coleworts in the fpring. When you have plant¬
ed your plants, if the ground is very dry, you fhould
give them a little water, and then fet your glaffes over
them, which may remain quite clofe down over them
till they have taken root, which will be in about
a week or ten days time, unlefs there fhould be a kind¬
ly fhower of rain ; in which cafe you may fet off the
glaffes, that the plants may receive the benefit of it;
and in about ten days after planting, you fhould be
provided wifh a parcel of forked flicks or bricks, with
which you fhould raife your glaffes about three or four
inches on the fide toward the fouth, that your plants
may have free air; in this manner your glaffes fhould
remain over the plants night and day, unlefs in frofty
weather, when you fhould fet them down as clofe as
pofiible; or if the weather fhould prove very warm,
which many times happens in November, and fome-
tinres in December, in this cafe you fhould keep your
glaffes off in the day-time, and put them on only in
the night, left, by keeping the glaffes over them too
much, you fhould draw them into flower at that fea¬
fon ; which is many times the cafe in mild winters, efpe-
cially if unfkilfully managed. Toward the latter end
of February, if the weather proves mild, you fhould
prepare another good fpot of ground to remove fome
of the plants into from under the glaffes, which fhould
be well dunged and trenched (as before): then fet off
your glaffes; and, after making choice of one of the
BRA
moft promifing plants under each glafs, which fhould
remain, take away the other plant, by railing it up
with a trowel, &c. fo as to preferve as much earth to
the root as pofiible ; but take care not to difturb or
prejudice the roots of the plants which remain. Then
plant the plants which you have taken out at the di¬
ftance before dire&ed, viz. if for a full crop, three feet
and a half, row from row ; but .if for ridges of cucum¬
bers between them, eight feet, and two feet four inches
diftance in the rows : then, with a fmall hoe, draw the
earth up to the ftems of the plants which were left un¬
der the glaffes, taking great care not to let the earth
fall into their hearts; and fet your glaffes over them
again, raifing your props an inch or two higher than
before, to give them more air, obferving to take them
off whenever there may be fome gentle fhowers, which
will greatly refrcfh the plants.
In a little time after, if you find your plants growfo
faft as to fill the glaffes with their leaves, you fhould
then flightly dig about the plants, and raife the ground
about them in a bed broad enough for the glaffes to
Hand, about four inches high, which will give your
plants a great deal of room, by raifing the glaffes fo
much higher when they are fet over them ; and by
this means they might be kept covered until April,
which otherwife they could not, without prejudice to
the leaves of the plants ; and this is a great advantage
to them, for many times we have returns of fevere frofts
at the latter end of March, which prove very hurtful to
thefe plants, if expofed thereto, efpecially after having
been nurfed up under glaffes.
After you have finifhed your beds, you may fet your
glaffes over your plants again, obferving to raife your
props pretty high, efpecially if the weather be mild,
that they may have free air to ftrengthen them ; and in
mild foft weather fet off your glaffes, as alfo in gentle
fhowers of rain ; and now you muft begin to harden
them by degrees to endure the open air; however, it is
advifable to let your glaffes remain over them as long
as pofiible, if the nights fhould be frofty, which will
greatly forward your plants ; but you muft not let your
glaffes remain upon them in very hot fun-fhine, efpeci¬
ally if their leaves prefs againft the fides of the glaffes ;
for it hath often been obferved in fuch cafes, that the
moiflure which hath rifen from the ground, together
with the perfpiration of the plants, which by the glaffes
remaining over them hath been detained upon the leaves
of the plants, when the fun hath fhone hot upon
the fides of the glaffes, have acquired fuch a powerful
heat from the beams thereof, as to fcald all their larger
leaves, to the no fmall prejudice of the plants: nay,
fometimes large quantities of plants have been fo af-
fe<fted therewith, as never to be worth any thing
after.
If your plants have fucceeded well, toward the end
of April fome of them will begin to fruit: you muft
therefore look over them carefully every other day, and
when you fee the flower plainly appear, you muft break
down fome of the inner leaves over it to guard it from
the fun, which would make the flower yellow and
unfightly if expofed thereto ; and when you find your
flower at its full bignefs (which you may know by its
outfide parting as if it would run), you muft then
draw it out of the ground, and not cut them off,
leaving the ftalk in the ground, as is by fome pradlifed %
3 U 2 and
C S23 ]
BRA l 524 ] BRA
BralTica. and if they are defigned for prefent ufe, you may cut amongft the cauliflowers, that the ground may be clear- Braflica.
w—v—^ them out of their leaves ; but if defigned to keep, ed in time. v-—!
you (hould preferve their leaves about them, and put
them into a cool place ; the beft time for pulling them
is in a morning, before the fun hath exhaled the moi-
fture ; for cauliflowers pulled in the heat of the day,
lofe that firmnefs which they naturally have, and be¬
come tough.
But to return to our fecond crop (the plants being
raifed and managed as was dire&ed for the early crop,
until the end of O&ober), you muft then prepare feme
beds, either to be covered with glafs-frames, or arched
over with hoops, to be covered wkh mats, &c. Thefe
Your ground being ready and the feafon good, about
the middle of February you may begin to plant out
your cauliflowers: the diftance which is generally al¬
lowed by the gardeners near London (who plant other
crops between their cauliflowers to fucceed them, as
cucumbers for pickling, and winter cabbages) is every
other row four feet and a half apart, and the interme¬
diate rows two feet and a half, and two feet two inches
diftance in the rows ; fo that in the latter end of May
or beginning of June (when the radifties and fpinach
are cleared off), they put in feeds of cucumbers for
beds fhould have fume dung laid at the bottom, about pickling, in the middle of the wide rows, at three feet
fix inches or a fopt thick, according to the fize of your and a half apftrt; and in the narrow rows plant cab-
plants ; for if they are fmall, the bed fhould be thicker bages for winter ufe, at two feet two inches diftance,.
.r j v_:— .u™ r a f0 that thefe ftand each of them exaftly in the middle
of the fquare beween four cauliflower plants; and thefe
to prevent the worms from finding their way through after the cauliflowers are gone off, will have full room
it; then lay fome good frefh earth about four or five to grow, and the crop be hereby continued in a fuccef-
inches thick thereon, in which you fliould plant your fion through the whole feafon.
plants about two inches and a half fquare, obferving to There are many people who are very fond of water-
ihadeand water them until they have taken new root; but ing cauliflower plants in fummer ; but the gardeners
of dung to bring them forward, and fo vice verfa ; this
dung ftiould be beat down clofe with a fork, in order
you muft not keep your coverings ciofe, for the warmth
of the dung will occafion a large damp in the bed,
which, if pent in, will greatly injure the plants. When
your plants have taken root, you muft give them as
London have almoft wholly laid afide this prac¬
tice, as finding a deal of trouble and charge to little
purpofe ; for if the ground be fo very dry as not to pro¬
duce tolerable good cauliflowers without water, it fel-
mueh free open air as pofiible, by keeping the glafles dom happens that watering of them makes them much
off in the day-time as much as the weather will permit;
and in the night, or at fuch times as the glaffes require
better; and when once they have been watered, if it is
not conftantly continued, it had been much better for
to be kept on, raife them up with props to let in frefh them if they never had any ; as alfo, if it be given them.
air, unlefs in frofty weather ; at which time the glaffes
ftiould be covered with mats, ftraw, peafe-haulm, &c.
the middle of the day, it rather helps to feald them :
fo that, upon the whole, if care be taken to keep the
but this is not to be done but in very hard frofts; you earth drawn up to their ftems, and clear them from e-
muft alfo obferve to guard them againft great rain,
which in winter time is very hurtful to them, but in
mild weather, if the glaffes are kept on, they fliould be
propped to admit frefti air; and if the under leaves
grow yellow and decay, be fure to pick them off: for
very thing that grows near them, that they may have-
free open air, you will-find that they will fucceed bet¬
ter without than with water, where any of thefe cau¬
tions are not ftri&ly obferved.
But in order to have a third cropof cauliflowers, you-
if the weather ftiould prove very bad in winter, fo that ftiould make a flender hot-bed in February, in which
you fhould be obliged to keep them clofe covered for you fhould fow the feeds, covering them a quarter of
two or three days together, as it fometimes happens, an inch thick with light mould, and covering the bed
thefe decayed leaves will render the inclofed air very with glafs-frames. When the plants are come up, and
noxious; and the plants perfpiring pretty much at that have gotten four or five leaves, you fhould prepare an-
time, are often deftroyed in vaft quantities.
In the beginning of February, if the weather be mild,
you muft begin to harden your plants by degrees, that
they may be prepared for tranfplantation : the ground
where you intend to plant your cauliflowers out (which
other hot-bed to prick them into, which may be about
two inches fquare ; and in the beginning of April har¬
den them by degrees, to fit them for tranfplanting,
which fhould be done the middle of that month, at the
diftance dire&ed for the fecond crop, and muft be ma-
Ihould be quite open from trees, &c. and rather moift naged accordingly : thefe (if the foil is moift where
than dry), having been well dunged and dug, fhould
be fown with radifhes a week or fortnight before you
they are planted, or the feafon cool and moift) will pro¬
duce good cauliflowers about a month after the fecond
intend to plant out your cauliflowers'; the fowing of crop is gone, whereby their feafon will be greatly pro--
radifhes is particularly mentioned, becaufe if there are longed.
not fome radifhes amongft; them, and the month of May
fhould prove hot and dry, as it fometimes happens, the
There is alfo a fourth crop of cauliflowers, which is.
raifed by fowing the feed about the 23d of May; and
fly will feize your cauliflowers, and eat their leaves full being tranfplanted, as hath been before direfted, will
of holes, to their prejudice, and fometimes their deftruc-
tion ; whereas, if thefe are radiihes upon the fpot, the
flies will take to them, and never meddle with the cau¬
liflowers fo long as they laft: indeed, the gardeners
sear London mix fpinach with their radifh-feed, and fo
have a double crop ; which is an advantage where
produce good cauliflowers in a kindly feafon and good
foil after Michaelmas, and continue through Oftober
and November*, and, if the feafon permit, often a great
part of December.
All the fpecies of cabbage are fuppofed to be hard Qualitieiit
of digeftion, to afford little nourifhment, and to pro- &c. 1
ground is dear, or where perfons are ftraitened for duce flatulencies, though probably on no very good
roomotherwife it is very, well to have only one. crop foundation. They tend ftrongly to putrefaction, and.
BRA [ 525 ] BRA
Btaflicavit run into this ftate fooner than almoft any other vege-
Brauronia ta^e > when putrefied, their fmell is likewife the moil
, offenfive, greatly refembling that of putrefied animal
fubilances. A deco<5lion of them is faid to loofen the
belly. Of all thefe plants cauliflower is reckoned the
eafiefl: of digeftion. The white is the moil fetid, and
the red moil emollient or laxative ; a deco&ion of this
laft is recommended for foftening acrimonious hu¬
mours in fome diforders of the bread, and in hoarfenefs.
The red cabbage is chiefly ufed for pickling. In fome
countries they bury the white cabbage when full grown
in the autumn, and thus preferve it all winter. 'The
Germans cut them to pieces, and, along with fome a-
romatic herbs and fait, prefs them clofe down in a tub
where they foon ferment, and are eaten under the name
of Sonr-crout. See that article.
BRASSICAVIT, or BRACHicAvix,in the manege,
is a horfe whofe fore-legs are naturally bended arch¬
wife : being fo called by way of diftin&ion from an
arched horfe, whofe legs are bowed by hard labour.
BRAULS, Indian cloths with blue and white ftripes.
They are otherwife called turbants, becaufe they ferve
to cover thofe ornaments of the head, particularly on
the coaft of Africa.
BRAIJN (George), in Latin Bramius, archdea¬
con of Dortmund, and dean of Notre Dame in Gra-
dibus, at Colonge, He publifhed a Latin oration a-
| gainft the priefts guilty of fornication ; he alfo wrote
the life of Jefus Chrift, that of the Holy Virgin, and
a controverfial treatife againll the Proteftants j but his
j . chief work is the Theatrum Urbium, in feveral volumes
folio.
BRA.UNA, a town of Germany, in Bavaria, feated
on the river Inn. It has a ftrong fortrefs: notwith-
llanding, it was taken by the Autlrians in 1743. E.
Long. 13. 3. N. Lat. 48. 10.
BRAUNSBURG, a town of Poland, in Regal
Pruffia, with a very commodious harbour, and belong¬
ing to the king of Pruffia. It is feated near the Bal¬
tic fea, in E. Long. 20. o. N. Lat. 54. i^.
BRAUNSFIELD, a town of Germany, in the cir¬
cle of the Upper Rhine, and country of Solmes, with
a handfome palace or caftle. E. Long. 8. 32. N. Lat.
j . 50. 22.
BRAVO, one of the Cape de Verd iflands on the
coaft of Africa, remarkable for its excellent wines,, and
inhabited by Portuguefe. The land is very high, and
confifts of mountains which look like pyramids. It a-
bounds in Indian corn, gourds,, water-melons, potatoes,
horfes, affes, and hogs. There is alfo plenty of filhon
the coaft, and the ifland produces falt-petre. W.Long.
25. 35. N. Lat. 14. o.
Bravo, a town of Africa, on thecoaflof Ajan, with
a pretty good harbour. It is an independent place,
and is about 80 miles diftant from Magadoxo. E. Long.
41. 35. N. Lat. 1. o.
BRAURONIA, in Grecian antiquity, a feftival in
honour of Diana, furaamed Brauronia, from its having
I been obferved at Brauron, an Athenian borough. This
feftival was celebrated once in five years, being ma¬
naged by ten men,, called in Greek \jeropom~\. The
viftim offered in facrifice was a goat, and it was cuf-
tomary for certain men to fing one of Homer’s Iliads.
The moft remarkable perfons at this folemnity were
young virgins, habited in yellow gowns, and confe-
3>
crated to Diana. It was unlawful for any of them to
be above ten or under five years of age.
BRAWN, the flelh of a boar fouced or pickjed:
for which end the boar Ihould be old ; becaufe the older
he is, the more horny will the brawn be—The mer
thod of preparing brawn is as follows: The boar be¬
ing killed, it is the flichcs only, without the legs, that
are made brawn ; the bones of which are to be taken
out, and then the flefh fprinkled with fair, and laid in a
tray, that the blood may drain off: Then it is to be
faked a little, and rolled up as hard as poffible. The
length of the collar of brawn Ihould be as much as one
fide of the boar will bear, fo' that when rolled up it will
be nine or ten inches diameter.
The collar being thus rolled up, is to be boiled in
a copper, or large kettle, till it is fo tender, that you
can run a ftraw through it; then fet it by till it is
thorough cold, and put it into the following pickle.
To every gallon of water, put a handful or two of
fait, and as much wheat-bran : Boil them together,
then drain the bran as clear as you. can from the li¬
quor ; and when the liquor is quite cold, put the
brawn into it.
BRAY (Sir Reginald), a celebrated-architedl and
politician, was the fecondfon of Sir Richard Bray, one
of the privy council to king Henry VI. Sir Reginald,
was inftrumeptal in the advancement of king Henry
VII. to the throne of England; and was greatly in the
favours of that prince, who bellowed honours and.
wealth upon him. His ikill in architedlure appears
from Henry VII.’s chapel at Weftminfter, and the
chapel of St George at Windfor, as he had a principal
concern and diredlion in the building of the former,
and the finifhing and bringing to perfection the latter,,
to which he was alfo a liberal benefaCtor. In the
middle of the fouth aile of the above chapel is a fpaci-
ous chapel built by him, and ftill called by his name.
He died in 1501 ; and was interred in the above cha¬
pel, probably under the ilone where lies Dr Waterland;
for, on opening the vault for that gentleman, who.dicd
in 1 740, a leaden coffin of ancient form was found,
which, by other appearances, was judged to be that of
Sir Reginald, and was, by order of the dean, immedi¬
ately arched over.
Bray (Dr Thomas), an eminent, learned, and pious
divine, was born at Marton, in Shroplhire, in the year
1656, and educated at Oxford. He was at length pre-
fented to the vicarage of Over-Whitacre, in Warwick-
ftnre ; and in 1690, to tVe reftory of Sheldon, where
he compofed his CatecheticalLettures} which procured,
him fuch reputation, that Dr Compton, bifliop of Lon¬
don, pitched upon him as a proper perfon to model the
infant church of Maryland, and eftablifh it upon a fo-
lid foundation, and for that purpofe he was invefted
with the office of commiflary. He now engaged in fe¬
veral noble undertakings. He procured Runs to be
railed for purchafing fmall libraries for the ufe of the
poor minifters in the feveral parts of our plantations :.
and the better to promote this defign, he publiihed two
books; one intitled Bibliothecaparochialis, or a fchente
of fuch theological and other heads as feem requifite
to be perufed or occafionally confulted by the clergy,
together with a catalogue of books which may be pro¬
fitably read on each of thofe points ; the other, Apof-
tolical charity, its nature and excellency confidered..
"Bray
II
Brazil.
BRA [ 526 ] B R E
He endeavoured to get a Fund eftabllfhed for the pro- BRAZING, the feldering or joining two pieces of Brazing
pagation of the gofpel, efpecially among the unculti- iron together by means of thin plates of brafs, melted -
vated Indians; and by his means a patent was obtained between the pieces that are to be joined. If the work .
" ' ' " ‘ ' ’ be very fine, as when two leaves of a broken faw;
for ere&ing the corporation called The fociety for the
propagation of the gofpel. He, by his induftry, pro¬
cured relief for prifoners ; and formed the plan for the
fociety for the reformation of manners, charity-fchools,
&c. He wrote, 1. his Martyrology, or Papal ufurpa-
tion, in one volume folio ; 2. Direflorium mijjionarium;
and other works. This excellent man died in 1730,
aged 73.
Bray, a port town of Ireland, in the county of
Wicklow, and province of Leinfter, feated on St
George’s channel, eight miles fouth of Dublin. W.
Long. 6. 16. N. Lat. 53. 8.
Brat fur Seine, a town of France, in Champagne,
and in Senonois, on the confines of Brie. E. Long.
2. i 7. N. Lat. 48. 35.
BRAYLE, among fportfmen, apiece of leather flit
to put upon the hawk’s wing, to tie it up.
BRAZED, in heraldry, a term ferving to defcribe
three cheverons, one clafping another.
BRAZEN, fomething confiiling of brafs, or formed
out of it. See Brass.
Brazen aige. See Age.
Brazen Dijh, among miners, is the ftandard by
which the other diflies are gauged, and is kept in the
king’s hall.
be brazed together, they cover it with pulverized bo¬
rax, melted with water, that it may incorporate with
the brafs powder, which is added to it: The piece is
then expofed to the fire without touching the coals,
and heated till the brafs is feen to run.
Brazing is alfo the joining twro pieces of iron toge¬
ther by beating them hot, the one upon the other,
which is ufed for large pieces by farriers, &c.
BRAZZA, a town and ifland on the coaft of Dal¬
matia, in the gulph of Venice, oppofite to Spalatto,
and fubjeft to Venice. E. Long. 2b. o. N. Lat. 43. o.
BREACH, in a general fenfe, denotes a break or
rupture in fome part of a fence or inclofure, whether
owing to time or violence.-^Inundations, or overflow¬
ings of lands, are frequently owing to breaches in the
dikes or fea-banks. Dagenham breach is famous ; it
was made in 1707, by a failure of the Thames wall in
a very high tide. The force wherewith it burft. in upon
the neighbouring level tore up a large channel or paf-
fage for water 100 yards wide, and in fome places
20 feet deep, by which a multitude of fubterraneous
trees that had been buried many ages before were laid
bare.
Breach, in fortification, a gape made in any part
Brazen Sea, in Jewifli antiquity, one of the facred of the works of a town by the cannon or mines of the
utenfils in the temple of Solomon. It was call in the befiegers, in order to make an attack upon the place,
plain of Jordan, and removed from thence into the in- To make the attack more difficult, the befieged fow
ner court of the temple : where it was placed upon 12 the breach with crow-feet, or flop it with chevaux de
oxen, three of which looked towards each quarter of frize.—A pra&icable breach, is that where the men
the world. It was ten cubits from the one brim to may mount and make a lodgment, and ought to be 15
the other, five cubits in height, and 30 cubits in cir¬
cumference, and contained 3000 baths. The brim of
it was perfectly round, and fo it continued in the two
upper cubits ; but below' the brim, in the three lower
cubits, it was fquare. It was a hand-breadth thick,
and the brim was wrought like the brim of a cup, with
flowers of lilies. About the body of this huge veffel
there were two borders of engravings, being the heads
of oxen in demi-.relief; out of which fome fuppofe the
water iffued, and that they were made as cocks and
conveyances for that purpofe.—This brazen or molten
fea, was defigned for the priefts to walh themfelves in,
before they performed the fervice of the temple. The
flip ply of water was through a pipe out of the well
Etam ; though fome are of opinion, that it was con-
flantly fupplied with water by the Gibeonites.
BRAZIER, an artificer who makes and deals in
all kinds of brafs ware. This trade, as exercifed in
Britain, may be reckoned a branch of the fmithery,
though they feldom keep forges, except for brazing
or foldering, and tinning the infides of their vefiels,
which they work up chiefly out of copper and brafs
prepared rough to their hands. They conlift of a work¬
ing part, and a fhop-keeping part, which latter many
carry on to a great extent, dealing as well in all forts
of iron and fteel, as copper and brafs goods for houfe-
hold furniture; and lately have fallen much into felling
what is called French plate, made of a fort of white
metal, filvered and poliflied to fuch a degree that the
eye cannot foon diftinguifh it from real filver.
BRAZIL. See Brasil.
or 20 fathoms wide. The befiegers make their way
to it, by covering themfelves with gabions, earth-
bags, &c.
Breach, in a legal fenfe, is where a perfon breaks
through the condition of a bond or covenant; on an
action upon which, the breach muft be affigned : And
this aflignment muft not be general, but particular, as,
in an a&ion of covenant for not repairing houfes, it
ought to be afligned particularly what is the want of
reparation ; and in fuch certain manner, that the de¬
fendant may take an ifiue.
BREAD, a mafs of dough kneaded and baked in an
oven. See Baker, Baking, and Barm.
The grains of all vegetables are almoft entirely Macliutt'
compofed of fubftances very proper for the nourifhment Chem. Dici
of animals; and amongft grains thofe which contain a
farinaceous matter are the moft agreeable and moft nu¬
tritive.
Man, who appears to be defigned by nature to eat
of all fubftances which are capable of nouriflring him,
and ftill more of vegetables than animals, has, from
time immemorial, and in all parts of the earth, ufed
farinaceous grains as the principal bafis of his food :
but as thefe grains cannot be without difficulty eaten
by men in their natural ftate, this a&ive and intelligent
animal has gradually found means not only to extratt
the farinaceous part, that is, the only nutritive part
of thefe grains, but alfo to prepare it fo that it be¬
comes a very agreeable and wholefome aliment, fuch as
the bread we now generally cat.
Nothing appears fo eafy at firit fight as to grind
corn,
’l
1
B R E [ 527 J B R E
Bread, corn, to make a pafte with the flour and water, and
—v— to bake this pafte in an oven. They who are accuf-
tomed to enjoy the advantages of the fineft human in¬
ventions, without reflefting on the labour it has coil
to complete them, think all thefe operations common
and trivial. However, it appears very certain, that
for a long time men no otherwife prepared their corn
. than by boiling and forming compact vifcous cakes,
not very agreeable to the taite, and of difficult digef-
tion, before they were able to make bread of good
tafte and quality, as we have now. It was neceflary
to invent and complete inge-nious machines for grind¬
ing corn, and feparating the pure flour with little
trouble and labour; and that inquiries, or rather fome
happy chance, which fome obferving perfon availed
himfelf of, fhould difcover, that flour, mixed with a
certain quantity of water, is fufceptible of a fermenta¬
tion which almoft entirely deftroys its vifcidity, height¬
ens its tafte, and renders it proper to make a light
bread, very agreeable to the tafte, and of eafy digef-
tion.
This effential operation, on which the good quality
of bread depends, is-, entirely of the province of che-
miftry. It would add to the honour of the ancient
cultivators of chemiftry, to attribute to them fo ufeful
and important a difcovery ; but, unhappily, it is too
probable that they had no (hare in it. The ancient
chemifts were engaged in other purfuits than that
of bread and other common objeds. They hoped
to make gold; and what is bread in companion with
gold ?
However that be, to the fortunate invention of rai-
fing the pafte before baking we owe the perfedion of
!, the art of making bread. This operation confifts in
keeping fome pafte or dough, till by a peculiar fpiri-
i tuous fermentation it fwells, rarefies, and acquires a
i fmell and tafte quick, pungent, fpirituous, fome what
four, and rather difagreeable. This fermented dough
is well worked with fome frelh dough, which is by that
mixture and moderate heat difpofed to a fimilar but
lefe advanced fermentation than that above mentipned.
By this fermentation the dough is attenuated, and di¬
vided ;,air is introduced into it, which, being incapable
of difengaging itfelf front the tenacious and folid pafte,
forms in it fmall cavities, raifes and fwells it: hence
; the fmall quantity of fermented pafte which difpofes
the reft to ferment,, is called leaven from the French
word lever, fignifying to raife.
When the dough is thus raifed, it is in a proper ftate
j to be put into the oven ; where, while it is baked, it
dilates itfelf ftill more by the rarefa&ion of the air,
and of the fpirituous fubftance it contains, and it forms
a bread full of eyes or cavities, confequently light, and
entirely different from the heavy, compaft, vifcous,
and indigefted maffes made by baking unlermented
dough.
The invention of beer, or wine of grains, furnilhes
a new matter ufeful in the making of bread. This
matter is the froth which forms upon the furface of
! thefe liquors during fermentation. When it is mixed
with dough, it raifes it better and more quickly than
ordinary leaven. It is cAltdyeaJl or harm. By means
of this, the fineft lighteft bread is made. It often
i happens, that bread made with leaven dough has a
fourilh and. not . agreeable tafte j which may proceed
from too great a quantity of leaven, or from leaven in Brcad-
which the fermentation has advanced too far. This in- 1 ’
convenience does not happen to bread made withyeaft;
becaufe the fermentation of this fubftance is not too far
advanced, or becaufe more attention is given to that
finer bread.
It may be alked, Why, fince dough is capable of
fermenting fpontaneoufiy and fingly, as we fee from
the leaven, a fubftance is added to difpofe it to ferment?
The true reafon is, That all the parts of a fermenting
fubftance do not ferment at the fame time, nor to the
fame degree ; fo that fome parts of this fubftance have
finifhed their fermentation, while others have not yet
begun. The fermentable liquors which contain much
fugar, as hydromel, and mull of wines, give proofs of
this truth; for, after thefe liquors have become very
vinous, they have ftill-very diftinftly a faccharine tafte;
but all faccharine matter is ftill fufceptible of fermenta¬
tion: and, in fadl, if vinous hydromel, or muft, or even-
new beer, be diftilled, fo that all their ardent fpirit ftiall
be feparated, and the refiduums diluted with water, we
fhall fee a fecond fermentation take place, and a new
quantity of ardent fpirit. formed.
The fame thing precifely happens to dough, and ftill
more fenfibly, from its vifeofity and want of fluidity.;.
fo that if it be left to ferment alone, and without the
help of leaven, as the fermentation proceeds very flowly
and fucceffively, the parts which ferment firft will have
become four and vapid before all the reft be fufficiently
attenuated and changed, by which the bread will ac¬
quire a difagreeable tafte.
A mixture of a fmall quantity of leaven with dough
effe&ually prevents this inconvenience ; becaufe the ef¬
fect of this leaven, and of all fermenting fubftances, is
to ‘dlfpofe to a fimilar fermentation all matters capable
of it, with which it is mixed ; or rather, by means of
leaven, the fermentation of all the parts of fuch fub¬
ftances is effefted more nearly at the fame time.
Bread well raifed and baked differs from unfermented
bread, not only in being lefs compadl, lighter, and of
a more agreeable tafte, but alfo in being more eafily
mifcible with water, with which it does not form a vif¬
cous mafs, which circumftance is of great importance
in digeftion.
It>is obfervable, that without bread, or fomewhat Cullen on ti.r
of this form, no nation feems to live. Thus the Lap- Mat. Mad~
landers, having no corn of their own, make a.fort of
bread of their dried fifties, and of the inner rind of the
pine, which feems to be ufed, not fo much for their
nouriftiment, as for fupplying a dry food. For this
mankind feem to have an univerfal appetite, r<ye£ling
bland, flippery, and mucilaginous foods. This is not
commonly accounted for, but feems to depend on very
Ample principles. The preparation of our food depends
on the mixture of the animal fluids in every ftage. A-
mong others the faliva is neceffary, which requires dry
food as a neceffary ftimulus to draw it forth, .as bland,
flippery, fluid aliments are too inert, and make too ftiort
ftay in the mouth, to produce this effedt, or to caufe a
fufficient degree of manducation to emulge that liquor.
For this reafon we commonly ufe dry bread along with •
animal food, which otherwife would be too quickly
fwallowed. For blending the oil and water of our food
nothing is fo fit as bread, aflifted by a previqus man¬
ducation. For which purpofe, bread is of like necef-.
Suppl. ts
Chambers',
BiSl.
B R E [5;
fity In the ftomach, as it is proper that a fubftance of
folid confidence ihould be long retained there. Now
the animal fluids muft be mixed with our aliments, in
order to change the acefcency it undergoes. But li¬
quid foods would not attain this end, whereas the fo¬
lid ftimulates and emulges the glands of the ftomach.
The bread then appears to be exceedingly proper, be¬
ing bulky without too much folidity, and Arm with¬
out difficulty of folution.
Among the ancients we meet with various denomi¬
nations of bread ; as, x. Partis JUigineus, called alfo
mmdus, atbleticus, ifurigia, coliphius, and robys, an-
fwering to our white bread; being made of the pureft
flour of the beft wheat, and only ufed by the richer
fort. 2. Partis fecundus or fecundarius, called alfo fmi-
laceus or frnilagirieusy the next in purity; being made
of fine flower, only all the bran not fifted out. 3. Ait-
topyrus, called alfo fyncomiflus and confufanous, made of
the whole fubftance of the wheat, without either re¬
trenching the finer flour or coarfer bran ; anfwering to
our houfehold bread. 4. Cacabaceus, apparently the
fame with what was otherwife denominated fordidus, as
being given to dogs ; furfuraceus, furfureus, or fur-
furativus, becaufe made in great part of bran; and,
in the middle age, brjfus, on account of its brownnefs;
fometimes alfo leibo. There were other forts of bread,
denominated from the manner in which they were
made, or the ufes they were applied to; as, 1. The
militaris, which was prepared by the foldiers and offi¬
cers in camp with their own hands ; for which purpofe
fome had hand-mills, others pounded the corn in a
mortar, and baked it on the coals* 2. Clibanites, that
baked in an oven, by way of contradiftin&ion from
that baked on the hearth or under the embers. 3. That
called fubcineritiusi or fub cinere coftus; fometimes alfo
reverfatus, becaufe it was to be turned in the baking.
4. Nauticus, anfwering to our fea-bifcuit, and denomi¬
nated accordingly bis cofttis, becaufe baked feveral times
over to make it keep the longer. Other kinds of bread
were denominated from their qualities and accidents ;
as, 1. The panis fccus, that which had been long ba¬
ked ; fuch as were the bis coftus, naval and buccellated
bread. 2. Madidus, a fort made of rye or bear, fome¬
times alfo made of fine flower, wherewith they fmeared
their faces, by way of a cofmetic, to render them
fmooth. 3. Acidusy or four bread, which was acidu¬
lated with vinegar. 4. Azymus, that unleavened or un¬
fermented.
The French have alfo a great variety of breads ; as
queen’s bread, alamode bread, bread de Segovie, de
Gentillay, quality-bread, &c. all prepared in peculiar
manners by the bakers of Paris. The bread de Gonefle
excels all others, on account of the waters at Gonefle, a
town three leagues from Paris. It is light, and full of
eyes, which are the marks of its goodnefs. Pain de me¬
nage, is that which each family bakes for itfelf. Spice-
bread, pain d'epice, denotes bread baked and iced over
with the fcum taken off fugar in refining houfes ; it is
fometimes alfomade w ith honeyandother forts of feafon-
ing, and anfwers to what the ancients call panis mel-
Utus. ^
Among us, bread is chiefly divided into white,
wheaten, and houfehold; differing only in degrees of
purity. In the firft, all the bran is feparated; in the fe-
cond, only the, coarfer ; in the third, none at all: fo
. N°j4-
3 ] B R E
that fine bread is made only of flour; wheaten bread, Breai
of flour and a mixture of the finer bran ; and houfe- ~v“
hold, of the whole fubftance of the grain, without ta¬
king out either the coarfe bran or fine flower. We alf6
meet with fymnel bread, manchet, or roll bread, and
French bread: which are only fo many denominations
of the fineft and whiteft bread, made of the pureft flour;
except' that in ill-roll bread there is an addition of milk ; '
and in French bread, of eggs and butter alfo. In Lan-
cafhire, and feveral of the northern counties of Eng¬
land, they have feveral forts of oaten bread; as, 1. The
bannock, which is an oat-cake, kneaded only with wa-
t£r, and baked on the embers. 2. Clap-bread, which
is made into thin hard cakes. 3. Bitchinefs bread, which
is made of thin batter, and made into thin foft oat¬
cakes. 4. Riddle -cakes, which are thick and four, have
but little leaven, and are kneaded ftiff. And, 5. Jan-
nock, which is oaten bread made up into loaves. Add
to thefe, peafe-bread, much ufed in many parts of Scot¬
land; being bread confifting either wholly of the flour
of peafe, or of this and oat-meal mixed : the dough,
fometimes leavened, fometimes made only with water,
is formed either into bannocks or cakes, and baked over
the embers ; or into what they call baps, i. e. a kind
of flattiih rolls, and baked in the oven. In the fta-
tute of aflize of bread and ale, 51 Hen. III. mention
is made of waftel-bread, cocket-bread, and bread of
treet; which anfwer to the three kinds of bread now in
ufe, called •white, •wkeaten, and koufekold bread, In re¬
ligious houfes, they heretofore diftinguiftied bread by
the names Efquires bread, panis arrnigererum; monks
bread, panis conventualis ; boys bread, panis pucrorum;
and fervants bread, panis farnttlorum, called alfo panis
fervientalis. A like diftribution obtained in the houfe-
holds of nobles and princes ; where, however, we find
fome other denominations ; as meffengers bread, panis
nuncius, that given to meffengers as a reward of their
labour; court-bread,/><*«// curialis, that allowed by the
lord for the maintenance of his houfehold ; eleemofy-
nary bread, that diftributed to the poor by way of alms.
It is for the intereft of the community that the food
of the poor fhould be as various as poffible, that, in
tirrie of dearth and fcarcity of the ordinary kinds, they
may not be without ready and cheap refources. To the
difcovery of fuch refources feveral benevolent philofo-
phers having fuccefsfully turned their inquiries, we fhall
lay before the reader the refult of their experiments.
1. Bread of Potatoes*. Potatoes, previoufly depri- * From
ved of their ikin, cut into thin flices, and put between Exumen •
paper, will dry in a heat fomewhat lefs than 350 of chmi3uek
Reaumur’s thermometer ; and, when thus dried, they
will prcferve their white colour. By this procefs theyparM P
lofe about two thirds of their weight, and they maymentier,i
then be reduced to a fine powder. A little of this pow- P°.th' ma'J
der thrown upon the fire fends out a fmoke, accompa-
nied with a fmell refembling burnt bread. As this fmell Paris,
is perceived from all farinaceous vegetables when treated
m the fame manner, Mr Parmentier thinks it may be
confidered as the charafteriftic of the prefence of an
amylaceous f matter. This fmell does not, however, he 4 See thi
obferves, arife from the amylaceous or fibrous part fe- note inp
parately, but from both taken together. The powder
of potatoes, obtained in the manner defcribed above,
has the fmell and tafte of wheat; and, like it, is de¬
voured
B R E [ 529 1 B R E
Sfead. voured by rats and mice : but, even when moil finely
""V"—”' powdered, it has not the feel or brightnefs of the flour
l of wheat; although, on a chemical analyfis, it yields the
fame produfts. It is alfo nutritious, and keeps well for
a long time.
Finding fo great a fimilarity betweert the ttteal of
' wheat and what may be called the meal of potatoes,
Mr Parmentier next endeavoured to make bread of
them when mixed in different proportions. His trials
were made with one fourth, one third, one half, and
two thirds, of the potato-meal, the remainder being
flour from wheat. Thefe proportions, with the addition
of a little fait and yeft, yielded bread which was well
tafted, but which had fermented little, was brown, and
covered with hard brown crufts. Bread made from the
meal of potatoes alone, with the addition of fait and
!j yeft, was eatable, but very heavy, unfermented, and ex¬
ceedingly brown. This bread, from the meal of pota¬
toes alone, was apt to crumble into powder. To givfc
it more adhefion, he mixed with the meal a decoftion
of bran, or a mixture of honey and water ; either of
which made it lighter and more fermented: it obtained
alfo a cruft of a golden colour, became well tafted, and
fufficiently adhefive. Mr Parmentier obtained bread
alfo,-well fermented, and of a good colour and tafte,
from a mixture of raw potato-pulp with meal of wheat,
or potato-meal, with the addition of yeft and fait.
|. Potatoes, when ufed for making bread, are not rea¬
dily difpofed to ferment; without which, bread is very
L infipid, and not eafily digefted. But Mr Parmentier
found, from a variety of experiments, that good bread
] might be made from equal quantities of flour and po¬
tato-meal. He concludes, therefore, with recommend¬
ing the mixture of potatoes, in times of fcarcity, with
! the flour of wheat, in Head of employing rye, barley, or
oats, as has frequently been done.
When grain is altogether wanting, he recommends
i the ufe of bread made from a mixture of the amylace¬
ous powder of potatoes and of their pulp, this mixture
1 being fermented with leaven or with honey. The meal
of this root, when diluted with hot water, acquires a
tenacious and gluey confiftence. However fair the meal
of potatoes may be, it always gives a grey colour to
the bread made by mixing it with the flour of wheat :
but a mixture of the pulp of potatoes with the flour of
wheat does not produce brown-coloured bread.
1 Mr Parmentier made bread, very much like that of
wheat, by a mixture of the following four fubftances,
viz. four ounces of amylaceous powder of potatoes, one
‘dram of mucilage extracted from barley, one dram of
Vot. III. Part II. 4
the bran of rye, and a dram and a half of glutinous Bread.
matter dried and powdered.  v—
2. Bread from different Vegetables not commonly in * From
Ufe *. Although horfe-chefnut has not hitherto been moireM let
employed, yet it is Certain that wholefome bread, with-J^?"* qui
out any bitternefs, may be obtained from it. Mr Par^/^/^TL
mentier advifes, that the fruit, after the Ikin is taken temps de di-
off, and the juice prefled from it, be made into a pafte.-^ ? ceux
This mafs muft be diluted in water, and then drained l'on em~
through a fieve. A milky-coloured liquor is thus i^~nement”Tu
rated, which, on {landing, depofits a fine powder. This, nourriture
being dried, is without either fmell or tafte, and verydes hommes,
fit for aliment; the mafs from which it is procured re- p c- par
taining the bitternefs of the fruit. tier.men'
The roots of the bryona, wdien treated in the fame
manner, yielded a fimilar white powder. By the fame
treatment alfo, fine, white, infipid, inodorous powders
may be procured from the roots of the iris, gladiolus,
ranunculus, fumaria, arum, dracunculus, mandragora,
colchicum, filipendula, and helleborus ; plants which
grow fpontaneoufly, and in great abundance.
Of acorns bread has frequently been made ; and to
this day, in fome countries, they are in common uie.
The method of preparation which Mr Parmentier re¬
commends is, that they be deprived of their cover by
boiling, then dried and powdered, and afterwards ba¬
ked in the fame manner as the flour of wheat. When
fully ripe, and made into a pafte, they were deprived
of their aftringency by merely, prefling their juice from
them. The mafs remaining after the preflure, when
dried, was eafily reduced to a fine powder by no means
difagreeable.
The gramen caninum arvenfe, in its appearance, ap¬
proaches to corn 5 and fome naturalifts have Confidered
it as the original fpecies from which all our gram is
produced. Its roots are fweet-tafted, and have long
been employed in making ptifans. In the preparation
of them for bread, it is only neceflary that the roots
Ihould be cleanfed, cut fmall, dried, and pounded. This
powder, Mr Parmentier obferves, does not diflblve in
cold water or fpirits ; but it does in boiling water,
which it renders thick and cloudy, and, upon cooling,
the whole mafs obtains a gelatinous confiftence. Upon
a chemical analyfis, it yields an acid empyreumatic oik
which poflefies a Angular odour, refembling that which
is perceived on burning the plant. The fpongy re-
fiduum, calcined in the air, gives a fixed alkali. Thefe
properties inconteftably prove, that it contains an a?ny~
laceous ( a ) matter fimilar to that of grain, which ap¬
pears to be the nutritive part of vegetables. This amy-
3 X laceous
(a) M. Beccari of the Bolognian academy has difcovered in the flour of wheat two diftindt fubftances. The
■one he terms an animal ox glutinous matter; the other, an amylaceous matter or vegetable pafte.
The gluten has been fuppofed to be the nutritive part of corn, from its not diffolving unlefs in vegetable
acids; from its affuming a fpongy form in boiling water; from its fuppofed analogy to the animal lymph; and,
laftly, from the fimilitude which the produdls it affords, on a chemical analyfis, bear to thofe obtained from ani¬
mal fubftances. M. Parmentier, however, from various experiments, was led to Conclude, with the celebrated
Model of Peterfburg, that the gluten or animal matter of Beccari exifts in the bran, and is not the nutritive
part of the wheat. Having made experiments with four different kinds of flour, it appeared that the quantity
of animal matter was always proportioned to the coarfenefs of the flour. Hence, were this gluten the nutritive
part, the coarfeft bread, or that which contained moft bran, would afford the greateft quantity of nouriftiment.
The contrary of this, hovVever, is now known to be fadt.
The amylaceous part, or, as fome have termed it, Kb.zfcculaf of wheat and other vegetables, is a peculiar gum,
not
B R E L 53° ] B R E
Bread, laceous matter, formed into a jelly, and diffufed in water,
keeps for a long time without fuffering any change ;
it then turns acid, and at length putrefies.
The amylaceous matter of acrid and poifonous plants,
although innocent and nutritive, cannot be converted
into bread without the addition of Tome mucilaginous
fubftance. In times of great fcarcity, common bran
will anfwer the purpofe; but when potatoes are to be
had, the addition of a proper proportion of thefe is to
be preferred.
Mr Parmentier gives an account of the bread which
he obtained from the amylaceous powders of the dif¬
ferent vegetables mentioned above, with the addition
of potatoes and a fmall quantity of common leaven of
grain. This bread appeared in general to be well fer¬
mented ; it was of a good white colour, and free from
any difagreeable odour : but to the tafte it was fome-
whatinfipid; which, however, he imagines, might have
been correfted by the addition of a proper quantity
of fait.
As the refources againft fcarcity here pointed out
can be procured only at particular feafons, the author
propofes a method for preferring the matter thus ob¬
tained. For this purpofe, he advifes, that bread prepa¬
red in the manner mentioned above fhould be carefully
dried, reduced to powder, and then kept in a clofe calk.
By this means, he is of opinion that it may be prefer-
ved for a very long time, and will always be ready to
make an agreeable and wholefome panada by the addi¬
tion of a little butter and fait.
Mr Parmentier, in order to difcover the degree of
power wherewith this alimentary powder nourilhed,
made himfelf the fubjeft of experiment; and found,
that three ounces of it for dinner, and as much for fup-
per, made into panada with water, was a fufficient
quantity of aliment for a day. From his difcharge
by llool while he ufed it, he had reafon to believe that
it is ahnoft totally alimentary. He concludes with
recommending it not only as ufeful in times of fcarcity,
but as a proper fubftitute for fea-bifcuit, and as a fpe-
cies of food well adapted for armies and hofpitals.
3. Cheap method of making ’wholefome Bread, when
* From a wheat-flour is dear, by mixing turnip with it *.
letter in the “ At the time I tried this method, bread was very
Mufxum dear, infomuch that the poor people, in the country
where I live, could hardly afford themfelves half a meal
a-day. This put me upon confidering whether fome
cheaper method might not be found than making it
of wheat meal. Turnips were at that time very plen¬
tiful. I had a number of them pulled, waihed clean,
pared, and boiled ; when they were become foft enough
to mafh, I had the greateft part of the water prefled
out of them, and afterwards had them mixed with an
equal quantity in weight of eoarfe wheat-meal; the
dough was then made in the ufual manner, with yefl Bread,
or barm, fait, water, &c. It rofe very well in the trough; v i
and after being well kneaded, was formed into loaves,
and put into the oven to be baked. I had at the fame
time fome other bread made with common meal in the
ordinary way, I baked my turnip-bread rather longer
than the other. When they were drawn from the
oven, I caufed a loaf of each fort to be cut; and found,
on examination, the turnip-bread was fweeter than the
other, to the full as light and as white, but had a lit¬
tle tafte (though nowife difagreeable) of the turnip.
Twelve hours afterwards I tafted my turnip-bread again,
when I found the tafte of the turnip in it fcarce per¬
ceivable, and the fmell quite gone off. On examining
it when it had been baked 24 hours, had I not known
that there were turnips in its compofition, I ftiould • 'I
not have imagined it: it had, it is true, a peculiar
fweetifh tafte, but by no means difagreeable; on the
contrary, I rather preferred it to the bread made of
wheat-meal alone. After it had been baked 48 hours,
it underwent another examination, when it appeared
to me to be rather fuperior tp the other ; it eat freftier
and moifter, and had not at all abated in its good qua¬
lities : to be ftiort, it was ftill very good after a week;
and, as far as I could fee, kept as well as the bread
made of common wheat-meal.
“ In my trials of this bread by the tafte, I was
not fatisfied with eating it by itfelf; I had fome of it
fpread with butter ; I tafted it with cheefe ; I eat of
it toafted and buttered, and finally in boiled milk and
in foup : in all thefe forms it ■was very palatable and
good.
Brrab in medicine. Befides the alimentary, bread
has alfo medical, qualities.—Decoftions, creams, and
jellies of bread are dire&ed in fome difpenfaries. Bread
carefully toafted, and infufed or lightly boiled in wa¬
ter, imparts a deep colour, and a fufficiently agreeable
reftringent tafte. This liquor, taken as common drink,
has done good fervice in a weak lax ftate of the ftomach
and inteftines; and in bilious vomiting and purging,
or the cholera morbus : examples are related in the E- , |8
dinburgh eflays of feveral cafes of this kind cured by it, ;j j]
without the ufe of any other medicine.—In Weftphalia
there is a very coarfe bread eaten, which ftill retains
the opprobrious name given it by a French traveller of
Bonpournickel, “ good for his horfe Nickel.” It is the
fame with what the Romans called panis furfuraceus,
or panis impurus, from its not being cleanfed from the , |
hulk ; and partis ater, from the blacknefs of its colour :. /i jjH
though we learn from Pliny, that the Romans for 300
years knew no other bread. The Germans * make * Hojfmfw
two forts of waters by diftillation from this bread ; the Obfir. Cib .1
one with, the other without, the addition of a fpirituous
liquor: to both which great virtues are aferibed. That
without
not foluble in fpirit of wine, vinegar, or cold water. It contains more acid, and lefs water, than the ordinary
gums. It is found in many of thofe plants that make the nourilhment of men and other animals.. Hence Mr
Parmentier concludes it to be the nutritive matter.
Though we are not to confider the glutinous matter as the nutritious part of vegetables, yet it is a very ne-
ceffary ingredient. It is that which preferves the cohefion of the pafte in fermenting bread.: it is that which
forms the vifeid pellicle, and Hops the air in fermentation ; gives the favoury tafte to bread;, occafions it to be
light, to ferment, and which forms the fmall cells feen in it. It is found efpecially near the cortical part of
grain ; and1 this accounts for its being found in the greateft quantity in coarfe brown meal. It is this gluten
which renders wheat a fuperior aliment to the other grains and roots.
B R E f 1 . B R .E ,
il l?reatl. without any thing fpirituous> is made out of the juice that anciently offered to the prieft at the kalends. Bread.
' "“■’’'V"—'of craw-fifh, may-dew, rofe-water, nutmegs, and faf- 2. Prebendarius, the fame with capitular is, that diftri-
fron, diftilled from a large quantity of this bread. This buted daily to each prebendary or canon. 3. Benedittut,
is efteemed a great reftorative, and given in heftic ha- that ufually given to catechumens before baptifm, in
bits. The other is diftilled from this bread and Rhe- lieu of the euchariftic bread, which they were incapable
ni(h win , with nutmegs and cinnamon. This is given of partaking of. The pants benediSlus was called alfo
in all the diforders of the ftomach, vomiting, lofs of panagium and eulogium, being a fort of bread bleffed
appetite, and other complaints of the fame kind s and and confedrated by the priett, whereby to prepare the
befides thefe, there is a fpirit diftilled from'it by the catechumens for the reception of the body of Chrift.
retort in the dry way, which, when feparated from The fame was ufed afterwards, not only by catechu-
Boyle's
mens, but by believers themfelves, as a token of their
mutual communion and friendihip. Its origin is dated
from the 7th century, at the council at Nantz. In the
Gallican church we ftill find panis benedittus, pain benitt
ufed for that offered for benediction, and afterwards
than aquafortis, and which diftributed to pious perfons who attend divine fervice
in chapels. 4. Confecrated bread is a piece of wax,
pafte, or even earth, over which feveral ceremonies have
been performed with benedictions, &c. to be lent in an
rrorn me - - -Agnus Dei, or relic-box, and prefented for veneration.
Mermen E- Earth-Bread%. “ In the lordfnip of Mofcaw in 5. Unleavened bread, pants azymus. The Jews eat
ffliemeridcs, the Upper Lufatia, a fort of white earth is found, of no other bread during their paffover ; and exact fearch
its fetid oil, is efteemed a powerful fudorific, and
very valuable medicine in removing impurities of the
blood.
Bread is alfo medicinal, applied externally, as is vul¬
garly known*. Mr Boyle affures us he drew a men-
ftruum from bread ftronger
%>l. Works
I jjol! flL would aft even upon glafs itfelf f.
57a BREAir-Tree. See Artocarpus.
sJtilWrf v°l.T» Bees-BREAD. See Bee, n° 12.
id. 34, 49.
J764.
which the poor, urged by the calamities of the v
was made in every houfe, to fee that no leavened bread
which raged in thole parts, make bread. It is taken was left. The ufag^ was introduced in memory of their
out of a hill where they formerly worked at faltpetre.
When the fun has fomewhat warmed this earth,it cracks,
and fmall white globules proceed from it as meal; it
does not ferment alone, but only when mixed with
meal. Mr Sarlitz, a Saxon gentleman, was pleafed
to inform us, that he has feen perfons who in a great
meafure lived upon it for fome time. He affures us that
he procured bread to be made of this earth alone, and
of different mixtures of earth and meal; and that he
even kept fome of this bread by him upwards of fix
hafty departure from Egypt, when they had not leifure
to bake leavened. 6. Shew-bread was that offered to
God every Sabbath-day, being placed on the golden
table in the holy of holies.
Horfe-BREAD is made of wheat, oats, and beans ; to
which fometimes are added anifeed, gentian, liquorice,
faenugreek, eggs, and ale; and fometimes rye and
white wine are ufed.
For race-horfes three forts of bread are ufually given
with fuccefs, for the fecond, third, and fourth nights
years: he further fays, a Spaniard told him, that this feeding ; they are all made of beans and .wheat worked
earth is alfo found near Geronne in Catalonia.1
Eucharift or Sacramental Bread, in the Proteftant
churches, is common leavened bread, in conformity to
with barm ; the difference confifting chiefly in the pro¬
portion of the two former. In the firft kind, three times
the quantity of beans is ufed to one of wheat; in the
the ancient practice. In the Romilh mafs, azymoiis or fecond, equal quantities of both ; in the third, three
unleavened bread is ufed, particularly in the Gallican
church, where a fort is provided for this purpofe called
pain a chanter, made of th? pureft wheaten flour pref-
fed between two iron plates graven like wafer-moulds,
being firft rubbed with white wax to prevent the pafte
from fticking. The Greeks obferve divers ceremonies
in their making the eucharift bread. It is neceffary
the perfon who bakes it have not lain with his wife
the day before ; or, if it be a woman, that fhe have not
converfed with her hufbandi The Abyffinians have an
times the quantity of wheat to one of beans.
Sago-BREAD. See Sago.
Ajjize * of Bread. The price and weight of bread is * See JJJize
regulated by the magiftrates according to the price of P31'- ult*
wheat. We have divers tables of the weights of the
loaves both of wheat, wheaten, and houfehold bread, at
every price of wheat. If bread want one ounce in 3 6,
the baker formerly was to fuffer the pillory : now, to
forfeit 5 s. for every ounce wanting ; and for every de¬
left lefs than an ounce, 2 s. 6 d. ; fuch bread being
apartment in their churches for this fervice, being a complained of and weighed before a magiftrate within
kind of lacrifty. F. Sirmond, in his difquifition on a- 24 hours after it is baked or expofed to fale within the
zymous bread, Ihows from the council of Toledo, that bills of mortality, or within three days in any other
place. It is to be obferved, bread lofes weight by keep¬
ing : in fome experiments recited by Baitholine, the
diminution was near one fourth in fix months. The
fame author affures us, that in Norway they make
anciently there were as many ceremonies ufed in the
Latin church in the preparation of their unleavened
bread as are ftill retained iff the eaftern churches. He
cites the example of Queen Radegonda, who diftributed
with her own hands, in the church, the bread which bread which keeps 30 or 40 years ; and that they are
fhe herfelf had made. It appears alfo from the dif-
pute of cardinal Humbert againft the Greeks, that in
the Latin church no bread was ufed for the eucharift,
but what was taken out of the facrifty, and had been
made by the deacons, fubdeaeons, and even priefts,
who rehearfed feveral pfalms during the procefs.
Ecclefiaftical writers enumerate other fpecies of bread
allotted for purpofes of religion ; as, 1. Calendarius,
there fonder of their old hard bread, than’elfewhere of
new or foft; fince the older it is, the more agreeable
it grows. For their great feafts, particular care is ta¬
ken to have the oldeft bread ; fo that, at the chtiftening
of a child, they have ufually bread which had been ba¬
ked perhaps at the chriftening of his grandfather. It
is made of barley and oat-meal baked between two hol¬
low ftones.
6 3X2 - Bread-
B R E [ 532 1 B R E
Bread BusAn-Room, in a (hip, that (k(lined to hold the
Br^aft ^reac^ or h'&et.
a The boards of the bread-room ffiould be jointed and
caulked, and even lined with tin plates or mats. It is
alfo proper to warm it well with charcoal for feveral
days before the biiket is put into it; fince nothing is
more injurious to the bread than moifture.
BREADTH, in geometry, one of the three dimen-
fions of bodies, which multiplied into their length con-
ftitutes a furface.
BREAK, in a general fenfe, fignifies to divide a
thing into feveral parts with violence.
In the art of war, to break ground, is to open the
trenches before a place.
Among fportfmen, to break a horfe in trotting, is to
make him light upon the hand in trotting, in order to
make him fit for a gallop. To break a horfe for hunt¬
ing, is to fupple him, to make him take the habit of
running.
BREAKERS, a name given by failors tothofe bil¬
lows that break violently over rocks lying under the
furface of the fea. They are diftinguiftied both by their
appearance and found, as they cover that part of the
fea with a perpetual foam, and produce a hoarfe and
terrible roaring, very different from what the waves
ufually have in a deeper bottom. When a (hip is un-
happily driven among breakers, it is hardly poffible to
fave her, as every billow that heaves her upwards ferves
to dafh her down with additional force when it breaks
over the rocks or fands beneath it.
BREAKING, in a mercantile ftyle, denotes the be¬
coming bankrupt. See Bankrupt.
BREAKiirG-Bulk, in the fea language, is the fame
with unlading part of the cargo.
BREAKSPEAR (Nicholas). See Adrian IV.
BREAM, in ichthyology. See Cyprinus.
To Bream, to burn off the filth, fuch as grafs, ooze,
(hells, or fea-weed, from a (hip’s bottom, that has ga¬
thered to it in a voyage, or by lying long in a harbour.
This operation is performed by holding kindled furze,
faggots, or fuch materials, to the bottom, fo that the
flame incorporating with the pitch, fulphur, &c. that
had formerly covered it, immediately loofens and
throws off whatever filth may have adhered to the
planks. After this, the bottom is covered anew with
a compofition of fulphur, tallow, &c. which not only
makes it fmooth and (lippery, fo as to divide the fluid
more readily,.but alfo poifons and deftroys thofe worms
which eat through the planks in the courfe of a voy¬
age. Breaming may be performed either when tire
(hip lies aground after the tide has ebbed from her, or
by docking, or by careening.
BREAST, in anatomy, denotes the fore-parts of
the thorax. See Anatomy, n° 36, in.
Smiting the bread is one of the expreffions of peni¬
tence. In the Romifli church, the pried beats his bread
• Bartlol *n re^ear^in& t^ie gencral confeffion at the beginning of
Ml Med. themafs. .
p. 171. Caji. Breasts, orin anatomy. See Anatomy,
Jiex. Med. n0 112.
X cabrol Ob ^ie are ufually two; though we alfo meet with
few. 7! indances of trimamite or women with three breads*,
JS/a/. Com. and even fome with four, all yielding milk alike f.
ad VeJUng. BuRAST-Hooks, in (hip-building, are thick pieces ol
P- *33•
timber incurvated into the form of knees, and ufed to Ereaft
drengthen the fore-part of the (hip, where they are H
placed at different heights dire&ly acrofs the flem, fo Brechin,f
as to unite it with the bows on each fide. The bread- v '^
hooks are itrongly conne&ed to the dem and hawfe-
pieces by tree-nails, and by bolts driven from without
through the planks and hawfe-pieces, and the whole
thicknefs of the bread-hooks, upon whofe inlide thofe
bolts are forelocked or clinched upon rings. They are - i
ufually about one third thicker, and twice as long, as >■ ;
the knees of the decks they fuppprt.
Breast-Plate, in antiquity, a piece of armour worn ; ;
to defend the bread, originally believed to be made of
hides, or hemp twided into fmall cords, but afterwards
made of brafs, iron, or other metals, which were fome-
times fo exquifitely hardened, as to be proof againd
the greated force.
BREAST-Plate, in Jewifli antiquity, one part of the
priedly vefiments anciently worn by the high prieds. It . I
was a folded piece of the fame rich embroidered duff of
which the ephod was made ; and it was fet with twelve;
precious dones, on each of which was engraven the
name of the tribes. They were fet in four rows, three in - I
each row ; and were divided from each other by the lit¬
tle golden fquares or partitions in which they were fet.
The names of thefe dones, and that of-the tribes en* _ j
graven on them, as alfo their difppfitxon on the bread-
plate, are as follows:
I Aar dine. I I Eme
Reuben.! | Juu
I ‘lopax, I I Sapphire. I I Agate. I I Onyx. I
I Simeon 1 | Dan. | | Asher. | | Joseph. |
J Carbuncle I | Diamond. I I Amethyjl. 1 j Jajper. j
1 Levi. | | ■Naphth* n. j | I^aciKr. 1 I Benjamin, \
This bread-plate was fadened at the four corners;;
thofe on the top to each (houlder by a golden hook or
ring at the end of a wreathed chain ; and thofe below,,
to the girdle of the ephod, by two drings or ribbons, -
which had likewife two rings and hooks.
This ornament was never to be fevered from the
priedly garment; and it was called the memorial, to
put the high-pried in mind how dear thofe tribes ought
to be to him, whofe names he wore on his bread. It
is alfo called the breajl-plate of judgment, becaufe it
had the divine oracle of Urim and Tbumrnim annexed-
to it. See Ur>im and Thummim.
BREAST-Plate, in the manege, the drap of leather
that runs from one fide of the (addle to the other, over
the horfe’s bread, in order to keep the faddle tight, and
hinder it from Aiding backwards.
BuEAST-IVorkyVU fortification, the fame with Para¬
pet.
BREATH, the air infpired and expelled again in
the adlion of refpiration.
The ancients were very watchful over the lad breath
of dying perfons, which the neared relations, as the
mother, father, brother, or the like, received in their
mouths.
BREATHING, the fame with Respiration.
BRECHIN, a town of Scotland, in the county of
Angus, fituated in E. Long. 2.18. N. Lat. 56.40. It
confids
B R E [ 533 ] B R E
d Ifechln. cemfifts of one large handfome ftreet, and two fmaller ;
1 •—-v—' and is feated on the fide of a fmall hill, wafhed by the
I river Southe/k, over which there is a ftone-bridge of
two large arches. At'the foot of the town is a long
row of houfes independent of it, built on ground held
in feu from the family of Northelk. It is a royal
borough, and, with four others, lends a member to
parliament. In refpeA to trade, it has only a fmall
fhare of the linen manufa&ure. It lies at no great di-
flance from the harbour of Montrofe; and the tide
flows within two miles of the town ; to which a canal
might be made, which perhaps might create a trade,
but would be of certain fervice in conveying down the
corn of the country for exportation.
bxnant's Brechin was a rich and ancient bilhopric founded by
l^ur/fl&cf-Daivd I. about the year 1150. At the Reformation,
&d. its revenues, in money and in kind, amounted to 7001.
a-year; but, after that event, were reduced to 150I.
chiefly-by the alienation of lands and tythes by Alex¬
ander Campbell, the firft Proteftant biftiop, to his
chieftain the earl of Argyle.—The Culdees had a con¬
vent here. Their abbot Leod was witnefs to the grant
made by king David to his new abbey of Dunferm¬
line. In after times, they gave way to the Mathurinea
or Red Friars. The ruins of their houfe, according to
Maitland, are ftill to be feen in the College Wynd.—
Here was likewife an. hofpital called Maifon de Dieu,
I founded in 1256, by William de Brechin, for the re-
| _ pofe of the fouls of the kings William and Alexander ;
of John earl of Chefter, and of Huntingdon his bro¬
ther ; of Henry his father, and Juliana his mother.
J Albinus bilhop of Brechin, in the reign of Alexan¬
der II. was witnefs to the grant. By the walls which
are yet Handing, behind the weft end of the chief flrett,
j it appears to have beenan elegant little building.
The cathedral is a Gothic pile, fupported by 12 pil¬
lars ; is in length 166 feet,.in breadth 61: part is ruin-.
j ous, and part ferves as the parifh-church. The weft end
-I of one of the ailes is entire : its door is Gothic, and the
1 arch confifts of many mouldings ; the window-of it neat
tracery. The fteeple is a handfome tower, 120 feet
high ; the four lower windows in form of long narrow
openings; the belfry windows adorned wkh that fpei
cies of opening called the quatrefoil: the top battle-
mented, out of which rifes a handfome fpire.—At a
fmall diftance from the aile Hands one of thofe Angular
round towers whofe ufe has.fo long baffled the conjec¬
tures of antiquaries. Thefe towers appear to have been
peculiar to North-Britain and Ireland : in the laft they
are frequent; in the former, only two at this time ex-
ift. That at Brechin Hood originally detached from
j other buildings. It is at prefent joined near the bottom
by a low additional aile to the church, which takes in
about a fixth of its circumference. From this aile there
is an entrance into it of modern date, approachable by
a few Heps, for the ufe of the ringers ; two handfbme
j bells are placed in it, which are got at by means of fix
ladders placed on wooden femicircular floors, each refi-
!, ing on the circular abutments withinfide of the tower.
The height from the ground to the roof is 80 feet; the
! inner diameter, within a few feet of the bottom, is 8
feet; the thicknefs of the wall at that part, 7 feet 2
inches } fo that the whole diameter is 15 feet 2 inches;
the circumference very near 48 feet 5 the inner diame¬
ter at top is 8 feet 7 inches; the thicknefs of the walls, Brechin
4 feet 6 inches; the circumference, 38 feet 8 inches: If
which proportion gives the builing an inexpreffible Bre£-"e°tCk*
elegance: the top is roofed with an o&agonal fpire ■ —t ' ,•
23 feet high, which makes the whole 103. In this fpire.
are four windows placed alternate on the fides, refting ;;
on the top of the tower ; near the top of the tower are
four others facing the four cardinal points : near the
bottom are two arches, one within another, in relief; .
on the top of the utmoft is a crucifixion : between the
mouldings of the utmoft and inner are two figures; one
of the Virgin Maiy ; the other of St John, the cup,
and lamb. On each corner of the bottom of this arch
is a figure of certain beafts; one pofiibly the Caledo¬
nian bear; and the other, with a long fnout, the boar.
The Hone-work within the inner arch has a fmall flit or
peep-hole, but without the . appearance of there having
been a door within any modern period : yet there might
have been one originally 5 for the filling up confifts of
larger Hones than the reft of this curious rotund-. The
whole isbuilt with moll elegant mafonry, which Mr Gough
obferved to be compofed of 60 courfes.—This tower
hath often been obferved to vibrate with a high wind.
The caftle of Brechin was built on an eminence, a little
fouth of the town; it underwent a long liege in the year
1303; was gallantly defended againft the Englilh under
Edward III.; and, notwithftanding all the efforts of that
potent prince, the brave governor Sir Thomas Made,
anceftor of the prefent earl of Panmure, held out this
fmall fortrefs for 20 days, till he was flain by a Hone
call from an engine on the 20th of Auguflywhen the
place was inftantly furrendered. The family of Pan¬
mure have now a noble houfe on the fite of the old
caftle.—Brechin is alfo remarkable for a battle fought
near it, in confequence of the rebellion raifed in 1452,
on account of the murder of the earl of Douglas in
Stirling caftle. The victory fell to the royalifts under
the earl of Huntly. The malecontents were headed
by the earl of Crawford, who, retiring to his caftle of
Finhaven, in the frenzy of difgrace declared, that he
would willingly pafs feven years in hell, to obtain the
glory which fell to the ihare of his antagonift.
BRECKNOCK, or Brecon, a town of Brecknock-
fhire in Wales, and captital of the county. It is called
by the Welch Aber-Hondey, and is feated at the con¬
fluence of the rivers Hondey and Uflc, over which there
is a handfome ftone bridge. It is an ancient place,
containing three churches, one of which is collegiate,
and is feated at the weft end of the town-. The houfes
are well built. Here was formerly a ftately caftle, and a
ftrong wall, through which there were three gates, that
are all demoliftied. It fends one member to parliament.
It is well inhabited, which is in fome meafure owing to
its being the town where the afiizes are kept; and
there is here a confiderable woollen-manufactory. The
markets are well fupplied-with cattle, corn, and provi=>
fions. W. Long. 3. 15. N. Lat. 52. 0.
BRECKNOCKSHIRE, q county of Wales, bound¬
ed by Radnorfhire, on the north; Cardiganftn’re and
Caermarthenlhire, on the weft; Herefordfliire and Mon-
mouthlhire, on the eaft; and by Glamorganftiire and
Monmouthfhire, on the fouth. It is 35 miles in length,
30 in breadth, and about 100 in circumference. It
is furrounded with hills, , which renders the air in
the.
B R E
Brefckneck-the valleys pretty temperate. The foil
Breda VCr^ ^ony’ ^ut t^e ^reams defcending from thence
. . ^ into the valleys render them fruitful both in corn and
grafs. The chief commodities here are corn, cattle,
filh, and otter’s fur, belides manufaftures of cloth and
[53+1 B R E
the hills a dated allowance of bread; and what added to thelf
misfortunes, though they were ignorant of it, was the '
death of Prince Maurice,' from whom they were in
hopes of receiving relief.
Meanwhile Spinola profecuted the fiege with the
dockings. The principal rivers are the Ulk, the utmolt diligence and vigour. On his pulhing his
Wye, and the Yrvon. The chief towns are Breck¬
nock, Bealt, and May.
Two miles to the eaft of Brecknock is a large lake,
called Brecknock Meer, and by the Welch Lbyn Sat ad-
dan; it is two miles in length, and nearly the fame in
breadth. It contains plenty of otters, tench, perch,
and eels. The county fends one member to parliament.
It is in the diocefe of Landaff, and contains 61 parilhes,
and is divided into fix hundreds.
BREDA, a town in Holland, the capital of Dutch
Brabant. It is ^ large, populous, well built city, re¬
trenches near the batlions, the befieged began a terrible
fire to retard his approaches, and kept it up with fuch
vehemence and obltinacy, that Spinola was in hopes
they mult foon furrender for want of ammunition. But
here he formed a falfe judgment of the prudence of
Juftin de Naflau, who finding he could not accomplilh
his purpofe by his firing, refolved to try the effedf of
water. With this view', he flopped up the courfe of
the river Mark; and having formed a large bafon of
water, Opened the fluices, fwept away men, horfes, and
houi’es, in an inundation, and overflowed the whole
gularly fortified after the modern way, and is one of country. The chief force of the torrent fell upon
the ftrongeft places on the Dutch frontiers. It is feat-
ed on the river Meek, in a marlhy country, which may
be overflow'ed and rendered inacceflible to an army.
It is 4000 paces in circumference, and contains up*
wards of 2000 houfes. The town is of a triangular fi¬
gure, and the ramparts are all planted round with elms.
At every angle there i« a gate built with brick. The
great church is a noble ftrudtun
fine fpire* which is 362 feet high.
Angelbert II. count of Naflau, is a curious piece
Spinola’s quarters, and he exerted his utmoft ability to
remove the confequences. He dug large pits, and cut
out ditches and canals to receive the water; but thefe
being filled, and the whole ground covered over, fo as
to appear one uniform mafs of water, ferved only to
entrap his cavalry. The inundation was augmented
by the rains which happened to fall; a mortality among
remarkable for its the foldiers and horfes enfued; and of his whole army.
The maufoleum of Spinola had fcarce twelve thoufand men fit for fervice
by the month of December. With thefe inconfiderable
domed with feveral ftatues and inferiptions fuitable to remains, lines of vaft extent were to be defended, the
the occafion. In 1577 the garrifon delivered this city
to the States-general; but it was retaken in 1581 by
Cloude de Barlaimont, affifted by the baron de Frefin, camp, while Spinola, the foul of a&ion,
who was prifoner therein. In 1590, prince Maurice to a fick-bed.
took k again from the Spaniards.
•In 1625 it was invefted by Spinola; when it endu<
works were to be advanced, the fallies from the garri¬
fon repulfed, and provifions to be conveyed into the
confined -
In the garrifon, an epidemical difeafe and fcarcity
likewife prevailed ; but the excellent regulations made.
red a fiege too remarkable not to deferve a particular and ftri&ly obferved, enabled the town to hold out
detail.
The citadel, which formed the refidence of the prin¬
ces of that family, was furrounded by a ditch of pro¬
digious depth filled with water, and a llrong wall de*
fended by three great baftions; and the arfenal was
celebrated for its extent, and the vaft quantities of arms
and military ftores it contained. Spinola, perfe£Uy
acquainted with the ftrength of the place, thought he
fliould expofe his whole army to imminent deftruftion,
ftiould he attempt .an affauit before he had regularly
carried on his approaches. He even refolved upon re¬
ducing the city by famine, as the method attended
with leaft danger to his army; and accordingly be¬
gan with drawing trenches round, for the fpace of four
miles, erefting forts and redoubts at certain diftances.
On the other hand, the garrifon, confifting of feven
thoufand infantry, and feveral troops of horfe, compofed
of Englifli, French, and Dutch foldiers, took the moft
vigorous meafures for their own defence. The Englilh
Were under the command of Colonel Morgan, who had
frequently diftinguiftied his valour in the fervice of the
ftates: the French were dire&ed by colonel de Hau-
terive ; and tjie Dutch troops were fubjeft to the im¬
mediate orders of colonel Eohre, though the whole re*
ceived their inftruttions from Juftin de Naflau, the
governor. The firft advantage was gained by Bag-
lioni, who feized »large convoy of provifions and ftores
coming up the river, converting the boats into a bridge.
Thialofs difpirited the befieged, and reduced them to
three or four months beyond the time expe&ed. The
magrftrates bought the corn for the bakers; obliging
them to fell the bread to the inhabitants and garrifon
at a price affixed, and returning the overplus of their
pay to the foldiers. A variety of other prudent regu¬
lations were eftabliihed by the magiftrates and gover¬
nor, fuch as we do not find equalled by any inftances
recorded in hiftory upon a fimilar occafion, and all e-
vincing the fteadinefs, fagacity, courage, and ability, of
Juftin de Naflau. A kind of rivalfhip appeared be¬
tween him and Spinola, which fhould belt fulfil their
feveral duties. The Spanifti general caufed himfelf to
be carried about the works in a litter; he infpefted
and direifed every thing; and difplayed the aftivity of
full health at the time his life was in imminent danger
from an acute malady. He ordered feveral breaches
in the lines to be repaired. Thefe the Hollanders had
made by fap, with a view of introducing fuccours to
the befieged. He drove piles into all the ditches and
canals through which their boats could pafs. He
made drains, to clear off the waters.of the river Marck;
and fucceeded in a great meafure by dint of perfeve-
rance, vigilance, and conduft. He was now reinforced
with a body of eight thoufand foot, and one thoufand
five hundred horfe ; many of the fick were perfeftly
recovered by his extreme care; and his army was
again become formidable, amounting to twenty-five
thoufand infantry and eight thoufand cavalry. Non*
was prince Henry idle, who now fucceeded to the
title*
Breda.
B R E f 535 ] BEE
titles and dominions of his brother Maurice, and was
elefted governor of Holland, Zealand, Guelderland,
Utrecht, and Oreryflel. He prefled France for afiift-
ance, and was joined by a body of cavalry under the
conduft of the count de Roufii and the marquis de
Rambures. With this reinforcement, and a body of
German infantry, he attacked the enemy’s lines, and
after an obftinate confliA was repulfed. He advanced
a fecond time; but Spinola, who entertained a high
opinion of his valour and condudt, did not choofe to
wait for him in his lines; he marched but with the
greater part of his army, fei/.ed upon a convenient
poll, and obliged the prince a fecond time to retire to¬
wards Boifleduc. Henry, finding no profpeft of being
able to relieve the garrifon, fent a permiflion to the go¬
vernor to furrender on the beft conditions he could ob¬
tain. This plan, which was figned with no name, fell
into the hands of the befiegers, and Spinola fent it
open, by a trumpet, to Juftin de Naflau, offering him
an honourable capitulation ; but that intrepid gover¬
nor, fufpe&ing the letter was forged, becaufe it was
anonymous, replied civilly, that a permiflion was not
an order to furrender ; and that he fhould better fol¬
low the prince of Orange’s intention, and fhow his re-
fpe£t for Spinola, by continuing to defend the city to
the laft extremity.
By this time the garrifon was diminifned by difeafe,
fatigue, want, and hardfhip, to half the original num¬
ber; but Juftin put on fuch a countenance, as con¬
cealed his fituation from Spinola. He frequently fal-
lied out upon Baglioni’s quarters, where the Italians
were perifhing with cold and hunger, the whole fub-
fiftence of the befiegers depending on the contributions
railed in the neighbouring territories. This inconve¬
nience produced a mutiny in the camp, that could not
be appealed without applying violent remedies, and ex¬
ecuting within fight of the whole army the chief ring¬
leaders. One of the mutineers blew up Spinola’s chief
magazine, valued at two hundred thoufand livres.
Urged more by neceflky than compaffion for the be-
fieged, Spinola fent a meflage to the governor, exhort¬
ing him not to force him to extremities, which might
be attended with fatal confequences to a brave garri¬
fon ; but Juftin, with equal art and difiimulation, an-
fwered, that ’Spinola was certainly ill ferved by his
fpies, as he appeared wholly unacquainted with the ftate
of affairs in Breda, which was fully provided for a
liege of feveral months, and defended by foldiers who
preferred death to the necefiity of furrendering. At
that time the befieged were not informed of the death
of the prince of Orange. ''They flattered themfelves
with the hopes of fpeedy fuccour, and were entirely
ignorant of prince Henry’s late difappointment. When
they wrote to the army an account of their miferable
condition,-Henry returned an anfwer, written with his
own hand, and figned with his name, apprifing them of
the death of Maurice, the unfuccefsful attempts made
to raife the fiege and throw in fuccours, the great in¬
feriority of his troops in point of numbers, and the
death of king James, whereby he was difappointed of
a ftrong reinforcement; concluding, that he left the
city entirely to the difcretion of the governor and
other principal officers. Juftin was thunderftruck with
the contents of this letter. Fie had hitherto concealed
the total want of provifion and ammunition from the
enemy, and his own garrifon, except a few officers and
other perfons in whom he repofed confidence. The
colonels Hauterive and Morgan would liften to no pro-
pofitions, faying, that the honour of their feveral coun¬
tries were concerned, and that they were refponfible
for the conduft of the Englifh and French forces.
They therefore required an exprefs order from the
prince of Orange to furrender, notwithftanding they
pined under the united preffure of fatigue, fcarcity,
and difeafe. Juftin acquainted the prince with their
refolution, and he fent back an order to furrender,
threatening with capital punifhment whoever fliould
difobey ; but he requefted that the garrifon would firft
acquaint him by a certain number of fires, lighted up
in different parts of the city, how many days they fhould
be able to hold out. Upon receipt of this order, eleven
fires were kindled; but as the prince had fent a dupli¬
cate of the order by another meffenger, and this fell
into the hands of the enemy, Spinola was now acquaint¬
ed with the defperate cfrcumftances of the befieged.
By this acquifition he likewife difcovered the myftery
of the eleven fires: a council of war was affembled to
deliberate whether they fhould flay the eleven days, and
then oblige the garrifon to furrender at difcretion, or
immediately offer conditions worthy of fo brave a gar¬
rifon. The Spanifh officers were of the'former opi¬
nion ; the count de Berg and Spinola fupported the
latter. At laft the marquis, determined to purfue the
di&ates of his noble generofity, fent fuch terms as
could not be refufed. The count de Berg condu&ed
the negociation. Two feparate capitulations were
drawn up, one for the garrifon and the other for the
city, and both the moft honourable and advantageous,
that could be 'devifed. They were accepted, and the
garrifon marched out on the 6th of June, after having
fuftained a fiege for ten months, whereby they were
diminifhed two-thirds; nor was the lofs inferior on
the part of the inhabitants. Spinola drew up his
army to falute them, and furrounded by his field offi¬
cers, paid particular compliments to the governor, the
colonels Morgan, Hauterive, and -Lohre. He diftri-
buted money among the foldiers, ordered the fick and
wounded to be treated with the utmoft tendernefs, con¬
veyed the reft in the manner moft commodious for
them to Gertruydenburgh, and difplayed all the fenti-
ments of a'hero in the regard paid to the valour and
merit of his enemies.
Breda was retaken by the prince of Orange, for the-
United Provinces, in 1637. There was a congrefs-
held there, and peace concluded, in 1667, between
the Dutch and the Englifh. E. Long. 4-45. N. Lat.
BREDA (John Van),painter of hiftory, landfcape,.
and converfations, was born at Antwerp in 1683, the
fon of Alexander Van Breda, an artift who was much
efteemedfor landfcapes, viewsof particular fcenesin Italy,
fairs, and markets, with a variety of animals and figures..
He was inftru&ed by his father; and having the advan¬
tage of a good example and a good dire&or, added tcv
his own great application, he continued his ftudies with
his father till he was 18 years of age. Among the
variety of capital paintings which were at that time in-
the poffeffion of John de Wit at An«verp, Breda fixed
upon thofe of Velvet Brueghel, which he copied with
extraordinary fuccefs; and he was alfo employed for
nins
13 R £ [ 536 ] B R E
nine years in copying the pictures of feveral other great law, and expel the Iracarii or breeches-makers out of Bw'liifjpt
mailers ; which he performed with fuclf incredible ex- the city ; it being thought unworthy of a nation that BreedltlS-i
j aftnefs as fcarcely to leave it in the power of any ju- commanded the world, to wear the apparel of barba-
~~ dicious perfon to dillinguifh the originals from the co- rians.
pies. Having at length eftablilhed his reputation in BREECHINGS, in the fea-language, the ropes
Holland, he went to London with^Ryibrack the fculp- with which the great guns are lalhed orfaftened to the
tor, and there gradually rofe into fuch efteem that he {hip’s fide. They are thus called, becaufe made to paf«
was vifited by perfons of the' highefl. rank, and parti- round the breech of the gun.
cularly patronifed by the unfortunate Earl of Derwent- BREEDING, in a general fenfe, the producing,
water, who was beheaded for rebellion in 1715. He nourifhing, and educating, all manner of young ani-
' found fo much encouragement in London, that he was mals.
employed by the court and the nobility, and could Breeding, in a moral fenfe, denotes.a peifori’s dei
; fcarce execute the large demands for his performances, portment or behaviotlr in the external offices and deco-
After a relidence of fome years in England, he return- rums of focial life. In this fenfe we fay ’well-bred, ill-
ed to Antwerp loaded with riches, the honourable te- . bred, a Than of breeding, 8cc. Good:breeding is hard
flimonies of Engliflr liberality, as well as of his own to define; none can underftand the fpeculation but thofe
merit ; and in the year 1746, when Louis XIV. ar- who have the pra&ice. Good-breeding amounts to
rived in that city, he fo far honoured this mafter as to much the fame with what is otherwife called politenefs, j|
purchafe four of his pictures. One reprefented Chritl among the ancient Romans urbanity. Good-breeding
at the fea of Tiberias ; another, Chrift performing is near to virtue, and will of itfelf lead a man a great
miracles ; and the other two were landfcapes, with a part of the way towards the fame. It teaches him to
number of figures, fo exquifitely drawn and finifhed rejoice in afts of civility, to feek out objects of com-
that it would be difficult to diftinguiffi them from paffion, and to be pleafed with every occafion of doing
thofe of Velvet Brueghel. He certainly approached them good offices. Lord Shaftelbury compares the
nearer to thofe great mailers whofe manner he imita- well-bred man with the real philofopher : both charac-
ted, namely, Brueghel and Wouwermans, than any ters aim at what is excellent,..afpire to a juft tafte, and
other artift of his time. His landfcapes are in the carry in view the model of what is beautiful and beco-
ftyle and tafte of the former, and his converfations, ming. The conduct and manners of the one are formed
Pillingtons hiftorical figures, fairs, Ikirmifhes, or battles, are in according to the moft perfeil eafe, and good entertain-
the manner of the latter. His colouring- is good ; his ment of company ; of the other, according to the ftridt*
touch neat; his ikies and diftances natural and beauti- eft intereft of mankind ; the one according to his rank i||
ful; and his tafte of defign agreeable. He had as and quality in his private ftation, the other according
to his rank and dignity in nature. Horace feems to
have united both characters,
Quid verum atque decens euro et rogo, et omnis in hoc futn.
See the article Gopd-MANNERS,
Breeding of Horfes. See EquUs.
Breeding of Fijh. The neceffary qualities of a pond*
to make it ferve well for breeding filh, are very differ¬
ent from thofe which are to make it ferve for the feed*
ing of them, infomuch that fome particular ponds ferve
only for one of thefe purpofes, and others for the o '
much fire in his compofition, and perhaps more ge-
.iiius, than Brueghel, in thofe fubje&s which he paint¬
ed in the ftyle of that mafter; his figures are general¬
ly well placed, his grounds Ikilfully broken; every
fmall figure hath its particular character, and occupies
its proper place; and, in ffiort, he is a painter of fuch
a rank, that the value and eftimation of his works
. mull always increafe. He died in 17^0.
BREECH of a great gun, or cannon, the end next
• the touch-hole.
BREECHES, a garment worn by males, reaching ther > and fcarce ever the fame pond is found to an-
from the girdle to the knees, and ferving to cover the fwer for them both. . In general, it is much more rare
hips, thighs, &c.
The ancient Romans had nothing in their drefs an-
< fwering to our breeches and ftockings; inftead of which,
to find a good breeding pond than a good feeding one*
The beft indications for a good breeding pond are thefe;
that there be a good quantity of ruffies and grafs about
under their lower tunics and waiftcoats they fometimes ^ts hdes, with gravelly ftioals, fuch as horfe-ponds ufu*
bound their thighs and legs round with filken fcarves a% have : when a pond has this property, and takes to
or fafeiae, called tibialia and femoralia. Breeches ap¬
pear to be a habit peculiar to the barbarous nations,
efpecially thofe inhabiting the colder countries of the gi°us in quantity ; and where it Succeeds, one is able
the breeding of filh, it is amazing what a progrefs will
be made in a little time. The fpawn of fiftr is prodi¬
north ; whence Tacitus calls them barbarurn legmen, to produce many millions : thus, in one of thefe breed-
A f il,   *.1, ,  : in (T two nr tVirPe mpltpre. a nrl qq manxr frvitxrr,,**-™
We find mention made of them among the ancient lug ponds, two or three melters, and as many fpawners,
Getse, Sarmatas, Gauls, Germans, and Britons; they will, in a very little time, ftock the whole country.
alfo obtained among the Medes and Perfians, as being When thefe ponds are not meant entirely for breeding.
a people of Scythian origin 2 they alfo afterwards got
footing in Italy, fome pretend as early as the time of
Auguftus ; but without much foundation, that empe¬
ror’s breeches, mentioned by Suetonius, being appa¬
rently only fwaths tied over his thighs. However this
be, breeches were at laft received into Italy, and grew
but the owner would have the filh to grow to fome fize
In them, the method is to thin the numbers, becaufe
they would otherwife ftarve one another, and to put in
other filh that will prey upon the young, and thin them
in the quickeft manner. Eels and perch are the moft:
ufeful on this account; becaufe they prey not only up-
fo highly into falhion, that it was thought neceffary on the fpawn itfelf, but upon the young fry from the'
under Honorius and Arcadius, to reftrain them by
N°£4-
firft hatching to the time they ate of a confiderable fize*
Some
B R E [ 537 ] B R E
Isenberg Some fifti are obferved to breed indifferently in all kinds
S rehon waters> anc^ that in confiderable plenty ; of this na-
| ture are the roach, pike, and perch.
I BREENBERG (Bartholomew), an excellent paint¬
er, was born in 1620. He is beft known by the name
of Bartolomeo, an appellation bellowed upon him, for
1 dillin&ion fake, by the fociety of Flemilh painters at
Rome called Bentvogels. He was born at Utrecht 5
but in the early part of his life went to Rome. His
ftudies in the art of painting were attended with fuch
fuccefs, that his pictures were held in the higheft efli-
•mation. He greatly excelled in landfcapes, and thefe
he enriched with hiftorical fubjefts. The figures and
I - animals which he introduced were very fpirited, and
drawn in a mafterly manner; efpecially when they
were not larger than the fize in which he ufually paint-
I ed them. He died 1660, aged 40 years. He alfo
etched from his own defigns a fet of 24 Views and
Landfcapes, ornamented with Ruins.
BREEZE, a Ihifting wind that blows from fea or
land for fome certain hours in the day or night; common
in Africa and fome parts of the Eaft and Weft Indies.
Breezes differ from etefiee or trade-winds, as the for¬
mer are diurnal, or have their periods each day ; and
|: the latter are anniverfary, and blow at a diftance from
land. The fea-breezes rule by day, and the land-breezes
I by night; fo that, dividing their empire, they remain
conftant as the feafons of the year, or courfe of the fun,
on which they feem to depend : not but that they ap¬
pear fooner or later, ftronger or weaker, in fome places
than in others; and vary the alternative according to the
feveral latitudes, fituations, and foils, &c. of the coun-
]: tries where they are found. See the article Wind.
Breeze-FIj/. See Ts ban us.
BREGENTZ, or Bergentz, a town of Tyrol in
Germany, fituated at the eaft end of the lake of Con-
1: fiance, in E. Long. 9. 40. N. Lat. 47. 36.
BREGMA, in anatomy, the fame with finciput.
See Anatomy, nu 1 i, 13.
BREHAR, one of the Scilly iflands, lying almoft
diredlly weft of the land’s end in Cornwall, about the
diftance of 30 miles. It lies between the Hies of Mi-
carlo, Guel, Trefcaw, and Samfon. It is the rougheft
and moft mountainous of them all, and not many years
|| fince, there were only two families in it, but now there
I, are 13. There are a few poor houfes, called the town
o/Brehar; and there are feveral barrows edged with
ftone, in which they buried confiderable perfons in an¬
cient times ; befides many monuments of the Druids.
Some are of opinion, that this with the reft made but
one ifland, which is the reafon whyfo many antiquities
are now found in moft of them.
BREHONS, the provincial judges among the an¬
cient Irilh, by whom jufticewas adminiftered, andcon-
troverfies decided. Thefe fages were a diftintt tribe or
family, to whom competent lands were allowed in in¬
heritance. In criminal cafes the brehon had the eleventh
part of all the fines ; which could not but be confider¬
able at a time when murders, rapes, robberies, and the
1 like offences, were only fubjeft to pecuniary commuta¬
tions.
BnEHON-Laws, or Leges Brehonica, denote the
general maxims or rules of law obferved by the bre-
hons, and having the force of laws throughout all the
provinces of Ireland. Several fragments of the leges
Vol. III. Part II.
brebonic# are ftill extant in public and private libraries. Brcmegar-
The moft complete colleftion is that belonging to the
duke of Chandos; containing 22^ (beets clofe written, BramUs.
full of abbreviated words, and not very legible. By y «
the ftatute of Kilkenny, made under Edward III. it is
enadted that no Englifh fubjedl (hall fubmit to a trial
by the brehon law, on the penalty of high treafon. Not-
withftanding which, many were ftill under a neceffity
of being concluded by the Irifti laws and cuftoms, till
the whole kingdom was fettled on an Englilli bottom
by king James I.
BREMEGARTON, a handfome and pretty confi¬
derable town of Swifferland, in the territory of Fyen-
Aempter, between the cantons of Zurich and Bern.
The inhabitants deal chiefly in paper; and their reli¬
gion is the Roman-catholic. It is divided into the
upper and larger towns, and is very advantageoufly
feated on the river Rufs. E. Long. 8. 25. N. Lat.
47. 20.
B REMEN, a large, populous, and very ftrong town
of Germany, capital of a duchy of the fame name, with
an archbiflrop’s fee, fecularized in favour of the Swedes,
but now belongs to the eledtor of Hanover. The river
Wefer runs through the middle, and divides it into the
old and new town. In September 1739, while the inha¬
bitants were afleep, the magazine of powder was fet on
fire by lightning; and all the houfes were (hook, as if
there had been a violent earthquake, which threw them
into a terrible confternation. This town is divided into
four quarters, each of which has a burgomafter; and
in the middle there is a large market-place, with the
ftatue of Rolando. Bremen drives a very large trade
for iron, flax, hemp, and linen, with France, England,
Spain, and Portugal, and in return takes back other
provifions, with which it fupplies Weftphalia and the
countries about Hanover. It alfo gets a great deal by
its filheries; the trade for blubber with the fouth of
Germany is very confiderable. E. Long. 8. 45. N.
Lat. 53. 40.
Bremen, a duchy of Germany, in the province of
Lower Saxony, lying between the rivers Wefer and the
Elbe ; of which the former feparates it from the duchy
of Oldenburg, and the other from that of Holftein.
The air is cold ; but the country is fertile, and well
peopled. It formerly belonged to the Swedes, but was
afterwards fold to the king of Great Britain, as elec¬
tor of Hanover, in 1716. In the winter it is fubjedl
to inundations. In 1617, on Chriftmas-day, feveral
thoufand cattle were drowned, befides feveral hundred
of men ; and the country was fo covered with water,
that it has coft immenfe fums to repair the dykes. Bre¬
men is the capital town.
Bremen-Veerd, a town of Germany, in the circle of
lower Saxony, and duchy of Bremen. It is an open
town, feated on the river Ooft, and was formerly the
place of refidence of the archbilhop. E. Long. 8. 35.
N. Lat. 53. 58.
- BRENNAGE, Brennagium, in middle-age wri¬
ters, a kind of tribute paid in lieu of bran, or bran
itfelf, which the tenants were obliged to furnifti for
the fupport of the lord’s hounds. The word is alfo
written brenage, brenagium, and brenaige, bernagium,
brenaticum, and brennaticum.
BRENNUS, a celebrated captain among the Gauls,
who, about 388 years before theChriftian sera, entered
3 Y Italy
Brent
II
Brefciano.
B R E [ 53^ ] R R E
Italy with a powerful army; made great conquefts
there; defeated the Romans; and facked Rome. The
capital alone was defended; and Camillus coming to its
relief, drove the Gauls not only out of Rome, but out
of all Italy. See (Hijlory 'ef) Rome.
BRENT, a town of Devonfhire, with a market on
Saturdays, and two fairs, on May f 3thandOftober 10th,
for horned cattle. It is but a fmall place, and lies on
the road from Exeter to Plymouth, being 26 miles
fouth-weft from the former, and 198 weft-by-fouth of
London. W. Long. 5. 7. N. Lat. 50. 30.
Brent Goofe, a fpecies of goofe with a black neck,
and a white collar round; ufually confounded with the
barnacle, tho’ in reality a diftindt fpecies. See Anas.
BRENTFORD, a town of Middlefex, in the great
London road to the weft. It is divided into old and
new Brentford, in which laft are the church and mar-
ket-houfe, and where the county ele&ions are held. It
is a long place, well flocked with public houfes, and is
feated on the river Thames, in W. Long. o. 10. N.
Lat. 5 i. 26.
BRENTWOOD, or Burntwood, a town ofEffex
in England ; it {lands on a rifing ground in the road
from London to Colehefter, and has feveral good inns.
E. Long. o. 25. N. Lat. 51. 38.
BREREWOOD (Edward), a very learned Englifh
mathematician and antiquary, was the fon of Robert
Brerewood a tradefman, who was thrice mayor of Chef-
ter ; and born in that city in the year 1565. He was
educated in grammar learning at the free fchool in Chef-
ter ; and afterwards admitted, in 158 r, of Brazen-nofe-
college in Oxford. In the year 1596, he became the
firft profeffor of aftronomy in Greiham-college in Lon¬
don ; where he led the fame private and retired courfe
of life that he had before done in Oxford. He died
there of a fever, upon the 4th of November 1613, much
lamented. He was a great fearcher into antiquity and
curious knowledge ; but is remarkable for having never
publifhed any thing during his lifetime. After his
death came out the following works. 1. De ponder thus
et pretiis veterum nummorum. 2. Inquiries touching
the diverfities of languages and religion through the
chief parts of the world. 3. Elementa logic# in gra-
tiamJludiof# juventutis in Acad, Oxon. 4. Traflatus
quidam logici. 5. 6. Two treatifes on the Sabbath.
7. Trattatus duo, quorum primus ejl de meteoric, fecun-
dus de oculo. 8. Commentarii in ethica Arijlotelis. Mr
Wood tells us, that the original manufcript of this,
written w:th his own hand, is in the fmalleft and neateft
charadters that his eyes ever beheld; and that it was fi-
niftied by him on the 27th of Odlober 1586. 9. Patri¬
archal-government of the ancient church.
BRESCIA, a ftrong and handfome town of Italy,
with a biftiop’s fee and a ^ood citadel. It is the capi¬
tal of Brefciano in the territory of Venice, and is feated
in an agreeable plain on the river Garza, in E. Long.
IO. 5. N. Lat. 45. 31.
BRESCIANO, a province of Italy in the territory
of Venice; bounded on the north, by the Grifons and
the bifhopric of Trent; on the eaft, by the lake Garda,
the Veronefe, and the duchy of Mantua ; on the fouth,
by the duchy of Mantua and the Cremonefe ; and on
the weft, by the Crefmafco, the Burgomafco, and the
Valtelina. It is watered by feveral fmall rivers, which
render it very fertile; and is full of towns and villages,
of which Brefcia is the capital.
BRESELLO, a fmall town in Italy, of the duchy
of Modena, feated on the river Po, in E. Long. 10. 25.
N. Lat. 44. 55.
BRESCICATE, in commerce, a kind of bays, of
which there is fome trade carried on with the negroes,
between the river Gambia and Sierra Leona. The beft
forts for that purpofe are the blue and the red.
BRESLAU, a fmall duchy of lower Silefia, in Ger¬
many, lying between thofe of Wqlaw, Olfle, Brieg,
Schwednitz, and Lignitz. It is every where level and
flat ; is an excellent corn country, yielding alfo good
pafture ; abounding alfo with herds of cattle and flocks
of (heep ; but deftitute of wood, except in one difti i£l
or circle ; and the roads in general are very bad. It is
an immediate principality, that is, one of which both
the property and jurifdidlion belong to the king, form¬
ing a part of one of the three bailiwics into which all
the immediate principalities are divided.
Breslau, the chief town of the duchy of that name,
and of all Silefia, is fituated at the conflux of the O-
der and Ohlau, in E. Long. J 7. 5. N. Lat. 51.4. In¬
cluding the fuburbs, it is of great extent ; having many
large regular fquares, broad ftreets, {lately public and
private edifices; but the fortifications are of no great
importance. Here are in particular a great many
churches and convents belonging to the catholics; of
the former are feveral alfo belonging to the Lutherans,
one to the Calvinifts, and another to the Greeks. The
Jews have likewife two fynagogues, the bHhop a {lately
palace, and the Lutherans two gymnafiums. The Po-
piflr univerfity is a noble ftrufture, nor is the exchange
deftitute of magnificence. This city is the feat of all the
high colleges; and the third in rank, next to Berlin
and Konigfberg, in all the Prufiian dominions. The
magiftracy of it is Lutheran, and its trade and manu-
fadures are very confiderable. Several of the monafte-
ries and nunneries are very magnificent; and there are
alfo fome good public libraries in it, with two armou¬
ries, a college of phyficians, and a mint. Breflau is
very populous, and much frequented by Hungarian!
Bohemian, Polifli, and other merchants, having feveral
yearly fairs. The city was taken by the king of Pruffia
Jn 1741, and retaken by the Auftrians in 1757 ; but
the king of Pruflia took it back again the fame year,
and gained a fignal victory over the Auftrians at Leu-
then, a village not far from the capital.
BRESSE, a province of France, bounded on the
north, by Burgundy and the Franche Compte ; on the
eaft, by Savoy ; on the fouth, by Viennois; on the weft,,
by the principality of Dombes and the Somme. It is
40 miles from north to fouth, and 23 from eaft to weft.
It is fertile in corn and hemp, has fine paftures, and
feveral lakes with plenty of fiflr. It is divided into the
higher and lower ; the firft is on the fide of Bourges,
and the fecond towards St Trivier and the river Sonne.
The French got poffeflion of it in i fioi. The princi¬
pal places are Bourgen, Breffe^ Montluel^ Pont de
Vaux, and Coligny.
BRESSICI, in geography. See Breste.
BREST, a maritime town of France, in lower Brit¬
tany, feated on the declivity of a hill on the fide of its
port, , which is the largeft in the kingdom, and will hold
59®
Brefello
II
Breft.
r
B R E r 539 ] B R E
Breft j’oo fliips at a time. There is an arfenal with fea-
rethren ^:ores> wh>ch was placed there on account of its near-
nefs to the woods, mines of iron, and other things pro¬
per for the building,of fhips. It was entirely confumed
by fire in 1744, which was an irreparable lofs to France.
The entrance into the port is guarded by a ftrong caftle
^ feated on a rock, which cannot be attempted on the
fea fide, becaufe it is craggy, and is defended on the
land fide by a large ditch and other fortifications. The
ftreets of Breft are very narrow, ill contrived, few in
number, and have all a defcent. A great quay fur-
rounds this fide of the port, which is above a mile in
length, and 200 paces broad; and there are magazines
on the quay full of all foreign merchandizes. On the
other fide of the port the fine church of Notre Dame
is fituated; and in a fuburb, which is as big as half
the city, there is a ftrong tower oppofite to the caftle,
I at the entrance of the port; there is alfo a great quay
on this fide, bordered with large magazines, partly
within the rock, which has been cut away to enlarge
the place. Thefe are extended almoft as far as the
bottom of the harbour, where there are two docks very
commodious for the building of large ftups : the {hops
and houfes of the workmen are all around them : the
ropewalks are feparated from the city by one of thefe
docks. The entrance into the harbour is called the^w/-
let> and is a paflage extremely difficult on account of
the funk rocks on both fides of the fttore ; but there
are experienced pilots who carry fhips in very fafely.
The Englifh attempted to take poffeffion of this har-
boqr in 1694, but were difappointed. W. Long. 4.
26. N. Lat. 48. 23.
Brest, or Breaji, in architefture, a term fometimes
| ufed for the member of a column, more ufually called
I, torus. See Torus.
Brest-Summers, in timber buildings, are pieces in
Iji the outward thereof, into which the girders are framed :
this, in the ground-floor, is called a cell; and, in the
I garret-floor, a beam.—As to their fize, it is the fame
with that of girders. See Girders.
BRESTE, the palatinate of, is one of the provinces
of Cujava, in Poland. It lies between the palatinates of
of Ploefko, Rava, and Lencici Wiadiflaw. It is divi
ded into four chatelanies, and Brefte is the capital of
the whole.
Breste, or Brejfici, xht capital of the palatinate of
I Breffici, and of Polefia, in Poland, feated on the river
Bog, 80 miles eaft of Warfaw, and fubjeft to Poland.
It is a fortified town, and has a caftle built upon a rock.
Here is a famous fynagogue, reforted to by the Jews
from all the countries in Europe. E. Long. 24. o. N.
I Lat. 41. 35.
B RET, a name the people on the coafts of Lincoln-
(hire give to the common turbot, a fiffi extremely plen¬
tiful with them, and taken in vaft abundance. The way
ft of catching them is in a net trailed on the ground by
two horfes ; the one going up to the middle of his body
in water, the other on Ihore.
BRETESSE, in heraldry, denotes a line embattled
! on both fides.
BRETHREN and sisters of the free spirit.
in Ecclefiaftical Hiftory, an appellation aflumed by a
new feft which fprung up towards the clofe of the
thirteenth century, and gained many adherents in Italy,
f France, and Germany. They took their denomina¬
tion from the words of St Paul, Rom. chap, viii, ver. Brethren.
2, 14. and maintained, that the true children of God
were inverted with the privilege of a full and perfeft
freedom from the jurifdiftion of the law. They were
enthufiafts to a degree of diftra&ion, both in their
principles and practice. They refembled the Beghards,
by which name they were fometimes called, in their
afpeft, apparel, and manner of living. Some of their
profefled principles refembled thofe of the Pantheifts;
for they held, that all things flowed by emanation from
God ; that rational fouls were portions of the Deity,
and that the univerfe was God ; and that, by the power
of. contemplation, they were united to the Deity, and
acquired hereby a glorious and fublime liberty, both
from the finful lufts and the common inftinfts of na¬
ture : and hence they conclude, that the perfon, who
was thus abforbed in the abyfs of the Deity, became
a part of the Godhead, and was the fon of God, in
the fame fenfe and manner that Chrift was, and that
he was freed from the obligation of all laws human
and divine. They treated with contempt all Chriftian
ordinances, and all external a£ts of religion, as un-
fuitable to the ftate of perfeftion at which they were
arrived. Some of them were honeft but deluded en¬
thufiafts ; and they endured the torments inflidted up¬
on them by the inquifitors with aftoniftiing calmnefs 1
and triumph. Others proceeded to the moft extrava¬
gant licentioufnefs of condudt. They held their fecret
affemblies ftark naked, and lay in the fame beds with
their fpiritual fillers, and indifcriminately with other
women, without the leaft fcruple or hefitation : mode-
fty and decency being, according to their creed, marks
of inward corruption. And fome of them proceeded
ftill farther, and maintained, that the divine man, or
believer, could not fin, let his conduft be ever fo hor¬
rible or atrocious. Many edifts were publilhed a-
gainft them ; but notwithftanding the feverities they
fuffered, they continued till about the middle of the
fifteenth century. They were called by feveral other
names, fuch as Schweftriones, Picards, Adamites, and
Turlupins.
Brethren and Clerks of the CommonLife, a denomina¬
tion aflumed by a religious fraternity towards the lat¬
ter end of the fifteenth century. Theylivedunder the rule
of St Auguftin, and were eminently ufeful in promot¬
ing the caufe of religion and learning. Their fociety
was firft formed, in the preceding century, by Gerard
de Groote, a native of Deventer; but did not flourilh
till about the period above mentioned, when it obtain¬
ed the approbation of the council of Conftance, and
became very refpedtable in Holland, the Lower Ger¬
many, and the adjacent provinces. It was divided into
two clafles; the lettered Irethren or clerks, and the
illiterate : they lived in feparate habitations, but main¬
tained the clofeft fraternal union. The former ap¬
plied to the ftudy of polite literature, and the educa¬
tion of youth; whilft the latter were employed in
manual labour, and the mechanic arts. They were
frequently called Beghards and Lollards, by way of re¬
proach.
White Brethren, fratres albati, were the followers
of a leader about the beginning of the fifteenth centu¬
ry, who was arrayed in a white garment; and as they
were alfo clothed in white linen, they were diftinguilh-
ed by this title. Their leader was a prieft from the
3 Y 2 Alps,
B R E [ 540 ] B R E
Breton. Alps, who carried about a crofs, like a {landard, and
>   whofe apparent fanftity and devotion drew together a
number of followers. This deluded enthufiaft pradli-
fed many ads of mortification and penance, endeavour¬
ed to perfuade the European nations to renew the holy
war, and pretended that he was favoured with divine
vifions. Boniface IX. ordered him to be apprehend¬
ed and committed to the flames, upon which his fol¬
lowers difperfed.
BRETON, or Cape-Britain, an ifland near the
eaftern continent of North America, lying between 45
and 47 degrees of north latitude. It is feparated from
Nova Scotia by a narrow ftrait called Canfo, and is a-
bout 100 miles in length and 50 in breadth. It is
furrounded with little iharp-pointed rocks, feparated
from each other by the waves, above which fome of
their tops are vifible. All its habours are open to the
eaft, turning towards the fouth. On the other parts of
the coaft there are but a few anchoring places for fmall
veffels, in creeks, or between iflets. Except in the
hilly parts, the furface of the country has but little fo-
Kdity, being every where covered with a light mofs, and
with water. The dampnefs of the foil is exhaled in
fogs, without rendering the air unwholefome. In other
relpe&s, the climate is very cold ; owing either to the
prodigious quantity of lakes, which cover above half
the ifland, and remain frozen a long time ; or to the
number of forefts, that totally intercept the rays of the
fun; the effect of which is befides decreafed by perpetual
clouds.
Though fome fifhermen had long reforted to this
ifland every fummer, not more than 20 or 30 had ever
fixed there. The French, who took pofleflkm of it in
Augufl 1713, were properly the firft inhabitants. They
changed its name into that of IJle Royale, and fixed
upon Fort Dauphin for their principal fettlement.
This harbour was two leagues in circumference. The
fhips came to the very fhore, and were fheltered from
winds. Forefts affording oak fufficient to fortify and
build a large city, were near at hand; the ground ap¬
peared lefs barren than in other parts, and the fifhery
was more plentiful. This harbour might have been
rendered impregnable at a trifling expence ; but the
difficulty of approaching it (a circumftance that had at
firft made a ftronger impreffion than the advantages re-
fulting from it) occafioned it to be abandoned, after
great labour had been bellowed upon the undertaking.
They then turned their views to Louifbqurg, the accefs
to which was eafier ; and convenience was thus prefer¬
red to fecurity : the fortification of Louifbourg, how¬
ever, was not begun till 1720.
In the year 1714, fome fifhermen, who till then had
lived in Newfoundland, fettled in this ifland. It was
expe&ed that their number would foon have been in-
ereafed by the Acadians, who were at liberty, from the
treaties that had been granted them, to remove with
all their effefts, and even to difpofe of their eftates; but
thefe hopes were difappointed. The Acadians chofe
rather to retain their pofleffions under the dominion of
Britain, than to give them up for any precarious ad¬
vantage they might derive from their attachment to
France. Their place was fupplied by fome diftreffed
adventurers from Europe, who came over from time to
time to Cape Breton, and the number of inhabitants
gradually increafed to 4000. They were fettled at
Louifbourg, Fort Dauphin, Port Touloufe, Nerucka, Cretan, jjj
and on all the coafts where they found a proper beach " » '--i"
for drying the cod. The inhabitants never applied
themfelves to agriculture, the foil being unfit for it.
They often fowed corn, but it feldom came to matu¬
rity ; and when it did thrive fo much as to Be worth
reaping, it had degenerated fo confiderably, that it was
not fit for feed for the next harveft. They have only
continued to plant a few pot-herbs that are tolerably
well tafted, but muft be renewed every year from
abroad. The poornefs and fcarcity of paftures has like-
wife prevented the increafe of cattle. In a word, the
foil of Cape Breton feemed calculated to invite none
but fifhermen and foldiers.
Though the ifland was entirely covered with forefts J
before it was inhabited, its wood has fcarce ever been % i|
an objedf of trade. A great quantity, however, of foft f ||
wood was found there fit for firing, and fome that might
be ufed for timber ; but the oak has always been fcarce, if||
and the fir never yielded much refin. The peltry trade
was a very inconfiderable objeft. It confifted only in. J|
the fleins of a few lynxes, elks, mufk-rats, wild cats,
bears, otters, and foxes both of a red and filver-grey | I
colour. Some of thefe were procured from a colony of
Mickmac Indians who had fettled on the ifland with
the French, and never could raife more than 60 men
able to bear arms. The reft came from St John’s, or
the neighbouring continent. Greater advantages might'
poffibly have been derived from the coal-mines which
abound in the ifland. They lie in a horizontal direc¬
tion ; and being no more than fix or eight feet below
the furface, may be‘worked without digging deep, or
draining off the waters. Notwithftanding the prodigi¬
ous demand for this coal from New England, from the
year 1745 to 1749, thefe mines would probably have - |
been forfaken, had not the fhips which were fent out
to the French iflands wanted ballaft. In one of thefe
mines a fire has been kindled, which could never yet be
extinguifhed.
The people of Cape Breton did not fend all their fifh
to Europe. They fent part of it to the French fouthern.
iflands, on board 20 or 25 fhips from 70. to 140 tuns
burden. Befides the cod, which made at leaft half
their cargo, they exported to the other colonies tim¬
ber, planks, thin oak-boards, failed falmon and mac-
keril, train-oil, and fea-coal. All thefe were paid for
in fugar and coffee, but chiefly in rum and molaffes.
The ifland could not confume all thefe commodities.
Canada took off but a fmall part of the overplus; it. > ill
was chiefly bought by the people of New England, who
gave in exchange fruits, vegetables, wood, brick, and
cattle. This trade of exchange was allowed; but a IH
fmuggling trade was added to it, carried on in flour,
and fait fifh.
This ifland, the key of Canada,, was- attacked by the
Englifh in 1745 ; and the event is of fo Angular a na¬
ture, that it deferves a particular detail. The plan of
this firft invafion was laid at Boll on, and New England,
bore the expence of it. A merchant named Pepperely
who had excited,, encouraged, and directed the en- fl
terprize, was intruded with the command of an army
of 6000 |nen, which had been levied for this expedition.
Though thefe forces, convoyed by a fquadron from
Jamaica, brought the firft news to Cape Breton of the
danger that threatened it .} though the advantage of a
furprife.
si Breton.
B R E [ 54' ] B R E
furprife would have fecured the landing without oppo-
lition ; though they had but 600 regular troops to en¬
counter, and 800 inhabitants haftily armed ; the fuc-
cefs of the undertaking was dill precarious. What
great exploits, indeed, could be expected from a militia
fuddenly affembled, who had never feen a fiege or faced
an enemy, and were to adt under the direftion of fea-
officers only. Thefe unexperienced troops ftood in
need of the affiftance of fome fortunate incident,
which they were indeed favoured with in a iingular
manner.
The conftrudtion and repairs of the fortifications had
always been left to the care of the garrifonof Jhouifbourg.
The foldiers were eager of being employed in thefe
works, which they confidered as conducive to their
fafety, and as the means of procuring them a comfort¬
able fubfiftence. When they found that thofe who were
to have paid them, appropriated to themfelves the pro¬
fit of their labours, they demanded juftice. It was de¬
nied them, and they were determined to affert their
right. As thefe depredations had been fhared be¬
tween the chief perfons of the colony and the fubal-
tern officers, the foldiers could obtain no redrefs.
Their indignation again)! thefe rapacious extortioners
rofe to fuch a height, that they defpifed all authority.
They had lived in an open rebellion for fix months,
when the Britifh appeared before the place.
This was the time to conciliate the minds of both
parties, and to unite in the common caufe. The fol¬
diers made the firit advances; but their commanders
miftrufted a generofity of which' they themfelves were
incapable. It was firmly believed that the foldiers
were only deiirous of fallying out, that they might
have an opportunity of deferting; and their own offi¬
cers kept them in a manner prifoners, till a defence fo
ill managed had reduced them to the neceffity of capi¬
tulating. The whole ifland lhared the fate of Louif-
bourg, its only bulwark.
This valuable poffeffion, retlored to France by the
treaty of Aix la Chapelle, was again attacked by the
.Britilh in 1758. On the 2d of June, a fleet of 23 (hips
of the line and 18 frigates, carrying 16,000 well difei-
plined troops, anchored in Gabarus bay, within half a
league of Louifbourg. As it was evident it would be to
no purpofe to land at a great diftance, becaufe it would
be impofiible to bring up the artillery and other necef-
faries for a confiderable fiege, it had been attempted
to render the landing impracticable near the town.
In the prudent precautions that had been taken, the
befiegers faw the dangers and difficulties they had to
expeCt; but, far from being deterred by them, they
had recourfe to ftratagem, and while by extending
their line they threatened and commanded the whole
coaft, they landed by force of arms at the creek of
Cormorant.
This place was naturally weak. The French had for¬
tified it with a good parapet planted with cannon. Be¬
hind this rampart they had polled 2000 excellent fol¬
diers and fome Indians. In front they had made fuch
a clofe hedge with branches of trees, that would have
been very difficult to penetrate, even if it had not been
defended. This kind of pallifade, which concealed all
the preparations for defence, appeared at a diftance to
be nothing more than a verdant plain.
This would have prefervedthe colony, had .the a (Tail-
ants been fufFered to complete their landing, and to ad¬
vance with the confidence that they had but few ob-
ftacles to furmount. Had this been the cafe, over¬
powered at once by the fire of the artillery and the fmall
arms, they would infallibly have perifhed on the (hore
or in the hurry of embarking ; efpecially as the feawas
juft then very rough. This unexpe&ed lofs might have
interrupted the whole projetft.
But all the prudent precautions that had been taken
were rendered abortive by the impetuofity of theFrench.
The Englifti had fcarce begun to move towards the
(hore, when their enemies haftened to difeover the fnare
they had laid for them. By the brifle and hafty fire
that was aimed at their boats, and ftill more by the pre¬
mature removal of the boughs that mafleed the forces,
which it was fo much the intereft of the French to con¬
ceal, they guefled at the danger they were going to
ruftr into. They immediately turned back, and faw no
other place to effe£l their landing but a rock, which
had been always deemed inacceffible. General Wolf,
though much taken up in reimbarking his troops, and
fending off the boats, gave the fignal to major Scot to
repair thither. That officer immediately removed to the
fpot with his men. His own boat coming up firft, and
finking at the very inftant he was ftepping out, he
climbed up the rock alone. He was in hopes of meet--
ing with 100 of his men who had been fent thither fome
hours"before. He found only ten. With thefe few,,
however, he gained the fummit of the rock. Ten In¬
dians and 60 Frenchmen killed two of his men, and
mortally wounded three. In fpite of his weaknefs, he
ftood his ground under cover of a thicket, till his brave
countrymen, regardlefs of the boifterous waves and the
fire of the cannon, came up to him, and put him in full
poffeffion of that important poft, the only one that could,
fecure their landing. The French, as foon as they faw
that the enemy had got a firm footing on land, betook
themfelves to the only remaining refuge, and (hut them¬
felves up in Louilbourg. The fortifications were in a
bad condition, becaufe the fea land, which they had
been obliged to ufe, is by no means fit for works of
mafonry. The revetments of the feveral curtains were
entirely crumbled away. There was only one cafemate
and a fmall magazine that were bomb-proof. The gar-
rifon which was to defend the place confided only of
2900 men.
.Notwithftanding all thefe difadvantages, the befieged
were determined to make an ©bftinate refiftance. It is
fcarce credible that the French were confirmed in their
refolution by the courage of a woman. Madame de
Drucourt was continually upon the ramparts, with her
purfe in her hand ; and firing herfelf three guns every
day, feemed to difpute with the governor her hufband
the glory of his office. The befieged were not difmayed
at the ill fuccefs of their feveral fallies, or the mafterly
operations concerted by Admiral Bofcawen and general
Amherft. It was but at the eve of an affault, which
it was impoffible to fuftain, that they talked of furren¬
dering. They made an honourable capitulation ; and
the conqueror fliowed more refpe& for his enemy and)
for himfelf, than to fully his glory by any aft of bar¬
barity or avarice—The poffeffion was confirmed to
Great Britain by the peace 1763 ; fince which the
fortifications have been blown up and the town of:
Louilbourg difmantled.
BRET.;-
B R E t 542 ] B R E
BRETTIGAW, a territory or Valley of the Gri-
fons, lying between the Rhine and the county of Ty¬
rol, and along the river Lanquet. The fortrefs of
Caftels is the principal town.
BREVE, in law, is any writ dire&ed to the chan¬
cellor, judges, flieriffs, or other officers, whereby a per-
fon is fummoned, or attached, to anfwer in the king’s
court, &c.
Breve Perquirere, the purchafing of a writ or li¬
cence for trial in the king’s courts ; whence comes the
prefent ufe of paying 6 s. 8d. fine to the king in fuit,
for money due on bond, where the debt is L.40, and
of 10 s. where it is L. 100, &c.
Breve de Redo, is a writ of right or licence, for a
perfon ejefted, to fue for the poffeffion of the eftate
detained from him.
Breve, in mafic, a note or charafter of time, in the
form of a diamond or fquare, without any tail, and e-
quivalent to two meafures or minims.
BREVET, in the French cuftoms, denotes the grant
of fome favour or donation from the king ; in which
fenfe it partly anfwers to our warrant, and partly to
letters-patent.
Brevet, more particularly denotes the commiffion
of afubaltern officer, being only written on parchment,
and without feal. A brevet officer is one whofe rank
in the army is above his pay ; for inftance, a brevet
major ferves only as a captain, and receives pay as
fuch.
BREUGEL (Peter), an eminent painter, common¬
ly called Old Breugel, to diftinguiffi him from his fon,
was born at a village of the fame- name near Breda, in
the year 1565 ; and was the firft pupil of Peter Cock,
whofe daughter he married. It was cuftomary with
him to drefs like a country-man, in order to be more
eafily admitted into the company of country-people,
and be allowed to join in their frolics, by which means
he became perfectly acquainted with-their manners and
geftures, of which he made excellent ufe in his pictures.
He travelled to France and Italy,, and for a long time
ftudied landfcapes on the mountains of Tyrol. His
humourous turn of mind difplayed itfelf in all his pic¬
tures, which generally confided of country-dances,
marriages, fports, and diverfions; though he fometimes
performed pieces from the hiftorical parts of the holy
Scriptures. At his return from Italy, he fettled at
Antwerp, and in his laft illnefs caufed his wife to gather
together all his immodeft pieces and burn them before
his face. He died at Antwerp about the year 1570.
Of the works of old Breugel, the great duke of Tuf-
cany has, 'Chrifl. carrying his crofs, with a great num¬
ber of figures; and a country feaft. The emperor has
the tower of Babel, the maffacre of the Innocents, and
the converfion of St Paul, of his painting : the eleftor
Palatine, a landfcape, with St Philip baptizing queen
Candace’s eunuch ; and St Johfi preaching in the wil-
dernefs, with a great many figures. Old Breugel alfo,
for his amufement, is faid to have engraved fome few
plates of landfcapes and grotefque fubjedls.
Breugel (Peter), the younger, was the fon of the
above-mentioned artift, and named Hellijh Breugel,
from the horrible fubjefts he delighted to reprefent.
Fie engraved alfo, according to M. Heineken; but his
works are not fpecified. He died 1642.
JB&eugel (John), commonly called Velvet Breugeh
5
from his generally wearing velvet clothes, was the fon Breugel,
of Peter Breugel, and born about the year 1575. He Brev*ary*
fifft applied himfelf to painting flowers and fruit, in v——
which he excelled ; and afterwards had great fuccefs in
drawing landfcapes, and views of the fea, fet off with
fmall figures. He lived long at Cologn, where he ac¬
quired great reputation. He travelled to Italy, where
his fame had got before him ; and where his fine land¬
fcapes, adorned with fmall figures fuperior to thofe of
his father, gave very great fatisfa&ion. If a good judg¬
ment may be formed from the great number of pidures
he left behind him, all highly finifhed, he muff have
been exceedingly induftrious. Nor did he fatisfy him¬
felf with embelliihing his own works only, but was
very ufeful in this refpeft to his friends. Even
Rubens made ufe of Breugel’s hand in the land¬
fcape part of feveral of his fmall piftures, fuch as his
Veitumnus and Pomona ; the fatyr viewing the
fleeping nymph ; and the terreftrial paradife, which ”f
is looked upon as his mafter-piece. He died in 1643.
—Several of his works are to be feen in the arahbi-
Ihop’s gallery at Milan ; particularly a hunting-piece
with a vaft many figures; a landfcape reprefenting a
defart, with the pifture of St Hierom painted by Ce-
rano, alias Gro Baptifla Crefpi. In the Ambrofian li¬
brary are 20 pieces of this mafterly hand; particularly
Daniel in the lion’s den, the infide of the great church
at Antwerp, the four feafons on copper, and the burn¬
ing of Gomorrha. In the poffeffion of the eleftor Pa¬
latine at Duffeldorp, Chrift preaching on the fea-ihore;
a country-dance; a fea-port, with a great many fi¬
gures ; a coach and two chariots, with a multitude of
figures and animals; a landfcape, wherein Flora is
crowned by a nymph ; St John preaching in the wil-
dernefs; a fmall fea-landfcape, and feveral other pieces.
In the poffeffion of the king of France, a woman play¬
ing with a dogy the battle between Alexander and Da-,
rius, both in wood; Orpheus in hell, &c.
BREVIARY, a daily office, or book of divine fer-
vice, in the Romiffi church. It is compofed of matins,
lauds, firft, third, fixth, and ninth vefpers, and the com¬
pline or poft communio.
The breviary of Rome is general, and may be ufed
in all places; but on the model of this various others
have been built, appropriated to each diocefe, and each
order of religious.
The breviary of the Greeks is the fame in almoft all
churches and monafteries that follow the Greek rites;
the Greeks divide the pfalter into 20 parts. In gene¬
ral, the Greek breviary confifts of two parts; the one
containing the office for the evening, the other that of
the morning, divided into matins, lauds, firft, third,
fixth, and ninth vefpers, and the compline ; that is, of
feven different hours, on account of that faying of Da¬
vid, Septies in die laudem dixi tibi.
The inftitution of the breviary is not very ancient:
there have been inferted in it the lives of the faints, full
of ridiculous and ill-attefted ftories, which gave occafion
to feveral reformations of it, by feveral councils, par¬
ticularly thofe of Trent and Cologn; by feveral popes,
particularly Pius V. Clement VIII. and Urban VI II.;
and alfo by feveral cardinals and bifhops, each lopping
off fome extravagances, and bringing it nearer to the
fimplicity of the primitive offices. Originally, every
body was obliged to recite the breviary every day; -but
B 11 E
■eviafnr by degrees the obligation was reduced to the clergy
rewer w^° are enj°inc(l> under penalty of mortal fin and
ecclefiaftical cenfures; to recite it at home, when they
cannot attend in public. In the T4th century, there
was particular referve granted in favour of bifhops, who
were allowed, on extraordinary occafions, to pafs three
days without rehearfing the breviary.
This office was originally called curfus ; and after¬
wards, the breviarum: which latter name imports that
the old office was abridged ; or rather, that this collec¬
tion is a kind of abridgment of all the prayers.
The breviaries now in ufe are innumerable; the dif¬
ference between them confifts principally in the num¬
ber and order of the pfalms, hymns, paternofters, ave-
Maries, creeds, magnificates, cantemus’s, benedittus’s,
canticamus’s, nunc dimittis’s, miferere’s, hallelujah’s,
gloria patri’s, &c.
Breviary, in Roman antiquity, a book firft intro¬
duced by A uguftus, containing an account of the ap¬
plication of the public money.
BREVIATOR, an officer under the eaftern empire,
whofe bufinefs it was to write and tranflate briefs.—At
Rome thofe are ftyled' breviatort, or abbreviators, who
- dictate and draw up the pope’s briefs.
BREVIBUS a r'otulis liberandis, a writ or
command to a fheriff to deliver to his fucceffor the coun¬
ty, with the appurtenances, and the rolls, writs, and
other things to his office belonging.
BREVIER, among printers, a fmall kind of type
or letter between bourgeois and minion.
BREVITY, in a general fenfe, that which deno¬
minates a thing brief or ffiort.
[ 543 1
B It E
felf. There are, however, great difputes among the Brewer,
feveral writers as to the number of his works. Thofe Brewing,
which have been afcribed to him with any certainty
are, i. The country girl, a comedy. 2. The love-fick
king, a comedy. And, 3. Lingua: a piece in regard
to which Winftanley records a remarkable anecdote,
which points it out to have been in fome meafure the
innocent cayfe of thofe troubles that difturbed the peace
of thefe realms in the middle of the 17th century. He
tells us, that when this play was adted at Cambridge,
Oliver Cromwell (then a youth) afted a part in it. The
fubflance of the piece is a contention among the Senfes
for a crown which Lingua had laid for them to find.
The part allotted to young Cromwell was that of
Taftus or Touch ; who having obtained the contefted
coronet, makes this fpirited declamation:
Rofes and bays, pack hence! this crown and robe
My brows aqd body circles and inverts :
How gallantly it fits me! fure the flave
Meafur’d my head who wrought this coronet.—
They lie that fay complexions cannot change !
My blood’s ennobled, and I am transform’d
Unto the facred temper of a king.
Methinks I hear my noble parafites
Styling me Crfar, or Great Alexander,
Licking my feet, &c.
It is faid that he felt the whole part fo warmly, and
more efpecially the above-quoted fpeech, th^t it was
what firft fired his foul with ambition, and excited him
from the pofleffion of an imaginary crown to ftretch
his views to that of a real one; for the accomplilh-,
Brevity is more particularly ufed in fpeaking of ment of which he was content to wade through feas of
the ftyle or compofition of difcourfe. Brevity of dif- blood.
courfe is by fome called brachylogia and breviloquentia;
fometimes laconifmus. Tacitus and Perfius are re¬
markable for the brevity of their ftyle. There are two
kinds of brevity, one arifing from drynefs, poverty, and
narrownefs of genius; the other from judgment and
refleftion; which’ latter alone is laudable.' Brevity is
fo efiential to a tale, a fong, and an epigram, that
without it they neceflarily languifh and become dull.
Rhetoricians make brevity one of the principal marks
or conditions of eloquence; but the rules they pre-
fcribe for "attaining it, are difficult to apply, fo as ftill
to keep the due medium between too much and too
little. A juft brevity is attained by ufing all the words
which are neceffary, and none but thofe which are ne*
ceflary. Sometimes it may alfo be had, by choofing a
word which has the force of feveral. It is this laft
kind which Quintilian admires fo much in Salluft; and
the imitation of which, by other writers, has caufed fo
much obfcurity.
BREVITJM gustos. See Gustos.
BREVORDT, a town of Guelderland, in the Uni*
ted Netherlands, fituated in E. Long. 6. 35. N. Lat.
520.
BREWER (Anthony), a dramatic poet who flou-
riftied in the reign of king Charles J. and appears to
have been held in high eftimation by the wits of that
time, as may be more particularly gathered from an ele¬
gant compliment paid to him in a poem called Steps to
ParnaJJiis, wherein he is fuppofed to have a magic
power to call the mufes to his affiftance, and is even
let on an equality with the immortal Shakefpeare hiro-
Erewer, a perfon who profefies the art of brewing.
There are companies of brewers in moft capital ci¬
ties ; that of London was incorporated in 1427 by
Henry VI. and that of Paris is ftill older.
The apparatus and utenfils of a brewer, or a brew-
houfe, are, A furnace made clofe and hollow for faving
fuel, and with a vent for the fmoke leaft it taint the lr-
quor; a copper, which is preferable to lead; a maik-
vat near the head ; a cooler near the maik-vat; and a
guile-vat under the cooler : adjoining to all are feveral
clean tubs, to receive the worts and liquors.
Bzepff.rs-Haven, a good harbour at the north end
of the ifland of Ghiloe on the coaft of Chili, in South
America, and in the South Sea. The Dutch landed
forces here in 1643, defigning to get pofleffion of fome
part of Chili; but they were driven from thence by the
Spaniards and the natives. W. Long. 82. S. Lat. 42.
BREWING, the operation of picparing ale or beer
from Malt; i?
Though the art of brewing is undoqbtedly a part of n0 fettled ’-
chemiftry, and certainly depends upon fixed and inva theory of :;
riable principles as well as every other branch of- that brewing*
fcience, thefe principles have never yet been-thoroughly
inveftigated. For want of a fettled theory, therefore,
the praftice of this art is found to be precarious ; . and
to fueceed unaccountably with fome, and mifgiye as
unaccountably-with others. Some few hints, however,
have been thrown-out, in order to eftablifh a regular
theory of brewing; the principal of which we fhall
lay before our readers.
The ufual procefs of brewing is as follows; A quan-
tity
'
SUE
'Brewing, tky of water being boiled, is left to cool till the height
1 ■' v" of the fleam be over ; when fo much is poured to a
Common ma^t t1ae ^alhing tub, as makes it of a
procefs de- confidence ftiff enough to be juft well rowed up : after
•feribed. ftanding thus a quarter of an hour, a fecond quantity
of the water is added, and rowed up as before: laftly,
the full quantity of water is added ; and that in pro¬
portion as the liquor is intended to be ftrong or weak.
—This part of the operation is called mafking.—The
whole now Hands two or three hours, more or lefs, ac¬
cording to the ftrength of the wort or the difference of
weather, and is then drawn off into a receiver; and the
mafhing repeated for a fecond wort, in the fame man¬
ner as for the firft, only the water muft be cooler than
before, and muft not fland above half the time. The
two worts are then to be mixed, the intended quantity
•of hops added, and the liquor clofe covered up, gently
boiled in a copper for the fpace of an hour or two ;
then let into the receiver, and the hopsftrained from it
into the coolers. When cool, the barm or yeft is ap¬
plied ; and it is left to work -or ferment till it be fit to
tun up. For fmall beer there is a third mafning with the
water near cold, and not left to Hand above three quar¬
ters of an hour; to be hopped and boiled at diferetion.
For double beer or ale, the liquors refulting from the
two firft maftiings muft be ufed as liquor for a third
maftring of frelh malt.
Difficulties From confidering this procefs, and the multiplicity
attending it. of circumftances to be attended to in it, we may eafily
fee that it muft be a very precarious one. The fuccefs
of the operation, i. e. the goodnefs of the beer, muft
depend upon the quality of the malt from which it is
made ; on that of the water with which it is infufed;
on the degree of heat applied in the infufion ; on the
length of time the infufion is continued ; on the proper
degree of boiling, the quantity and quality of the hops
employed; on the proper degree of fermentation, &c.:
all which, as already obferved, have never yet been
4 thoroughly inveftigated and afeertained.
Sir Robert The manner of making malt Sir Robert Murray de-
ineihod of ^cr^es as follows.—Take good barley newly threflred,
inalt-ma- &c.; put about fix Engliftr quarters in a ftone trough
king. full of water, where let it fteep till the water be of a
bright reddifh colour; which will be in about three
days, more or lefs, according to the moifture or drynefs,
fmallnefs or bignefs, of the grain, the feafon of the
year, or the temperature of the weather. In fummer,
malt never makes well; in winter it requires longer
fteeping than in fpring or autumn. It may be known
when it is fteeped enough by other marks befides the
colour of the water; as by the txceflive fwelling of the
grain if it be over-fteeped, and by too much foftnefs ;
being, when it is in a right temper, like the barley
prepared to make broth of. When it is fufficiently
ileeped, take it out of the trough, and lay it in heaps
to let the water drain from it; then, after two or three
hours, turn it over with a fcoop, and lay it in a new
heap, 20 or 24 inches deep. This is called the coming
heap, in the right management whereof lies the princi¬
pal Ik ill. In this heap it may lie 40 hours, more or lefs,
according to the forementioned qualities of the grain,
&c. before it come to the right temper of malt; which
that it may do equally, is mainly defired. While it lies
in this heap, it muft Ire carefully looked to after'the
firft 15 or 16 hours: fpr about that time the grains
N05+.
B R E
begin to put forth roots ; which when they have equal- Brewing,
ly and fully done, the malt muft, within an hour after,  v——'j
be turned over with a fcoop 5 otherwife the grains wiH
begin to put forth the blade and fpire alfo, which muft
by all means be prevented. If all the malt do not
come equally, but that which lies in the middle, being
warmeft, come the fooneil; the whole muft be turned,
fo that what was outmoft may be inmoft ; and thus it
is managed till it be all alike. As foon as the malt is
fufficiently come, turn it over, and fpread it to a depth
not exceeding five or fix inches; and by that time it is
all fpread out, begin and turn it over again three or
four times. Afterwards turn it over in like manner
once in four or five hours, making the heap deeper by
degrees; and continue to do fo for the fpace of 48
hours at leaft. This frequent turning it over, cools,
dries, and deadens the grain ; whereby it becomes mel- #1
low, melts eafily in brewing, and feparates entirely from
the hulk. Then throw up the malt into a heap as high
as you can ; where let it lie till it grow as hot as your
hand can endure it, which ufually happens in about the
fpace of 30 hours. This perfects the fweetnefs and
mellownefs of the malt. After it is fufficiently heated,
throw it abroad to cool, and turn it over again about
fix or eight hours after; and then lay it on a kiln with
a hair-cloth or wire fpread under it; where, after one
fire which muft laft 24 hours, give it another more
flow, and afterwards, if need be, a third : for if the
malt be not thoroughly dried, it cannot be well ground,
neither will it diffolve well in the brewing; but the
ale it makes will be red, bitter, and unfit for keeping.
From this account of the procefs of malting, it ap¬
pears, that, befides the proper management in wetting,
turning, &c. the drying is an article of the utmoft con-
fequence ; and concerning the proper degrees of heat |
to be employed for this purpofe, M. Combrune has -re- Mr comu
lated the following experiments. “ In an earthen pan, brune’jje* 1
of about two feet diameter, and three inches deep, periraents(j
I put as much of the paleft malts, very unequally ?n thfe dr, ’
grown, as filled it on a level to the brim. This I pla- ;
ced over a little charcoal lighted in a fmall ftove, and £ reiving. ||
kept continually ftirring it from, bottom to top; at
firft it did not feel fo damp as it did about half an hour
after.
“ In about an hour more, it began to look of a
bright orange colour on the outfide, and appeared
more fwelled than before. Every one is fenfible how
long-continued cuftom alone makes us fufficient judges : I
of colours. Then I macerated fome of the grains,
and found they, were nearly fuch as are termed brown
malts. On ftirring and making a heap of them to¬
wards the middle, I placed therein at about half depth |l
the bulb of my thermometer, and found it rofe to 140
degrees: here the malt felt very damp, and had but
little fmell.
“ At 165 degrees I examined it in the fame man¬
ner as before, and could perceive no damp : the malt |
was very brown ; and, on being macerated, fome few
black fpecks appeared.
“ Now many corns, neareft the bottom, were be- !{ffl
come black and burnt: with all the diligence I could
ufe, I placed my thermometer nearly there, and it rofe
to 175 degrees. But the particles of fire, arifing from
the ftove, a£f on the thermometer in proportion to the
diftance of the fituation it is placed in ; for which,
1 through
[ 544 ]
tewing.
B R E [
through the whole experiment, an abatement of 5 de-
’ grees (hould be allowed, as near as I could eftimate ;
fo, a little after, putting my thermometer in the fame
pofition, where nearly half the corns were black, it
ftiowed 180 degrees. I now judged that the water
was nearly all evaporated, and the heap grew black
apace.
“ Again, in the centre of the heap raifed in the
middle of the pan, I found the thermometer at 180
degrees; the corn tailed burnt; and the whole, at top,
appeared about one half part a full brown,the reft black:
on being macerated, ftill fome white fpecks appeared ;
which I obferved to proceed fiom thofe barley-corns
which had not been thoroughly germinated, and whofe
parts cohering more together, the fire, at this degree
of heat, had not penetrated them : their tafte was in-
fipid, the malts brittle, and readily parting from the
Hein : but the thermometer was now more various, as it
was nearer to or farther from the bottom ; and here I
judged all the true malt to be charred.
“ However, I continued the experiment; and, at 190
degrees, ftill found fome white fpecks on macerating
the grain ; the acrofpire always appearing of a deeper
black or brown than the outward Ikin : the corn now
fried at the bottom of the pan.
“ I next increafed the fire; the thermometer, pla¬
ced in the mean between the bottom of the pan and
the upper edge of the corn, ihowed 210 degrees. The
malt hided, fried, and fmoked abundantly; though,
during the whole procefs, the grain had been kept ftir-
ring, yet, on examination, the whole had not been e-
qually affe&ed with the fire. I found a great part
thereof reduced to perfedt cinders, eafily crumbling to
duft between the fingers, fome of a very black hue
without glofs, fome very black with oil fhining on
the outfide. Upon the whole, two third parts of the
corn were perfedlly black ; the reft were of a deep
brown, more or lefs fo, as they were hard, fteely, or
imperfedlly germinated; which was eafily difeovered
by the length of the (hoct. . Moll of them feemed to
have loft their cohefion, and had a tafte refembling that
of high roafted coffee.
“ In the laft ftage of charring the malt, I fet there¬
on a wine-glafs inverted, into which arofe a pinguious
oily matter, which tafted very fait. Perhaps it may
not be unneceffary to fay, that the length of time this
experiment took up was four hours, and that the ef-
fedt it had both on myfelf and the perfon who attend¬
ed me was fuch as greatly refembled the cafe of ine¬
briation.
“ Though, from hence, it is not poffible to fix the
exadl degree of heat in which malts charr, yet we fee
fome black appeared when the thermometer was at
165 degrees, that fome were entirely black at 175
and at 180 degrees, that the grains thus affedted were
fuch as had been perfedtly germinated, and that thofe
which bore a greater heat were defedlive in that point;
whence we may conclude with an exadlnefs that will be
fufficient for the purpofes of brewing, that true ger¬
minated malts are charred in heats between 175 and
180 degrees ; and that, as thefe correfpond to the de¬
grees in which pure alcohol, or the fineft fpirit of the
grain itfelf boils, or difengages itfelf therefrom, they
may point out to us the reafon of barley being the fit-
teft grain for the purpofes of brewing.”
Vgl. III. Part II.
545 1 B R E
From .thefe experiments, our author has conftrudled Brewing,
the following table of the different degrees of the dry-
nefs of malt, with the colour occafioned by each de¬
gree.
Deg.
119 White.
124 Cream colour.
129 Light yellow.
134 Amber colour.
138 High amber.
143 Pale brown.
148 Brown.
152 High brown.
15 7 Brown inclining to black.
162 High brown fpeckled with black.
167 Blackifti brown with black fpecks,
171 Colour of burnt coffee.
176 Black.
“ The above table (fays he) not only (hows Us how
to judge of the drynefs of malt from its colour, but
alfo, when a grift is compofed of feveral forts of malt,
what effedl the whole will have when blended toge¬
ther by extradlion ; and although poflibly fome fmall
errors may arife in judgments thus formed by our
fenfes, yet as malts occupy different volumes in pro¬
portion to their drynefs in the pradlice of brewing, if
the refult of the water coming in contadl with the
malt fhow the degree expedled, fuch parcel of malt may
be faid to have been judged of rightly in the degree of
drynefs it was eftimated to ; fo that the firft trial either
confirms, or fets us numerically right as to our opinion
thereof.” g
It is found by experience, that the lefs heat em- Mr Rich-
ployed in drying-the malt, the fhorter time will be re-*r<ifon.’s °h-
quired before the beer is fit to be ufed ; and of this our fervatlons*
author has given the following table.
Deg. Deg-
9 2 weeks. 143
124 a month. 148
152
2 weeks,
a month.
129 3 months.
134 4 months.
138 6 months.
6 months.
10 months.
15 months.
20 months,
two years.
Laftly, Mr Combrune hath given the following table
fhowing the tendency beers have to become fine, when
properly brewed from malts of different degrees of dry¬
nefs.
Deg. Colour of malt.
119 White.
124 Cream colour.
129 Light yellow.
134 Amber colour.
138 High amber.
143 Pale brown.
148 Brown.
152 High brown.
157 Brown inclining to
black. (
162 Brown fpeckled with(
black.
167 Blackifti brown fpec-'
kled with black. (
171 Colour ofburnt coffee. (
176 Black.
3Z
.. Thefe,when properlybrewed,
^become fpontaneoully fine,
£ even as tar as 138°; when
r" brewed for amber by repeated
\ fermentations, they become
-^pellucid.
7 By precipitation thefe grow
f bright in a fliort time.
■7 With precipitation thefe re-
> quire 8 or 10 months to be
' bright.
J With precipitation thefe may
. be fined, but will never be¬
come bright.
. Thefe with difficulty can be
" brewed without fetting the
. goods, and will by no means
become bright, not even with
I the ftrongell acid menftruum.
In
B R E t 546 ] B R E
Brewing. In a pamphlet entitled “ Theoretic hints on an im-
proved pra&ice of brewing malt-liquors, &c. by John
Mr Rich Richardfon,” we have the following obfervations on
ardfon's ob- nature and properties of malt,
fervations. “ The procefs of making malt is an artificial or
forced vegetation, in which the nearer we approach the
footfteps of nature in her ordinary progrefs, the more
certainly lhall we arrive at that perfeflion of which the
fubjeft is capable. The farmer prefers a dry feafon
to fow his corn in, that the common moifture of the
earth may but gently infinuate itfelf into the pores of
the grain, and thence gradually difpofe it for the re¬
ception of the future (hower, and the aftion of vegeta¬
tion. The maltfter cannot proceed by fuch (low de¬
grees, but makes an immerfion in water a fubftitute
for the moifture of the earth, where a few hours infu-
fion is equal to many days employed in the ordinary
courfe of vegetation ; and the corn is accordingly re¬
moved as foon as it appears fully faturated, left a fo-
lution, and confequently a deftruftion, of fome of its
parts, (hould be the effeft of a longer continuance in
water, inftead of that reparation which is begun by
this introduftion of aqueous particles into the body of
the grain.
“ Were it to be fpread thin after this removal, it
would become dry, and no vegetation would enfue ;
but being thrown into the couch, a kind of vegetative
fermentation commences, which generates heat, and
produces the firft appearance of germination. This
ftate of the barley is nearly the fame with that of many
days continuance in the earth after fowing: but being in
fo large a body,it requires occafionally to be turned over,
and fpread thinner; the former to give the outward
parts of the heap their (hare of the required warmth
and moifture, both of which are lefl’ened by expofure
to the air; the latter to prevent the progrefs of the ve¬
getative to the putrefa&ive fermentation, which would
be the confequence of fuffering it to. proceed beyond a
certain degree.
“ To fupply the moifture thus continually decrea-
iing by evaporation and confumption, an occafional but
fparingfprinklingof water (hould be given to the floor,
to recruit the languilhing powers qf vegetationj and
imitate the (hower upon the corn field. But this (hould
not be too often repeated ; for, as in the field, too
much rain, and too little fun, produce rank ftems and
thin ears, fo here would too much water, and of
• courfe too little dry warmth, accelerate the growth of
the malt, fo as to occafion the extraftion and lofs of
fuch of its valuable parts, as by a (lower procefs would
have been duly feparated and left behind.
“ By the flow mode of condufting vegetation here
recommended, an a&ual and minute (eparation of th£
parts takes place. The germination of the radicles
and acrofpire carries off the cohefive properties of the
barley, thereby contributing to the preparation of the
faccharine matter, which it has no tendency to extraft
or otherwife injure, but to increafe and meliorate, fo
long as the acrofpire is confined within the hulk ; and
by how much it is wanting of the end of the grain, by
fo much does the malt fall (hort of perfection, and in
proportion as it has advanced beyond, is that purpofe
defeated.
“ This is very evident to the moft common obfer-
vation, on. examining a kernel of malt in the different
ftages of its progrefs. When the aerofpire has /hot Brewing;
but half the length of the grain, the lower part only
is converted into that yellow faccharine flour we are fo-
licitous about, whilft the other half affords no other
figns of it than the whole kernel did at its firft germi¬
nation. Let it advance to two thirds of the length,
and the lower end will not only have increafed its fac¬
charine flavour, but will have proportionally extended <]
its bulk, fo as to have left only a third part unmalted.
This, or even lefs than this, is contended for by many(
maltfters, as a fufficient advance of the acrofpire, which |j
they fay has done its bufinefs as foon as it has paffed 4
the middle of the kernel. But we need feek no further ||
for their convidion of error, than the examination here
alluded to.
“ Let the kernel be flit down the middle, and tailed !
at either end, whilft green; or let the effefts of maf- J
tication be tried when it is dried off; when the former
will be found to exhibit the appearances juft mentioned, i
the latter to difeover the unwrought parts of the grain,. Jl
in a body of ftony hardnefs, which has no other effeCl |
in the mafti-tun than that of imbibing a large portion
of the liquor, and contributing to the retention of 1
thofe faccharine parts of the malt which are in contact 1
with it; whence it is a rational inference, that three
buftiels of malt, imperfeft in this proportion, are but |J
equal to two of that which is carried to its utmoft per¬
fection. By this is meant the fartheft advance of the
acrofpire, when it is juft burfting from its confinement,
before it has effected its enlargement. The kernel is
then uniform in its internal appearance, and of a rich
fweetnefs in flavour, equal to any thing we can con¬
ceive obtainable from imperfeCt vegetation. If the a-
crofpire be fuffered to proceed, the mealy fubftance melts
into a liquid fweet, which foon paffes into the blade,
and leaves the hulk entirely exhaufted.
“ The fweet thus produced by the infant efforts of
vegetation, and loft by its more powerful aClion, re¬
vives and makes a fecond appearance in the ftem, but
is then too much difperfed and altered in its form to
anfwer any of the known purpofes of art.
“ Were we to inquire, by what means the fame
barley, with the fame treatment, produces unequal por- J
tions of the faccharine matter in different fituations,
we (hould perhaps find it principally owing to the dif¬
ferent qualities of the water ufed in malting. Hard I
water is very unfit for every purpofe of vegetation, and
foft will vary its efle&s according to the predomina¬
ting qualities of its impregnations. Pure elementary ||
water is in itfelf fuppofed to be only the vehicle of the
nutriment of plants, entering at the capillary tubes' of 11
the roots,, riling into the body, and there difperfing its J i
acquired virtues, perfpiring by innumerable fine pores jl
at the furface, and thence evaporating by the pureft
dtftillation into the open atmofphere, where it begins
anew its round of collefting frelh properties, in order
to its preparation for frefti fervice.
“ This theory leads ire to the confideration of an
attempt to increafe the natural quantity of the faccha-
rum of malt by adventitious means ; but it muft be ob-
ferved on this occafion, that no addition to water will
rife into the veffels of plants, but fuch as will pafs the
filter; the pores of which appearing fomewhat fimilar
to the fine ftrainers or abforbing veffels employed by-
nature in her nicer operations, we by analogy conclude,.
that. J
B R E [ 547 1 B R E
ng. that properties fo intimately blended with water as to
pafs the one, will enter and unite with the oeconomyof
the other, and vice verfa.
“ Suppofing the malt t© have obtained its utmoft
perfe&ion, according to the criterion here inculcated,
to prevent its farther progrefs and fecure it in that ftate,
we are to call in the affiftance of a heat fufficient to de-
ftroy the adtion of vegetation, by evaporating every par¬
ticle of water, and thence leaving it in a ftate of pre-
fervation, fit for the prefent or future purpofe of the
brewer.
“ Thus having all its moifture extra&ed, and being
by the previous procefs deprived of its cohefive pro¬
perty, the body of the grain is left a mere lump of
flour, fo eafily divifible, that, the hulk being taken
off, a mark may be made with the kernel, as with a
piece of foft chalk. The extra&ible cpialities of this
flour are, a faccharum clofely united with a large quan¬
tity of the farinaceous mucilage peculiar to bread corn,
and a fmall portion of oil enveloped by a fine earthy
fubftance, the whole readily yielding to the impreffion
of water applied at different times and different degrees
of heat, and each part predominating in proportion to
the time and manner of its application.
“ In the curing of malt, as nothing more is requi-
fite than a total extrication of every aqueous particle,
if we had in the feafon proper for malting, a folar heat
fufficient to produce perfeftdrynefs, it were pra&icable
to reduce beers nearly colourlefs; but that being want¬
ing, and the force of cuftom having made it neceffary
to give our beers various tin&ures and qualities refult-
ing from fire, for the accommodation of various taftes,
we are neceffitated to apply fuch heats in the drying
as (hall not only anfwer the purpofe of prefervation,
but give the complexion and property required.
“ To effeft this with certainty and precifion, the
introdu&ion of the thermometer is neceffary ; but the
real advantages of its application are only to be known
by experiment, on account of the different conftruc-
tion of different kilns, the irregularity of the heat in
different parts of the fame kiln, the depth of the malt,
the diftance of the bulb of the thermometer from the
-floor, &c. &c. for though fimilar heats will produce
fimilar effefts in the fame fituation, yet is the dif-
perfion of heat in every kiln fo irregular, that the me¬
dium fpot muft be found for the local fituation of the
thermometer ere a ftandard can be fixed for afcertain-
ing effefts upon the whole. That done, the feveral de-
frees neceffary for the purpofes of porter, amber, pale
eers, &c. are eafily difcovered to the utmoft exaftnefs,
and become the certain rule of future pra&ice.
“ Though cuftom has laid this arbitrary injunftion
of variety in our malt liquors, it may not be amifs to
imitate the Ioffes we often fuftain, and the inconveni¬
ences we combat, in obedience to her mandate.
“ The further we purfue the deeper tints of colour
by an increafe of heat beyond that which Ample pflf-
fervation requires, the more we injure the valuable qua¬
lities of the malt. It is well known that fcorched oils
turn black, and that calcined fugar affumes the fame
complexion. Similar effefts are producible in malts,
in proportion to the increafe of heat, or the time of
their continuing expofed to it. The parts of the whole
being fo united by nature, an injury cannot be done
to the one, without affedting the other 5 accordingly
we find, that fuch parts of the fubjedl, as might hive Brewing,
been feverally extradted for the purpofes of a more in- "V-
timate union by fermentation, are, by great heat in
curing, burnt and blended fo effedtually together, that
all difcrimination is loft, the unfermentable are extrac¬
ted with the fermentable, the integrant with the con-
ftituent, to a very great lofs both of fpirituofity and
tranfparency. In paler malts, the extradling liquor
produces a reparation which cannot be effedled in brown,
where the parts are fo incorporated, that unlefs the
brewer is very well acquainted with their feveral qua¬
lities and attachments, he will bring over, with the
burnt mixture of faccharine and mucilaginous prin¬
ciples, fuch an abundance of the fcorched oils, as no
fermentation can attenuate, no precipitants remove ^
for, being in themfelves impediments to the adbion of
fermentation, they leffen its efficacy', and being of the
fame fpecific gravity with the beer, they remain fuf-
pended in, and Incorporated with the body of it, an
offence to the eye, and a naufea to the palate to the
lateft period.” 7
The next confideration is the quality of the water Quality of
to be employed in brewing; and here foft water is the water
univerfally allowed to be preferable to hard, both for1,6 f1?1’
the purpofes of mafliing and fermentation. Tranfpa-brewing?
rency is, however, more eafily obtained by the ufe of
hard than foft water: firft, from its inaptitude to ex-
trarit fuch an abundance of that light mucilaginous
matter, which, floating in the beer for a long time, oc-
cafions its turbidity; fecondly, from its greater ten¬
dency to a ftate of quietude after the vinous fermenta¬
tion is finifhed, by which thofe floating particles are
more at liberty to fubfide ; and, laftly, from the mu*
tual aggregation of the earthy particles of the water
with thofe of the materials, which by their greater fpe¬
cific gravity thus aggregated, not only precipitate them- ‘
felves, but carry down alfo that lighter mucilage jqft
mentioned. For thefe reafons, hard water is not well
adapted to the brewing of porter, and fuch beers as
require a fulnefs of palate, when drawn to the great
lengths of the London brewery, and of fome country
fituations.
The purity of water is determined by its lightnefs ;
and in this, diddled water only can claim any material
degree of perfedlion. Rain water is the pureft of all
naturally produced : but by the perpetual exhalations
of vegetables, and other fine fubftances floating in the
atmofphere, it does not come down to us entirely free
from thofe qualities which pond and river waters pof-
fefs in a greater degree. Thefe, efpecially of rivers
running through fens and moraffes, from the quantity
of grafs and weeds growing therein, imbibe an abun¬
dance of vegetable folutions which occafions them to
contain more fermentable mattei;, and confequently to
yield a greater portion of fpirit; but at the fame time
induces fuch a tendency to acidity as will not eafily
be conquered. This is more to be apprehended to¬
wards the latter end of the fummer than at any other
time; becaufe thefe vegetable fubftances are then in a
ftate of decay, and thence more readily impart their
pernicious qualities to the water which paffes over
them.
At fuch an unfavourable time, Ihould the brewer
be neceffitated to purfue his pradtice, it will behove
him to pay the utmoft attention to the caufe of this
3 Z 2 (Iff-
B R E' [548
Brewing, difpofition in his liquor, and thence endeavour to pre-
*■—v   vent the ill confequences, by conducing his procefs to
the extraction and combination of fuch parts of the ma¬
terials as his judgment informs him will bell counteract
its effeCts.
Where there is the liberty of choice, we would re¬
commend the ufe of that water which, from natural
purity, equally free of the aufterity of imbibed earths,
and the ranknefs of vegetable faturation, has a foft
fulnefs upon the palate, is totally flavourlefs, inodorous,
and colourlefs; whence it is the better prepared for
the reception and retention of fuch qualities as the pro¬
cefs of brewing is to communicate and preferve.
The next thing to be confidered is the proper de¬
gree of heat to be employed in making the infufion :
and here it is evident, that though this mull be an ob-
jeCt of the utmoft importance to the fuccefs of the o-
peration, it is extremely difficult, perhaps impoffible,
g to fix upon a precife ftandard that ffiall at all times
Mr Rich- fuhy anfwer the purpofe. On this fubjeCt Mr Richard-
ardfon’s ob- fon prefents us with the following obfervations.
Orvat-inna «qUality of the faccharine part of malt refembles
that of common fugar, to which it is practicable to re¬
duce it; and its charaCteriftical properties are entirely
owing to its intimate connection with the other parts
of the malt, from which fuch diftinguilhing flavours of
beers are derived as are not the immediate refult of the
hop. Were it not for thefe properties, the brewer might
adopt the ufe of fugar, molalfes, honey, or the fweet of
any vegetable, to equal advantage ; which cannot now
1
B R E
fervations
on the
degree of
heat.
portion of the remaining principles we are taught to 3re
expeCt will be extraded with the fucceeding wort.
“ From the nature of the conftituent principles of
malt, it is eafy to conceive, that the former, or faccha¬
rine or mucilaginous parts, yield moil readily to the
impreffion of water, and that at fo law a degree of heat
as would have no vifible effeCt upon the latter. If,
therefore, we are to have a certain proportion of every
part, it is a rational inference, that the means of ob¬
taining it refts in a judicious variation of the extrafting
heat according to the feveral proportions required.
“ A low degree of heat, aCting principally upon the
faccharum, produces a wort replete with a rich foft
fweet, fully impregnated with its attendant mucilage,
and in quantity much exceeding that obtainable from
increafed heat; which by its more powerful infinuation
into the body of the malt aCting upon all the parts to¬
gether, extrafts a confiderable portion of the oleaginous
and earthy principles, but falls fhort in foftnefs, fulnefs,
fweetnefs, and quantity. This is occafioned by the coa¬
gulating property of the mucilage, which, partaking of
the nature of flour, has a tendency to run into pafte in
proportion to the increafe of heat applied; by which
means it not only locks up a confiderable part of tlie
faccharum contained therein, but retains with it a pro¬
portionate quantity of the extracting liquor, which
would otherwife have drawn out the imprifoned fweet,
thence leffening both the quantity and quality of the
worts. And this has fometimes been known to have .
had fo powerful an effeCl, as to have occafioned the
be done, unlefs an eligible fuccedaneum be found to fetting of the goods, or the uniting the whole into a
anfwer that purpofe. As we are at prefent circum-
ftanced, a fearch on the other fide would turn more to
the brewer’s account. We have in malt a fuperabun-
dance of the groffer principles ; and would government
permit the introduction of a foreign addition to the
faccharine, which is too deficient, many valuable im¬
provements might be made from it; as we tould, by a
judicious application of fuch adventitious principle, pro¬
duce a fecond and third wort, of quality very little infe¬
rior to the firft..
“ But in thefe experiments a very particular atten¬
tion would be neceffary to the folvent powers of the
water at different degrees of heat, and to the inquiry
how far a menllruum faturated with one principle may
be capable of diffolving another. Such a confideration
is the more neceffary on this occafion to dired us clear
of two extremes equally difagreeable: the full is, that
of applying the menftruum pure, and at fuch a heat as
to bring off an over proportion of the oleaginous and
earthy principles, which would occafion in the beer,
thus wanting its natural (hare of faccharum, a harffinefs
pafty mafs; for though heat increafes the folvent powers
of water in molt inflances, there are fome in. which it
totally deftroys them. Such is the prefence of flour,
which it converts into pafte; befides thofe of bloodj
eggs, and fome other animal‘fubftances, which it inva¬
riably tends to harden.
“ From a knowledge of thefe effefts, we form our
ideas of the variations neceffary in the heat of the ex¬
trafting liquor; which are of more extenfive utility than
has yet been intimated, though exceedingly limited in
their extent from one extreme to the other.
“ The moil common effefts of too low a heat, be¬
fides fometimes producing immediate acidity, are an
infipidity of the flavour of the beer, and a want of early
tranfparency, from the fuperabundance of mucilaginous
matter extrafted by fuch heats, which, after the utmoft
efforts of fermentation, will leave the beer turbid with
fuch a cloud of its lighter feculencies as will require
the feparation and precipitation of many months to
difperfe.
The contrary application, of too much heat, at
and aufterity which fcarce any time the brewer could the fame time that it leffens the mucilage, has, as we
allow would be able to diffipate ; the other is, that of have feen before, the effeft of diminiftiing the faccha-
previoufly loading the menftruum with the adopted rum alfo; whence that lean thin quality obfervable in
fweet in fuch an abundance as to deftroy its folvent fome beers; and, by extrafting an over proportion of
force upon the charafteriitical qualities we wiffi to oleaginous and earthy particles, renders the bufinefs
unite with it, and thereby leave it a mere folution of of fermentation difficult and precarious, and impreffes
fugar. The requifite mean is that of confidering what an aufterity on the flavour'*! the liquor which will not
portion of the faccharine quality has been extrafted in
the firft wort, according to the quantity of water and
degree of heat applied ; and then to make fuch a pre-
eafily be effaced.
“ Yet the true medium heat for each extraft cannot
be univerfally afcertained. An attention riot only to
vious addition of artificial fweet as will juft ferve to the quality of the malt, but to the quantity wetted, is
counterbalance the deficiency, and affimilate with that
abfolutely neceffary to the obtaining every due advan¬
tage*
B R E [ J49 1 B R E
«levying, tage; nor mud the period at which the beer is intended
i -v ' for ufe be omitted in the account. The quality of the
I water alfo claims a fhare in the coniideration, in order
to fupply that deficient thinnefs and want of folvent
force in hard, and to allow for the natural fulnefs and
fermentative quality of foft; a particular to which
I London in a great meafure owes the peculiar mucila¬
ginous and nutritious quality of its malt liquors.
“ Although the variations above alluded to are in-
difpenfable, it is eafy to conceive from the fmall extent
of the utmoft variety, that they cannot be far diftant.
If, therefore, we know that a certain degree extrafts
the firft principles in a certain proportion, we need not
much confideration to fix upon another degree that
|; {hall produce-the required proportion of the remaining
qualities, and effedt that equal diftribution of parts in
| the extraft which it is the bufinefs of fermentation to
I 9 form into a confiftent whole.”
rt boiling The principal ufe of boiling, as it refpe&s the worts
K'ta. particularly, is to feparate the grofier or more palpable
parts of the extradl, preparatory to that more minute
feparation which is to be effe&ed in the gyle tun. The
eye is a very competent judge of this effeft; for the
concretions into which the continued a&ion of boiling
forms thofe parts are obvious to the flighteft infpe&ion,
|: whiltt the perfeft tranfparency of the interftices of the
I worts points out its utility in promoting that defirable
quality in the beer. Thefe coagulable parts are formed
from the fuperabundant mucilage already mentioned;
and hence they are found in greater proportion in the
firft worts than in thofe that come after; at the fame
1 time, they are in thefe laft fo mingled with a quantity
of oleaginous matter, that they become much more
difficultly coagulablc in the weak worts than in fuch as
1: are ftronger, and hence thefe require to be much longer
boiled than the others.
During this operation the hops are generally added,
which are found to be abfolutely neceffary for prevent¬
ing the too great tendency of beer to acidity. The fine
I effential oil of hops being moft volatile and fooneft ex¬
tracted, we are thence taught the advantage of boiling
the firft wort no longer than is fufficient to form the
extraft, without expofing it to tire aCtion of the fire fo
long as to diflipate the finer parts of this moft valu¬
able principle, and defeat the purpofe of obtaining it.
To the fubfequent worts we can afford a larger allow-
1 ance, and purfue the means of prefervation fo long as
we can keep in view thofe of flavour; to which no rules
can pofitively direCt, the procefs varying with every va¬
riety of beer, and differing as effentially in the produc¬
tion of porter and pale ale as the modes of producing
i wine and vinegar.
The confequence of not allowing a fufficient time for
the due feparation of the parts of the wort and extrac-
I; tion of the requifite qualities of the hop muft be obvi¬
ous. If we proceed to the other extreme, we have every
't thing to apprehend from the introduction of too large
a quantity of the groffer principles of the hop, which
rk are very inimical to fermentation; and from impairing
the fermentative quality of the worts themfelves, by
| fuffering their too long expofure to the aCtion of the
fire palling through them, whereby they are reduced
to a more denfe confiftence, and their parts too inti¬
mately blended to yield to the feparating force, of fer¬
mentation with that eafe the perfeClion of the produCl Brewing-. '
requires. "''
The laftftep in the procefs of brewing is to ferment
the liquor properly ; for if this is not done, whatever*
care and pains have been taken in the other parts, they
will be found altogether infufficient to produce the li¬
quor defired. The firft thing to be done here is to pro¬
cure a proper ferment; for though all fermentable li¬
quors would in time begin to ferment of themfelves,
yet, being alfo fufceptible of putrefaftion, the vinous
and putrefaftive ferments would both take place at the
fame time in fuch a manner that the produCl would be
entirely fpoiled. There are only two kinds of artificial
ferments procurable in large quantity, and at a low
price, viz. beer-yeft and wine-lees. A prudent manage¬
ment of thefe might render the bufinefs of the brewery
for diftillation, as in the bufinefs of the malt-diftiller,
&c. much more eafy and advantageous *. . Brewers * See Dj/lil
have always found it a confiderable difficulty to pro- lat‘0'1'
cure thefe ferments in fufficient quantities, and pre-
ferve them conftantly ready for ufe; and this has been
fo great a difcouragement to the bufinefs, that fome
have endeavoured to produce other ferments, or to form
mixtures or compounds of particular fermentable ingre¬
dients : but this has been attempted without any great
fuccefs, all thefe mixtures falling fhort even of common
baker’s leaven in their ufe. Whoever has a turn for
making experiments and attempting improvements of
this kind, will find it much eafier and more advan¬
tageous to preferve and raife nurferies of the common
ones, than to devife mixtures of others. Yell may be
preferved by freeing it from its moifter parts. This may
be done by the fun’s heat, but flowly and imperfeClly*
The beft method is by gently preffing it in canvas
bags : thus the liquid part, in which there is fcarce any
virtue, will be thrown off, and the folid will remain be¬
hind in form of a cake, which may be packed in a bar¬
rel or box, and will keep for a long time fweet aad
fragrant, and fit for the fineft ufes; and the fame me¬
thod may be taken either with wine-lees or the flowers
of wine. The former may be brought from abroad with
great eafe in this manner: the latter may be made with
us from the lees, by only diffolving them in water, and
ftirring them about with a ftick; by this means, the
lighter, more moveable, and more active part of the
lees will be thrown up to the top, and may be taken-
off and preferved, in the manner above mentioned, in
any quantity defired. By this means, an eafy method;
is found of raifing an inexhauftible fund ; or a perpe¬
tual fupply of the moft proper ferments may be readily
formed in the way of fuccefiive generation, fo as to cut
off all future occafion of complaint for want of them
in the bufinefs of diftillation. It muft be obferved, that
all ferments abound in effential oil much more than the
liquors which produce them; whence they very ftrqngly
retain the particular flavour and fcent of the fubjeCl
from whence they were made. It is requifite, there¬
fore, before the ferment is applied, to confider what
flavour ought to be introduced, and accordingly what
fpecies of ferment is moft fuited to the liquor. The al¬
teration thus caufed by ferments is fo confiderable, as
to determine or bring over any naturally fermentable
liquor of a neutral kind to be of the fame kind with
that which yielded the ferment. The benefit of this,
how-
B R E
however, does not extend to malt, or to an^other mat¬
ter that does not naturally yield a tolerably pure and
taftelefs fpirit, as it otherwife makes not a fimpie, pure,
and uniform flavour, but a compound and mixed one.
The greateft circumfpeftion and care are neceffary
in regard to the quality of the ferment. It mull be
chofen perfedtly fweet and frelh : for all ferments are
liable to grow mufty and corrupt; and if in this cafe
they are mixed with the fermentable liquor, they will
trommunicate their naufeous and filthy flavour to it in
fuch a manner as never to be got off. If the ferment is
four, it mull by no means be ufed for any liquor; for it
will communicate its flavour to the whole, and even pre¬
vents its riling to a head, and give it an acetous, inllead
of a vinous, tendency. When the proper quantity is got
ready, it mull be put to the liquor in a Hate barely te¬
pid, or fcarceluke-warm. The bell method of putting
them together, fo as to make the fermentation ftrong
and quick, is as follows. When the ferment is folid, it
mull be broken to pieces, and gently thinned with fome
of the toarm liquor; but a complete or uniform folu-
tion of it is not to be expefled or defired, as this would
weaken its efficacy for the future bufinefs. The whole
intended quantity being thus loofely mixed in fome of
the luke-warm liquor, and kept hear the fire or elfe-
where in a tepid Hate, free from too rude commerce
with the external air, more of the infenfibly warm liquor
ought at proper intervals to be brought in, till thus by
degrees the whole quantity is fet at work together.
When the whole is thus fet at work, fecured in a pro¬
per degree of warmth, and kept from a too free inter-
courfe with the external air, it becomes as it w'ere the
bufinefs of nature to finilh the operation.
In the operation of fermentation, however, the de¬
gree of heat employed is of the utmoft confequence. In
forming the extrafts of the malt, the variation of a few
degrees of heat produces an important diflerence in the
effeft. In the heat of fermentation, fimilar confequences
refult from fimilar variety. Under a certain regulation
of the procefs, we can retain in the beer, as far as art
is capable, the finer mucilage, and thereby preferve
that fulnefs upon the palate which is by many fo much
admired: on the other hand, by a flight alteration we
can throw it off, and produce that evennefsand unifor¬
mity of flavour which has fcarce any chara&eriflical
property, and is preferred by fome only for want of
that heavinefs which they complain of in full beers. If
a more vinous racy ale be required, we can, by collect¬
ing and confining the operation within the body of the
wort, caufe the feparation and abforption of fuch an
abundant portion of the oleaginous and earthy prin¬
ciples, as to produce a liquor in a perfect Hate at the
earlieft period, and fo highly flavorous as to create a
fufpicion of an adventitious quality. But though all
this may be done, and often hath been done, the proper
management of fermenting liquors depends fo much
upon a multiplicity of flight and feemingly unimport¬
ant circumftances, that it hath never yet been laid
down in an intelligible manner; and no rules, drawn
from any thing hitherto publifhed on the fubjedl of
brewing, can be at all fufficient to direft any perfon in
tliis matter, unlefs he hath had confiderable oppoutuni-
ties of obferving the praftiae of a brewhoufe.
BREY, a town of Germany, on the frontiers 6f
B R I
Brabant, feated on a rivulet, in E. Lon. 5. 35. N. Lat. Brejms*
5 x• 6. .U I
BREYNIA, in botaqy, a fynonime of the cappa- , EnkglT
ris. See Capparis. t "vf
BRIANCON, a town of France, in upper Dau- i
phiny, capital of the Brianconnois. E. Long. 6. 45.
N. Lat. 44. 46.
BRIANCONNOIS, a territory of France, in Bau-
phiny bounded by Grenoblols, Gapenzois, Ambrunois, |
Piedmont, and Savoy. It comprehends feveral valleys, 1!
which lie among the mountains of the Alps; and 1
though it is extremely cold, yet it is fertile in corn and I
paftures. The inhabitants have a great deal of wood;
yet they choofe to be in the ftables with their cattle I
fix months in the year, to keep themfelves warm. Bri- f
ancon is the capital town.
BRIAR, in botany, the Englilh name of a fpecie* a
of rofa See Rosa.
BRI A RE, a town of France, in the Gatinois, feat- ||
ed on the river Loire. It is remarkable for nothing ;|
but a long ftreet full of inns and farriers, it being on J
the great road to Lyons; and the canal of Briare, tj
which is 33 miles in length, and maintains a commu- -I
nication between the .Loire and the Seine, by means of ||
the Loing. E. Long. 2. 45. N. Lat, 47. 40.
BRIAREUS,Jn fabulous hifiory, a giant; the fon *
of -Ether, Titan, orCoelus, and Terra. This was his
name in heaven ; on earth he was called Mgeon. He |
was of Angular fervice to Jupiter, when Juno, Pallas,
Neptune, and the reft of the gods, endeavoured to bind
him in chains and dethrone him. Afterwards, how¬
ever, he confpired with the reft of his gigantic brethren
to dethrone Jupiter. Virgil, on this occafion, deferibes
him as having ioo hands, 50 heads, and breathing out
firef. The fable fays that Jupiter, to punifh him, .
threw him under mount .Etna, which, as often as he 365. t|
moves, belches out fire. See -Etna.
BRIBE, a reward given to pervert the judgment.
See the next article.
The word is French, bribe, which originally de¬
notes a bit, fragment, or relic of meat taken off the
table; on which footing, bribe imports as much as
panh mendicatus, and ftill keeps up the idea of the
matter whereof bribes anciently confifted. Hence al-
fo the Spaniards ufe bribar and brivar for begging ;
and brivia brivoneria, and brivonifmo, for beggary. In
middle-age writers, a bribe given a judge is called quota
litis, and the receiver,. campi particeps, or cambi par-
ticeps ; becaufe the fpoils of the field i. e. the profits of j
the caufe, were thus fhared with the giver.
BRIBERY, in law, is a high offence, where a per- 1
fon in a judicial place takes any fee, gift, reward,
or brockage, for doing his office, but of the king on¬
ly. But, taken largely, it fignifies the receiving or
offering any undue reward to or by any perfon con¬
cerned in the adminiftration of public juftice, whether
judge, officer, &cr. to aft contrary to his duty; and
fometimes it fignifics the taking or giving a reward for
a public office.
In the Eaft it is the cuftom never to petition any fu-
perior for juftice, not excepting their kings, without a
prefent. This is calculated for the genius of defpotic
countries ; where the true principles of government are
never underftood, and it « imagined that there is no
3 ob- §
t 5j° 1
B R I [ 55* J B R I
fri&cry obligation due from the fuperior to the inferior, no re-
Jl lative duty owing from the governor to the governed.
r‘c ' , The Roman law, though it contained many Tevere in-
^ jundlions againft bribery, as well for felling a man’s
meat, vote in the fenate or other public affembly, as for the
bettering of common juftice ; yet, by a ftrange indul-
I gence in one inftance, it tacitly encouraged this prac¬
tice ; allowing the magiftrate to receive fmall prefents,
provided they did not on thejvhole exceed too crowns
a-year : not confidering the infinuating nature and gi¬
gantic progrefs of this vice, when once admitted. Plato,
therefore, in his ideal republic, orders thofe who take
prefents for doing their duty to be punifhed in the fe-
vereft manner : and by the laws of Athens, lie that of-
|| fered a bribe was alfo profecuted, as well as he that re¬
ceived a bribe, fn England this offence of taking
I : bribes is punifhed, in inferior officers, with fine and im-
prifonment; and in thofe that offer a bribe, though not
I taken, the fame. But in judges, efpecially the fuperior
ones, it has been always looked upon as fo heinous an
offence, that the chief juftice Thorpe was hanged for
it in the reign of Edward III. By a flatute 11 Hen¬
ry IV. all judges and officers of the king convi&ed of
bribery, fhall forfeit treble the bribe, be punifhed at the
king’s will, and be difcharged from his fervice for ever.
And fome notable examples have been made in parlia¬
ment, of perfons in the higheft (lations, and otherwife
; very eminent and able, but contaminated with this for-
II; did vice. Thus in the reign of king James I. the earl
of M. lord treafurer of England, being impeached by
the commons, for refufing to hear petitions referred to
him by the king,-till he had received bribes, &c. was,
by fentence of the lords, deprived of all his offices, and
difabled to hold any for the future, or to fit in parlia¬
ment ; he was alfo fined 50,0001. and imprifoned du-
|; ring the king’s pleafure. In the nth year of king
I ! O-eorge I. the lord chancellor M- had a fomewhat
j milder punifhment: he was impeached by the com¬
mons, with great zeal, for bribery, in felling the places
I of mailers in chancery for exhorbitant fums, and other
corrupt pr^ftices, tending to the great lofs and ruin of
the fuitors of that court; and the charge being made
good againft; him, being before divefted of his office,
he was fentenced to pay a fine of 30,000!. and impri-
foned till it was paid.. It is faid that one of the peers,
if not two, who voted againft him, had been poffefied
of the office of chancellor, and fold the places of ma-
| flers in chancery whenever vacant.
Bribery in Eleftions. See Elections.
BRICIAN1, thofe of the order of that name. This
was a military order, inftituted by St Bridget, queen
| of Sweden, who gave them the rules and conftitutions
J, of thofe of Malta and St Auguftin. This order was
I approved by pope Urban V. They were to fight for
I' the burying, of the dead, to relieve and affifl widows,
orphans, the lame, fick, &c.
BRICK, a fat reddifh earth, formed into long
fquares, four inches broad, and eight or nine long, by
t means of a wooden mould, and then baked or burnt in
a kiln, to ferve the purpofes of building.
Bricks are of great antiquity, as appears by the fa-
cred writings, the tower and walls of Babylon being
built with them.
1 The Greeks chiefly ufed three kinds of bricks ; the
firft whereof was called [didoron\, i. e. of two palms;.
the fecond {tsiraddron\y of four palms ; the third [/<-«- Brick.
tadaron'], of five palms. They had alfo other bricks, V"—■*
juft half each of thofe, to render their works more fo-
lid, and alfo more agreeable to the fight, by the diver-
fities of the figures and fizes of the bricks.
The dimenfions of the brick chiefly ufed by the Ro¬
mans, according to Pliny, were a foot and a half long,
and a foot broad; which meafures agree with thofe of
feveral Roman bricks in England, which are about 17
inches long, and 11 broad, of ourmeafure. Sir Henry
Wotton fpeaks of a fort of bricks at Venice, of which
ftately columns were built; they were firft formed in a
circular mould, and cut, before they were burnt, into
four or more quarters or fides ; afterwards, in laying,
they were jointed fo clofe, and the points concentered
fo exadtly, that the pillars appeared one entire piece f. * iVotUn.
The ordinary Paris brick, is eight inches long, four •£/«». 0/
broad, and two thick, French meafure, which makes Ar_^it!aurt
fomething more than ours. But this fmallnefs is an ad- "*
vantage to a building, the ftrength of which confifts
much in the multitude of angles and joints, at leaft if
well laid, and having a good bond.
Bricks among us are various, according to their Supplement
various forms, dimenfions, ufes, method of making, to Chambers,
See, The principal are, compafs-bricks, of a circu¬
lar form, ufed in fteyning of walls : concave, or hollow
bricks, on one fide flat like a common brick, on the
other hollowed, and ufed for conveyance of water: fea¬
ther-edged bricks, which are like common ftatute-
bricks, only thinner on one edge than the other, and
ufed for penning up the brick pannels in timber build¬
ings : cogging bricks are ufed for making the indented
works under the caping of walls built with great bricks:
caping bricks, formed on purpofe for caping of walls :
Dutch or Fiemiffi bricks, ufed to pave yards, ftables,
and for foap-boilers vaults and cifterns: clinkers, fuch
bricks as are glazed by the heat of the fire in making :
fandel or famel-bricks,.are. fuch as lie outrtioft in a kiln
or clamp, and confequently are foft and ufelefs, as not
being thoroughly burnt: great bricks are thofe twelve
inches long, fix broad, and three thick, ufed to build
fence-walls : plafter or buttrefs bricks, have a notch at
one end, half the breadth of the brick ; their ufe is to
bind the work which is built of great bricks: ftatute-
bricks, or fmall common bricks, ought, when burnt, to
be nine inches long, four and a quarter broad, and two
and a half thick; they are commonly ufed in paving
Cellars, finks, hearths, See.
Worlidgc, and others after him, have endeavoured to
excite brickmakers to try their /kill in making a new
kind of brick, or a compofition of clay and fand, where¬
of to form window-frames, chimney-pieces, door-cafes,
and the like. It is to be made in pieces fafhioned in
moulds, which, when burnt, may be fet together with
a fine red cement, and feem as one entire piece, by
which may be imitated all manner of ftone-work. The
thing fhould feem feafible, by the earthen pipes made
fine, thin, and durable, to carry water under-ground at
Portfmouth ; and by the earthen backs and grates for
chimneys, formerly made by Sir John Winter, of a.
great bignefs and thicknefs. If chimney-pieces thus
made in moulds, and dried and burnt, were,not found
fmooth enough, they might be polifhed with fand and
water; or were care taken, when they were half dry in
the air, to have them polilhed with an inftrument of
copped
B R I [ 55* 3 B R I
copper or iron, then leave them till they were dry enough
to burn, it is evident they would not want much po¬
licing afterwards. The work might even be glazed,
■as potters do their fine earthen ware, either white, or
of any other colour; or it might be veined in imitation
of marble, or be painted with figures of various colours,
which would be much cheaper, perhaps equally durable,
and as beautiful, as marble itfelf.
Bricks are commonly red; though there are fome alfo
of a white colour, for which fort Walpit in Suffolk is
famous. Bricks may be made of any earth that is clear
of ftones, even fea-oufe ; but all will not burn red, a
property peculiar to earths which contain ferruginous
particles. In England, bricks are chiefly made of a
hazely, yellowifh-coloured, fatty earth, fomewhat red-
difh, vulgarly called loam. The earth, according to
Leibourn, ought to be dug before winter, but not made
into bricks before fpring. For the making of fuch
bricks as will ftand the fierceft fires, Sturbridge clay or
Windfor loam are efteemed the bell. In general, the
earth whereof bricks are made ought not to be too
fandy, which would render them heavy and brittle; nor
too fat, which would make them crack in drying.
The firfl. ftep in the procefs of brickmaking is caft-
ing the clay, or earth. The next ftep is to tread or
temper it, which ought to be performed doubly of what
is ufually done ; fince the goodnefs of the bricks de¬
pends chiefly upon this firft preparation. The earth it¬
felf, before it is wrought, is generally brittle and dufty ;
but adding fmall quantities of water gradually to it, and
working and incorporating it together, it opens its
body, and tinges the whole with a tough, gluey band
or fubftance. If, in the tempering, you overwater
them, as the ufual method is, they become dry and
brittle, almoft as the earth they are made of; whereas,
if duly tempered, they become fmooth and folid, hard
and durable. A brick of this laft fort takes up near as
much earth as a brick and a half made the contrary
way ; in which the bricks are fpongy, light, and full
of cracks, partly through want of due working, and
partly by mixing of aihes and light fandy earth to make
it work eafy and with greater difpatch; as alfo to fave
culm or coals in the burning. We may add, that for
bricks made of good earth, and well tempered, as they
become folid and ponderous, fo they take up a longer
time in drying and burning than the common ones;
and that the well drying of bricks before they are burn¬
ed, prevents their cracking and crumbling in the burn¬
ing.
Bricks are burnt either in a kiln or clamp. Thofe
that are burnt in a kiln, are firft fet or placed in it; and
then the kiln being covered with pieces of bricks, they
put in fome wood to dry them with a gentle fire ; and
this they continue till the bricks are pretty dry, which
is known by the fmoke’s turning from a darkifti colour
to tranfparent fmoke: they then leave off putting in
wood, and proceed to make ready for burning; which
is performed by putting in bruflr, furze, fpray, heath,
brake, or fern faggots: but before they put in any fag¬
gots, they dam up the mouth or mouths of the kiln
with pieces of bricks (which they callJhinlog) piled up
one upon another, and clofe it up with wet brick-earth
inftead of mortar. The fhinlog they make fo high, that
there is but juft room above it to thruft in a faggot:
then they proceed to put in more faggots, till the kiln
2
and its arches look white, and the fire appears at the
top of the kiln ; upon which they flacken the fire for
an hour, and let all cool by degrees. This they con¬
tinue to do, alternately heating and flacking, till the
ware be thoroughly burnt, which is ufually effe&ed in
48 hours.
About London they chiefly burn in clamps, built of
the bricks themfelves, after the manner of arches in
kilns, with a vacancy between each brick, for the fire
to play through ; but with this difference, that inftead
of arching, they fpan it over by making the bricks pro-
jedf one over another on both fides of the place, for the
wood and coals to lie in till they meet, and are bound¬
ed by the bricks at the top, which clofe all up. The
place for the fuel is carried up ftraight on both fides,
till about three feet high ; then they almoft fill it with
wood, and over that lay a covering of fea-coal, and then
overfpan the arch ; but they ftrew fea-coal alfo over
the clamp, betwixt all the rows of bricks; laftly, they
kindle the wood, which gives fire to the coal; and when
all is confumed, then they conclude the bricks are fuf-
ficiently burnt.
In Dr Percival’s eflays*, we have the following ex¬
periment of the effefts of bricks on water. “ Two or 1
three pieces of common brick were fteeped four days in
a bafon full of diftilled water. The water was then
decanted off, and examined by various chemical tefts.
It was immifcible with foap, ftruck a lively green with
fyrup of violets, was rendered flightly kaefcent by
the volatile alcali, andquite milky by the fixed alcali
and by a folution of faccharum faturni. The infufion
of tormentil root produced no change in it.” This ex¬
periment, he obferves, affords a ftriking proof of the
impropriety of lining wells with brick, a practice very
common in many places, and which cannot fail of ren¬
dering the water hard and unwholefome. Clay gene¬
rally contains a variety of heterogeneous matters. The
coloured loams often participate of bitumen, and the
ochre of iron. Sand and calcareous earth are ftill more
common ingredients in their compofition ; and the ex¬
periments of Mr Geoffry and Mr Pott prove, that the
earth of alum alfo may in large quantity be extrafted
from clay. Now as clay is expofed to the open air for
a long fpace of time, is then moulded into bricks, and
burnt, this procefs refembles in many refpe&s that by
which the alum-ftone is prepared. And it is probable
that the white efflorefcence which is frequently obfer-
vable on the furface of new bricks, is of an aluminous
nature. The long expofure of clay to the air before
it is moulded into bricks, the fulphureous exhalations
of the pit-coal ufed for burning it, together with the
fuffocating and bituminous vapour which arifes from
the ignited clay itfelf, fufficiently account for the
combination of a vitriolic acid with the earth of alum.
Oil of Bhicks, olive oil imbibed by the fubttance of
bricks, and afterwards diftilled from it. This oil was
once in great repute for curing many difeafes, but is
now juftly laid afide..
BkicK-Layer, an artificer, whofe buijnefs is to build
with bricks, or make brick work.
Bricklayers work, or bufinefs, in London, includes
tyling, walling, chimney-work, and paving with bricks
and tyles. In the country it alfo includes the mafon’s
and plafterer’s bufmefs.
The materials ufed by brick-layers are bricks, tyles,
mortar.
Brick.'
* Vol,
p. 39i.
B R I L 553 ] B R I
Brick mortar, laths, nails, and tyle-pfns. Their tools are a
lj brick trowel, wherewith to take up mortar ; a brick-ax,
" e~ to cut bricks to the determined fliape ; a faw, for faw-
I v ing bricks ; a rub-ftone, on which to rub them; alfo a
fquare, wherewuth to lay the bed or bottom, and face
or furface of the brick, to fee whether they are at right
n angles; a bevel, by which to cut the under fides of
bricks to the angles required; a fmall trannel of iron,
wherewith to mark the bricks; a float-Hone, with which
to rub a moulding of brick to the pattern defcribed ;
a banker, to cut the bricks on ; line-pins, to lay their
II ♦ rows or courfeaby ; plumb-rule, whereby to carry their
work upright; level, to conduit it horizontal; fquare,
to fet off right angles; ten-foot-rod, wherewith to take
|: dimenfions; jointer, wherewith to run the long joints ;
rammer, wherewith to beat the foundation ; crow and
pick-ax, wherewith to dig through walls.
The London brick-layers make a regular company,
which was incorporated in 1568; and confifts of a ma¬
iler, two wardens, 20 afiiftants, and 78 on the livery.
BmcK-Laying, the art of framing edifices of bricks.
Moxon hath an exprefs treatife on the art of brick¬
laying; in which he defcribes the materials, tools, and
method of working, ufed by brick layers.
Great care is to be taken, that bricks be laid joint
on joint in the middle of the walls as feldom as may
be ; and that there be good bond made there, as well
1 as on the outfides. Some brick-layers, in working a
brick and half wall, lay the header on one fide of the
wall perpendicular on the header on the other fide, and
fo all along the whole courfe; whereas, if the header
on one fide of the wall were toothed as much as the
llretcher On the other fide, it would be a ftronger tooth¬
ing, and the joints of the headers of one fide would be
in the middle of the headers of the courfe they lie upon
; of the other fide. If bricks be laid in winter, let them
j be kept as dry as pofiible ; if in fummer, it will quit
1 . coft to employ boys to wet them, for that they will then
unite with the mortar better than if dry, and will make
I the work llronger. In large buildings, or where it is
thought too much trouble to dip all the bricks feparate-
ly, water may be thrown on each courfe after they are
I laid, as was done at the building the phyfician’s college,
by order of Dr Hooke. If bricks are laid in fummer,
they are to be covered; for if the mortar dries too ha-
ftily, it will not bind fo firmly to the bricks as when
[ left to dry more gradually. If the bricks be laid in
winter, they flrould alfo be covered well, to protedl
them from rain, fnow and froft; which lart is a mortal
enemy to mortar, efpecially to all fuch as have been
wetted juft before the froft affaults it.
Brick-Maker> is he who undertakes the making of
1, Bricks. This is moftlyperformed at fome fmall di-
ftance from cities and towns; and though fome, thro*
; ignorance, look upon it as a very mean employ, becaufe
laborious, yet the mafters about London, and other
H; capital cities, are generally men of fubftance.
BRICKING, among builders, the counterfeiting of
lit a brick-wall on plafter : which is done by fmearing it
over with red ochre, and making the joints with an
II edged tool; thefe laft are afterwards filled with a fine
13 plafter.
BRIDE, a woman newly married. Among the
Greeks, it was cuftomary for the bride to be conduced
: from her father’s houfe to her hufband’s in a chariot,
Vol. III. Part II.
the evening being chofen for that purpofe, to conceal Bride-
her blufties; fhe was placed in the middle, her hulhand E?00m»
fitting on one fide, and one of hermoft intimate friends Brid^c!|',
on the other; torches were carried before her, and fire v""
was entertained in the paffage with a fong fuitable to the
occafion.. When they arrived at their journey’s end,
the axle-tree of the coach they rode in was burnt, to
fignify that the bride was never to return to her father’s
houfe.—Among the Romans, the bride was to feem to
be ravifhed by force from her mother, in memory of the
rape of the Sabines under Romulus ; fhe was to be car¬
ried home in the night-time to the bridegroom’s houfe,
accompanied by three boys, one whereof carried a torch,
and the other two led the bride ; a fpindle and diftaff be¬
ing carried with her: (he brought three pieces of money
called affes, in her hand to the bridegroom, whofe doort
on this occafion were adorned with flowers and branches
of trees : being here interrogated who file was, fhe was
to anfwer Caia> in memory of Caia Cecilia, wife of
Tarquin the Elder, who was an excellent lanifica or.
fpinllrefl; for the like reafon, before her entrance, fhe
lined the door-pofts with wool, and fmeared them with
greafe. Fire and water being fet on the threfhold, fhe
touched both ; but ftarting back from the door, refu-
fed to enter, till at length fhe paffed the threfhold, be¬
ing careful to ftep over without touching it: here the
keys were given her, a nuptial fupper was prepared for
her, and minftrels to divert her ; fhe was feated on the
figure of a priapus, and here the attendant boys re-
figned her to the pronuba, who brought her into the
nuptial chamber and put her to bed. This office was
to be performed by matrons who had only been once
married, to denote that the marriage was to be for per¬
petuity.
BRIDEGROOM, a man newly married, the fpoufe
of the bride.
The Spartan bridegrooms committed a kind of rape
upon their brides. For matters being agreed on between
them two, the woman that contrived and managed the
match, having fhaved the bride’s hair clofe to her fltin,
dreffed her up in man’s clothes, and left her upon a
mattrefs : this done, in came the bridegroom, in his u-
fual drefs, having fupped as ordinary, and ftealing as
privately as he could to the room where the bride lay,
and untying her virgin girdle, took her to his embraces;
and having flayed a fhort time with her, returned to
his companions, with whom he continued to fpend his
life, remaining with them by night as well as by day,
unlefs he ftole a fhort vifit to his bride, which could not
be done without a great deal of circumfpeftion, and
fear of being difcovered. Among the Romans, the
bridegroom was decked to receive his bride ; his hair
was combed and cut in a particular form ; he had a co¬
ronet or chaplet on his head, and was dreffed in a
white garment.
By the ancient canons, the bridegroom was to for¬
bear the enjoyment of his bride the firft night, in ho¬
nour of the nuptial benedi£tion given by the prieft 1
on that day*. In Scotland, and perhaps alfo fome,
parts of England, a cuftom called marcher, obtained ; j,u-v,
by which the lord of the manor was intitled to the firft an. 740.
night’s habitation with his tenants bridesf. §
BRIDEWELL, a work-houfe, or place of correc-J^e Mar’
tion for vagrants, ftrumpets, and other diforderly per-
fons.—Thefe are made to work, being maintained with
4 A clothing
B R I [ 554 ] B R I
ewell, clothing and diet; and when it feems good to their
f!ge- governors, they are fent by pafles into their native
countries ; however, while they remain here, they are
not only made to work, but, according to their crimes,
receive once a-fortnight fuch a number of ilripes as
the governor commands.
Bride well, near Fleet-flreet, is afoundation of amixt
and fingular nature, partaking of the hofpital, the pri-
fon, and workhoufe ; it was founded in 1553, by Ed¬
ward VI. who gave the place where king John had
formerly kept his court, and which had been repaired by
Henry VIII. to the city of London, with 700 merks'
of land, bedding, and other furniture. Several youths
are fent to this hofpital as apprentices to manufadturers,
who refide there ; they are clothed in blue doublets
and breeches, with white hats. Having faithfully
ferved their time of feven years, 'they have their free¬
dom, and a donation of L. 10 each, for carrying on
their refpedtive trades.
BRIDGE, a work of mafonry or timber, confiding
of one or more arches built over a river, can-d, or the
like, for the conveniency of palling the fame. See
Architecture, n° 122 ; and Canal.
The firft inventor of bridges, as well as of Ihips and
crowns, is by fome learned men fuppofed to be Janus :
their reafon is, that on feveral ancient. Greek, Sicilian,
and Italian coins, there are reprefented on one fide a
Janus, with two faces ; and on the other a bridge, or
a crown or a (hip.
Bridges are a fort of edifices very difficult to execute
on account of the inconvenience of laying foundations
and walling under water. The earlieft rules and in-
ilrudtions relating to the building of bridges are given
by Leon Baptifta Alberti, Arcbit. 1. viii. Others were
afterwards laid down by Palladio, 1. iii. Serlio, 1. iii.'
c. 4. and Scammozzi, 1. v. all of which are colledted by
M. Blondel, Cours d' Archit. p. 629, feq. The belt
of them are alfo given by Goldman, Baukhurji, 1. iv.
c. 4. p. 134, and Hawkefmoor’s Hiltory of London
bridge, p. lb, feq. M. Gautier has a piece exprefs on
bridges, ancient and modern ; Trait des Touts, Paris
1716, 12 mo.
The parts of a bridge are. The piers ; the arches ;
the pavement, or way over for cattle and carriages ; the
foot-way on each fide, for foot-palfengers ; the rail or
parapet, which inclofes the whole ; and the butments
or ends of the bridge on the bank.
The conditions required in a bridge are, That it be
well-defigned, commodious, durable, and fuitably de¬
corated. The piers of ftone-bridges Ihould be equal
in number, that there may be one arch in the middle,
where commonly the current is llrongeft ; their thick-
nefs is not to be lefs than a fixth part of the fpan of
the arch, nor more than a fourth ; they are commonly
guarded in the front with angular fterlings, to break the
force of the current: the llrongeft arches are thofe whofe
fweep is a whole femicircle ; as the piers of bridges al¬
ways diminilh the bed of a river, in cafe of inunda¬
tions, the bed mull be funk or hollowed in proportion
to the fpace taken up by the piers,, as the waters gain
' in depth what they lofe in breadth, which otherwife
conduce to walh away the foundation and endanger the
piers: to prevent this, they fometimes diminilh the
current, either by lengthening its courfe, or by mak¬
ing it more, winding; or by Hopping the bottom with
rows of planks, Hakes, or piles, which break the cur¬
rent.
Among the Romans, the building and repairing of
bridges was firft committed to the pontifices or priefts;
then to the cenfors, or curators of the roads; laftly,
the emperors took the care of bridges into their own
hands. Thus Antoninus Pius built the Pons Janicu-
lenfis of marble ; Gordian reftored the Pons Ceftius ;
and Adrian built a new one denominated from him. In
the middle-age, bridge-building was reckoned among
the adts of religion ; and a regular order of Hofpital-
lers was founded by St Benezet, towards the end of the
12th century, under the denomination of pontifices, or
bridge-builders, whofe office it was to be affiftant to
travellers, by making bridges, fettling ferries, and re¬
ceiving ftrangers in hofpitals, or houfes built on the
banks of rivers. We read of one hofpital of this kind
at Avignon, where the hofpitallers dwelt under the di-
redtion of their firft fuperior St Benezet. The Jefuit
Raynaldushas a treatife exprefs on Strjohn the bridge-
builder.
Among the bridges of antiquity, that built by Tra¬
jan over the Danube is allowed to be the moll magnifi¬
cent.
Among modern bridges, that of Weftminfter, built
over the river Thames, may be accounted one of the
fineft in the world : it is 44 feet wide, a commodious
foot-way being allowed for paffengers, on each fide, of
about feven feet broad, railed above the road allowed
for carriages, and paved with broad moor-ftones, while
the fpace left between them is fufficient to admit three
carriages and two horfes to go a-breaft, without any
danger. Its extent from wharf to wharf is 1220 or
1223 feet, being full 300 feet longer than London-
' bridge. The free water-way under the .arches of this
bridge is 870 feet, being four times as much as the free
water-way left between the fterlings of London bridge :
this difpofition, together with the gentlenefs of the
ftream, are the chief reafo.ns why no fenfible fall of wa¬
ter can ever ftop, or in the leaft endanger, the fmalleft
boats in their paffage through the arches.
It confifts of 13 large and 2 fmall arches, together,
with T4 intermediate piers.
Each pier terminates with a faliant right angle againft.
either ftream : the two middle piers are each 1 7 feet in
thicknefs at the fpringing of the arches, and contain
3000 cubic feet, or near 20Q tons, of folid ftone ; and
the others decreafe in width equally on each fide.by one.
foot.
All the arches of this bridge are femicircular; they
all fpring from about two feet above low-water mark ;.
the middle arch is 76 feet wide, and the others decreafe
in breadth equally on each fide by 4 feet.
This bridge is built of the beft materials ; and the.
fize and difpofition of thefe materials are.fuch, that
there is no falfe bearing,, or fo much as a falfe joint in,
the whole ftrudlure ; befides that it is built in a neat
and elegant tafte, and with fuch fimplicity and gran¬
deur, that, whether viewed from the water, or by the.,
paffengers who walk over it, fit fills the mind with an
agreeable furprize. The femioftangular towers which
form the recefles of the foot-way, the manner of placing
the lamps, and the height of the baluftrade, are at once
the moil beautifu’, and, in every other refpedt, the beft
contrived.
London
^ Haivl/i
hjlo/L,
bra/gc,
B R I [ 555 1 . B R I
London-bridge confifls of 20 locks or arches, 19 of alto at Venice. But thefe are nothing to a bridge in 1
J which are open, and one filled up or obfcured. It is 900 China, built from one mountain to another, confitting
feet long,60 high, and 74broad,withahnoft2cfeetaper- of a iingle arch 400 cubits long and 500 in height,
ture in each arch. It is fupported by 18 piers, from 2510 whence it is called the .* a figure of it is
34 feet thick ; fo that the greateft water-way when the given in the Philofophical Tran factions. Kircher alfo
tide is above the fterlings is 450 feet, fcarce half the fpeaks of a bridge in the fame country 360 perches long,
width of the river; and below the fterlings, the water- fupported by 300 pillars.
way is reduced to 194 feet. Thus a river 900 feet Ru/hen Bridge, Pont dejonc, is made o£ forge (heaves
wide is here forced through a channel of 194 feet, of rallies growing in marlhy grounds, which they cover
London bridge was firft built of timber, fome time with boards or planks ; they ferve for crofting ground
before the year 994, by a college of priefts, to whom , that is boggy, miry, or rotten. The Romans had alfo
the profits of the ferry of St Mary Overy’s had de- a fort of fubitaneous bridges made by the foldiers, of
fcended ; it was repaired, Or rather new built of tim- boats, or fometimes of calks, leathern bottles, or bags,
ber, in 1163. The ftone-bridge was begun by king or even of bullocks bladders blown up and faftened to-
Henry in 1176, and finilhed by king John in 1209. gether, called afcogafri. M. Couplet gives the figure of
*. The architect w'as Peter of Colechurch, a prieft *. a portable bridge 200 feet long, ealily taken afunder
'l~ For the keeping it in repair, a large hdufe is allotted, and put together again, and which 40 men may carry,
with a great number of offices, and a vail revenue in Frezier fpeaks of a wonderful kind of bridge at Apu-
land, See. The chief officers are two bridge-mailers, rima in Lima, made of ropes, formed of the bark of
chofen yearly out of the body of the livery. _ The de- a tree.
fedls of this bridge are the narrownefs and irregularity Pendent or Hanging Bridges, called alfo Pbilofophi-
of the arches, and the largenefs of the piers, which, cal Bridges, are thofe not fupported either by polls or
together with the fterlings, turn the current of the pillars, but hung at large in the air, (only fupported at
Thames into many frightful catara&s, which mull the two ends or hutments. Inftances of fuch bridges
obftrufl and endanger the navigation through the are given by Palladio and others. Dr Wallis gives the
bridge. The fterlings have been added, to hinder defign of a timber-bridge 70 feet long, without any
the piers from being undermined by the rotting of pillars, which may be ufeful in fome places where pil-
the piles on which they are built: for by means lars cannot be conveniently eredted. Dr Plot allures us,
of thefe fterlings the piles are kept conftantly wet ; that there was formerly a large bridge over the caftle-
and- thus the timber is kept from decaying, which ditch at Tutbury in Staffbrdlhire, made of pieces of tim-
always happens when it is fuffered to be alternately ber, none much above a yard long, and yet not fup-
wet and dry. ported underneath either with pillars or archwork, or
Blackfriars bridge, fituated near the centre of the any fort of prop whatever,
city, and built according to a plan drawn by Mr Ro- Dravi-BRWGE, one'that is faftened with hinges at
bert Mylne, is an exceeding light and elegant ftruc- one end only, fo that the other may be drawn up ; in
lure. The arches are only 9 in number 5 but very which cafe, the bridge Hands upright, to hinder the
large, and of an elliptical form. The centre-arch is paffage of a ditch or moat.
loo feet wide ; thofe on the fides decreafe in a regu- Flying-BRiDGE, or Pons duftorius, an appellation gi-
lar gradation ; and the width of that near the abutment ven to a bridge made of pontoons, leather boats, hol-
at each end is 70 feet. It has an open baluftrade at low beams, calks, or the like, laid on a river, and co-
the top, and a foot-way on each fide, with room for vered with planks, for the paflage of an army,
three carriages abreaft in the middle. It has alfo re- Flying-BRiDGE (pont volant) more particularly de-
cefles on the fides for the foot-paftengers, each fup- notes a bridge compofed of one or two boats joined to-
ported by two lofty Ionic columns. gether by a fort of flooring, and furrounded with a rail
The longeft bridge in England is that over the Trent or balullrade ; having alfo one or more malls, to which
at Burton, built by Bernard abbot of Burton, in the is faftened a cable, fupported, at proper diftances, by
12 th century ; it is all of fquared free Hone, ftrong and boats, and extended to an anchor, to which the other
lofty, 1545 feet in length, and confifting of 34 arches, end is faftened, in the middle of the water : by which
Yet this comes far Ihort of the wooden bridge over the contrivance, the bridge becomes moveable, like a penr
Drave, which according to Dr Brown is at leaft five dulum from one fide of the river to the other, without
miles long. any other help than the rudder.— Such bridges fome-
„ But the mod Angular bridge in Europe is that built times alfo confift of two llories, for the quicker palfage
over the river Tave in GlamorganIhire. It confifts of of a great number of men, or that both infantry and
one ftupendous arch, the diameter of which is T75 feet, cavalry may pafs at the fame time,
the chord 140, the altitude 35, and the abutments 32. In Plate CVIII is reprefented a flying-bridge of this
This magnificent arch was built by William Edward* kind. Fig. 2. is a perfpe&ive view of the courfe of a
a poor country mafon, in the year 1756. river and its two banks. a,b,c, d. Two long boats or
The famous bridge of Venice, called the Rialto, Con- batteaux, which fupport the flying-bridge. G H, KL,
fills of but a Angle arch, and that a flat or low one,'and two malls joined at their tops by two tranfverfe pieces,
palled for a mafterpiece of art. It was built in 1591, or beams, and a central arch, and fupported in a verti-
on the defign of Michael Angelo ; the fpan of the arch cal pofition by two pair of Ihrouds and two chains
is 984-feet, and its height above the water only 23.— LN, H R. M, a horfe, or crofs piece, over which the
' Poulet mentions a bridge of a fingle arch in the city of rope or cable M, F, e, f, that rides or holds the bridge
Munller in Bothnia, much bolder than that of the Hi- againft the current, pafles. E, a roll or windlafs round
4 A 2 which
B R I
Bridge, which the rope M, F, e,ft is wound, a, b, The rud-
ders. AB, and CD, two portions of bridges of boats
faftened to the bank on each fide, and between which
the flying-bridge moves in pafiing from one fide of the
river to the other. e,f. Chains fupported by two punts,
or fmall flat-bottomed boats : there are five or fix of
thefe punts at about 40 fathoms from one another. The
firft, or fartheft from the bridge, is moored with an¬
chors in the middle of the bed of the river.
Fig. 3. Is a plan of the fame bridge, a, b, c, £/,The
two boats that fupport it. K and G, the two mails.
K F G, the tranfverfe piece or beam over which the
cable pafies. E, the roll, or windlafs, round which the
rope or cable is wound, a, b. The rudders. O, a boat.
e, One of the punts, or fmall flat-bottomed boats that
fupport the chain. N, N, pumps for extra&ing the wa¬
ter out of the boats. P, P, capftans.
Fig. 4. Lateral elevation of the bridge, a, c, One
of the boats, b. The rudder. E, The roll, or wind¬
lafs. M, The horfe, or crofs-piece. G H, One of the
malls. E, M, H, F, The cable. In this view the ba-
lultrade running along the fide of the bridge is plainly
exhibited.
Fig. 5. Elevation of the hinder or Hern part of the
bridge, a, b. The two boats. G H, K L, The two
malls. H L, The upper tranfverfe beam. />, q. The
lower tranfverfe beam, or that over which the cable
pafles, and on which it Aides from one mall to the o-
ther ; this beam is therefore always kept well greafed.
p, k, q,g, Shrowd&extending from the fides of the bridge
to the tops of the malls. M, The horfe or crofs-piece
over which the cable pafles to the roll or windlafs E.
Bridges of Boats are either made of copper or
wooden boats, fattened with Hakes or anchors, and laid
over with planks. One of. the moll notable exploits
of Julius Caefar was the expeditious making a bridge
of boats over the Rhine. Modern armies carry cop¬
per or tin boats, called pontoons, to be in readinefs for
making bridges; feveral of thefe being joined fide by
fide till they reach acrofs the river, and planks laid over
them, make a plane for the men to march on. There
are fine bridge's of boats at Beaucaire and Rouen,
which rife and fall with the water ; and that at Seville
is faid to exceed them both. The bridge of boats at
Rouen, built in lieu of the ftately Hone-bridge eredled
there by the Romans, is reprefented by a modern wri¬
ter as the wonder of the prefent age. It always floats,
and riles and falls with the tide, or as the land-waters
till the river. It is near 300 yards long, and is paved
with (lone, juft as the ftreets are j carriages with the
greateft burdens go over it with eafe, and men and
horfes with fafety, though there are no rails on either
hand. The boats are very firm, and well moored with
flrong chains, and the whole well looked after and con-
ftantly repaired, though now very old.
Bridge of Communication, is that made over a river,
by which two armies, or forts, which are feparated by
that river, have a free communication with one ano¬
ther.
Floating-Bridge, is ordinarily made of two fmall
bridges, laid one over the other, in fuch manner as
that the uppermoll ftretches and runs out, by the help
of certain cords running through putties placed along
the fides of the under-bridge, which pulh it forwards
till the end of it joins the place it is defigned to be
B R I
fixed on. When thefe two bridges are llretched out
to their full length, fo that the two middle ends meet,
they are not to be above four or five fathoms long ;
becaufe, if longer, they will break. Their chief ufe
is for furprifing out-works, or polls that have but nar¬
row moats. In the memoirs of the royal academy of
fciences we find an ingenious contrivance of a float¬
ing-bridge, which lays itfelf on the other fide of the
river.
Bridge, Natural, implies a bridge not conftrufted
by art, but the refult of fome operation of nature.
A moft wonderful work of this kind is defcribed by
Mr Jefferfon in his State of Virginia. It is on the
afcent of a hill, which feems to have been cloven
through its length by fome great convulfion. The fif-
fure, juft at the bridge, is, by fome admeafurements,
270 feet deep, by others only 205. It is about 45
feet wide at the bottom, and go feet at the top ; this
of courfe determines the length of the bridge, and its
height from the water. Its breadth in the middle is
about 60 feet, but more at the ends, and the thicknefs
of the mafs at the fummit of the arch about 40 feet.
A part of this thicknefs is conftituted by a coat of
earth, which gives growth to many large trees. The
refidue, with the hill on both fides, is, one folid rock
of limeftone. The arch approaches the femi-elliptical
form ; but thedarger axis of the ellipfis, which would
be the cord of the arch, is many times longer than
the tranfverfe. Though the fides of this bridge
are provided in fome parts with a parapet of fixed
rocks, yet few men have refolution to walk to them
and look over into the abyfs. You involuntarily fall
on your hands and feet, creep to the parapet, and peep
over it. Looking down from this height about a mi¬
nute, gave our author a violent headach. If the view
from the top be painful and intolerable, that from be¬
low is delightful in an equal extreme. It is impoflible
for the emotions arifing from the fublime to be felt
beyond what they are here : fo beautiful an arch, fo
elevated, fo light, and fpringing as it were up to hea¬
ven, the rapture of the fpeftator is really indefcribable t
The fiflure continuing narrow, deep, and ftraight for
a confiderable diftance above and below the bridge,
opens a ftiort but very pleafing view of the North-
mountain on one fide and Blue-ridge on the other, at
the diftance each of them of about five miles. This
bridge is in the county of Rockbridge, to which it
has given name, and affords a public and commodious
paffage over a valley, which cannot be croffed elfewhere
for a confiderable diftance. The ftream palling under
it is called Cedar-creek. It is a water of James River,
and fufficient in the drieft feafons to turn a grift-mill,
though its fountain is not more than two miles above.
Don Ulloa mentions a breaks fimilar to this, in the
province of Angaraez, in South America. It is from
16 to 22 feet wide, m feet deep, and of 1.3 miles
continuance, Englilh meafures. Its breadth at top
is not fenfibly greater than at bottom. Don Ulloa in¬
clines to the opinion, that this channel has been effeft-
ed by the wearing of the water which runs through
it, rather than that the mountain- ftiould have -been
broken open by any convulfion of nature. But if it
had been worn by the running of water, would not
the rocks which form the fides have been worn plane l
or if, meeting in fome parts with veins of harder Hone,
the
[ 556 J
Plate CVIII.
B R I L 557 1 B R I
Bridge, the water had left prominences on the one fide, would
"V—not the fame caufe have fometimes, or perhaps gene¬
rally, occafioned prominences on the other fide alfo ?
Yet Don Ulloa tells us, that on the other fide there
are always correfponding cavities, and that thefe tally
with the prominences fo perfe&ly, that, were the two
fides to come together, they would fit in all their in¬
dentures, without leaving any void. In fadl, this does
not refemble the effetil of running water, but looks
rather as if the two fides had parted afunder. The
fides of the break, over which is the Natural bridge of
Virginia, confifting of a veiny rock which yields to
time, the correfpondence between the falient and re¬
entering inequalities, if it exifted at all, has now dif-
appeared. This break has the advantage of the one
defcribed by Don Ulloa in its fineft circumftance ; no
I portion in that inftance having held together, during
the reparation of the other parts, fo as to form a
bridge over the abyfs.
I Bridge, in gunnery, the two pieces of timber which
go between the two tranfums of a gun-carriage, on
which the bed refts.
Bridge, in mufic, a term for that part of a ftringed
inftrument over which the firings are ftretched. The
bridge of a violin is about one inch and a quarter high,
and near an inch and a half long.
Bridge Town, the capital of the ifland of Barba-
does, fituated in W. Long. 6i°. N. Lat. 13° It
i ftands in the inmoft part of Carlifie bay. This origi¬
nally was a moft unwholefome fituation, and was chofen
entirely for its convenience for trade; but is now deemed
H: . to be as healthy as any place in the ifland. The town
H; itfelf would make a figure in any European kingdom It
H1 is faid to contain 1500 houfes, and fome contend that
|| it is the fineft the Britifli poflefs in America. The
houfes in general are well built and finiftied, and their
H rents as high as fuch houfes would let for in London.
U The wharfs and quays are well defended from the fea,
and very convenient. The harbour is fecure from the
north-eaft wind, which is the corftant trade wind there;
r| and Carlifle-bay is capable of containing 5coflaips, and
is formed by Needham and Pelican points. But what
renders Bridge-town the fineft and moft defirable town
in the Weft Indies is its fecurity againft any attacks
from foreign enemies. It is defended on the weftward
n | by James-fort, which mounts 18 guns. Near this is
Willoughby’s fort, which is built upon a tongue of
land running into the fea, and mounts 12 guns. Need¬
ham’s fort has three batteries, and is mounted with 20
guns ; and St Anne’s fort, which is the ftrongeft in the
ifland, ftands more within land. In ftiort, according
to Mr Douglas, there is all along the lee-ftiore a breaft-
work and trench, in which, at proper places, were 29
forts and batteries, having 308 cannon mounted, while
the windward fhore is fecured by high rocks, fteep cliffs,
and foul ground. Such was the ftate of the fortifica¬
tions in 1717; but fince that time they have been much
ftrengthened. Bridge-town is deftitute of few elegan¬
cies or conveniences of life that any city of Europe can
11’ v afford. The church of St Michael exceeds many Eng-
lifti cathedrals in beauty, largenefs, and conveniency ;
and has a fine organ, bells, and clock. Here alfo is a
free-fchool for the inftru&ion of poor boys, an hofpital,
and a college. The latter was erefted by the fociety
3 for propagating the Chriftian religion,, in purfuance of
the will of Colonel Chriftopher Codrington, who left Bridge-
about L. 2000 a-year for its endowment, for maintain- nortfl ;
ing profeffors and fcholars to ftudy and pradlife divi- Bridle,
nity, furgery, and phyfic. See Codrington. i—y—^
BRIDGENORTH, a town of Shropfhire in Eng¬
land, feated on the river Severn, which divides it into
two parts; but they are united by a handfome ftone
bridge, and thefe are called the upper and the lower
town. It is faid to have been built by Ethelfleda, wi¬
dow of Etheldred king of the Mercians, about the year
675. Robert de Belizma, fon of Robert de Montgo¬
mery, built the caftle, and maintained it againft king
Henry I. by which means it was forfeited to the crown,
and remained fo till the reign of Richard III. who gave
it to John Sutton lord Dudley. This town has un¬
dergone feveral lieges; and in the civil war it fuffered
very much, many fine buildings, and the whole town,
being almoft deftroyed by fire, when Sir Lewis Kirke
defended -the citadel for king Charles. There are
now no other remains of the caftle than a fmall part
of the towers, and a place yet called the cajile, within
the walls of the old one ; within which ftands one of
the churches, dedicated to St Mary Magdalen, which
was made a free chapel, and exempted from epifcopal
jurifdidtipn. The other church is at the north end of
the town, on the higheft part of the hill, near to whofe
church-yard flood a college, which was deftroyed by
fire in the civil wars, together with the church juft men¬
tioned ; which has been fince rebuilt by the inhabitants.
On the weft bank of the river are the remains of an an¬
cient and magnificent convent, under which was feveral
remarkable vaults and caverns running to a great length.
Part of the cow-gate ftreet is a rock, rifing perpendi¬
cularly, in which are feveral houfes and tenements that
make a very agreeable though grotefque appearance.
In many other places there are alfo caves and dwellings
for families, in the rocks; and indeed the whole town
has an appearance furprifingly Angular. W. Long. 2.
30. N. Lat. 52. 40.
BRIDGEWATER, a town of Somerfetftiire in
England, feated on the river Parret, over which there
is a ftone bridge, near which ftiips of 100 tons burden
may ride with eafe. It is a large, well frequented place,
with the title of a duchy, and fends two members to
parliament. There are in it feveral large inns, and the
market is well fupplied with provifions. W. Long. 3. o.
N. Lat. 51. 15.
BRIDLE, in the manege,, a contrivance made of
ftraps or thongs of leather and pieces of iron, in order
to keep a horfe in fubje&ion and obedience.
The feveral parts of a bridle are the bit, or fnaftle ;
the head-ftall, or leathers from the top of the head to
the rings of the bit; the fillet, over the fore-head and
under the fore-top ; the throat-band, which buttons
from the head-band under the throat; the reins, or long
thongs of leather that come from the rings of the bit,
and being call over the horfe’s head, the rider holds
them in his hand; the nofe-band, going through loops
at the back of the head-ftall, and buckled under the
cheeks; the trench ; the cavefan ; the martingal; and
the chaff halter.
Pliny affures us that one Pelethronius firft invented,
the bridle and faddle ; though Virgil afcribes the in¬
vention to the Lapithse, to whom he gives the epi¬
thet Pekthronii, from a mountain in Theffaly named’
Peletbronhm^
Brieg.
B It r [ $5% ] BUI
Bridon PtlethroniiWi, v/\ie'ce horfes were firft began to be wing of the caftle. ft was obliged to furrender, after
broken. fudaining feven days continual fire. The Pruffians, to
The firft horfemen, not being acquainted with the art whom this place was ceded by the peace, have augment-
°f governing horfes with bridles* managed them only ed the fortifications, and built a new fuburb.—The
with a rope or a fwitch, and the accent of the voice, town Hands upon the Oder; on the other fide of which
'This was the pradtice of the Numidians, Getulians, there are plenty of fallow-deer, and large forells of
Libyans, and Maffilians. The Roman youth alfo learn- beech and oak trees. They have a yearly fair, at which
ed the art of fighting without bridles, which was an ex- they fell above ) 2,600 horned cattle. Since 17^8, they
ercife or leifon in the manege ; and hence it is, that on have begun to manufa&ure fine cloth,
the Trajan column, foldiers are reprefented riding at ERIEL, a maritime town of the United Provinces,
full fpeed without any bridles on. and capital of the ifland of Vuorn. It was one of the
Bridle. See Brank. cautionary towns which was delivered into the hands of
BRIDON, or Snaffle, after the Engliflt fafhioU, queen Elizabeth, and garrifoned by the Englilh during
is a very flender bit-mouth without any branches, her reign and part of the netft. The Dutch took it
The Englifh make much ufe of them, and fcarcely from the Spaniards in 1572, wdiich was the foundation
ufe any true bridles except in the ferviceof war. The of their republic. It is feated at the mouth of the ri*
French call them bridons, by way of dillinftion from ver Meufe, in E. Long. 3. 56. N. Lat. 51. 53.
bridles. BRIESCIA, a palatinate in the duchy of Lithua-
BRIDLINGTON, a fea-port town in the eaft ri- nia, in Poland. The name given to it by fome is Pa-
ding of Yorklhire in England. It is feated on a creek of hfia. It is bounded on the north, by Novogrode and
the fea near Flamborough-head, having a commodious Troki; on the welt, by thofe of Biellko and Lublin ;
quay for fliips to take in their lading. It has a fafe on the fouth, by that of Chelm and upper Volhinia;
harbour, and is a place of good trade. It is more ge- and on the eaft, by the territory of Rziczica. This
nerally known by the name of Burlington, as it gave province is of confiderable extent from eaft to w'eft, and
title to an earl of that name, though the earldom is now is watered by the rivers Bug and Pripefe : it is full of
extinft. E. Long. o. 10. N. Lat. 54. 15. woods and marlhes ; and there are lakes that yield large
BRIDPORT, a town of Dorfetfhire in England, quantities of fifti, that are faked by the inhabitants,
It has a low dirty fituation between two rivers, which, and fent into the neighbouring provinces,
at a little diftanee,joining a fmall ftream, formerly made BRIEUX (St), a town of France, in upper Brit-
a convenient harbour.} but is now'quite choked up with tany, with a biihop’s fee. It is feated in a bottom,
fand. It fends two members to .parliament, who are furrounded with mountains, which deprive it of a pro*
chofen by the inhabitants who are houfekeepers. It is fpedl of the fea, though it is not above a mile and a
noted for making of ropes and cables for fhipping"; quarter from it, and there forms a fmall port. The
whence arifes a proverb of a man that is hanged, that churches, ftreets, and fquares, are tolerably handfome ;
he is Jlabbed with a Bridport dagger. W. Long. 3. o. but the town is without walls and ditches. The church
N. Lat. 50. 40. of Michael is in the luburb of the fame name, and
BBIEF, in lawq an abridgment of the client’s cafe, is the largeft in the place. The convent of the Cor-
made out for the inftrudlion of council on a trial at deliers is well built, and the garden is fpacious. The
law; wherein the cafe of the plaintiff, &c. is to be college, which is Very near, is maintained by the town
Briefly but fully dated: the proofs muft be placed in for the inftruftion of youth. W. Long. 2. 58. N. Lat.
due order, and proper anfwers made to whatever may 48. 33.
be obje&ed to the client’s caufe by the oppofite fide ; BRIG, or Brigantine, a merchant-fhip with tw'O
■and herein great care is requifite, that nothing be o- mails. This term is not univerfally confined to veflels
mitted, to endanger the caufe. of a particular conftrutftion, or which are mailed and
Brief, in Scots law, a writ iifued from the chan- rigged in a manner different from all others. It is va-
cery, direfted to any judge-ordinary, commanding and riouily applied, by the mariners of dift'erent European
authorifing that judge to call a jury to inquire Into the nations, to a peculiar fort of veifel of their own marine,
cafe mentioned in the brief, and upon their verdidt to Amongft Britiih feamen, this veifel is diftinguiihed by
pronounce fentence.- having her mainfails fet nearly in the plane of her keel;
Jlpojlolical Briefs, letters which the pope difpatches whereas the mainfails of larger ihips are hung athwart,
to princes, or other magiftrates, relating to any public or at right angles with the ihip’s length, and faftened
affair.—Thefe briefs are diftinguiihed from bulls, in re- to a yard which hangs .parallel to the deck : but in a
gard the latter are ’more ample, and always written on brig, the foremoft edge of the mainfail is faftened
-parchment, and fealed with lead or green wax ; whereas in different places to hoops which encircle the main*
briefs are very concife, written on paper, fealed with red mail, and Hide up and down it as the fail is hoifted or
wax, and with the feal of the fiiherman, or St Peter in lowered: it is extended by a gaff above and a boom
a boat. below.
BRIEG, a town of Silefia in Germany, fituated in BRIGADE, in the military art, a party or divifion
E. Long. 17. 35. N. Lat. 50. 40. It might have paf- ' of a body of foldiers, whether horfe or foot, under the
fed for a handfome place before the laft fiege ; the Command of a brigadier.—An army is divided into
caftle, the college, and the arfenal, being very great brigades of horfe and brigades of foot: a brigade
ornaments, and mod of the houfes very well built. But of horfe is a body of eight or ten fquadrons; a
the Pruflians, who befieged it in 1741, threw 2172 brigade'of foot confifts of four, five, or fix batta*
-bombs into it, and 4714 cannon bullets, which reduced lions. The elded brigade has the right of the firft
a great part of the twon to afhes, and quite ruined a line, and the fecond the right of the fecond ; the two
4 next
Brief
ILL
Brigade.,
 v—i
B R I [ 559 1 B R I
; Briggs next take tke left of the two lines, and the youngeft
. [I . Hand in the centre.
3rigittins. Brigade-Majvr, is an officer appointed by the bri-
~ gadier, to affift him in the management and ordering
of his brigade.
BRIGADIER, is the general officer who has the
command of a brigade. The eldeft colonels are gene¬
rally advanced to this poll. He that is upon duty is
brigadier of the day. They march at the head of
their own brigades, and are allowed a ferjeant and ten
men of their Own brigade for their, guard.—But the
rank of brigadier general in the Britiffi fervice is now
abolifhed.
Brigadiers, or Sub-brigadiers, are polls in the
horfe-guards.
BRIGANDINE, a coat of mail, a kind of ancient
defenfive armour, confiding of thin jointed fcales of
plate, pliant and eafy to the body.
BRIGANTES, (Tacitus), a people of Britain,
reaching from fta to fea, the whole breadth of the
iiland, (Ptolemy). Now Yorklhire, Lancalhire, Dur¬
ham, Weftmoreland, and Cumberland, (Camden). Alfo
a people of Ireland, of uncertain pofition.
BRIGANTIA, or Brigantium, (anc. geog.), a
town of Vindelicia; now Bregentz, in Tyrol, at the
eall end of the lake of Conftance.—Another Brigan¬
tium in the Alpes Cottiae; which lall is probably Bri-
ancon, a town on the borders of Dauphiny.
BRIGANTINE. See Brig.
BRIGANTINUS lacus, (anc. geog.), a lake of
Rhsetia, or Vindelicia which Tacitus includes in Rhte-
tia. Ammian calls the lake Brigantia. It took its
name either from the Brigantii, the'people inhabiting
on it, or from the. adjoining town. Now the lake of
Conjlarce, or Bodenzee.
Brigantinus Portus, (anc geog.), a port of the hi¬
ther Spain ; fo called from Flavium Brigantium. Now
El Puerto de la Corunna, commonly the Groyne.
BRIGG, by fome called GlamfordBridges, a town
of England, in Lincolnfhire, feated on the river Ankam..
W. Long. o. 20. N. Lat, 53. 40.
BRIGGS (Henry), one of the greateft mathemati-
I clans in the 16th century, was born at Warley Wood
in the parilh of Halifax in Yorkfhire, in 1556. In
1592, he was made examiner and lecturer in mathe-
') matics, and foon after reader of the phyfic leisure
founded by Dr Linacer. When Grelham college in
London was eftabliflied, he was chofen the firft pro-
fefibr of geometry there, about the beginning of March
1.596. In 1609, Briggs contra&ed an intimacy
with the learned Mr James Ulher afterwards archbifliop
of Armagh, which continued many years by letters,
two of which, written by our author, are yet extant..
In one of thefe letters, dated in Auguft 1610, he tells,
his friend he was engaged in the fubjedt of eclipfes;
and in the other, dated March 10th 1615, he acquaints
jl; him with his being wholly employed about the noble
invention of logarithms, then lately difcovered, in the
improvement of which he had afterwards a large fiiare.
In 1619, he was made Savilian profeifor of geometry
|J. at Oxford ; and religned his profeflbrlhip of Grelham
college on the 25th of July 1620.. Soon after his going
to Oxford, he was incorporated mafter of arts in t- at
univerfity; where he continued till his death, which
happened on the 26th of January 1630. Dr Smith
gives him the character of a man of great probity ; a Brigade-
contemner of riches, and contented with his own fta- Jl
tion ; preferring a ftudious retirement to all the folen -,
did circumftances of life. He wrote, 1. Logarithmo- ’
rum c,h'di as prima. 2. Arithmetic a logarithmica. 3. Tri-
gonometria Britannica. 4. A fmall trail on the north-
weft paflage ; and fome other works.
Briggs (William), an eminent phyfician in the
latter end of the 17th century, was the fon of Auguftin
Briggs, Efq; four times member for the city of Nor¬
wich, where our author was born. He ftudied at the
univerfity of Cambridge ; and his genius leading him-
to the ftudy of phyfic, he travelled into^France, where
he attended the le&ures of the famous anatomift M.
Vieuffens, at Montpelier. After his return, he pub-
lilhed his Ophthalmograpkia in 1676. The year fol¬
lowing he was created doctor of medicine at Cambridge ,
and foon after was made fellow of the college of phy-
ficians at London. In 1682, he quitted his fellow-
fhip to his brother ; and the fame year, his Theory of
vifion was publiftied by Hooke. The enfuing year he
fent to the royal fociety a continuation of that difcourfe,
which was publilhed in their Tranfadtions; and the fame
year, he was by King Charles II. appointed phyfician
to St Thomas’s hofpital. In 1684, he communicated
to the royal fociety two remarkable cafes relating to
vifion, which-were likewife printed in their Tranfac-
tions; and in 1685 he publifln d a Latin verfion of his
Theory 0f vifton, at the defire of Mr Newton, afterwards
Sir Ilaac, profeffor of mathematics at Cambridge, with
a recommendatory epiftle from him prefixed to it. Fie
was afterwards made phyfician in ordinary to king
William, and continued in great efteem for his ikill in
his profeffion till he died September 4th 1-704.
B RIGHTHELMSTONE, a fea-port town of Suf- -
fex in England. It is a pretty large and populous
townjfthough ill built, and has a pretty good harbour.
W. Long. o. 10. N. Lat. 50. 50. It was at this
place king Charles II. embarked for France, 1651,
after the battle of Worcefter. It has lately been con-
fiderably extended and embellilhed, in confequence of
its having become a place of great refort for fea-bathr
ing.
BRIGITTINS, or Bridgetixs, more properly
Brigittins, a religious order, denominated from their-
founder St Bridgit or Birgit, a Swedilh lady in the
14th century: whom fome reprefent as a queen ; but
Fabrlcius, on better grounds, as a princefs, the daugh¬
ter of king Birgenes, legifiator-of Upland, and famous =
for her revelations.. The Brigittins are fometimes alfo
called the Order of our Saviour; it being pretended,
that Chrift himfelf di&ated the rules and conftitutiona ■
obferved by them to St Bridget. In the main, the
rule is that of St Auguftin; only with certain addi¬
tions fisppofed to have been revealed by Chrift, whence
they alfo denominate it the Rule of our Saviour.—The
firft monaftery of the Bridgetin order was erefted by
the foundrefs about the year 1344, in the diocefe of
Lincopen ; on the model of which all the reft were,
formed. The conftitution of thefe houfes was very An¬
gular : though the order was principally intended for
nuns, who were to pay a fpecial homage to the holy:
Virgin, there are alfo many friars of it, to minifter
to them fpiritual affiftance. The number of nuns in¬
fixed at 60. in each monaftery, and .that .of friars to. 13,
B R I r 560 ] B R I
’ Brignoles anfwerable to the number of apoftles, of whom St Paul
made the 13th; befides which there are to be four dea-
1 .. t . cons, to reprefent the four doftors of the church, St
Ambrofe, St Auguftin, St Gregory, and St Jerome ;
and eight lay-brothers; making together, fays our au¬
thor, the number of Chrift’s 72 difciples.—The order
being intlituted in honour of the Virgin, the dire&ion
is committed to an abbefs, who is fuperior not only
of the nuns, but alfo of the friars, who are obliged to
obey her. Each houfe confifts of two convents or mo-
nafteries, feparately inclofed, but having one church in
common; the nuns being placed above, and the friars on
the ground. The Bu'dgetins profefs great mortifica¬
tion, poverty, and felf denial, as well as devotion ;
and they are not to poflefs any thing they can call their
own, not fo much as an halfpenny; nor even to touch
money on any account. This order fpread much thro’
Sweden, Germany, the Netherlands, See. In England
we read but of one monaftery of Brigittins, and this
built by Henry V. in 1413, oppofite to Richmond,
now called Sion houfe} the ancient inhabitants of which,
fince the diffolution, are fettled at Lifbon. The re¬
venues were reckoned at 14951. per annum.
BRIGNOLES, a town of France, in Provence, fa¬
mous for its prunes. ft is feated among mountains,
in a pleafant country, 275 miles S. S. E. of Paris.
E. Long. 6. 15. N. Lat. 43. 24.
BRIHUEGA, a town of Spain, in New Caftile,
where general Stanhope with the Englifli army were
taken prifoners, after they had feparated themfelves
from that commanded by count Straremberg. It is
feated at the foot of the mountain Tajuna, 43 miles
north-eafl. of Madrid. W. Long. 3. 20. N. Lat. 41. o.
BRIL (Matthew and Paul), natives of Antwerp,
and good painters.—Matthew was born in the year
1550, and ftudied for the moft part at Rome. He
was eminent for his performances in hiftory and land-
fcape, in the galleries of the Vatican ; where he was
employed by Pope Gregory XIII. He died in 1584,
being no more then 34 years of age—Paul was born
in 1554 followed his brother Matthew to Rome;
painted feveral things in conjunction with him ; and,
after his deceafe, brought himfelf into credit by his
Pdhnstons Jandfcapes, but efpecially by thofe which he compofed in
1 ' his latter time. The invention of them was more plea¬
fant, the difpofition more noble, all the parts more a-
greeable, and painted with a better guito, than his
earlier produdtions in this way ; which was owing to
his having ftudied the manner of Hanibal Carrache,
and copied fome of Titian’s works in the fame kind.
He was much in favour with Pope Sixtus V.; and for
his fucceffor Clement VIII. painted the famous piece,
about 68 feet long, wherein the faint of that name is
reprefented caft into the fea with an anchor about his
neck. He died at Rome in the year 1626, aged 72.
BRILLIANT, in a general fenfe, fomething that
has a bright and lucid appearance.
Brilliant, in the manege. A bri/k, high mettled,
ftately horfe is called brilliant, as having a railed neck ?
a fine motion; and excellent haunches, upon which he
rifes, though ever fo little put on.
Brilliants, a name given to -diamonds of thefineft
cut. See Diamond.
BRIM, denotes the outmoft verge or edge, efpecially
of round things. The brims of veffels are made to
projeft a little over, to hinder liquors, in pouring out,
N°. 54. 6
from running down the fide of the veffel. The brim¬
ming of vcffels was contrived by the ancient potters,
in imitation of the fupercilium or drip of the cornices
of columns: it is done by turning over fome of the
double matter when the work is on the wheel.
Brim, in country affairs. A fow is faid to brim, or
to go to brim, when ftie is ready to take the boar.
BRIMSTONE. See Sulphur.
Brimstone Medals, Figures, &c. may be caft in
the following manner. Melt half a pound of brimftone
over a gentle fire : with this mix half a pound of fine
vermilion; and when you have cleared the top, take
it off the fire, ftir it well together, and it will diffolve
like oil: then caft it into the mould, which Ihould be
firft anointed with oil. When cool, the figure may
be taken out; and in cafe it fhould change to a yellow-
ilh colour, you need only wipe it over with aquafortis,
and it will look like the fineft coral f.
BRIN, a ftrong town of Bohemia, in Moravia. It
is pretty large, and well built: the affembly of the
ftates is held alternately there aad at Olmutz. The
caftle of Spilberg is on an eminence, out of the town,
and is its principal defence. It was invefted by the
king of Pruffia in 1742, but he was obliged to raife
the fiege It is near the river Swart, in E. Long. 7. 8.
N. Lat. 49. 8.
BRINDISI, an ancient celebrated town of Italy,
in the Terra d’Otranto, and kingdom of Naples, with
an archbiftiop’s fee. Its walls are ftill of great extent,
but the inhabited houfes do not fill above half the en-
clofure. The ftreets are crooked and rough; the
buildings poor and ruinous; no very remarkable church
or edifice. The cathedral, dedicated to St Theodore,
is a work of king Roger, but not equal in point of ar-
chite&ure to many churches founded by that monarch,
who had a ftrong paffion for building. Little remains
of ancient Brundufium, except innumerable broken
pillars, fixed at the corners of ftreets to defend the
houfes from carts; fragments of coarfe Mofaic, the
floors of former habitations ; the column of the light-
houfe; a large marble bafon, into which the water
runs from brazen heads of deer; fome inferiptions,
ruins of aqueducts, coins, and other fmall furniture of
an antiquary’s cabinet. Its caftle, built by the empe¬
ror Frederick II. to proteft the northern branches of
the harbour, is large and ftately. Charles V. repaired
it. The port is double, and the fineft in the Adriatic.
The outer part is formed by two promontories, which
ftretch off gradually from each other as they advance
into the fea, leaving a very narrow channel at the bafe
of the angle. The ifland of St Andrew, on which Al-
phonfus I. built a fortrefs, lies between the capes, and
fecures the whole road from the fury of the waves. In
this triangular fpace, large Ihips may ride at anchor.
At the bottom of the Bay the hills recede in a femicir-
cular lhape, to leave room for the inner-haven; which,
as it weie, clafps the city in its arms, or rather encir.
cles it, in the figure of a ftag’s head and horns. This
form is faid to have given rife to the name of Brundu-
fum, which, in the old Mcffapian language, fignified
the head of a deer. In ancient days, the communica¬
tion between the two havens was marked by lights
placed upon columns of the Corinthian order. Hand¬
ing on a rifing ground, in a direft line with the chan¬
nel.
Of thefe one remains entire upon its pedeftal. Its
capi-
Brim
H • s
BrindilL
!
;
f Smith't\
Laboratory
P-3-
B R I [ 561 1 B R I
BfimJifi. capitals is adorned with figures of Syrens and Tritons,
”—   intermingled with the acanthus leaf, and upon it a
circular vafe, which formerly held the fire. A mo*
dern infcription has been cut upon the plinth. Near
it is another pedeftal of fimilar dimenfions, with one
piece of the fhaft lying on it. The fpace between
thefe pillars anfwered to the entrance of the harbour.
“ The whole kingdom of Naples (fays Mr Swinburne)
cannot fiiow a.more complete fituation for trade than
Brindifi. Here goodnefs of foil, depth of water, fafe-
ty of anchorage, and a centrical pofition, are all united;
yet it has neither commerce, hufbandry, nor populouf-
nefs. From the obftru&ions in the channel, which
communicates with the two havens, arifes the tribe of
j evils that alfiidf and defolate this unhappy town. Julius
Casfar may be faid to have begun its ruin, by attempt-
li ing to block up Pompey’s fleet. He drove piles into
the neck of land between the two ridges of hills; threw
in earth, trees, and ruins of houfes ; and had nearly
accomplifhed the blockade, when Pompey failed out
jj and efcaped to Greece. In the 15th century, the
I prince of Taranto funk fome (hips in the middle of the
paffage, to prevent the royalifls from entering the
port, and thereby provided a refling place for fea-weeds
and fand, which foon accumulated, choked up the
mouth, and rendered it impracticable for any veffels
whatfoever. In 1752 the evil was increafed, fo as to
| hinder even the waves from beating through ; and all
communication was cut off, except in violent eafterly
winds or rainy feafons, when an extraordinary quanti¬
ty of frefh water raifes the level. From that period
H the port became a fetid green lake, full of infection
and noxious infefts; no fifh but eels could live in it,
mor any boat ply except canoes made of a Angle tree.
II They can hold but one perfon, and overfet.with the
II teaft irregularity of motion. The low grounds at each
|i; end were overflowed and converted into marfhes, the
|| vapours of which created every fummer a real pefli-
lence; and in the courfe of very few years, fwept off
or drove away the largeft portion of the inhabitants.
From the number of eighteen thoufand, they were re¬
duced in 1766 to that of five thoufand livid wretches,
tormented with agues and malignant fevers. In 1775
above fifteen hundred perfons died during the autumn;
a woful change of climate 1 Thirty years ago, the air
j' of Brindifi was efleemed fo wholefome and balfamic,
that the convents of Naples were wont to fend their
confumptive friars to this city for the recovery of their
health. This ftate of mifery and dettru&ion induced
the remaining citizens to apply for reliefto Don Carlo
Demarco, one of the king’s minifters, and a native of
Brindifi. In confequence of this application, Don
Vito Caravdli was ordered to draw up plans, and fix
«pon the means of opening the port afrefh: Don An-
? drea Pigonati was laft year fent to execute his pro-
jefts; and, by the help of machines and the labour of
the galley-flaves, has fucceeded in fome meafure. The
channel has been partly cleared, and has now two fa¬
thom of water. It can admit large boats, a great Itep
towards the revival of trade ; but what is of more im-
I mediate importance, it gives a free pafiage to the fea,
which now rufiies in with impetuofity, and runs out
again at each tide; fo that the water of the inner port
is fet in motion, and once more rendered wholefome.
The canal or gut is to be feven hundred yards long,
Vol. III. Part II.
and drawn in a draight line from the column. At pre- BrurdilJ
fent its parapets are defended by piles and fafeines
but if the original plan be purfued, ftone piers will be
erefted on both fides. When the canal (hall be fcoop-
ed out to a proper depth, and its piers folidly eftablifh-
ed, velfels of any burden may once more enter this land¬
locked port, which affords room for a whole navy.
Docks wet and dry may be dug, goods may be (hipped
at the quay, and convenient watering-places be made
with great eafe. If merchants (hould think it a place
of rifing trade, and worthy of their notice, there is no
want of fpace in the town for any fadtory whatever.
Circulation of cafh would give vigour to hulbandry,
and provifions would foon abound in this market.
The fands at the foot of the hills, which form the
channel, are to be laid out in beds for mufcles and
oyfters. Some ecclefiaftics are railing nurferies of
orange and lemon trees; and other citizens intend
introducing the cultivation of mulberry-trees, and
breeding of filk-worms. The engineer would have
done very little for the health of Brindifi, had he only-
opened a paffage, and given a free courfe to the waters;
the marflies at each extremity of the harbour would
ftill have infedled the air: he, therefore, at the expence
of about a thoufand ducats, had the fens filled up with
earth, and a dam raifed to confine the waters, and pre¬
vent their flowing back upon the meadows. The peo¬
ple of Brindifi, who are fenfible of the blefiings already
derived from thefe operations, who feel a return of
health, and fee an opening for commerce and opulence,
feem ready to acknowledge the obligation. They in¬
tend to ereft a ftatue to the king, with inferiptions on
the pedeftal in honour of the minifter and agents. The
workmen, in cleaning the channel, have found fome
medals and feals, and have drawn up many of the piles
that were driven in by Csefar. They are fmall oaks
dripped of their bark, and (till as frefti as if they had
been cut only a month, though buried above eighteen
centuries feven feet under the fand. The foil about
the town is light and good. It produces excellent
cotton, with which the Brindifians manufaclure gloves
and (lockings.
“ It is impoflible to determine who were the found¬
ers of Brunduftum, or when it was firft inhabited.
The Romans took early poflelfion of a harbour fo con¬
venient for their enterprifes againft the nations dwell¬
ing beyond the Adriatic. In the year of Rome 509,
they fent a colony hither. Pompey took refuge here j
but finding his poll untenable, made a precipitate re¬
treat to Greece. In this city Odlavianus firft affumed
the name of Cafar, and here he concluded one of his
(hort-lived peaces with Antony. Brundufium had
been already celebrated for giving birth to the tragic
poet Pacuvius, and about this time became remarkable
for the death of Virgil. The barbarians, who ravaged
every corner of Italy, did not fpare fo rich a town ;
and, in 836, the Saracens gave a finifliing blow to its
fortunes. The Greek emperors, fenfible of the necef-
fity of having fuch a port as this in Italy, would have
reftored it to its ancient ftrength and fplendor, had the
Normans allowed them time and leifure. The Greeks
draggled manfully to keep their ground ; but, after
many varieties of fuccefs, were finally driven out of
Brindifi by William I. The frenzy for expeditions to
Paleftine, though it drained other kingdoms of their
4 B wealth
B R I [ 562 ] B R I
Brinley. wealth and fubje&s, contributed powerfully to the re-
eftabliihment of this city, one of the ports where pil¬
grims and warriors took ihipping. It alfo benefited by
the refidence of the emperor Frederick, whofe frequent
armaments for the Holy Land required his prefence at
this place of rendezvous. The lofs of Jerufalem, the
fall of the Grecian empire, and the ruin of all the Le¬
vant trade after the Turks had conquered the Eaft, re¬
duced Brindifi to a ftate of inaftivity and defolation,
f-rorq which it has never been able to emerge.” E.
Long. 1 8. 5. N. Lat. 40. 52.
BRINLEY (James), a moft uncommon genius for
mechanical inventions, and particularly excellent in
planning and conducing inland navigations, was born,
j 716, at Tunited in Derbyfhire. Through the mif-
management of his father (for there was fome little
property in his houfe) bis education was totally ne¬
glected ; and, at feventeen, he bound himfelf appren¬
tice to a mill-wright, near Macclesfield, in Cheihire.
He ferved his apprenticelhip ; and, afterwards, fetting
up for himfelf, advanced the mill-wright bufinefs, by
inventions and contrivances of his own, to a degree of
perfection which it had not attained before. His
fame, as a molt ingenious mechanic, Spreading widely,
his genius was no longer confined to the bufinefs of his
profeffion : for, in 1752, he ereCted a very extraordi-
nary water-engine at Clifton, in Lancafhire, for the
purpofe of draining coal-mines; and, 1755, was em¬
ployed to execute the larger wheels for a new filk-mill,
at Congleton, in Cheihire. The potteries of Stafford-
flaire were alfo, about this time, indebted to him for
feveral valuable additions in the mills ufed by them
for grinding flint-ltones. In tyjd, he undertook to
ereCt a fteam-engine near Newcaltle under Line upon a
new plan; and it is believed that he would have brought
this engine to a great degree of perfection, if fome in-
terefted engineers had not oppofed him.
His attention, however, was foon afterwards called
off to another objeCl, which, in its eonfequences, hath
proved of high importance to trade and commerce;
namely, the projecting and executing “ Inland navi¬
gations.” By thefe navigations the expence of car¬
riage is leffened ; a communication is opened from one
part of the kingdom to another, and from each of thefe
parts to the fea ; and hence produCts and manufactures
are afforded at a moderate price. The duke of Bridg¬
water hath, at Worfley, about feven miles from Man-
chefter, a large ellate abounding with coal, which had
hitherto lain ufelefs, becaufe the expence of land-car¬
riage was too great to find a market for confumption.
The duke, wilhing to work thefe mines, perceived the
neceffity of a canal from Worfley to Manchefter; up¬
on which occafion Brindley, now become famous, was
confulted; and declaring the fcheme practicable, an
aft for this purpofe was obtained in 1758 and 1759. It
being, however, afterwards difcovered, that the navi¬
gation would be more beneficial, if carried over the ri¬
ver Irwell to Manchefter, another aft was obtained to
vary the courfe of the canal agreeably to the new plan,
andlikewife to extend a fide-branch toLongford-bridge
in Stretford. Brindley', in the mean time, had begun
thefe great works, being the firft of the kind ever at¬
tempted in England, with navigable fubterraneous
tunnels and elevated aquedufts; and as, in order to
preferve the level of the water, it ftiould be free from
the ufual obftruftions of locks, he carried the canal over
rivers, and many large and deep vallies. When it was
completed as far as Barton, where the Irwell is navi¬
gable for large veffels, he propofed to carry it over that
river, by an aqueduft of thirty-nine feet above the fur-
face of the water ; and though this projeft was treated
as wild and chimerical, yet, fupported by his noble pa¬
tron, he began his work in Sept. 1760, and the firll
boat failed over it in July 1761. The duke afterwards
extended his ideas to Liverpool; and obtained, in
1762, an aft for branching his canal to the tideway in
the Merfey : this part of the canal is carried over the
rivers Merfey and Bollan, an^J over many wide and
deep vallies.
The fuccefsof the duke of Bridgwater’s undertakings
encouraged a number of gentlemen and manufafturers
in Staffordlhire, to revive the idea of a canal-naviga¬
tion through that county ; and Brindley was, there¬
fore, engaged to make a furvey from the Trent to the
Merfey. In 1766, this canal was begun, and conduc¬
ted under Brinley’s direftion as long as he lived ; but
finiftied after his death by his brother-in-law Mr Hen-
fhall, of whom he had a great opinion, in May 1777.
The proprietors called it, “ the canal from the Trent
to the Merfey ;” but the engineer, more emphatically,
“ the Grand Trunk Navigation,” on account of the
numerous branches, which, as hejuftly fuppofed, would
be extended every way from it. It is 93 miles in
length ; and, befides a large number of bridges over it,
has 76 locks and five tunnels. The molt remarkable
of the tunnels is the fubterraneous paffage of Hare-
caftle, being 2880 yards in length, and more than 70
yards below the furface of the earth. The fcheme of
this inland-navigation had employed the thoughts of the
ingenious part of the kingdom for upwards of 20
years before; and fome furveys had been made: but
Harecaftle hill, through which the tunnel is conftruc-
ted, could neither be avoided nor overcome by any ex¬
pedient the moft able engineers could devife. It was
Brinley alone who furmounted this and other the like
difficulties, arifing from the variety of ftrata and
quickfands, as no one but himfelf would have at¬
tempted to conquer.
Brinley was engaged in many other fimilar under¬
takings, for a fuller account of which, not being coniift-
ent with our plan, we refer the reader to the ^ Biogra-
phia Britannica;” or rather to a curious and valuable
pamphlet, publiflied fome yearsfince, and intituled, “The
Hiftory of Inland-Navigations, particularly that of the
Duke of Bridgwater.” He died at Turnhurft in Staf¬
fordlhire, Sept. 27th, 1772, in his 56th year: fome-
what immaturely, as it ftiould feem ; but he is fuppo¬
fed to have Ihortened his days by too intenfe applica¬
tion, and to have brought on a heftic fever, which
continued on him for fome years before it confumed
him. For he never indulged and relaxed himfelf in the
common diverhons of life, as not having the leaft re-
lilh for them ; and, though once prevailed on to fee a
play in London, yet he declared that he would on no
account be prefent at another ; becaufe it fo difturbed
his ideas for feveral day's after, as to render him unfit
for bufinefs. When any extraordinary difficulty oc¬
curred to him in the execution of his works, he general¬
ly retired to bed; and has been known to lie there one,
two, or three days, till he _has furmounted it. He.
would
f
B R I [ j6j 1 B R I
fji Brine, would then get up, and execute his defign without any
1  ' drawing or model: for he had a prodigious memory,
and carried every thing in his head.
As his ftation in life was low, and his education
totally neglected, fo his exterior accomplifhments
were fuitable to them. He could indeed read and
write, but both very indifferently ; and he was per¬
haps, in his way, as abnormis fapiens —“ of mother-
wit, and wife without the fchools”—as any man that
ever lived. “ He is as plain a looking man as one of
the boors in the Peake, or one of his own carters : but
when he fpeaks, all ears liften ; and every mind is filled
with wonder, at the things he pronounces to be prac-
I ticable.” The fame author gives us alfo no ungraci¬
ous idea of his moral make : “ being great in himfelf,
he harbours no contra&ed notions, no jealoufy of ri¬
vals : he conceals not his methods of proceeding, nor
afks patents to fecure the foie ufe of the machines,
which he invents and expofes to public view. Senfi-
I ble that he mull one day ceafe to be, he fele£ls men of
genius, teaches, them the power of mechanics, and em¬
ploys them in carrying on the various undertakings in
which he is engaged. It is not to the duke of Bridg¬
water only that his fervices are confined : he is of pub¬
lic utility, and employs his talents in rectifying the mif-
takes of defpairing workmen, &c. His powers fhine
moll in the midll of difficulties; when rivers and
|t mountains feem to thwart his defigns, then appears his
vail capacity, by which he makes them fubfervient to
his will.”
BRINE, or Pickle; water replete with falinepar-
1 tides.
Brine taken out of brine-pits, or brine-pans, ufed
by fome for curing or pickling of fifh, without boil-
|f ing the fame into fait; and rock-falt, without re-
I' fining it into white-falc; are prohibited by i Ann.
!! cap. 21.
Brine is either native, as the fea-water, which by
codtion turns to fait; or faClitious, formed by diffol-
| ving fait in water. In the fait-works at Upwick in
Worcefterlhire, there are found, at the fame time, and
in the fame pit, three forts of brine, each of a different
J ftrength. They are drawn by a pump ; and that in
the bottom, fir it brought up, is called firji man ; the
next, middle man; and the third, lajl man.
Leach Brink, a name given to what drops from the
corned fait in draining and drying, which they preferve
and boil again ; being flronger than any brine in the
pit. There is land found is all the Staffordfhire brines
after codtion ; but naturalifls obferve, it did not pre-
exifl in the water, but rather is the produdl of the
| boiling. Some ileep their feed-wheat in brine, to pre¬
vent the fmut. Brine is alfo commended as of efficacy
againft gangrenes.
Brine alfo denotes a pickle pregnant with fait,
wherein things are ileeped to keep.
I;. Brink.'pans, the pits wherein the falt-water is retain¬
ed, and fuffered to hand, to bear the adlion of the fun,
whereby it is converted into fait. There are divers
forts of fait-pans, as the water-pan, fecond pan, fun-
pan ; the water being transferred orderly from one to
another.
BRiNF.-pit, in falt-making, the fait fpring from
whence the water to be boiled into fait is taken. There
are of thefe fprings in many places ; that at Nampt-
wich, in Chefhire, is alone fufficient, according to the Brine,
account of the people of the place, to yield fait for the —v—*
whole kingdom ; but it is under the government of
certain lords and regulators, who, that the market may
not be overflocked, will not fuffer more than a cer¬
tain quantity of the fait to be made yearly. See the
next article.
Brine Springs, are fountains which flow with falt-
water inflead of frefh. Of thefe there are a good number
in South Britain, but though not peculiar to this ifland,
are far from being common in the countries on the con¬
tinent. There are fome of them in feveral different coun¬
ties ; and perhaps, on a due fearch, others might be dif-
covered*. The moll remarkable of thefe already known * Can.pbell's
are, one at Eafl-Chennock in Somerfetfhire, about/Vitfca/
20 miles from the fea. Another at Leamington in Survey,
Warwickfhire, very near the river Learn ; which, how-
ever, is but weak. Such a fpring likewife runs into the
river Cherwell in Oxfordfhire, and feveral more in
Weflmoreland and Yorkfhire: but as they are but
poor, and the fuel in mod of thofe counties fcarce
and dear, no fait is prepared from them. At Barrow-
dale near Grange, three miles from Kefwick in Cum¬
berland, a pretty flrong fpring rifes in a level near a
mofs, 16 gallons of the water of which yield one of
pure fait; which is the more remarkable, when it is
confidered that the fame quantity of fait cannot be ob¬
tained from lefs than 22 gallons of the waters of the
German ocean. At a place called Salt-water Haugh,
near Butterpy, in the bifhopric of Durham, there are a
multitude of fait fprings which rife in the middle of
the river Weare, for the fpace of about 40 yards in
length, and ten in breadth; but particularly one out
of a rock, which is fo ftrong that in a , hot fummer’s
day the furface will be covered with a pure white fait.
At Weilon, in Staffordlhire, there are brine pits
which afford about a ninth part of very fine white fait.
There are others at Enfon, St Thomas, and in the
parilh of Ingellre, but fo weak that they are not
wrought; though it is believed, that by boring, ftronger
fprings might be found in the neighbourhood. In
Lancalhire there are feveral fait fprings, but (if we ex¬
cept that at Barton, which is as rich as the fpring at
Norwich) by no means fo famous as thofe of Chelhire,
called in general by the name of the nuiches. Nampt-
wich.on the river Weever, has a noble fpring not far
from the river, which is fo rich as to yield one fixth-pavt
of pure white fait. At fix miles dillance Hands North-
wich, at the confluence of the Weever and the Dan ;
where the brine is Hill richer, fince they obtain fix
ounces of fall from 16 of water. There are, even at
this day, fome vifible remains of a Roman caufeway
between thefe two towns. The inhabitants of Wales,
who, before that country was incorporated into Eng¬
land, were fupplied chiefly, if not folely, with that
neceffary commodity from thefe two towns, called the
former Hdlath Wen, and the latter Hellath Du; i. e.
the white and black fait pit. In 1670, a rock of fait
was difcovered at a fmall diftance from Norwich,
which has been wrought to a great depth, and to a
vaft extent, fo as to be juftly efteemed one of the
greatett curiofities in England ; and it is highly pro¬
bable, that there is an immenfe body of foffile fait in
the bowels of the earth, under this whole county;
fince, upon boring, brine pits have been found in many
4 B 2 place*
B R I l i<4 ] B, R I
Briny plac« on both fides the river Wec-vcr. This is the
Pr’oude Iri0re fince« at Middlewjch, which liands at
> r <^a<:' the confluence of the Croke and the Dan, there are
falt-fprings with a frefli brook running between them.
The. brines from thefe pits are of Unequal ftrength ; but
when mixed, they commonly obtain four ounces of fait
from a pound of brine. Experience fliows, that in
thefe fprings the water is ftrongeft neareft the bottom,
richer in dry weather than in wet, and when long
drawn than when firlt wrought. But thefe are no rules
in refpeA to other falt-fprings, fince in thofe of Franche
Compte the brine is Itrongefl; in wet weather. There
are feveral other bodies diffolved in thefe brines befides
fait; in fome a fulphureous fubftanee, which fublimes
as the brine heats ; a fort of dirty ochre which difcolours
the brine, but, if fuffered to Hand, fpeedily fubfides;
and in moft brines a calcareous, or rather felenitic earth,
t Sre which fettles to the bottom of the pansf.
anriSpring. cj-0 BRING-to, in navigation, to check the courfe
of a {hip when {he is advancing, by arranging the
fails in fuch a manner, that they {hall counteract each
other, and prevent her either from retreating or mo¬
ving forward. In this fituation the {hip is faid to lie
by, or lie to ; having, according to the fea-phrafe, fpme
of her fails aback, to oppofe the force of thofe which
are full; or having them otherwife {hortened by being
furled, or hauled up in the brails.
Bs-itiswa-to, is generally ufed to detain a {hip in
any particular ftation, in order to wait the approach of
fome other that may be advancing towards her ; or to
retard her courfe occafionally near any port in the
courfe of a voyage.
BniNGiNoin a Horfe, in the manege, the fame as to
fay, keep down the nofe of a horfe that boars and tofies
his nofe in the wind: this is done by means of a
branch.
BRINING OF corn, in hulbandry, an operation
performed on the wheat-feed, in order to prevent the
fmut. Aliquoristo be prepared for this purpofe,byput¬
ting 70 gallons of water into a tub (like a malh-tub
ufed for brewing), and a corn-bulhel of unflaked lime-
flone. This is to be well ftirred till the whole is dif¬
folved, and left to Hand for 30 hours ; after which it
is to be drained off into another tub, in the manner
praftifed for beer. In this way about a hoglhead of
ilrong lime-water will be obtained, to which muft be
added three pecks of fait. The wheat muft be fteeped
in this pickle, by running it gently, and in fmall quan¬
tities, into a broad-bottomed baflcet of about 24 inches
in diameter, and 20 inches deep, and ftirring it. The
light feed that floats muft be ftrained off with a {train¬
er, and muft not be fown. When the baflcet has been
drawn up, and drained of the pickle, the wheat will
be fit for flowing in two hours after the brining.
Brining of hay-ricks, a practice common in Ameri¬
ca, of mixing fait with the hay as it is flacked.
BRIONNE, a town of France, in Normandy,
feated on the river Rille. E. Long. o. 51. N. Lat.
49. 51.
BRIOUDE, a town of France, in lower Auvergne.
There are two Brioudes, three quarters of a mile from
each other; the one is called Church Brioude, the other
Old Brioude. The houfes are built after the antique
manner, and are badly difpofed. The canons are all
temporal lords and counts. It is in no diocefe, but de¬
pends immediately on the Pope. There are feveral cun- Er'qu-ri# .
vents *, and, among the reft, the church of St Ferrol, j1 j]
which is highly celebrated. Near the Old Town is a
ftone-bridge on the river Allier, which con frits of one v " 'J
arch : this is efteemed a ttupendous ftru&ure, and is
thought to be a work of the Romans. The inhabi¬
tants have no manufactures. It is fituated in E. Long,
3. 25. N. Lat. 45. 14.
BRIQUERAS, a town in Piedmont, feated in the
valley of Lucern, three miles from the town of that
name, and four fouth of Pignerol. It had a very ftrong
caftle towards the latter end of the 16th century ; but
when the French got footing in it, it was ruined, that
is, before they delivered it up to the duke of Savoy inr
1696. E. Long. 7. 24. N. Lat. 44. 41.
BR1SACH, a town of Germany, and capital of'
Brifgaw. It was twice in poffeflion of the French ; but
reftored to the houfe of Auftria, in confequence of
treaties of peace. It was a very ftrong place, but- the , |
fortifications have been demoliftied. It is feated on the
Rhine, where there is a bridge of boats. E. Long*
7. 49. N. Lat. 48. 5.
Brisach (New), a town of France, in Alface, built
by order of Louis XIV. over againft Old Brifach, and
fortified by Vauban. It is 32 miles fouth of Straftmrg*
E. Long. 7. 46. N. Lat. 48. 5.
BRISEIS, or Hippodamia, in fabulous hiftory, the
wife of Mynes king of Lyrnefta. After Achilles had
taken that city, and killed her hulband, {he became his
captive. That hero loved her tenderly; but Agamem¬
non taking her from him, {he became the accidental
caufe of numberlefs diforders in the Grecian army*
Achilles, enraged, retired to his tent; and, till the
death of Patroclus, refufed tO: fight againft the Tro¬
jans. The refentment of this prince is finely painted
in the Iliad.
BRISGAW, a territory of Germany, in the circle
of Suabia, on the eaftern banks of the Rhine, about 50
miles in length, and 30 in breadth. The principal places
are Old Brifach, New Brifach, Freyburgh, Rbinmarck,
and an ifland in the Rhine.
BRISIACUS mons (ane. geog.}, a town on the
right or eaft fide of the Rhine. Now Brifac, fituate
on a round hill; a fortified town of Suabia, and di-
ftinguifhed by the name of Old Brifae. E. Long. 7.
15. Lat, 48. 10.
BRISSOT (Peter), one of the ableft phyficians of*
the 16th century, was born at Fontenai le Comte iff
Poitou. He ftudied at Paris ; and', having taken- hft
doftor’s degree, bent his thoughts to the reforming of
phyfic, by reftoring the precepts of Hippocrates and ii
Galen, and exploding the maxims of the Arabians : to
this purpofe he publicly explained Galen’s works,, in*-
{lead of thofe of Avicenna, Rhafis, and Meflue. He af¬
terwards refolved to travel to acquire the knowledge of
plants ; and going to Portugal, praftifed phyfic in the
city of Ebora. His new method of bleeding in pleu-
rifies, on the fide where the pleurify was, raifed a kind
of civil war among the Portuguefe phyficians; it was
brought before the univerfity of Salamanca, who at lalh
gave judgment, that the opinion aferibed to Briffot
was the pure deftrine of Galen. The partisans of De¬
nys, his opponent, appealed in 152910 the emperor,to'
prevent the pradfice, as being attended with deftru&ive
confequences; but Charles III. duke of Savoy hap¬
pening
fi>j pining to c!is. at this time of a pleurify, after having
been bled on the oppofite fide, the profecutioH drop-
'" " ped. He wrote an Apology for his practice ; but died
before it was publifhed, in 1552 ; but Anthony Lu-
ceus, his friend,, printed it at Paris three years after.
Renatus Moreau procured 3. new edition of it at Paris
in 1622'; and, annexed to it a treatife intitled De viif-
jhne fangutnij in pleuritide, together with the Life of
Rriifot. .
BRISTLE, a rigid gloffy kind of hair found on
fwine, and much ufed by bruih-makers, &c.
BRISTOL, a city of England, and inferior to
none, except London, for wealth, trade, and number
of inhabitants. Briftcl is a corruption of Brightjlonu, as
it was called by the Saxons. It is thought to have
ftood anciently altogether on the weft or Somerfetihir'e
fide of the Avon, before the bridge was built; but af¬
ter that, it came to be partly in Somerfetfhire and
partly in Glouceftei ihire, until it was made a county of
itfelf, though even before that, in the parliament rolls,
it was always placed in Somerfetftiire. At prefent, the
eaft fide is by much the largeft and moll populous. It
had anciently a caftle, built by Robert earl of Glou-
cefter, natural fon to Henry I. which was demolilhed
by Cromwell; and the ground is now laid out into
llreets. The corporation confifts of a mayor; recorder ;
twelve aldermen, of whom the recorder is one; two
Iheriffs ; and twenty-eight common-council men. The
recorder is generally a ferjeant at law, and fits as judge
in capital and all other criminal caufes. The mayor, to
fupport his dignity, and defray his extraordinary ex¬
pense, is intitled to certain fees from Ihips, which
long ago amounted to L.500 or L.600. Briftol is a
bilhop’s fee, being one of the fix erefted by King
Henry VIII. out of the fpoils of the monafteries and
religious houfes which that monarch had got dilfolved.
The cathedral church was the church of the abbey of
St Auftin in Briftol, founded by Robert Fitzharding
fon to a king of Denmark, once a citizen here, by
him filled with canons regular in the year 1148. At
the reformation King Henry VIII. placed therein a
dean and fix prebendaries, which mode of government
Hill continues. During a great part of Queen Eliza¬
beth’s reign, his fee was held in commendam by the
bifhop of Gloucefter. This diocefe was formed chief¬
ly out of the diocefe of Salilbury, with a fmall part
from the diocefes of Wells and Worcefter. It contains
moft of the city of Briftol, and all the county of Dor-
fet, in which are 236 parifties, of which 64 are impro¬
priated. It hath only one archdeaconry, viz. of Dor-
fet; is valued in the king’s books L.338 18:4, and
is computed to be annually worth L. 1500, including
its commendanis. The tenths of the clergy, L.353,
j8s. o|d This fee hath yielded to the ftate one
Lord Privy Seal. The revenues of the abbey of St
Auguftine, or St Auftin, in Briftol, was valued at
the diffolution at L 670 : 13 : 11, when it was erefted
into a cathedral by King Henry VIII. by the name of
the Cathedral Church of the Holy Trinity. To this
cathedral belongs a bilhop, a dean, an archdeacon, a
chancellor, fix prebendaries, and other inferior officers
and fervants. Befides the cathedral, there are 18 pa-
riffi-churches; and here are diftenters of all denomi¬
nations, of whom the quakers are very refpedlable both
for their wealth and numbers. Of the parilh-churches,
St Mary RatclifF is reckoned one of the fineft, not only Bn
here, but in the whole kingdom. In this church, be-
fides two monuments of the founder William Cannings,
who had been five times mayor of this city, one in the
habit of a magiftrate, and another in that of a prieft
(for in his latter days he took orders), there is one of
Sir William Penn, father to the famous quaker. The
old bridge over the Avon con filled of four broad arches,
with houfes on both fides like thofe formerly on Lon¬
don bridge 5 but this has been lately pulled down, and
another erebled in its place. No carts or waggons are
admitted into Briftol, for fear of damaging the vaults'
and gutters made under ground for carrying the filth
of the city into the river. Queen’s-fquare, in this city,
is larger than any in London, except Lincoln’s-inn-
fields, and has in the centre an equeftrian flatue of
King William III. AH the gates of the city remain en¬
tire, and a part of the walls; the reft were razed ire
the reign of William Rufus. It is almoft as broad as
long, about feven miles in circumference, and contains
about 95,000 inhabitants. Of the hofpitals, the chief
are, 1. That called Queen Elizabeth’s, in which 100
boys are taught reading, writing, arithmetic, and navi¬
gation ; fix of whom, when they go out, have L. 1 o, and
the reft L. 8, 8 s. to bind them apprentices : the mailer
is allowed L.450 a-year for the maintenance of the
boys. 2. Colllon’s hofpital; in which 100 boys are
maintained for feven years, and taught and apprenticed,
as in Queen Elizabeth’s. 3. Another founded by the
fame gentleman in 1691, for 12 men and 12 women,
with an allowance of 3 s. per week, and 24 facksof coals
in the year. This charity coll the founder L. 25,000.
4. Another founded partly by Mr Colfton and partly
by the merchants, in which 18 men on account of the
merchants, and \ z men and women on account of Mr
Colllon, are maintained, 5. An infirmary, which was-
opened in 1736 for the fick, lame, and diftrefled poor
of the city, which is maintained by fubfcription, be¬
fides L.5000 bequeathed to it by John Eldridge, Efqj.
formerly comptroller ef the cuftoms at this port. There
are, befides thefe, a bridewell, feveral alms-houfes, and
charity-fchools. There is alfo a guildhall for the fef-
fions and affizes ; the mayor’s and flieriffs courts; a
council-houfe, where the mayor and aldermen meet
every day, except Sundays, to adminifter juftice ; a
handfome new exchange, with three entrances, about
two-thirds as large as that in London ; and a quay half
a mile in length, the moft commodious in England for
ffiipping and landing goods, for which purpofe it is-
provided with feveral cranes. In College-green is a
ftately high crofs, with the effigies of feveral kings
round it. In Winch-ftreet is a guard-houfe, with bar¬
racks for foldiers. As to the trade of this city, it was
computed many years ago to be much greater in pro¬
portion, efpecially to America and the Weft Indies,
than that of London. Fifty fail, fome of them (hips of
confiderable burden, have arrived here at one time, or
very near one another,, from the Weft Indies. For this
trade, and that to Ireland, it is much better fituated
than London, befides the great advantages it pofleffes
of an inland navigation by the Wye and Severn. Their
trade Extends to the Baltic, Norway, Holland, Ham¬
burgh, Guinea, and the Straits. The largeft Ihips
are difeharged at Hungroad, four miles below the cityr
and the goods are brought to the quay by lighters:,
B R I
For buiMing, equipping, and repairing Hups, there are
docks, yards, rope-walks, and fliip-wrights. Here are
fome confiderable woollen manufactures ; and no lefs
than i 5 glafs-houfes, for which Kingfwood and Mendip
-furnilh the coals. The city companies are 13 : 1. The
merchant adventurers. 2. The merchant tailors. 3. The
mercers. - 4. The map-boilers. 5. The tobacconifts.
6. The butchers. 7. The barbers. S.Thetylers. 9. The
holliers, who are the fled-men. 10. Shoemakers. 11.
Coopers. 12. Bakers. 13. Smiths. For fupplying the
city with water there are fix public conduits ; and
handfome hackney-coaches may be hired at very rea-
fonable rates, but they do not ply in the ftreets. There
are alio ilage-coaches, which fet out every day for
Bath, London, and other places. A mile below the
city, clofe by the river, is the hot well, whofe waters
are fpeciiie for the diabetes, and good in phthilical,
fcorbulic, and inflammatory diforders. Hither is a
great refort in the fummer of invalids, as well as other
company; for whofe accommodation and entertainment
there is a pump-room, ball room, coffee-houfe, witli
taverns, and a great number of elegant lodging-houfes,
both below on a level with the well, and above in the
delightful village of Clifton, which is fuuated on the
brow of a hill, from whence there are downs extending
feveral miles, where the company ride out for exercife.
[ 556 ]
B R I
mach, inteftines, and nerves; the Briftol favours the
lungs, kidneys, and bladder. Except a jaundice attend, u
the Briftol water may be of life in dropfies by its dry¬
ing and diuretic qualities. Dr Wynter aflerts, that
there is no iron in Briftol water; and that its mineral
contents are chalk, lapis calcareus, and calaminaris.
Five gallons of this water, after evaporation, afforded
only 3 iii. and gr. ii. of a mineral-like fubftance. The
difeafes in which this water is ufeful are internal hae-
monhagies, immoderate menfes, internal inflamations,
fpitting blood, dyfentery, purulent ulcers of the vifeera,
confumption, dropfy, feurvy with heat, ftone, gravel,
ftrangury, habitual gout, atrophy, flow fever, fero*
phula, gleets, and diabetes, in which laft it is a fpe-
cific, and may be drank as freely as the thirft requires
it. The hotter months are the beft for ufing it. The
Briftol and Matlock waters are of exa&ly the fame
qualities. Doddors Mead and Lane firft eftablifhed
the reputation of Briftol waters in difeafes of the kid¬
neys and bladder.
BRITAIN, or Great Britain, the moft confider¬
able of all the European iflands, extends from the Li¬
zard Point, in the latitude of about 50° to Dunefbay-
head in latitude 5X. 30. N. or, taking it in a ftraight
line from north to fouth, about eight degrees or 550
miles ; and from Dover head on the eaft to Land’s-
Nothingcan be more pure and falutary than the air of end on the weft comprehends about feven degrees of
thefe downs, which afford a variety of the moft roman¬
tic and agreeable profpects, comprehending Kingroad,
with the fhips at anchor, the mouth of the Seyern, and
the mountains of Wales. In the rocks above the well are
found thofe fix-cornered ftones called BriJiol-Jicnes ; but
they are not fo plentiful now as in Camden’s days,
when, he fays, whole bufhels might have been eafily
gathered. In this city is a theatre, where plays are
afted almoft every night during the recefs of the come¬
dians from the metropolis. There are two annual fairs,
to which the concourfe is fo great, that the neighbour¬
ing inns have filled 100 beds a-piece with their guefts.
In the winter feafon there is an affembly every Thurf-
day for the gayer part of the citizens of both fexes..
About half w^ay betwixt Briftol and Bath, at a place
called.Warmly, a company of Briftol merchants have
eredfed a noble manufadlure of pins and other brafs
utenfils, which employs a great number of hands, inclu¬
ding about 200 children of both fexes from feven to
twelve or thirteen years of age. All the different ope¬
rations of melting, fplitting, drawing, hammering,
turning, See. are performed by wheels worked with
water, which is raifed by two fire-engines of a very
curious mechanifm. The city of Briftol gives the
title of earl to the family of Hervey, and fends two
members to parliament. It is worth obferving, that
whoever marries a citizen’s daughter becomes free of
the city.
New Bristol, the capital of the county of Bucks
in Pennfylvania, fituated on the river IJelawar,about 20
miles north of Philadelphia, in W. Long. 75. N. Lat.
4°. 45.
Bristol Water. Of the four principal warm waters
naturally produced in England this is the leaft fo. As
the Bath waters are proper where the fecretions are
defedfive, fo the Briftol water is of fervice where they
exceed the requirements of health. The Bath water
warms; the Briftol cools. Bath water helps the fto-
longitude, which may be computed at about 290 miles:
but the form being very irregular, and leffentng con¬
tinually towards the north, proper allowances mull be
made in computing its dimenfions.
The ancient name of this ifland was Albion, the name Albion
Britain being then common to ail the iflands round it. ancient;
Hence Agathemerus, fpeaking of the Britifh illands, Iiania‘
“ They are many in number (fays he); but the moft
confiderable among them are Hibernia and Albion.”
And Ptolmy, to the chapter wherein he deferibes the
ifland now called Great Britain, prefixes the following
title : “ The fituation of Albion a Britifh ifland.” But
as this far excelled the other Britifli iflands, the name
of Albion in procefs of time was laid quite afide, and
that of Britain ufed in its Head. By this name it was ^
known in Pliny’s time, and even in Crefar’s The origin Origin
of both thefe names is very uncertain. Some derive that ’hedi"
of Albion from the Greek word alphon, which, accord-lialnt
ing to Feftus, fignifies nxihiie, the chalky cliffs that
in feveral places rife on the fouthern coafts having
that colour; while others pretend this name to have
been borrowed from a giant feigned to have been the
fon of Neptune, and mentioned by feveral ancient au¬
thors. Some etymologifts have recourfe to the Hebrew,
and others to the Phoenician ; alben in the former fig-
nifying white, and alp in the latter iignifying high. The
origin of the name Britain is no lefs uncertain than
that of Albion. Nennius and fome other Britilh wri¬
ters derive it from Brutus, whom they likewife call
Brito, the fifth in defeent from the celebrated -/Eneas.
Others derive it from the Britifh words pryd coin, that
is, a white form, foftened by degrees into Britannia,
Camden derives it from the word brith, which, in the
ancient language of the ifland, fignifies painted; and
tania, importing, in Greek, a region or country; fo
that the word Brithania, changed in procefs of time
into Britannia, expreffes what the Britons really were,
that is, painted. Somner, difliking Camden’s etymolo-
5 gy*
B R I f 567 ] B R I
^y, propofes another, viz. that the name comes of their fubje&s, or greater hopes of a peaceable and Britain.
happy reign. >—y—«.
_ Thofe hopes, however, were foon blafted; and the
'' from brydio; lignifying, in the Britifh tongue, rage,
and pointing out the violent motion of the fea that fur-
rounds the ifland. Mr Whittaker, in his Hiilory of hiftory of this monarch’s reign confifts of little elfe
Manchefter, derives it from the word brith, briei, brit,
Iris, or brig, which, he fays, fignifies divided or Jiriped.
Againft the firft. of thefe etymologies it may be objertl-
ed, that it is founded on a fable : and againft the other
four lies one common and unanfwerable objection ;
which is, that the name of Britain was given to the
illand by foreigners, who could not borrow it from
the Britifti tongue, with which they were in all like¬
lihood unacquainted. That the ifland received the
name of Britain from foreigners is evident, fmce the
natives never ftyled themfelves Britons, nor their coun¬
try Britain; their true name being Cumri, or Cumbri;
whence Cambria the name of Wales to this day among
the Welfh.
The learned Bochart, fpeaking of the colonies and
language of the Phoenicians, offers a conjedfure which
moft of our modern writers have adopted as the moft
natural. The Phoenicians, according to that writer,
called this ifland and fome others near it, Barat Anas,
that is, the land or country of tin or lead, and more con-
tradtedly Bratanac; which name, palling from the Phce-
than a detail of difputes and contentions between him
and his parliament.. A particular and minute account
of fuch tranfadtions could afford very little entertain¬
ment s. but it is of importance to know their origin, as
they are to be reckoned the ultimate caufes of thofe
fucceeding events which make fo confpicuous a figure
in the annals of Britain. $
In thofe barbarous ages which preceded the period Genera^
we are now entering upon, the human mind, enervated
by fuperftition, and obfcured by ignorance of every art t;m^
and fcience, feemed to have given up all pretenfions to
liberty, either religious or civil. Unlimited and uncon-
trouled defpotifm prevailed every where ; and though
England fuffered lefs in this refpecl than almoft any
other nation, the many examples of arbitrary power
exerted by her fovereigns, queen Elizabeth herfeif,
James’s immediate predeceffor, not excepted, fhow that
they were very far from being then a free people. An
inconteftable proof of this, and an evidence how little
reftraint at that time the people could lay upon the au¬
thority of the fovereign, is, that the proceedings of
nicians to the Greeks, and from thefe to the Romans, parliament were accounted, even by themfelves, of fa
might have been foftened into that of Britannicce and
Britannia. That the Phoenicians firft difcovered thefe
inlands, which were afterwards by the Greeks called
Cafiterides, and are proved by Camden to be our Scilly
iflands, appears both from Strabo and Pliny; of whom
the former tells us, that the Phoenicians lirft brought
tin from the Caffiterides, which they fold to the Greeks;
but kept the trade to themfelves, and the place private;
and the latter writes, that Mediocritus was the firft
who brought lead from the Cafiiterides ; where Bochart
fhows that we ought to read Mdickartus, who is the
little confequence, that they were not at the trouble to
keep journals of them. It was not till the year
1607, four years after the acceffion of James, that
parliamentary journals were kept, at the motion of
Sir Edwin Sandys, a member of great authority in
the houfe, g
The proceedings of the parliament being at that time Parliament*
of fo little confequence, it is no wonder that the feffions of little co:.>
were not regular, or that little attention was paid tofi<icrat102"
the choice or continuance of the members. In the reign
of Elizabeth, and her predeceffors, the feflions of par-
Phoenician Hercules of Sanchoniatho, to. whom that liament did not continue above the twelfth part fo long
nation afcribe their firft weftern difcoveries. But not-
withftanding the care of the Phoenicians to conceal
thefe iflands, the Greeks at laft difcovered them ; and
gave them the name of Cafiterides, which, in the Greek
as the vacations. It was then ufual, after parliaments
had been prolonged beyond one feffion, for the chan¬
cellor to exert a diferetionary authority of iffuing new
writs to fupply the place of any members whom he
tongue, fignifies the fame with ifora* In the Phcc- judged incapable of attending, either on account of
’Phis name was at firft given to the iflands of their employment, ficknefs, or other impediment. No
nician.
Scilly already mentioned, but by degrees communicated
to all the others lying in the fame fea. Thus Bochart.
But after all, his opinion, however plaufible in appear¬
ance, may be as foreign to the purpofe as any of the
reft ; many inftances of names given to new-difcovercd
prafbiee could be more dangerous to liberty than this,
as it gave the chancellor,, and confequently the fove¬
reign, an opportunity of garbling at pleafure the re-
prefentatives of the nation : yet fo little was liberty at
that time underftodd, that the commons, of their own>
countries fhowing that the origin of fuch names is not accord, without the leaft court influence or intrigue, and
always owing to reafon, but often to chance
price.
The general divifion of Britain is into England,
Scotland, and Wales ; for a particular defcription
aard hiftory of which, fee thefe articles.
kn*d In the year 1603, the kingdoms of Scotland and
s to England fell under the dominion of one fovereign, by
wn the acceflion of James VI. of Scotland to the throne
..and. 0f England. He derived his title to the latter from
! being the grandfon of Margaret eldeft daughter to
contrary to fome former votes of their own, confirmed
the chancellor’s power in this refpedb in the 23d of E-
lizabeth. Nor did they proceed any farther in the af-
fertion of their privileges, than to vote,, that “ during
the fitting of parliament there do not, atfany time, any
writ go out for the choofing or returning any member
without the warrant of the houfe.”* 1
Towards the end of the 16th or beginning of theG"^“.°^
17th century, a great revolution took place, though in-^^y^1011*
fenfibly, throughout all Europe.. Arts and fciences
Henry VII. of that kingdom ; and, on the failure of began to flourifh, commerce and navigation were greatly
9II the male line, his hereditary right remained incon¬
teftable. Queen Elizabeth, with her lateft breath,
extended,, and learning of all kinds-began to diffufe it-
felf. By more enlarged views, the love of freedom be-
had recognized him for her fucceffor ;. fo that few fo- gan, in England efpecially, to take place in the breafts
vereigns ever afcended a throne with more approbation
of moft people of birth and education; and this v
greatly
B R I
r 568 ]
B R T
Britain, .greatly promoted by an acquaintance with the ancient
Greek and Latin hiftorians. From the example of the
republics of Greece and Rome, whofc members had fo
often facrificed their lives for the fake of liberty, a pa¬
triotic fpirit began to arife ; and a defire of circumfcri-
bing the excdfive prerogative and arbitrary proceed¬
ings of the crown began fecretly to take place through-
g out the nation.
Grievances Nor was this defire unreafonable, or without a folid
the nation foundation. During the laft years of queen Elizabeth’s
laboured1116 reign’ t^e comrnerce» navigation, and number of fea-
iinder. men in England, bad fenfibly decayed. A remonftrance
from the Trinity-houfe in j6oz fays, that fince 1588,
the number of feamen and {hipping had decayed about
a third part. Every fpecies of domeftic induftry was fet¬
tered by monopolies.; and by exclufive companies,
•which arc only another fpecies of monopoly, almoft all
foreign trade, except that to France, was brought into
the hands of a few rapacious engroflers, and all profpe£l
of future improvement in commerce was for ever facri-
ficed to a little temporary advantage of the fovereign.
Thefe companies, though arbitrarily erefted, had car¬
ried their privileges fo far, that almoft all the com¬
merce of England centered in London ; the cuftoms of
that port alone amounted to no,oeol. a-year; while
thofe of all the kingdom befide amounted only to
17,000.; nay, the whole trade of London was confi¬
ned to about 200 citizens, who were eafily enabled, by
combining among themfelves, to fix whatever price they
pleafed both on the exports and imports of the nation.
Befides this, the fubje&s were burdened by wardftiips
and purveyances. The latter was an old prerogative of
the crown, by which the officers of the houfehold were
•empowered to take, without confent of the owners,
provifions for the king’s family, and carts and horfes
for the removal of his baggage, upon paying a ftated
price for them. The king had alfo a power of fend¬
ing any perfon, without his confent, on whatever mef-
fage he pleafed; and thus he could eafily force any in¬
dividual to pay him whatever money he chofe, rather
than be.fent out of the country on a difagreeable er¬
rand. Money extorted from individuals, by this or
any other method, was called a benevolence.
Thefe were fome of the grievances under which the
nation at this time laboured, and thefe the rifing fpirit
of patriotifm tended to redrefs. This difpofition, how¬
ever, the fevere government of Elizabeth had confined
within very narrow bounds: but when James fucceed-
ed to the throne; a foreign prince, lefs dreaded and
lefs beloved; fymptoms of a more free and independent
Tames’sar- genius immediately appeared. Happily James neither
hitrary fy- perceived the alteration, nor had fuflicient capacity to
ftem of go- check Its early advances. He had eftablifhed in his
vernnient. own mjncj a fpeculative fyftem of abfolute government,
which few of his fubjecls, and none but traitors and
rebels, he thought, would make any fcruple to admit.
He confidered himfelf as intitled to equal prerogatives
with other European fovereigns, not confidering the
military force with which their dcfpotifm was fupported.
The almoft unlimited power which, for upwards of a
centmy, had been exercifed by the Englifh fovereigns,
he confidered as due to royal birth and title, not to
the prudence and fpirit of thofe monarchs, or the con-
jun£tures of the times. In his perfon, therefore, he
imagined all legal power to be centered by an heredi-
N" 55-
tary and a divine right; ri&y, fo fully was he perfuaded Brha??
that he was the abfolute proprietor of his fubje&s, that
in his fpeech to the parliament in 1621, he told them,
that he “ wifhed them to have faid that their privileges
were derived from the grace and permiffion of him and
his anceftors.” And when the fame parliament pro-
tefted that “ the liberties, franchifes, privileges, and
jurifdi&ions of parliament, are the ancient and undoubt¬
ed birthright and inheritance of the fubjefts of Eng¬
land,” he was fo enraged, that fending for the journals
of the commons, he, with his own hand, before the
council, tore out this proteftation; and ordered his rea-
fons to be inferted in the council book.
Such were the oppofite difpofitions of the prince
and parliament, at the commencement of the Scottiffi
line ; difpofitions juft beginning to exift and to appear
in parliament, but thoroughly eftabliffied, and openly
avowed on the part of the king, throughout his whole
reign.
The confequence of fuch oppofite difpofitions pre¬
vailing in the king and parliament was, that during this
reign the prerogatives of the crown were violently and 1
openly attacked; but the chief grounds of difeontentReaf<;
were money and religion. The king’s high notions^12
of the royal prerogative made him imagine he had a, ween
right to whatever fums he pleafed to demand; and his king a.
profufion caufed him to diffipate in a fhort time the parfan
fcanty fupplies he could extort from the parliament,
who feem to have behaved as unreafonably on the one
hand as James himfelf did on the other. With regard Averffl
to religious matters, the nation was at that time great- James
ly infe&ed with puritanifm. Though the feverities ofthcpu*
Elizabeth had almoft totally fuppreffed the Papifts, it
had been otherwife with the Puritans. So much had
they increafed by the very means which had diminiffied
the number of catholics, that no lefs than 750 clergy¬
men of that perfuafion figned a petition to James on
his acceffion. They hoped that the king, having re¬
ceived his education in Scotland, and having always
profeffed an attachment to the church eftabliffied there,
would at leaft abate the rigour of the laws enabled
againft the Puritans, if he did not firow them particu¬
lar favour and encouragement. But in this they were
miftaken. He had obferved in their Scots brethren a
violent turn toward republicanifm, and a zealous at¬
tachment to civil liberty. In the capacities both of
monarch and theologian, he had experienced the little
complaifance they were difpofed to ffiow him. They
controuled his commands ; difputed his tenets ; and to
his face, before the whole people, cenfured his conduct
and behaviour. This fnperiority affumed by the pref-
byterian clergy, the monarchic pride of James could
never digeft. Though he had been obliged while in
Scotland to court their favour, he treafured up on that
account the ftronger refentment againft them; and was
determined to make them feel in their turn the weight
of his authority. He therefore not only rejected the
petition of the 750 clergymen above mentioned, but
throughout his whole reign refufed to relax in the leaft
the feverity of the laws againft; Proteftant nonconfor-
mifts, though very often petitioned in their favour by
his parliament.
The fame principles which qccafioned in James fuch He ft
an averfion to the Puritans, prompted him greatly to
favour the epifcopals, and even the Papifts, as being
greater
B R I
Britain, greater friends to defpotifn* In his youth he had been
fufpefted of a bias towards the religion of the latter;
and when he afcended the throne of England, it is cer¬
tain he often endeavoured to procure fome mitigation
of the laws againft them, if not an abfolute toleration.
But in this he was conftantly oppofed by the parlia-
r 569 i
B R I
rious religiotufb, but even the moft powerful foreign
nations, with no other weapon than mere argumenta- '
tion, we can as little wonder at his want of fuccefs.—
In (hort, fo far was James from being able to eftablifh
his royal authority above the ecclefxaftical, that he found
himfelf unable to introduce a frngle ceremony. He r
13
ifte
:opary i
itland.
ment; and indeed the ftrong inclination fhown by James turned therefore with the mortification not only of fee-
to eftablifh epifcopacy throughout every corner of his ing his fchemes entirely baffled with regard to Scotland,
dominions, tended very much to alienate the minds of but of having difgufted even the few of that nation over
whom religious prejudices did not prevail: for they,
confidering the ceremonies fo much infifted on by the
king as trivial and infignificant, could not help think¬
ing the national honour facrificed by a fervile imitation
the generality of his fubjefts, efpecially in Scotland,
entirely from him.
tempts to. In May 1617, the king fet out for Scotland, ex-
prefsly with the defign of eftablifhing epifcopacy in
that kingdom. He did not, however, propofe to a-
bolifh prefbytery entirely, and fet up abfolute epifco¬
pacy in its room. He defigned to content himfelf
with eftablifhing the royal authority above the eccle-
fiaftical, and introducing fome ceremonies into the
public worfhip, fuch as kneeling at the facrament, pri¬
vate communion, private baptifm, confirmation of chil¬
dren, and the obfervance of Chriftmas, &c. But as his
defign was fully feen from the beginning, every advance
of the modes of worfhip praftifed in England, and
that their fovereign betrayed equal narrownefs of mind,
though in an oppofite manner, with thofe he fo much
condemned. f ^
The like bad fuccefs attended James when he at-His badfue-
tempted fome oppofition to the puritanical innovations cefs again ft
in England. He had obferved in his progrefs through Pur|tar^
that kingdom, that a Judaical obfervance of the Sun-1” ngan
day gained ground every day: and that by this means,
towards epifcopacy gave the greateft difcontent, and under colour of religion, the people were debarred from
fuch fports and recreations as contributed to their
health as well as amufement. Imagining, therefore,
that it would be eafy to infufe cheerfulnefs into the
dark fpirit of devotion which then prevailed, he iffued
a proclamation to allow and encourage, after divine
it in fuch a manner as to make their tyranny infupport- fervice, all kinds of lawful games and exercifes ; and
able to thofe who were of a different way of thinking ——j,j :_a—
from themfelves. Every ecclefiaftical court poffefTed
the power of excommunication; which was then at¬
tended with fome very ferious temporal confequencesj
thofe trivial ceremonies were rejefted as fo many mor¬
tal fins.
franny of At this time the power of the Scots clergy was ex-
Scots ceedingly great; and the gloomy enthufiafticfpirit with
rEY- which they were actuated, prompted them to exercife
this proclamation his fubje&s regarded as an inftance of
the utmoft profanenefs and impiety. In 1620 a bill
was brought in by the commons for the more ftrict ob¬
fervance of the Sunday, which they affefted to call the
befides the fpiritual ones which were fuppofed to flow fabbatb. One Shepherd oppofed this bill, obje&ed to
I 1
from it. The perfon excommunicated was fhunned by
every one as profane and impious: his whole eftate du¬
ring his life-time, and all his moveables for ever, were
forfeited to the crown. A fentence of excommunica¬
tion was fometimes pronounced in a fummary manner,
by any ecclefiaftical court however inferior, againft any
perfon, whether he lived within the bounds of their ju-
rifdi&ion or not. And by this means, the whole ty¬
ranny of the inquifition, though without its orders, was
introduced into Scotland. But the clergymen were not
fatisfied with this unbounded authority in ecclefiaftical
matters; they affumed a cenforial power over every
part of adminiftration ; and in all their fermons and
even prayers mingling politics with religion, they in-
culcat«l the moft feditious and turbulent principles.
:dotes One Black, a minifter -of St Andrew’s, went fo far as
the appellation of fabbath as puritanical, and feems
even to have juftified fports on that day. For this
he was expelled the houfe by the fuggeftion of Mr
Pym; and in the fentence pronounced againft Shep¬
herd, his offence is faid to be great, exorbitant, and
unparalleled.
This Iketch, we hope, will be fufficient to give the
reader a tolerable idea of the fituation of affairs during
the reign of James I. We now proceed to give an ac¬
count of the few remarkable tranfadlions which occurred
in this period. jg
The fir ft thing of any confequence was a confpiracy sir Walter
formed, the very year of the king’s acceffton to the Raleigh’s
throne, to difplace him, and beftow the kingdom 0n con*PiracJr*
Arabella Stuart, a near relation of James’s, and equal¬
ly defcended from Henry VII. With regard to this
to pronounce in one of his fermons, that all kings were confpiracy every thing remains ftill myfterious, as it
the devil’s children ; and in his prayer for the queen he
ufed thefe words, “ We muft pray for her for the fa-
fhion’s fake, but we have no caufe: fhe will never do us
any good.”- Another minifter preaching in the principal
church of that capital, faid, that the king was poffeffed
was at the time when the confpiracy itfelf was difco-
vered. What renders it remarkable is the concern
Sir Walter Raleigh was faid to have in it; for which
he was tried, condemned without fufficient proof,
fuffered x 3 years imprifonment in the tower, and was
with a devil; and that, one devil being expelled, feven afterwards executed out of complaifance to the Spaniards,
worfe had entered in his place. To which he added, See Raleigh
that the fubjefts might; ’awfully rife, and take the fword
16 out of the hands of their fovereign.
e king’s We can fcarce wonder that James fhould be defirous
!gn mif-0f fubjugating fuch rebellious and turbulent fpirits as
itland ’ and» on t^ie ot^er hand, confidering the ex- pe&ations had been formed by the catholics that he
treme weaknefs of this monarch’s underftanding, and would prove favourable to them, both as that was .the
that he imagined himfelf able to manage not only fu- religion of his mother, and as he himfelf had been
Vol. III. Part II. 4C fuf.
In 1605 was difcovered the famous gunponvdsr trea- Account o£
fon, the anniverfary of which difcovery hath ever af- the gun-
terwards been celebrated with rejoicings. Its origin
follows: On the accefiion of James, great ex- rea on’
B R I
t 57° 1
B R I
Britain, fufpe&ed of a bias towards it in his youth. It is even proached the other fide, but were then ilartled by
J pretended that he had entered into pofitive engage¬
ments to grant them a toleration as foon as he fhould
mount the throne of England. Here, however, they
found their hopes built on a falfe foundation. James
on all oceafions exprefled his intention of executing
ftri&ly the laws enafted againft them, and of perfeve-
ring in all the rigorous meafures of Queen Elizabeth.
A plan of revenge was fil’d thought of by one Catefby,
i gentleman of good parts, and of an ancient family.
noife for which they could not well account. . Upon
inquiry, they found that it came from a vault below the
houfe of lords ; that a magazine of coals had been kept
there ; and that the coals were then felling off, after
which the vault would be let to the higheft bidder.
Upon this the vault was immediately hired by Percy }
36 barrels of powder lodged in it; the whole covered
up with faggots and billets ; the doors of the cellar_
boldly flung open ; and every body admitted, as if it
He communicated his mind to Percy, a defcendant of contained nothing dangerous,
the houfe of Northumberland. The latter propofed to Being now, as they thought, allured of fuccefs, the
afiaffinate the king 5 but this feemed to Catefby very confpirators began to plan the remaining part of their
far from being adequate to their purpofe. He told enterprize. The king, the queen, and prince Plenry,
Percy, that the king would be fucceeded by his chil- were expe&ed to be prefent at the opening of the par-
dren, who would alfo inherit his maxims of govern- liament. The duke, by reafon of his tender age, would
ment. He told him, that even though the whole royal be abfent, and it was refolved that Percy Ihould feize
family were deftroyed, the parliament, nobility, and or murder him. The princefs Elizabeth, likewife a
Cateftvy’s
fpeecfi.
gentry, who were all infefted with the fame herefy,
would raife another Proteftant prince to the throne.
“ To ferve any good purpofe (fays he), we muft de-
ftroy, at one blow, the king, the royal family, the
lords and commons; and bury all our enemies in one
common ruin. Happily they are all aflembled on the
firfl; meeting of parliament; and afford us the oppor¬
tunity of glorious and ufeful vengeance. Great pre¬
parations will not be requifite. A few of us may run
a mine below the hall, in which they meet; and chu-
child, was kept at Lord Harrington’s houfe in War-
wickfliire ; and fome pthers of the confpirators engaged
to affemble their friends on pretence of a hunting
match, when they were to feize that princefs, and im¬
mediately proclaim her queen. The day fo long wifhed
for at laft approached; the dreadful fegret, tho’ com¬
municated to more than 20 perfons, had been religioufly
kept for near a year and an half; and nothing could be
forefeen which could poffibly prevent the fuccefs of
their defign. Ten days before the meeting of parlia-
fihg the very moment when the king harangues both ment, however, lord Monteagle, a catholic fon to lord
the houfes, confign over to deftrudfion thofe determined
foes to all piety and religion. Mean while, we our-
felves ftanding aloof, fafe and unfufpe&ed, (hall tri¬
umph in being the inftruments of divine wrath, and
/hall behold with pleafure thofe facrilegious walls, in
which were paffed the edi&s for-proferibing our church
and butchering her children, toffed into a thoufand
fragments ; while their impious inhabitants, medita¬
ting perhaps ftill new perfecutions againft us, pafsfrom
flames above to flames below, there for ever to endure
the torments due to their offences.”
Prepara- This terrible fcheme being approved of, it was re-
tionsfor the folved to communicate it to a few more. One Thomas
execution of Winter was fent over to Flanders in queft of Fawkes,
the plot. an 0fHcer in the Spaniih fervice of approved zeal and
courage. All the confpirators were bound by the moft
folemn oaths, accompanied with the facrament; and
Morley, received the following letter, which had been C
delivered to his fervant by an unknown hand. “ My d
lord, out of the love I bear to fome of your friends, I
have a care Tor your prefervation. Therefore I would
advife you, as you tender your life, to devife fome ex-
cufe to fhift off your ^attendance on this parliament.
For God and man have determined to punifh the wuc-
kednefs of this time. And think not flightly of this
advertifement; but retire yourfelf into the country,
where you may expert the event in fafety. For, tho’
there be no appearance of any ftir, yet, I fay, they
fliall receive a terrible blow this parliament; and yet
they fhall not fee who hurts them. This counfel is
not to be contemned, becaufe it may do you good,
and can do you no harm: for the danger is over as foon
as you have burned this letter. And I hope God will
give you the grace to make good ufe of it, to whofe
to fuch a degree had fuperllition effaced every principle holy prote&ion I commend you.”—Though Monteagle
of humanity from their minds, that not one of them imagined this letter to be only a ridiculous artifice to
ever entertained the fmalleft compunftion for the cruel frighten him, he immediately carried it to lord Salif-
maffacre they were going to commit. Some indeed bury, feci*etary of ftate; who laid it before the king on
were ftartled at the thoughts of deftroying a number of his arrival in town a few days after,
catholics who muft neceffarily be prefent as fpeftators, The king looked upon the letter in a more ferrous
or attendants on the king, or as having feats in the houfe light. From the manner in which it was wrote he
of peers. But Tefmond a Jefuit, and Garnet fuperior of concluded that fome defign was forming to blow up
that order in England, removed thofe fcruples, by fhow- the parliament-houfe with gunpowder, and it was
ing that the intereft of religion required in this cafe the thought advifeable to fearch the vaults below. The
facrifice of the innocent with the guilty. lord chamberlain, to whom this charge belonged,.
This happened in the fpring and fummer of 1604 ; purpofely delayed the fearch till the day before the
when the confpirators alfo hired a houfe in Percy’s meeting of parliament. He remarked thofe great
name, adjoining to that in which the parliament was to piles of wood and faggots which lay in the vault
affemble. Towards the end of that year they began to under the upper-houfe ; and calling his eye upon
pierce through the wall of the houfe, in order to get in Fawkes, who ftood in a corner and paffed himfelf for
below that where the parliament was to fit. The wall Percy’s fervant, he took notice of that daring and de-
was three yards thick, and confequcntly occafioned a termined courage which was confpicuous in his face,
great deal ef labour. At length, however^ they ap- and fo much diftinguiflied.this confpirator even amongft
the
Britain, ill
13 R 1 [ 5/i 1 3 R I
the otHer heroes in villany that were concerned in the to pay this, might kill him when he pleafed. As For
feheme. Such a quantity of fueh alio, for one who fuch flight offences as oppreflion, extortion, or other '
lived fo little in the town as Percy, appeared fome- things of that nature, no penalty was affixed to them,
what extraordinary ; and, upon comparing' all circum- nor could any redrefs for them ever be obtained. By
ftances, it was refolved to make a further fearch. A- the cuftom oigavelkinde, upon the death of any perfon,
bout midnight, Sir Thomas Knevet, a juftice of peace, his land was divided among all the males of the fept or
was fent with proper attendants ; and before the door family, bothbaftard and legitimate: and after partition
of the vault, finding Fawkes, who had juft, finiftied all made, if any of the fept died, his portion was not
his preparations, he immediately feized him, and, turn- fhared out among his fons; but the chieftain at his
ing over the faggots, difcovered the powder. The difcretion made a new partition of all the lands be-
matches and every thing proper for fetting fire to the longing to that fept, and gave every one his fliare : as
train were taken in Fawkes’s pocket; who feeing now no man, by reafon of this cuftom, enjoyed the fixed
no refuge but in boldnefs and defpair, exprefied the property of any land; to build, cultivate, or improve,
utmoft regret that he had loft the opportunity of firing muft have been fo much loft labour, Their chieftains
the powder at once, and of fweetening his own death were eftabliftied by eledtion, or, more properly fpeak-
by that of his enemies. For two or three dajs he dif- ing,. by force and violence. Their authority was ab-
played the fame obftinate intrepidity; but, being con- folute; and, notwithftanding certain lands were affigned
fined in the tower, and the rack juft fhown to him, his to the office, its chief profit refulted from exadlions,
courage at laft failed, and he made a full difeovery of dues, aflefiments, for which there was no fixed law.
. all the confpirators.
jnfpira- Catefby, Percy, and the other criminals, on hearing
^ 1 that Fawkes was arrefted, hurried away to Warwick-
ftiire ; where ,Sir Edward Digby, imagining that his
confederates had fucceeded, was already in arms, to
feize the priricefs Elizabeth. She had efcaped into
and which were levied at pleafure.
After aboliihing thefe'euftoms, and fubftituting En-
glifh law in their place ; James having taken all the
natives under his proteftion, and declared them free
citizens, proceeded to govern them by a regular ad-
miniftration, military as well as civil. A fufficient
Coventry; and they were obliged to put themfelves in army was maintained, its difeipline infpefted, and its
a pofture of defence againft the country-people, who pay tranfmitted from England, in order to prevent the
were raifed from all quarters and armed by the flieriffs. foldiery from preying upon the country, as had been
The confpirators, with all their attendants, never ex- ufual in former reigns. When Odoghartie raifed an
ceeded the number of 8o perfons ; and being fur- infurrettion, a reinforcement was fent over, and the
rounded on every fide, could no longer have any hope rebellion immediately extinguiftied. All minds being
either of prevailing or efcaping. Having therefore firft quieted by an univerfal indemnity, circuits were
confefled themfelves, and received abfolution, they eftabliflied, juftice adminiftered, and crimes of every
boldly prepared for death, and refolved to fell their kind feverely puniftied. As the Irifh had been univer-
lives as dear as poffible. But even this miferable con- fally engaged in a rebellion againft Elizabeth, a refig’-
folation was denied them. Some of their powder took nation of all the rights formerly granted them to fe-
fire, and difabled them from defending themfelves. parate j-urifdi&ions was rigoroufly exafted ; a refign;
The people then ruftred in upon them. Percy and Ca-
telby were killed with one fhot. Digby, Rookwood,
Winter, and others, being taken prifoners, were tried)
confefled their guilt, and died as well as Garnet, by
the hands of the common executioner. The lords
Stourton and Mordaunt, two catholics, were fined, the
tion of private eftates was even required; and when
they were reftored, the proprietors received them un¬
der fuch conditions as might prevent all future tyranny
and oppreffion over the common people. The whole
province of Ulfter having fallen to the crown by the
attainder of /ebels, a company was eftablifhed in Lon-
former of 4000 /. the latter of 10,000/. by the ftar- don for planting new colonies in that fertile coun¬
chamber; becaufe their abfence from parliament had —........  
occafioned a fufpicion of their being made acquainted
with the confpiracy. The earl of Northumberland was
fined 30,000 /. and detained feveral years a prifoner in
the tower; becaufe, not to mention other grounds of
try. The property was divided into moderate fliares,
the largeft not exceeding 2000 acres: Tenants were
brought over from England and Scotland: The Irifli
were removed from the hills and faftnefles, and fettled
in the open country: Hufbandry and the arts were
fufpicion, he had admitted Percy into the number of taught them; and by thefe means Ulfter, from being
the moft wild and diforderly province in Ireland, foon
became the beft cultivated and moft civilized. 2g
This year was alfo remarkable for the death of Hen- Dfcath of
,    /7 a  --  ,   ry prince of Wales, who died fuddenly on the 6th ofHfnry
oHre"- the perfon who undertook to civilize the barbarous in- November, not without ftrong fufpicions of poifon, for of
habitants of that kingdom, and to render their fubjec- which the king himfelf was blamed. On opening his C*’
tion durable and ufeful to the crown of England. In body, however, no fymptoms of poifon appeared ; but
'his death diffufed an univerfal grief throughout the
nation, he being reckoned a prince of extraordinary ac-
complifhments. ^
The marriage of the princefs Elizabeth with Frede- Marriage of
ric eleftor palatine, which was celebrated February the princefs
14th 1613, ferved to diffipate the grief which had arifen
 r  ^ ^ on account of prince Henry’s death. But this mar-
affixed to him, called his eric; and whoever was able riage, in the event, proved unhappy to the king as well tine.
4 C 2 as
gentlemen penfioners, without his taking the requifite
;5 oaths.
s’swife ln 16x2, James appears in his moft advantageous
u<?.in point of view, namely, as legiflator of Ireland, and
V. 4-V. O vi rv ^ f uil’i r/ P til P Ksrhpr OHQ in-
this work, James proceeded by a fteady, regular, and
well-concerted plan. He began with abolifhing the
ancient Irifh cuftoms which fupplied the place of laws,
and which were exceedingly barbarous and abfurd. By
the Brehon law, every crime however enormous was
puniftied not with death, but by a fine. Murder itfelf
s compenfated in this way. Every one had a value
B R I [ 572 ] B R I
^Bntam. as KJg fon-in-law. ^The eleftor, trufting to fo great an him to be prayed for in the churches under that appel- Britain.
alliance, engaged in enterprizes beyond his ftrength; lation. Befides thefe reafons, James was on another v—■
and James, not being able, and indeed perhaps not account extremely averfe to come to a rupture with
willing, to affift him in his diftrefs, loft entirely what Spain. He had entertained an opinion peculiar to him-
28 remained of the affe£tions of his people. felt, which was, that any alliance below that of a king SpanlM
The eledtor Thefe bad confequences did not begin to appear till was unworthy a prince of Wales j and he never would match foj
of Bohemia? the year 1619. At that time the ftates of Bohemia allow any princefs but a daughter of France or Spain his f°o.
o 0 lenua.j^^g taken arins againft the emperor Matthias, in to be mentioned as a match for his fon. This piece of
defence of the Proteftant religion, and continued their pride, which really implied meannefs as if he could
revolt againft his fucceffdr Fredinand II. and being a- have received honour from any alliance, gave Spain an
larmed at his mighty preparations againft them, made opportunity of managing this monarch in his moft im¬
am offer of their crown to the ele&or palatine. To porcant concerns. With a view to engage him to a
this they were induced by the greatnefs of his connec- neutrality with regard to the fucceflion of Cleves, the
tions, as being fon-in-law to the king of England, eldeft daughter of the king of Spain had been indir
and nephew to prince Maurice, whofe authority in redtly offered during the life of prince Henry. The
the United Provinces was almoft abfolute; and the bait, however, did not then take; James, in confe-
young palatine ftimulated by ambition, without con- quence of his alliance with the Dutch, marched 4000
fulting either James or Maurice, whofe oppofition he men to the affiftance of the Proteftants, by which means
forefaw, immediately accepted the offer, and march- the fucceflion was fecured to the Proteftant line. la
ed all his forces into Bohemia, in fupport of his new 1618, Gondomar the Spanilh ambaffador made offer
29 fubjefts. of the king’s fecond daughter to prince Charles ; and.
Defeated The affairs of the new king were not long of co- that he might render the temptation irrefiftble to the
and driven ming to an unfortunate crifis. It was known almoft necefiitous James, gave hopes of an immenfe fortune
dominions 0ne t’‘me 'n t^at Frederic being defeated that ftiould attend the princefs. Upon this match
1 s* in the great and decifive battle of Prague, had fled James had built great hopes, “not only of relieving his
with his family into Holland ; and that Spinola the own neceflities, but of recovering the palatinate for his
Spanifh general had invaded the palatinate, where meet- fon-in-law ; which laft, he imagined, might be procured
ing with little refiftance, except from one body of from the mere motive of friendfhip and perfonal attach-
2400 Englifhmen commanded by the brave Sir Horace ment. • j
Vere, had in a little time reduced almoft the whole This laft ftep was equally difagreeable to the com-Comiru
principality. In 1621, the ban of the empire was mons with the reft; and, joined to the other pieces of averfe
publifhed againft the unfortunate ele&or, and the ex- James’s conduct, at laft blew into a flame the conten-jk*8 mi
ecution of it was committed to the duke of Bavaria, tion which had fo long fubfifted between their fovereign fure‘
The upper palatinate was in a little time conquered by and them. On the 14th of November 1621, the com- 34
that prince; and meafures were taken in the empire mons framed a remonftrance which they intended toT ey*j
for beftowing on him the electoral dignity of which carry to the king, They reprefented, that the enor- ftrarce*
the palatine was defpoiled. Frederic was now obliged mous growth of the Auftrian power threatened the gainft
to live with his numerous family, in poverty and dif- liberties of Europe; that the progrefs of the Catholic
trefs, either in Holland, or at Sedan, with his uncle religion in England bred the moft melancholy appre-
the duke of Bouillon ; and the new conquefts of the henfions left it ftiould again acquire an afcendant in
catholics throughout all Germany were attended with the kingdom ; that the indulgence of his majefty to-
,0 perfecutions againft the Proteftants. wards the profeffors of that religion had encouraged
Englifh in- . -A-1 ^is news the religious zeal of the Englifti W’as their infolence and temerity; that the uncontrouled
fift for a war.inflamed to the higheft degreeand they would have conquefts made by the Auftrian family in Germany
houfe of
plunged headlong into a war with the houfe of Auf- raifed mighty expedlations in the Engliih Papifts; but
tria, without reflecting in the leaft on the confequences above all, that the Spanifh match elevated them fo far
that might enfue. The fufferings. of their Proteftant as to hope for an entire toleration, if not a final re¬
brethren in Germany w'ere the only objeCts of confi- eftablilhment,of their religion. They therefore in treated
deration, and the neutrality and inaCtive fpirit fhown his majefty, that he would immediately undertake the
His ridicu- ^ James.were loudly exclaimed againft. But though defence of the palatine, and maintain it by force of
■»_ •  Tampa micrVit havp ripfpndprl hia nxf'iGn moofi■!*-*>o ~
  esJ^mes might have defended his pacific meafures by arms; that he would turn his fword againft Spain,
for not af- very plaufible arguments, it is certain that fome of his whofe armies and treafures were the chief fupport of
fiiling i is motives were the moft ridiculous that can be imagined, the Catholic intereft in Europe ; that he would enter
£jpna>lZl~l<iW> nr»Vi \X79Q flip nrYtmrtn fViat Iip + ~i^ — C— 4.1,     „C ‘~ . U.,
Such was the opinion that he himfelf entertained of into no negociation for the marriage of his fon but with,
his own wifdom, that he imagined himfelf capable of a Proteftant princefs ; that the children of Popifli re¬
difarming hoftile nations by dint of argument; and that cufants fhould be taken from their parents, and com-
the whole power of Auftria, though not awed by the mitted to the care of Proteftant teachers and fchool-
power of England, would fubmit to his arbitration, matters; and that the fines and confifcations to which
merely out of refped to his virtue and moderation.— the Catholics bv law were liable, Ihould be levied, with
So much alfo he was wedded to his opinion concerning the utmoft feverity.
the prerogative of kings, that he imagined, wherever The king, who was then at Newmarket, hearing of^on^
there was a contention between any fovereign and his the intended remonftrance, wrote a letter to the fpeaker, betw<
fubjefts, the latter behoved always to be in the wrong ; in which he ftiarply rebuked the houfe for debating on king ;
and jor.this reafon, from the very firft he had denied matters far above their reach and capacity; and hecon,n
his fon, in-law the title of fo'xg of Bohemia) and forbad ftridlly forbad them to meddle with any thing that re¬
garded
B R I L 573 1 B R I
Sritawi. garded his government, or deep matters of {late, and
v*i—v—-' efpecially not to touch on his fon’s marriage with the
Spanifh princefs. Upon this the commons framed a
new remonftrance, in which they afferted their right
of debating on all matters of government, and that they
poffefled entire freedom of fpeech in their debates,
h The king replied, that their remonftrance was more like
a denunciation of war, than an addrefs of dutiful fub-
ll' • jefts ; that their pretenfion to inquire into all ftate af¬
fairs without exception, was fuch a plenipotence as
none of their anceftors, even during the reign of the
weakeft princes, had ever pretended to ; that public
tranfa&ions depended on a complication of views and
intelligence, with which they were entirely unac¬
quainted ; that they could not better fliow their wif-
dom, as well as duty, than by keeping within their
li I proper fphere ; and that in any bufmefs which depended
on his prerogative, they had no title to interpofe with
their advice, unlefs when he pleafed to alk it, &c. The
||- ( commons in return framed the proteftation already men¬
tioned, which the king tore out of their journals, and
{bon after diffblved the parliament. The leading mem¬
bers of the houfe. Sir Edward Coke and Sir Robert
Phillips, were committed to the tower: three others,
Selden, Pym, and Mallory, to other prifons; and, as
a lighter punifhment, fome others were fent into Ire¬
land to execute the king’s bufinefs. Sir John Saville,
however, a powerful man in the houfe of commons,
and a zealous oppofer of the court, was made comp¬
troller of the houfehold, a privy counfellor, and foon
after a baron. This event is memorable ; as being
I the firft inftance in the Engliih hiftory, of any king’s
advancing a man on account of parliamentary intereft,
; 36 and of oppofition to his meafures.
rigiii of This breach between the king and parliament foon
»e fadlions mac}e politics become a general fubjeft of difeourfe,
| W‘ al:dancj every man began to indulge himfelf in reafonings
and inquiries concerning matters of ftate; and the fac¬
tions which commenced in parliament were propagated
throughout the nation. In vain did James, by reite¬
rated proclamations, forbid difeourfes of this kind.
I; • Such proclamations, if they had any effeft, ferved ra¬
ther to inflame the curiofity of the public. In every
company or fociety the late tranfabtions became the
fubjeft of argument and debate ; fome taking the fide
of monarchy, others of liberty; and this was the origin
of the two parties fince known by the names of Whigs
^ and Tories.
Hines gains For five years, James continued the dupe of the
ie favour court of Spain. Though firmly refolved to contrabl no
.court alliance with a heretic, the king of Spain had continued
] faU1, to procraftinate and invent one excufe after another,
while he pretended to be very willing to conclude the
match. At laft the king of England, finding out what
was really the matter, refolved to remove that obftacle
if poffible. He iflued public orders for difeharging all
Popiftr recufants who were imprifonedand it was
daily apprehended that he would forbid, for the future,
the execution of the penal laws againft them. For this
conduft he was obliged to apologize, and even pretend
that it was done in order to procure from foreign
princes a toleration for the Proteftants ; the feverity of
the Englifh laws againft catholics, he faid, having been
urged as a reafon againft ftiowing any favour to Pro-
cteftants refiding in catholic kingdoms.
Thefe conceffions in favour of the catholics, however Britain.,
ill reliftied by his fubje&s, at laft obtained James’s end --'V—^
with regard to the marriage. The earl of Briftol, am-
baffador at the court, of Spain, a minifter of vigilance
and penetration, and who had formerly oppofed the
alliance with catholics, being now fully convinced of
the Spanifh fincerity, was ready to congratulate the
king on the completion of his projetfts. The Spanifh
princefs is reprefented as very accomplifhed; fhe was
to bring with her a fortune of L, 600,000 ; and, what
was more, not only Briftol confidered this match as an
infallible prognoftic of the palatine’s reftoration, but n
the Spaniards themfelves did the fame. All things be- Marriage
ing therefore agreed upon between the parties,nothing with the in»-
was wanting but the difpenfation from Rome,, which faiuaagre9<F
might be confidered as a matter of mere formality. Theuf0I1,
king exulted in his pacific counfels, and boafted of his
fuperior fagacity and penetration'; when all his flatter-
■ing profpefts were blafted by the temerity of the duke
of Buckingham, who governed both court and nation,
with almolt unlimited fway.
This nobleman had fuddenly been raifed to the high-
eft honours. Though pofleffed of fome accomplifhments
of a courtier, he was utterly devoid of every talent of a
minifter; but at once partook of the infoleirce which,
attends a fortune newly acquired, and the impetuofity
which belongs to perfons born in high ftations, and
unacquainted with oppofition. Among thofe who had
experienced the arrogance of this overgrown favourite,-
the prince of Wales himfelf had not been entirely fpa-
red ; and a great coldnefs, if not enmity, had for that
reafon taken place between them. Buckingham being
defirous of putting an end to this coldnefs, and at the
fame time envious of the great reputation of the earl of
Briftol, perfuaded the prince to undertake a journey toprjnjg
Madrid ; which, he faid, would be an unexpe&ed gal- Charles and
lantry ; would equal all the fictions of Spanifh romance; Bucking-
and, fuiting the amorous and enterprifing character ofham refolve
that nation, muft immediately introduce him to theon ajourfe7'
princefs under the agreeable charafter of a devoted lo-1 P
ver and daring adventurer. Eittle perfuafion was necef-
fary to prevail with prince Charles to undertake this
journey ; and the impetuofity of Buckingham having
extorted a confent from James, our two adventurers fet
out, prince Charles as the knight-errant, and Bucking¬
ham as the fquire. They travelled through France in
difguife, affuming the names of Jack and Tom Smith.
They went to a ball at Paris, - where the Prince firft
faw the princefs Henrietta whom he afterwards married,
who was then in the bloom of youth and beauty, and
with whom the novelifts of that time fay he then fell in
love. On their arrival at Madrid, every body was fur- Thdl-^lund.
prifed by a ftep fo little ufual among great princes, reception in
The Spanifh monarch made Charles a vifit, expreffed that king-
the utmoft gratitude for the confidence he repofed in dom.
him, and made warm proteftations of a correfpondent
confidence and friendftiip. He gave him a golden key
which opened all his apartments, that the prince might,
without any introdudion, have accefs to him at^ll-
hours : he took the left hand of him on every occafion,
except in the apartments affigned to Charles; for there,,
he faid, the prince was at home : Charles was introdu¬
ced into the palace with the fame pomp and ceremony
wdiich attend the kings of Spain on their coronation j.
the council received public orders to obey him as the
B R I
Britain, kingliimfelf: Olivarez too, the prime mlnifter, though
a grandee of Spain, who has the right of being covered
before his own king, would not put on his hat in the
prince’s prefence : all the prifons of Spain were thrown
C 574 3
B R I
Britain; t J
be approached by a man whofe temerity feemed to re-
fpeft no laws divine or human. Buckingham, on the »—
other hand, fenfible how odious he was become to the .d3
Spaniards, and dreading the influence which that na-ham prfi
open, and all the prifoners received their freedom, as if tion would naturally acquire after the arrival of the in-vails on h..
an event the moft honourable and moft fortunate had fanta, refolved to employ all his credit in order to pre-to refolve s
’ ’ 1 r ' ’ vent the marriage. By what arguments he could pre-the;
vail on the prince to offer fuch an infult to the Spanilh m2rna®e'
nation, from whom he had received fuch generous treat¬
ment ; by what colours he could difguife the ingrati¬
tude and imprudence of fuch a meafure ; thefe are to¬
tally unknown to us : certain it is, however, that'when
the prince left Madrid, he was firmly determined, in
oppofition to his moll folemn promifes, to break off the ’
treaty with Spain, j On their arrival at London, there-
happened tp the monarchy ; and every fumptuary law
with regard to apparel was fufpended during prince
Charles’s refidence in Spain. The infanta,however, was
only fhown to her lover in public; the Spanilh ideas
of decency being fo ftridl, as not to allow any farther
intercourfe till the arrival of the difpenfation. The
point of honour was carried fo far by thefe generous
people, that no attempt was made, on account of the ad-
wantage they had acquired by having the prince of Wales
in their power, to impofe any harder conditions of trea- fore, the prince and Buckingham affumed the entire
ty: their pious zeal only prompted them on one occa-
fion to defire more conceffionsin the religious articles;
bi>t, on the oppofition of Briftol, they immediately de-
fifted. The Pope, however, hearing of Charles’s ar¬
rival in Madrid, tacked feme new claufes to the dif¬
penfation ; and it became neceffary to trasfmit the ar-
i tides to London, that the king might ratify them.
Articles of This treaty, which was made public, confifted of feve-
the mar- ral articles, chiefly regarding the exercife of the catho-
riage treaty. }[c religion by the infanta ; and, among thefe, nothing
could reafonably be found fault with, except one ar¬
ticle, in which the king promifed that the children
fhould be educated by the princefs till they were ten
years of age ; which undoubtedly was infilled upon
with a view of feafoning their minds with catholic
principles. But, befides this public treaty, there were
fome private articles fworn to by James, which could
not have been made public without grievous murmurs.
A fufpenfion of the penal laws againll the Englilh ca¬
tholics was promifed, as likewife a repeal of them in
parliament, and a toleration for the exercife of that
religion in private houfes. Meanwhile Gregory XV.
who granted the difpenfation, died ; and Urban VIII.
was chofen in his place. Upon this event, the nuncio
refufed to deliver the difpenfation till it Ihould be re¬
newed by Urban. This the crafty pontiff delayed, in
hopes that, during the prince’s refidence in Spain,
fome expedient might be fallen upon to effeft his con-
Theprince verfion. The king of England, as well as the prince,
returns. became impatient: but, on the firft hint, Charles ob¬
tained leave to return ; and Philip graced his depar¬
ture with all the circumftances of civility -and refpedl
which had attended his arrival. He even erefled a
pillar on the fpot where they took leave of each other,
as a monument of mutual friendlhip ; and the prince,
having fworn to the obfervance of all the articles,
embarked on board the Englilh fleet at St Ande-
diredlion of the negociation ; and it was their bulinefs
to feek for pretences by which they could give a colour
to their intended breach of treaty. At laft, after many
fruitlefs artifices were employed to delay or prevent the
efpoufals, Brillol received pofitive orders not to deliver
the proxy which had been left in his hands, or to finilh
the marriage, till fecurity was given for the full reflitu- ^
tion of the palatinate. Philip underftood this language : Philipob- i
but being determined to throw the whole blame of the Ageshimfll
rupture on the Englilh, he delivered into Brillol’s hand
a written promife, by which he bound himfelf to pro-Jy
cure the relloration of the palatine either by perfua- palatinate
fion or by every other poflible means; and when he
found that this conceffion gave no fatisfaftion, Re or¬
dered the infanta to lay afide the title of Princefs of
IVales, which Ihe bore after the arrival of the difpenfa¬
tion from Rom?-, and to drop the ftudy of the Englilh
language; and as he knew that fuch ralh counfels as
now governed the court of England would not flop at
the breach of the marriage-treaty, he immediately or¬
dered preparations for war to be made throughout all
his dominions.
The modeft, referred, and decent behaviour of Charles,
together with his unparalleled confidence in them, and
the romantic gallantry he had praftifed with regard to
A match for prince Charles was foon after nego-Match wi|
dated with Henrietta, daughter of the great Hen-H?Iiriett'a
ry IV. and this met with much better fuccefs than the
former. However, the king had not the fame allure- a
ments in profechting this match as the former, the por- '
tion promifed him being much fmaller ; but, willing
that his fon Ihould not be altogether difappointed of a
bride, as the king of France demanded only the fame
terms that had been offered to the court of Spain,
James thought proper to comply. In an article of
this treaty of marriage, it was llipulated, that the edu¬
cation of the children till the age of 13 Ihould belong
to the mother; and this probably gave that turn to¬
wards popery which has fince proved the ruin of the
unfortunate family of Stuart. 45
James now, being deprived of every other hope of War deck
relieving his fon-in-law but by force of arms, declaredred aSa'n l
war againll Spain and the emperor, for the recovery 0f'<5T':"n-
the palatinate ; 6000 men were fent over into Holland
their princefs, had endeared him to the whole court of to affill prince Maurice in his fchemes againll thofe
Msdrid. But in the fame proportion that Charles was
beloved and efteemed, was Buckingham defpifed and
hated. His fallies of paflion ; his indecent freedoms
with the prince ; his diffolute pleafures; his arrogant
impetuous temper, which he neither could nor would
difguife ; were to the Spaniards the objefts of peculiar
averfion. They lamented the infanta’s fate, who mull
powers ; the people were every where elated at the
courage of their king, and were fatisfied with any war
which was to exterminate the Papifts. This army was Unfiicce:
followed by another confilting of 12,000 men, eom-fuI' '
promifed its affiftance. But the Englifh were difap-iV
pointed in all their views : the troops being embarked
3
B R I
[ 575 ]
B R I
cbitain. at Dover, upon failing to Calais, found no orders for princes, and from his own fubje&s. They had learned Britain,
their admiffion. After waiting for fome time, they by experience, that the public revenues could with dif-
were obliged to fail towards Zealand, where no proper ficulty maintain the dignity of the crown, even under
meafures were yet confulted for their difembarkation.
Mean while, a peftilential diforder crept in among
them, fo long cooped up in narrow veffels: half the
army died while on board; and the other half, weakened
the ordinary charges of government. They were fen-
Able that the prefent war was, very lately, the refult
of their own importunate applications and intreaties,
and that they had folemnly engaged to fupport their
by ficknefs, appeared too fmall a body to march into fovereign in the management of it. They were ac-
 —j -e:. mi ———j qUainted with the difficulty of military enterprizes di-
redted againft the whole houfe of Auftria ; againft the
king of Spain, pofielfed of the greateft riches and moil
^ extenfive dominions of any prince in Europe; againil
put an end to his life on the 27th of March 1625, after the emperor Ferdinand, hitherto the moft fortunate
Jies I. rc{fes 0f his fubjedts for what was perhaps the moil mighty potentates, ere they would relrgn the palati
the palatinate; and thus ended this ill-concerted and
:h of fruitlefs expedition. Whether this misfortune had any
James* effedt on the king’s conftitution or not, is uncertain ;
but he was foon after feized with a tertian ague, which
having lived 59 years, and reigned over England 22,
and over Scotland almoft; as long as he had lived.
James was, fucceeded by his fon Charles I. who a-
fcended tire throne amidft the higheft praifes and ca-
monarch of the age, who had fubdued and aftonifhed
Germany by the rapidity of his vidlories. Deep im-
preffions they faw muft be made by the Britiffi fword,.
and a vigorous offenfive war be waged againft thefe
blame-worthy adtion of his life, namely, his breaking
off the match with the Spaniffi princefs, and procuring
| flee- the rupture with the houfe of Auftria. Being young
I for his and unexperienced, he regarded thefe praifes as lincere ;
and therefore was fo impatient to alfemble the great
council of the nation, that he would gladly, for the lake
of difpatch, have called together the fame parliament
which fat under his father, and which lay at that time
under prorogation. But being told that fuch a mea-
fure would appear unufual, heiffued writs for fummon-
ing a new parliament on the 7th of May ; and it was
not without regret that the arrival of the princefs Hen¬
rietta, whom he had efpoufed by proxy, obliged him to
delay, by repeated prorogations, their meeting till the
18th of June, when they affembled at Weftminfter for
the difpatch of bufinefs.
nate which they had now fully fubdued, and which
they held in fecure poffeffion by its being furrounded.
with all their other territories. To anfwer, therefore,
all thefe great and important ends; to fatisfy their
young king in the. firft requeft he made them ; to prove
their fenfe of the many royal virtues, particularly ce-
conomy, with which Charles was endued; the commons,
thought proper to ’confer on the king a fupply of
L. 112,000. To fearch for the reafons of fuch an ex¬
travagant piece of conduft would be needlefs; it is xm-
poffible they could be good.
It is not to be fuppofed that Charles, or any perfom
of common fenfe, could be infenfible of fuch treatment
as this ; he behaved, however, with great moderation.
He reprefented in the moft explicit manner the neceffity
there was for a large fupply : he even condefcended to
aarac- Charles inherited from his father great diftrefs for ufe ijitreaties : he faid that this requeft was the firft he.
money, very high notions of the royal prerogative, and
a violent attachment to epifcopacy. As to his charac¬
ter, he feems to have been obftinate, though not refo-
had ever made them ; that he was young, and in the
commencement of his reign ; and if he now met with,
kind and dutiful ufage, it would endear him to the ufe of
lute ; and therefore, though it was fcarce ever poffible parliaments, and would for ever preferve an entire har-
to make him jgive up his point, he never could carry on
his defigns with that fpirit which was neceffary for
their fuccefs. In other refpdtts, he appears to have
poffeffed every virtue requifxte to conftitute the charadher
mony between him and his people.:—To thefe reafons
and intx-eaties, the commons remained inexorable ; they
even refufed the addition of two fifteenths to the for¬
mer fupply. loftead of this, they renewed their ri-
of a good man. At prefent believing his fubjedts to be diculous complaints againft the growth of popery.
1 perfedt friendihip with him as he was with them, he
refolved that their bounty to himffiould be entirely un-
afked, and the genuine effedt of mutual confidence and
t regard. Accordingly, his difeourfe to the parliament
n his was* full of fimplicity and cordiality; he lightly men-
ent- tioned the occafion he had for fupply. He employed
no intrigue to influence the fuffrages of the members.
which was now their only grievance. They fhowed
their intolerant fpirit by demanding a ftridt execution
of the penal laws againft the catholics ; and remon-
ftrated againft fome late pardons granted to priefts.
They attacked Montague, one-of the king’s chaplains,
on account of a moderate book which he had lately
compofed, and which, to their great difguft, faved.
He would not even.,allow the officers of the crown, who virtuous catholics as well as other Chriftians from eter-
had feats in the houfe, to mention any particular fum nal torments. Charles gave them a. gracious-and com-^
which he had occafion for: but trufted entirelv to the nlaifant anfwer: but firmly refolved to abate fomewhat
which he had occafion for; but trufted entirely to the
wifdom and affedtion of his parliament, who perfectly
well knew his circumftanees.
'can- It is almoft impoffible to read without indignation an
pro- aecount Qf the return made by the commons to this
■’*' generous behaviour of their fovereign. They knew
! that all the money granted by the laft parliament had
been expended on military and naval preparations ; and to gain ground during the whole reign of James, and
that great anticipations were likewife made on the re- now formed the majority of the houfe of commons ; in
1 venues of the crown. They were not ignorant that
Charles was loaded with a debt contracted by his fa¬
ther, who had borrowed money both from foreign
plaifant anfwer; but firmly refolved to abate fomewhatju^t0jfa.
of the rigorous laws againft that unfortunate party, vour theCa
which his engagements with France abfolutely. re-tholk$.
quired.. No meafure, however, throughput the whole
reign of this prince, was more difguftful to his bigot-
ted fubjefts, or by its confequences more fatal to him-
felf, than this refolution. The Puritans had continued ,
mfequence of which, petitions were prefented to the
king for replacing fuch ab/e clergymen as had been fi-
lenced for want of conformity to the ceremonies. They-
$]fa,
B R I
[ $76 3
B R I
alfo ena&ed laws for the ftrlft dhfervance of Sun*
J day, which they affected to call the fabbath, and which
they fanftiffcd with the moft melancholy indolence; and
king, which then would have been the fame thing with Britaiiii
commanding him, to remove Buckingham from his pre- u—-vr
fence and councils. The king, however, being a- S9
larmprl tV»p Vntp tV»pv wpvp rtrprt^rinrp fnr Vn'm. flifo
it is worthy of notice, that the different appellations of larmed at the yoke they were preparing for him, dif-
Sunday and fabbath Were at that time known fymbols
Parliament ^ie different parties.—In confequence of this beha-
difiblved. viour in Charles’s firff parliament, it was diffolved on
fire 12th of Auguft 1625, and a new one called on
56 February 6th 1626,
folved his parliament a fecond time, June 15. 1626.
Charles having thus made fuch a breach with his par*
liament as there was no hopes of repairing, was obliged
to have fiecourfe to the exercife of every branch of his
prerogative in order to fupply himfelf with money. A
His fcheme During this interval Charles had been obliged to commiflion was qpenly granted to compound with the
taii'e mo- borrow from his fubjefts on privy-feals; the advantage catholics, and agree for difpenfmg with the penal laws
of which was but a fmall compenfation for the diiguft enafted againfl them ; and by this expedient the king,
it occafioned. By means, however, of that fupply,
and fome other expedients, he was enabled to equip
his fleet, though with difficulty. It was defigned againft
indeed, filled his coffers, but gave univerfal difguft to
his fubje&s. From the nobility he defired affiftance :
from the city he required a loan of L. 100,000. The
Spain, but performed nothing worth notice, and its former contributed flowly: but the latter, covering
themfelves under many pretences and excufes, gave at
57 bad fuccefs increafed the clamours againft: the court, _ ^
Proceedings Charles’s fecond parliament immediately adopted the laft a flat denial. In order to equip a fleet, a diftribu- ship-mj
of his fecond fame views with the former ; however, they voted him tion.by order of the council was made to all the mari- ney. "
J'a™ament. a fupply of three fubfidiies (L. 168,ooo), and three fif- time towns
teenths ; but the palling this vote into a law was re-
and each of them was required, with the
afliftance of the adjacent counties, to arm as many
ferved until the end of the feffion, that in the mean veffels as were appointed them. The city of London
time they might have an opportunity of forcing the
king to make what concelfions they pleafed. This
harfli and undutiful conduit was greatly refented by
was rated at 20 ihips : and this is the firft appearance,
in Charles’s reign, of (hip money; a taxation which
had once been impofed by Elizabeth, but which, when
Charles ; but he found himfelf obliged to fubmit, and carried fome fteps farther by Charles, produced the moft
wait the event with patience. In the mean time they violent difcontents.—Thefe methods of fupply were
attacked the duke of Buckingham, who was become carried on with fome moderation, till news arrived of
generally obnoxious ; and he was alfo impeached by the king of Denmark being totally defeated by count
the earl of Briftol, on account of his conduft with re- Tilly the Imperial general; but money then becoming ^
gard to the Spanilh negociation. The earl’s impeach- more than
ment, however, was entirely overlooked, arid the com¬
mons were able to prove nothing otherwife of any con¬
fequence againft him. The king imagining that Buc¬
kingham’s greateft crime was the having been fo much
in favour with his fovereign, commanded the houfe
exprefsly not to meddle with hts minifter and fervant,
:effary, it was fuggefted in council, a. gen*
that the moft fpeedy, equal, and convenient method of loan re
fupply was by a general loan from the fubjeft, accord- tluire<fl
ing as every man was affeffed in the rolls of the laft fub*
fidy. That precife fum was required which each would
have paid, had the vote of four fublidies been paffed
into a law 5 care, however, was taken, that the fums
but to finifh in a few days the bill they had begun for thus exacted were not to be called fubfidies but loans;
the fubfidies ; otherwife they muff; expeft to fit no
58
longt
The com- Suggeftions of this kind had a bad effeft ; and when
mans dif- the king proceeded further to throw into prifon two
igufted. members of the houfe who had managed the impeach¬
ment againft Buckingham, the commons declared that
they would proceed no further in bufinefs till they had
fatisfaftion in their privileges. Charles alleged as the
reafon of this meafure, certain feditfous exprefiions,
•which, he faid, had, in their accufation of the duke,
dropped from thefe members. Upon inquiry it ap¬
peared thatmo fuch expreflions had been ufed, and the
members were accordingly releafed. Soon after, the
'houfe of lords, moved by the example of the commons,
claimed liberty for the earl of Arundel, who had been
but it was impoffible to avoid obferving, that thus the
liberty of the fubjeft was entirely deftroyed, and all par¬
liaments rendered at once fuperfluous.
Many people throughout England refufed thefe
loans, and fome were even aftive in encouraging their
neighbours to infill upon their common rights and
privileges. By warrant of the council, thefe were
thrown into prifon. Moft of them patiently fubmit- |
ted to confinement, or applied by petition to the king, ^
who commonly releafed them. Five gentlemen, how- p;ve:
ever, Sir Thomas Darnel, Sir John Corbet, Sir Wal- men 1
ter Earl, Sir John Heweningham, and Sir Edmond,0.
Hambden, demanded releafe, not as a favour from thetnal*
court, but as their due by the laws of their country.
No particular caufe was afligned for their commitment.
lately confined in the tower ; and after many fruitlefs The fpecial command of the king and council alone
eva(ions' the king was obliged, though fomewhat
gracefully, to comply.
The next attack made by the commons would have
proved decifive, had it fucceeded, and would have re¬
duced the king to an abfolute dependence on his par¬
liament. They were preparing a remonftrance againft
the levying of tonnage and poundage without con-
fent of parliament. This article, together with the
new impofitions laid on merchandize by James, confti-
tuted near one-half of the crown revenues ; and after
having gained this point, they were to petition the
N°55.
was pleaded. And it was alleged, that by law this was
not fuflicient reafon for refufing bail or releafement to
the prifoners. The queftion was brought to a folemn
trial before the court of king’s bench; and the whole
kingdom was attentive to the iffue of the caufe. By
the debates on this fubje&it appeared, that perfonal li¬
berty had been fecured by no lefs than fix different fta-
tutes, and by an article in magna charta itfelf. It ap¬
peared, that, in times of turbulence and fedition, the
princes infringed upon thefe laws; and of this alfo
many examples were produced. The difficulty then lay
B R I [ 577 1 B R I
Britain, to determine when fuch violent meafures were neccffary; affirmed, to any unufual power or privileges,; nor did Britain,
v hut of that the court pretended to be the fupreme they intend to infringe the royal prerogative in any re* 7
j udge. As it was legal, therefore, that thefe five gentle- fpedt: they aimed only at fecuring thofe rights and pri-
men fhould plead the ftatute, by which they might vileges derived from their anceftors.
demand bail, fo it was expedient in the court to remand The king, on his part, now began plainly to Ihbw, Duplicity of
them to prifon, without determining on the neceffity of that he aimed at nothing lefs than abfolute power, the king,
taking bail for the prefent. This was a cruel evafion This reafonable petition he did his utmofl to evade, by
ofjuftice; and, in faft, fatisfied neither party. The repeated meffages to the. houfe, in which he always of-
court infilled that no bail could be taken; the country fered his royal word that there Ihould be no more in-
, exclaimed that the prifoners ought to be fet free. fringements on the liberty of the fubjeft. Thefe mef-
decla- While the king was thus embroiled with his parlia- fages, however, had no effedl on the commons: they
(A againft ment at home, and with powerful nations abroad, he
Nice. ralhly engaged in a war with France; a kingdom with
which he had but lately formed the moll natural alli-
knew how infufficient fuch promifes were, without fur¬
ther fecurity ; and therefore the petition at lall palled
both houfes, and nothing was wanting but the royal
All hiftorians agree that this war proceeded affeut to give it the force of a law. The king accord-
from the rivallhip of the duke of Buckingham and car¬
dinal Richelieu ; both of whom -were in love with the
queen of France; and an inveterate enmity being thus
produced between thefe favourites, they refolved to in¬
volve their refpeftive nations in the difpute. However
this be, war was declared againfl France; and Charles
was taught to hope, that hoftilities with that kingdom
would be the fureft means of procuring tranquillity at
64 home.—The fuccefs of this war was proportionable to
d l>wcefstge w;fdom with which it was commenced. Bucking-
k'ham was appointed commander; and he being entirely
unacquainted both with fea and land, fervice, managed
matters fo ill, that he loll two thirds of his army, and
returned in total difcredit both as an admiral and ge¬
neral.
ingly came to the houfe of peers, fent for the commons,
and being feated in the chair of (late, the petition was
read to him. In anfwer to it, he faid, “ The king wil-
leth, that right be done according to the laws ana cu-
lloms of the realm, and that the llatutes be put into
execution; that his fubjedls may have no eaufe to com¬
plain of any wrong or oppreffion contrary to their jult
rights and liberties, to- the prefervation whereof he
holds himfelf in confcience as much obliged as of his
own prerogative.”
This equivocal anfwer was highly refented. The
commons returned in very ill humour. Their indigna¬
tion would undoubtedly have fallen on the unfortunate
catholics, had not their petition againft them already
received a fatisfa&ory anfwer. To give vent to their
prefent wrath, therefore, they fell on Dr Manwaring,
The difcontents in England now rofe to fuch an
height, that there was reafon to apprehend an infurrec* who had preached a fermon, and, at the fpecial com
tion or rebellion. Charles Was alfo reduced to the mand of the king, printed it; which was now found
greateft diftrefs for want of money. That which he to contain doftrines fubverfive of all civil liberty. It
had levied, by virtue of his prerogative came in very taught, that though property was commonly lodged in
flowly, and it was dangerous to renew the experiment the fubjedl, yet, whenever any exigency required fup-
on account of the ill humour of the nation in general, ply, all property was transferred to the fovereign; that
jtMrdpar-A third parliament therefore was called, Maich jyth the confent of parliament was not neceflary for the im-
wient cal-1628; whom Charles plainly told at the beginairtg of pofition of taxes ; and that the divine laws required
the feffion, that “ if they fhould not do their duties, in compliance with every demand, however irregular,
contributing to the neceffities of the (late, he muft, in which the prince fhould make upon his fubje£ts. For
drfcharge of his cqnfcience, ufe thofe other means which thefe doftrines Manwaring was fentenced to be impri-
God had put into his hands, in order to fave that which foned during the pleafure of the houfe; to be fined
the follies of fome particular men might otherwife put in 1000/. to the king; make fubmiffion and acknow-
danger.” This parliament behaved in a much -more ledgment for his offence ; be fufpended three years; be
reafonable manner than either of the two former ones, incapable of holding any ecclefiallical dignity or fecu-
The nation was now really aggrieved by the late ar- lar office ; and that his book be called in and burnt,
bitrary pioceedings. They began with voting againft No fooner, however, was the fefiion ended, than Man-
arbitrary imprifonments and forced loans; after which, waring received a pardon, and was promoted to a living
five fubfidies (2§o,000/.) .were voted to the king. With of confiderable value. Some years afterwards he was
this fum, though much inferior to his wants, Charles promoted to the fee of St Afaph. At laft, the king, He at tafl:
declared himfelf well fatisfied; and even tears of affec- feeing it was impoffible to carry his point, yielded to gives his af-
tion ftarted in his eye when informed of this conceffion: the importunities of parliament. He came to ^ C
the commons, however, refolved not to pafs this vote houfe of peers, and pronouncing the ufual form of ‘
into a law, before they had obtained from the king a words, “ Let it be law as is defired,” gave full fanc-
fufficient fecurity that their liberties ihould be no long- tion and authority to the petition. The houfe re-
, er violated as they had formerly been. They refolved founded with acclamations, and the bill for five fub-
to frame a law, which they were to call a petition of fidies immediately paffed.
right, in which they fhould colled all the arbitrary ex- The commons, however, were not yet fatisfied; they
ertio'ns of the prerogative which Charles bad expofed began again to attack Buckingham, againft whom they
to their view, and thefe they were to affault at once by were implacable: they alfo afferted, that the levying of
•their petition. The grievances now complained of tonnage and poundage without confent of parliament
were, forced loans, benevolences, taxes without content was a palpable violation of the ancient liberties of the
of parliament, arbitrary imprifonments, billeting fol- people, and in open infringement of the petition of right par|ianien»
diers, and martial law. They pretended not, as they fo lately granted. The king, in order to prevent a re- prorogued.
Vol.IIL Part II. 4 D mon-
B R I
[ 578 ]
monflrance on that fubjeft, fuddenly prorogued the ceedings, and
 i:_   T .r..a C,
parliament, on June 26th, 1628.
The commons foon got rid of their enemy Bucking¬
ham ; who was murdered, o,n the 23d of Auguft 'this
fame year, by one Felton who had formerly ferved un¬
der him as a lieutenant. The king did not appear much
B R I
1 the I oth of March the parliament was Britain.
diffolved. Some of the members were imprifoned and '
fined ; but this feverity ferved only to increafe the ge¬
neral difcontent, and point out the fuiferers as proper
leaders for the popular party. ^
Charles being now difgufted with parliaments, refol-Peace i
concerned at his death, but retained an affeftion for his ved to call no more ; .but finding himfelf deftitute of F:
family throughout his whole lifetime. He defired alfo refources, was obliged to make peace with the two
that Felton might be tortured, in order to extort from powers with which he was at war. A treaty was figned
Spain. I
with France on the 14th of April, and another with
Spain on the £th of November 1630, by which Charles
bound himfelf to obferve a neutrality with regard to the
him a difcovery of his accomplices; but the judges de
dared, that though that practice had been formerly very
common,, it was altogether illegal.
Contentions ^'n l^29» t^ie ufual contentions between the king, affairs on the continent. His condudr. to his fubjects
about toil- and his parlialtrent continued. The great article on cannot now appear entirely blamelefs, nor the general .
rage and which the commons broke with their fovereign, and difcontent altogether without foundation. As if, how--
poundage. which finally created in him a difguft at all parlia- ever, he had refolved to ruin himfelf, and to loie the
ments, was their claims with regard to tonnage and fmall degrees of affeftion which remained among his ^
poundage. The difpute was, whether this tax could fubjects, Charles now began to fet about making inno- The id
be levied without confent of parliament or not. Charles,
vations in religion. Archbifhop Laud had obtained a attempts?
fupported by multitudes of precedents, maintained that prodigious afcendency over the king ; and, by his fu-lntrxlufl«
it might; and the parliament, in confequence of their perftitious attachment to fooliih ceremonies, led him into new Ie lgs
The a condudl that proved fatal to himfelf and to the king-
petition of right, afferted that it could not.
commons were refolved to fupport their rights: and dom in general. The humour, of the nation ran at that
the difputes concerning tonnage and poundagi
hand in hand with feme theological controverfies; par¬
ticularly concerning Arminranifm, which the Puritans,
time in a channel perfectly the reverfe of fuperftition.
The ancient, ceremonies which had been fandtified by
the permiffion and pra&ice of the firft reformers, could
who now formed the majority of the nation, oppo- fcarce be retained in divine fervice. Laud chofe this
fed with the greatell violence ; and which confequent- time, of all others the moft improper, for renewing the
ly crept in among thofe who profeffed epifcopacy,” ceremonies of the-fourth and fifth century, when the
where it hath ftill maintained its ground' mote than ii
any other party.
The commons began with fummonlng before them
the officers of the cuftom-houfe, to give an account by
what authority they had feized the goods of thofe mer-
Chriftian church, as is well known, was funk into.thofe
fuperflitions which were afterwards continued and aug¬
mented by the policy of the church of Rome. So open¬
ly were thefe tenets efpoufed, thatnot only the difeon-
tented Puritants believed the church of England to be •
chants who had refufed to . pay the duties of tonnage relapling faff into the Romifh fuperftition, but the court
and poundage. The barons of exchequer were que- of Rome itfelf entertained hopes of regaining its au-
ftioned with regard to their decrees on that head. The thority in this ifland. To forward Laud’s good inten-
fiieriff of London was committed to the Tower for his tions, an offer was twice made him, in private, of a
aftivity in fupporting the officers of the cuftom-houfe. cardinal’s hat; which he declined accepting. His an-
The goods of Rolles, a merchant, and. member of the fwer was (as he fays himfelf), that “ fomething dwelt
within him which would not fuffer his compliance, till
Rome was other than it is.” It muft be confeffed,
however, that though Laud deferved not the appella¬
tion ol a Paf iji, the genius of his religion was, though
in a left degree, the fame with that of the Romifti. The
houfe, being feized for his refufal to pay the duties,
complaints were made of this-violence, as if it were a
breach of privilege. Charles, on the other hand, fup¬
ported his officers in all thefe meafures, and the quar¬
rel between him and the commons became every day
higher. Sir John Elliot framed a remonftrance againft fame profound refpeft was exafted to the facerdotal
tonnage and poundage, which he offered to the clerk chara&er; the fame fubmiffion to the creeds and de-
to read ; but it was refufed, and he then read it him- crees of fynods and councils required ; the fame pomp
felf. The queftion being called for, Sir John Finch and ceremony was affefted in worftiip; and the fame fu-
the fpeaker faid, that he had a command from the king perftitious regard to days, poftures, meats, and veft-
to adjourn, and to put no queftion; upon which he ments. Orders were given, and rigoroufly infilled on,
rofe and left the chair. The whole houfe was in an up- that the communion-table Ihould be removed from the
roar ; the fpeaker was pulhed back into the chair, and middle of the area where it had hitherto flood in all
forcibly held in it, till alhort remonftrance was formed, churches except cathedrals. It was placed at the eaft
which was inftantaneoufly paffed by almoft univerfal end, railed in, and denominated an altar; as the cler-
acclamation. Papifts and Arminians were now deck- gyman who officiated commonly received the appella-
red capital enemies to the commonwealth. Thofe who tion of priejl. All kinds of ornaments, efpecially pic-
levied tonnage and poundage were branded with the tures, were introduced. Some of thefe, upon inquiry,
fame epithet. And even the merchants, who Ihould vo- were found to be the very fame that were to be met
luntarily pay thefe duties, were declared betrayers of with in the maft-book. The crucifix too, that per-
Englilh liberty, and public enemies. The doors being petual confolation of all pious Catholics, and terror
locked, the gentleman-ulher of the houfe of lords, who to all found Proteftants, was not forgot on this occa-
was fent by the king, could get no admittance till this fion.
TarBamcnt remonftrance IF33 finilhed. By the king’s order he took In return for Charles’s indulgence towards the
diffoived. the mace from the table, which put an end to their pro- church, Laud and his followers took care to magnify
B R I f
titain. on every occafion the regal authority, and to treat
with tlie utmoft difdain or deteilation all puritanical
pretenfions to a free and independent conftitution.
From this fubjeftion, however, they took care to ex¬
clude themfelves, and infilled upon a divine and apo-
ftolical charter in preference to a legal and parliamen-
tary one. The facerdotal character was magnified as
facred and indefeafible ; all right to fpiritual authority,
or even to private judgment in fpiritual fubje&s, was
refufed to profane laymen : ecclefiaflical courts w'ere
held by bifhops in their own name, without any notice
taken of the king’s authority : and Charles, though ex¬
tremely jealous of every claim in popular affemblies,
feemed rather to encourage than reprefs thofe encroach-
ments of his clergy.
arbitra- The principles which exalted prerogative were put
md uu- in practice during the whole time that Charles ruled
without parliaments. He wanted money forthefup-
* ’ port of government; and he levied it, either by the re¬
vival of obfolete laws, or by violations of the privileges.
Though humane and gentle in his nature, he gave way
to feverities in the ftar-chamber and high commiffion,
which feemed neceflary in order to fupport the prefent
mode of adminiftration, and fupprefs the riling fpirit of
liberty throughput the kingdom. Tonnage and pound¬
age were continued to be levied by royal authority alone.
The former arbitrary impofitions were Hill exadled; and
even new impofitions laid upon different kinds of mer¬
chandize. The cullom-houfe officers received orders
from the council to enter into any houfe, warehoufe,
or cellar ; to fearch any trunk or cheft ; and to break
any bulk whatever, in default of the payment of cu-
floms. In order t@ exercife the militia, each county
by an edifl of the council was affelfed in a certain fum
for maintaining a multer-mafter appointed for that fer-
vice. Compolitions were openly made with recufants,
and the Popilh religion became a regular part of the
revenue. A commiffion was granted for compounding
with fuch as were pofTeffed of Crown lands on defective
titles ■> and ob this pretence fome money was exafted
of the people, &c.
While the Englifir were in the utmoft difeontent,
Itablifh and almoft ready to break out in open rebellion by
op cy thefe arbitrary proceedings, Charles thought proper
sqtland to attempt fetting up epifcopacy in Scotland. The
canons for eftablilhed ecclefiallical jurifdiftion were
promulgated in 1635, ant^ were received without much
appearance of oppofition ; yet with great inward ap-
- prehenfion and difeontent. The firft reading of the
liturgy was attempted in the cathedral church of St
Giles in Edinburgh, in 1637 ; but this produced fuch
a tumult, that it was not thought fafe to repeat the
experiment. An univerfal combination againft the re¬
ligious innovations began immediately to take place ;
but Charles, as if obflinately bentbn his own deflruc-
tion, continued inflexible in his purpofe, though he
had nothing to oppofe to the united force of the king¬
dom but a proclamation, in which he pardoned all part,
offences, and exhorted the people to be more obedient
for the future, and to fubmit peaceably to the ufe of the
.. liturgy. This proclamation haftened forward the in-
Asan furreftion which had been flowly advancing before,
irtilionpour tables, as they were called, were formed in E-
dinburgh. One confifted of nobility, another of gen¬
try, a third of minifters, and the fourth of burgeffes.
;?6
ttempt-
579 1 B R 1
'llm aj.e of gentry was divided into many fubordinate Britsi'n,
ones, according to their different counties. In the' V—
hands of the four tables, the authority of the whole
kingdom was placed. Orders were iffued by them, and
every where obeyed with the utmoft regularity ; anda-
mong the firft ads of their government was the pro-
dudion of the Covenant. s
1 his famous covenant confifted of a renunciation of Account of
Popery, formerly figned by James in his youth, and die cove-
filled with many virulent invedives againft that party.nant-
A bond of union followed, by which the fubferibers
obliged themfelves to refill all religious innovations,
and to defend each other againft all oppofition whatr
foever : And all this for the greater glory of God, and
the greater honour and advantage of their king and
country. The covenant was fubferibed by people of
all ranks and conditions. Few difapproved of it in their
hearts, and ftill fewer dared openly to condemn it.
The king’s minifters and counfellors themfelves were
moftly of the fame way of thinking ; and none but
rebels to God, and traitors to their country, it was
thought, would withdraw themfelves from fo falutary
and pious a combination.
The king now began to be alarmed. He fent the Charles
marquis of Hamilton, as commiffioner, with authority attempts to
to treat with the covenanters. He required the cove-a‘ Peafe t*lc
nant to be renounced and recalled ; and he thoughtcovenanterS
that on his part he made very fatisfa&ory conceffions,
when he offered to fufpend the canons and liturgy till
in a fair and legal way they uould be received, and fo
to model the high commiffion that it fhould no longer
give offence to his fubje&s. In anfwer to this demand
the covenanters told him, they would fooner renounce
their baptifm ; and invited the commiffioner himfelf to
fign it. Hamilton returned to London ; made another
fruitlefs journey with new conclulions to Edinburgh ;
returned again to London, and was immediately fent
back with ftill more fatisfa&ory conceffions. The
king was now willing to abolifh entirely the canons,
the liturgy, and the high-commiffion court; he even
refolved to limit extremely the power of the bilhops,
and was content if on any terms he could retain that
order in the church of Scotland. And to enfure all
thefe gracious offers, he gave Hamilton authority to
fummon firft an affembly, and then a parliament, where
every national grievance ftiould be redreffed.—Thefe
fucceffive conceffions only fliowed the weaknefs of the
king, and encouraged the malcontents to rife in their
demands. The offer, however, of an affembly and a
parliament, in which they expefted to be entirely ma¬
ilers, was very willingly embraced by the covenanters.
Charles, perceiving what advantage his enemies had Covenant
reaped from their covenant, refolved to have a cove-enterec*int0
nant alfo on his fide; and he ordered one to be drawn
up for that purpofe. It confifted of the fame violent
renunciation of Popery with the other ; which, though,
the king did not approve of it, he thought proper to
adopt, in order to remove all the fufpicions entertained
againft him; As the covenanters, in their bond of
mutual defence againft all oppofition, had been care¬
ful not to except the king ; Charles had formed a
bond which was annexed to this renunciation, and
which expreffed the fubferibers loyalty and duty to his
majefty. But the covenanters perceiving that this
new covenant was only meant to weaken and divide
4 D 2 them,
B R I
[ 580 ]
B R I
Britain, them, received it with the utmoft fcorn and detefta-
^—V 1 tion. And, without delay, they proceeded to model
the afiembly from which fuch great atchievements were
expefted.
Violent aflembly met at Glafgow in 1638. A firm de-
I'roteedir.gs termination had been entered into of utterly abolifhing
< ftheaffem epifcopacy ; and, as a preparative to it, there was laid
kty* before the prefbytery of Edinburgh, and folemnlyread
in all the churches of the kingdom, an accufation againft
fion in the forces of the malcontents. An army was Britain,
levied of near 20,000 foot and 3000 horfe ; and was
put under the command of the earl of Arundel, a no¬
bleman of great family, but celebrated neither for mi¬
litary nor political abilities. The earl of Effex, a man
of Itrict honour, and extremely popular, efpecially a-
mong the foldiery, was appointed lieutenant-general:
The earl of Holland was general of the horfe. The
king himfelf joined the army, and he fummoned all
the bilhops, as guilty, all of them, of herefy, fimony, the peers of England to attend him. The whole had
bribery, perjury, cheating, inceft, adultery, fornica¬
tion, common-fwearing, drunkennefs, gaming, breach
of the fabbath, and every other crime which had oc¬
curred to the acculers. The biihops lent a proteft,
declining the authority of the affembly ; the commif-
fioner too ptotefted againft that court, as illegally con-
ftituted and elefted ; and,, in his majefty’s name, dif-
folved it. This meafure was forefeen, and little re-
garded. The court ftill continued to fit and do bulx-
nefs. All the aids of afiembly, fince the acceffion of
James to the crown of England, were, upon pretty
the appearance of a fplendid court rather than a mili¬
tary armament, and in this fituation the camp arrived
at Berwick.
The Scottiih army was equally numerous with that
of the king, but inferior in cavalry. The officers had
more experience ; and the foldiers, though ill difci-
plined and armed, were animated, as well by the na¬
tional averfion to England, and the dread of becoming
a province to their old enemy, as by that religious en-
thufiafm. which was the occaiion of the war. Yet fo
prudent were their leaders, that they immedialely fent
reafonable grounds, declared null and invalid. The very fubmifiive meflages to the king, and craved leave j>4
afts of parliament which affe&ed ecclefiaftical affairs u“ "h *“ ” *—'*•- *»»—1— -- -r.__i - *
were on that very account fuppofed to have no autho¬
rity. And thus the whole fabric which James and
Charles, in a long courfe of years, had been rearing
with much care and policy, fell at once to the ground.
The covenant likewife was ordered to be figned by
every one, under pain of excommunication.
In 1639, the covenanters prepared in earneft for
war. The earl of Argyle, though he long feemed
to be admitted to a treaty.—Charles, as ufual, took Peace .
the worft courfe. He concluded a fudden paerfiea-ciiidedJi
tion, in which it was ftipulated, that he fhould with-
dravv his fleet and army ; that within 48 hours the
Scots fhould difmifs their forces ; that the king’s forts
fhould be reftored to him ; his authority be acknow¬
ledged ; and a general afiembly and parliament be imme¬
diately fummoned, in order to compofe all differenees.
This peace was of no long duration. Charles could
tevenaaters temporize, at laft embraced the covenant; and he be- not prevail on himfelf to abandon the caufe of epifco-
came the chief leader of that party. The carls of pacy, and iecretly intended to feize every favourable
Rothes, Caffils, Montrofe, Lothian, the lords Lin-
defey, Loudon, Yefter, and Balmerino, alfo diftin-
guiftied themfelves. , Many of their officers had acquired
reputation in the German wars, particularly under
Guftavus ; and thefe were invited over to afiift; their
country in their prefent necefixty. The command was
entrufted to Lefly, a foldier of experience and ability.
Eorces were regularly enlifted and difciplined. Arms
were commifiioned and imported from foreign coun¬
tries. A few caftles which belonged to the king, be¬
ing unprovided of victuals, ammunition, and garrifons,
were foon feized. And the whole country, except a
fmall part, where the marquis of Huntly ftill adhered
to the king, being in the covenanters hands, was foon
g put into a tolerable pofture of defence.
opportunity to recover the ground he had loft. The
aftembly, on the other hand, proceeded with the ut¬
moft fury and violence. They voted epifcopacy to be
unlawful- in the church of Scotland : they ftigmatifed
the canons and liturgy as popifh : they denominated
the high commiffion tyranny. The paxiiament, which
fat after the afiembly, advanced preteniions which tend- -
ed to diminifh the civil power of the monarch ; and,
what probably affefted Charles ftill more, they were
proceeding to ratify the acts of aflembly, when by the
king’s inftru&ions Traquaire the commiflioner pro¬
rogued them. And on account of thefe claims, which w<
might have been eafxly forefeen, war was recommenced^eclar^
the fame year.
No fooner had Charles concluded the peace, than he
>v the king. Charles, on the other hand, was not deficient in his found himfelf obliged to difband his army, on account
endeavours to oppofe this formidable combination. By
regular economy he had not only paid all the debts
contradted in the Fx-ench and Spaniftx wars, but had
ixm^fled a fum of L. 200*000; which he had referved
for any fudden exigency. The queen had great in
of his want of money ; and as the foldiers had been
held together merely by mercenary views, it was not
pofiible, without great trouble, expence, and lofs of
time, to reaffemble them. On the contrary, the cove¬
nanters, in difmiffing their troops, had been careful to
tereft with the catholics, both from the fympathy of preferve nothing but the appearance of a pacification,
religion, and from the favours and indulgences which The officers had orders to be ready on the firft fum-
ffie had been able to procure them. She now employed mons: The foldiers were warned not to think the na-
. her credit, and perfuaded them, that it was reafonable tion fecure from an Engliflr invalion : And the religi-
to give large contributions, as a mark of their duty to ous zeal which animated all ranks of men made them
the king, during this urgent neceffity: And thus, to immediately fly to their llandards, as foon as their
the great fcandal of the Puritans,, a conixderable fup-
ply was gained. The king’s fleet was formidable and
well fupplied. Having put 5000 land forces on board,
he intruiled it to the marquis of Hamilton* who had
orders to fail to the frith of Forth, and caufe a diver-
trumpet was founded by their fpiritual and temporal i
leaders. ; il
In 1640, however, the king made ffiift to draw anAparii
army together ; but finding himielf unable to fupportmentc<j
them, was obliged to call a parliament after an inter-
miffion
88
Wes dif-
id for
B R I [
miffion of about l r years. As the fok defign of the
king’s calling this parliament was to obtain a fupply,
and the only reafon they had for attending was to pro¬
cure a redrefs of grievances, it is not to be fuppofed
there could be any good agreement between them.
The king accordingly infilled for money, and the par¬
liament on their grievances, till a diffolutian enfued.
—To add to the unpopularity of this meafure, the king,
notwithftanding his diffolving the parliament, allowed
the convocation to fit; a praclice of which, fince the
reformation, there had been very few examples, and
which was now by many deemed very irregular. Be-
fides granting to the king a fupply from the fpirituality,
the convocation, jealous of innovations fimilar to thofe
which had taken place in Scotland, impofed an oath
on the clergy and the graduates in the univerfities, by
which every one fwore to maintain the eftablifhed go¬
vernment of the church,'•by archbilhops, bifhops, deans,
chapters, &c. Thefe fteps were deemed illegal, becaufe
not ratified by confent of parliament; and the oath,
containing an &c. in the middle of it, became a fub-
jett of general ridicule.
The king, difappointed of parliamentary fubfidies,
was obliged to have recourfe to other expedients. The
ecclefiaftical fubfidies ferved him in fome Head; and it
feemed but juft, that the clergy Ihould contribute to
the expence of a war which had been in a great mea¬
fure of their own raifing. He borrowed money from
his minifters and courtiers ; and fo much was he be¬
loved ar#ong them, that above 300,0001. were fub-
fcribed in a few days. Some attempts were made to¬
wards forcing a loan from the citizens ; but ftill repel¬
led by the fpirit of liberty, which was now become
unconquerable. A loan of 40,0001. was extorted from
the Spanifir merchants who had bullion in the tower.
Coat and conduft money for the foldiery was levied on
the counties; an ancient praftice, but which was'fup¬
pofed to be abolifhed by the petition of right. All the
pepper was bought from the Eaft India Company upon
trull; and fold, at a great difcount, for ready money.
A fcheme was propofed for coining two or three hun¬
dred thoufand pounds of bafe money. Such were the
extremities to which Charles was reduced. The frefh
difficulties, which amidft the prefent diftreffes were e-
very day raifed, with regard to the payment of Ihip-
rrioney, obliged him to exert continual a<fts of autho¬
rity, augmented extremely the difcontents of the peo¬
ple, and increafed his indigence and neceffities.
The prefent expedients, however, enabled the king,
though with great difficulty, to march his army, con¬
fiding of 19,000 foot and 7000 hoi fe. The earl of
Northumberland was appointed general; the earl of
Strafford, who was called over from Ireland, lieutenant-
general ; lord Conway, general of the horfe. A fmall
fleet was thought fufficient to ferve the purpofes of this
expedition. The Scots, though fomewhat fuperior,
were fooner ready than the king’s army, and marched
to the borders of England. Notwithftanding their war¬
like preparations and hoftile attempts, the covenanters
ftill preferved the imoft fubmiffive language to the king ;
and entered England with no other defign, they faid,
than to obtain accefs to the king’s prefence, and lay
their humble petition at his royal feet. AtNewburnupon
Tyne they were oppofed by a detachment of 45co men
jSi ] R 11 1
under Conway, who feemed refolute to difpute with them Britain.
the paffage of the river. The Scots firft intreated them, v——3
with greats civility, not to Hop them in their march to
their gracious fovereign; and then attacked them with
great bravery, killed feveral, and chafed the reft from
their ground. Such a panicffeized the whole Engliffi
army, that the forces at Newcaftle fled immediately to
Durham ; and not yet thinking themfelves fafe, they
deferted that town, 'and retreated into Yorkfhire.
The Scots continued to advance ; they difpatched
meffengers to the king, who w'as now arrived at York.
They took care, after the advantage they had gained,
to redouble their expreffions of loyalty, duty, and fub-
miffion to his perfon ; and they even made apologies
full of forrow and contriiion for their late vi£lory.
Charles was in a very diftteffed condition ; and, in or¬
der to prevent the further advance of the Scots, agreed to
a treaty, and named 16 Engliffi noblemen to meet with
11 Scots commiffioners at Rippon. Straffc5rd, upon
whom, by reafon of Northumberland’s ficknefs, the
command of the army had devolved, advifed Charles,
rather to put all to hazard, than fubmit to fuch un¬
worthy terms as he faw would be impofed upon him.
He advifed him to puflr forward and attack the Scots,
and bring the affair to a quick decifton ; and if he was
ever fo unfuccefsful, nothing worfe could befal him than
what from his ina&ivity he would certainly be expofed
to; and,to fhowhoweafily thisproje£lmightbeexecuted,.
he ordered an affault to be made on fome quarters of
the Scots, and gained an advantage over them. This
falutary advice Charles had not refolution to follow.
He therefore refolved to call a council of the peers;
and as he forefaw that they would advife him to, call a
parliament, he told them in his firft fpeech, that he had
already taken that refolution. In order to fubfilt
both armies (for the king was obliged to pay his ene¬
mies, in order to fave the northern counties;, Charles,
wrote to the city, defiring a loan of 200,060 1. And
the peers at York, whofe authority was now much-
greater than that of their fovereign, joined in the Tamer
reqru,eft' . 00
The parliament met November 3d 1640 the houfe parliamenft
of commons had never been obferved fo numerous; and, meets,
that they might ftrike a decilive blow at once againft
the court, they began with the impeachment of the carl 9I
of Strafford. That nobleman, who was confidered as Unhappy
prime minifter, both on account of the credit he poffef- fituaHon of.
fed with his mailer, and his own uncommon vigour and8^3®31^
capacity, had now: the misfortune of having incurred
the hatred of all the three kingdoms. The Scots looked
upon him as the capital enemy of their country. He
had engaged the parliament of Ireland to advance large
fubfidies to be employed in a war againft them : he had
levied an army of 9000, men, with which he had me¬
naced all their weftern coaft : he had obliged the Scots
who lived under his government to renounce the cove¬
nant, &c.: he had governed Ireland, firft as deputy, and
then as lord-lientenant, during eight years, with great
vigilance, aftivity, and prudence, but with very little:
popularity. In a nation fo averfe to the Engliffi govern¬
ment and religion, thefe very virtues were fufficient to
draw on him the public hatred. His manners, befides,.
were at bottom haughty, rigid, and fevere ; and no .
fooner did adverfity begin to feize him, than the con—
cealedi
/
9*
'Unjui'tly
. executed.
96
B R I r 582 ] B R I
Britain, cealed averfion blazed up at once, and the Trilh parlia- commons, from policy, more than neceflity, had em- Britain)
ment ufed every expedient to aggravate the charge braced the expedient of paying the two armies by bor-
againft. him. rowing money from the city. Thefe loans they repaid 95^ ,
The univerfal difcontent which prevailed throughout afterwards by taxes levied on the people. At laft the^’* for"J
the Englilh nation was all pointed againfl the earl of citizens, either of themfelves, or by fuggeftion, began ftep ”
Strafford; though for no other reafon but becaufe he to Hart difficulties with regard to a farther loan which
was the min'ifter of ftate whom the king moil favoured was demanded. “ We make no fcruple of trufting the
and trufted.. His extra&ion was honourable, his pater- parliament (faid they), were we certain that the par-
nal fortune confiderable : yet envy attended his hidden liament was to continue till our repayment. But, in the
and great elevation; and his former afibciates in popu- prefent precarious fituation of affairs, what fecurity can
lar counfels, finding that he owed his advancement to be given us for our money?” In order to obviate this
the defeition of their caufe, reprefented him as the great objection, the abovementioned bill was fuddenly brought
apoftate of the commonwealth, whom it behoved them in, and having paffed both houfes with great rapidity,
to facrifice as a vidlim to public jullice. was at laft brought to the king; who, being oppreffed
From fo terrible a combination againft a Tingle per- with grief on account of the unhappy fate of Straf-
fon, nothing elfe could be expe&ed than what really ford, did not perceive the pernicious confequence of the
happened. Strafford was impeached, moft unjuftly con- bill.
demned, and at. laft executed, in the year 1641. It was All this time the commons had ruled in other refpedls
not without extreme difficulty that the king could be with an uncontroulable fway. Soon after the impeach-
93 brought to confent to his execution. He came to the ment of Strafford, Laud was accufed of high treafon,Lajd
Dlftrefs of houfe of lords, w here he expreffed his refolution never and committed to cuftody. To avoid the like fate, prihmed.
the king on to empi0y Strafford again in any public buftnefs; but lord keeper Finch and fecretary Windebank fled, the
his ex^u^ w’t^1 regar(i to treafon for which he was con- one into Holland, the other into France. The houfe 3
fi!ipCxecu demned, he proftffed himfelf totally diffatisfied. The inftituted a new fpecies of guilt, termed delinquency •*New>crii
. commons voted it a breach of privilege for the king to thofe who had exercifed,the powers neceffary for theof delin-!
take notice of any bill depending before the houfe. defence of the nation during the late military opera-quency. ,•
Charles did not perceive, that his attachment to Straf- tions, were now called delinquents. In confequence of
ford was the chief motive for the bill; and the greater this determination, many of the nobility and prime
proof he gave of this attachment to his favourite mini- gentry of the nation, while only exerting; as they juft-
fler, the more inevitable did he render his deftrudion. ly thought, the legal powers of magiftracy, found
The houfe of lords were intimidated, by popular vio- themfelves unexpectedly involved in this new crime of
lence, into paffing'the bill of attainder againft the un- delinquency. The commons, however, by their infti-
fortunate earl. The fame battery was next employed tution, reaped this multiplied advantage; they difarmed
to force the king’s affent. The populace flocked about the crown, they eftabliflied the maxims of rigid law
Whitehall, and accompanied their demand of juftice and liberty, and they fpread the terror of their own
■with the loudeft clamours and moft open menaces. A authority. All the flieriffs who had formerly exaCled
thoufand idle- reports of confpiracies, infurre&ions, and {hip money, though by the king’s exprefs command,
invafions, were fpread abroad. On whatever fide the were now declared delinquents. The farmers and officers
king call his eyes, he faw no refource 'nor fecurity. All of the cuftoms who had been employed during fo many
his fervants, confulting their own fafety rather than, years in levying tonnage, poundage, &c. were like-
their mafter’s honour, declined interpofing with their wife denominated criminals of the fame kind, and were
advice between him and his parliament. The queen, afterwards glad to compound for a pardon, by paying
terrified at the appearance of fo great danger, preffed 150,000!. Every difcretionary or arbitrary fentence
Charles, with tears, to fatisfy his people in this demand, of the liar-chamber and high commiffion courts, which
which it was hoped would finally content them. Arch- from their very nature were arbitrary, underwent a fe-
bilhop Juxon alone had the courage to advife him, if vere fcrutiny; and all thofe who had concurred in fuch
he did not approve of the bill, by no means to confent fentences, were voted to be liable to the penalties of
to it. law. No minifter of the king, no member of the
Strafford, hearing of the king’s irrefolution and an- council, but what found himfelf expofed by this deter-
xiety, wrote to him a letter, in which he defired his mination. The judges who had formerly given judge-
own execution, in order to,give peace to the nation : ment againft Hambden for refufing to pay ftiip-money,
and at laft, aft r the moft violent anxiety and doubt, were accufed before the peers, and obliged to find fe-
Chatles granted a commiffion to four noblemen, in his curity for their appearance. Berkley, a judge of the
name, to give the royal affent to the bill; flattering king’s bench, was feized by order of the houfe, even
himfelf, perhaps, that as neither his will confented to when fitting in his tribunal. The fan&ion of the lords
the deed, nor was his hand immediately engaged in it, and commons, as well as that of the king, was declared
he was the more free from all the guilt which attended neceffary for the confirmation of eccleliaftical canons.
r.rsrv'.mpmrtrwxiprpA fnmp TVTnnrmnlnrmpAnr-L if nf Hip kinoes nartv. wprp
98.
Thefe commiffioBers he empowered at the fame Monopolifts and projectors, if of the king’s party, were
94 time to give his afl'ent to a bill yet more fatal to him- now expelled the houfe; but one Mildmay, a notoriousarKi ;nj|
Charles felf, viz. That the prefent parliament ftiould not he dif- monopolift, was allowed to keep his feat, becaufe het^
renders theprorogued, or adjourned, without their own was of the popular party. In ihort, the con^litutionPaIliam,
parliament Confent> was completely new-modelled ; and during the firft pe- s
jxrpetua. ^ th;3 Iaft bin Charles rendered the power of his riod of the tranfa&ions of this remarkable parliament,
enemies perpetual, as it was already uncontroulable. if we except Strafford’s attainder, their merits in other
The reafon of this extraordinary ftep was, that the refpedls fo much overbalance their raiftakes, as to in-
4 title
B R I
• title them to very ample praifes from
berty Not only were former abiifes remedied, and
grievances redreffed ; great provifion for the future was
made by excellent laws again(l the return of the like
complaints. And if the means by which they obtain¬
ed fuch mighty advantages favoured often of art dice,
fometimes of violence ; it is to be confidered, that re¬
volutions of government cannot be effected by mere
force of argument and reafoning and that, factions
being once excited, men can neither fo_firmly regulate
the tempers of others, nor their own, as to enfure them-
felves againft all exorbitahcies.
Had the; parliament Hopped here, it had been happy
for the nation ; but they were now refolved to be fatis-
fied with nothing lefs than the total abolition of mo¬
narchy. The king had promifed to pay a vifit, this
fummer, to his fubjefts in Scotland, in order to fettle
their government; and though the Englifh parliament
was very importunate with him to lay afide that jour¬
ney, they could not prevail with him fo much as to de¬
lay it. Having failed in this, they appointed a fmall
committee of both houfes to attend him, in order, as
was pretended, to fee the articles of pacification exe¬
cuted, but really to be fpies upon the king, to extend
Hill farther the ideas of parliamentary authority, asj
well as eclipfe his majefty. Endeavours were even ufed,
before Charles’s departure, to have a proteftor of the
kingdom appointed, with a power to pafs laws without1
having recourfe to the king. About this time, the-
king concluded the marriage of the princefs Mary with
r 5S3 i b r 1
lovers of li- an earl, and Lefly was dignified with the title of Lord Britain.
Leven. But though Charles was thus obliged te heap v “ J,
favours on his enemies and overlook his friends, the for¬
mer were not fatisfied, as believing all he did proceeded
from a'rtifice and neceffity; while fome of the latter
were difgufted, and thought themfelves ill rewarded for
their paft fervices.
Argyle and Hamilton, being feized with an appre-
henfion, real or pretended, that the earl of Crawford
and others meant to affaffinate them, left the parlia¬
ment fuddenly, and.retired into the country : but, up¬
on invitation and affurances, returned in a few days.
This event, which in Scotland had no vifible confe-
quence, was commonly denominated the incident; but
though the incident had no efieft'in Scotland, it was
attended with very ferious confequences in England.
The Englilh parliament immediately took the alarm ;^
or rather probably were glad of the hint: they inlinu- ment
ated to the people, that the maiignants, fo they called • me a
the king’s party, had laid a plot at once to murder the n guar(f.
and all the godly in both kingdoms. They applied
therefore to Effex, whom the king had left general of
the fouth of England ; and he ordered a guard to at- -
tend them.. IOj
In the mean time a moft dangerous rebellion broke Rebellion
out in Ireland, with circumftances of unparalleled hor-1 out
ror, bloodflied, and devaftation. The old Irilh, by thein Ire^aa^
wife conduit of James, had been fully fobdued, and
proper means taken for fecuring their dependence and
fubjeftion for the future ; but their old animofity Hill
(?
-rage
* prill- ..
(vTary William prince of Orange. He did not'conclude this- remained, and only wanted an occafion to exert itfelf.
the "• * '   •   | ’ ’ •• • - ■ -
|°f
alliance without communicating his- intentions to par¬
liament, who were very well fatisfied with the propofal.
They adjourned from Sept.'9th, to October 20th, 1641.
Charles arrived in Scotland,Anguft 14th 1641, with
- a defign to give full fatisfaifion if poffible to this reftlefs
kingdom;-. Some good regulations were made; the
bench of bifirops, and lords of articles, were abolifhed ;
it was ordained that no man fliould be created a Scot-
tifh peer, who poflelfed not 10,000 marks (above 5001.)
of annual rent in the kingdom ; a law for triennial par¬
liaments was likewife enadted ; and it was ordained,
that the-laft aft: of every parliament Ihould be to ap¬
point the time and place for holding the parliament
next enfuing ; the king was alfo deprived of that power
formerly exercifed, of iffuing proclamations which en¬
joined obedience- under the penalty of treafon. Biit
the moft fatal blow given to royal authority, and what
in a manner dethroned the prince, was an article, t^hat
no member of the privy-council, in whofe hands, du¬
ring the king’s abfence, the whole adminiftration lay,
no officer of ftate, none of the judges, fliould be ap¬
pointed but by advice and approbation of parliament.
Charles even agreed to deprive of their feats four
judges who had adhered to his interefts; and their place
was fopplied by others more agreeable to the ruling
party. Several of the covenanters were alfo fworn of
the privy-council; and all the minifters of ftate, coun-
fellors and judges, were, by law, to hold their places
during life or good behaviour. The king, while in
Scotland, conformed himfelf to the eftabliffied church ;
he beftowed penfions and preferments on Henderfon,
Gillefpy, and other popular preachers; he praftifed
every art to foften, if not to gain, his greateft enemies;
the earl of Argyle was created a marquis, Lord Loudon
This they obtained from the weak condition to which'
Charles was reduced, and this was made ufe of in the
following manner.
One Roger More, a gentleman defcended from an
ancient Irilh family-, but of-narrow fortune, firft formed
the pr'ojeft of expelling the Englilh, and alferting the
independency of his native country. He fecretly went
from chieftain to- chieftain, and rouzed up every latent
principle of difcontent. He maintained a clofe corre-
fpondence with lord Macguire, and SirPhelim O‘Neale,
the moft powerful of the old Irilh ; and by his perfoa-
fions foon engaged not only them, but the moft confi-
derable perfons of the nation, into a confpiracy ; and
it was hoped, the Englilh of the pale, they were
called, or the-old Englilh planters, being all catholics, ,
would afterwards join the party which reftored their
religion to its ancient fplendor and authority The :
plan was, that Sir Phelim 0‘Neale, and the other
cqnfpirators, Ihould begin an infurreftion on one day
throughout the provinces, and fiiould attack all the
Englilh fettlements ; and that, on the very fame day,
lord Macguire and Roger More Ihould forprife the
caftie of Dublin. They fixed on the beginning of win¬
ter for the commencement of this revolt; that there •
might be more difficulty in tranfporting forces from
England. Succours to themfelves, and fopplies of
arms, they expefted fronv France, in confequence of a .
promife made them by- cardinal Richelieu; and many
Irilh officers who had ferved in the Spanilh troops had
given affurances of their concurrence, as foon as they
faw an infurreftion entered upon by their Catholic
brethren. News, which every day arrived from England,
of the fury expreffed by the commons againft all Pa-
pifts, ftruck freffi terror into the Irilh nation, ftimu-
latesl
104
Horrid
cities of
.rebels.
lated the confpirators to execute their fatal purpofe, made them (hare the fate of their unhappy countrymen. Bn tab
and affured them of the concurrence of their country- Others tempted||fheir prifoners, by the fond love of —
men. ,Jifej to embrue their bands in the blood of friends.
Such a propenfity was difcovgred in all the Irifh to brothers, or parents; and having thus rendered them
revolt, that it was deemed unneceflary as well as dan- accomplices in their own guilt, gave them that death
gerous to trujl the fecret in many hands ; and though which they fought to Chun by deferving it.
the day appointed drew nigh, no difcovery had yet Such were the barbarities by which 'Sir Phelim 0‘
been made to government. Tire king, indeed, had re- Neale and the Iri{h in Ulfter fignalized their rebellion,
ceived information from his ambaffadors, that fomething More, (hocked at the recital of thefe enormities, flew
was in agitation among the Irifli in foreign parts ; but to 0‘Neale^s camp ; but found that- his authority,
though he gave warning to' the adminiftration in Ire- which was fufficient to excite the Irifli to a rebellion,
land, his intelligence was entirely negle&ed. They was too feeble to reftrain their inhumanity. Soon af-
were awakened from their fecurity only that very day ter, he abandoned the caufe, and retired to Flanders,
before the commencement of hoftilities. The caille of From Ulfter, the flames of rebellion diffufed themfelves
Dublin, by which the capital was commanded, con- in an inftant over the other three provinces of Ireland,
tained arms for loioOo men, with 35 pieces of can- In ail places, death and (laughter were nofuncommon ;
non, and a proportionable quantity of ammunition, though the Irifli in thefe other provinces pretended to
Yet was this important place guarded, and that too aft with moderation and humanity. But cruel and
without any care, by no greater force than 50 men. barbarous! was their humanity! Not contentwithex-
Macguire and More were already in town with a nume- ' pelling the Englifli from their houfes, they dripped
rous band of their retainers; others were expefted that them of their very clothes, and turned them out naked
night; and • next morning they were to enter upon and defencelefs to all the feverities of the feafon. The
what they efteemed the eafleft of all enterprizes, the heavens themfeives, as if confpiring againft that un-
furprifal of the caftle. 0‘ConnoIly, however, ah Irifli- happy people, were armed with cold and temped un¬
man, but a Proteftant, difcovered the confpiracy. The ufual to the climate, and executed what the fword had
juftices and council fled immediately to the caftle, and left unfiniflicd. By fome computations, thofe who
reinforced the guards. The city was immediately a- perilled by all thefe cruelties are fuppofed'to amount
■ lamed, and all the Proteftants prepared for defence, to 150 or 20.0,000 ; but by the mod reafonable and
More efcaped, but fylacguire was taken ; and Mahon, moderate, they are made to atnpunt only to 40,000 ;
one of the confpirators, being likewife feized, firft dif- though probably even this account is not free of exag-
covered to the juftices the projeft of a general infur- geration.
reftion. The Englifti of the pale, who probably were not at
But though O‘Connolly’s difcovery faved the caftle firft in the fecret, pretended to blame the infurreftion,
the from a furprize, Mahon’s confeflion came too late to and to deleft the barbarity with which it was accom-
prevent the intended infurreftion. ONeale and his panied. By their proteftations and declarations they
confederates had already taken arms in Ulfter. The engaged the juftices to fupply them with arms, which
houfes, cattle, and goods of the Englifli were firft they promifed to employ in defence of government,
feized. Thofe who heard of the commotions in their But in a little time, the interefts of religion were found
neighbourhood, inftead of deferting their habitations, to be more prevalent over them than regard and duty to
and afiembling together for mutual proteftion, re- their native country. They chofe lord Gormonftone
mained at home in hopes of defending their property ; their leader ; and, joining the old Irifli, rivalled them
and fell thus feparately into the hands of their enemies, in every aft of cruelty towards the Englifti Prote-
An univerfal maflacre now commenced, accompanied Hants. Befides many fmaller bodies, difperfed over the
with circumftances of unequalled barbarity. No age, kingdom, the main army of the rebels amounted to
fex, or condition, was fpared^ All conneftions were 20,000 men, and threatened Dublin with an immediate
diffolvecl, and death was dealt by that hand from which fiege. Both the Englifti and Iriih rebels confpired in
proteftion was implored and expefted. All the tor- one impofture, by which they feduced many of their
tures which wanton cruelty could devife, all the linger- countrymen. They pretended authority from the king
ing pains of body, the apguifh of mind, the agonies of and queen, but efpecially the latter, for their infurrec-
defpair, could not fatiate revenge excited without in- tion ; and they affirmed that the caufe of their taking
jury, and cruelty derived from no caufe. Such enor- arms was to vindicate the royal prerogative, now in-
mities, in (hort, were committed, that though attefted vaded by the puritanical parliament. Sir Phelim 0‘
by undoubted evidence, they appear almoft incredible. Neale, having found a royal patent in the houfe of
The (lately buildings or commodious habitations' of lord Caulfield, whom he had murdered, tore off the
the planters, as if upbraiding the (loth and ignorance feal, and affixed it to a commiffion which he had forged
of the natives, were confumed with fire, or laid level for himfelf.
with the ground ; and where the miferable owners, (hut The king received intelligence of this infurreftion Scot
up in their houfes, and preparing for defence, periftied while in Scotland, and immedlatelyacquainted the Scots aj
in the flames, together with their wives and children, a parliament with it. He hoped, as there had all along
double triumph was afforded to their infulting foes. If been fuch an outcry againft Popery, that now, when'6 4
any where a number affembled together, and refolved to that religion was appearing in its blackeft colours, the
oppofe the affaffins ; they were difarmed by capitula- whole nation would vigoroufly iupport him in the fup-
tions, and promifes of fafety, confirmed by the molt preffion of it. But here he found himfelf miftaken. , 1
iblemn oaths. But no fooner had they furrendered. The Scots confulering themfelves now as a republic,
than .the rebels, with perfidy equal to their cruelty, and conceiving hopes from the prefent diftreffes of Ire- 3
NJ 55. 6 land,
B R X [ 585 ] B R X
Brirain.’ land, they refolved to make an advantageous bargain
—y~—J for the fuccours with which they fhould fupply the
neighbouring nation. Except difpatching a fmall bo-
( ' dy of forces, to fupport. the Scots colonies in Ulfter,
they would, therefore, go no farther than to fend com-
miflioners to London, in order to treat with the par-
I . liament, to whom the fovereign power was in reality
transferred. The king too, fenfible of his utter ina¬
bility to fubdue the Irilh rebels, found himfelf obliged,
in this exigency, to have recourfe to the Englifh par-
j , liament, and depend on their affillance for fupply. He
kf; told them that the infurredtion was not, in his opinion.
Ip the refult of any rafh enterprize, but of a formed cbn-
fpiracy againfl: the crown of England. To their cafe
and wifdom, therefore, he faid, he committed the con¬
duct and profecution of the war, which, in a caufe fo
®.. important to national and religious interefts, muft of
neceffity be immediately entered upon, and vigoroufly
106 purfued.
atttous The Englifh parliament, now re-affembled, difco-
'dlU^ verec^ 'n eac^ voLe t^e fame difpofitions in which they
tiament feParate(l‘ Nothing lefs than a total abolition of
monarchy would ferve their turn. But this project: it
had not been in the power of the popular leaders to
have executed, had it not been for the paffion which
feized the nation for the prefbyterian difcipline, and the
j; wild enthufiafm which at that time attended it. By the
! difficulties and diftrefles of the crown, the commons,
| who poflefTed alone the power of fupply, had aggran-
Iji dized themfelves; and it feemed a peculiar happinefs,
that the Irilh rebellion had fucceeded,at fuch a critical
I if jun&ure, to the pacification in Scotland. That expref-
i - fion of the king’s, by which he committed to them the
care of Ireland, they immediately laid hold of, and in¬
terpreted in the moft unlimited fenfe. They had on
other occafions been gradually encroaching on the exe-
Ik cutive power of the crown, which forms- its principal
J and moll natural branch of authority ; but with regard
to Ireland, they at once affirmed it, fully and entirely,
as if delivered over to them by a regular gift or affign-
h; ment. And to this ufurpation the king was obliged
paffively to fubmit, both becaufe of his inability to re-
lift, and left he ftrould -expofe himfelf ftill more to the
charge of favouring the rebels ; a reproach eagerly
' fv thrown upon him by the popular party as foon as they
heard that the Irifh pretended to adl by his commiffion.
Nay, to complete their character, while they pretended
the utmoft zeal againft the infurgents, they took no
fteps for its fupprefiion, but fuch as likewife gave them
the fuperiority in thofe commotions which they fore-
faw muft be fo foon excited in England. They levied
, inoney under pretence of the Irilh expedition, but re¬
fer ved it for purpofes which concerned them more
i nearly : they took arms from the king’s magazines,
but ftill kept them with a fecret intention of making
ufe of them againft himfelf: whatever law they deem-
i ^ ed neceffary for aggrandizing themfelves, they voted,
||l| under colour of enabling them to recover Ireland; and
j U if Charles with-held his royal aflent, the refufal was
imputed to thofe pernicious counfels which had at firft
excited to Popifh rebellion, and which ftill threatened
1 total ruin t0 the Proteftant intereft throughout his do-
i minions. And though no forces were for a long time
lent over into Ireland, and very little money remitted
’ j j during the extreme diftrefs of that kingdom j fo ftrong
• Vol. III. Part II.
was the people’s attachment to the commons, that the Britain,
fault was never imputed to thofe pious zealots, whofe v—
votes breathed nothing but death and deftrudion to the
Irifii rebels.
The condud of the parliament towards the king now
became exceedingly unreafonable, unjuft, and cruel. It
was thought proper to frame a general remonftrance of
the ftafe of the kingdom ; and accordingly the commit¬
tee, which at the firft meeting of the parliament had
been chofen for that purpofe, were commanded to fi- I07
niftr their undertaking. The king returned from King re-
Scotland November 25th 1641. He was received in turns from
London with the fhouts and acclamations of the popu- ScotianL
lace, and with every demonftration of regard and af-
fedion. Sir Richard Gournay, lord mayor, a man of
great merit and authority, had promoted thefe favour¬
able difpofitions ; and had engaged the populace, who
fo lately infulted the king, and who fo foon after made
furious war upon him, to give him thefe marks of their
dutiful attachment. But all the pleafure which Charles
reaped from this "joyful reception was foon damped by
the remonftrance of the commons, which was pre-
fented to him together with a petition of the like na¬
ture. The bad counfels which he followed were there
complained of; his concurrence in the Irifti rebellion
plainly infinuated; the fcheme laid for the introduc¬
tion of popery and fuperftition inveiged againft ; and
for a remedy to all thefe evils, the king was defined to
entruft every office and command to perfons in whom
his parliament fhould have caufe to confide. By this
phrafe, which was very often repeated in all the me¬
morials and addreffes of that time, the commons meant
themfelves and their adherents. To this remon¬
ftrance Charles was obliged to make a civil reply, not-
withftanding his fubjedls had tranfgreffed all bounds
of refpeft and even good manners in their treatment of
their fovereign. I0g
It would be tedious to point out every invafion of Commons
the prerogative now attempted by the commons: but the
finding themfelves at laft likely to be oppofed by the ^0Verc‘S,ltjr’
nobility, who faw their own depreffion clofely conneft-
ed with that of the crown, they openly told the upper
houfe, that “ they themfelves were tbe reprefentatives
of the whole body of the kingdom, and that the peers
were nothing but individuals, who held their feats in a
particular capacity; and therefore, if their Jordfhips
will not confent to a6ls neceffary for the prefervation of
the people, the commons, together with fuch of the
lords as are more fenfible of the danger, muft join to¬
gether and reprefent the matter to his majefty.” Every
method proper for alarming the populace was now put
in pradlice. The commons affedled continual fears of
deftrudlion to themfelves and to the whole nation.
They excited the people by never-ceafing inquiries af¬
ter confpiracies, by reports of infurredtions, by feign¬
ed intelligence of invafions from abroad, arid by difco-
veries of dangerous combinations at home againft
Papifts and their adherents. When Charles difmiffed
the guard which they had ordered during his abfence,
they complained; and, upon his promifing them a
new guard under the command of the earl of Linde-
fay, they abfolutely refufed the offer: they ordered
halberts to be brought into the hall where they af-
fembled, and thus armed themfelves againft thofe con¬
fpiracies with which they pretended they were hourly
4 E threatened.
B R I
B R I [ 586 ]
Britain- threatened. Several reduced officers, and young gentle- reign army to invade the kingdom ; that, they had Britain
—v 1 men of the inns of court, during this time of diilrefs aimed at fubverting the very right and being of par- ' v—
and danger, offered their fervice to the king. Be- liaments; and had a&ually raifed and countenanced
tween them and the populace there paffed frequent tumults againft the king. Men had fcarce leifure. to
fkirmifhes, which ended not without bloodflied. By wonder at the precipitancy and imprudence of this im-
way of reproach, thefe gentlemen gave the rabble the peachment, when they were aftonifhed by another mea-
Round-bcads name of round-heads, on account of their fhort cropt fure ftill more rafh and unfupported. A ferjeant at
and Cava- hair; while they diftinguifhed the others by the name arms, in the king's name, demanded of the houfe the
of cavaliers* And thus the nation, which was before five members, and was fent back without any pofitivi
fufficiently provided with religious as well as civil caufes anfwer. This was follovyed by a conduft {till more ex-
of quarrel, was alfo fupplied with party-names, under, traordinary. The next day, the king himfelf was feen H
which the fa&ions might rendezvous and fignalize to enter the houfe of commons alone, advancing through perfon ^
their mutual hatred. the hall, while all the members ftood up to receive him. feize the
Thefe tumults continued to increafe about Weft- The fpeaker withdrew from his chair, and the king
minfter and Whitehall. The cry continually refound- took poffeffion of it. Having feated himfelf, and look¬
ed againft bifttops and rotten-hearted lords. The former ed round him for fome time, he told the houfe, that
efpecially, being eafily diftinguiftiable by their habit, he was forry for the occafion that forced him thither;
and being the objeft of violent hatred to all the fefta- that he was come in perfon to feize the members whom
ries, were expofed to the moft dangerous infults. The he had accufed of high treafon, feeing they would not
archbifhop of York, having been abufed by the popu- deliver them up to his ferjeant at arms. Then addreffing
BHhops re- lace> haftily called a meeting of his brethren. By his himfelf to the fpeaker, he defired to know whether any
tire from advice a proieftat ion was drawn and addreffed to the of them.were in the houfe: but the fpeaker,falling on his
the houfe of kiUg an(} the houfe of lords. The bilhops there fet knees,replied,that he had neither eyes to fee, nortongue
lords. forth, that though they had an undoubted right to fit to fpeak, in that place, but as the houfe was pleafed to
and vote in parliament, yet in coming thither they had direft him ; and he aflced pardon for being able to give
been menaced, aflaulted, affronted, by the unruly multi- no other anfwer. The king fat for fome time, to fee if
tude, and could no longer with fafety attend their duty the accufed were prefent; but they had efcaped a few
in the houfe. For this reafon they protefted againft miautes before his entry. Thus difappointed,perplexed,
all laws, votes, and refolutions, as null and invalid, and not knowing on whom to rely, he next proceeded,
which ftiould pafs during the time of their forced ab- amidft the inve&ives of the populace, who continued to
fence. This proteftation, which, though juft and le- cry oxsU Privilege! privilege! to the common council of
gal, was certainly ill-timed, was figned by twelve bi- the city, and made his complaint to them. The common
fhops, and communicated to the king, who haftily ap- council anfwered his complaints by a contemptuous fi*-
proved of it. As foon as it was prefented to the lence; and, on his return, one of the populace, more
lords, that houfe defired a conference with the com- infolent than the reft, cried out, “ To your tents, O
mons, whom they informed of this unexpe&ed pro- Ifrael!” a watch-word among the Jews, when they in-
teftation. The opportunity was feized with joy and tended to abandon their princes. )
triumph. An impeachment of high treafon was im- When the commons affembled the next day, they Bad
mediately fent up againft the bifhops, as endeavouring pretended the greateft terror; andpaffedan unanimous‘l1.611
to fubvert the fundamental law, and to invalidate the vote that the king had violated their privileges, and1 1S* 1
authority of the legiflature. They were, on the firft that they could not aflemble again in the fame place,
demand, fequeftered from parliament, and committed till they fhould obtain fatisfaftion, and have a guard
to cuftody. No man in either houfe ventured to fpeak for their fecurity. The king had retired to Windfor,
a word in their vindication ; fo much was every one and from thence he wrote to his parliament, making
difpleafed at the egregious imprudence of which they every conceffion, andpromifing every fatisfa&ion in his
had been guilty. One perfon alone faid, that he did power. But they were refolved to accept of nothing
not believe them guflty of high treafon ; but that they unlefs he would difcover his advifers in that illegal mea-
were ftark mad, and therefore defired they might be fure; a condition to which, they knew, that without
fent to bedlam. rendering himfelf for ever vile and contemptible, he
This was a fatal blow to the' royal intereft; but it could not poffibly fubmit.
foon felt a much greater from the imprudence of the The commons had already ftript the king of almoft Comn
king himfelf. Charles had long fupprelfed his refent- all his privileges; the biftiops were fled, the judges were demaa
ment, and only ftrove to gratify the commons by the intimidated; it now only remained, after fecuring thePofle^
greatnefs of his conceflions; but finding that all his church and the law, that they ftiould get pofleffion of*!*6 e*
compliance had but increafed their demands, he could the fword alfo. The power of appointing governors and ofthe
Six mem- no longer contain. He gave orders to Herbert his at- generals, and of levying armies, was ft ill a remaining
fers f rar- torney-general to enter an accufation of high treafon, in prerogative of the crown. Having therefore firft mag-
liamem im- the houfe of peers, againft lord Kimbolton, one of the nified theit terrors of Popery, which perhaps they ac-
j) cached by moft popular men of his party, together with five com- tually dreaded, they proceeded to petition that theTower
order'"8 * moners> Arthur Haflerig, Hollis, Hambden, Pym, might be put into their hands; and that Hull, Portf-
° er’ andStrode. The articles were,That they had traiterouf- mouth, and the fleet, ftiould be intrufted to perfons of
ly endeavoured to fubvert the fundamental laws and their choofing. Thefe were requefts, the complying
government of the kingdom, to deprive the king of his with which fubverted what remained of the conftitution;
regal power, and to impofe on hi$ fulye&s an arbitrary however, fuch was the neceffity of the times, that they
and tyrannical authority ; that they had invited a fo- were firft contefted, and then granted. At laft, every
compliance
Britain, compliance only increafing the avidity of making frefh
demands, the commons defired to have a militia, raifed
and governed by fuch officers and cammanders as they
fhould nominate, under pretence of fecuring them from
the Irifh Papifts, of whom they were under the greateft.
apprehenfion.
Itefed by It was here that Charles firft ventured to put a ftop
king, to his conceffions ; and that not by a refufal, but a de¬
lay. He was at that time at Dover attending the queen
and the princefs of Orange, who had thought it pru¬
dent to leave the kingdom. He replied to the peti¬
tion, that he had not now leifure to confider a matter
B R T
C 587 1
B R I
accordingly refolved to fupport his authority by force Britain,
©farms. <c His towns (he faid) were taken from him;
his ffiips, his army, and his money: but there Hill re-Reje,qe(j {,y
mained to him a good caufe, and the hearts of his loyal Chariei.
fubje&s 5 which, with God’s bleffing, he doubted not
would recover all the reft.” Colle&ing therefore fome
forces, he advanced fouthwards, and erefted his royal
ftandard at Nottingham.
The king found himfelf fupported in the civil war
by the nobility and more conftderable gentry. They,
dreading a total confufion of rank from the fury of the
populace, inlifted themfelves under the banner of their
of ' fuch great importance; and therefore would defer monarch: from whom they received, and to whom they
an anfwer till his return. But the commons were well communicated, their luftre. The concurrence of the
aware, that though this was depriving him even of the
lhadow of power, yet they had now gone too far to re¬
cede ; and they were therefore defirous of leaving him
no authority whatever, being confcious that themfelves
would be the firft viftims to its fury. They alleged,
that the dangers and diftempers of the nation were fuch
as could endure no longer delay; and unlefs the king
ffiould fpeedily comply with their demands, they
ffiould be obliged, both for his fafety and that of the
kingdom, to embody and diretft a militia by the au¬
thority of both houfes. In their remonftrances to
the king, they defired even to be permitted to com-
5 mand the army for an appointed time ; which fo ex-
2rol- afperated him, that he exclaimed, “ No, not for an
bifhops and church of England alfo increafed the ad¬
herents of the king; but it may be fafely affirmed, that
the high monarchical do&rines fo much inculcated by
the clergy, had never done him any good. The bulk
©f the nobility and gentry who now attended the king
ill his diftreffes, breathed the fpirit of liberty as well as
of loyalty: and in the hopes alone of his fubmitting to
a limited and legal government they were willing to fa-
crifice their lives and fortunes.
On the other hand, the city of London, andmoft of
the great corporations, took part with the parliament;
and adopted with zeal thofe democratical principles on
which thefe aflemblies were founded. The example of
the Dutch commonwealth too, where liberty had fo
^e' hour.” This peremptory refufal broke off all further happily fupported induftry, made the commercial part
!| alKj treaty ; and both fides were now refolved to have re¬
diament. courfe to arms.
of the nation defire to fee a like form of government
eftablifhed in England. Many families alfo, vyho had
Charles, taking the prince of Wales with him, reti- enriched themfelves by commerce, faw with indigna-
red to York, where he found the people more loyal, and
lefs infe&ed with the frenzy of the times. He found
his-caufe there backed by a more numerous party a-
mong the people than he had expe&ed. The queen,
who was in Holland, was making fuccefsful levies of
men and ammunition by felling the crown-jewels. But
before war was openly declared, the ftiadow of a nego-
ciation was carried on, rather with a,defign to pleafe
the people than with any view of reconciliation. Nay,
is that the king might defpair of all compofition, the par¬
liament fent him the conditions on which they were
willing to come to an agreement. Their demands were
contained in 19 propofitions, and amounted to a total
abolition of monarchial authority^ They required that
no man (hould remain in the council who was not agree¬
able to parliament; that no deed of the king’s ihould
have validity unlefs it pafled the council, and was at-
tefted under their hand ; and that all the officers of ftate
tion, that, notwithftanding their opulence, they could
not raife themfelves to a level with the ancient gentry;
they therefore adhered to a power by whofe fuccefs they
hoped to acquire rank and confideration. jjg
At firft every advantage feemed to lie againft theDHlreffed
royal caufe. The king was totally deftitufe of money, condition of
London, and' all the fea-ports except Newcaftle, being ther°ya^“s‘
in the hands of parliament, they were fectire of a con-
Itderable revenue ; and the feamen naturally following
the difpofition of the ports to which they belonged,
the parliament had the entire dominion of the fea. All
the magazines of arms and ammunition they feized at
firft; and their fleet intercepted the greateft part of
thofe fent by the queen from Holland. The king, in
order to arm his followers, was obliged to borrow the
weapons of the train bands, under promife of reftoring
them as fooh as p,eace {hould be fettled. The nature
and qualities of his adherents alone, gave the king fome
ftiould be chofen with confent of parliament; that none compenfation for all the advantages poffefled by his
of the royal family {hould marry without confent of adverfaries. More bravery and adivity were hoped for
parliament or council; that the laws {hould be execu¬
ted againft Catholics ; that the votes of Popifh lords
{hould be excluded; that the reformation of the liturgy
and church-government {hould take place according to
the advice of parliament; that the ordinance with re-
from the generous fpirit of the nobles and gentry, than
from the ba/e difpofition of the multitude. And as
the landed gentlemen, at their own expence, levied and
armed their tenants, befides an attachment to their
mafters, greater force and courage were to be expeded
gard to the militia be fub'mitted to ; that the juftice of from thefe ruftic troops than from the vicious and ener-
parliament may pafs upon all delinquents; that a ge- vated populace of cities. Had the parliamentary forces,
neral pardon be granted with fuch exceptions as {hould however, exerted themfelves at firft, they might have
be advifed by parliamentthat the forts and caftles be eafily diffipated the fmall number the king had been
difpofed of by confent of parliament; andthatlio peers able to colled, and which amounted to no more than
be made but with confent of both houfes. War on any 800 horfe and 300 foot; while his enemies were with-
terms was efteemed, by the king and all his counfel- in a few days march of him with 6000 men. In a
lots, preferable to fo ignominious a peace. Charles ffiort time the parliamentary army were ordered to
4 E 2 march .
They gain
B R I ,[ 588 ]
march to Northampton; and the earl of Eflex, who had the 13 th of July; and
joined them', found the whole to amount to 15,000.
The king’s army too was foon reinforced from all
quarters ; but ilill, having no force capable of coping
with the parliamentary army, he thought it prudent to
retire to Derby, and from thence to Shrewlbury, in or¬
der to countenance the levies which his friends were
making in thofe parts. At Wellington, a day’s march
from Shrewibury, he made a rendezvous of all his forces,
and caufed his military orders to be read at the head
of every regiment. That he might bind himfelf by
reciprocal obligations, he here proteited folemnly before
his whole army, that he would maintain the Proteftant
religion according to the church of England ; that he
would govern according to the known llatutes and cu-
ftoms of the kingdom; and particularly, that he-would
obferve inviolable the laws to which he had given his
confent during this parliament, &c.
While Charles lay at Shrewibury, he received the
advan- news of an adtion, the firft which had happened in thefe
■ir erT Pa^ts, at]C* w^erein h's party wa3 victorious. On the
ir ene- appearance Qf commotions in England, the princes Ru¬
pert and Maurice, fons of the unfortunate elector pala¬
tine, had offered their fervice to the king; and the for¬
mer at that time commanded a body of horfe which
had been fent to Worcefter in order to watch the mo¬
tions of Effex, who was marching toward§ that city.
No fooner had the prince arrived, than he faw feme ca¬
valry of the enemy approaching the gates. Without
delay he brilkly attacked them, as they were defiling
from a lane, and forming themfelves. Colonel Sandys
their commander was killed, the whole party routed,
and purfued above a mile.
In 1642, Oftober 23d, happened a general engage¬
ment at Edgehill, in which, though the royalifts were
at firft victorious, their impetuofity loft the advantage
they had gained, and nqthing decifive happened. Five
thoufand men, it is faid, were found dead on the field
of battle. Soon after, the king took Banbury and
Reading; and defeated two regiments of his enemies at
Brentford, taking 500 prifoners. Thus ended the cam¬
paign in 1642; in which, though the king had the ad¬
vantage, yet the parliamentary army amounted to
24,000 men, and was much fuperior to his,; notwith-
ftanding which, his enemies had been fo far humbled
as to offer terms of peace.
In 1643,, the treaty was carried on, but without any
ceffation of hoftilities: and indeed the negociation went
no farther than the firft demand on eaah fide; for the
parliament, finding no likelihood of coming to an ac¬
commodation, fuddenly recalled their commiffioners.
On the 27th of April, Reading furrendered to the par¬
liamentary • forces under the earl of Effex, who cojn-
Affociation man^e<^ a fi°fiy 18,o©o men. The earl of North-
in favour cf umher^anfi united in a league for the king the counties
the king, of Northumberland, Cumberland, Weftmorland, and
the bilhopric; and engaged fome time after other coun¬
ties in the fame affociation. The fame nobleman alfo
took poffeffion of York, and diflodged the forces of the
parliament at Tadcafter, but his vi&ory was not deci¬
five. Other advantages were alfo gained by the royal-
Battle of
Edgehill.
B R I
vas followed by the fiegeof that Britsj»4
city, which furrendered to prince Rupert on the 25th
•einforced from all of the fame month.
Though the taking of Briftol had coft the royalifts
dear, yet fuch a continued run of fuccefs had greatly
difpirited the oppofite party 5 and fuch confufion now
prevailed at London, that fome propofed to the king
to march diredly to that city, which it was hoped
might be reduced either by an infurreftion of the citi¬
zens by vi&ory or by treaty, and thus an end put to
the civil diforders at once. This advice, however, was
reje&ed, on account of the great number of the Lon¬
don militia ; and it was refolved firft to reduce Glou- ChafMl
cefter, in confequence of which the king would have
the whole courfe of the Severn under his .command.
The rich and malcontent counties of the weft having
then loft all prote&ion from their friends, might be en¬
forced to pay large contributions as an atonement for
their difaftettion ; an open communication could be
preferved between Wales and thefe new conquefts; and
half the kingdom being entirely freed from the enemy,
and thus united into one firm body, might be employed
in re-tftabliihing the king’s authority throughout, the
remainder.
The fiege of this city commeuced Auguft 10th; but
being defended by Maffey a refolute governor, and well
garrifoned, made a vigorous defence. The confterna-
tion at London, however, was as great as if the enemy
had been already at their gates; and in the midft of
the general confufion, a defign wTas formed by Waller
of forcing the parliament to accept of fome reafonable
conditions of peace. He imparted his defign to fome
others ; but a difeovery being made of their proceed¬
ings, he and two others were condemned to death.
Waller, however, efcaped with a fine of 10,000/. The
city of Gloucefter in the mean time was reduced to the
utmoft extremity; and the parliament, as their laft re- 125'
fource, difpatched Effex with an armyof 14,000 men, He is fc
in order to force the king to raife the fiege of that J.0 raif®
city. This he accomplilhed ; and when he entered,Iiegs
found only one barrel of gunpowder left, and .other
provifions in the fame proportion. On his return to
London, he was intercepted by the king’s army, with I2^
whom a moft defperate battle enfued at Newbury which
lafted till night. Though the vidlory was left unde¬
cided, Effex next morning proceeded on his march, and
reached London in fafety, where he received the ap-
plaufe for his condudl he deferved. The king followed
him on his march; and having taken poffeffion of
Reading after the earl left it, he there eftabliftied a gar-
rifon,. and ftraitened by that means London and the
quarters of the enemy.
In the north, during this fummer, the earl, now
created marquis of Newcaftle, had railed a confiderable
force for the king ; and great hopes of fuccefs were en¬
tertained from that quarter. There appeared, how¬
ever, in oppofition to him, two men on whom the event
of the war finally depended, and who began about this
time to be remarked for their valour and military con-
duft. Thefe were, Sir Thomas Fairfax, fon to the lord
of that name ; and Oliver Cromwell. The former gained Advaj
123 ifts ; the moft important of which was the battle of a confiderable advantage over the royalifts at Wake-
Parliamen- Stratton, where the poet Waller, who commanded the field, and took general Goring prifoner: the latter c^oiq
5 parliament’s army, was entirely defeated, and forced to obtained a vidlory at Gainlborough over a party com-
Stratton. % w*th onty a f£W horfe to Briftol. This happened 0
manded by the gallant Cavendilh, who perifhed in the
addon..
B R I
Britain, a&ton. But both thefe defeats were more than com-
"—v 1 penfated by the total- rout of lord Fairfax at Atherton
. moor, and the difperlion of his army, which happened
defeated on ^!e 3 1 ^ July. After this victory, the marquis
[ 589 ]
B R I
be reformed according to the word of God, and the Bdtai/i,
example of the pureil churches.
Great were the rejoicings among the Scots, that
they fhould be the happy inftruments of extending their
tAthtrton. Newcaftle fat down before Hull with an army of mode of religion, and difGpating the profound dark-
I*" ’ " —^ « foil.. —- nefs in which the neighbouring nations were involved.
And being determined that the fword (hould carry con¬
viction to all refradtory minds, they prepared them-
felves with great vigilance and activity for their mili¬
tary enterprizes ; fo that, having added to their other
forces.the troops which they had recalled from Ireland,
where the two laft mentioned officers gained renown by they were ready about the end of the year to enter Eng-
their conduCt and gallantry. And though fortune had land under their old general the earl of Leven, with an
15,000 men ; but being beat off by a fally of the gar*
rifon, he fuffered fo much that he thought proper to
raife the fiege. About the fame time, Mancheffer,
who advanced from the eaftern affociated counties, ha¬
ving joined Cromwell and young Fairfax, obtained a
confiderable viftory over the royalifts at Horn caflle ;
thus balanced her favours, the king’s party ftill re¬
mained much fuperior in thofe parts of England ; and
army of above 20,000 men. The king, in order to charfes af-
fecure himfelf, concluded a ceffation of arms with the fitted by tb®
had it not been for the garrifon of Hull, which kept Irifh rebels, and recalled a conliderable part of his ar- Iriflu
York (hire in awe, a conjunction of the northern forces
with the army in the fouth might have been made, and
had probably enabled the king, inftead of entering <
my from Ireland. Some Iriffi catholics came over with
thefe troops, and joined the royal army, where they
continued the fame cruelties and diforders to which
the unfortunate, perhaps imprudent enterprife of Glou- they had been accuftbmed. The parliament voted,
cefter, to march direCtly to London, and put an end that no quarter in any aCUon (hould ever be given them.
to the war. The battle of Newbury was attended with
fuch lofs on both (ides, that it put.an end to the cam¬
paign of 1643, by obliging both parties to retire into
w'inter quarters.
The event of the war being now very doubtful, the
king and parliament began both of them to look for af-
fiftance from other nations. The former caff his eyes
on Ireland, the latter on Scotland. The parliament
But prince Rupert, by making fome reprifals, fbon re-
preffed this inhumanity.
The campaign of 1644 proved very unfortunate to
the royal caufe. The forces brought from Ireland
were landed at Moyftne in North Wales, and put un¬
der the command of lord Biron. They beheged and
took the caftles of Hawarden, Beefton, ACton, and
Deddington-houfe. No place in Chelhire or the neigh-
igliftipar-of England had ever invited the Scots, from the com- bourhood now adhered to the parliament, except Lant-
alkmencement of the civil diffenfions, to interpofe their
aftrnce mediation, which they knew would be very little fa-
wich ; and to this place Biron laid fiege in the depth,
of winter. Sir Thomas Fairfax, alarmed at fo great a
vourable to the king, and which for that reafon he had progrefs, affembled an army 0L4000 men in Yorkffiire
declined. Early in the fpring 1643, this offer of me¬
diation had been renewed, with no better fuccefs than
before. The commiffioners were alfo empowered to
prefs the king to a compliance with the preibyterian
worfhip and difcipline. But this he abfolutely refufed,
as well as to call a parliament in Scotland ; fo that the
and having joined Sir William Brereton, was approach¬
ing to the camp of the royalifts. Biron and his fol-
diers, elated with fucceffes in Ireland, entertained a
moft profound contempt for their enemies. Fairfax
fuddenly attacked their camp. The fwelling of the info fo-seg.
river by a thaw, divided one part of the army from a- difperfech
commiffioners, finding themfelves unable to prevail in nother. That part expofed to Fairfax, being beat from
anyone of their demands, returned home highly dif- their poft, retired into the church at Adlon, where
fatisfied. The Engliffi parliament being now in great being furrounded, they were all taken prifoners. The
diftrefs, gladly fent commiffioners to Edinburgh, to other retreated with precipitation ; and thus was dif-
treat of a more clofe confederacy with the Scottifh na- fipated or rendered ufelefs that body of forces which
tion. The perfon they principally trufied to on this had come from Ireland. This happened on the 25th
eccafion was Sir Henry Vane, who in eloquence, ad-
drefs, capacity, as well as in art and diffimulation, was
of January ; and on the nth of April, Colonel Bella-
fis was totally defeated at Selby in Yorkftiire by Sir
not even furpaffed by any one in that age fo famous for Thomas Fairfax, who had returned from Cheffiire with
( a&ive talents. By his perfuafions was framed at Edin- his vidtorious forces. Being afterwards joined by lord
1 burgh the-Solemn League and Covenant ; which Leven, the two generals fat down before the city of
And effaced all former proteftations and vows taken in both York ; but being unable toinveft that city completely',,
kingdoms, and long maintained its credit and autho-
51 rity. In this covenant, the fubfcribers, befides (
they were obliged to content themfelves with incom¬
moding it by a loofe blockade. Hopeton, having af-
gaging mutually to defend each other againft all op- fembled a body of 14,000 men, endeavqured to break .
ponents, bound themfelves to endeavour, without re- into Suffex, Kent, and the fouthern affociation, which
fpedt of perfons, the extirpation of popery and prela¬
cy, fuperftition, herefy, and profanenefs; to maintain
the rights and privileges of parliaments, together with
the king’s authority ; and to difcoyer and bring to ju-
feemed well difpofed to receive him ; but was defeated
by Waller at Cherington. At Newark, however,*
prince Rupert totally defeated tire parliamentary army
which befieged that place ; and -thus preferved the com-
ftice all incendiaries and malignants. They vowed alfo munication open between the king’a northern and
to preferve the reformed religion eftabhlhed in the fouthern quarters.
The great advantages the parliament had gained in;
the north, feemed now to fecond their unwarrantable-
England and Ireland, than that thefe kingdoms (hould enterprizes, and finally to promife them fuccefs. Man-
chefter
church of Scotland; but by the artifice of Vane, no
declaration more explicit was made with regard to
B R I
L 59° ]
B R I
Britain, chcfler having taken Lincoln, had united his army to the block archbifliop Laud, who had long been a pri- Bntainf :
that 0f Leven and Fairfax ; and York was now clofely foner in the tower, and was incapable of giving offence  
Yorlt'befie by their numerous forces. That town, tho’ to any. Execution
gerl by the" vigoroufly defended by the marquis of Newcallle, was While the king’s affairs thus went into decay in Eng- 0f Laud,
parliamen- reduced to the lalt extremity, when prince Rupert, ha- land, they feemed to revive a little in Scotland, thro’ |
tary forces, ving joined Sir Charles Lucas who commanded New- the qonduft and valour of the earl of Montrofe, a young Exploits of
caftle’s horfe, haftened to its relief with an army of nobleman newly returned from his travels. He had been the earl oh
20,000 men. The Scots and parliamentary generals introduced to the.king ; but not meeting with an agree-
railed the fiege, and drawing up on Marfton moor, able reception, had gone over to the covenanters, andin Scot*an®
defeat
34'
Royalifls
propofed to give battle to the royalills. Prince Ru-
t pert approached the town by another quarter, and in-
terpofing the river Oufe between him and the enemy,
fafely joined his forces to thofe of Newcaflle. The
marquis endeavoured to perfuade him, that having fo
fuccefsfully effedfed his purpofe, he ought to be con¬
tented with the prefent advantages, and leave the ene¬
my, now much diminilhed by their Ioffes, and difeou-
aged by their ill fuccefs, to diffolve by thofe mutual
been afti ve in forwarding all their violence. Being com-
miflioned, however, by the tables, to wait upon the king
wdule the army,lay at Berwick, he was fo gained by
the civilities and careffes of that monarch, that he
thenceforth devoted himfelf entirely, though fecretly,
to his fervice. For attempting to form an affociation
in favour of the royal caufe, Montrofe was quickly
thrown into prifon; but being again releafed, he found
the king ready to give ear to his counfels, which were
diffenlions which had begun to take place ctmong them, of the boldeft and molt daring kind. Though the
gant de-
The prince, however, hurried on by his natural impe-
tuolity, gave immediate orders for fighting. The battle
was loft, the royal army entirely pulhed off the field,
and the train of artillery taken. Immediately after this
unfortunate a£tion the marquis of Newcallle left the
kingdom, and prince Rupert retired into Lancalhire.
The city of York was furrendered in a few days, and
Newcaftle foon after taken by fiorm.
This was a fatal blow to the royal caufe, and far
from being balanced by an advantage gained at Cro-
predy bridge by the king over Waller, or even by the
difarming of Effex’s forces, which happened on the ill
of September. On the 27th of O&ober, another battle
was fought at Newbury, in which the royalifts were
worfted, but foon after retrieved their honour at Den-
nington caftle, which finilhed the campaign in 1644.
In 1645, a negociation was again fet on foot, and
the commiffioners met at Uxbridge on the 30th of Ja-
WMudsofthe nuary ; but it was foon found impoffible to come to any
^ar iamcnt-agreement. The demands of the parliament were ex¬
orbitant ; and, what was worfe, their commiffioners
owned them to be npthing but preliminaries. The
king was required to attaint, and except from a gene¬
ral pardon, 40 of the moft confiderable of his Englilh
fubjefts, and 19 of his Scots, together with all the
Popilh recufants who had borne arms for him. It was
infilled that 48 more, with all the members of either
houfe who had fat in the parliament called by the king
at Oxford, all lawyers and divines who had embraced
the king’s party, ftrould be rendered incapable of any
office, be forbid the exercife of their profeffion, be
prohibited from coming within the verge of the court,
and forfeit the third of their eftates to the parliament.
It was required, that whoever had borne arms for the
king Ihould forfeit the tenth of their eftates, or^if that
did not fuffice, the fixth, for the payment of public
debts. As if royal authority were not fufficiently an¬
nihilated by thefe terms, it was demanded that the
court of wards Ihould be abolilhed; that all the con¬
fiderable officers of the crown, and all the judges, Ihould
whole nation of Scotland was occupied by the cove¬
nanters, though great armies were kept on foot by
them, and every place guarded by a vigilant admini-
ftration, he undertook by his own credit, and that of
the few friends who remained to the king, to raife
fuch commotions, as would foon oblige thofe malcon¬
tents to recal the forces which had fo fenfibly thrown
the balance in the favour of parliament. The defeat
at Marilon-moor had left him no hopes of any fuc-
cours from England; he was therefore obliged to fti-
pulate with the earl of Antrim, a nobleman of Ireland,
for fome fupply of men from that country. And he
himfelf having ufed various difguifes, and paffed
through many dangers, arrived in Scotland, where he
lay for fome time concealed in the borders of the High¬
lands.
The Iriftr did not exceed 1 too foot, very ill armed.
Montrofe immediately put himfelf at their head ; and,
being, joined by 1300 Idighlanders, attacked lord El-
cho, who lay at Perth with 6000 men, utterly defeated
him, and killed 2000 of the covenanters. He next
marched northwards, in order to roufe again the mar¬
quis of Huntly and the Gordons, who had taken arms
before, but been fuppreffed by the covenanters. At
Aberdeen he attacked and entirely defeated lord Bur¬
ley, who commanded 2500 men. Montrofe, how¬
ever, by this vidftory, did not obtain the end he pro-
poled ; the marquis of Hhntly fhowed no inclination
to join an army where he was fo much eclipfed by the
general.
Montrofe was now in a very dangerous fituation.
Argyle, reinforced by the earl of Lothian, was behind
him with a great army. The militia of the northern
counties, Murray, Rofs, and Caithnefs, to the num¬
ber of 5000, oppoftd him in front, and guarded the
banks of the Spey, a deep and rapid river, In order,
to lave his troops, he turned afide into the hills; and
after fome marches and countermarches, Argyle came
up with him at Faivy caftle ; and here, after fome Ikir-
milhes, in which he was always vi&orious, Montrofe
be appointed by parliament; and that the right of got clear of a fuperior army, and by a quick march
peace and war ftiould not be .exercifed without confent through thefe almoft innacceffible mountains put him-
of parliament. A little before the commencement of felf abfolutely beyond their power,
this fruitlefs treaty, the parliament, to Ihow their de- It was the misfortune of this general, that very good
termined refolut-iohto proceed in the fame haughty im- or very ill fortune were equally deftnufftive of his army,
perious method in which they had begun, brought to After every vi&ory his Scots foldiers went home tb en-
5 j°y
[ '
B R I [59^] B R I
» Britain. j0y the fpoil they had acquired ; and had his army
I —v—““ been compofed of thefe only, he mud have foon been
,| abandoned altogether : but his Irifhmen having no
place to which they could retire, adhered to him in e-
very fortune. With thefe, therefore, and fome rein¬
forcements of the Atholmen and Macdonalds, Montrofe
j| 1 fell fuddenly upon Argyle’s country, letting loofe upon
it all the horrors of war. Argyle, collecting 3000 men,
marched in queft of the enemy, who had retired with
their plunder; and he lay at Innerlochy, fuppofing
himfelf to be ftill at a good .diftance from them. The
earl of Seaforth, at the head of the garrifon of Inver-
nefs, and a body of 5000 new-levied troops, preffed
the royalifts on the other fide, and threatened them
||> with total deflru&ion. By a quick and unexpedled
I march, Montrofe haftened to Innerlochy, and prefented
i himfelf in order of battle before the covenanters. Argyle
alone, feized with a panic, defertec^ his army. They
made a vigorous refiftance, however ; but were at laft
defeated and purfued with great daughter: after which,
Montrofe was joined by great numbers of Highlanders ;
Seaforth’s army difperfed of itfelf; and the lord Gor¬
don, eldeft fon to the marquis of Huntly, having ef-
caped from his uncle Argyle, who had hitherto detained
him, now joined Montrofe with a confiderable number
of his followers, attended by the earl of Aboyne.
The council at Edinburgh, alarmed at thefe vi&ories,
fent for Baillie, an officer of reputation, from England ;
and, joining him in command with Urrey, fent them
with a confiderable army again ft the royalilts. Mon¬
trofe, with a detachment of 800 men, bhd attacked
Dundee, a town extremely attached to the covenant;
and having carried it by affault, had given it up to be
plundered by his foldiers; when Baillie and Urrey with
, their whole force came upon him. He inftantly called
off his foldiers from the plunder; put them in order;
* fecured his retreat by the moft (kilful meafures ; and
having marched 60 miles in the face of an enemy much
fuperior, without flopping, or allowing his foldiers the
kaft deep or refreffiment, at laft fecured himfelf in the
mountains. His antagonifts now divided their forces,
in order to carry on the war againft an enemy who
furprifed them as much by the rapidity of his marches
38 as by the boldnefs of his enterprizes. Urrey met him
{iefeats with 4000 men, at Alderne near Invernefs; and truft-
Uaubieing t0 ^*s fuPeri°r'ty in numbers (for Montrofe had
mber onty 2000 men), attacked him in the poftvwhich he
i own. had chofen. Montrofe, having placed his right wing
in ftrong ground, drew the beft of his forces to the o-
ther, and left no main body between them; a defeA
which he artfully concealed b/ fttowing a few men
j through trees and buffies with which that ground was
covered. That Urrey might have no leifure to per¬
ceive the ftratagem, he inftantly led his wing to the
charge, made a furious attack on the covenanters, drove
them off the field, and obtained a complete ividlory o-
ver them. Baillie now advanced, in order to revenge
Urrey’s defeat; but he himfelf met with a like fate
|! at Alford. Montrofe, weak in cavalry, lined his troops
U of horfe with infantry; and, after putting the enemy’s
horfe to rout, fell with united force upon their foot,
1; which were entirely cut in pieces, though with the lofs
; r of the gallant lord Gordon on the part'of the royalifts.
1 —Having thus prevailed in fo many battles, which his
• vigour always rendered as deeifive as they were fuccefs-
ful, he prepared for marching into the fouthern pro- Britain.
vinces, in order to put a total period to the power of 
the covenanters, and diffipate the parliament, which
with great pomp and folemnity they had ordered to
meet at St Johnftone’s.
While Montrofe was thus fignalizing his valour in Parliamen-
the north, Fairfax, or rather Oliver Cromwell under tary amiy
his name, employed himfelf in bringing in a new modelnwdei'
into the parliamentary army, and throwing the wholeled'
troops into a different fhape ; and never furely was a
more Angular army eftabliihed, than that which was
now fet on foot by the parliament. To the greateft
number of the regiments chaplains were not appointed.
The officers affumed the fpiritual duty, and united it
with their military fim&ions. During the intervals of
aedion they occupied themfelves in fermons, prayers,
and exhortations. Rapturous ecftacies fupplied the
place of ftudy and refleftion ; and while the zealous
devotees poured out their thoughts in unpremeditated
harangues, they miftook that eloquence; which to their
own fufprife,. as well as that of others, flowed in upon
them, for divine illuminations, and illapfes of the Holy-
Spirit. Wherever they were quartered, they excluded
the minifter from his pulpit; and, ufurping his place,
conveyed their fentiments to the audience with all the
authority that followed their power, their valour, and'
their military exploits, united to their apparent zeal
and fervour. The private foldiers were feized with the
fame fpirit; and in ftiort, fuch an enthufiafm feized the
whole army as was perhaps fcarce ever equalled.
The royalifts ridiculed this fanaticifm of the parlia¬
mentary armies, without being fenfible how much rea-
fon they had to dread it. They were at this time e-
qual, if not fuperior, in numbers to their enemies; but
fo licentious, that they^ were become more formidable-
to their friends than their enemies. The commanders
were moft of .them men of diffolute chara&ers; in the
weft efpecially, where Goring commanded, liniverfal
fpoil and havock were committed; and the whole coun¬
try was laid wafte by the rapine of the army; fo that
the moft devoted friends both to the church and ftate
wiflied there for fuch fuccefs to the parliamentary forces
as might put an end to thefe diforders. I40
The natural confequence of fuoh enthufiafm in the Royalift?
parliamentary army, and licentioufnefs in that of the defeated ae
king, was, that equal numbers of the latter would noNaftby‘
longer maintain their ground againft the former. This
appeared in the decifive battle of Nafeby, where the
forces were nearly equal; but after an obftinate en¬
gagement, Charles was entirely defeated, 500 of his
officers and 4000 private men made prifoners, all his
artillery and ammunition taken, and his infantry to¬
tally difperfed; fo that fcarce any vi&ory could be more
complete.
After this fatal battle, the king retired firft to Here¬
ford, then to Abergavenny ; and remained fome time
in Wales, from the vain hope of railing a body of in¬
fantry in thefe quarters already harraffed and exhaufted.
His affairs now, however, went to ruin in all quarters.
Fairfax retook Leicefter on the x 7th of June. On the
10th of July, he raifed the fiege of Taunton ; and the
royalifts retired to Lamport, an open town in the coun¬
ty of Somerfet. Here they were attacked by Fairfax*
and beat from their ppft, with the lofs of 300 killed
and 1400 taken prifoners. This was followed by
CHartes re¬
tires to Ox¬
ford.
B R I [59
the lofs of Bridgewater, which Fairfax took three days
after; making the garrifon, to the iHimber of 2600
men, prifoners of war. He then reduced Bath and
Sharburn ; and on the 1 ith of September Briftol was
furrendered to him by prince Rupert, though a few
days before he had boafted in a letter to Charles, that
he would defend the place for four months. This fo
enraged the king, that he immediately recalled all the
prince’s commiffions, and fent him a pafs to go beyond
fea.
The Scots in the mean time, having made themfelves
mailers of Carlifle after an obllinate fiege, marched
fouthwards and invefted Hereford; but were obliged
to raife the fiege on the king’s approach. And this
was the laft glimpfe of fuccefs that attended his arms.
Having marched to the relief of Chefter, which was
anew befieged by the parliamentary forces under colonel
Jones, his rear was attacked by Pointz, and an engage¬
ment immediately enfued. While the fight was con¬
tinued with great obftinacy, and victory feemed to in¬
cline to the royalifts, Jones fell upon them from the o-
ther fide, and defeated them with the lofs of 600 killed
and IOOO taken priioners. The king with the remains
■ of his army fled to Newark ; and from thence efcaped
to Oxford, where he Ihut himfelf up during the winter
feafon.
After the furrender of Briftol, Fairfax and Cromivell
having divided their forces, the former marched weft-
wards in order to complete the conqueft of Devonlhire
and Cornwall; the latter attacked the king’s garrifons
which lay the eaft of Btillol. Nothing was able to
Hand before thefe victorious generals; every town was
obliged to fubfnit, and every body of troops that pre¬
tended to refill were utterly defeated. At laft, news
arrived, that Montrofe himfelf, after fome more fuccef-
fes, was defeated ; and thus the only hope of the royal
party was deftroyed.
When that brave general defcended into the fouthern
counties, the covenanters, aflembling their whole force,
met him with a numerous army, and gave him battle
at Kilfyth. Here he obtained his moll memorable vic¬
tory: 6000 of the covenanters were killed on the fpot-,'
and no remains of an army left them in Scotland. Many
noblemen, who fecretly favoured the royal caufe, now
declared openly for it, when they faw a force able to
fupport them. The marquis of Douglas, the earls of
Annandale and Hartfield, the lords Fleming, Seton,
Maderty, Carnegy, with many others, flocked to the
royal ftandard. Edinburgh opened its gates, and gave
liberty to all the prifoners there detained by the cove¬
nanters. Among the reft was lord Ogilvy, fon to
Airly, whofe family had contributed very much to the
victory gained at Kilfyth.—David Lefly was detached
from the army in England, and marched to the relief
of his diftreffed party in Scotland. Montrofe advan¬
ced ilill further to the fouth, allured by the vain hopes,
both of roufing to arms the earls of Hume, Traquaire,
and Roxborough, who had promlfed to join him ; and
of obtaining from England fome fupply of cavalry, in
which he was very deficient. By the negligence of his
fcouts, Lefly, at Philip-haugh in the foreft, furprized
his army, much diminiflred in numbers from the defer-
tion of the Highlanders, who had retired to the hills,
according to cuftom, to fecure their plunder. After a
flaarp conflidl, in which Montrofe exerted great valour,
55’
1
B R I
his forces were routed by Lefly’s cavalry, and he him- Br't&in,
felf forced to fly to the mountains. *
Nothing could be more affedlirig than the fituation 144
in which the king now was. He now refolved to grant
the parliament their own terms, and fent them repeated himfelf ta
meffages to this* purpofe, but they never deigned to the Scots. '
make him the leaft reply. At laft, after reproaching
him with the blood fpilt during the war, they told him
that they were preparing fome bills, to which, if he
would confent, they would then be able to judge of jj
his' pacific inclinations. Fairfax, in the mean time,
was advancing with a victorious army in order to lay j
fiege to Oxford; and Charles, rather than fubmit to be
taken captive and led in triumph by his infolent fub- l
je&s, refolyed to give himfelf up to the Scots, who had
never teftified fuch implacable animofity againft him,
and to trull to their loyalty for th£ reft. After palling
through many bye-ways and crofs-roads, he arrived in
company with only two perfons, Dr Hudfon and Mr
Alhburnham, at the Scots camp before Newark, and
difcovered himfelf tolord Leven their general.
The reception he met with was fuch as might be ex-who felli
pefted from thefe infatuated bigots,, deftitute of every him to'J
principle of reafon, honour, or humanity. Inftead ofEngdfth
endeavouring to alleviate the diftreffes of their fovereign,
they fuffered him to be infulted by the clergymen.
They immediately fent an account of his arrival to the
Engiilh parliament, and they as quickly entered into a
treaty with the Scots about delivering up their prifoner.
The Scots thought this a proper time for the recovery
of their arrears due to them by the Engiilh. A great
deal was really due them, and they claimed much more
than aftually belonged to them. At laft) after various
debates between them and the parliament, in which
they pretended to great honour, and infilled upon ma¬
ny pundlilios, it was agreed, that, upon payment of
L.400,000, the Scots Ihould deliver up the king to his
enemies ; and this was cheerfully complied with. Thus
the Scots juftly fell under the cenfure of having fold
their king who had thrown himfelf upon their mercy;
a llain peculiar to the nation, and unparalleled in hifto-
ry either ancient or modern. It mull, however, be
acknowledged, that the infamy of this bargain had fuch
an influence on the Scots parliament, that they once
voted that the king Ihould be protedled and his liberty
infilled on. But the general aflembly interpofed ; and
pronounced, that as he had refufed to take the cove-
nant which was prelfed on him, it became not the god
ly to concern themfelves about his fortunes. In con
fequence of this, the parliament were obliged to re-
traCl their vote. The king, being delivered over to
the Engiilh commiflioners, was condudled under a
guard to Holdenby in the county of Northampton,
where he was very rigoroufly confined; his ancient fer-
vants being difmilled, himfelf debarred from vifits, and
all communication cut off witk his friends or family. J46t
The civil war being now over, the king abfolved his The arj
followers from their allegiance, and the parliament had
now no enemy ,to fear but their own troops. EromveEj,
this quarter their danger only arofe ; and it was not power. J
long before they found themfelves in the fame unfortu- ™
nate fituation to which they had reduced the king.
The majority of the houfe were Prefbyterians, but the
majority of the army were independents. The former,
foon after the retreat of the Scots, feeing every thing
1 reduced
B R 1 [ 593 1 , B R 1 .
reduced to obedience, propofed to dilband a coniider- were for encouraging the army. Accordingly the two Bdtaia.
fpeakers, with 62 of the members, fecretly retired from l—~v—J
the houfe, and threw themfelves under the protedlion . 149
of the army, who were then at Hounflow-heath. They nlemberTof
were received with (houts and acclamations; their inte- parliament
grity was extolled ; and the whole force of the foldiery, jo® the
to the number of 20,000 men, now moved forward toanay'
reinftate them in their places.
In the mean time, the part of the houfe which was
J able part of the army, and'fend the reft over to Ireland.
This was by no means relifhed, and Cromwell took care
to heighten the difaffection. Iiiftead of preparing to
dilband, therefore, the foldiers refolved to petition;
and they began by defiring an indemnity, ratified^by
the king, for any illegal aftions which they might have
committed during the war. The commons voted that
this petition tended to introduce mutiny, &c. and threat¬
ened to proceed againft the promoters of it as enemies left, refolved to refift the encroachments of the army.
They chofe new fpeakers, gave orders for enlifting
troops, ordered the train-bands J:o man the lines ; and
j to the ftate and difturbers of the public peace. The
11 army now began to fet tip for themfelves. In oppofi-
tion to the parliament at Weftminfter, a military par- the whole city boldly refolved to refift the invafion.
liament was formed. The principal officers formed a But this refolution only held while the enemy was at a
council to reprefeut the body of peers ; the foldiers e- diftance ; for when Cromwell appeared, all was obedi- The reft
letted two men out of each company to reprefent the ence and fubmiffion : the gates were opened to the ge- fubmit.
commons, and thefe were called the agitators of the
army ; and of this affembly Cromwell took care to be a
member. The new parliament foon found many grie¬
vances to be redreffed; and Specified fome of the moft
1148
onnvell
the
neral, who attended the two fpeakers and the reft of
the members peaceably to their habitations. The ele¬
ven impeached members being accufed as caufes of the
tumult, were expelled ; and moft of them retired to the
confiderable. The commons were obliged to yield to continent. The mayor, IherifF, and three aldermen.
every requeft, and the demands of the agitators rofe in
.proportion. The commons accufed the army of mutiny
and fedition; the army retorted the charge, and alleged
that the king had been depofed only to make way for
their ufurpations. Cromwell, in the mean time, who
fecretly condutted all the meafures of the army, while
he exclaimed againft their violence, refolved to feize the
king’s perfon. Accordingly a party of 500 horfe ap-
were fent to the tower ; feveral citizens, and officers of
the militia, were committed to prifon ; the lines about
the city levelled with the ground j and the command of
the Tower was given to Fairfax.
It now only remained to difpofe of the king, who
remained a prifoner at Hampton-court. The indepen¬
dent army, at the head of whom was Cromwell, on one
hand ; and the prefbyterians, in name of both houfes,
peared at Holmby caftle, under the command of one on the other ; treated with him feparately in private.
Joyce, originally a taylor, but now a cornet; and by
this man was the king eondutted to the army, who
He had fometimes even hopes, that, in thefe itruggles
for power, he might have been chofen mediator in the
were haflening to their rendezvous at Triplo-heath near difpute ; and he expefted that the kingdom at laft, be-
Cambridge. Next day Cromwell arrived among them,
where he was received with acclamations of joy, and im¬
mediately inverted with the fupreme command.
The commons now faw the defigns of the army; but
it was too late, all refiftance was become vain : Crom¬
well advanced with precipitation, and was in a few days
at St Alban’s. Even fubmiffion was now to no purpofe;
the army ftill rofe in their demands, in proportion as
thefe demands were gratified, till at laft they claimed a
right of modelling the whole government, and fettling
the nation.
Cromwell began with accttfihg eleven members of the
houfe, the very leaders of the prelbyterian party, as
guilty of high treafoh, and being enemies of the army.
The commons were willing to protett them ; but the
ing fenfible of the miferies of anarchy, would of its o
accord be hulhed into its former tranquil condition.
At this time he was treated with fome flattering marks
of diftinttion ; he was permitted to converfe with his
old fervants ; his chaplains were permitted to attend
him, and celebrate divine feryice their own way. But
the moft exquifue pleafure he enjoyed was in the com¬
pany of his children, with whom he had feveral inter¬
views. The meeting on thefe occafions was fo pathe¬
tic, that Cromwell himfelf, who was once prefent, could
not help being moved, and was heard to declare, that
he never beheld fuch an affetting feene before. But
thefe inftances of refpett were of no long continuance.
As foon as the army had gained a complete vittory over
the houfe of commons, the king was treated not only
army infilling on their difmiffion, they voluntarily left with the greateft difrefpett, but even kept in continual
the houfe. At laft the citizens of London, finding the
conftitution totally overturned, and a military defpotifm
beginning to take place, inftead of the kingly one they
were formerly afraid of, began to think ferioufly of re-
preffing the infolence of the troops. The common coun¬
cil afiembled the militia of the city; the works were
manned ; and a manifefto publilhed, aggravating the
hoftile intentions of the army. Finding that the com¬
mons, in compliance with the requeft of the army, had
voted that the city-militia fhould be dilbanded, the
multitude rofe, befieged the door of the houfe, and ob¬
liged them to reverfe that vote they had fo lately paf-
fed. The affembly was, of confequence, divided into
two parties; the greater part fiding with the citizens ;
but the minority, with the two fpeakers at their head,
Vot. III. Part II.
alarms for his own perfonal fafety. The confequence Charles re-
of this was, that Charles at laft refolved to withdraw folves m
himfelf from the kingdom. Accordingly, on the 1 (th leave the
of November 1647, attended only by Sir John Berke-
ley, Afiiburnham, and Leg, he privately left Hamp¬
ton-court ; and his efcape was not difeovered till near
an hour after; when thofe who entered his chamber,
found on the table fome letters diretted to the parlia~
ment, to the general, and to the officer who had at¬
tended him. All night he travelled through the foreft,
and arrived next day at Tichfield, a feat of the earl of
Southampton, where refided the countefs dowager, a
woman of honour, to whom the king knew he might
fafely entruft his perfon. Before he arrived at this
place, he had gone to the fea-coaft: and expreffed great
4 F anxiety
B R I
jfle of
Wight.
Britain, anxiety that a fhip which he feemed to look for had
J not arrived. He could not hope to remain long con-
■< 52 cealed at Tichfield : the queftion was, what meafure
He is feized {hould next be embraced ? In the neighbourhood lay
and cor.fi- t}ie jf]e 0f Wight, of which Hammond was governor.
This man was entirely dependent on Cromwell, which
was a very unfavourable circumftance : yet, becaufe the
governor was nephew to Dr Hammond the king’s fa¬
vourite chaplain, and had acquired a good reputation
in the army, it was thought proper to have recourfe
to him in the prefent exigence, when no other rational
expedient could be thought of, Afhburnham and
Berkeley were difpatched to the bland. They had or¬
ders not to inform Hammond of the place where the
king lay concealed, till they had firft obtained a pro-
mife of him not to deliver up his majefty, even though
the parliament and army fhould require him ; but re-
ftore him to his liberty, if he could not proteft him.
The promife would have been but a flender fecurity :
yet even without exa&ing it, Aihburnham imprudent¬
ly, if not treaeberoudy, brought Hammond to Tick-
field'; and the king was obliged to put himfelf into
his hands, and to attend him to Carifbroke cattle in
the ifle of Wight, where, though he was received with
great demonftrations of refpedt and kindnefs, he was
in reality a prifoner.
While the king continued in this forlorn fituatfon,
Cromwell found himfelf upon the point of lofing all the
fruits of his former fchemes, by having his own prin¬
ciples turned againft himfelf. Among the Indepen¬
dents, who in general were for no ecelefiaftical fiibor-
dination, a fet of men grew up called levellers, who
difallowed all fubordination whatfoever, and declared
that they would have no other chaplain, king, or ge¬
neral, but Jefus Chrift. Though this would have gone
down very well with Cromwell as long as it was only
directed againft his enemies, he did not fo well relifh it
when applied to himfelf. Having intimation that the
levellers were to meet at a certain place, he unexpec¬
tedly appeared before them at the head of his red regi¬
ment, which had hitherto bear deemed invincible. He
demanded, in the name of God,, what thefe meetings
and murmurings meant; he expoftulated with them
t *94 1
B R I
153 „
Cromwell
in danger
from the
kveUers.
of his hardy veterans, feared not to give them battle. Britai
He attacked them one after another; routed and dif- v~
perfed them ; took Hamilton prifoner; and, following
his blow, entered Scotland, the government of which
he fettled entirely to his fatisfaftion- An infurre&ion
in Kent was quelled by Fairfax with the fame eafe;
and nothing but fuccefs attended all this ufurper’s at¬
tempts. 15$
During thefe contentions, the king, who was kept Negoci;
a prifoner at Carifbroke cattle, continued to negociate
with the parliament for fettling the unfpeakable cala-j^g an(i'i
mities of the kingdom. The parliament now faw no parliamefli
other method of- deftroying the military power, but to
deprefs it by the kingly. Frequent propofals for an ac¬
commodation patted between the captive king and the
commons ; but the great obftacle which had all along
flood in the way, ftill kept them from agreeing. This
was the king’s refufing to abolifh epifcopacy, though
he confented to alter the liturgy. However, the treaty
was ftill carried on with vigour, and the parliament for
the firft time feemed in earneft to conclude their nego-
ciations. But all was now too late. The victorious
army, with Cromwell at their head, advanced to Wind-
for, and with furious remonftrances began to demand
vengeance on the king. The unhappy monarch had
been lately fent under confinement to that place ; and
from thence he was now conveyed to Hurfl-caftle in
Hampfhire, oppofite to the ifle of Wight. The par¬
liament in the mean time began to iffue ordinances for
a more effe&ual oppofition to thefe military encroach¬
ments, when they were aftonifhed by a meffage from
Cromwell, that he intended paying them a vifxt next
day with his whole army ; and in the mean time or¬
dering them to raife him L,40,000 on the city of
London.
The commons, though deftitute of all hopes of pre¬
vailing, had ftill the courage to refill, and to attempt
in the face of the whole army to finifh the treaty they
had begun with the king. They had taken into con-
fideration the whole of his conceffions; and though
they had formerly voted them unfatisfaclory, they now
renewed the confultation with great vigour. After a
violent debate which lafted three days, it was carried
upon the danger and confequence of their precipitant in the king’s favour by a majority of 129 againft 83,_
fchemes, and defired them immediately to depart. In-
flead of obeying, however, they returned an infolent
anfwer; wherefore, rutting on them in a fury, he laid
two of them dead at his feet. His guards difperfing
the reft, he caufed feveral of them to be hanged upon
the fpot, and fent others to London ; and thus'dif-
that his conceffions were a foundation for the houfes to
proceed upon in fettling the affairs of the nation. This
was the laft attempt in his favour ; for the next day
colonel Pride, at the head of two regiments, blockaded ,0]
the houfe ; and feizing in the paffage 41 members of pride’*!
the prefbyterian party, fent them to a low room be- purge..
fipated a faftion no otherwife criminal than in having longing to the houfe, that patted by the denomination
i54
He defeats
the Scots.
followed his own example.
Cromwell’s authority was greatly increafed by the
laft mentioned a£tion ; but it became irrefiftible in con¬
fequence of a new and unexpefted addition to his fuc-
ceffes. The Scots, perhaps attamed of the reproach
of having fold their king, and flimulated farther by the
Independents, who took all occafions to mortify them,
raifed an army in his favour, and the chief command
v/as given to the earl of Hamilton : while Langdale,
who profeffed himfelf at the head of the more bigotted
party who had taken the covenant, marched at the
of Hell. Above 160 members more were excluded ;
and none were allowed to enter but the moft furious
and determined of the Independents, in all not exceed- 1
ing 60. This atrocious invafion of parliamentary rights
commonly patted by the name of Pride's purge, and
the remaining members were called the Rump. Thefe
foon voted, that the tranfaftions of the houfe a, few
days before were entirely illegal, and that their gene¬
ral’s conduct was juft and neceffary. ,57 ;
Nothing now remained, to complete the wicked- Charge j
nefs of this parliament, but to murder the king. InfSai^ft
party who had taken the covenant, marched at the nets ot this parliament, out to muraer tne king, in [
head of his feparate body, and both invaded the north this affembly, therefore, compofed of the moft obfcure hrnujaftft 2
of England. Though thefe two armies amounted to citizens, and officers of the army, a cohimittee was ap-
above 20,000 men, yet Cromwell, at the head of 8000 pointed to bring in a charge againft. the king ; and
B R I [ 595 1 B R I
on their report, a vote paffed declaring it treafon in a fountain of law, and confequently could not be tried Britain.
by laws to which he had never given his aflent; that'~^~~-
having been intruded with the liberties of the people,
he would not now betray them by recognizing a power
' king to levy war againft his parliament. It was there¬
fore refolved, that an high court of juftice fhould be
appointed, to try his majefty for this new invented
treafon. For form’s fake, they defired the concurrence founded in ufurpation ; that he was willing, before
of the few remaining lords in the upper houfe ; but
there was virtue enough left in that body unanimoufly
to reje& the propofal. The commons, however, were
not to be Hopped by fo fmall an obftacle. They voted
that the concurrence of the houfe of lords was unnecef-
fary, and.that the people were the origin of all juft;
power. To add to their zeal, a woman of Hereford-
proper tribunal, to enter into the particulars of his de¬
fence ; but that before them he muft decline any apo¬
logy for his innocence, left he fhould be confidered as
the betrayer of, and not a martyr for, the conftitution.
Bradfhaw, in order to fupport the authority of the
court, inlifted, that they had received their authority
from the people, the fource of all right. He prefled
fhire, illuminated by prophetical vifions, defired ad- the king not to decline the authority of the court that
mittance, and communicated a revelation fhe pretended
to have received from heaven. She aflured them that
their meafures were confecrated from above, and rati¬
fied by the fanftion of the Holy Ghoft. This intel¬
ligence gave them great comfort, and much confirmed
them in their prefent refolutions.
Colonel Harrifon, the fon of a butcher, was com¬
manded to conduft the king from Hurll-caftle to Wind-
for, and from thence to London. His afflifted fub-
jefts, who ran to have a fight of their fovereign, were
was delegated by the commons of England, and inter¬
rupted and over-ruled him in his attempts to reply. In
this manner the king was three times produced before
the court, and as often perfifted in declining its jurif-
di&ion. The fourth and laft time he was brought be¬
fore this felf-created tribunal, as he was proceeding
thither, he was infulted by the foldiers and the mob,
who cried out, “Juftice! juftice! Execution! execu¬
tion !” but he continued undaunted. His judges ha¬
ving now examined fome witneffes, by whom it was
greatly affe&ed at the change that appeared in his face proved that the king had appeared in arms againft the
and perfon. He had permitted his beard to grow; forces commifiioned by parliament, they pronounced
his hair was become venerably grey, rather by the . fentence againft him. He feemed very anxious at this
preffure of anxiety than the hand of time ; while the time to be admitted to a conference with the two
reft of his apparel bore the marks of misfortune and houfes, and it was fuppofed that he intended to refign
decay. He had long been attended by an old decrepid the crown to his fon ; but the court refufed compli
fervant whofe name was Sir Philip Wat wick, who could ance, and confidered his requeft as an artifice to delay
only deplore his mafter’s fate without being able to re- juftice.
venge his caufe. All the exterior fymbols of fovereignty
were now withdrawn, and his attendants had orders to
ferve him without ceremony. He could not, how-
The behaviour of Charles under all thefe inftances of He is in-
low-bred malice was great, firm, and equal. In going
through the hall from this execrable tribunal, the fol- ’
ever, be perfuaded that his adverfaries would bring him diers and rabble were again inftigated to cry out, Ju-
to a formal trial; but he every moment expefted to be
difpatched by private aflaffinatioh.
From the 6th to the zcth of January was fpent ii
making preparations for this extraordinary trial. The
ftice and execution ! They reviled him with the moft
bitter reproaches. Among other infults, one mifcreant
prefumed to fpit in the face of his fovereign. He pa¬
tiently bore their infolence : “ Poor fouls (cried he),
court of juftice confifted of 133 perfons named by the they would treat'their generals in the fame manner for
commons ; but of thefe never above 70 met upon the
trial. The members were chiefly compofed of the prin¬
cipal officers of the army, moft of them of very mean
birth, together with fome of the lower houfe, and a
few citizens of London. Bradftraw a lawyer was cho-
fixpence.” Thofe of the populace who ftill retained the
feelings of humanity exprefled their forrow infighsand
tears. A foldier more compaflionate than the reft could
not help imploring a blelfing on his royal head. An
officer overhearing him, ftruck the honeft centinel to
fen prefident; Coke was appointed folicitor for the peo- the ground before the king; who could not help faying.
pie of England
named afliftants.
Doriflaus, Steele, and Alke, were
The court fat in Weftminfter-hall.
that the puniftrment exceeded the offence.
At his return to Whitehall, Charles defired permif-
When the king was brought forward before the court, fion of the houfe to fee his children, and to be attended
he was condiufted by the mace-bearer to a chair placed in his private devotions by Dr Juxon late biflrop of
within the bar. Though long detained a prifoner,
and now produced as a criminal, he ftill maintained the
dignity of a king. His charge was then read by the
London. Thefe requefts were granted, and alfo three
days to prepare for execution. Every night between
his fentence and execution, the king flept found as ufual,
folicitor, accufing him of having been the caufe of all though the noifeof the workmen employed in framing ,g0
the bloodflred which followed fince the commencement the fcaffold continually refounded in his ears. The fatal His execu-]
’ ’ ’ ” "* *"    " morning being at laft arrived, he rofe early ; and call-d°n-
ing one of his attendants, he bad him employ more
of the war; after which Bradfhaw direfted his difcourfe
to him, and told him that the court expe&ed his anfwer.
The king began his defence with declining the au- than ufual care in dreffing him, and preparing him for
thority of the court. He reprefented, that having fo great a folemnity. The ftreet before Whitehall was
been engaged in treaty with his two houfes of parlia¬
ment, and having finifhed almoft every article, he ex¬
pected a different treatment from what he had now re¬
ceived. He perceived, he faid,. no appearance of an
upper houfe, which w:as -neceffary to conftitute a juft
tribunal. He alleged that he was himfelf the king and
the place deftined for his execution; for it was intend¬
ed that this fhould increafe the feverity of his punifh-
ment. He was led through the banqueting-houfe to the
fcaffold adjoining to that edifice, attended by his friend
and fervant bifhop Juxon, a man of the fame mild and
fteady virtues with his mailer. The fcaffold, which was
4 F 2 covered
B R I [ 596 T B R I
Britain, covered with black, was guarded'by a regiment of fob
diers under the command of colonel Tomlinfon ; and
on it were to be feen the block, the ax, and two exe¬
cutioners in maiks. The people, in crowds, flood at
a greater diftance. The king furveyed all thefe folemn
preparations with calm compofure ; and, as he could
not expeA to be heard by the people at a diftance, he
addfefled himfelf to the few- perfons who flood round
him. He there juftifled his own innocence in the late
fatal wars: he obferved, that he had not taken arms till
after the parliament had fliown him the example ; and
that he had no other objeA in his warlike preparations,
than to preferve that authority entire which'l\ad been
tranfmitted to him by his anceftors. But, though inno¬
cent towards his people, he acknowledged- the equity
of his execution in the eyes of his Maker: he owned
that he was juftly punifhed for having confented to the
execution of an unjiift fentence againfl the earl of-Straf¬
ford. He forgave all his enemies; exhorted the people
to return to their obedience, and acknowledge his fon
as his fucceflbr; and lignified his attachment to the
Proteftant religion as profefled by the church of Eng¬
land. So ftfong was the impreflion made by his dying
words on thofe who could hear him, that colonel Tom-
linfon himfelf, to whofe care he had been committed,
acknowledged himfelf a convert. At one blow his head
was fevered from his body. The other executioner then,
holding up the head,, exclaimed, “ This is the head of
s^t a traitor.’3
Grief of It is impofiible to defcribe the grief, indignation,
the nation and aftonifliment, whictf took place not only among
scwit"1 aC" ^ Ipe&ator3> who were overwhelmed with a flood of
forrow, but throughout the whole nation, as foon as
the report of this fatal execution was conveyed to them.
Each blamed himfelf either- with aAive difloyalty to
the king, or a paflive compliance with his deftroyersi
The very pulpits that ufed to refound with infolence
and fedition were now bedewed with tears of unfeigned
repentance ; and all united in their deteftatiqn of thofe
dark hypocrites who, to fatisfy their own enmity, in¬
volved a whole nation in the guilt of treafon.—Charles
was executed on the 30th of January 1649, in the 49th
year of his age, and 24th of his reign. He was of a
middling ftature, robuft, and well-proportioned. His
vifage was pleafant, but melancholy; and it is probable
that the continual troubles in which he was involved
161 might have made that impreffion on his countenance.
3Piety of It being remarked, that the king, themoment be-
T n ^0re ftretched out his neck to the executioner, had
moments. t0 Juxon> a ^ry earneft accent, the Angle
word Remember, great myfteries were fupppfed -to be
concealed under that word; and the generals vehe¬
mently. inflfted with the prelate that he fliould inform
them of the king’s meaning. Juxon .told them, that the
king, having frequently charged him to inculcate on
his fon the forgivenefs of his murderers, had taken this
opportunity in the laft moment of his life, when his
commands, he fuppofed, would be regarded as faered-
and inviolable, to reiterate that defire; and that his
mild fpirit thus terminated its prefent courfe by an a£b
^ of benevolence to his greateft enemies.
Pitt littion The diflblution of the monarchy in England foon
of the Eng-followed the death of the monarch. When the peers
lifh raonar- met on the day appointed in their adjournment, they
entered upon bufinefs; and fent down fome votes to Britainw
the commons, of which the latter deigned not to take
the lealt notice. In a few days after, the commons
voted, that the houfe of lords was ufelefs and danger¬
ous ; for which reafon it was aboliflred. They voted it
high treafon to acknowledge Charles Stuart, fon of the
late king, as- fucceflbr to the throne. A great feal
was made: on one flde of which were engraven the
arms of England and Ireland, with this infeription,, j
“ The great feal of England.” On the reverfe was re-
prefented the houfe of commons fitting, with this mot- 1
to: “ On the Arft year of freedom, by God’s blefling re- ,
ftored, 1649.” The forms of all public bufluefs were
changed from being tranfa&ed in the king’s name, to j
that of the keepers of the liberties of England. The EnthufiaJ
court of king’s bench was called the court of public mA tyrarl
bench. Nay, fo cautious on this head, it is faid, wereny
fome of the republicans, that, in reciting the Lord’s ^
prayer, they would not fay,.“thy kingdom,” but “ thy
commonwealth, come.” The king’s ftatue in the ex¬
change was thrown down ; and on the pedeftal thefe
words were inferibed : Exit tyrannus, regum ultimus ;
“ The tyrant is gone, the laft of the kings.” The
commons, it is faid, intended to bind the. princefs E-
lizabeth apprentice to a button-maker; the duke of ;
Gloucefter was to be taught fome other mechanical ;
employment: but the' former foon died of grief, as is
fuppofed, for her father’s tragical end j, the latter was
fent beyond fea by Cromwell.
The commons next proceeded to punifli thofe who
had been moft remarkable for their attachment to . ;
their late fovereign. The cluke of Hamilton, lord Ca-
pel, and the earl of Holland, were condemned and
executed ; the earl of Norwich and Sir John Owen
were alfo condemned, and afterwards pardoned. Thefe
executions irritated the Scots:: their loyalty began to
return ; and the infolence of the independents, with
their vi&ories, inflamed them ftill more. They de¬
termined, therefore, to acknowledge prince Charles for
their king, but at the fame time to abridge his power
by every limitation which they had attempted to im- ;
pofe on his father. _ g f
Charles, after the death of his father, having palled cha Ic. II
fome time at Paris, and finding no likelihood of affift- invited in.
ance from that quarter, was glad to accept of any con- Scotland.)
ditions. The Scots, however, while they were thus pro-
felling loyalty to their king, were neverthelefs cruelly
punching his adherents.. Among others, the brave
marquis of Montrofe was taken prifoner, as he endea¬
voured to raife. the Highlanders in the royal caufe; and;
being brought to Edinburgh, was lunged on a gibbet
3.0 feet high,, then quartered, and his limbs ftuck up
in the principal towns of the. kingdom. Yet, not-
withftanding all this feverity, Charles ventured into
Scotland, and had the mortification to, enter the gate,
of Edinburgh where the limbs of that faithful adherent
were ftill expofed. 1^-
The young king foon found that he had only ex-
changed his exile for imprifonment. He was furrounded ufage then
and inceflantly importuned by the fanatical clergymen,
who having brought royalty undep their feet, were re-
folved to keep it ftill fubfervient^ and to trample upon
it with all the contumely of upftarts. Charles pretended
to give ear to their difeaurfesj but, however, made an
attempt
B R I
Britain, attempt to efcape. He was overtaken and brought
'*’■'■"7 ' back; when he owned the greatnefs of his fault, and
Cromwell’s his repentance for what he had done. Cromwell,
■ ' in the mean time, who had been appointed by the par¬
liament to command the army in Ireland, profecuted
the war in that kingdom with his ufual fuccefs. He
had to encounter the royaliils commanded by the duke
of Ormond, and the native Irilh led on by O’Neal.
Thefe troops he quickly overcame; and moft of the
towns, intimidated by his cruelty, opened their gates
at his approachi He was on the point of reducing the
whole kingdom, when he was recalled by the parlia¬
ment to defend his country againft the Scots, who
had raifed. a, confiderable army in fupport of the royal
caufe.
nfatuation On the return of Cromwell to England, he was cho~
; if the Scots, fen commander in chief of the parliamentary forces, in
the room of Fairfax, who declined oppoling the pref-
byterians. The new general immediately fet forward
for ScotlaiTd with an army of 16,000 men, where he
was oppofed by general Lefly, who formed an exceb
lent plan for his own defence. This prudent com-
[ 597 1
B It I
ventures the moil romantic that can be imagined. Af- Britain,
ter his hair was cut off, the better to difguife his per- v—
fon, he worked for fome days in the habit of a peafant, I7*
cutting faggots in a wood. He next made an attempt turls after-
to retire into Wales, under the conduft of one Pendrel, wards.*
a poor farmer, who was fmcerely attached to his caufe.
In this attempt, however, he was difappointed; every
pafs being guarded to prevent their efcape. Being ob¬
liged to return, he met one colonel Carelefs, who hadr
efcaped the carnage at Worcefter. In his company
the king was obliged to climb a fpreading oak; among
the thick branches of which they fpent the day toge¬
ther, while they heard the foldiers of the enemy in.
purfuit of them below. From thence he paffed with
imminent danger, feeling all the varieties of famine, fa¬
tigue, and pain, till he arrived at the houfe of colonel;
Fane, a zealous royalift in Staffordfhire. There he
deliberated about the means of efcaping into France;,
and Briftol being fuppofed the propereft port, it was
refolved that he fhould ride thither before this gentle¬
man’s fifter,„on a vifit to one Mrs Norton, who lived in
the neighbourhood of that city. During this journey,.
mander, knowing his men to be inferior in valour and he every day met with perfons whofe faces he knew.
^ifcipline, however fuperior in numbers, to thofe of
Cromwell, kept himfelf carefully in his intrenchments.
At laft: Cromwell was drawn into a very difadvan-
tageous poll near Dunbar, where his antagonift waited
deliberately to take advantage of him. From this im¬
minent danger, however, he; was delivered by the
madnefs of the Scots clergy. They, it feems, had
been wreftling in prayer with the Lord night and day,
and at laft fancied that they had obtained the fupe-
riority. Revelations were made them, that the here¬
tical army, together with Agag their general, would
and at one time pafled through a whole regiment of the
enemy’s army.
When they arrived at Mrs Norton’s, the firft perfon
they faw was one of his own chaplains fitting at the
door, and amufing himfelf with feeing people play at
bowls- The king, after having taken proper care of his
horfe in the liable, was ftiown to an apartment which.
Mrs Lane had provided for him, as it was faid he had
the ague. The butler, however, being fent to him with
fome refrelhment, no fconer beheld his face, which w’as
very pale with anxiety and fatigue,..than he recolle&ed
be delivered into their hand. Upon the affurances of his king and mailer; and falling on his knees,'while the
thefe vifions, they obliged their general to defcend in- tears ftreamed down his cheeks, cried out, “ I am re-
to the plain, and give the Englilh battle. When Crom- joiced to fee your majefty.” The king w-as alarmed;
well faw this mad action,, he allured his followers, that but made the butler promife that he would keep the
169
'Hey at e
the Lord had delivered them into his hands, and or¬
dered his army to fing pfalms, as if already certain of
vidfory. The Scots, .though double th'e number of the
Seated by Englilh, were foon put to flight, and purfued with
romwell. great flaughter,. while Cromwell did not. lofe in all
above 40 men.
After this defeat, Charles put himfelf at the head of,
the remains of his army; awHhefe he further ftrength-
ened by the royalifts, who hacLbeen for fome time ex¬
cluded from his fervice by the covenanters. He was fo
clofely purfued by Cromwell, however, that he foon
found it impoffible to maintain his army. Obferving,
therefore, that the way was open to England, he im¬
mediately directed Ims march towards that country,.
where he expefted to be reinforced by all the rcyalifts
in that part of the kingdom. In this, however, he was
deceived : the Englilh, terrified at the name of his op¬
ponent, dreaded to join him. But his mortification was
greatly increafed,,when at Worcefter he was informed,
J that Cromwell was marching with hafty ftrides .from
1 Lanes de- Scotland with an army of 40,000 men. This news was
*fed at, fcarcely arrived, when Cromwell himfelf was there. He
fell upon the town on all fides: the whole Scots army
was either killed or taken prifoners; and the king him¬
felf, having given many proofs of perfonal valour, was
obliged to fly.
The young king now entered upon a fcene of ad-
fecret from every mortal, even from his mafter; and the
honeft fervant punctually obeyed him.
No Ihip being found that would for a month fet fail
from Briftol either for France or Spain, the king was .
obliged to go elfewhere for a paffage. He therefore re¬
paired to the houfe of colonel Wyndham in Dorfet-
Ihire, where he was cordially received. His mother, a
venerable matron, feemed to think the end of her life
nobly rewarded in having it in her power to give pro¬
tection to her king. She exprefled no diflatisfaCtion at
having loft three fons and one grandchild in the defence
of his caufe, fince (he was honoured in being inftrumen-
talin his own prefervation.
Purfuing from thence his journey to the fea-fide, he
once more had a very, narrow efcape at a little inn,
where he fet up for the night. The day had been ap¬
pointed for a folemn faft; and a fanatical weaver, who
had been a foldier in the parliamentary army, was
preaching againft the king in a little chapel fronting
the houfe, Charles, to avoid fufpicion, was himfelf
among the audience. It happened that a fmith, of the
fame principles with the weaver, had been examining
the horfes belonging to. the paflengers, and came to af-
fure the preacher, that he knew by the faftiion of the
ftioes, that one of the ftrangers horfes came from the
north. The preacher immediately affirmed, that this
horfe could belong to no other than Charles Stuart,
and.
173
Cromwell
treats Scot-
province.
175
Cromwell
refolves to
feize the
f'overeign-
ty-
R It I [ ^§8. ] B R I
and inftantly went with a conllable to fearch the inn. of the nation had fome right, in their turn, to manifeft Britain.
But Charles had taken timely precautions, and left the their patriotifm in defence of their country. The -v—■
inn before the conftable’s arrival. houfe was highly offended: they appointed a committee
At Shoreham, in fv.iffex, a veffel was at laft found, to prepare an aft, ordaining that all perfons who pre¬
in which he embarked. He was known to fo many, fented fuch petitions for the future Ihould be deemed
that if he had not fet fail at that critical moment, it guilty-of high treafon. To this the officers made a
had been impoffible for him to efcape. After41 days very warm remonftrance, and the parliament as angry
concealment, he arrived fafely at Fefchamp in Nor- a reply. Cromwell, being informed of this altercation,
mandy. No lefs than 40 men and women had at dif- ftarted up in the utmoll leeming fury, and turning to
ferent times been privy to his efcape. major Vernon, cried out, that “ he was compelled to
Cromwell in the mean time returned in triumph ; do a thing that made the very hair of his head Hand on jj6
and his firft care was to deprefs the Scots, on account end.” Then, haftening to the houfe with 300 fol-He turns
of their having nuifbjiood tbs work of tbs gofpel as he diers, and with the marks of violent indignation on his out the P3**
called it. An aft was paffed for abolifhing royalty in countenance, he entered, took his place, and attendedliamentj 1
Scotland, and annexing that kingdom as a conquered to the debates for fome time. When the queftion was
province to, the Engliffi commonwealth. It was em- ready to be put, he fuddenly ftarted up, and began to
powered, however, to fend fome members to the Eng- load the parliament with the vileft reproaches for their
liflr parliament. Judges were appointed to diftribute tyranny, ambition, oppreffion, and robbery of the pu-
juftice ; and the people of that country, now freed blic. Upon which, damping with his foot, which was
from the tyranny of the ecclefiaftics, were not much the fignal for the foldiers to enter, the place was im-
diffatisfied with the government. mediately filled with armed men. Then, addreffing
l All parts df the firitiffi dominions being now redu- himfelf to the members, “ For fhame (faid he.), get
1. ced to perfeft fubjeftion to the parliament, they ndxt you gone. Give place to honefter men ; to thofe who
refolved to chaftife the Dutch, who had given but very will more faithfully difcharge their truft. You are no
flight caufes of complaint. It happened that one Dr longer a parliament; I tell you, you are no longer a
Dorfflaus, who was of the number of the late king’s parliament; the Lord has done with you.” Sir Harry
judges, being fent by the parliament as their envoy to Vane exclaiming againft this conduft, “ Sir Harry !
'Holland, was affaffinated by one of the royal party (cries Cromwell with aloud voice), O Sir Harry Vane !
who had taken refuge there. Some time after, alfo, The Lord deliver me from Sir Harry Vane!” Taking
Mr St John, appointed their ambaffador to that court, hold then of one of the members by his cloak, Thou
was infulted by the friends of the prince of Orange, art a whoremafter,” cries he; to another, “ Thou art
Thefe were thought fufficient reafons for a declaration an adulterer;” to a third, “ Thou art a drunkard;” to
of war againft the Hollanders by the commonwealth a fourth, “ Thou art a glutton, &c.” “ It is you
of England. The parliament’s chief dependence lay (continued he to the members), that have forced me
in the aftivity and courage of Blake their admiral; upon this. I have fought the Lord night and day,
who, though he had not- embarked in naval command that he would rather flay me than put me upon this
till late in life, yet furpaffed all that went before him work.” Then pointing to the mace, “ Take away
in courage and dexterity. On the other fide, the that bauble,” cried he: after which, turning out all
Dutch oppofed to him their famous admiral Van Tromp, the members, and clearing the hall, he ordered the doors
to whom their country never fince produced an equal, to be locked ; and putting the keys in his pocket, re-
Many were the engagements between thefe celebrated turned to Whitehall.
admirals, and various was their fuccefs. Several dread- Thus the whole civil and military power centered And dur
ful encounters ferved rather to fhow the excellency of in Cromwell, who by this bold tranfaftion became, in another,
the admirals than to determine their fuperiority. At . effeft, king of Great Britain, with uncontroulable au-
laft the Dutch, who felt many great diladvantages by thority. Being willing, however, to amufe the peo-
the lofs of their trade, and by the total fufpenfion of pie with the form of a commonwealth, he propofed to
their fifheries, were willing to treat of a peace. The give his fubjefts a parliament; but fuch an one as
parliament, however, gave but a very unfavourable an- flrould be altogether obedient to his commands. For
fwer. They ftudied to keep their navy on foot as long this purpofe it was decreed, that the fovereign power
as they could ; rightly judging, that while the force of ftiould be veiled in 144 perfons, under the dehomina-
the nation was exerted by fea, it would diminiffi the tion of a parliament; and he undertook to make the
formidable power of Cromwell by land. choice himfelf. The perfons pitched upon were the
This great afpirer, however, quickly perceived their loweft, meaneft, and molt ignorant among the citizens,
defigns ; and therefore, fecure in the attachment of and the very dregs of the fanatics. To go further than
the army, refolved to feize the fovereign power. He others in the abfurdities of fanaticifm was the chief
perfuaded the officers to prefent a petition for payment qualification upon which each of thefe valued himfelf.
of arrears, and redrefs of grievances. His orders were Their very names, borrowed from fcripture, and ren¬
obeyed : a petition was drawn up and prefented, in dered ridiculous by their mifapplication, ferved to
which the officers, after demanding their arrears,-de- fhdw their excefs of folly. One of them particularly,
fired the parliament to confider how many years they who was called Praife God Bat tbone, a canting leather-
had fat, and what pretenfions they had formerly made feller, gave his name to this odd affembly, and it was
of their defigns to new-model the houfe, and eftablilh called Barebone's Parliament. They were chiefly corn-
freedom on its broadeft bafis. They alleged, that it pofed of Antinomians; a feft that, after receiving the
was now full time to give place to others; and however fpirit, fuppofed themfelves incapable of errors and the
meritorious their aftions might have been, yet the reft fifth-monarchy-men, who every .hour expefted Chrift’s
fecond I
F
a rnmwell
I feclared
I eteiftor.
B R I [ 599 1 B R I
fecond coming on eartli. They began by choofing upon whofe fidelity he depended for fupport, paid a Britain,
eight of their_tribe to feek the Lord in prayer, while month in advance ; the magazines were alfo well pro-' J
the reft calmly fat down to deliberate upon the fuppref- vided, and the public treafnre managed with frugality
fion of the clergy, the univerlities, and courts of ju- and care ; while his activity, vigilance, and refolution,
ftice ; and inftead of all this, it was their intent to fub- were fo well exerted, that he difcovered every confpi-
ftitute the law of Mofes. - racy againft his perfon, and every plot for an infurrec-
It was impofiible fuch a legiflature as this could tion, before they took effedt. jgr
Hand ; eVen the vulgar began to exclaim againft it, and Thus Cromwell continued to govern, though with- His vigo-
Cromwell himfelf to be alhamed of their abfurdities. out Viffuming the title of king, in as abfolute a manner n.Hls ai?rn'*
He had carefully chofen many perfons among them as the moft defpotic prince in Europe. As he wa8nillratlun’
who were entirely devoted to his interefts, and thefe feared at home, fo he made himfelf refpefted abroad,
he commanded to difmifs the affembly. Thefe accord- The Dutch, having been humbled by repeated defeats,
ingly met by concert earlier than the reft of their fra- were obliged to fue for peace. Cromwell obliged them
ternity; and obferving to each other that this parlia- to pay deference to the Britifh flag. He compelled
ment had fat long enough, they haftened to Cromwell, them to abandon the interefts of the king, to pay
with Roufe their fpeaker at their head, and into his 85,000!. as an indemnification for former expences,
hands refigned the authority with which he had invefted and to reftore to the Englifti Eaft India company a
them. Cromwell accepted their refignation with plea- part of thofe dominions which they had been dif-
fure ; but being told that fome of their number were pofiefled of by the Dutch during the former reign,
refra&ory, he fent colonel White to clear the houfe of The miniftry of France thought proper to pay defe-
fuch as ventured to remain there. They had placed rence to the imperious charadter of the protedtor; and
one Moyer in the chair by the time that the colonel he having lent that court a body of 6006 men to at-
had arrived ; and he being alked by the colonel. What tack the Spanifh dominions in the Netherlands, who
they did‘there? Moyer replied very gravely, That they obtained a fignal victory, the French put Dunkirk in-
were feeking the Lord. “Then you nray go elfe- to his hands as a reward for his attachment. By means'
where (cried White); for, to my certain knowledge, of the celebrated admiral Blake f he humbled Spain pro-^ See ^ s
the Lord hath not been here thefe many years.” digioufly, as alfo the Algerines and Tunefines, Pennart;cie
The fhadowof a parliament being thus difiblved, the and Venables, two other admirals, made an attempt on Blake.
officers, by their own authority, declared Cromwell the ifland of Hifpaniola; but failing of this, they fleered
protestor of the commonwealth of England. The to Jamaica, which was furrendered to them without aj;,,,
mayor and aldermen were fent for to give folemnity blow. Yet fo little was thowght of the importance ofcoi.quered.-
to his appointment, and he was inftituted into his .this conqueft, that, on their return, the two admirals
new office at Whitehall, in the palace of the kings of were committed to the tower, on account of the failure
England. He was to be addrefled by the title ofof the principal objedl of their equipment: „
nefs; and his power was proclaimed in London, and It is not to be fuppofed that a numerous Handing pjj8 .
other parts of the kingdom. It was now, indeed, in army could be maintained, and fo many foreign warstm-y me-.-
a great meafure neceflary that fome perfon fhould take carried on, without incurring extraordinary expences. rhofls °f
the fupreme command; for affairs were brought into The prote&or’s revenues were fo much exhaufted, thatProcunn2
fuch a fituation, by the furious animofities of the con- he was obliged to have recourfe to methods which he.mone^'
tending parties, that nothing but abfolute power could probably would not have chofen, had he not been driven
ig0 prevent a renewal of former bloodfhed and confufion. to them by neceffity. One or two confpiracies entered in-
I r fettles The government of the kingdom was adjufted in the to by the royalifts, which were detected and puniftied,
^2 govern-f0qow;ng marn!er> A council was appointed, which ferved him as a pretence to lay a heavy tax upon all
was not to exceed 21, nor to be under 13 perfons. that party, of the tenth penny on all their pofleffions.
Thefe were to enjoy their offices for life, or during In order to raife this oppreffive impofition, ten major-
good behaviour; and, in cafe of a vacancy, the remain- generals were inftituted, who divided the whole king¬
ing members named three, of whom the protedor chofe dom into fo many military jurifdidions. Thefe men
one. The protedor was appointed the fupreme magi- had power to fubjeft whom they pleafed to this tax,
flrate of the commonwealth, with fuch powers as the and to imprifon fuch as denied their jurifdidion. Un¬
king was poflefled of. The power of the fword was vefted der colour of thefe powers they exercifed the moft ar-
in him jointly with the parliament when fitting, or with bitrary authority; the people had no protedion againft
the council at other times. He was obliged to fum- their exadions; the very mafic of liberty was thrown
mon a parliament once every three years, and to allow off, and all property was at the difpofal of a military
them to fit five months without adjournment. Aftand- tribunal. It was in vain that the nation cried out for
rng army was eftabliftied of 20,000/foot and 10,000 a free parliament. Cromwell affembled one in confe-
horfe ; and funds were affigned for their fupport. The quence of their clamours ; but as fpeedily diffolved it
protedor enjoyed his office for life ; and on his death, when he found it refradory to his commands. At laft, ^
his place was to be fupplied by the council. Of all thefe as parliaments were always held in fuch eftimation by vene3 a
claufes the Handing army was fufficient for Cromwell’s the people, he refolved to give them one, but fuch as parliament..
purpofe ; for, while poffeffed of that inftrument, he fhould be entirely of his own chufing, and chiefly com-
could mould the reft of the conftitution to his pleafure pofed of his creatures. Left any of a different com¬
at any time. He chofe his council from among his of- plexion (hould enter the houfe, guards were placed at
fleers, who had been the companions of his dangers the door, and none admitted but fuch as produced a
and vidories, to each of whom he affigned a penfion warrant from his council.
of loool. a-year. He took care to have his troops, The principal defign of convening this affembly was,,
6 ‘ that
182
V
.187
His mifera-
ble fitua-
tions
1S8
And death.
189
Richard
Cremwell
protcdlor.
B R I [6c
that they Hiould offer him the crown, with the title of
king, and all the other enfigns of royalty. His crea¬
tures, therefore, took care to infmuate the confufion
there was in legal proceedings without the name of a
king; that no man was acquainted with the extent or
limits of the prefent magiftrates authority, but thofe
of a king had been well afeertained by the experience
of ages. The motion was at laft formally made in the
koufe, eafily carried through, and nothing was now
wanting but Cromwell’s own confent to have his name
enrolled among the kings of England. This confent,
however, he never had refolution enough to give. His
doubts continued for fome' days; and the conference
carried on with the members who made him the offer,
fo far as it is on his part intelligible, feems to argue
that he was defirous of being compelled to accept the
offer: however, the conference ended in his total re-
fufal.
With all thefe proffered honours, and with all his
defpotic power, the fituation of Cromwell was far from
being enviable. Perhaps no fituation, however mean,
or loaded with contempt, could be more truly diftrefs-
ful than his, at the time the nation was loading him
with congratulations and addreffes. He had at laft
rendered himfelf hateful to every party, and he owed
his fafety to their mutual hatred and diffidence of one
another. His arts of diffimulation were exhaufted ;
none could be deceived by them; even thofe of his own
party and principles difdaining the ufe to which he had
converted his zeal and profeffions. Though the whole
nation filently detefted his adminiftration, he had not
been completely wretched if he could have found do-
meftic confolation. But even his own family had em¬
braced republican principles with fo much vehemence,
that they could not without indignation behold him in-
vefted with uncontroulable power ; and Mrs Claypole,
his favourite daughter, upbraided him, on her death¬
bed, with all the crimes which led him to trample on
the throne. To add to all this, not only were confpi-
racles formed againft him, but he was at laft taught,
upon reafoning principles, that his death was not only
defirable, but his affaffination would be meritorious.
A book was publifhed by colonel Titus, a man who
had formerly been attached to his caufe, entitled Kill¬
ing no murder. Of all the pamphlets that appeared at
that time, or perhaps of thofe that have flnce ap¬
peared, this was the moft eloquent and mafterly. Crom¬
well read it, and is faid never to have fmiled afterwards.
The ufurper now found, that the grandeur to which
he had facrificed his former tranquillity was only an in¬
let to frefh inquietudes. He was haunted with perpe¬
tual fears of affaffination. He wore armour under his
clothes, and always kept piftdls in his pockets. His
afpeft was clouded by a fettled gloom, and he regarded
-every ftrahger with fufpicion. He was always at¬
tended by a numerous guard, and travelled in a hurry.
He never returned from any place by the road he went;
and never flept above three nights together in the
fame chamber. At laft he was delivered from this life
of horror and anxiety by a tertian ague, of which he
died September 3d 1658, after having ufurped the go¬
vernment nine years.
Oliver Cromwell was fucceeded in hif office of pro-
teftor by his fon Richard, who immediately called a
parliament. To this affembly the army prefented a re-
3
o ] . B R I
monftrance, defiring fome perfon for their general In Britain,
whom they could confide. The houfe voted fuch meet-L
ings and remonftrances unlawful: upon which the of¬
ficers, furrounding Richard’s houfe, forced him to dif-
folve the parliament; and fopn after he figned an ab- 190
dication of the government. His younger brother ■sdtpofsd.,
Henry, who had been appointed to the command in
Ireland, followed Richard’s example, and refigned his
commiffion without ftriking a blow. ,(jt
The officers, thus left at liberty, refolved to reft ore Rump par^
the rump parliament as it was called, confifting of that1.iameiUj
remnant of a parliament which had coridemried Charles.
They were no fooner reinftated in their authority, how¬
ever, than they began to humble the army by caftiier-
ing fome of the officers, and appointing others on
whom they could have more dependence. The officers
immediately refolved to diffolve the aflembly. Lambert,
one of the general officers, drew up a chofen body of
troops; and placing them in the ftreets which led to T
Weftminfter-hall, when the fpeaker Lenthall proceeded Diffolvei
in his carriage to the houfe, he ordered the horfes to be by the
turned, and very civilly conduced him home. The other arm£-
members were likewife intercepted; and the army re¬
turned to their quarters to obferve a folemn faft, which
generally either preceded or attended their outrages.
A committee was then elected, of 23 perfons; of whom 193
feven were officers. Thefe they pretended to inveft with Military
fovereign authority; and a military government was ^overn'
eftablifhed, which gave the nation a profpett of endlefsjjjj^^
feivitude and tyranny without redrefs.
Upon hearing that the officers had by their own an- Gereral
thority diflblved the parliament, general Monk, who Monk’s
was then in Scotland with 8oco veteran troops, pro-motiwis*
tefted againft the meafure, and refolved to defend the
national privileges. As foon as he put his army in mo¬
tion, he found himfelf eagerly fought after by all par¬
ties ; but fo cautious was he of declaring his mind^
that, till the very laft, it was impoffible to know which
fide he defigned to take. A remarkable inftance of this
cautious behaviour was, that, when his own brother
came to him with a meffage from lord Gran ville in the
name of the king, he refufed all converfation with him
upon hearing that he had told his errand to Mr Price,
the general’s own chaplain, and a man of known pro¬
bity and-honour.
Hearing that the officers were preparing an army to
oppofe him, Monk amufed them with negociations ;
and the people, finding themfelves not entirely defence-
lefs, began to declare for a free parliament. The Rump, Rump p
Ending themfelves invited alfo by the navy and part ofliament
the army, again ventured to refume their feats, and to ^ore^*
thunder votes in their turn againft the officers and that
party of the army by which they had been eje&ed.
Without taking any notice of Lambert, they font or¬
ders to the troops to repair immediately to the gairi-
fons appointed for them. The foldie/s obeyed ; and
Lambert at laft found himfelf deferted by his whole
army. Monk in the mean time proceeded with his
army to London. The gentry, on his march, flocked
round him with addrefles, expreffing their defire of a
new parliament; but that general, ftill continuing his
inflexible taciturnity, at laft came to St Alban’s, within
a few miles of the capital, leaving all the world in
doubt as to his motives and defigns. Here he fent the
parliament a snefiage, defiring them to remove fuch
forces
B K ! [ 601 ] B R I
Britain, forces as remained in London to country quarters.
-v~—' gome 0f reg;ments willingly obeyed this order;
*96 and fuch as did not, Monk turned out by force : after
fas quar- wh1't'h be took up his quarters with his army in Weft-
rsatWeft- minfter-. The houfe voted him thanks for his fervices:
linfter. he defired them to call a free parliament; and this foon
infpired the citizens to refute fubmiffion to the prefent
government. They refolved to pay no taxes until the
197 members formerly excluded by colonel Pride fhould be
IbniOiesthe replaced. For this they were punithed by Monk, at the
•y °fLon* defire of the parliament. He arrefted 11 of the moft
obnoxious of the common-council; broke the gates
and portcullifes; and/having expofed it to the {corn
and cdntempt of all who hated it, he returned in tri¬
umph to his quarters at Weftminfter. The next day,
however, he made an apology for this condudf, andpro-
mifed for the future to co-operate with the mayor and
common-council in fuch fchemes as they ftiould ap-
t98 prove.
1 sftoresthe The commons were now greatly alarmed. They
| :luded tried every method to gain off the general from his new
1 ih'amcVif a^anCe‘ ®ome °f tbeur even promifed to inveft him
‘ with the dignity of fupreme magiftrate, and to fupport
his ufurpation. But Monk^was too juft, or too wife,
to hearken to fuch wild propofals; he refolved to re-
ftore "the fecluded members, and by their means to bring
about a new eleAion.
The reftoration of the expelled members was eafily
effe&ed; and their number was fo much fuperior to
that of the Rump) that the chiefs of this laft party now
thought proper to withdraw in their turn. The refto-
red members began with repealing all thofe orders by
which they had been expelled. They renewed and en¬
larged the general’s commiffion ; fixed a proper ftipend
for the fupport of the fleet and army; and, having
|\ 599 pafled thefe votes, they diflblved themfelves, and gave
L parlia-orders for the immediate aflembling of a new parlia-
aflem. ment. Mean while, Monk new-modelled his army to the
’ purpofes he had in view. Some officers, by his dire&ion,
prefented him with an addrefs, in whicli they promifed
to obey implicitly the orders of the enfuing parliament.
He approved of this engagement, which he ordered
to be figned by all the different regiments ; and this
furnifhed him with a pretence for difmiffing all the
officers by whom it was rejedted.
In the midft of thefe tranfadtions, Lambert, who had
been confined in the Tower, efcaped from his prifon,
and began to raife forces ; and as his atlivity and prin¬
ciples were fufficiently known, Monk took the earlieft
precautions to oppofe his meafures. He difpatched
againft him colonel Ingoldfby, with his own regiment,
before Lambeit had time to affemble his dependents.
That officer had taken poffeffion of Daventry with four
troops of horfe : but the greater part of them joined
Ingdldfby; to whom he himfelf furrendered, not with¬
out exhibiting ftrong marks of pufilanimity.
All this time Monk ftill periifted in his referve ; nor
would he intruft his fecret intentions with any perfon,
except one Morrice, a gentleman of Devonfhire. He
was of a fedentary and ftudious difpofition ; and with
him alone did the general deliberate on the great and
dangerous enterprife of the reftoration. Sir John Gran¬
ville, wdio had a commiflion from the king, applied for
accefs to the general; but he was defired to communi¬
cate his bufinefs to Morrice'. Granville refufed, though
Vot. III. Part II.
twice urged, to deliver his meffage to any but the ge- Britain,
neral himfelf: fo that Monk now, finding he could de-
pend on this minifter’s fecrecy, opened to him his whole
intentions; but, with his ufual caution, refufed to com- aco
mit any thing to paper. In confequence of thefe, the Charles II.
king left the Spanifh territories, where he very nar* ^eaXes
rowly efcaped being detained at Breda by the gover- ^
nor, under pretence of treating him with proper refpedl
and formality. From thence he retired to Holland,
where he refolved to wait further advice.
The new parliament being affembled, Sir Harbottle
Grimftone was chofen fpeaker, a man known to be a
royalift in his heart. The affections of all were turned
towards the king; yet fuch were their fears, and fuch
dangers attended a freedom of fpeech, that no one
dared for fome days to make any mention of his name.
At length Monk gave directions to Annefly, prefident
of the council, to inform them that one Sir John Gran¬
ville, a fervant of the king’s, had been fent over by his
majefty, and was now at the door with a letter to the jot
houfe of commons. This meffage 'was received with His mef-
the utmoft joy. Granville was called in, the letter ^aS®.t0 tilc
read, and the king’s propofals immediately accepted ^aruan,ent'
of. He offered a general amnefty to all perfons what-
foever, and that without any exceptions but what
ftiould be made by parliament. He promifed to in¬
dulge fcrupulous confeiences with liberty in matters of
religion; to leave to the examination of parliament the
claims of all fuch as poffeffed lands with contefted titles;
to confirm all thefe conceffions by aft of parliament;
to fatisfy the army under general Monk with refpeft
to their arrears, and to give the fame rank to his off
ficers when they ftiould be enlifted in the king’s army.
In confequence of this good agreement between king
and parliament, Montague the Englifh admiral waited
on his majefty to inform him that the fleet expefted his
orders at Scheveling. The duke of York immediately
went on board, and took the command as lord high 20a
admiral. The king embarked, and landing at Dover, He lands hi
was received by the general, whom he tenderly em- England#
braced. He entered London in 1660, on the 29th of
May, which was his birth-day ; and was attended by an
innumerable multitude of people, who teftified their
joy by the loudeft acclamations.
Charles II. was 30 years of age at the time of his
reftoration. Being naturally of an engaging counte¬
nance, and poffeffed of an open and affable difpofition,
he was the favourite of all ranks of his fubjefts. They
had now felt the miferies of anarchy, and in propor¬
tion to thefe miferies was the fatisfaftion they felt,on a03
the acceflion of their young monarch. His firft mea- His firil:
fures were calculated to give univerfal fatisfaftion. Hen'eah,res
feemed defirous of lofing the memory of paft anirnofities,poI,u ar’
and of uniting every party in affeftion for their prince
and country. He admitted into his Council the moft
eminent men of the nation, without regard to former
diftinftions. The prefbyterians fhared this honour e-
qually with the royalifts. Calamy and Baxter, pref-
byterian clergymen, were even made chaplains to the
king. Admiral Montague was created earl of Sand¬
wich, and general Monk duke of Albemarle. Morrice,
the general’s friend, was created fecretary of ftate. But
what gave the greateft contentment to the nation was
the judicious choice which the king at firft made of his
principal minifters and favourites. Sir Edward Hyde,
4 G created,
B R I [ 602 ] B R X
Brifain. created earl of Clarendon, was prime minifler and
„ 1 chancelior> The marquis, created duke of Ormond,
was ftcward of the houfehold ; the earl of Southamp¬
ton high-treafurer; Sir Edward Nicholas fecretary of
ftate. Thefe men, united together m the ftriddeft
friendlhip, and combining in the fame laudable inclina¬
tions, fupported each others credit, and purfued the in-
terefts of the public.
The parliament having been fummoned without the
king’s confent, received at firft; only the title of a cc»-
•vention; and it was not till after an aft paired for that
purpofe, that they were acknowledged by the name of.
parliament. Both houfes owned the guilt of the for*
ner rebellion, and gratefully received in their own
name, and in that of all the fubjefts, his majefty’s
gracious pardon and indemnity. The king had be¬
fore promifed an indetnnity to all criminals, but fuch
as Ihould be excepted by parliament: he now iffued a
proclamation, declaring, that fuch of the late king’s
judges as did not furrender themfelves within 14 days
Ihould receive no pardon. Nineteen furrendered them¬
felves ; fome were taken in their flight; others efcaped
beyond fea. The peers feemed inclined to great feve-
rity on this occalion ; but were rellrained by the king,
who in the molt earnelt terms prelfed the aft of general
indemnification.
Reftddes After repeate(i felicitations, the aft of indemnity paf-
pumthed. fed both houfes, with the exception of thofe who had
an immediate hand in the king’s death. Even Crom¬
well, Ireton, and Bradlhaw, though dead, were con-
fidered as proper objefts of refentment: their bodice
were dug from their graves; dragged to the place of
execution ; and, after hanging fome time,.buried under
the gallows. Of the reft who fat in judgment on the
late monarch’s trial, fome were dead, and fome thought
worthy of pardbn. Ten only, out of 80, were doomed
to immediate deftruftion; and thefe were enthufiafts
who had all along afted from principle, and who, in
the general fpirit of rage excited againft them, ftrowed
a fortitude that would have done honour to a better
eaufe.
This was all the blood that was filed at the reftora-
tion. The reft of the king’s judges were reprived, and
afterwards difperfed into feveral prifons. The army
was dilbanded, that had for fo many years governed
the nation ; prelacy, and all the ceremonies of the
church of England, were reftored; at the fame time
that the king pretended to preferve the air of modera¬
tion and neutrality. In faft, with regard to religion,
Charles, in his gayer hours, was a profeffed deift ; but
in the latter part of his life he fhowed an inclination to
the Catholic perfuafion, which he had ftrongly imbibed
in his infancy and exile.
Teahofthe On the 13th of September this year, died the young
duke of duke of Gloucefter, a prince of great hopes. The king
Gloueefter. was never fo deeply affefted by any incident in his life.
The princefs of Orange, having come to England, in
order to partake of the joy attending the reftoration
of her family, with whom (he lived in great friendftiip,
foon after fickened and died. The queen-mother paid
a vifit to her fon, and obtained his confent to the mar¬
riage of the princefs Henrietta with the duke of Or¬
leans, brother to the French king. The parliament
Parliament ^av‘nS met on t^Ite ^th of November, and carried
diffolved. on bufinefs with the greateft unanimity and dif-
4
patch, were diflblved by the king on 29th of Decern- Britain,
ber 1660. ——i>
During the reign of Charles IT. the fpirit of the Geng°7j. i
people feemed to take a turn quite oppofite to that in this
the time of Charles I; The latter found his fubjefts nation du-t
animated With a ferocious though ignorant zeal for ringCharl^i]
liberty. They knew not. what it was to be free, and*1’5rei&n*!
therefore imagined that liberty confided in throwing
off entirely the royal authority. They gained their
point: the unhappy monarch was dethroned and mur¬
dered ; but inftead of liberty, they found themfelves in¬
volved in much worfe tyranny than before. Being
happily freed from this tyranny by the reftoration, they . j(
ran into the contrary extreme; and inftead of an un¬
bounded fpirit of oppsfition, there was nothing now
to be found but as unbounded a fpirit of fubmiflion ; 1
and through the flavifh fubmiffions and conceffions of
the people in this reign, Charles found means to rea¬
der himfelf at laft almoft quite abfolute, and to govern __ j
without requiring, or indeed without having, any.oc-
cafion for parliament. j
A like revolution took place with regard to religious*
matters. During the former reigns; a fpirit of the moft |
gloomy enthufiafm had ojverfpread the whole illand,
and men imagined that the Deity was only to be
pleafed by their denying themfelves every focial plea-- j
fure, and refufing every thing that tended to make life
agreeable. The extreme hyp°crify of Cromwell and
his affociates, and the abfurd conduft of others, (howed
that this was not religion ; but, in avoiding this error,
they ran into one equally dangerous; and every thing
religious or ferious was difcountenanced. Nothing but
riot and diflipation took place every where. The court
fet them the example ; nothing but fcenes of gallantry
and feftivity were to be feen ; the horrors of the late
war became the fubjeft of ridicule'; the formality of
the feftaries was difplayed on the ftage, and even laugh¬
ed at from the pulpit. In (liort, the beft mode of re¬
ligion now was to have as little as poflible; and to a-
void not only the hypocrify of the feftaries, but even
the common duties of morality. 208'
In the midft of this riot and diffipation, the old and
faithful followers of the royal family were left unre-of Cliarkj
warded. Numbers who had fought both for the king
and his father, and who had loft their whole fortunes
in his fervice, ftill continued to pine in want and ob¬
livion ; while in the mean time their perfecutors, who
had acquired fortunes during the civil war, were per¬
mitted to enjoy them wiffiout moleftation. The wretch¬
ed royalifts petitioned and murmured in vain ; the mo¬
narch fled from their expoftulations to fcenes of mirth
and feftivity ; and the aft of indemnity was generally
faid to have been an aft of forgivennefs to the king’s
enemies, and of oblivion to his friends. 309
In 1661, the Scots and Englifli parliaments feemed
to vie with each other in -their proftrations to the king.
In England, monarchy and epifcopacy were railed to liam°ent^
the greateft fplendour. The bifhops were permitted to
refume their feats in the houfe of peers; all military
authority was acknowledged to be veiled in the king.
He was empowered to appoint commilfioners for regu¬
lating corporations, and expelling fuch members as
had intruded themfelves by violence, or profeffed prin¬
ciples dangerous to the conftitution. An aft of uni¬
formity was palled, by which it wa$ required that e-
very
B R X L 603 1 B R I
Britain, vciy clergyman fhould be re-ordained, if he had not
before received epifcopal ordination 5 that he fltould
i , declare his affent to every thing contained in the book
of Common prayer, and fhould take the oath of cano¬
nical obedience. In confequence of this law, above
2000 of the prefbyterian clergy refigned their cures at
once. In Scotland the right of the king was afferted
in the fulleft and moft pofitive terms to be hereditary,
divine, and indefeafible. His power was extended to
j the lives and poffeffions of his fubje&s, and from his
original grant was faid to come all that they enjoyed.
They voted him an additional revenue of 40,000 1>;
and all their former violences were treated with a de-
e aio gree of the utmoft detcftation.
W intoxication of loyalty, however, began foon
ilifh tbe t0 wear The king’s profufion and extravagance
pig’s ex- ifc his pleafures, together with his indolence in admi-
magar.ce. niftration, furnifhed opportunities of making very dif-
advantageous comparifons between him and Oliver
Cornwell. Thefe animofities were heightened by the
eje&ed clergy, efpecially when they faw Dunkirk, which
had been acquired during the ufurper’s vigorous admi-
niftration, fold to the French for 40,000!. and that mere¬
ly to fupply the king’s extravagance. From this time
(Auguft 17th 1662), Charles found himfelf perpetually
oppofed, and his parliaments granted fupplies much
I in more reluctantly than before.
M arriage A few months before, the continual exigencies of
jvith the in-the king had forced him to conclude a marriage with
TpSmizal t^ie ^Tanta of Portugal for the fake of her portion,
1 43 " which was 500,000!. in money, together with the for-
trefs of Tangier in Africai, and of Bombay in the Eaft
Indies. The chancellor Clarendon, the dukes of Or¬
mond and Southampton, urged many reafons againft
this match, particularly the likelihood of her never
having any children ; but all their objections could
not prevail, and therefore Clarendon fet himfelf to pro¬
mote it as far as lay in his power. Still, however, the
king’s- neceffitifes were greater than his fupplies. He
therefore refolved to facrifice his minifter the great Cla¬
rendon to the refsrtment'bf the parliament, to whom
he was become obnoxious, in order to procure fome
more fupplies for himfelf. In 1663, an extraordinary
fupply was demanded : the king fent for the commons,
on the 12th of June, to Whitehall. He complained
of their inattention 5 and by acquainting them of a
confpiracy toTeize the caftle of Dublin, he hoped to
furnifh a reafon for demanding a prefent fupply.
Tour fublidies were immediately granted, and the clergy
in convocation followed the example of the commons.
On this occafion the earl of Briftol ventured to impeach
the chancellor in the houfe of peers ; but as he did not
fupport his charge, the affair was dropped for the pre-
j: srz fent.
with With a ;view probably of having the money to be
■ the Dutch, employed for that purpofe in his hands, Charles was
induced to declare war againft the Dutch in 1664.
In this war the Englilh, under the command of, Sir
■Robert Holmes, expelled the Dutch from Cape-Corfe
caftle on the coaft of Africa, and likewife feized on their
fettlements of Cape Verd and the ifle of Goree. Sail¬
ing from thence to America, the admiral poffeffed him¬
felf rif Nova Belgia, fince called A7env York ; and which
has ever fince continued fubjeft to Britain. On the
other hand, De Ruyter, the Dutch admiral, difpoffeffed
the Englilh of all their fettlements in Guinea except Britain.
Cape Corfe. He afterwards failed to America, where '■Y'—^
he attacked Barbadoes and Long Ifland, but was re-
pulfed. Soon after, the two moft confiderable fleets of
each nation met; the one under the duke of York, to
the number of 114 fail; the other commanded by Op-
dam admiral of the Dutch navy, of nearly equal force. 1,3
The engagement began at four iu the morning, and Terrible
both Tides fought with equal intrepidity. The duke jiat^es 41
of York was in the hotteft part of the engagement, and ea"
behaved with great fpirit and compoftire, while many
of his lords and attendants were killed befide him. In
the heat of the aftion the Dutch admiral’s fhip blew up;
which fo difcouraged and diftieartened them, that they
fled towards their own coaft, having 30 (hips funk and
taken, while the viftors loft only one. This fuccefs
of the Englifh fo much excited the jealoufy of the
neighbouring ftates, that France and Denmark im¬
mediately refolved to proteft the republic from fuch
formidable enemies. De Ruyter the great Dutch ad¬
miral, on his return from Guinea, was appointed, at
the head of 76 fail, to join the duke of Beaufort the
French admiral, who it was fuppofed was then enter¬
ing the Britifh channel from Toulon. The duke of
Albemarle and prince Rupert now commanded the
Britifti fleet, which did not exceed 74 fail. Albemarle
‘detached prince Rupert with 20 (hips to oppofe the
duke of Beaufort; pgainft which piece of rafhftefs Sir
George Ayfcue protefted in vain. The fleets thus en¬
gaging upon unequal terms, a moft memorable battle
enfued. The firft day, the Dutch admiral Evertzen
was killed by a cannon-ball, one of their Ihips was blown
up, and three of the Englifh fllips taken ; the comba¬
tants were parted by darknefs. The fecond day they
renewed the battle with Incredible fury. Sixteen frefli
Ihips joined the Dutch ; and the Englifh were fo (bat¬
tered, that their fighting fhips were reduced to 28.
Upon retreating towards their own coaft, the Dutch
followed them; where another dreadful conflitft was be¬
ginning, but parted by the darknefs of the night as
before. The morning of the third day the Englifh
continued their retreat, and the Dutch their purfuit.
Albemarle came to the defperate refolution of blowing
up his own fnip rather than fubmit to the enemy,
when he found himfelf happily reinforced by prince
Rupert with 16 fhips of the line. By this time it was
night; and the next day the fleets came again to a clofe
combat, which was continued with great violence, till
they were parted by a mift. Sir George Ayfcue ha¬
ving the misfortune to ftrike on the Galoper fandsfwas
taken, with a fhip of 100 guns.
Both fides claimed the vi&ory, but the Dutch cer¬
tainly had the advantage in this engagement. A fe¬
cond, however, equally bloody, happened foon after,
with larger fleets on both fides, commanded by the
fame admirals. In this the Dutch were vanquifhed ;
but they were foon in a condition tb face their enemies, A14
by the junction of Beaufort the French admiral. The^utch fleet
Dutch fleet appeared in the Thames, conducted by ^P^hames*
their great admiral. The Englifh were thrown into
the utmoft confternation : a chain had been drawn a-
crofs the river Med way; and fome fortifications had been
added to the forts along the bank. But all thefe were
unequal to the prefent force : Sheernefs was foon taken;
the Dutch paffed forward and broke the chain, though
4 G 2 fortified
B R I
fortified by forae Ibips funk by Albemarle’s orders.
'' Deftroying the fuippitig in their paffage, they ftill ad¬
vanced, with fix men of war and five fire-fhips, as far
as Upnore caftle, where they burned three men of war.
The whole city of London was in confternation ; it
was expe&ed that the Dutch might fail up next tide
to London-bridge, and deftroy not only the (hipping,
but even the buildings of the metropolis. The Dutch,
liowever, were unable to profecute that project from
the failure of the French who had promifed them af-
fiftance. Spreading therefore an alarm along the coaft,
and having infulted Norwich, they returned to their
C 604 ]
B R I
^ During thefe tranfa&ions abroad, happened a great
^plague at London, which deftroyed f 00,000 of the in¬
habitants. This calamity was foon followed by ano¬
ther, ftill more dreadful if pofiible. A fire broke out
in a baker’s houfe in Pudding-lane near the bridge, and
fpread with fuch rapidity, that no efforts could extin-
powers, that they would conftitute themfelves arbiters Britain. |
of the differences between France and Spain, and check —y-—
the exorbitant pretenfions of either.
The king now began to aft in a very arbitrary tnan-Arbitrary a
ner. He had long wiihed to extend his prerogative, Proceednig&
and to be able to furnifti himfelf with whatever fums he°^ Ci‘ar*e5*
might want for his pleafures, and therefore was moil
likely to be pleafed with thofe minifters who could flat¬
ter both his wifhes at once. Thefe he found in Clif¬
ford, Aililey, Buckingham, Arlington, and Lauderdale,
a junto diffinguilhed by the name of the cabal; a word 2ZO ’j
formed by the initials of their names. The firft effedtsNew war; i
of their advice was a fecret alliance with France, and 'v,t^ tj
a rupture with Holland. Soon after thisi the duke of
York declared himfelf a Papift ; and liberty of conflu¬
ence was proclaimed to all feClaries, whether diffenters
or Papiils : a proclamation was iffued containing very
rigorous claufes in favour of preffing; another full of
menaces againft thofe who fhould fpeak uudutifully of-
guiflr it, till it laid in afhes the iroft confiderable part his majefty's meafures; and even againft thofe wha
rf-rf tVmnorli it tpHiippH thnil- nearf] filch flilt'nmTpR. nnlpfQ tnfrtrmpr^ in rlnp timp
of the city. This calamity, though it reduced thou-
fands to beggary, proved in the end both beneficial and
ornamental to the city. It rofe from its ruins in greater
beauty than ever; the directs being widened, and the
houfes built of brick inftead of wood, became thus more
wholefome andfecure. In fo great a calamity it is re¬
markable that not a Angle life was loft.
Thefe complicated misfortunes did not fail to excite
many murmurs among the people : The blame of the
fire was laid on the Papifts : the Dutch war was ex¬
claimed againft as unfuccefsful and unneceffary, as be¬
ing an attempt to humble that nation who were equal
heard fuch difcorpfes, unlefs they informed in due tim;
againft the offenders. All thefe things gave very great
and juft offence to the people ; but they were efpecially-
alarmed at the alliance with France,.and juftly afraid
of the treachery of that nation. 2zt '
On the 28th of May 1672,. the. Epgliftr fleet under Adefperatt
the duke of York was furprifed by the Dutch in South-naval en*
wold bay. About eight in the morning began a moft SagemenCiq
furious engagement. The gallant Sandwich, who com¬
manded the Englilh van, drove his (hip into the midft
of the enemy, beat off the admiral that ventured to at¬
tack him, funk another (hip that attempted to board
enemies to Popery with themfelves, Charles himfelf alfo him, and three fire Ihips that , offered to grapple with
began to be fenfible, that all the ends for which he had him. Though his veffel was torn with ftiot, and out of
undertaken the Dutch war were likely to be entirely
fruftrated. Inftead of being able to lay up money for
himfelf, the fupplies of parliament had hitherto been
fo fcanty, that he found himfelf confiderably in debt.
1000 men there only remained 400, he ftill continued
to fight. At laft, a fire-fliip, more fortunate than the
reft, having laid hold of his veffel; her deftrudtion be¬
came inevitable, and, the earl himfelf was drowned in
ax6 ^ .
Peace with A treaty therefore was fet on foot, which was conclu- attempting to fwiro to fome other fhip. Night parted
Holland p - — - • „ " ’ • , ^ , . .
concluded.
Clarendon
-difgraced.
ded at Breda on the 21 ft of July 1667. By this treaty the combatants; the Dutch retired, and were not fol-
the only advantage gained by Britain was, the ceffation lowed by the Englifh. The lofs fuftained by the two ma-
of the colony of New York. It was therefore judged ritime powers was nearly equal; but the French fuffered
difgraceful, and the blame of it thrown upon the un- very little, not having entered into the heat of the en-
happy earl of Clarendon. Along with this, he was gagement. It was even fuppofed that they had orders
charged with the fale of Dunkirk ; the bad payment of for this conduft, and to fpare their own ftiips, while
the fea-men ; the difgrace by the Dutch fleet; and his the Dutch and Englifh fhould w’eaken each other by
own ambition. His daughter, while yet in Paris, had
commenced an amour with the duke of York ; and un¬
der a folemn promife of marriage had admitted him to
her bed. Her lover, however, either of his own ac¬
cord, or through the perfuafions of his brother Charles,
afterwards married her ; and this too was imputed as a
crime to Clarendon. On thefe accufations, the king,
who on. account of his rigid virtue had never much lo-
their mutual animofities.
The combined powers were much more fuccefsful a- SuccelV of
gainft the Dutch by land. Louis conquered all before Louis XIV
him, crofted the Rhine, took all the frontier towns 0faKainftthe:
the enemy, and threatened the new republic with a fi-Dutch*
nal diffolution. Terms were propofed to them by the
two conquerors. Louis offered them fuch as would
have deprived them of all power of refifting an invafion
ved this nobleman, ordered the feals to be taken from from France by land. Thofe of Charles expofed them
Alliance
with Hol¬
land and
'Sweden.
him, and given to Sir Orlando Bridgemen. Clarendon
was again impeached; and though the charges were
manifeftly frivolous, yet fo ftrong was the popular tor¬
rent againft him, that he thought proper to withdraw
into France. Soon after, the king formed an alliance
with Holland and Sweden, in order to prevent the
French king from completing his conqueft of the Ne¬
therlands. The greateft part of this country he had al¬
ready fubdued, w'hen he was unexpectedly flopped by
this league; in which it was agreed by the contracting
equally to-every invafion by fea. At laft the murmurs
of the Englifh at feeing this brave and induftrious peo¬
ple, the Jupporters of the Proteftant caufe, totally
funk and on the brink of deftrudlion, were too loud
not to reach the king. Pie was obliged to call a par- Aparlia-
liament, to take the fenfe of the nation upon his con-menualled
du£l; and he foon faw how his fubje&s flood affeCted,
The parliament met on the 4th of February 1673,
They began with reprefling fome of the king’s extra¬
ordinary ftretches of prerogative, and taking means for
uniformity
Britain
B R I
fiiiBritain, uniformity in religious matters. A law was patted en-
—v—^ titled the tefi ad, impofing an oath on all who ttiould
J, 224 enjoy any public benefice. Befides the taking the oaths
ffimiid a^egiance an^ king’s fupremacy, they were ob-
’ liged to receive the facrament once a-year in the efta-
blifhed church, and to abjure all belief in the do&rine
I' of tranfubttantiation. As the diflenters alfo had fe¬
ll ' conded the efforts of the commons againfl: the king’s
declaration of indulgence to Roman Catholics, a bill
was patted for their eafe and relief, which, however,
went with fome difficulty through the houfe of peers.
The Dutch in the mean time continued to defend them-
felves with fuch valour, that the commons began to
v- defpair of fuccefs. They therefore refolved that the
ftanding army was a grievance : they next declared,
(|| that they would grant no more fupplies to carry on the
l. Dutch war, unlefs it appeared that the enemy were fo
obftinate as to refufe all reafonable conditions. To cut
fhort thefe difagreeable altercations, the king refolved
to prorogue the parliament; and, with that intention,
went unexpectedly to the houfe of peers, from whence
22. he fent the ufher of the black-rod to fummon the houfe
imult in of commons to attend. It happened that the ufher and
s houfe of the fpeaker met nearly at the door of the houfe ; but
anions. t[ie fpeaker being within, fome of the members fudden-
ly fhut the door, and cried “ To the chair.” Upon
which the following motions were inllantly made in a
tumultuous manner : That the alliance with France was
a grievance ; that the evil counfellors of the king were
a grievance ; that the earl of Lauderdale was a grie¬
vance : and then the houfe rofe in great confufion. The
king foon faw that he could expeCl no fupply from the
commons for carrying on the war which was fo difa¬
greeable to them ; he refclved, therefore, to make a fe-
; , parate peace with the Dutch, on terms which they had
propofed by the Spanilh ambaflador. For form’s fake,
), he. alked the advice of his parliament ; who concurring
heartily in his intentions, a peace was concluded ac*
, 126 cordingly.
ftional The prepofleffion which Charles had all along (hown
J~ontents.f()r- p'rance> ang jjjg manifeft inclination upon all occa-
fions to attach himfelf to that kingdom, had given great
offence to his people. Along with this, other circum-
ftances confpired to raife a general difeontent. The to¬
leration of Catholics, fo much wifhed for by the king ;
the bigotry of the duke of York, the heir apparent to
the crown, and his zeal for the propagation of the Ca-,
tholie religion ; excited a confternation not altogether
without foundation, as if the Proteftant religion was in
danger. This fear and difeontent was carefully kept
up and fomented by wicked and defigning men, who
Hi to promote their owm interefts would not fcruple to ad-
, vance the grofleft falfehoods. In 16.78, an account of
a plot formed by the papifts for deftroying the king
and the proteftant religion, was given in by one Kirby
H a chemift, Dr Tong, a weak-credulous clergyman, and
Hi ' Titus Oates, who had likewife been a clergyman, but
one of the.moft abandoned mifereants that can be ima-
D gined. The circumftances attending this-pretended dif-
covery w'ere .fo perfectly incredible, that it appears a-
j mazing how any perfon of common fenfe could give ear
i ee Oa/M.to themf. Neverthelefs, fo much were the minds of
the nation in general inflamed againft the Catholics at
this time, that it not only produced the deftru&ion of
Hit individuals of the Romiih perfuafion, but an univerfal
.mattkere of that unhappy left was apprehended. The
[ 1
B R I
parliament, who ought to have reprefled thefe delufions,
and brought back the people to calm deliberate in- "■'
quiry, were found more credulous than even the vulgar
themfelves. The cry of plot w^as immediately echoed
from one houfe to the other; the country party could
not flip fo favourable an opportunity of managing the
palfions of the people ; the courtiers were afraid of be¬
ing thought difloyal if they Ihould doubt the guilt of
thofe who were accufed of defigns againft the king’s
perfon. Danby, the prime minifter, himfelf entered
into it very furioufly, and perfifted in his inquiries not-
withftanding all the king’s advices to the contrary.
Charles himfelf, who was the perfon that ought to have
been moft concerned, was the only one who treated it
with contempt. Nothing, however, could flop the po¬
pular fury; and for a time the king was obliged to give
way to it. 3a7
During the time of this general uproar and perfecu- Lord Dan~
tion, the lord treafurer Danby was impeached in the^mfeacil'
houfe of commons by Seymour the fpeaker. The prin-e ‘
cipai charge againft him was, his having written a let¬
ter to Montague the king’s ambaflador at Paris, direc¬
ting him to fell the king’s good offices at the treaty of
Nimeguen, to the king of France, for a certain fum of
money ; contrary to the general interefts of the confe¬
derates, and even of thofe of his own kingdoms. Tho’
the charge was juft, yet Danby had the happinefs to
find the king refolved to defend him. Charles affured
the parliament, that, as he had a&ed in every thing by
his orders, he held him entirely blamelefs ; and though,
he would deprive him of all his employments, yet he
would pofitively infill on his perfonal fafety. The lords
were obliged to fubmit; however, they went on to
impeach him, and Danby was fent to the Tower, but
no worfe confequences followed.
Thefe furious proceedings had. been carried on by'
an houfe of commons that had continued undiflblved for
above 17 years. They were now diflblved, and another
parliament was called ; which, however, proved as un¬
manageable as the preceding. The members refolved
to check, the growth of Popery by ftriking at the root
of the evil;.and therefore brought in a bill for the total Exdufion
exclufion.of the duke of York from the crown of Eng-'!“llbrou^t'
land and , Ireland, which patted the lower houfe by a ’
majority of 79. They next voted the king’s ftanding-
army and guards to be illegal. They proceeded to efta-
bliih limits to the king’s power of imprifoning to de¬
linquents at will. It was now alfo that the celebrated fta-
tutecalled the habeas cor pus ad was patted, whichconfirms
the fubjedl in an abfolute fecurityfrom oppreflive power.
During thefe troubles the duke of Yorkhad retired
to Brufl'els; but an indifpofition of the king led him
back to England, to be ready, in cafe of any finifter ac¬
cident, to aflert his right to the throne. After pre¬
vailing upon his brother to difgrace his natural fon the
duke of Monmouth, who was now become very popu¬
lar, he himfelf retired to Scotland, under pretence of
quieting the apprehenfions of the Engliih nation, but
in reality to {Lengthen his interefts in that part of the
empire. This fecelfion ferved ftill more to inflame the
country party, who were ftrongly attached to the,duke
of Monmouth, arid were refolved to fupport him againft
the duke of York. Mobs, petitions, pope-burnings,
were artifices employed to keep up the terrors ofPopery,
and alarm the court. The parliament had fliown favour
to the various tribes of informers, and that fei ved to in-
xreafe e
B R I
[
■Britain, creafe the number of thefe mifcreants ; but plots them-
‘'““’'V'—felves alfo became more numerous. Plot was fet up a-
gainfl. plot; and the people were kept fufpended in the
>■ moft dreadful apprehenfion.
But it was not by plots alone that the adverfe parties
* endeavoured to fupplant each other. Tumultuous pe¬
titions on the one hand, arid flattering addrelfes on the
606 ] B it I
promifed fome redrefs. But his lenity came too late. Britain
The people, in i 668, rofe in arms. They furprifed  v—
Turner in Dumfries, and refolved to have put him to
death; but finding his orders to be more violent than^fo^1
his execution of them, they fpared his life. At Lanark
they renewed the covenant, and publilhed their ma-
nifeito ; where they profeffed their fubmiffion to the
other, were fent up from all quarters. Wherever the king, and only defired the re-eftablifliment of prelby-
country party prevailed, petitions were fent to the king tery, and of their former minifters. Their force never
filled with grievances and apprehenfions. Wherever the
church or court party prevailed, addrefles were framed,
containing expreffions of the higheft. regard to his ma-
949 jefty, and the deepeft abhorrence of thofe who endea-
Pctitioners voured to difturb the public tranquillity. Thus the na-
and abhor- tJon came to be diftinguifhed into petitioners and abhor-
rers, who. Whig and Tory., alfo, were now firft ufed as terms
of reproach. The whigs were fo denominated from a
cant name given to the four prefbyterian conventiclers,
(luhig being milk turned four). The tories were deno¬
minated from the Irilh banditti fo called, whofe ufual
manner of bidding people deliver was by the Irilh word
430 Toree, or “ Give me.”
Attempt to All this time the king had tyrannized over the Scots
• eftablUh e- jn a very crue} manner. Being apprized of the ten-
Scotlanch ^dency of prelbyterian principles to a republican form
exceeded 2000 men ; and though the country in ge¬
neral bore them great favour, mens fpirits were fo' fub-
dued, that the infurgents could expeft no farther in-
creafe of numbers. Dalziel took the field to qppofe
them. The number of the covenanters was now re¬
duced to 800, and thefe no way capable of contending
with regular forces. Having advanced near Edinburgh, jnfurgen;
they attempted to find their way back into the weft by defeated!
Pentland hills. Here they were attacked by the king’s Pent land!
troops, and received the firft charge very refolutely; h
but that was all the arition. Immediately they fell
into confnfion, and fled. About 40 were killed on the
fpot, and 130 taken prifoners.
So long ago as the year 1661, the prefbyterians had CrueiS
•deputed one Sharpe to lay. their grievances before the archbifli*
king. Inftead of this, their deputy abandoned the s^arPC
of government, Charles, like, his predeceflbrs, had en- caufe altogether, became their violent enemy, and as a
deavoured to introduce epifeopacy there, but in a mudh
more violent manner than had been formerly attempted.
The rights of patrons had for fome years-been abo-
lilhed; and the power of ele&ing minifters had been
veiled in the kirk-feflion and lay elders: but it was now
enadled, that all incumbents who had been admitted up¬
on this title Ihould receive a prefentation, and be infti-
tuted anew by the bilhop, under the penalty of depri¬
vation. In confequence of this, 350 pariihes were at
reward of his treachery was made archbilhop of St An¬
drew’s. After the battle of Pentland-hills, this man
was1 the foremoft to take vengeance on the unhappy
infurgents, whofe opprefled ftate and inoffenfive beha¬
viour had made them objedts of univerfal compaflion.
Ten were hanged on one gibbet in Edinburgh ; 35
before their own doors indifferent places. They might
all have faved their lives, if they would have renounced
the covenant; but this they abfolutely refufed. The
once declared vacant. New minifters were fought for executions were going on, when the king wrote a let-
all over the kingdom, and none was fo vicious or igno-
‘'Occafions rant as to be reje&ed. The people, as might have
difeontent. been expected, were difpleafed to the higheft degree ;
they refolved, however, to give no fign of mutiny or
fedition, notwithftanding their difeontent. This fub-
ter to the privy council, in which he ordered that fuch
of the prifoners as Ihould limply promife to obey the
laws for the future Ihould be fet at liberty, and that
the incorrigible Ihould be fent to the plantations.
This letter was brought to the council by Burnet, but
miffion made their cafe Hill worfe ; it being foolilhly was not immediately delivered by Sharpe. What his
imagined, that, as they did not complain for a little ill
ufage, they would fubmit altogether if they were
worfe treated.
Affairs remained in a peaceable fituation, till, in 1664,
motives were for this delay, we pretend not to fay ;
but certain it is, that no a&ion of his life will bear a
worfe conftru&ion than this. It had been cuftomary
to put thefe poor creatures to very fevere tortures, in
a very fevere aft was palled in England againft conven- order to make them confefs that to be falfehood which
^34 tides ; and this feverity was imitated by the Scots par-
Frelbyteri- Hament, who palled an aft of the fame kind. Military
ansperfecu-force was next let loofe. Wherever the people hadge-
■ nerally forfaken their churches, the guards were quar¬
tered throughout the country. They were commanded
by Sir James Turner, a man of a very furious temper
and diflblute life. He went about and received lifts
from the clergy of thofe who abfented themfelves from
the churches, or were fuppofed to frequent conventi¬
cles. Without any proof, or legal conviftion, he de¬
manded a fine'from them; and quartered foldiera on
the fuppofed criminals till he received payment. An
infurreftion being dreaded during the Dutch war, new
236I
they believed to be true. By Sharpe’s delay, one
Hugh Maccail had been tortured, who would other-
wife have efcaped ; and fo violent were the torments
he endured, that he expired under them. He feemed
to die in an eeftafy of joy. His laft words were ut-Laft
tered with an accent which ftruck all the byftandersof Mr&
with aftonifhment. “ Farewell (faid he) fun, moon,ca^-
and liars ; farewell world and time ; farewell weak frail
body; welcome eternity; welcome angels and faints;
welcome Saviour of the world ; and welcome God the
judge of all.’”
In 1670, an aft againft conventicles was palled, feem- A(tlaa(r7a.
ingly with a defign of mitigating the former perfecu- conventJ
forces were levied, and entrufted to the command of ting laws ; though even this was fevere enough. By ties.
Dalziel and Drummond, two men of very cruel difpo- this aft, the hearer in a conventicle (that is, in a dif-
fitions, and the Scots parliament gave full fcope to all fenting affembly where more than five befide the family
their enormities. were prefent) was fined 5 s. for the firft offence, and
jReprefentations were now made to the king, who 10s. for the fecond; the preacher i.,20 for the firft
-offence.
B R I
as?
'mes of
iprehen-
t39
ecut:o
ived.
offence, and L.40 for the fecond. The perfon in
whofe houfe the conventicle met was fined a like fum
with the preacher. One remarkable claufe was, that
if any difpute ihould arife with regard to the interpre¬
tation of any part of the aft, the judges fhould always
explain the doubt in the fenfe leaft favourable to con¬
venticles, it being the intention of parliament entirely
to fupprefs them.
As the .violent methods ufed by the king were found
ineffeftual to obtain his purpofe in Scotland, in 1678
a fcheme of comprehenfion was tried, by which it was
propofed to diminifh greatly the authority of the bi-
fhops, to abolifh their negative voice in the ecclefiafti-
cal courts, and to leave them little more than the right
of precedency among the prefbyters : but this too was
rejefted by the people, who well knew its tendency.
The next fcheme was an indulgence. By this, the moft
popular of the expelled preachers, without requiring
any terms of fubmiffion to the eftablifhed religion, were
fettled in vacant churches ; and fmall falaries of about
L. 20 a-year were offered to the reft, till they fhould be
otherwife eftablifhed. This bounty was rejefted as the
w^ages cf criminal lilence, and the replaced minifters
foon repented of their compliance ; conventicles multi¬
plied, and the covenanters daily met in arms at their
places of worfhip, though they ufually difperfed them*
felves after divine fervice.
Thefe mild methods being rejefted, a renewal of the
perfecution commenced under the adminiftration of the
duke of Lauderdale, and in which archbifhop Sharpe
had a principal hand. It was an old law, and but fel-
dom put in execution, that a man who was accufed of
any crime, and did not appear to take his trial, might
be intercommuned; that is,- he might be publicly out¬
lawed ; and whoever afterwards, either on account of
bufinefs, relation^ or charity, had the leaft intercourfe
with him, was fubjefted to the fame penalties which
the law could inflift on the criminal himfelf. A great:
many writs of intercomipuning were now iffued againft
the covenanters ; by which abfurd method of proceed¬
ing, crimes and punifhments were multiplied to an ex>
treme degree.
Application was made to Charles for Come redrefs of
thefe grievances: but he was too much taken up with
his pleafures to take any effeftual means of putting a
flop to them ; nay, even while he retrafted them, he
was perfuaded to avow and praife them in a letter to
> the privy council. The confequence of all this was,
that the covenanters were at laft fo much enraged a-
gainft Sharpe, whom they confidered as an apoftate,
and experienced to be an unrelenting perfecutor, that,,
on tlm 3d of May 1679, he was way-laid and mur¬
dered with all the circumftances of unrelenting, cruel¬
ty. The murder of Sharpe produced a perfecution
ftill more violent, which at laft brought on another in-
furreftion.
The covenanters finding themfelves obliged to meet
in large bodies, and bring arms along with them for
their own fecurity, fet forth a declaration againft pre¬
lacy, which they publifhed at Rutherglen, a fmall bo¬
rough near Glafgow ; and in the market-place there
they burned feveral afts of parliament which had efta¬
blifhed that mode of ecclefiaftical government, and had
prohibited all conventicles. For this purpofe they chofe
the 29th of May, the anniverfary of the reftoration ;
f 6o7 i
B R I
and previoufly extinguifhed the bonfires that had been Britain,
kindled on that occafion. Count Graham, afterwards
vifeount Dundee, an aftive and/enterprizing officer, at¬
tacked a great conventicle upon Loudon-hill, but was
repulfed with the lofs of 30 men. The'covenanters then
finding themfelves unwarily engaged in rebellion, were
obliged to perfevere ; and therefore pufhed on to Glaf¬
gow, which, though repulfed at firft, they afterwards
made themfelves mailers of. Here they difpoffeffed the
eftablifhed clergy, and iffued proclamations, in which
they declared that they fought againft the king’s fu-
premacy, againft Popery and Prelacy, and againft a
Popifh fucceffor.
Charles, being now alarmed, difpatched againft the
covenanters a fmall body of Englifh cavalry under the
duke of Monmouth. He joined the Scots guards,and
fome regiments of militia levied from the well-affefted
counties ; and with great celerity marched in queft of 344,
the infurgents. They had taken poft at Bbthwel-bridge Fnfurgents •
between Hamilton and Glafgbw ; where there'was no defeated afer
accefs but by the bridge, and where a fmall body was *Jo.t!lwek>
able to defend it againft the king’s armyi The whole ' “ *
army of the covenanters never exceeded 8000 men, and
they had in reality no other generals than their clergy¬
men. Monmouth attacked the bridge, and the cove¬
nanters maintained their poft as long as their ammuni¬
tion lafted. When they fent for more, they received ~
orders to quit their poll and retire ; and this imprudent
meafure occafioned an immediate defeat. Monmouth
paffed the bridge without oppofition, and-drew up his
forces oppofite to the enemy. His cannon alone put
them to the rout. About 700 were killed in the pur-
fuit; for, properly fpeaking, there was no aftion.
Twelve hundred were taken prifoners, and treated with. =
humanity by Monmouth. Such as promifed to live -
peaceably under the prefent government were difmiffed;
and about 300 who refufed this condition w>ere flripped
for Barbadoes, but unfortunately perifhed by the way.
Two of their clergymen were hanged. Soon after, an
aft of indemnity was palled : but Lauderdale took care
that it fhould afford little proteftion to the unhappy
covenanters; for though orders were given to connive
thenceforward at all conventicles, he found means un¬
der a variety of pretences to elude the execution of
them.
It is now certainly known, that king Charles II. 'had
formed a fcheme of overturning the eftablifhed religion,
and fubftituting Popery in its place; as alfo of render¬
ing himfelf abfolute. In this, however, he met with vio¬
lent oppofition from his parliaments; and as this one of
1679 feemed even to furpafs their predeceffors in vio-
lence, the king was induced to diffolve them- and call Violent^
another in 1680. By this ftep, however, he was noP’0cee,bng3
gainer. They voted the legality of petitioning the
king ; and fell with extreme violence on the abhorrers,
who in their addreffes to the crown had expreffed their
difapprobation ofthofe petitions. Great numbers of
thefe were feized by their order in all parts of Eng¬
land, and committed to clofe cuftody : the liberty of
the fubjeft, which had been fo carefully guarded by
their own recent law, was every day violated by their
arbitrary and capricious imprifonments. One Stowel of'
Exeter put a flop to their proceedings : he refufed to
obey the fergeant at arms who was fent to apprehend-
him; he flood upon his defence, and laid he knew no
last.*
b r r [608
Jaw by which the houfe of commons pretended to com-
Jmit him. The houfe, finding it equally dangerous to
-proceed or recede, got off by an evalion. They voted
that Stowel was indifpofed: and a month’s time was al¬
lowed him for his recovery. It is happy for the na¬
tion, that fhould the commons at any time overleap the
bounds of their authority, and capricioufly order men
to be put in prifon, there is. no power, in cafe of re-
fiftance, that can compel the prifoners to fubmit to their
decrees.
The chief point, however, laboured by the prefent
parliament was, to obtain the exclufion bill, which,
though the former houfe had voted, was never yet paf-
] B R I
the intelligence to the king, and obtained a warrant Brltaii
for committing Fitzharris, who happened at that very
time to have a copy of the libel in his pocket. Seeing
himfelf in the hands of a party from whom he expec¬
ted no mercy, he refolved to fide with them, and throw
the odium of the libel upon the court, who, he faid,
were willing to draw up a libel which fhould be impu¬
ted to the exclufioners, and thus render them hateful to
the people. He enhanced his fervices to the country-
party by a new Popifh plot more tremendous than any
of the foregoing, and in which he brought in the duke
of York as a principal accomplice.
The king imprifoned FitzharriS ; the xorfimdns
fed into a law. It paffed by a great majority in the vowed his caufe. They voted that he fhould be im-
houfe of commons, but was thrown out by the houfe of peached by themfelves, to fcreen him from the ordinary
peers. All the bifhops except three voted againft it; forms of juflice : the lords reje&ed the impeachment
for they were of opinion that the church of England the commons afferted their right : a commotion wa ^
s in much greater danger from the prevalence of likely to enfue; and the king, to break off the conteft, Parliam
went to the houfe and diffolved the parliament, with a diflbivei
fixed refolution never to call another.
From this moment the king ruled with defpotic
power. His temper, which had always been eafy and proceed
merciful, now became arbitrary and cruel; he enter-of the lc
tained fpies and informers round the throne, ^nd im-
prefbyterianifm than Popery. The commons were ex¬
tremely mortified at the reje&ion of their favourite bill:
in revenge, they paffed feveral other difagreeable afts,
among which pne.was, That, till the exclufion bill was
palled, they could not, confiftent with the truft re-
pofed in them, grant the king any manner of fupply ;
and that whoever fhould hereafter lend, by way of ad- prifoned all fuch as he thought moft daring in their de-
vance, any money upon any branches of the king’s re¬
venue, fhould be refponfible to parliament for his coi
du£t. Charles, therefore, finding that there were r
figns. He refolved to humble the prefbyterians: they
were divefted of their employments and their places;
and their offices given to fuch as held with the court,
hopes of extorting either money or obedience from the and approved the doftrine of non-refiftance. The clergy
commons, came to a refolution of once more diflblving began to teflify their zeal and their principles by their
fern
t the parliament. His ufher of the black-rod according- writings and fermons ; but though among thefe the
ly came to diffolve them while they were voting that partizans of the king were the moll numerous, thofe of
the diflenters fhould be encouraged, and that the Pa- the oppofite faftion were the moll enterprizing. The
New on<
called at
Oxford.
pifts had burned the city of London.
It was for fome time a doubt whether the king would
ever call another parliament : his neceffities, however,
furmounted allhis fears of their violence; and,in 1681,
he fummoned his parliament to meet him at Oxford,
that he might thus have an opportunity of punifhing
the city of London by fhowing his fufpicions of their
loyalty. In this, as in all former parliaments, the coun¬
try party predominated; and they trode exactly in the
king openly efpoufed the caufe of the former ; and
thus placing himfelf at the head of a faction, he depri- ^
ved the city of London, which had long headed theLondor
popular party, of their charter. It was not till after prived i
an abjett fubmiffion that he reftored it to them, havingc!larter-
previoufly fubjefted the ele&ion of their magiftrates to
his immediate authority.
Terrors alfo were not wanting to confirm this new
fpecies of monarchy. Fitzharris was brought to a trial
fame paths with their predeceffors. The fame fpeaker before a jury, and condemned and executed. The
was chofen, and the exclufion bill urged more fiercely
than before. Ernely, one of the king’s minifters, pro-
pofed that the duke Ihould be baniihed 500 miles from
whole gang of fpies, witnefles, informers, fuborners,
which had long been encouraged and fupported by the
leading patriots, finding now that the king was entire-
England; and that on the king’s deceafe the next heir ly mailer, turned fhort upon their ancient drivers, and
Ihould be conllituted regent with regal power. Yet offered their evidence againft thofe who firft put them
146
CafeoffitZ'
this expedient, which left the duke the bare title
of king-, could not obtain the attention of the houfe.
Nothing but a total exclufion could fatisfy them.
Each party had now for fome time reviled and ridi¬
culed each other in pamphlets and libels; and this prac¬
tice at laft was attended with an incident that deferves
One Fitzharris, an Irifh Papift, employed a
Scotfman named Everhard to write a libel againft the
king and the duke of York, The Scot was actually a
fpy for the contrary party; and fuppofing this a trick
to entrap him, he difeovered the whole to Sir William
Waller, an eminent juftice of the peace; and, to con¬
vince him of the truth of his information, polled the
in motion. The king’s minifters gave them encou
ragement; and in a Ihort time the fame injuftice and
the fame cruelties were pradlifed againft prefbyterian
fchemes that had formerly been pradlifed againft Ca¬
tholic treafons. The king’s chief refentment was le¬
velled againft the earl of Shaftefbury ; and, indeed,
not without reafon, as he had had'a very adlive hand
in the late difturbances. No fums were fpared to feek
for evidence, or even to fuborn witneffes, againft this
intriguing and formidable man. A bill of indidlment
being prefented to the grand jury, witneffes were ex¬
amined, who fwore-to inch incredible circumftances as
mull have invalidated their teftimony, even if they had
magiftrate and two other perfons privately, where they not been branded as perjured villains. Among his
heard the whole conference between Fitzharris and him- papers, indeed, a draught of an affociation was found,
felf. The libel compofed between them was replete which might have been conftrued into treafon; but
with the utmoft rancour and fcurrility.
N°5<>.
Waller carried it was not in the .earl’s hand-writing,
r could it be
proved
B R
Britain, proved that he had ev
I [ 609 ] B R 1
communicated this fcheme and noted party-man ; Fergufon, an independent mini-
" to any body, or fignitied his approbation of any fuch fter ; and feveral attorneys, merchants, and tradefmen '
projeft. The ftieriffs had fummoned a jury, whofe of London. But Rumfey and Fergufon were the only
principles coincided with thofe of the earl; and that
probably, more than any want of proof, procured his
fafety.
In 1683, the city of London was deprived of its
perfons that had accefs to the great leaders of the con-
fpiracy. Thefe men undertook the defperate refolution
of alfaffinating the king in his way to New-market;
Rumbold, onex>f the party, pofTeffed a’farm upon that
250
3ther cor.
R lorations
ik>*n
heir#.
charter; which was reftored only upon terms of the road, called the Rye-houfe, and from thence the confpi-
utmoft fubmiffion, and giving up the nomination of racy was called tixz Rye-houfe plot. They deliberated
_L-  — — *ji k.„ nnu.^     /*„ —««j/v,v,^c -CX-^1 ^ * 1.1.j  ?   1   . _
their own magillrates. This was fo mortifying a cir- on a fcheme of Hopping the king’s coach by overturn-
cumftance, that all the other corporations in England ing a cart on the high way at this place, and (hooting
foon began to fear the fame treatment, and were fuc- him through the hedges. Thehoufein which the king
ceflively induced to furrender their charters into the lived at New-market accidentally took fire, and he was
hands of the king. Confiderable fums were exa&ed obliged to leave New-market eight days fooner than It mifcar-
for reftoring thefe charters; and all the offices of power was expedted ; to which circumftance he owed his fafe- ries.
and profit were left at the difpofal of the crown. Re- ty. Soon after this the confpiracy was difeovered ;
fiftance now, however juftifiable, could not be fafe; and Ruffe!, Sidney, and Walcot, were executed; Effex cut
all prudent men faw no other expedient but fubmitting his own throat; Hamden was fined 40,000 /.; and
patiently to the prefent grievances. fcarce one efcaped who had been in any manner con-
ionfyiracy There was a party, however, in England, that Hill cerned, except the duke of Monmouth, who was the
1 gainft the cherilhed their former ideas of freedom, and refolved to mod culpable of all.
reftore liberty to their country by dethroning the king
who a&ed in fuch a defpotic manner. The principal
confpirators were Monmouth, Shaftdbury, Ruffel, Ef¬
fex, Howard, Algernon Sidney, and John Hamden
grandfon to the great man of that name. Monmouth
engaged the earl of Macclesfield, Lord Brandon, Sir
Gilbert Gerard, and other gentlemen in Cheffiire.
Lord Ruffel fixed a correfpondence with Sir William folutely incapable of. A fimilar fentence was paffed
Courtney, Sir Francis Knowles, and Sir Francis Drake,    r’''u c:- c n j:a~' 
who promifed to raife the weft. Shaftefbury, with
one Fergufon, an independent clergyman, and a rell-
Jefs plotter, managed the city, upon which the confe¬
derates chiefly relied. Thefe fchemes had been laid in
This was the laft blood that was (hed on account
of plots or confpiracies, which continued during the
greateft part of this reign. Severe puniffiments, how¬
ever, were infli&ed on many who treated the duke of
York unworthily. The famous Titus Oates was fined
100,000 1. for calling him a Popifti traitor; and he
1 imprifoned till he (hould pay it, which he was ab-
upon Dutton Colt. Sir Samuel Barnadifton was fined
io,oool. for having, in fome private letters, reflefted
on the government. The government of Charles was
now as abfolute as that of any prince in Europe ; but,
to pleafe his fubje&sby an a6t of popularity, he judged
j68i : but the caution of Lord Ruffel, who induced it proper to marry the lady Anne, his niece, to prince
the duke of Monmouth to put off the enterprize, faved George brother to the king of Denmark. This was
the kingdom from the horrors of a civil war; while the laft: remarkable tranfa&ion of this extraordinary 3j.4
Shaftefbury was fo ftruck with a fenfe of his impending reign. On February 2d 1685, about eight in the Death of
danger, that he left his .houfe, and, lurking about the morning, the king was feized with a fit of the apo-Charles II.
city, attempted, but in vain, to drive the Londoners plexy ; being dreffed, and juft come out of his clofet,
to an open infurre&ion. At laft, enraged at the num- where he had been for fome time after he rofe from
berlefs cautions and delays which clogged and defeated bed. By being blooded, he was reftored perfectly to
his projects, he threatened to begin with his own friends his fenfes ; and there were great hopes of his recovery
fingly. However, after a long ftruggle between fear the next day. On the fourth day the phyficians de-
and rage, he abandoned all hopes of fuccefs, and fled to -c 1-:- ,:r~ —J —c— ^ 
Amfterdam, where he foon after died.
fpaired of his life, and therefore fent for the queen.
He was in his perfect fenfes when (he arrived. She
The lofs of Shaftefbury, though it retarded, did not threw herfelf on her knees, and a (Iced his pardon for all
fupprefs, the defigns of the confpirators. The remain- her offences. He replied, that (lie had offended in no-
ing fix formed a council; they correfponded with Ar- thing; but that he had been guilty of offences againft
gyle and the malecontents in Scotland ; and refolved her, and aiked her pardon. He (poke with great af-
to profecute the fcheme of the infurreAion, tho’ they feaion to the duke of York, and gave him excellent
widely differed in principles from one another. Mon- counfel for his future conduit. He advifed him to ad-
mouth afpired at the crown; Ruffel and Hamden pro- here to the laws with ftri&nefs, and invariably to fup-
pofed to exclude the duke of York from the fucceffion, port the church of England. The duke feemed anxious
and redrefs the grievances of the nation ; Sidney was to convince him before he died how little he intended
for reftoring the republic, and Effex joined in the fame to follow his advice. Having removed the biftiops,
wi(h. Lord Howard was an abandoned man, i*ho, ha- and feveral of the lords who attended the bed of the
ving no principles, fought to embroil the nation, to gra- king, he fent for Huddlefton, a Romiih prieft. In the
tify his private intereft in the confufion. prefence of the duke, the earl of Bath, and Trevannion
1 figii of Befides thefe, there was a fet of fubordinate confpi- a captain in the guards, Huddlefton gave the extreme
itflinating rators, who frequently met together, and carried on unftion to the king, and adminiftered to him the facra-
a form- proje£ts qU;te unknown to Monmouth and his coun- ment according to the rites of the church of Rome,
til. Among thefq was colonel Rumfey, an old repub- All this was done in the fpace of half an hour. The
lican officer; lieutenant-colonel Walcot, of the fame doors were then thrown open. Six prelates, who had
ftamp; Goodenough, under fheriff of London, a zealous before attended the king, were fent for to give him the
1 —; — — ” - facrament.
Vol. III. Part II.
4 H
B R I [ 610 ]
facrament. Kenn, bifhop of Bath and Wells, read the decency and morality.
B R T
He prefided daily at the coon-
vifitation of the fkk ; and, after he faid that he re- cil, at the boards of admiralty and treafury. He even v-
pented of his fins, the absolution. The king affifted
with feeming devotion at the fervice ; but his mouth
being dillorted with fits, and his throat contrafted, he
entered into the whole detail of the concerns of the
great departments of the ftate. But his bigotry for the
Romifh religion fullied all his good qualities, and r
could not fwallow the elements. He profefled, how- dered him feared for his violence, where he was not
ever, his fatisfaftion in the church of England; and ex- defpifed for his weaknefs.
piredon the 6thof February, between x x and 12 o’clock;
having reigned 25 years, and lived 55.
But whilft every thing was fubmitted in tranquillity Mon-
to James at home, a ftorm was gathering abroad to mouth’s
The firft aft of James II.’s reign was to affemble the difturb his repofe. For a long time the prince of O-'
mfpiracjj
privy council: where, after fome praifes bellowed on range had entertained hopes of afcending the Britilh
the memory of his predecefibr, he made profeffions of throne, and 4xad even ufed all his endeavours to e
*55
Servile ad-
dreffss to
James II.
256
Quakers
*ddrefs.
his refolution to maintain the ellablifhed government
both in church and Hate; and as he had heretofore ven¬
tured his life in defence of the nation, he would ftill go
as far as any man in maintaining all its juft rights and
privileges.
This difcourfe was received with great applaufe, not
only by the council, but by the whole nation. Ad-
drefies came from all quarters, full of duty, nay of the
moil fervile adulation. From this charge, however, we
mutt except thofe of the Quakers, which is remarkable
for its good fcnfe and fimplicity. “ We are come
elude James from it. Monmouth, who, fince his laft
confpiracy, had been pardoned, but ordered to de¬
part the kingdom, had retired to Holland. He was
received by the prince of Orange with the higheft
marks of diftinftion, and even became his chief favou¬
rite through whom all favours were to be obtained.
When the news of Charles’s death arrived, indeed, the
prince made a Ihow of altering his note, and difmifled
Monmouth, though he ilill keptaclofecorrefpondence
with him. The duke retired to Bruflels, where, un¬
der the aufpiccs of the prince of Orange, he refolved
(faid they) to teftify our forrow for the death of our to invade England, with a defign of ftizingthe crown
good friend Charles, and our joy for thy being made
our governor. We are told that thou art not of the
perfuafion of the church of England no more than we:
wherefore we hope that thou wilt grant us the famelir
berty which thou allowed thyfelf. Which doing, we
wifh thee all manner of happinefs.”
Imprudent The king, however, foon (bowed, that he either was
behaviour not fincere in his promifes, or that he entertained fo
of the
king.
for himfelf. He was feconded by the duke of Argyle,
who formed the fcheme of an infurniftion in Scotland 5
and while Monmouth attempted to make a rifing in the
weft of England, it was refolved that Argyle (hould
alfo try his endeavours in the north. The generofity of
the prince of Orange, however, did not correfpond with
the warmth of his profeffions. The unfortunate duke
derived from his own plate and jewels his whole fup
' lofty an idea of his own legal power, that even his ut- ply for the war; and the enthuiiafm of a rich widow
moft fincerity could tend very little to the fecurity of fupplied Argyle with 10,0001. wherewith he purcha-
the liberties of the people. All the cuftoms, and the
greater part of the excife, which had been voted to the munition,
late king for his life only, were levied by James with- Argyb
out a new aft for that purpofe. He went openly to
mafs with all the enfigns of his dignity; and even Cent
one Caryl as his agent to Rome to make fubmiflhms
to the Pope, and to pave the way for the re-admiffion
of England into the bofom of the Catholic church.
From the fuggeftions of thefe men all his meafures were
fed three veffels, which he loaded with arms and <
260 Ip !
the firft who landed in Scotland, where Defeat ai
he publifhed his manifeftoes, put himfelf at the head of death of Jo
2500 men, and drove to influence the people in his fa-Argy1*'
vour. But a formidable body of the king’s forces co-
ming againft him, his army fell away ; and he himfelf,
after being wounded in attempting to efcape, was taken
prifoner by a peafant who found him {landing up to the
undertaken. One day when the Spanifh ambaflador neck in water. He was from thence carried to Edin-
ventured to advife his majefty againft putting too much
Confidence in fuch kind of people, “ Is it not the cu-
ftom in Spain (faid James), for the king to confult with
his confeffor?” “ Yes (anfwered the ambaffador), and
that is the reafon why our affairs fucceed fo very ill.”
James’s firft parliament, which was compofed moftly
of zealous tories, was flrongly inclined to comply witlx
the meafures of the crown. They voted unanimoufly,
that they fhould fettle on the prefent king, during life,
all the revenue enjoyed by the late king till the time
of his deceafe. For this favour, James affured them,
261
burgh, where after fuffering many indignities he was
publicly executed.
By this time Monmouth had landed in Dorfetffiire Monmoiw
with fcarce 100 followers. His name, however, was lands in ■;
fo popular, and fo great was the hatred of the people England);
to James on account of his religion, that in four days
he had aflembled a body of above 2000 men. They
were indeed all of them the lowed of the people, and
his declarations were fuited entirely to their prejudices.
He called the king the duke of York 5 and denominated
him a traitor, a tyrant, a murderer, and a Popifh ufur-
that he would fecure them in the full enjoyment of their per. He imputed to him the fire of London, and even
laws ; but with regard to religion, no anfwer could be affirmed that he had poifoned the late king.
extorted, for that he wasrefolvedto alter. In every thing.
fpedj hebe- however, religion excepted, James merited every praife.
haves well. He applied himfelf to bufinefs with unremitting atten¬
tion. He managed his revenue with the flrifteft (Eco¬
nomy. He retrenched fuperfluous expences, and fhowed
himfelf zealous for the glory of the nation. He endea¬
voured to expel from court the vice which had pre-
Monmouth continued to make a rapid progrefs, and
in a (hort time found himfelf at the head of 6000 men;
but was daily obliged to difmifs great numbers for
want of arms. The king was not a little alarmed at
his invafion. Six regiments of Britifh troops were
called over from Holland; and a body of regulars, to
the number of 3000, were fent, under the command of
vailed fo much during the former reign, and to reftore the earl of Feverfham and Churchill, to check the pro-
5 grefs
Britain, grefs of the rebels. They took poll at Sedgemore, a
"—v  village in the neighbourhood of Bridgewater, and were
joined by confiderable numbers of the country militia.
iJ^Here Monmouth refolved, by a defperate effort, to lofe
^ his life, or gain the kingdom. He drove the royal
infantry from their ground, and was on the point of
gaining a complete victory, when the cowardice of
Gray, who commanded the horfe, brought all to ruin.
This nobleman fled at the firft onfet; and the rebels,
being charged in flank, gave way after a three-hours
contett. About 300 were killed in the engagement,
and 1000 in the purfuit. Monmouth fled above 20
miles from the field of battle, till his horfe funk under
him. He then alighted ; and, exchanging clothes with
a fhepherd, fled on foot, attended by a German count
who had accompanied him from Holland. Being quite
exhaufted with hunger and fatigue, they both lay down
in a field, and covered themfelves with fern. The
fhepherd, being found in Monmouth’s clothes by the
if’ 263 purfuers, increafed the diligence of the fearch ; and by
§!*.taken in the means of blood-hounds he was detected in his mi-
a moft mi- ferable lituation, with raw peafe in his pocket, on which
Jflerable iitu- jia(j jjve(j por fome (jayS. He burlt into tears when
feized by his enemies ; and petitioned, with the moft
t 464 abjeft fubmiffions, for his life. On his way to London,
; Attemptsin he wrote a fubmifiive letter to the king, promifing dif-
Ijvain to ob- coveries, fhould he be admitted into his prefence. The
1*1*11 mercy. cur;0flty Qf James being excited by the letter, he fent
Sheldon a gentleman of the bed-chamber to meet Mon¬
mouth. In his converfation with Sheldon, he afked
who was in chief Confidence with the king ; and being
anfwered that it was Sunderland, Monmouth knocked
his breaft in a furprife, and faid, “ Why then, as I
hope for falvation, he promifed to meet me.” He
delired Sheldon to inform the king, that feveral of his
accomplices in rebellion were in the confidence of his
majefty ; and he gave him a particular account of the
part which the prince of Orange had a died in this whole
'riW affair.
Sheldon, on his return from the duke of Monmouth,
began to give an account to the king of what he had
learned from the unhappy prifoner. Sunderland, pre¬
tending bufiuefs, came into the room. Sheldon ftop-
ped, and figniiied his delire to ipeak in private with
the king. James told him he might fay any thing be¬
fore that lord. Sheldon was in great perplexity ; but
being urged, he told all that Monmouth had aflerted.
Sunderland appeared, for fome time, confufed : at
length he faid, with a laugh, “ If that is all he can dif-
cover to favc his life, he will derive little good from
I’ * his information.” Monmouth himfelf was foon after
brought before the king. Sunderland by an artifice
enfured the death of the unfortunate duke, to fave him¬
felf and the other adherents of the prince of Orange.
When he faw Monmouth’s letter to James, and heard
the difcoveries made by Sheldon, he is faid to have ad-
vifed him, that, as he could affure him of the certainty
of a pardon, he ought to deny what he had faid in pre¬
judice of his friends, who could ferve him on fome
other more favourable occafion. The credulous duke,
fwayed by the advice of Sunderland, fupprefled what
he had faid to Sheldon, when he was examined by the
king. He mentioned nothing of the concern which
the prince of Orange had taken in the invafion ; though
a point on which James was already fufficiently inform¬
ed. D’Avaux, the French minifter to the States, had B itain.
given a circumftantial account of the whole conduit of —v—
the prince to Louis XIV. who had ordered it to be
privately communicated to the king of England. The
minifter who had been fent from Holland to congra¬
tulate James on the fuppreffion of Argyle’s rebellion,
was in a grievous agony when he heard that the king
was refolved to fee Monmouth. “ Though he found
that he faid nothing of his mafter (faid James), he was
never quiet till Monmouth was dead.”
The unfortunate duke made various attempts to ob¬
tain mercy. He wrote to the queen dowager; he fent
a letter to the reigning queen, as well as to the king
himfelf. He begged his life, when admitted into his
prefence, with a meannefs unfuitable to his pretenfions
and high rank. But all his entreaties and fubmiflions
were of no avail. James told him, that he was much
affedted with his misfortunes, but that his crime was
too dangerous in its example to be left unpunifhed. In
his laft moments he behaved with a magnanimity wor¬
thy of his former courage. When he came to the fcaf-
fold, he behaved with decency and even with dignity.
He fpoke little; he made no confdfion 5 nor did he ac*
cufe any of his friends. Circumftances are faid to have
attended his death that created a horror among the 565
fpedtators. The executioner miffed his blow, and ftruck Terribly
him flightly on the fhoulder. Monmouth railed his
head from the block, and looked him full in the face, tlojigr"011”
as if reproaching him for his miftake. He ftruck him
twice again, but with feeble ftrokes; and then threw
the axe from his hands. The fheriff forced him to re¬
new his attempt; and the head of the duke, who feemed
already dead, was at lail fevered from his body.
Thofe concerned in the duke of Monmouth’s confpi- Rebels cru*.
racy were punifhed with the Utmoft feverity. Imme-t,eated»
diately after the battle of Sedgemore, Feverfham hanged
up above 20 prifoners ; and was proceeding in his exe¬
cutions, when the bifhop of Bath and Wells informed
him that thefe unhappy men were now by law intitled
to a trial, and that their execution would be deemed a
real murder. Nineteen were put to death in the fame
manner at Bridgewater, by colonel Kirke, a man of a
favage and bloody difpofition. This vile fellow, prac-
tifed in the arts of /laughter at Tangier, where he
ferved in garrifon, took pleafure in committing inftan-
ces of wanton barbarity. He ravaged the whole coun¬
try, without making any diftin&ion between friend
and foe. His own regiment, for their peculiar barba¬
rity, went under the ironical title of Kirke’jlambs. It
doth not, however, appear that thefe cruelties were
committed by the direction, or even with the appro¬
bation, of James ; any more than the legal daughters
that were committed by judge Jefferies, who was fent
down to try the delinquents. The natural brutality
of this man’s temper was inflamed by continual intoxi¬
cation. No fewer than 80/vere executed by his orders
at Dorchefter; and on the whole, at Exeter, Taun¬
ton, and Wells, 2 ?o are computed to have fallen by
the hand of juftice as it was called; nor were women
exempted from the general feverity, but fuffered for
harbouring their nearell kindred. Jefferies on his re¬
turn was immediately created a peer, and foon after
veiled with the dignity of chancellor. In juftice to the
king, however, it muft be owned, that in his memoirs
he complains, with apparent indignation, of “ the
4 H 2 ftrange
B R I
[ 612 3
B R I
ftvange havock made by Jefferies and Kirke in the religion would then, upon a fair trial, gain the vi&ory.
J weft and that he attributed the unpopularity, which In fuch a cafe, the fame power that granted liberty of
afterwards deprived him of the crown, to the violence confcience might reftrain it; and the Catholic religion
and barbarity of thofe pretended friends of his autho- alone be allowed to predominate. He therefore iffued
rity. He even afcribes their feverities, in fome degree,
to a formed defign of rendering his government odious
to his fubje&s ; and from hence it is probable, that no
exaft or impartial accounts of thefe cruelties had
reached his ears, at leaft till long after they were com¬
mitted.
James now began to throw off the mafic, and to en¬
deavours to deavour openly to eftablifh Popery and arbitrary power.
^ ^ houfe of commons, that the militia were
found by experience to be of no ufe ; that it was necef-
fary to augment the (landing army ; and that he had
employed a great many Catholic officers, in whofe fa¬
vour he had thought proper to difpenfe with the left
required to be taken by all who were employed by the
5,6-7
eftablifh
Popery,
a declaration of general indulgence, and afferted that
non-conformity to the eftablifhed religion was no longer
penal. In Scotland, he ordered his parliament to grant
a toleration only to the Catholics, without interceding
in the leaft for the other diffenters who were much
more numerous. In Ireland, the Proteftants were to¬
tally expelled from all offices of truft and profit, and
Catholics put in their places. Thefe meafures fuffi-
ciently difgufted every part of the Britifh empire ; but
to complete the work, James publicly fent the earl of 571
Caftlemaine ambaffador extraordinary to Rome, in or-James fti
der to exprefs his obedience to the Pope, and recon-
cile his kingdoms to the Catholic communion. Thi3Rome.
proceeding was too precipitate to be reliihed even by
He found them ufeful, he faid, and he was the Pope himfelf; and therefore the only return he
determined to keep them employed. Thefe ftretches made to this embaffy was the fending a nuncio into
of power naturally led the lords and commons into England. The nuncio made a public and folemn en-
r , r r.xr— . r——try into Windfor ; which did not fail to add to the
general difeontent; and becaufe the duke of Somer-
fet refufed to attend the ceremony, he was difmiffed
from his employment of one of the lords of the bed¬
chamber.
Soon after this, the Jefuits were permitted to ereft
colleges in different parts of the kingdom, and to ex-
ercife the Catholic worfhip in the moft public manner.
Father Francis, a benedittine monk, was recommended
by the king to the univerfity of Cambridge
fome degree of oppofition ; but they foon acquiefced
568 in the king’s meafures, and then the parliament was
Parliament diffolved for their tardy compliance. This was happy
diflolved. for the natjon ; for it was perhaps impoffible to pick
out another houfe of commons that could be more
ready to acquiefce in the meafures of the crown ; but
the diffolution of this parliament was generally looked
upon as a fign that James never intended to call ano¬
ther.
The parliament being difmiffed, James’s next ftep
169 was to fecure a Catholic intereft in the privy council.
Catholics Accordingly four Catholic lords were admitted, viz.
promoted. pow;s> Arundel, Belafis, and Dover. Sunderland,
who faw that the only way to gain preferment was by
Popery, became a convert. Rochefter, the treafurer,
was turned out of his office, becaufe he refufed to con¬
form. Even in Ireland, where the duke of Ormond
had long fupported the royal caufe, this nobleman was
difplaced as being a Proteftant; and the lord Tyrcon-
nel, a furious Roman-catholic, was placed v,:* a“-'A
for the Difpute
degree of mafter of arts. The univerfity rejefted him ®
on account of his religion ; and prefented a petition to Cawbridgj b
the king, befeeching him to recal his mandate. James
difregarded their petition, and denied their deputies a
hearing ; the vice-chancellor himfelf was fummoned ta
appear before the high commiffion court, and deprived
of his office : yet the univerfity perfifted, and father
Francis was refufed. The place of prefident of Mag¬
dalen college being vacant, the king fent a mandate in
favour of one Farmer, a new convert, and a man of
In his zeal for Popery, it is faid, that James (looped bad chara£ler in other refpefts. The fellows of the
fo low as even to attempt the converfion of colonel college made very fubmiffive applications for recalling
Kirke: but the daring foldier told him, that he was his mandate; but the eleftion day coming on before
pre-engaged; for he had promifed the king of Mo- ’ " " ’ ------
rocco, when he was quartered at Tangiers, that, if
ever he changed his religion, he would turn Maho-
they received an anfwer, they chofe Dr Hough, a man
of learning, integrity, and refolution. The king was
incenfed at their prefumption ; an inferior ecclefiaflical
metan. court was fent down, who finding Farmer a man of
-P At laft the clergy of the church of England began fcandalous charafter, iffued a mandate for a new elec-
clergy op- to take the alarm, and commenced an oppofition to tion. The man now recommended by the king was
pofe the court meafures. The pulpits now thundered out a- J A ~
c.iurt mea- gainft Popery; and it was urged, that it was more for-
doftor Parker ; 3 man of an abandoned charatiler, but
■ * , . „ very willing to embrace the Catholic religion. The
midable from the fupport granted it by the king. It fellows refufed to comply with this injundlion ; which
was in vain that James attempted to impofe filence on fo irritated the king, that he came down to Oxford in
thefe topics; inflead of avoiding the controverfy, the perfon, and ordered the fellows to be brought before
B 1 r--j    him. He reproached them with their infolence and
difobedience ; and commanded them to choofe Parker
without delay. Another refufal on their fide ferved
Proteftant preachers purfued it with greater warmth,
To effe&his defigns, the king determined to revive the
high commiffion court, which had formerly given the
nation fo much difguft, and which had been abolifhed flill more to exafperate him ; and finding them refolute
for ever by a6l of parliament. An ecclefiaftical com¬
miffion was iffued out anew, by which feven commif-
fioners were inverted with a full and unlimited autho¬
rity over the whole church of England.—The next flep
was to allow a liberty of confcience to all fe&aries ; and
he was taught to believe that the truth of the Catholic
the defence of their privileges, he eje£led them all
except two from their benefices, and Parker was put
in poffeffion of the place.' Upon this, the college was CollegefT
filled with Catholics; and Charnock,. one of the twoe<iwithCj!
that remained, was made.vice-prefident. tholics. 1
In 1688, a fecond declaration for liberty of con¬
fcience
B‘ R I [6
Ss|Britain, fcience was publifhed almoft in the fame terms with the
- former; but with this peculiar injunftion, that all di¬
vines fhould read it after feryice in their churches. The
clergy refolved to difobey this order. Loyde bilhop
' of St Afaph, Kenn of Bath and Wells, Turner of Ely,
Lake of Chicheller, White of Peterborough, and Tre-
j||i lawney of Briftol, together with Sancroft the primate,
concerted an addrefs in form of a petition to the king,
which, with the warmeft expreffions of zeal and fub-
miffion, remonftrated that they could not read his de¬
claration confident with their confciences, or the re-
fpe£l they owed the Proteftant religion. The king re¬
ceived their petition with marks of furprife and dif-
pleafure. He faid he did not expedt fuch an addrefs
| from the church of England, particularly from fome
.£ amongft them ; and petfifted in his orders for their o-
B buying his mandate.
As the petition was delivered in private, the king
fummoned the bilhops before the council, and there
queftioned them whether they would acknowledge it.
They for fome time declined giving an anfwer ; but
, s74 being urged by the chancellor, they at laft owned the
ifiwp im- petition. On their refufal to give bail, an order was
: honed, immediately drawn for their commitment to the Tower,
and the crown lawyers received directions to profecute
them for a feditious libel. The king gave orders that
^ they fhould be conveyed to the Tower by water, as the
Ue whole whole city was in commotion in their favour. The
fyin com-people were no fooner informed of their danger, than
Hr°fein t^iey ran to t*le river-fide in prodigious multitudes,
lur. a" craving their bleffing ; calling upon heaven to proteCt
them, &c. The very foldiers by whom they were
guarded, kneeled down before them, and implored
!!' their forgivennefs.
The 29th of June 1688 was fixed for the trial of.the
11, bifhops ; and their return was ftill more fplendidly at-
') f' tended than their imprifonment. Twenty-nine peers,
I a great number of gentlemen, and an immenfe crowd
of people, waited upon them to Weflminfier-hall. The
i difpute was learpedly managed by the lawyers on both
fides. The jury withdrew into a chamber where they
a76 paffed the whole night; but next morning they returned
they are into court, and pronounced the bifhops not guilty.
Quitted. Weftminfler-hall inflantly rang with loud acclamations,
which were communicated to the whole extent of the
II ■ city. They even reached the camp at Hounflovv, where
the king was at dinner in lord Feverfham’s tent. His
majefty demanding the caufe of thofe rejoicings, and
being informed that it was nothing but the foldiers
( • fhouting for the delivery of the bifhops ; “ Call you
j that nothing! (cried he) ; but fo much the worfe for
them.” Immediately after this, the king ftruck out
I I two of the judges, Powel and Holloway, who had ap¬
peared to favour the bifhops. He iffued orders to pro¬
fecute all thofe clergymen who had not read his decla¬
ration, and all had rtfufed it except 200. He lent alfo
|i a mandate to the new fellows, whom he had obtruded
on Magdalen college, to ele£t for prefident, in the
|1|. room of Parker lately deceafcd, one Gifford, a do&or
•j 177 of the Sorbonne,. and titular bifhop of Madura,
aktach- As the king found the clergymen every where averfe
gl^^to his meafures, he was willing next to try what he
Hnjtefhmt6 could do with the army, tie thought if one regiment
BiSligiou. fhould promife implicit obedience, their example would
He foon induce others to comply. He therefore ordered
>3 ] B R I
one of the regiments to be drawn up in his prefence, Britam
and defired that fuch as were againfl his late declaration ——v—-
of liberty of confcience fhould lay down their arms.
He was furprifed to fee the whole battalion ground
their arms, except two officers and a few Roman-
catholic foldiers.—A fortunate circumftance happened 578
about this time in his family. A few days before the Birth of 3
acquittal of the bifhops, the queen was brought to bedff.in.ce
of a fon, who was baptifed by the name of James. des“
This would, if any thing could at that time, have fer-
ved to eftablifh him on the throne : but fo great was
the animofity againft him, that a flory was propagated
that the child was fuppofititious ; and fo great was the
monarch’s pride, that he fcorned to take any precau¬
tions to refute the calumny.
Though the enthufiafm of James himfelf bordered
upon madnefs, the moft wild of his religious projects
feem to have been fuggefted by his enemies to accom- 2yy
plifh his ruin. The earl of Sunderland, whom he chiefly Treachery
trufted, was a man of abandoned principles, infatiable °f Sunder-
avarice, and fitted by nature for ftratagem, deception,land*
and intrigue. The love of money was his ruling paffion,
and he fold his influence to the higheft bidder. To fuch
a degree was he mercenary, that he became at once the
penfioner of the prince of Orange and of the king of 480
France. The former, who had long fixed his eye on the Schemes of
Englifh throne, watched James’s motions, and took^J1^66
every advantage of his errors. He had laid his fchemes 0i ranse’‘
fo extenfively, that nothing but the birth of a male
heir to the crown of England could poffibly prevent
him from an almoft immediate poffeffion of the king¬
dom. He had the addrefs to render two thirds of the
powers of Europe interefted in his fuccefs. The treaty
of Augfburg, formed to break the power of France,
could not accompHfh its object without the acceffion of
England. The houfe of Auftria, in both its branches,
preferred their political views to their zeal for the Ro-
mifh faith, and promoted the dethronement of James
as the only means to humble Louis XIV. Odefchalchi,
who under the name of Innocent XL filled then the
papal chair, was gained to the meafures of the prince
of Orange by other confiderations, as well as through
his fixed averfion to France. The prince of Orange
fent his intimate friend the prince of Vaudemont to’
Rome, to procure the aid of the Pope. He explained
to his Holinefs, that the Catholic princes were in the
wrong to expe& any advantage to their faith from.
James, as his being a declared Papift rendered his peo¬
ple averfe to all his meafures. As for himfelf, (houldi
he have the good fortune to mount the throne of Eng¬
land, he might take any ftep in favour of the Roman-
catholics without jealoufy; and he promifed to pro¬
cure a toleration for the Papifts, fhould the Pope, the
emperor, and the king, of Spain, favour his attempt.
This negociation procured the defired effeft. Innocent
contributed, with the money of the church, to expel a*
Roman-catholic prince from his throne.
Though the conteft with the biflxops had completed’
the king’s unpopularity, he derived the fuddennefs of
his ruin from the birth of a prince of Wales. That cir¬
cumftance increafed the fears of his fubje&a in propor¬
tion as it raifed his fecurity and hopes. In the reign of
a prince to be educated under the pfejudices of fuch a>.
father nothing but a continuance of the fame unconfti-
tutioual meafures could be expe&ed. So low indeed
waa-
B R I
[
B R I
Britain, was his credit funk among his people at this time, and
l“     fuch prefcience they all feerned to have of his fate, that
the child had like to have died before a wet nurfe could
281 be procured to fuckle him.
He applies 'fhe prince of Orange, feeing the national difcontent
s now raifed to the highed pitch, refolved to take ad¬
vantage of it. He began by giving one Dykevelt, his
envoy, inftru&ions ta apply in his name to every reli¬
gious fe& in the kingdom. To the church-party he
fent aflurances of favour and regard ; and protefted,
that his education in Holland had no way prejudiced
him againll epifcopacy. To the non-conformids he fent
exhortations, not to be deceived by the infidious carefles
of their known enemy, but to wait for a real and fin-
Ey whom cere proteftor, &c. In confequence of thefe infinua-
he is invited tions, the prince foon received invitations from the moil
land E” confi^era^^e perfons in the kingdom. Admirals Her¬
bert and Ruffel allured him in perfon of their own and
the national attachment. Henry Sidney, brother to
Algernon, and uncle to the earl of Sunderland, came
over to him with alfurances of an univerfal combination
againft the king. Lord Dumblaine, fon to the earl of
Danby, being mailer of a frigate, made feveral voyages
to Holland, and carried from many of the nobility
tenders of duty and even confiderable fums of money
614 ]
their own defence. But tbispropofal met with no bet- Britaii
ter reception than the former. Still Louis was unwil-
ling to abandon a friend and ally whofe intereft he re¬
garded as clofely conne&ed with his own. He ven¬
tured to remonftrate with the Dutch againll the pre¬
parations they were making to invade England. The
Dutch treated his remonitrance as an officious imperti¬
nence, and James himfelf declined his mediation. 285
The king of England, having thus rejefted the af- afto-,
filtance of his friends, and being left to face the danger
alone, was aftonilhed with an advice from his rhiniffer an intenJ
in Holland, that an invafion was not only projefted, iiivalion.!
but avowed. When he firll read the letter containing
this information, he grew pale, and the letter dropt j
from his hand. He faw himfelf on the brink of de- |j
llrudlion, and knew not to whom to apply for protec- / ' ;
tion. In this emergency, Louis wrote to James in his j
own hand, that to divert the Dutch from their intend- ' |
ed invalion of England, he would lay liege to Mae-
ftricht with 30,000 men. James communicated this j
intelligence to Sunderland, and he to the prince of ^35 i
Orange. Six thoufand men were thrown into Mae- He is ag-
ftricht; and the delign of Louis, as being impraftica-kMray«||
ble, was laid afide. On this, Louis, being difgiiltedSun 3ra,|
with James, turned his arms towards Germany. The
to the prince of Orange. Soon after, the bilhop of dauphin laid liege to Phil ip (burgh on the 5th of O&o-
London, the earls of Danby, Nottingham, Devonlliire,
Dorfet, and feveral other lords, gentlemen, and princi¬
pal citizens, united in their addrelfes to him, and in-
treated his fpeedy defcent. The people, though long
divided between whig and tory, now joined againll
their unhappy fovereign as a common enemy. William
therefore determined to accept of their invitations; and
this the more readily, as he perceived the malecontents
had condudled themfelves with prudence and fecrecy.
Having the principal fervants of James in pay, he was
minutely informed of the moll fecret a£lions and even
defigns of that prince. His intelligence came, through
Sidney, from Sunderland, who betrayed the very mea-
fures which he himfelf had advifed. The prince had a
fleet ready to fail, and troops provided for a£lion, be¬
fore the beginning of June 1688.
The king of France was the fird who gave James
warned of warning of his danger, and offered to affiil him in re-
b^Louf" pelling it. But he declined this friendly offer, led it
Xiv. Jhould be faid that he had entered into a private treaty
with that monarch to the prejudice of the Proteftant
religion. Being alfo deceived and betrayed by Sunder¬
land, he had the weaknefs to believe, that the reports
*83
James
ber; and prince Clement of Bavaria, by throwing a
ffrong garrifon into Cologn, effe&ually fecured the
Hates of Holland from any hidden danger from the
arms of France. jg.
James had now no refource but in retreating from janiej>
thofe precipitate meafures which had plunged him into itmpcs*
inextricable dillrefs. He paid court to the Dutch, and hi
offered to enter into any alliance with them for their
common fecurity. Pie replaced in all the counties of
England all the deputy lieutenants and jullices who
had been deprived of their commiffions for their adhe¬
rence to the tell and penal laws. He rellored the char¬
ters of fuch corporations as he had poffeffed hrmlelf of;
he annulled the high commi(lion court; he reimlated
the expelled prelklent and fellows of Magdalen college;
and was even reduced to carefs thofe bimops whom he
had fo lately perfecuted and infulted. ,
All thefe conccffions, however, were now too late; Bui:
they were regarded as the effe&s of fear, and not of re¬
pentance. Indeed, it is faid, he very foon gave proofs
of his infincerity : for, hearing that the Dutch fleet
was difperfed, he recalled thofe conceffions he had made
in favour of Magdalen college ; and to (how his at¬
tachment to the Romifh church, at the baptifm of the
of the
284
He rejects
all affift-
of an invafion were invented in order to frighten him
into a ftrift connexion with France. He gave credit prince of Wales, he appointed the pope
to the repeated affurances of the Hates, that the arma- fponfors.
ment prepared in their ports was not defigned againH
England. Nay, he even believed the affertions of the
prince himfelf, vvhofe intereil it was to deceive. Sun¬
derland defcanted againH the poffibility of an invafion,
and turned to ridicule all who believed the report.
Having by the prior confent of James taken poffeffion
of all the foreign correfpondence, he fuppreffed every
intelligence that might alarm; and even all others whom
James trufled, except Dartmouth, affedtedlong to give
no faith to the reports of an invafion.
Louis finding his firH offers rejected, next propofed
to march down his army to the frontiers of the Dutch
provinces, and thus detain their forces at home for
289 p
In the mean time, William let fail from Helvoetfluys wiLia
with a fleet of near 500 veffels, and an army of above lands mJH
14,000 men. Fortune, however, feemed at firH every Engla“d|f
way unfavourable to his enterprize. He was driven
back by a dreadful florm; but he foon refitted his
fleet, and again fet fail for England. It was given out
that this invafion was defigned for the coatls of Fiance; « fl
and many of the Englifh, who faw the fleet paf» along
their coalls, little fufpedled the place of its deflination.
It happened that the fame wind which fent the Dutch
to their place of deflination, detained the Englilh fleet
in the river: fo that the Dutch palled the Hraits
of Dover without moleflation ; and after a voyage
of
f
BUI [ 615 ] B R I
|g 190
*y-
•ireffed
|ition of
of two days, landed at Broxholme In Torbay, on the
5th of November, the anniverfary of the gunpowder
treafon.
But though the invitation from the Englifli was very
general, the prince for fome time had the mortification
to find himfelf joined by very few. He continued for
ten days in expeftation of being joined by the malecon-
tents, and at lad was going to defpair offuccefs. But
juft when he began to deliberate about reimbarking
his forces, he was joined by feveral perfons of confe-
quence, and the whoie country foon after flocked to
his ftandard. The firft perfon that joined the prince
was major Burrington, and he was quickly followed by
the gentry of the counties of Devon and Somerfet. Sir
Edward Seymour made propofals for an affbciation,
which was figned by great numbers; and every day
there appeared fome effeft of that univerfal combination
into which the nation had entered againft the meafures
of the king.
This was followed by the defection of the army.
Loid Colehefter, fon to the earl of Rivers, firft deferted
to the prince. Lord Cornbury, fon to the earl of Cla¬
rendon, carried off the greateft part of three regiments
of cavalry at once; and feveral officers of diftinftion
informed Feverfham their general, that they could not
in honour fight againft the prince of Orange. Soon af¬
ter this the unhappy monarch found himfelf deferted
by his own fervar.ts and creatures. Lord Churchill had
been raifed from the rank of a page, and had been in-
vefted with an high command in the army ; he had
been created a peer, and owed his whole fortune to the
king’s bounty: yet even he deferted among the reft;
and carried with him the duke of Grafton natural fon
to the late king, colonel Berkly, and fome others.
In this univerfal defeftion, James, not knowing where
to turn, began to think of requefting affiftance from
France when it was now too late. He wrote to Leo¬
pold emperor of Germany : but in vain; that monarch
only returning for anfwer, That what he had forefeen
had happened. James had fome dependance on his
fleet; but they were entirely difaffcdled. In a word,
his interefts were deferted by all, for he had long de¬
ferted them himfelf. He ftill found his army, however,
to amount to 20,000 men ; and had he led them im¬
mediately to battle, it is poffible they might then have
fought in his favour. But James’s misfortunes had de¬
prived him of his natural firmnefs and refolution ; an<3,
feeing himfelf deferted by thofe in whom he thought
he could have placed moft confidence, he became fufpi-
cious of all, and was in a manner deprived even of the
power of deliberation. In this extremity of diftrefs, the
prince of Denmark, and Anne James’s favourite daugh¬
ter, perceiving the defperation of his circumftances,
cruelly refolved to take part with the prince of Orange.
When the king was informed of this, he was ftung with
the moft bitter anguifti. “ God help me (cried he), my
own children have forfaken me.” To add to his diftrefs
as a parent, he was accufed of being acceffary to the
death of his own child. Her nurfe, and her uncle the
earl of Clarendon, went up and down like diftra&ed
perfons, affirming that the Papilla had murdered the
princefs. They publicly alked the queen’s fervants
whither they had conveyed her ? and they contributed
to inflame the populace, whofe zeal had already infla¬
med them to tumult and diforder. It was, however,
foon known that ffie fled, under the conduft of the Britain,
biflrop of London, to Northampton. v J
On the 30th of November-1688, James fent three of Haughty
his noblemen to treat with the prince of Orange. But behaviour
though the latter knew very well that the king’s com-of William,
mifitoners we e in his interefts, his behaviour {bowed
plainly that he now thought the time of treating was
paft. For fome time he would not admit them to an
audience ; and, when he did, would give no fatisfa&ory
anfwer. James row began to be afraid of his perfonal
fafety. But what moft affetled him was the terrors of
the queen for herfelf and her infant fon. He therefore
refolved to fend them abroad. They croffed the river
in a boat, at Whitehall, in a ftormy and rainy day.
They were carried to Graveffnd in a coach, under
the condudl of the count de Lauzun. A yacht, com¬
manded by captain Gray, which lay there ready
for the purpofe, foon tranfported them in fafety to
Calais. j.jj
The king was now fo difpirited and diftradled, that James at-
he refolved to leave the kingdom at once, and thus
throw every thing into confuiion. He threw the great ^
feal into the Thames; he left none with any authority
to conduft affairs in his abfence ; and he vainly hoped
to derive advantage to his affairs from anarchy and dif- .
order. About twelve at night, on the 1 oth of Decem¬
ber, he difguifed himfelf, took a boat at Whitehall, and
croffed the river. Sir Edward Hales, with another
friend, met him at Vauxhall with horfes. He mounted;
and being conduced through by-ways, by a guide, he
paffed in the night-time to the Medway, which he
croffed by Ailesford-bridge. At Woolpeck he took
frefh horfes, fent thither before by Sheldon one of his
equerries who was in the fecret of his flight. He ar¬
rived at ten o’clock at Embyferry near Feverfham,
where a cuftomhoufe hoy, hired by Sir Edward Hales,
lay ready to receive them on board. But the wind
blew frelh, and the veffel had no ballaft. The mafter,
therefore, ealily perfuaded the king to permit him to
take in ballaft at Shilnefs. It being half ebb when they
ran alhore, they defigned to fail as foon as the veffel
flrould be afloat. But when the veffel was almoft afloat, Meized ar.J
Ihe was boarded by three fifher-boats belonging to Fe- infulted.
verftiam, containing 50 men. They feized the king and
his two companions, under pretence of their being Pa-
pifts that wanted to efcape from the kingdom. They
turned up Feverffiam water with the tjde ; but ftill the
king remained unknown. Sir Edward Hales placed
privately 50 guineas in the hands of the captain, as an
earneft of more fhould he permit them to efcape. He
promifed : but was fo far from keeping his word, that
he took what money they had, imder pretence of fecu-
ring it from the feamen ; and, having pofieffed himfelf
of their all, he left them to their fate. The unfortunate
fugitives were at length carried in a coach to Feverfham,
amid the irffults, clamours, and fhouts, of the failors.
When the king was brought to the inn, a feaman, who
had ferved under him, knew him, and melted into tears ;
and James himfelf was fo much moved at this inftance
of his affedlion, that he wept. The other fifhermen, who
had treated him with fuch indignity before, when they
faw his tears, fell upon their knees. The lower in¬
habitants of the whole village gathered round him ;
but the better fort fled from his prefence. The fea¬
men, however, formed themfelves into a guard round
B R I [6
Britain, him, and declared that “ a hair of his head fhould not
be touched.” In the mean time, Sir James Oxendon,
under the pretence of guarding him from the rabble,
His great came with the militia to prevent his efcape. The king
diftrefs. found a change in his condition when he was taken out
of the hands of the failors. The commanders of the
militia fhowed him no refpe&. He was even infulted
by the common foldiers. A letter which he intended
to fend to London for clothes, a change of linen, and
fome money, was flopped by thofe who pretended to
protedt his perfon.
All things in the mean time ran into confufion at
London, and the prince of Orange exercifed in his own
perfon all the functions of royalty. He iffued a decla¬
ration to the difbanded army to reaflemble themfelves.
He ordered the fecretary at war to bring him a lift of
the king’s troops. He commanded the lord Churchill
to colleft his troop of horfe-guards. He fent the duke
of Grafton to take poflefiion in his name of Tilbury
fort. The aflembly of peers adjourned to the council-
chamber at Whitehall; and, to give the appearance of
legality to their meeting, chofe the marquis of Hali¬
fax for their prefident. While this aflembly was fitting,
on the i 3th of December, a poor countryman, who had
been engaged by James, brought an open letter from
that unfortunate prince to London. It had no fuper-
fcription ; and it was addrefled to none. It contained,
in one fentence only, his deplorable condition when in
the hands of a defperate rabble. This poor meflenger
of their fallen fovereign had long waited at the council
door, without being able to attract the notice of any
who pafled. The earl of Mulgrave at length, apprifed
of his bufinefs, had the courage to introduce him to
the council. He delivered his open letter, and told
the ftate of the king with tears. The aflembly were
fo much moved, that they fent the earl of Feverlham
with 200 of the guards towards Feverftiam, His in-
ftru&ions were to refcue him firft from danger, and af-
, terwards to attend him to the fea-coaft, fhould he choofe
Janui re- 4:0 retire. He chofe, however, to return to London ;
turns to but the prince of Orange fent a meflage to him, defir-
.London. ;ng him to advance no nearer the capital than Rochefter.
The meflenger miffed James by the way. The king
fent Feverfham with a letter to the prince of Orange,
requefting his prefence in London to fettle the nation.
He himfelf proceeded to that place, and arrived on
the 16th of December. Doubting the fidelity of the
troops who were quartered at Weftminfter, he chofe
to pal's through the city to Whitehall. Never prince
returning with vi&ory to his capital was received with
louder acclamations of joy. All the ftreets were co¬
vered with bonfires. The bells were rung, and the air
was rent with repeated fhouts of gladnefs. All orders
of men crowded to his coach; and, when he arrived
at Whitehall, his apartments were crowded with people
who came to exprefs their joy at his return.
The prince of Orange received the news of his re¬
turn with an haughty air. His aim from the begin¬
ning was to force him by threats and feverities to re-
linquilh the throne. The Dutch guards were ordered
-397 to take poffeffion of Whitehall, and to difplace the
Command- Englifh. The king was foon after commanded by a
edbyWil- meffage, which he received in bed at midnight, to
ham to leave Ids palace next morning, and to depart for Ham,
nakce ** a feat °f the duchefs of Lauderdale’s. He defired,
N°56. i
16 ] B R I
however, permlflion to retire to Rochefler, a town not
far from the fea-coaft, and oppofite to France. This ~
was readily granted ; and it was now perceived that
the harfli meafures of the prince had taken efteft, and
that the king meditated an efcape to France.
The king, furrounded by the Dutch guards, arrived
at Rochefter on the 19th of December. The reftraint
put upon his perfon, and the manner in which he had
been forced from London, raifed the indignation of
many, and the compaffion of all. The Englifh army,
both officers and foldiers, began to murmur; and had it
net been for the timidity and precipitation of James
himfelf, the nation had certainly returned to their al-
ritaln;
198
legiance. He remained three nights at Rochefter, in He is pr|
if a few faithful friends. The earls of
the midft of a few faithful friends. The earls of Ar-. t
ran, Dumbarton, Ailelhury, Litchfield, and Middle-™^®
ton, werethere; and, with otherofficers of merit, the gal- *
lant lord Dundee. They argued againft his flight with
united efforts. Several bilhops, fome peers, and many
officers, intreated his ftay in fome part of England.
Meffage followed meffage from London. They repre-
fented that the opinions of men began to change, and
that events would daily rife in favour of his authority.
Dundee added his native ardour to his advice. “ The
queftion, Sir, (laid he), is, Whether you fhall ftay in
England, or fly to France ? Whether you {hall truft
the returning zeal of your native fnbjefts, or rely on
a foreign power ? Here you ought to (land. Keep
poffeffion of a part, and the whole will fubmit by de¬
grees. Refume the fpirit of a king. Summon your
fubjefts to their allegiance. Your army, though dif¬
banded, is not difperfed. Give me your commiffion.
I will gather 10,000 of your troops. I will cajry your
ftandard at their head through England, and drive be¬
fore you the Dutch and their prince.” The king re¬
plied, “ that he believed it might be done; but that it
would raife a civil war, and he would not do fo much
mifehief to a nation that would fo foon come to their
fenfes again.” Middleton urged his ftay, though in
the remoteft part of the kingdom. “ Your majefty,
(faid he), may throw things into confufion by your de¬
parture 5 but it will be but the anarchy of a month: a
new government will foon be fettled, and you and your
family will be ruined.” Thefe fpirited remonftrances
had no effeft upon James. He refolved to quit the But ret1
kingdom; and having communicated his defign to a
few of his friends, he paffed at midnight through the
back-door of the houfe where he lodged, and with his
fon the duke of Berwick, and Biddulph one of his fer-
vants, went in a boat to a fmack, which lay waiting
for him without the fort of Sheernefs. By reafon of
a hard gale they were forced to bear up toward Leigh,
and to anchor on the Effex-fide, under the lee of the
land. When the gale flackened, they reached the
Buoy of the Narrows without tacking ; but not being
able to weather the Goodwin, they were forced to fail
through the downs. Seven {hips lay there at anchor ;
but the fmack paffed unqueftioned along. Unable to
fetch Calais, {he bore away for Boulogne, and anchored He fa-
before Ambleteufe. The king landed at three o’clock France,
in the morning of Tuefday, December 25th ; and ta¬
king poll, foon joined his queen at St Germains.
James having thus abandoned his dominions, the
prince of Orange remained matter of them of courfe.
By the advice of the houfe of lords, the only member
of
3°dl
b r r
|2 Britain, of the legiflature remaining, he was defired to fummon
*—v—a parliament by circular letters; but the prince, unwil¬
ling to a& upon fo imperfeft an authority, convened
I all the members who had fat in the houfe of commons
during any parliament of Charles II. and to thefe were
added the mayor, aldermen, and fifty of the common
council of London ; and the prince, being thus fup-
ported by an affembly deriving its authority from him-
felf, wrote circular letters to the counties and corpora-
)| 301 tions of England to call a new parliament,
lie throne The houfe being met, which was moftly compofed
[ 617 ]
B R I
for continuing in office all protellants that had been in Britain;
place on the firft of the preceding December. On —
the j 7th of the month he formed his privy council,
which confifted chiefly of fuch perfons as had been moil
a&ive in raifing him to the throne. To gratify as
many as poffible of his friends, the feveral boards, and
even the chancery, were put into commiffion. The
benches of the exchequer and common law were
filled with perfons who had diftinguifhed themfelves a~
gainfl the meafures of the late king. The earl of Not*
tingham who had violently oppofed the elevation of
li :lared va-Qf thg Whig party, thanks were given to the prince of William, and the earl of Shrewftmry who had ad-
Orange for the deliverance he had brought them ; after
which they proceeded to fettle the kingdom. A vote
foon pafled both houfes, that king James II. having
endeavoured to fubvert the conftitution of the kingdom,
hered to his views, were made fecretaries of flate. The
marquis of Halifax, and the earl of Danby, though
rivals in policy, were admitted into the cabinet; the
firft as lord privy feal, the fecond as prefident of the
by breaking the original contrail between the king and council. His Dutch friends in the mean time were
his people, and having by the advice of Jefuits and
other wicked perfons violated the fundamental laws,
and withdrawn himfelf out of the kingdom, had abdi-
. cated the government; and that the throne was thereby
fl 301 vacant.
ilham The king being thus depofed, it was eafy for Wil-
fed to the jjam to get himfelf appointed as his fucceflbr. Pro-
•ereignty.p0kIs wcre ma(je for eie&ing a regent. Others were
for invefting the princefs of Orange with regal power,
and declaring the young prince fuppofititious. To
l! thefe propofals, however, William oppofed the fol¬
lowing decifive argument, viz. that “ he had been
called over to defend the liberties of the Britifh nation,
and that he had happily effe£ted his purpofe ; that he
had heard of feveral fchemes propofed for the eftablifli-
not forgotten by the king. Bentinck, his favourite, was
made a privy counfellor, groom of the ftole, and privy
purfe. Auverquerque was appointed mafter of the
horfe. Zuylilein received the office of mafter of the
robes. Schomberg was placed at the head of the
ordnance.
Though thefe inflances of gratitude were no doubt National
neceffary to William, the generality of the nation were difcouteutj.
difpleafed. The tories were offended at being excluded
from his favour, efpecially as they had departed from
their principles in order to ferve him. The nation in
general were much prejudiced againft foreigners, and
univerfal difcontent enfued upon feeing them preferred.
The king, who had been bred a Calvinift, was alfo
very ftrongly inclined to favour that feft; and his pre-
ing of the government; that, if they chofe a regent, judices in favour of Calvinifm were almoft equal to thofe
he thought it incumbent upon him to inform them that
he would not be that regent; that he would not ac¬
cept of the crown under the princefs his wife, though
he was convinced of her merits 2 that therefore, if ei¬
ther of thefe fchemes was adopted, he could give them
no affiftance in the fettlement of the nation ; but would
return home to his own country, fatisfied with his aims
to fecure the freedom of theirs.” Upon this, after a
long debate in both houfes, a new fovereign was pre¬
ferred to a regent by a majority of two voices. It was
agreed that the prince and princefs of Orange ftiould
reign jointly as king and queen of Britain ; while the
adminiftration ©f government ftiould be placed in the
hands of the prince only. The marquis of Halifax,
as fpeaker of the houfe of lords, made a folemn tender
of the crown to their Highneffes, in the name of the
peers and commons of Britain. The prince accepted
the offer; and that very day, February 13th 1689,
William and Mary were proclaimed king and queen of to ferve.
of James in favour of Popery. Finding, therefore, the
clergy of the church of England little inclined to take
the oaths to the new government, he began openly to
indulge, his own prejudices in favour of diffenters. Ha¬
ving come to the houfe of lords to pafs fome bills, on
the 16th of March, he made a fpeech, urging the ne-
celfity of admitting all Proteftants indifcriminately into
the public fervice. He told his parliament, that heH;s^c°*me
had fomething to communicate, which would conduce in favour of
as much to their fettlement as to the difappointment diffenters
of their enemies. He informed them, that he was em- reje<a«d*
ployed in filling up the vacancies in offices of truft ; and
he hoped that they were fenfible of the neceffity of a
law to fettle the oaths to be taken by fuch perfons as
ffiould be admitted into place. As he doubted not, he
faid, that they would fufficiently provide againft Pa-
pifts, fo he hoped that they would leave room for the -
admiffion of all Proteftants that were able and willing
Great Britain.
Though Mary was comprehended in the royal title,
fhe never poffeffed either the authority of a queen, or
the influence of a wife. Her eafy temper had long
been fubdued by the ftern feverity of a hulband who
had very few amiable qualities. Being brought up in
a manner under the tuition of her fpoufe, and in fome
This propofition was reje&ed with vehemence. The
adherents of the church complained that the ruin which
they feared from the Papifts in the preceding reign was
now to be dreaded from the Proteilant diffenters. They
affirmed, that if the eftabliflied religion was to be de-
ftroyed, it mattered little by whofe hands it muft fall.
A bill brought in by the miniftry for abrogating the
degree confined by his orders, ffie was accuftomed to former oaths of fupremacy and allegiance was rejedled.
adopt implicitly his political maxims and even his A" ^
thoughts ; and in confequenee of her want of impor¬
tance with him, ftie ceafed to be an objedl of confe-
quence in the eyes of the nation.
William began his reign with iffuing a proclamation
Vol. III. Part II.
An attempt to difpenfe with the facramental teft
was made without fuccefs in another form. The court
party propofed that any man (hould be fufficiently qua¬
lified for an office by producing a certificate of his ha¬
ving received the facrament in any Proteftant congre-
4 I gation.
E R I I 6ii
Britain, ‘gation. But this motion was alfo rejefted in the houfe
^ of lords by a great majority. William repeated his
attempts of a comprehenlion; but he was ultimately
unfuccefsful, and in the coronation-oath the church-
party inferted a claufe highly favourable to themfelves,.
viz. that the king Ihould maintain the Proteftant reli¬
gion “as eftablifhed by law.” To this claufe William
is faid to have difcovered an apparent unwillingnefs to
305 fwear.
Tottering Fdr thefe and other reafons the government of Wil-
condition of Ham was for fome time but in a very tottering condi-
^vernrnent1'0n‘ either through want of health or in-
rn en clination, interfered but little in the affairs of the na¬
tion. Ireland was ftrangely negle&ed. Halifax and
Danby, who had in a manner raifed the king to the
throne, caballed with his enemies. They perceived
that the people, with the fame levity that induced them
to defert their former fovereign, were beginning to be
difcontented with their new prince. Every thing feemed
to tend to a change. Halifax himfelf declared, that
were James to conform with the Proteflants, he could
not be kept four months from reafcending his throne.
Danby averred, that, were the late king to give fatis-
faflion for the fecurity of religion, it would be difficult -
to oppofe his reftoration. From thefe apparent dif-
contents 6f the nation, the friends and emiffaries of
James affumed more boldnefs. They tampered with
the fervants of the crown, and inflamed the army.
The former they alarmed with the profpe& of a fudden
change ; the latter they roufed into indignation by the
manifeft preference given by William to his country-
306’ men the Dutch,
He is ac- Though the kingdom of Scotland did not at firlt re-
know- . cognize the authority of William, yet the party of
ioScotlanlf James never attained fufficient (Irength to be of any ef-
ledfual fervice to him in that kingdom. Thirty Scots
peers, and near 80 gentlemen, then in London, had
waited in the beginning of January on the prince of
Orange. Without any authority from the regency
ftill fubfifting in Edinburgh, they formed themfelvea
into a kind of convention. The prince of Orange in
a formal manner afked their advice. He withdrew,
and they adjourned to the council-chamber at White¬
hall. The duke of Hamilton being chofen prelident, ex¬
plained the diftrafted ftate of Scotland. He reprefent-
ed, that diforders, a«archy, and confufion, prevailed ;
and he urged the neceffity of placing the power fome-
where till a convention of Hates fliould be called to form
a lafting and folid fettlement. When the heads of
their addrefs to the prince of Orange were fettled, and
ordered to be engrailed, the earl of Arran unexpected¬
ly arofe, and propofed to invite back the king; The
meeting, however, adhered to the prince, of Orange;
and waited on him in a body, requefting him to take
the adminiftration into his hands. He thanked them
for the truft they had repofed in him ; and. a conven¬
tion was ordered to meet at Edinburgh on the 14th of
March, and it was provided that no exception or limi¬
tation whatever ihould be made, except that the mem¬
bers ihould be Proteilants.
A feceffion, however, was made from this conven¬
tion, in favour of James. The archbifhop of Glaf-
gow, the eail of Balcarras, and the vifcount Dundee,
were authorifed by an inilrument figned by the late
king, at that time in Ireland, to call a.convention of
! ] B R I
the Hates at Stirling. But this meafure was difap- Britain .
pointed, firH by the wavering difpofition of the marquis v-'
of Athol, and afterwards by the delay and folly of the
party. At laH, the vifcount Dundee, being alarmed ']
by an information of a deflgn formed by the covenan- i]
ters to affaffinate him, left Edinburgh at the head of
50 horfe. When he paffed under the walls of the ;|
caHle, the.duke of Gordon, who held that place, and .1
favoured the caufe of James, called him to a conference.
He fcrambled up the precipice, and informed the duke
of his defigns in favour of the late king.. He conjured |
him to hold out the caHle, under a certainty of being
relieved.. The novelty of the fight collefted multi¬
tudes of fpe&ators. The convention were alarmed.. u
The prefident ordered the doors to be locked, and the . ?
keys to be laid upon the table. The drums were beat ‘
to alarm in the town. A parcel of ill-armed retainers : >1
were gathered together in the fireet by the earl of Le-
ven. Dundee in the mean time rode off with his party. I]
But when they found themfelves fecure, the duke of
Hamilton adjourned the convention, which relieved the
adherents of James from dreadful apprehenfions for
their own fafety. Fifty members retired from Edin- |
burgh ; and that circumHance procured an unanimity T
in all the fucceeding refolutions of the convention.,
Soon after this it was determined in a committee, that ||
James had forefaulted his right to the crown, by which j
was meant that he had perpetually excluded himfelf
and his whole race from the crown, which was there¬
by become vacant. This refolution was approved by
the convention, and another was drawn up for raifing,
William and Mary to the vacant throne; in confequence
of which they were proclaimed at Edinburgh on the
1 i th of April 1689.
The caHle of Edinburgh was Hill kept, in the name
of James, by the duke of Gordon: but defpairing of |j
any relief, and preffed by a fiege, he furrendered it {
on the 13th of June, upon honourable terms. The ad¬
herents of James, terrified with this unexpe&ed mif-
fortune, now turned their eyes to the vifcount Dun- :
dee. That nobleman having been in vain urged by^^AI
the convention to return, they had declared- him a fu- lord DunJ
gitive, an outlaw, and a rebel. General Mackay had dee in fai
been fent to Scotland by William, with four regiments ^ourof I
of foot, and one of dragoons; and Dundee being ap--*ames’' j
ptifed of his defign to furprife him, retired to the Gram¬
pian mountains with a few horfe. He marched from .1
thence to Gordon caflle,. where he was joined by the j]
earl of Dunfermline with 50 gentlemen. He then paf¬
fed through the county of Murray to Invernefs. Mac¬
donald of Keppoch lay with 700.men before that town;.
after having ravaged, in his way from his own country, ll
the lands of. the clan of Macintofh. Dundee, having.,
promifed to the magiHrates of Invernefs to repay, at il
the king’s return, the money extorted from them by
Macdonald,, induced the. latter to join him with all his
men. He could not prevent them, however, from firH
returning home with their fpoil. He accompanied
them to Lochaber, and on the 8th of May arrived in : . .1
Badenoch. From thence he wrote letters to the chiefs |n
of all the clans, appointing them to meet at a general
rendezvous in Lochaber, on the x 8th of the fame
month. In the mean time, paffing fuddenly through - jj
Athol, he furprifed the town of Perth. In hopes of
gaining to his party the two troops of Scots dragoons
B R I
[ 6r9 3
B R I
tiBrltain, ^ wIio lay at Dundee, he marched fuddenly to that place:
but the fidelity of captain Balfour, who commanded
them, difappointed his views. Having raifed theland-
)tax as he puffed, Dundee returned through Athol and
Rannoch to hold the diet of rendezvous at Lochaber.
Here he was reinforced by feveral Highland chieftains,
;|j fa that his army amounted to 1500 men. He purfued
Mackay for four days, who had advanced to Invernefs,
|| but afterwards retreated to Strathbogie, leaving the
whole Highlands expofed to the enemy.
Soon after, however, Dundee found himfelf fur-
11 i rounded with many difficulties. The officers of the
Scots dragoons, who held a fetret correfpondence with
him, wrote him falfe intelligence, as an excufefor their
own fears. They informed him that a party of Irifh,
ll! -who had , endeavoured to land in Scotland, under the
I duke of Berwick, were driven back, and the duke him-
! felf taken prifoner ; and that Mackay had beeh rein¬
forced with a regiment of Englifh horfe, and another
|| of foot. On this intelligence, Dundee retreated to Ba-
Hl denoch..- The natives of the low country who ferved
in his army quitted him without leave; and the High-
01 , landers plundered the country wherever they came: at
laft he himfelf fell fick, while Mackay hovered on his
rear. A flight fkirmifh happened, in which the High¬
landers prevailed ; but they loft their baggage during
■ \ the aftion. Dundee at length arrived at Ruthven ;
but Mackay being reinforced with a body of 1200 men
11 advanced againft: him, and other regiments had arrived
at Perth and Dumblain. The Highlanders now deferted
every night by hundreds^ their gallant leader himfelf
B|| I was forced to retire to Lochaber, where only 200 of
his whole force remained with him; and, to complete
his misfortunes, he received at the fame time news of
the furrender of the caftle of Edinburgh.
On the 23d of June, letters arrived from king James,
|1 ■ with a promife of immediate fuccours from Ireland ;
■ I upon which Dundee ordered the neighbouring clans to
9 1 affemble round his ftandard. But ftill he had fcarce
any thing but the mere bodies of his men with which
1 he could profecute the war. The Highlanders were
armed only with their own proper weapons, and he had
no more than 40 pounds of powder in his whole army.
| 1 All difficulties, however, were furmounted by the a&ive
I I fpirit of the general, for whom the army entertained
I ;^fl.fjnatan enthufiaftic zeal. On the 17th of July, he met the
| jicranky. king’s forces under general Mackay, near the pafs of
7 Killicranky. An engagement enfued, in which the
Highlanders were viftorious. Two thoufand of Mac-
kay’s men were loft either in the field or in the purfuit;
but the viftory .coft the Highlanders very dear, for their
brave general was mortally wounded. He furvived the
h j battle, however ; and wrote an account of the viftory
to king James : he even imagined his wound was not
! mortal; but he died the next morning at Blair. With
■him ended all the hopes of James in Scotland. Colo¬
nel Cannon, who fucceeded Dundee in the command,
:: poffefled neither his popularity nor his abilities. After
fome infignificant aftiens, in which the valour of the
1 foldiers was more confpicuous than the conduft of their
leader, the Highlanders difperfed themfelves in difguft;
and the war foon after ended favourably for William,
without any repulfe given to his enemies.
During the troubles in England, which had termi¬
nated in placing William on the throne, the two parties
in Ireland were kept in a kind of tranquillity by their Britain,
mutual fears. The Proteftants were terrified at the K-—-v——
profpeA of another matTacre; and the Papifts expe&ed ^3°?^
every day to be invaded by the joint force of the Eng- by
lifti and Dutch. Their terrors, however, were ill William,
founded; for though Tyrconnel fent feveral meflages
to the prince, that he was ready to deliver up the king¬
dom to any force that might make a furrender decent,
his offers were always rejected. Williajn was perfuaded
by the marquis of Halifax, that, firould Ireland yield,
no pretence could remain for keeping an army in pay;
that then, having no army to protect his authority, he
might as eafily be turned out as he had been brought
in ; that the Englilh nation could never remain long in
a ftate of good humour; and that he might perceive
they already began to be difeontented. Thefe infi-
dious arguments induced Williaig to ncgleft Ireland in
fuch a manner as is juftly looked upon to be one of the
greateft blemifhes in his whole reign. His enemies,
indeed, though perhaps without any good foundation,
affign a worfe caufe; viz. that ftiould England be con¬
firmed under his government, Ireland could not long
hold out; and that the obftinacy of his Irifh enemies
would give a pretence for forfeitures to gratify his
Englifh, but efpecially his foreign friends. ^ to
Tyrconnel, difappointed in his views of furrender ing An infur-
Ireland to the prince of Orange, affe&ed to adhere to region in
James. The whole military force of the kingdom at ^
that time amounted only to 4000 men, and of thefe 1
only 600 were in Dublin; and what was ftill worfe, all
of them were fo much difpofed to quit the fervice, that
the lord deputy was obliged to iffue commiffions for
levying new forces. Upon this, an half-armed rabble,
rather than army, rofe fuddenly in various parts of
the kingdom. Having no pay from the king, they
fubfifted by depredation, and regarded no difeipline.
The Proteftants in the north armed themfelves in their Proteftants
own defence; and the city of Londonderry, relying on take arms in
its fituation, and a flight wall, fhut its gates againft thsir owa
the new-raifed army. Proteftant parties in the meanc'eencc‘
time rofe every where, declaring their refolution to
unite in felf-defence, to preferve the Proteftant religion,
to continue their dependence on England, and to pro¬
mote the meeting of a free parliament.
To preferve appearances, William now fent general
Hamilton, an Irifhman and a Roman catholic, to treat
with Tyrconnel ; but in Head of perfuading that lord
to yield to William, this meffenger advifed him to ad¬
here to James. In the mean time James himfelf affured
the lord deputy, that he was ready to fail from Breft
with a powerful armament. Planiilton, affuming fpi¬
rit from the hopes of this aid, marched againft the
northern infurgents. They were routed with confider-They are
able flaughter at Drumore ; and Hilfborough, where defeated at
they had fixed their head-quarters, was taken withoutDrumore*
refiftance : the city of Londonderry, however, refolved
to hold out to the laft'extremity.
On the 7 th of March 1689, James embarked at Breft.
The whole force of his expedition confifted of 14 fhips
of war, 6 frigates, and 3 fire-fhips. Twelve hundred
of his native fubjedts in the pay of France, and 100.
French officers, compofed the whole army of James.
He landed at Kinfale without oppofition on the 12th
of the month, where he was received with the utmoft^ ireiant},
demonftrations of joy. His firft care was to fecure,.iiw
4 I 2 the
B R I r 620 1 B R I
Britain, the fort of Kinfale, the money, arms, and ammunition,
1 ' which he brought from France; and put the town in
fome pofture of defence: which having done, he advan¬
ced to Corke. Tyrconnel arrived at this place foon
after, and brought intelligence of the rout at Dm-
more. The king was fo much pleafed with his attach¬
ment and fervices, that he created him a duke; after
which, he himfelf advanced towards Dublin. The con¬
dition of the rabble, who poured round him under the
name of an army, was not calculated to raife his hopes
of fuccefs. The moft of them were only provided with
clubs; fome had flicks tipt with iron; and even of
thofe who were bell armed, fcarce two in a hundred
had mufkets fit for fervice. Their very numbers di-
ftrefled their fovereign, and ruined the country; info-
much that James refolved to difband the greateft part
of them. More than 100,000 were already on foot in
the different parts of the ifland. Of thefe he referved
14 regiments of horfe and dragoons, and 35 regiments
of foot; the reft he ordered to their refpeftive homes,
and armed thofe that were retained in the belt manner
he could.
Being received at Dublin with an appearance of u-
niverfal joy, James proceeded immediately to bufmefs.
He ordered, by proclamation, all Proteflants who had
abandoned the kingdom to return. He commanded, in
a fecond proclamation, all Papifts, except thofe in his
army, to lay up their arms, and put an end to the rob¬
beries and depredations which they had committed in
the violence of their zeal. He raifed the value of the
currency by a proclamation; and he fummoned a par¬
liament to meet on the 7th of May, to fettle the affairs
of the kingdom. The Proteftant clergy reprefented
their grievances in an addrefs; and the univerfity of
Dublin appeared with complaints and congratulations.
He affured the firfl of his abfolute prote&ion, and a full
redrefs; and he promifed the latter not only to defend,
3t4 but even to enlarge, their privileges.
Is forced to On the 8th of April. James left Dublin, refolvingto
raife rhe lead his army againfl the infurgents in perfon. They
l^o ^n ret‘red before him, and the king laid fiege to London¬
derry " fiffty* The befieged made fuch a vigorous refiftance
f See Zon- a$ has made the place remarkable ever fincef: but be-
donderry. ing reduced to the laft extremity, they would have been
obliged to furrender, had not they been relieved on the
28th of July, by feven fhips laden with provifions; up-
31^ on which the fiege was immediately raifed.
Is driven in- I-> the mean time, the diftreffed fituation of James,
to difa^rte and his abfolute dependence upon France, drove him
Cwes Ca ’nt° mea^ures wfr‘ch otherwife he would never have
thought of. His foldiers for fome time had been fup-
ported by their ofacers, or fubfifted by depredation.
The funds of the officers were at laft; exhaufted, and
the country itfelf could no longer bear the riot and in-
juftice of the foldiers. Preffed by thefe difficulties,
James, by the advice of his council, refolved to coin
pieces of copper, which ffiould be received for filver.
He faw well enough the inconveniences of this mea-
fure ; but all Ireland poffeffed not the means of paying
the army, in current coin, to the middle of June. Of
the French remittances only 200,000 livres remained;
and the king found it abfolutely neceffary to referve
that fum, to forward his meafures with regard to Bri¬
tain, and to procure intelligence of the motions of his
enemies. The army was fatisfied even with this ap¬
pearance of money, and the people received the fifti- Britain. 1
tious coin in hopes of being repaid in a more favourable ’“—V"—■‘i
ftate of affairs. A tax of 20,000/. a month, granted
for 13 months by the parliament, furniihed government
with an appearance of refources; and in the mean
time the king endeavoured to fupport the former re¬
venue. He opened a trade with France to fupply the
want of commerce with England. But the French,
knowing their own importance, and the neceffity of
the unfortunate monarch’s affairs, claimed and ob¬
tained advantages in traffic which offended his own
fubje&s. 3lg
To add to the diftrefs of James, Ireland was now in- Ireland in¬
vaded by 10,000 men under the command of the duke vaded by ]
of Schomberg. They appeared on the 12th of Auguft Wdnam’s |
1689, in 90 tranfports, on the coaft of Donaghadee,aim^'
in the county of Down. Next day Schomberg landed
without oppofition his army, horfes, and train of artil¬
lery. Having marched to Belfaft on the 15th, he
continued in that place four days to refreffi his troops.
He invefted Carrickfergus, and threw into it 1000
bombs, which laid the houfes in afhes. The garrifon
having expended their powder to the laft barrel,
marched out with all the honours of war. But
Schomberg’s foldiers broke the capitulation. They
difarmed and ftripped the inhabitants, without any
regard to fex or quality; even women, ftark naked,
were publicly whipped between the lines; and all this
under pretence of cruelties of the fame kind having
been committed by the Papifts.
Though Schomberg was an experienced general,
who had paffed a life of 80 years almoft continually in
the field, he found himfelf at a lofs how to carry on
the war in Ireland. He did not confider the dangers
that threatened the health of his troops by confining
them too long in one place; and he"kept them in a
low moift camp near Dundalk, almoft without firing
of any kind; fo that the men fell into fevers and fluxes,
and died in great numbers. The enemy were not
lefs afflifted with fimilar diforders. Both camps re¬
mained for fome time in fight of each other; and at
laft, the rainy feafon approaching, both armies quitted
their camps at the fame time, and retired into winter
quarters. _
The bad fuccefs of the campaign, and the miferable And by ;
fituation of the Proteftants in Ireland, at length induced William it;, f
William ta attempt their relief in perfon. Accordingly perfon. |l .
he left London on the 4th of June 1690, and arrived
at Carrickfergus on the 14th of that month. From
thence he paffed to Lifburn, the head quarters of the
duke of Schomberg. He reviewed at Lough-Britland
his army, which confifted of 36,000 men, and was com-
pofed of Engliih, Dutch, Germans, Danes, and French.
Being fupplied with every neceffary, and in high health
and fpirits, they feemed abfolutely certain of vittory. Batt$
The Irifti army, having abandoned Ardee at their ap- B0yne, jl
proach, fell back to the fouth of the Boyne. On the
banks of that river they were joined by James, who had
marched from Dublin at the head of his French auxi¬
liaries. The banks of the Boyne were fteep ; the fouth
fide hilly, and fortified with ditches. The river itfelf
was deep, and it rofe very high with the tide. Thefe
advantages induced James, contrary to the opinion of
his officers, to keep poffeffion of this poll. His army
was inferior in numbers, difeipline, and every thing, to
his
9 Britain.
B R I
his enemies : but flight, he thought, would difpirit his
troops, and tarnilh his own reputation ; he therefore re-
folved to put the fate of Ireland on the iflue of a battle.
Urged by his friends in England, and encouraged by
a proje&ed invafion of that kingdom by France, he had
refolved to quit Ireland; and to this he was farther en¬
couraged by the aflurance of aid from a powerful fleet
that had already entered the narrow feas. But the
[ 62, ]
B R I
the ftream in the face of the enemy ; and this defperate Britain,
enterprize was performed with great tefolution; the —"v—^
enemy were driven from their works, and the town fur-
rendered at difcretion. St Ruth marched his army to
its relief, but he came too late ; for he no fooner ap¬
proached, than his own guns were turned againft him:
upon which he inftantly marched off, and took port; at
Aughrim, at _ten miles diftance, where he determined
ftrength of his fituation, and the fudden appearance of to wait the Englilh army. Ginckle did not decline
the enemy, which made even a retreat dangerous, in- the combat, though he had only 18,000 men, while
; ifriii;
linger.
319 duced him to defer his purpofe.
the Irifh were above 25,000 ftrong. A defperate en-
William was no fooner arrived, than he rode along gagement enfued ; but at laft St Ruth being killed, St Ruth,
si smes de-
d ated.
the river’s fide, in fight of both armies, to make pro¬
per obfervations on the plan of battle } but in the mean
time, being perceived by the enemy, a cannon was pri¬
vately brought out and planted againft him where he
was fitting. The (hot killed feveral of his followers,
and he himfelf was wounded in the fhoulder. The
news of his being flain was inftantly propagated thro’
the Iriflr camp, and even fent off to Paris ; but Wil-
his troops gave way on all fides, and retreated to Lime- James,‘ „
ric, where they determined to make a final ftand, after ?sr,a1’, de\
having loft near 5000 of their bell men. killed/"
Ginckle, wifliing to put an end to the war at once,
fuffered as many of the Irifli as chofe, to retire to Li-
meric. In this laft retreat the Irifli forces made a . 3*4
brave defence. The fiege commenced Auguft 25th ge1"^r‘cbe'
1691. Six weeks were fpent before the place without 8
liam, as foon as his wound was dreffed, rode through any decifive effedft. The garrifon was well fupplied with
the camp, and quickly undeceived his army.
The next day, (June 30th), the battle beg:
fix in the morning. James’s forces behaved with
provifions, and provided with all means of defence.
The winter was approaching, and Ginckle had orders
to finifli the war upon any terms. He therefore offered Favourable
great refolution, but were at laft defeated with the lofs fuch conditions as the Irifti, had they been viftors, could
of 1500 men. The Proteftants loft but about one third
of that number ; but among thefe was their brave ge¬
neral the duke of Schomberg. He was killed by a dif-
charge from his own troops, who, not knowing that
he had been accidentally hurried into the midft of the
enemy, fired upon the body of men who furrounded
fcarce have refufed with prudence. He agreed, that alllowed them
in arms fliould receive their pardon : that their eftates^ Gincl11®*
fliould he reftored, their attainders annulled, and their
outlawries reverfed : that noneflaould be liable for debts
incurred through deeds done in the courfe of hoftilities:
that all Roman catholics fliould enjoy the fame tolera-
him. During the aftion, James flood on the hill of tion with regard to their religion, as in the reign of
Dunmore, furrounded with fome fquadrons of horfe ; Charles II. : that the gentry fhould be permitted to-
and at intervals was heard to exclaim, when he fawhis make ufe of arms : that the inferior fort fliould be al-
own troops repulfing thofe of the enemy, “ O fpare lowed to exercife their callings and profeffions : that no»
my Englifli fubjefts !” While his troops were yet fight- oaths but that of allegiance fliould be required of high.
i““ L ’’  J1—‘ J  J or low: that fliould the troops, or any number of them,
choofe to retire into any foreign fervice, they Ihould be
ing, he quitted his ftation ; and leaving orders to guard
the pafs at Duleek, made the beft of his way to Dub¬
lin. He advifed the magiftrates of that city to make conveyed to the continent, at the expence of the king.
j j gjes t0 the beft terms they could with the vigors ; and he him¬
felf fet out for Waterford, where he immediately
embarked for France. When he [firft deferted his
troops at the Boyne, O’Regan, an old Irifli captain,
was heard to fay, “ That if the Englifli would ex¬
change generals, the conquered army would fight them
over again.”
’ti- The vi&ory at the Boyne was by no means decifive,
kis an(j t{je fiiends of James refotved to continue their op-
pofition to William. Sarsfield, a popular and expe¬
rienced general, put himfelf at the head of the army
Sarsfield, who had obtained the title of earl of Lucan
from James after his abdication, was permitted to re¬
tain a dignity which the laws could not recognife. The
lords juftices had arrived from Dublin on the firft of
October. They figned the articles together with Ginc¬
kle ; and thus the Irifli Papifts put a happy period to
a war which threatened their party with abfolute ruin.
In confequence of this treaty, about 14,000 of thofe
who had fought for king James went over to France,,
having tranfports provided by government for convey¬
ing them thither. When they arrived, James thanked
that had been routed at the Boyne, and went farther them for their loyalty, and told them that they fliould
into the country to defend the banks of the river Shan- ftill fight for their old mafter ; and that he had obtain-
James appointed one St Ruth to command over ed an order from the king of France, for their being
,, 1 ‘ L ’ r ' r ’ ’’r ^ new clothed, and put into quarters of refrefliment. In
this manner all James’s expectations from Ireland were
Sarsfield, which gave the Irifh univerfal difcontent. On
the other hand, general Ginckle, who had been ap¬
pointed to command the Englifli army in the abfenee entirely fruftrated, and the kingdom fubmitted quietly
of William, who was gone over to England, advanced to the Englifli government,
towards the- Shannon to meet the enemy. The only
place where it was fordable was at Athlone, a ftrong
walled town built on both fides of the river, and in the
hands of king James’s party. The Englifli foon made
themfelves mafters of that part which was on the hither clamation of indemnity had been iffued to fuch infur-
fide of the river ; but the part on the oppofite bank be- gents as ftiould take the oaths to the king and queen,
ing defended with great vigour, was for a long while
thought impregnable. At length it was refolved in a
council of war, that a body of forlorn hope Ihould ford foon after with the proclamation
<5
In the beginning of the year 1692, an action of un- ^
exampled barbarity difgraced the government of Wil- Glenco/
liam in Scotland. In the preceding Auguft, in con¬
fequence of a pacification with the Highlanders, a pro-
on or before the laft day of December. The chiefs of
the few tribes who had been in arms for James complied.
‘ ; but Macdonald of
Glenco
B R I
Glenco failed in fubmitting within the limited time ;
more, However, from accident than defign. In the end
of December,he came to colonel Hill, who commanded
the garrifon in fort William, to take the oaths of allegi¬
ance to the government. Hill, having furnilhed Mac¬
donald with a letter to Sir Colin Campbell, (heriff of the
county of Argyle, dire died him to repair immediately to
Inverary, to make his fubmiflion in a legal manner before
that magiftrate. The way to Inverary lay through al-
moft impaffable mountains 5 the feafon was extremely
rigorous, and the whole country covered with a deep
fnow. So eager, however, was Macdonald to take the
oaths, before the limited time fhould expire, that, tho’
the road lay within half a mile of his own houfe, he
would not Hop to vifit his family. After various ob-
ftrudlions, he arrived at Inverary. The time was elap-
fed, and the Iheriff hefitated to receive his fubmiffion ;
but Macdonald prevailed on him by his importunities,
and even tears. Sir John Dalrymple, afterwards earl
of Stair, attended king William as fecretary of ftate
for Scotland. He took advantage of Macdonald’s ne-
, gledling to take the oaths within the time prefcribed,
and procured from the king a warrant of military exe¬
cution againft him and his whole tribe. As a mark of
his own eagernefs, or to fave Dalrymple, William
figned the warrant, both above and below, with his
own hand. The fecretary, in letters expreffive of a
brutal ferocity of mind, urged ithe officers who com¬
manded in the Highlands to execute their orders with
the utmoft rigour. Campbell of Glenlyon, a captain
in Argyle’s regiment, and two fubalterns, were order¬
ed, with 120 men, to repair to Glenco on the fir ft of
February. Campbell, being uncle to young Macdo¬
nald’s wife, was received by the father with all manner
of friendfhip and hofpitality. The men were treated
in the houfes of his tenants with free quarters and kind
entertainment- Till the 13th of the month, the troops
lived in good humour and familiarity with the people.
The officers, on the very night of the maffacre, paffed
the evening and played at cards in Macdonald’s houfe.
In the night, lieutenant Lindfay, with a party of fol-
diers, called in a friendly manner at his door. He was
inftantly admitted. Macdonald, as he was rifing to
receive his gueft, was (hot dead behind his baqk, with
two bullets. His wife had already put on her clothes ;
but (he was dripped naked by the foldiers, who tore
the rings off her fingers with their teeth. The daugh¬
ter was become general. To prevent the pity of the
foldiers to their hofts, their quarters had been changed
the night before. Neither age nor infirmity was fpared.
Some women, in defending their children, were killed.
Boys, imploring mercy, were ffiot by officers, on whofe
knees they hung. In one place, nine perfons, as they
fat enjoying themfelves at table, were (hot dead by the
foldiers. At Inveriggen, in Campbell’s own quarters,
nine men were firft bound by the foldiers, and then
ffiot at intervals, one by one. Near 40 perfons were
maffacred by the troops. Several, who fled to the
mountains, periffied by famine and the inclemency of
the feafon. Thofe who efcaped owed their lives to a
tempeftuous night. Lieutenant colonel Hamilton,
who had the charge of the execution from Dalrymple,
was on his march with 400 men, to guard all the paf-
fes from the valley of Glenco ; but was obliged to flop
by the feveriry of the weather, which proved the fafety
B R X
of the unfortunate tribe. He entered the valley next
day ; laid all the houfes in afhes ; and carried away all
the cattle and fpoil, which were divided among the
officers and foldiers.
It can fcarce be imagined that a maffacre attended
with fuch circumftances of treachery and breach of
the laws of hofpitality, could pafs without fome ani-
madverfion ; though the expreffions of Cunningham,
a writer very partial to the chat after of king William,
feem to account it a fault that it ffiould ever have been
inquired into. “ Mr James Johnftone, one of the fe-
cretaries of ftate (fays he), from motives of revenge,
caufed the affair of Glenco to be laid before parlia¬
ment. This being fomewhat difingenuoufly managed,
was the occafion of much trouble to many people. The
earl of Breadalbin was committed to the caftle of
Edinburgh : but the lord vifcount Stair, who lay un¬
der fome fufpicion on that account, in a very artful
fpeech endeavoured to refolve the whole matter into a
mifapprehenfion of dates; which, he alleged, had led
both the aftor in the flaughter complained of, and
thofe who now accufed him, into miftakes. In con-
clufion he affirmed, that neither the king nor any
other perfon was to be blamed, fave only the mifled
captain, who did not rightly underftand the orders
that had been given him.” The moft difgraceful cir¬
cumftances of the maffacre are by the fame author con¬
cealed ; as he only tells us, that “ it unhappily fell
out, that the whole clan of Glenco, being fomewhat
too late in making their fubmiffion to king William,
were put to the fword by the hands and orders of cap¬
tain. Campbell; which gave great offence to the king.
It is certain the king had caufe of refentment againft
fome of his courtiers on account of this foul aftion ;
but he thought fit not to queftion them for it till he
could fettle himfelf more firmly on the throne.”
It is not improbable, that partly to efface the re- /
membrance of this maffacre, and the fham inquiry
above mentioned, the king now caufed his commif-6
fioner to declare in the Scots parliament (the fame that
had inquired into the affair of Glenco), “ That if the
members found it would tend to the advancement of
trade that an aft fhould be paffed for the encourage¬
ment of fucb as fhould acquire and eftablifh a planta¬
tion in Africa, America, or any other part of the
world where plantations might be lawfully acquired,
that his majefty was willing to declare he would grant
to the fubjefts of this kingdom, in favour of thefe
plantations, fuch rights and privileges as he granted,
in like cafes, to the fubjefts of his other dominions.”
Relying on this and.other flattering promifes, the no¬
bility and gentry of Scotland advanced L. 400,000 to¬
wards the eftablilhment of a company for carrying on
an Eaft and Weft India trade ; and 1200 veterans who
had ferved in king William’s wars were fent to effeft
a fettlement on the peninfula of Darien, which lies
between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, and in the
narroweft place is not above 60 miles over; and of con-
fequence is equally well adapted for trading with both
the Indies.
The new colony were well received by the natives, and
matters began to wear a promifing afpeft, when the king,
on the earneft felicitations of the Englifh and Dutch
Eaft India Companies, refolved to gratify the latter al
the expence of his Scottiih fubjefts j and knowing that
3 the
r 622 ]
Britain. ]
B R I [ 623 1 B R I
Britain, tlte new colony muft want fupplies of provifions, he
“-y—J fent orders to the governor of Jamaica and the Englifli
fettlements in America to iffue proclamations, prohi¬
biting, under the fevered penalties, all his majefty’s
fubje£ts from holding any correfpondence with the
Scottiih colony, or affifting it in any fhape with arms,
ammuaition, or provifions: “ Thus (fays Mr Knox)
the king’s heart was hardened againft thefe new fet-
tlers, whom he abandoned to their fate, though many
of them had been covered with wounds in fighting
his battles.
“ Thus vanifned all the hopes of the Scottiih na¬
tion, which had engaged in this defign with incredible
alacrity, and with the moft fanguine expectations that
the misfortunes of their country would, by this new
channel of commerce, be completely healed.
“ The diftreffes of the people, upon receiving au¬
thentic accounts of the fortune of their colony, fcarce-
ly admit of any defcription. They were not only dif-
appointed in their expectations of wealth and a retiew-
al of their commerce ; but hundreds, who had ven¬
tured their all, were abfolutely ruined by the mifcar-
riage of the defign.
“ The whole nation feemed to join in the clamour
that was raifed againft their fovereign. They taxed
him with double dealing, inhumanity, and bafe ingra¬
titude, to a people who had lavifhed their treafure and
belt blood in fupport of his government, and in the
gratification of his- ambition; and had their power
been equal to their acrimony, in all probability the
ifland would have been involved in a civil war.”
Such is the account of this tranfaftion given by Mr
Knox ; on the other hand, Mr Cunningham tells us,
that “ the fame parliament (which had inquired into
the Glenco affair) alfo had under their confideration
a fcheme for fettling a trade and planting a colony in
America, which proved afterwards an occafion of ma¬
nifold evils, and was matter of great complaint both
to the Englifh and the Spaniards. The Scots, carry¬
ing on the fettlement of the colony which has been
juft mentioned with extravagant parade,.and noife, and
fubfcriptions, filled not only England, but all other
countries alfo, with apprehenfibnsleft Scotland fhould,in
procefs of time, become the emporium of all the trade
of Europe. But they never confidered how few would
truft their fortunes to the difpofal of fuch a numerous
nobility, nor calculated the frauds of their own mana¬
gers ; by which means the whole affair was afterwards
ruined. Difcords arifing on this head between the
two kingdoms, old hoftilities were recalled to mind;
the cattle were driven off from the borders ; the cu-
ftoms were defrauded, and other injuries committed;
and at laft the Spaniards complained of the Scots.
Therefore, to prevent the mifchiefs which might arife
to both kingdoms, the king had nothing fo much at
heart as to bring about an union upon as fair terms as
he could,” See.
The total redu&ion of Ireland, and the difperfion
and extermination of the Highland chieftains who fa-
^ « voured his caufe, did not entirely put an end to the
'’sin fa_hopes of James. His chief expectations next were
t of founded on a confpiracy among his Englifh adherents,
and in the fuccours promifed him by the French king.
A plot was firft formed inScotland by Sir James Mont¬
gomery a perfou who, from being an adherent to
William, now turned againft him : but as the projeft Britain,
was ill contrived, fo it was as lightly difeovered by the
inftigator. To this another fucceeded, which feemed
to threaten more ferious confequences, as it was ma- *
naged by the whig party, who were the moft formi¬
dable in the ftate. A number of thefe joined thfem-
felves to the tories, and both made advances to the ad¬
herents of the late king. They affembled together;
and the refult of their deliberations was, that the re-
ftoration of James was to be effe&ed entirely by foreign
forces: that he fhould fail for Scotland, and be there
joined by 5000 Swedes; who, becaufe they were of
the Proteftant religion, would, it was thought, remove
a part of the odium which attended an invafion by fo¬
reigners : it was concerted that affiftanee fhbuld at the
fame time be fent from France, and that full liberty of
confcience fhould be proclaimed throughout the king¬
dom. In order to lole no time, it was refolved to fend
over to France two trufty perfons to confult with the
banifhed monarch; and lord Preftbn and Mr Afhton
were the two perfons appointed for this embaffy. Both
of them,, however, were feized when they lead expefted
it,, by order of lord Caermarthen. Both were con¬
demned, and Afhton was executed without making
any confeffion but lord Prefton had not the fame re-
folution. Upon an offer of pardon, he difeovered a
great number of affociates; among whom the duke of
Ormond, lord Dartmouth, and lord Clarendon, were
foremoft. ' . - 329
The French at laft became fenfible of their bad po- Heii fup-
licy in not having better fupported the-taufe of James, ported by
and therefore refolved to make a defeent upon Englandtlle French»
in his favour. In purfuance of this fcheme, the French
king fupplied James with an army confifting of a body
of French troops, fome Englifh and Scots refugees,
and the Irifh regiments, which had been tranfported
into France from Limeric, and were now become ex¬
cellent foldiers by long difeipline and fevere duty. This
army was aftembled between Cherbourg and La Hogue,
and commanded by king James in perfon. More than
300 tranfports were provided for landing it on the op-
pofite coaft; and Tourville, the French admiral, at
the head of 63 {hips of thedine, was appointed to favour
the defeent. His orders were, at all events, to attack
the enemy, in cafe they fhould oppofe him; fo that
every thing promifed the banifhed king a change of
fortune.
Thefe preparations on the fide of France were foon
known at the Englifh court, and every precaution ta¬
ken for a vigorous oppofition. All the fecret machi¬
nations of the banifhed king’s adherents were difeovered
to the Englifh miniftry by fpies; and by thefe they
found that the tories were more faithful than even the
whigs who had placed king William on the throne.
The duke of Marlborough, lord Godolphin, and even
the princefs Anne herfelf, were violently fufpe&ed of
difaffe&ion. Preparations, however, were made, with
great tranquillity and refolution, to refift the growing
ftorm. Admiral Ruffel was ordered to put to fea with
all poffible expedition ; and he foon appeared with 99
fhips of the line, befides frigates and fire-fhips. At the
head of this formidable fleet he fet fail for the coaft of
France ; and, near La Hogue, he difeovered the ene¬
my under Tourville, who prepared to give him battle.
The engagement began between the two admirals with
great
b a i
[ 624. ]
B R I
Britain. ^ great Fury, and the reft of the fleet (bon followed their of September 1701, when he was, according to his Britain,
Who are
defeated.
J example. The battle lafted for ten hours ; but at laft
viftory declared on the fide of numbers: the French
daily cuftom, at public prayers, he fell fuddenly into a '■
lethargy ; and though he recovered his fenfes foon af-
fled for Conquet road, having loft four (hips in the firft ter, he languifhed for fome days, and expired on the
day’s aftion. The purfuit continued for two days fol- 6th of September. The French king, with great huma-
1—: —k n.:„„ pa;^ feverai V]flt;s durjng his ficknefs ; and
exhibited every fymptom of compaffion, affe&ion, and
even refpeft.
Louis, being under a difficulty how to proceed upon
lowing : three French ihips of the line were deftroyed
the next day ; and 18 more, which had taken refuge in
the bay of La Hogue, were burnt by Sir George
Rooke. In this manner were all the French prepara¬
tions fruftrated ; and fo decifive was the blow, that the unexpe&ed death of James, called a council to take
from this time France feemed to relinquifli all claims to
the ocean.
their advice, whether he ffiould own the prince of Wales
as king of Great Britain and Ireland. The king him-
This engagement, which happened on the 2lft of felf had hefitated long in this delicate point. But the
May 1692, put a final period to the hopes of James.
No further attempts were made in his favour, except
fome plots to aftaffinate king William, which ended
only in the deftru£tion of thofe who formed them. But
it was never thoroughly proved that James countenanced
thefe plots in the leaft; it rather appears, that in all
cafes he expreffed the utmoft abhorrence of fuch at¬
tempts. In 1697, the abbe de Pwlignac, ambafiador
from France in Poland, wrote to his mafter, that
thoughts were entertained of the late king of Britain,
dauphin, the duke of Burgundy, and all the princes of
the blood, declared, that it was unbecoming the dig¬
nity of the crown of France not to own that the titles
of the father devolved immediately upon the fon. Louis
approved of this refolution, and determined to acquaint
the dying king with it in perfon. When he arrived at
St Germains, he acquainted firft the queen, and then
her fon, of his defign. He then approached the bed in
v/hich James lay. almoft infenfible with his diforder.
The king, roufing himfelf, began to thank his moft
Poland, in the new eleftion which happened on the death of Chriftian majefty for all his favours; but Louis inter-
John Sobiefki king of Poland ; and that James had
been already named by fome of the diets as his fuc-
ceffrr. Louis was eager to feize an opportunity of
ridding himfelf with honour of a prince whofe preten-
ipted him. “ Sir (faid he), what I have done is
but a fmall matter; but what I have to fay is of the ,
utmoft importance.” The people then began to re- Pretender!
tire. “Let no perfon withdraw (faid Louis). I owned by*
fions he could no longer fupport. The friends of come to acquaint you, Sir, that when God fhall plcafe Louif
334
Which
James re¬
futes.
to call your majefty from this world, I (hall take your
family into my proteftion, and acknowledge your fon, 1
as he then will certainly be, king of Great Britain and
Ireland.”
Though the defeat of the French fleet at La Hogue
had put king William out of all danger from any fur¬
ther attempts from that quarter, he by no means pof-
feffed his throne with any kind of tranquillity. The
want of a common enemy produced diffenfions among
the people, and William began to find as much uneafi-
nefs from his parliament at home as from an enemy in
the field. The uneafinefs he felt from the refradtory
difpofition of his fubjedls was not a little heightened
by the death of his queen, who was taken off by the
fmall-pox on the 28th of December 1694. For fome
time he was under a fincere concern for her lofs; but quecu&fel
as politics had taken entire poffeffion of his mind, he
loft all other concerns in the greatnefs of his apprehen-
fions for the balance of power and the flmftuating in-
terefts of Europe. J
His chief motive for accepting the crown was to en- Nat,
James were alfo fanguine for the projeA; but he him¬
felf refufed it. He told them, that “ he would ever
retain a grateful remembrance of his friends in Poland.
That, however, he would not accept of the crown, had
it aftually been offered ; much lefs would he endeavour
to obtain by folicitation any crown which was not ac¬
tually his due. That his acceptance of any other fceptre
would amount to an abdication indeed of that which he
deemed his right. That therefore he was refolved to
remain in his prefent forlorn condition, poffeffing lefs
hopes than ever of being reftored, rather than to do
the leaft adl of prejudice to his family.” The fame
.year, at an interview between king William and
Louis XIV. it was propofed that the prince of Wales
S(james’s fon) fliould fucceed to the throne of England
after the death of William. The king with little hefi-
tation agreed to this requeft. He even folemnly en¬
gaged to procure the repeal of the aft of fettlement;
and to declare, by another, the prince of Wales his fuc-
ceffor to the throne. Even this propofal was rejefted by
James. He told the king of France, that though he ^ _
could fuffer with patience the ufurpation of his nephew gage England more deeply in the concerns of Europe. JiicoutM
upon his right, he would never permit his own fon to
be guilty of the fame injuftice. He urged, that fliould
the fon reign in his father’s lifetime, that circumftance
would amount to a formal renunciation. That the
prince of Wales, by fucceeding to the prince of Orange,
would yield his foie right, which was that of his fa¬
ther, See.
From this time James loft every hope of being re¬
ftored to the throne, and refigned himfelf entirely to
the aufterities of religious enthufiafm. His conftitution,
though vigorous and athletic, had for fome time begun
to yield to the infirmities of age, and to that melan¬
choly which fupeiftition as well as his uncommon mif-
jbrtunes had impreffed on his mind. In the beginning
$° 56,
His great objeft had been to humble the French, and
all his politics confifted in forming alliances againft
them. On the other hand, many of the Englifh had
no fuch animofity againft the French : and thefe, there¬
fore, confidered the intereft of the nation as facrificed
to foreign conneftions ; and complained that the con¬
tinental war fell moft heavily on them, though they
had the leaft intereft in its fuccefs. Thefe complaints
were heard by William with the moft phlegmatic in¬
difference 5 he employed all his attention only on the
balance of power, and the interefts of Europe. He
became unmindful of the cultivation of internal polity;
and, as he formed alliances abroad, increafed the in¬
fluence of party at home. Patriotifm began to be ri¬
diculed
B R I [ 625 ] B R I
If Bpkairt. diculed as an ideal virtue ; and the practice of bribing
v—' a major{ty Jn parliament became univerfal. The exam¬
ple of the great was caught up by the vulgar ; principle,
anti even decency, was gradually banilhed ; talents lay
uncultivated, and the ignorant and profligate were re¬
ceived into favour.
The king, upon accepting the crown, was refolved
to preferve as much of the prerogative as poffible ;
and he fometimes exerted a branch of it which his
predeceflbrs had never chofen to make ufe of, viz.
the power of refufing his affent to fome bills that had
palled both houfes. From this and other caufes there
were perpetual bickerings between him and his parlia¬
ments. At laft William became fatigued with oppofi-
|: tion. He admitted every reftraint upon the prerogative
in England, upon condition of being properly fupplied
with the means of humbling France. Provided the par¬
liament fupplied him with the means of executing this,
he permitted them to rule the internal polity as they
pleafed. For the profecution of the French war, the
,fums granted were indeed incredible. The nation, not
contented with furnilhing him fuch fums of money as
they were capable of railing by the taxes of the year,
mortgaged thofe taxes, and involved themfelves in debts
which they have never fince been able to difeharge.
The war with France continued during the greateft
part of this king’s reign ; but at length the treaty of
li Ryfwick, in 1697, put an end to thofe contentions in
which England had engaged without policy, and came
off at laft without advantage. In the general pacifica¬
tion, her interefts feemed entirely deferted ; and for all
the treafures Ihe had fent to the continent, and all tile
blood which had beep (bed there, the only equivalent
received was an acknowledgment of William’s title
11 539 from the king of France.
I William The king, being now freed from a foreign war, fet
I ifimid h?s to ftrengthen his authority at home. As he
1 less. could not bear the thoughts of being a king without
military command, he conceived hopes of keeping up,
in the time of a profound peace, thofe forces which had
been granted daring the time of danger. The com¬
mons, however, to his great mortification, palled a vote,
that all the forces in the Englifh pay, exceeding yodo
men, Ihould be forthwith dilbanded; and that thofe
retained Ibould be natural-born fubjefts of England.
With this vote the king was exceedingly difpleafed.
His indignation, indeed, was kindled to fuch a degree,
that he adtually conceived a defign of abandoning the
government. From this, however, his minifters diverted
him, and perfuaded him to confent to the palling of
the bill.
Thefe altercations continued during the remainder
of this reign. William confidered the commons as a
body of men defirou's of power for themfelves, and
confequently bent upon obftrti&ing all his proje&s to
fecure the liberties of Europe. He feemed but little at-
PU: tached to any particular party in the houfe, all of whom
he found at times deferted or oppofed him. He there-
I, fore veered to whigs and tories indifcriminately, as in-
tereft or the immediate exigence demanded. He com
| fidered England as a place of labour, anxiety, anti
altercation. If he had any time for amufement or re¬
laxation, he retired to Loo in Holland, where, among
a few friends, he gave a loofe to thofe coarfe feftivities
T. which he alone was capable of relilhing. Here he plan-
Vo*. III. Part II. 5
ned the different fuccefiion of the princes of Europe, Briuht,
and laboured to undermine the fchemes and the power “ 'r~“"
of Louis his rival in politics and fame. 34<>
But however feeble William’s ddire of other amufe-^^^6*
ments might be, he could fcarce live without being atc ,nfe(|era.
variance with France. Peace had fcarce been made withey agdult
that nation, when he began to think of r-efources for France,
carrying on a new war, and for inlifting his Englifh
fubje&s in the confederacy againft that nation. Several
arts were ufed for inducing the people to fecond his aims}
and the whole nation feertied at laft to join in defiring
a French war. He had been in Holland concerting
with his allies operations for a new campaign. He had
engaged in a negociation with the prince of Heffe ;
who affured him, that if he Would befiege and take
Cadiz, the adtuiral of Caftile and feveral other grandees
of Spain would declare for the houfe of Auftria. The
eleftor of Hanover had refolved to concur in the fame
meafures ; the king of the Romans, and prince I^ewis
of Baden, undertook to inveft Laudan, while the em¬
peror promifed to fend a powerful reinforcement into
Italy: but death put a period to his projects and his
ambition. 341
William was naturally of a very feeble conftitution ;HU death,
and it was by this time almoft quite exhaufted by a fe-
riesof continual difquietude and a&ion. He had endea¬
voured to repair his conftitution, or at leaft to conceal
its decays, by exercife and riding. On the 2 ift of Fe¬
bruary 1702, in riding to Hampton-court from Ken-
fington, his horfe fell under him ; and he was thrown
with fuch violence, that his collar-bone was fraftured.
His attendants conveyed him to the palace at Hamp¬
ton-court, where the frafture was reduced ; and in the
evening he returned to Kenfington in his coach. The
jolting of the carriage difunited the frafture ; and the
bones were again replaced by Bidloo his phyfician.
This, in a robuft cottftitution, would have been a trifling
misfortune ; but to bitn it was fatal. For fome time he
appeared in a fair way of recovery ; but falling afleep
on his couch, he was feized with a ftiivering, which ter¬
minated in a fever and diarrhoea, that foon became dan¬
gerous and defperate. Perceiving his end approaching,
the objefts of his former care lay next his heart; and
the fate-of Europe feemed to remove the fenfations he
might be fuppofed to feel for his own. The earl of Al¬
bemarle arriving from Holland, he conferred with him
in private on the pofture of affairs abroad. Two days
after, having received the faefament from archbifhop
Tennifon, he expired, on Sunday March 8th; having
lived 52 years, and reigned 13.—He was in his perfon
of a middle flature, a thin body, and a delicate confti¬
tution. He had an aquiline nofe, fparkling eyes, a large
forehead, and a grave folemn afpedt. He left behind
him the charafter of a great politician, though he had
never been popular } and of a formidable general, tho*
he had been feldom vi&orious. His deportment was
grave, phlegmatic, and fullen; nor did he ever fhow any
fire but in the day of battle.
Cunningham fays, that “ at the very laft moment,
when his mind was otherwife oppreffed, he retained a
juft fenfe of the redemption of mankind, and the re¬
membrance of his good fubjefts. Thus he lay fo
quietly and compofed, with his eyes fixed upon heaver,
when his fpeech failed him, that no man could die
either'better prepared or with greater conftancy and
4 K pietyt
Acceifion
t>f queen
Anne.
B R I [6:
piety, than this prince; of whofe juft praifes no tongue
fhall be filent, and no time unmindful. And if any
king be ambitious of regulating his councils and ac¬
tions by the bright examples of the moft famous great
men, he may form to himfelf the idea of a great prince
and a grand empire, not only from the king’s life, but
from the public records of the Englilh and Dutch na¬
tions.”
William was fucceeded by the princefs Anne, who
had married George prince of Denmark. She afcended
the throne in the 38th year of her age, to the ge¬
neral fatisfa&ion of all parties. William had died at
the eve of a war with France: and the prefent queen,
who generally took the advice of her miniilry on every
important ocrafion, was now urged by oppofite coun¬
cils; a part of her miniftry being inclined to war, and
another to peace. At the head of thofe who oppofed a
war with France was the earl of Rochefter, lord lieute¬
nant of Ireland, firft coufin to the queen, and the chief
of the tory faftion. At the head of the oppofite'party
was the earl afterwards duke of Marlborough, and fince
fo much renowned for his vi&ories over the French.
After giving the reafons for both their opinions, that
of Marlborough preponderated : the queen refolved to
declare war; and communicating her intentions to the
^4;? houfe of commons, by whom it was approved, war
War dec!a- was proclaimed accordingly. In this declaration of
red againft Vvar, Louis was taxed with having taken pofiefiion of
France. a great part 0f Spanilh dominions; with defigning
to invade the liberties of Europe, to obftrudt the free¬
dom of navigation and commerce ; and with having
offered an unpardonable infult to the queen and her
throne, by acknowledging the title of the pretender :
he was accufed of attempting to unite the crown of
.Spain to his own dominions, by placing his grandfon
upon the throne of that kingdom, and thus of endea¬
vouring to deftroy the equality of power that fubfifted
among the ftates of Europe. This declaration of war
on the part of England was feconded by fimilar de¬
clarations by the Dutch and Germans, all on the fame
day.
Louis XIV. whofe power had been greatly circum-
fcribed by William, expe&ed, on the death of the lat¬
ter, to enter on a field open for new conquefts and
fame. At the news of the Englifh monarch’s death,
therefore, he could not fupprefs his rapture ; the peo¬
ple of Paris, and indeed through the whole kingdom,
teftified their joy in the moft public manner. At feeing,
therefore, fuch a combination againft him, the French
monarch was filled with indignation ; but his refent-
ment fell chiefly on the Dutch. He declared with great
emotion, that as for thofe gentlemen pedlars the Dutch,
they fhould one day repent their infolence and prefump-
tion in declaring war againft. him whofe power they had
formerly felt and dreaded. By thefe threats, however,
the affairs of the allies were no way influenced. Marl¬
borough was appointed general of the Britifh forces,
rough ap- an,l by the Dutch he was chofen generaliffimo of the
neral*^ army ; and indeed his after conduct fliovved, that
no perfon could poffibly have been chofen with greater
propriety. He had learned the firft rudiments of war
under the famous marfhal Turenne, having been a vo¬
lunteer in his army ; and by that general his future
greatnefs was jrrognofticated,
344
Duke of
Marlbo-
34#-
8
:6 ] B R I
The firft attempt that Marlborough made ta deviate Britain,
from the general praftices of the army was to advance
the fubaltern officers, whofe merits had been hitherto
neglefted. Regardlefs of feniority, wherever he found
abilities, he was fure to promote them ; and thus he
had all the upper ranks of commanders rather remark¬
able for their fltill and talents than for their, age and: ||
experience. In his firft campaign, in the beginning of His fu-cefip;
July 1702, he repaired to the camp at Nimeguen, in his firft Si
where he found himfelf at the head of 60,000 mencan'Pa,Sa* (|||
well provided with all neceffaries, and long difeiplined
by the beft officers of the age. He was oppofed on the
part of France by the duke of Burgundy, a youth of
very little experience in the art of war ;. but the real
a&ing general was the marfhal Boufflers, an officer of
courage and aftivity. But wherever Marlborough ad¬
vanced, the French were obliged to retire before him,
leaving all Spanifh Guelderland at his diferetion. The
duke of Burgundy finding himfelf obliged to retreat be¬
fore the allied army, rather than expofe himfelf longer to
fuch a mortifying indignity, returned to Verfailles, lea¬
ving Boufflers to command alone. Boufflers retired to
Brabant ; and Marlborough ended the campaign by
taking the city of Liege ; in which was found an irn-
menfe fum of money, and a vaft number of prifoners.
This good fortune feemed to confole the nation for
fome unfuccefsful expeditions at fea. Sir John Munden fea.
had permitted a French fquadron of 14 {hips to efcape
him by taking fhelter in the harbour of Corunna ; for
which he was difmiffed the fervice by priirce George.
An attempt was made upon Cadiz by fea and land, Sir
George Rooke commanding the navy, and the duke of
Ormond the land forces ; but this alfo mifearried. At.
Vigo, however, the Britilh arms were attended with
better fuccefs. The duke of Ormond landed with 2500
men at the diftance of fix miles from the city, while the
fleet forcing their way into the harbour, the French fleet
that had taken refuge there were burned by the enemy
to prevent their falling into the hands of the Englifli.
Eight fhips were thus burned and run afhore ; but ten
(hips of war were taken, together with eleven galleons,
and above a million of money in filver. In the Weft^ ^
Indies, admiral Bembow had been ftationed with ten ad-e
(hips to diftrefs the enemy’s trade. Being informedrrirai Berai is
that Du Caffe the French admiral was in thofe feasbow.
with a force equal to his own, he refolved to attack
him ; and fooa after difeovered the enemy’s fquadron
near St Martha, fleering along the ftiore. He quickly
gave orders to his captains, formed the line of battle,
and the engagement began. He found, however,, that
the reft of the fleet had taken fome difguft at his con-
du& ; and they permitted him to fuftain, almoft alone,
the whole fire of the enemy. Neverthelefs, the engage¬
ment continued till night, and he determined to renew
it next morning. But he had the mortification to per¬
ceive that all the reft of his (hips had fallen back, ex¬
cept one, who joined him in urging the purfuit of the
enemy. Four days this intrepid feaman, affifted by only
one fhip, purfued and engaged the enemy, while his'
cowardly officers remained at a diftance behind. His
laft day’s battle was more furious than any of the for¬
mer : alone, and unfupported by any of the reft, he
engaged the whole French fquadron; when his leg was
ffiattered by a cannon-ball, and he himfelf died foon
4 after
B R I
C 627 ]
B R I
Bi-iwin. .after of his wounds. Two of his cowardly afibciates
'“'"■V”””' were ihoton their arrival in England; one died on his
paffage thither ; the reft were difgraced.
The next parliament, which was convened by the
queen, were highly pleafed with the ftjccefs of the Bri-
Cominentai tifti arias oti the continent. The houfe of commons
army in- was compofed chiefly of tories*, who voted 40,000 fea-
treafed. men, and the like number of land-forces, to aft in con-
junftion with thofe of the allies. Soon after, the queen
informed her parliament, that fhe was prefled by the
allies to augment her forces ; and upon fthis it was re-
folved that 10,000 more men fhouldbeadded to thecon-
tinental army, but on condition that the Dutch fhould*
immediately break off all commerce with France and
Spain; a condition which was very readily complied
with.
Succefs^of t^e beginning of April 1703, the duke of Marl-
Marlbo- borough croffed thefea, and, affembling the allied army,
rough. opened the campaign with, the fiege of Bonn, the refi-
dence of the eleftor of Cologne. This held out but a
• fhort time. He next retook Huy; the garrifon of which,
after a vigorous defence, furrendered prifoners of war.
Limburgh was next befieged, and furrendered in two
days; and thus the campaign concluded, the allies ha¬
ving fecured the'country of Liege and the eleftorate
of Cologne from the defigns of the enemy.
In the campaign of 1704, the Duke of Marlborough
informed the Dutch that it was his intention to march
to the relief of the empire, which had been for fome
time oppreffed by the French forces; and the ftates
gave him full powers to march as he thought proper,
with affurances of their affiftance in all his endeavours.
The French king, finding Boufflers no longer capable
of oppofing Marlborough, appointed the marfhal de
Villeroy to command in his place. But Marlborough,
who, like Hannibal of old, was remarkable for ftudy-
ing the difpolrtion of his antagonifts, having no great
fears from Villeroy, immediately flew to the affiftance
of the emperor. Taking with him about 13,000 Bri-
tifh troops, he advanced by hafty marches to the banks
of the Danube ; he defeated a body of French and Ba¬
varians ftationed at Donavert to oppofe him ; then paf-
fed the river, and laid under contribution‘the dukedom
of Bavaria which had.fided with the enemy. Villeroy,
who at firft attempted to follow his motions, feemed all
at once to have loft fight of the enemy; nor was he ap-
prifed of his route, till informed of his fucceffes. But,
in- the mean time, marfhal Tallard prepared by another
route to obftruft Marlborough’s retreat, with an army
of 30-,000 men. He was foon after joined by the duke
of Bavaria’s forces ; fo that the French army in that
part of the continent amounted to 60,000 veterans,
commanded by the two beft reputed generals then in
| 3?0 France.
french de- To oppdfe thefe powerful generals, the duke of Marl-
feated at borough was joined by a body of 30,000 men under
Bknhem:. tjie ceIebrated prince Eugene. The allied army, with
this reinforcement, amounted to about 5 2,000. After
various marches and countermarches, the two armies
* See Bit** met at Blenheim *. A terrible engagement enfued, in
him. which the French were entirely defeated, and a country
of 100 leagues extent fell into the hands of the con-
querorsi Soon after finifhing the campaign, the duke
repaired to Berlin, where he procured a reinforcement
of -flooo Pruffians to ferve under prince Eugene in Italy.
Thence he proceeded to negociate for fuccours at the Britain.
court of Hanover; and foon after returned to England;  v—^
where he was received with every poffible demoaftra-
tion of joy. 351
The arms of Britain, in the mean time, were not Gjhrak»c
lefs fortunate by fea than by land. The town of Gi-taken-
braltar was taken by the prince of Heffe and Sir George
Rooke: but fo little was the value of the conqueft at
that time underftood,that it was for fome time in debate
whether it was a capture worth thanking the admiral
for ; and at laft it was confidercd as unworthy of pub- .z
he gratitude. Soon after, the Britifh fleet, to the French de¬
ft umber of 5 3 flrips of the line, came up with that offeated at
France, confiding of 52 men of war, commanded by fca\
the count de Thouloufe, off the coaft of Malaga. This
was the laft great naval engagement in which the
French ventured to face the BritLh on equal terms. The
battle began at ten in the forenoon, and continued with
great fury for fix hours; when the van of the-French
began to give way. The Britiffi admiral, for two days,
attempted to renew the engagement; but this was as
cautioufly declined by the French, who at laft difap-
peared totally. Both fides claimed the viftory, but the
confequences decided it in favour of the Britilh. ^
In the mean time, the Spaniards, alarmed at the ta- Ineffe/tua!
king of Gibraltar, fent the marquis of Villadurias with attempt of
a large army to retake it. France alfo fent a fleet oF1)6 ^,a*
13 Ihips of the line-: but part of them were difpeifed
by a tempeft, and part taken by the Britifli. Nor was
the land army more fuccefsful. The fiege continued for
four months; during which time the prince of Heffe,
who commanded the town for the Englifli, gave many
proofs of valour. At length, the Spaniards having at¬
tempted to fcale the rock in vain, finding no hopes of
taking the place, were contented to draw off their men
and abandon the enterprife.
While the Britifli were thus victorious by land and Charles ap«
fea, a new feene of contention was opened on the fide P?inte<j.
of Spain. Philip IV. grandfon of Louis XIV. hadginafn°f
been placed on the throne of that kingdom, and recei- ^
ved with the joyful concurrence of the greateft part of
his fubjefts. He had alfo been nominated fucceflbr to
the crown by the late king of Spain’s will. But in a
former treaty among the powers of Europe, Charles,
fon of the emperor of Germany, was appointed heir to
that crown; and this treaty had been guarantee’d by
France herfelf, though {he now refolved to reverfe that
confent in favour of a defeendant of the houfe of Bour¬
bon. Charles w^as ftill farther led on to put in for the
crown of Spain, by the invitation of the Catalonians,
who declared in his favour ; and, with the affiftance of
the Britiffi and Portuguefe, promifed to arm in his
caufe. Upon his way to his newly affumed dominion,
he landed in England ; w’here he was received on ffiore
by the dukes of Somerfet and Marlborough, who con-
dufted him to Windfor. He was kindly received byyie isfup-
the queen ; and furniffied with 200 tranfports, 30 fliips ported by
of war, and 9000 men, for the conqueft of that exten- queenAnne.
five empire. The earl of Peterborough, a man of ro¬
mantic bravery, offered to conduft them ; and his fingle
fervice was reckoned equivalent to armies. ,
The firft attempt of this general was on the city of Barcelona
Barcelona, at that time defended by a garrifon of 5000 taken,
men. The fort Monjuc, fituated on a hill that com¬
manded the city, was attacked; the outworks were ta-
4 K 2 ken
B R 1 [ 628 ] B R I
Biitain. ken by ftorm, and the powder-magazine was blown up
by a (hell; upon which the fort immediately furrender-
ed, and the city capitulated in a fliort time after. The
conqueft of all Valencia fucceeded the taking of Bar¬
celona. Charles became mafler of Arragon, Cartha-
gena, Grenada, and Madrid. The Britifh general en¬
tered the capital in triumph, and there proclaimed
357 Charles king of Spain without oppofition.
French de- To thefe fucceffes, however, very little regard was
Ramhlies *n ^r't:a^n• The viftories of the duke of Marl-
■ ' borough alone engrofled their attention. In 1706, he
opened, the campaign with an army of 80,000 men.
He was met by the French under Villeroy near the vil-
• See Ra- lage of Ramillies *. An engagement enfued, in which
millies. the duke gained a vidlory almoft as complete as that of
Blenheim had been ; and the whole country of Brabant
was the reward of the vidlors. The French troops were
now difpirited; the city of Paris was inconfufion; Louis,
who had long been flattered with conqueit, was now
humbled to fuch a degree as almoll to excite the compaf-
Louls lues ^lon enemie3, He intreated for peace, but in vain;
in vain Fr alhes carried all before them ; and his very capital
peace. began to dread the approach of the conquerors. But
what neither his armies nor his politics could efftdl,
was brought about by a party in England. The dif-
fenflon between the whigs and tories faved France that
now feemed tottering on the brink of ruin.
Revolution Th^ councils of the queen had hitherto been govern-
in the-coun-ed by a whig minillry; for though the duke of Marl-
cihof queen borough ftarted in the intereft of the oppofite party,
Anne’ he foon joined the whigs, as he found them moil fm-
cere in the defign of humbling France. The people,
however, were now in fadl beginning to change, and
a general fpirit of toryifm to take place. The queen’s
perfonal virtues, her fucceifes, her deference for the
clergy, and their great veneration for her, began to
have a prevailing influence over the whole nation. Peo¬
ple of every rank were not aihamed to defend the moil
fervile tenets, when they tended to flatter or increafe the
power of the fovercign. They argued in favour of ilridl
hereditary fucceffion, divine right, and non-reiiftance
to the regal power. The tories, though joining in
vigorous irteafures againft France, were never ardently
their enemies: they rather fecretly hated the Dutch,
as of principles very oppofite to their own; and longed
for an opportunity of withdrawing from their friend-
fhip. They began to meditate fchemes of oppofition to
the duke of Marlborough. Him they conlidered as a
felf-interefled man, who facrificed the real advantages
of the nation, in protra&ing a ruinous war for his own
private emolument and glory. They faw their country
opprefled with an increafing load cf taxes, which by a
continuance of the war mull inevitably become an in¬
tolerable burden. Their difeontents began to fpread,
and the tories wanted only a few determined leaders to
affift them in removing the prefent miniftry.
Engliih dc- In the mean time a fucceffion of lofles began to dif-
feated atAl-fipate the conquering frenzy that had feized the nation
nianza. {n general, and to incline them to wiffi for peace. The
earl of Galway, who commanded the army in Spain,
^ See Al- was utteiIy defeated at Almanzaf by the duke of
vwnza. Berwick; and in cenfequence of this victory, all Spain,
except the province of Catalonia, returned to their
duty to Philip their lawful fovereign. An attempt
was made upon Toulon, by the duke of Savoy and
prince Eugene by land, and an Engliffi fleet by fea; Britain, j u
but to no purpofe. The fleet under Sir Cloudefly •
Shovel, having fet fail for England, was driven by a ^ 3^ ij
violent llorm on the rocks of Scilly. His own ffiip ofSiroioud. ol
was loft, and every perfon on board periflied. Threefley siWvef
more ffiips met with the fame fate; while three or four
others were faved wifh the utmoft difficulty. In
Germany, marfhal Villars the French general carried
all before him, and was upon the point of reftoring the
eledlor of Bavaria. The only hopfis of the people lay
in the a&ivity and conduft of the duke of Marlborough,
who opened the campaign of 1707, about the middle
of May ; but even here they w'ere difappointed. The
duke declined an engagement; and after feveral march¬
ings and countermarchings, both armies retired into
winter quarters about the end of O&ober. The French
made vigorous preparations for the next campaign;
and the duke returned to England to meet with a re¬
ception he did not at all expedl, and which, as far as
appears, he did not deferve.
The moft remarkable tranfa&ion, however, of this Union he-|
year, and indeed of this whole reign, was the union be- tween Scot-i
tween the two kingdoms of Scotland and England, j
Though governed by one fovereign fince the time of |
James I. of England, yet each nation continued to be
ruled by its refpe&ive parliament; and often profeft’ed
to purlue oppofite interefts to thofe of its neighbour.
The union had often been unfuccefsfully attempted be-
forei and had indeed been the caufe of the bloody wars
in the time of Edward I. and III. of England. In all
the former propofals on that head, both nations were
fuppofed to remain free and independent; each king¬
dom having its own parliament, and fubjedl only to
fuch taxes and other commercial regulations as thole
parliaments fhould judge expedient for the benefit of
their refpe&ive ftates. After the deftruclion of the
Darien colony, in the manner already related, king
William had endeavoured to allay the nationalferment by
refuming the affair of an union with as much affiduity
as his warlike difpofition would allow. The terms
propofed were the fame with thofe formerly held
out, viz. a federal union, fomewhat like that of the
flates of Holland. With this view the Scots were
prevailed on to fend 20 commiffioners to London ;
who, with 23 on the part of England, met at White¬
hall in the month of Ottober 1702. Here they were IE
honoured with a vifit from the quten, in order to en¬
liven their proceedings and ftimulate them to a more
fpeedy difpatch of bufinefs: but the treaty was en¬
tirely broken off at this time by the Scottilh commif¬
fioners infilling, that the rights and privileges of their
countrymen trading to Africa and the Indies fhould
be preferved and maintained. It was, however, relu¬
med in the year ] 706, when the commiffioners again
met on the 16th of April, in the council chamber of
Whitehall. The Scottilh commiffioners Hill propofed a
federal union; but the Englilh were determined on an
incorporation, which fhould not afterwards be diffolved
by a Scottilh parliament. Nothing but this, they
faid, could fettle a perfeft and lafting frkndffiip be¬
twixt the two nations. The commiffioners from Scot¬
land, however. Hill continued to refill that article which
fubjefted their country to the fame cuftoms, excifes,
and regulations of trade as England; but the queen
being perfuaded to pay two villts in perfon to the com-
naiffioners.
B R I [ 629 ] B R I
n,jj ritiin, miflion«rs, exerted herfelf fo viporouflf that a majority
"v  was at laft gained over; and all the reft yielded, though
with reludtance, excepting Lockhart of Carnwath,
who could not by any means be perfuaded either to
flUfi.; ftgn or feal the treaty.
i:;§ > articles The< articles being fully prepared on the 22(1 of July,
cell vio- they werc prefented next, day to her majefty by the
iti ir»'Scot-k)rd‘keePer> in the name of the Engliih commiffioners;
} IL at the fame time that a fealed copy of the inftrument
was likewife delivered by the-lord chancellor of Scot¬
land. They were moft gracioufly received; and the
i fame day the queen dictated an order of council, threa¬
tening with profecution fuch as ihould be .concerned in
any difcourfe or libel, or in laying wagers with regard
to the union. Notwithftanding all this harmony, how-
, ever, the treaty was received with the utmoft difappro-
• bation in Scotland. The terms had been carefully
concealed, fo that nothing tranfpired till the whole was
U at once laid before parliament. The ferment was
then fo general, that’all ranks of people, however di¬
vided in -other fefpe&s, united againft this detefted
treaty. The nobility and gentry were exafperated at
■ ! . the annihilation of parliament, and the confequent lofs
I of their influence and credit. The body of the people’
cried out, that the independence of the nation was fa-
crificed to treachery and corruption. They inftfted
that the obligation laid on their members to itay fo
long at London, in their attendance on the Britifh
i parliament, would drain the country of its money, im-
poverifh the members themfelves, and fubjedf them to
the temptation of being corrupted. Nor was the
commercial part of the people better fatisfied. The
i diffolution of the India company, the taxes laid on the
neceffaries of life, the vaft number of duties, cuftoms,
and reftricfions, laid upon trade, were all of them mat¬
ter of complaint. Before this time the trade of Scot-
; land had been open to the Levant, the Baltic, France,
Spain, Portugal, Holland, and the Dutch plantations;
and it feemed difficult to conceive how the commerce
of the country could be advanced by laying reftri&iqns
upon it to thefe places, efpecially as the compenfation
allowed, viz. the privilege of trading to the Englifh
| plantations in America, muft have been a very trifling
advantage, when the amount of the whole exports to
thefe places did not near equal the expence of defending
1, them. The moft violent difputes took place in the
I parliament. The lord Belhaven made a moft pathetic
fpeech, enumerating the miferies that would attend this
treaty; which drew tears from the audience, and to
this day is reckoned prophetic by many of the Scottiffi
nation. Almoft every article of the treaty was the
fubjeft of a proteft; addidfes againft it were pre¬
fented to parliament by the convention of royal bo¬
roughs, the commiffioners of the general affembly, the
company trading to Africa and the Indies, as well as
from ffiires, ftewartries, boroughs, towns, and parifhes,
without diftin&ion of whig, tory, prelbyterian, or epif-
copal.
Nor was the refentment of the common people with-
|i out doors lefs than that of the members within. A
coalition was formed betwixt the prefbyterians and ca¬
valiers : and to fuch a height did the refentment of the
people arrive, that they chofe officers, formed them¬
felves into regiments, provided horfes and ammunition,
burnt the articles of union, juftified their conduct by a
public declaration, and refolved to take the route to
Edinburgh and diffolve the parliament.
In the mean time the privy council iffued a procla¬
mation againft riots, commanding all perfons to retire
from the ftreets whenever the drum Ihould beat; or¬
dering the guards to fire on thofe who ftiould difobey
this command, and indemnifying them from all profe¬
cution for maiming or flaying the lieges. Even thefe
precautions were infufficient. The duke of Queens-
beny, the chief promoter of the union, though guard¬
ed by double lines of horfe and foot, was obliged to
pafs through the ftreets at full gallop, amidft the curfes
and imprecations of the people, who pelted his guards,
and even wounded fome of his friends who attended
him in the coach. In oppofition to all this fury, the
duke of Queenfberry and others attached to the union
magnitied the advantages that would accrue to the
kingdom from the union; they took off the refentment
of the clergy, by promoting an aft to be inferted in
the treaty, by which the prefbyterian difcipline was to
be the only government of the church of Scotland,
unalterable in all fucceeding times, and a fundamental
article of the union. Emiffaries were employed to dis¬
unite the Cameronians from the Cavaliers, by demon-
ftrating the abfurdity, flnfulnefs, and danger, of fucii a
proceeding. The India company was flattered with
the profpeft of being indemnified for the Ioffes they
had fuftained, and individuals by fharing an equivalent.
Their laft manoeuvre was to bring over a party in the
Scots parliament, nicknamed the Squadrons Volants,
from their fluftuating between miniftry an<ioppofition,
without attaching themfelves to any party till the cri¬
tical moment, which was either to cement both king¬
doms by a firm union, or involve them in. the calami¬
ties of war. By this unexpefied ftroke, the miniftry
obtained a deciiive viflory, and all oppofition was vain.
The articles of treaty were ratified by parliament, with
fome trifling variations, on the 25th of March 1 707;
when the duke of Queenfberry finally diffolved that
ancient affembly, and Scotland ceafed to be a feparate
independent kingdom.
On the conclufion of the treaty, the queen informed
both houfes of the Englifh parliament that the treaty
of union, with fome additions and alterations, was ra¬
tified by an afl of the parliament of Scotland ; that
ihe had ordered it to be laid before them, and hoped
it would meet their approbation. She obferved, that
they had now an opportunity of putting the laft hand
to a happy union of the two kingdoms: and that fhe
fhould look upon it as- a particular happinefs if this
great work, fo often attempted before without fuccefs,
could be brought to perfection in her reign. Objec¬
tions, however, were ilarted by the tory party ; but
they were at that time too weak to be heard with any
attention. Sir John Parkington compared the new
treaty to the marriage of a woman without her con-
fent. It was an union carried on by corruption and
bribery within doors, and by force and violence wiih-
out. The promoters of it had bafely betrayed their
truft, by giving up their independent conftitution ; and
he would leave it to the judgment of the houfe, whe¬
ther or not men of fuch principles were fit to be ad¬
mitted into their houfe of reprefentatives. Lord Ha-
verfham, in the upper houfe, faid, the queftion was,
Whether two nations, independent in their fovereign-
B R I
364
'The union
at firft dif-
. advantage¬
ous to Scot-
isnd.
ties, that had their diftinft laws and interefts, different
forms of worftiip, church-government and order, ftiould
be united into one kingdom ? He fuppofed it an union
made up of fo many incongruous ingredients, that
fhould it ever take effeiff, it would require a Handing
power and force to keep them from falling afunder,
and breaking in pieces every moment. Above an
hundred Scottiih peers, and as many commoners, he
£aid, were excluded from fitting and voting in parlia¬
ment, though they had as much right to fit there as
any Engliih peer had to fit and vote in the parliament
of England. The union, he faid, was contrary to the
fenfe of the Scottifh nation, the murmurs of the peo¬
ple had been fo loud as to fill the whole kingdom, and
had reached even the doors of parliament. That the
government had iffued a proclamation pardoning all
daughter, bloodlhed, and maiming committed upon
thofe who fhould be found in tumults; and from all
thefe circumftances he concluded, that the people of
Scotland were averfe to an incorporating union, which,
he fuppofed, would be a moft dangerous expedient to
both nations. All thefe arguments, however, were
anfwered by thofe of the oppofite party with fuch fnc-
cefs, that the union was unalterably completed on the
firft of May 1707 ; and the ifland took the name of
“ The United Kingdom of Great Britain.” The
-queen expreffed the higheft latisfa&ion when it received
the royal affent, and laid, “ She did not doubt but it
would be remembered and fpoke of hereafter, to the
honour of thofe who had been mftrumental in bringing
it to fuch an happy conclufion. She defired that her
fubje&s of both k ingdoms fhouldjfrom henceforward, be¬
have with all poffihle refpeft and kindnefs towards one
another ; that fo it might appear to all the world they
had hearts difpofed to become one people.” The firft
of May was appointed a day of public thankfgiving.;
and congratulatory addreffes were fent up from all
parts of England, excepting the univerfity of Oxford.
The Scots, however, were totally filent on the occa-
fion.
In this treaty, it muft be obferved, that the com-
miflioners on the part of England were not only able
ftatefmen, but, for the moft part, well fkilled in trade,
which gave them an evident advantage over thofe of
Scotland, who confifted of lords and gentlemen who had
no commercial knowledge. Hence they were over¬
matched by the former in the great objects which were
to give the turn to national profperity; though they
were very careful to preferve all their heritable offices,
fuperiorities, jurifdiAions, and other privileges and
trappings of the feudal ariftocracy. Had the Englifh
commiflioners made a liberal ufe of the advantages af¬
forded them at this time, it would have been in their
power greatly to have enriched themfelves as well as
the inhabitants of Scotland ; “ but inftead of this (fays
Mr Knox), in negociating with a ruined kingdom,they
were influenced by the then narrow, fhort-lighted prin¬
ciple of commercial monopoly ; and the confequences
were fuch as might, with a fmall degree of refledtion,
have been forefeen. Inftead of a folid compad, afford¬
ing, upon the whole, reciprocal advantages, and which
it would have been the inclination as well as intereft
of both nations to preferve inviolate, the conceffions
on the part of Scotland, and the reilridtions on their
;trade, were fo quickly andfeverely felt, that about the
[ 630 ]
B R I
fixth year after the ratification of the treaty, the fixteen Briuii
peers who firft reprefented Scotland in the upper houfe,“'Y—
, 365
though moft of them had been the fupporters of ad-
miniftration in promoting the uidon, unanimoufly mo¬
ved for its diffolution. The motion was followed by a
violent debate, in which, however, the Scottifh peers
were at laft over-ruled, and thenceforth the nation fub-
mitted reluftantly to its fate. The metropolis, having
no manufactures, now beheld itfelf deprived of its on¬
ly fupportby the tranllation of the parliament to Lon¬
don. The trading towns pined under the duties and
reftri&ions on their commerce; the whole -kingdom,
after fo many fatal difafters, feemed completely ruin¬
ed beyond recovery, and all degrees of men funk under
the weight of thefe complicated misfortunes. The
firft fruits of the treaty in Scotland was a board of cuf-
toms and another of excife, with the appointment of
commiffioners, collectors, &c. with other neceffary offi
cers, who were immediately diftributed over the feve-
ral fea-ports and diftridts of the nation, In many parts
they were roughly ufed, particularly the excife officers;
and, in the Orkneys, the officers were fo frightened
by the country people, that for fome time the bufinefs
was obliged to be poftponed.”
In 1708, there was a warm debate in the grand Difiblm
committee of the houfe of lords, occafioned by a bill0^.tiie ^
paffed by the commons for rendering the union of thej^IV} <fj|
two kingdoms more entire and complete, whereby it
was enafted, that, “ from the firft of May 1708, there
fhould be but one privy council in the kingdom of
Britain.”—Of this affair Mr Cunningham gives a par¬
ticular account, and informs us that he himfelf had a
hand in the affair, and that he had “ from his youth
borne a juft hate to the privy council of Scotland.”
The arguments for the diffolution were its enormous
ftretches of power and afts of. cruelty ; that it could
now be of no other ufe in Scotland, than that the court
might thereby govern every thing at pleafure, and
procure fuch members of parliament as they thought
proper ; againft which both Scots and Englifh ought
now carefully to guard themfelves- On the other hand,
it was argued, that the abide of the power complained
of was no argument forthe entire diffolution of thecoun-
cil, though it was for a reftrittion and limitation of it $
that it was neceffary that a privy council fhould remain
in Scotland, out of regard to the ancient cuftoms of
the country, and to reftrain the rage of the people
which was then ready to break out beyond all bounds.
The diffolution, however, was carried by 50 againft
40 ; after which the nation, being deprived of this laft
fragment of their ancient government, the oppofers
of the union railed the animofities of the people to a
dangerous height; but the ferment abated after an in¬
effectual attempt in favour of the pretender. 366
Wemuftnow return to the duke of Marlborough, who Fren‘;h J
had gone over to Flanders, where he feemed refolved to
puftihis good fortune. Peace had been offered more than
once; treaties entered upon, and as often fruftrated. Af¬
ter the battle of.Ramillies, the king of France had em¬
ployed the eleCtor of Bavaria to write letters in his
name to the duke of Marlborough, containing propo-
fals for opening a congrefs. He offered to give up ei¬
ther Spain and its dominions, or the kingdoms of Naples
and Sicily, to Charles of Auftria, and to give a barrier
to the Dutch in the Netherlands. But thefe terms
b r r
■s tain, were reje&ed. The two armies once more met in num-
"*l|v ' bers nearly equal at * Oudenarde (a). Anengage-
CW<'-mcnt enfued, in which the French were defeated, and
"T Lifle (b) the flrongeft town in Flanders, Gent, Bruges,
and all the other towns in that country, foon after fell
j into the hands of the vi&ors. The campaign ended
with fixing a barrier to the Dutch provinces, and it
now only remained to force a way into the provinces of
the enemy.
The French king, being now in a manner reduced to
defpair, again fued for peace ; but the demands of the
allies were fo high, that he was obliged to rejeft them,
and prepare for another campaign. This was in the
year 1709. The firft attempt of the allies was on the
ffl city of Tournay, garrifoned by 12,000 men, and ex-
i jr ceedingly ftrong both by nature and art. After a
l terrible fiege of 21 days, the town capitulated ; and a
month afterwards the citadel, which was ftill ftronger
than the town. Next followed the bloody battle of
MMal- Malplaquet f; where the allied army, confifting of
M-t. 110,000 men, attacked the F rench confiflingof 120,000,
I ftrongly polled and fortified in fuch a manner that they
WFIT 1 ^eeme<^ T-1’^ inaccefiible. Nothing, however, was able
Biiet a "t0 ftand before the allied army ; they drove the French
from their fortifications: but their victory coft them
dear; 20,000 of their bell troops lay dead on the field
of battle ( c). The confequence of this vidlory was the
lif furrender of the city of Mons, which ended the cam*
i8 paign.
:am- The laft campaign of the duke or Marlborough,
of the which happened in the year 1711, is faid to have ex-
celled all his former exploits. He was oppofed by the
llJO" marfhal Villars, the fame who had commanded the
French in the battle of Malplaquet. He contrived his
meafures fo, that, by marching and countermarching,,
he induced the enemy to quit a ftrong line of entrench*
ments without ftriking a blow, which he came after¬
wards and took pofleffion of. This enterprize was fol¬
lowed by the taking of Bouchain, which was the laft:
military atchievement of this great general. By a con¬
tinuance of conduct and fuccefs almoft unparalleled,.he
had gained to the allies a prodigious trail of country.
From the beginning of the war, which had now con¬
tinued nine years, he had perpetually advanced, and
never retreated before his enemies, nor loft an advan¬
tage he had obtained over them. He moft frequently
gained the enemy’s polls without fighting; but where
t 63r ]
B R I
he was obliged to attack, no fortifications were able to Britain,
refill him. He had never befieged a city which he did -v——^
not take, nor engaged in a battle in which he did not
come off victorious. Thus the allies had reduced un¬
der their command Spanilh Guelderland, Limbourg,
Brabant, Flanders, and Hainault; they were mailers
of the Scarpe, the capture of Bouchain had opened for
them a way into the heart of France, and another cam¬
paign might have made them matters of Paris: but on
the duke’s return from this campaign, he was accufed
of having taken a bribe of 6000I. a-year from a Jew He is difV
who had contradled to fupply the army with bread ; miffed from»
and the queen thought proper to difmifs him from alia‘Husem-
his employments. Payments..
- On the removal of this- great general the command
of the Britilh forces was given to the duke of Or¬
mond. The tranfailions which followed, as repre- '
fented by Mr Cunningham, are by no means favourable
to the charailer of the Britilh nation. He reprefents
the people at large as blinded by an headftrong and furi--
ous clergy, who wifhed to revive the abfnrdities of the
Romifh religion^ and to unite the Ehglifh and Galil¬
ean churches; the general of the army ailing a molt
infidious part, by giving the enemy intelligence of the
defigns of the. allies before he declared that he was not
to ait in concert with them-; and'the queen herfelf as
commanding him to ail fuch a lhamefut part, nay as
ailing in a fimilar manner herfelf. Prince Eugene
complained much of the inailivity of the Englilh ge¬
neral, though he feemed to be unacquainted with his
treachery ;. white the whole army loaded him with ex¬
ecrations, calling him “ a ftupid tool, and a general of
ftraw.” All this, however, was in vain ; the duke
continued to prefer the commands of his fovereigrt
to every other confideration.
The difgrace of the duke of Marlborough had been
owing to the prevalence of the tory party, who had
now got the whig minillry turned out: the con¬
fequence of this was, that in fpite of all the remon-
llrances, memorials, &c. of the allies, the Britifh ar¬
my in Flanders was ordered not to ait offenfively.
Hence the operations languilhed, a conliderable
body of the allies was cut off at Denain, and the 371*
French re-took fome towns. A peace was at laft Peace wire**
concluded in 1713, between France and Britain. France-
In this treaty it was ftipulated, that Philip, now ac¬
knowledged king of Spain, ftiould renounce all right
(a) In this engagement the eleiloral prince of Hanover, afterwards George I. of Britain, greatly diftin-
guifhed himfelf, and gained the whole glory of the firft attack. In the engagement his horfe was killed un¬
der him, and colonel Lufchki clbfe by his fide. “ On that day (fays Cunningham), this excellent young prince
difeovered fuch courage as no man living ought to forget, and as all pofterity will never furpafs.”
(b) At the fiege of Lifle, Cunningham relates the following anecdote, of the magnanimity of a common
foldier. “ This man had the good fortune to take prifoner major general Colbert, brother to the marquis de
Torey. The prifoner, greatly taken with the clemency, humanity, and good behaviour of the foldier, offered
him 200 louis d’ors, and a captain’s poll for life, if he would give him his liberty. The foldier, however, re¬
filled the temptation, alleging the dilhonour that would attend fuch conduft ; and afleing him at the fame
time, how, when raifed to the rank of a captain, he could'look his general in the face for whom he had fought
for fo many years?-—This inftance of fidelity weighed fo much with prihee Eugene and the duke of Marl¬
borough, that the former made him a prefent, and the latter gave him a captain’s commiffion.”
(c) Cunningham differs prodigioufly from this account. His computation being no more than 6cco
killed and 9000 wounded on the part of the allies, and 7000 killed and 1 o,cao wounded on the part of the
French.
B R I [6;
BFitain. to tlie crown of France, the union of two fuch power-
V—"J ful kingdoms being thought dangerous to the liberties
of Europe. It was agreed, that the duke of Berry,
Philip’s brother, and after him in fucceffion, fhould al-
fo renounce his right to the crown of Spain, in cafe he
became king of France. It was ftipulated, that the
duke of Savoy fhould poffefs the ifland of Sicily, with
the title of king ; together with Feneftrelles, and other
places on the continent; which increafe of dominion was
in fome meafure made out of the fpoils of the French
monarchy. The Dutch had the barrier granted them
which they fo much defired; and if the crown of France
was deprived of fome dominions to enrich the duke of
Savoy, on the other hand the houfe of Auftria was
taxed to fupply the wants of the Hollanders, who were
put in poffefilon of the flrongell towns in Flanders.
The fortifications of Dunkirk were demolifhed. Spain
gave up Gibraltar and the ifland of Minorca. France
refigned her pretenfions to Hudfon’sbay, Nova Scotia,
and Newfoundland ; but was left in poffeflion of Cape
Britain, and the liberty of drying fifh upon the fhore.
Among the articles glorious to the Britifh nation, their
fetting free the French Proteflants confined in the pri-
fons and galleys for their religion, was not the lead me¬
ritorious. For the emperor it was flipulated, that he
fhould poffefs the kingdom of Naples, the duchy of
Milan, and the Spanifh Netherlands. The king of
Prufiia was to have Upper Guelder; and a time was
fixed for the emperor’s acceding to thefe articles, as he
had for fome time obdinately refufed to afiift at the ne-
gociation. This famous treaty was figncd at Utrecht
on the laft day of March 1713.
This year was alfo remarkable for an attempt of the
Scottilh peers and commons to diffolve the union,
which, as has been obferved', had proved exceedingly
difagreeable and diftrefsful to the nation. During the
debates on this fubjedt, the earl of Peterborough en¬
deavoured to prove the impoflibility of diffolving the
treaty, which he compared to a marriage, that, being
once contradted, could not be diffolved by any power
on earth. He obferved, that though England, who,
in the national marriage, muft be fuppofed to repre-
fent the hufband, had in fome inflances been unkind
to the lady, fhe ought not prefently to fue for a di¬
vorce ; and added, when the union was termed a mere
political expedient, that it could not have been made
more folemn, unlefs, like the ten commandments, it
had come from heaven. The duke of Argyle alfo,
who had originally promoted the union, now declared
againft it, and faid, that unlefs it were diffolved he
did not long expeft to have either property left in
Scotland or liberty in England. By fome other peers
it was alleged that the union had not produced its in¬
tended effeft; that it had been defigned to promote
friendlhip between the two nations; but, fo far from
anfwering the purpofe, the animofities between them
were never fo great as then ; and if they were feparated
again they would be better friends. This motion was
over-ruled in the houfe ; but the difcontent of the
people ftill continued, and addrefles were prepared
throughout the kingdom, and matters were in danger
of coming to the worlt extremities, when the attempt
pf the pretender in 1715 fo divided the minds of the
people, that no unanimous effort could ever after¬
wards be made; though the union was long generally
N° 56.
!* ]• . . B R I
confidered, and flill is by fome individuals, as a na- Bnfaift'
tional grievance. ' 1
The hiftory of the latter part of this reign confifts '• i|.|
entirely of the intrigues of the whigs and toriesagainft
each other ; which, as they are now of no importance,
it is needlefs to take up time in relating, further than
that the tory influence continued to prevail. Whether
the minillry at this time wifhed to alter the fucceffion diiVolve i jii
from the Hanoverian line, cannot now be clearly made union. r |j
out ; but certain it is, that the whigs firmly believed |||
it, and the tones but faintly denied the charge. The JJ
fufpicions of the former became every day ftronger, -
particularly when they faw a total removal of the
whigs from all places of trull and confidence through-
out the kingdom, and their employments beftowed on j ||
profeffed tories, fuppofed to be maintainers of an un¬
broken hereditary fucceffion. >j
The violent diffenfions between thefe two parties, Death oi j
their unbounded licentioufnefs, cabals, and tumults,the lluee‘
made the queen’s fituation very difagreeable; her health y
declined ; and on the 28th of July 17T4, fire fell into
a lethargic infenfibility. Notwithflanding all the me- ]
dicines the phyficians could p'referibe, the diflemper ' t|f
gained ground fo fall, that next day they defpaired of
her life. All the members of the privy council, Vith-
out dillinction, were now fummoned from the different i
parts of the kingdom; and theybegan to provide for the
fecurity of the conllitution. A letter was fent to the
eledtor of Hanover, informing him of the queen’s de- , jill
fperate fituation, and defining him to repair to Hoi- j|
land, where he would be attended by a Britifh fqua-
dron to convey him to England. At the fame time
they difpatched inftru&ions to the earl of Strafford at
the Hague, to defire the States-general to be ready to
perform the guaranty of the Proteflant fucceffion. Pre*
-cautions were taken to fecure the fea-ports ; and the
command of the fleet was beftowed upon the earl of
Berkeley, a profeffed whig. Thefe meafures, which
were all didlated by that party, anfwered a double end. . I
They argued the alacrity of the‘whigs in the caufe
of their new fovereign, and feemed to imply that the
ftate was in danger from the difaffedtion of the oppo-
fite party.
On the 30th of July the queen feemed to be fome-
what relieved by the medicines which had been given
her. She rofe from her bed about eight in the morn¬
ing, and walked a little. After fome time, calling her
eyes on a clock that flood in her chamber, fhe conti¬
nued to gaze at it for fome minutes. One of the la*
dies in waiting afked her what fhe faw there more than
ufual ? to which the queen only anfwered by turning M
her eyes upon her with a dying look. She was foon
after fazed with an apopledlic fit; from which, how¬
ever, fhe was fomewhat recovered by the affiilance of
Dr Mead. She continued all night in a ftate of flu-
pefadlion. She gave fome figns of life betwixt twelve
and one the next day ; but expiied the following morn¬
ing, a little after feven o’clock, having lived 49 years,
and reigned upwards of 12. This princefswas re- : 1
markable neither for her learning nor her capacity.
Like all the reft of her family, fhe feemed rather fitted
for the duties of private life than a public flation ;
being a pattern of conjugal fidelity, a good mother, a
warm friend, and an indulgent miftrefs; and to her
honour it certainly mull be recorded, that during her
reign
B R I [ 633 1 B R I
I Britain, reign none fuffered on the fcaffold for treafon. In her
Y-—' ended the line of the Stuarts; a family who never re¬
warded their friends, nor ever avenged them of their
adverfaries ; a family whofe misfortunes and mifcon-
| 374 duifts are not to be paralleled in hiftory.
Iie is fuc The queen had no fooner refigned her breath than
leded by the privy-council met, and three inftruments were pro-
eorge I. ,jucej} which the ele&or of Hanover appointed fe-
veral of his known adherents to be added as lords ju-
ftices to the.feven great officers of the kingdom. Or¬
ders alfo were immediately iffuei out for proclaiming
George king of England, Scotland, and Ireland. The
regency appointed the earl of Dorfet to carry him the
intimation of his acceffion to the crown, and to attend
L him in his journey to England. They fent the general
officers, in whom they could confide, to their polls;
!j : they reinforced the garrifon of Portfmouth, and ap¬
pointed the celebrated Mr Addifon fecretary of Hate.
No tumult, no commotion, arofe againft the acceffion
of the new king; and this gives a ftrong proof that
the tories, had they really intended to exclude him,
never took any rational meafures to accomplilh their
. j75 purpofe. _
e arrives The king firfl landed at Greenwich 5 where he was
(England received by the duke of Northumberland, captain of
the lifeguard, and the lords of the regency. From the
landing-place he walked to his houfe in the park, ac¬
companied by a great number of the nobility and other
perfons of ditlindlion, who expefted fo make their court
in this reign in confequence of their turbulence and
oppofition to the reigning party in the laft. George I.
was 54 years old when he afcended the Britilh throne.
His mature age, his fagacity and experience, his nu¬
merous alliances, and the general tranquillity of Eu-
■; rope, all contributed to eftablilh his interells, and pro-
mife him a peaceable and happy reign. His virtues,
though not Ihining, were folid ; and he was of a very
different difpofition from the Stuart family whom he
fucceeded. Thefe were known to a proverb for leaving
their friends in extremity ; George, on the contrary,
foon after his arrival in England, was heard to fay,
“ My maxim is, never to abandon my friends, to do
jullice to all the world, and to fear no man.” To thefe
qualities of refolution and perfeverance, he joined great
application to bufinefs. One fault, however, with re¬
gard to England, remained behind : he ftudied the in-
terefts of the kingdom he had left more than of thofe
he came to govern.
k favours The new king foon difcovered his inclination to fup-
' *e whigs. port thofe who had raifed him to the throne, that is,
the whig party. When he retired to his bed-chamber,
after his firft landing, he fent for fuch of the nobility
as had diftinguilhed themfelves by their zeal for his
U ; • fucceffion. He expreffed the greateft regard for the
duke of Marlborough juft then arrived from the conti¬
nent, whither he had been driven by the violence of
the tories. The fame friendihip he profeffed for the
other leaders of the whigs; but the tories found them¬
felves excluded from the royal favour. The king did
not feem fenfible that the monarch of a faction rules
j but one half of his fubjedts. It was his misfortune,
I and confequently that of the nation, that he was hem¬
med round by men who foured him with all their own
1, interefts and prejudices. Thp whigs, while they pre-
] tended to fecure the crown for the king, were ufing all
J - Vol. III. Part II.
their art to confirm their own interefts, extepd their Britain^
connexions, and give laws to their fovereign. An in- —y—^
ftantaneous change was made in all the offices of truft,
honour, or advantage. The names of the contending
parties were changed into .thofe of Hanoverians and
Jacobites. The former governed the fenate and court,
oppreffed whom they would, bound the lower orders
of people by fevere laws, and kept them at a diftance
by vile diftinXions; and then taught them to call this
liberty. 377
In confequence of thefe partialities, the higheft dif-National
contents were raifed through the whole kingdom. The.dlfcontcIlts*
tories or Jacobites raifed the moil terrible outcries; and
had the pretender been a man of any judgment or abi¬
lities, a fair opportunity was now offered him of ftriking
a decifive blow. Inftead of this, he continued a calm
fpeXator on the continent, and only fent over his emif-
faries to difperfe ineffeXual manifeftoes and delude the
unwary. In thefe papers he obferved, that the late
queen had intentions of calling him to the crown. He
expoftulated with his people upon the injuftice they
had done themfelves in proclaiming a foreign prince for
their fovereign, contrary to the laws of the country,
that gave him alone the real claim. Copies of a printed
addrefs were fent to the dukes of Shrewfbury, Marlbo¬
rough, Argyle, and other noblemen of the firft diftinc-
tion; vindicating his right to the crown, and complain¬
ing of the injuftice of his people. Yet, though he ftill
complained of their conduX, he never took any ftep to
correX his own, or remove that obftacle by which his
father had loft his throne. He ftill continued to profefs
the trueft regard to the Catholic religion ; and, inftead
of concealing his fentiments on that head, gloried in his
principles.
But, however much the Popilh religion was at that
time hated in England, the principles of the diffenters
were not in the leaft more agreeable to the generality.
The tories affirmed, that, under a whig adminiftration,
heTtfy and impiety were daily gaining ground. The
lower orders of the clergy joined in thefe complaints,
and pointed out feveral traXs publiffied in favour of
Arianifm and Socinianifm. The miniftry not only re-
fufed to puniffi the delinquents, but filenced the clergy
themfelves, and forbad their future difputations on 373
thefe topics.—The parliament was now diffolved, and Parliament
another called by a very extraordinary proclamation, diffolved.
In this the king complained of the evil defigns of
men difaffeXed to his fucceffion ; and of their having
mifreprefented his conduX and principles. He expref¬
fed his hopes, that his fubjeXs would, fend up to par¬
liament the fitteft perfons to redrefs the prefent difor-
ders. He intreated that they would eleX fuch in par¬
ticular as had expreffed a firm attachment to the Pro-
teftant fucceffion when it was in danger. In the elec¬
tion of this important parliament, uncommon vigour
was exerted on both fides; but by dint of the moneyed
intereft that prevailed in corporations, and the aXivity
of the miniftry, a great majority of whigs was return¬
ed both in England and Scotland. ^
Upon the firft meeting of this new parliament, the violent
moft violent meafures were refolved upon againft the proceedings
late miniftry. Part of them kept away from bufinefs.of t)^e new
A committee , was appointed to infpeX all the paperspar iament*
relative to the late treaty, and to pick out fuch of
them as might ferve for grounds of accufation againft
4 L the
Britain.
B It I
r 634 i
B It I
tlie late rmmitry. The earl of Oxford was impeached himfelf greatly outflanked by the infurgentg. The BntaSrj,
©f high treafon, and fent to the Tower. The violence duke, therefore, perceiving_the earl make attempts to 
of the commons was anfwered with equal violence with- furround him, was obliged to alter his difpofition,
out doors. Tumults became every day more frequent, which, on account of the fcarcity of general officers, was
and every tumult ferved only to increafe the feverity of not done fo expeditioufly as to be finiflied before the re-
the legillature. They now paffed an aA, declaring, bels began the attack. The left wing of the duke’s
^ * r n r army received the centre of the enemy, and fupported
380
Rebellion
in Scotland.
that if any perfons to the number of 12, unlawfully af-
fembled, ffiould corltinue together one hour after being
required to difperfe by a juftice of peace or other of¬
ficer, and after hearing the aft again!! riots read in
public, they firould be deemed guilty of felony with¬
out benefit of clergy. This is a very fevere aft, and
one of the great eft reftriftions on the liberty of the fub-
jeft that has paffed during this century ; as, by it, all
meetings of the people, either for the purpoies of a-
mufement or redrefs, are rendered criminal, if it lhall
pleafe any magiftrate to confider them as fuch.
Thefe vindiftive proceedings excited the indignation
of the people, who perceived that the avenues of royal
favour were clofed to ail but a faftion. A rebellion
commenced in Scotland, where to their other grievances
they joined that of the union, which they were taught
to confider as an oppreffion. The malecontents of this
country had all along maintained a correfpondence with
their friends in England, who were now driven by re-
fentment and apprehenfion into a fyftem of politics they
would not otherwife have dreamed of. Some of the
tory party, who were men attached to the Proteftant
religion, and of moderate principles in government,
began to affociate with the Jacobites, and to wifti in
earneft for a revolution. Scotland firft fhowed them
the example. The earl of Mar, affembling 300 of his
vaffals in the Highlands, proclaimed the pretender at
Caftleton ; and fetting up his ftandard at Braemar, af-
fumed the title of lieutenant-general of his majefy’s for¬
ces. To fecond thefe attempts, two veffels arrived
from France, with arms, ammunition, and a number
of officers, together with affurances to the earl, that
the pretender himfelf would (hortly come over to head
his own forces. In confequence of this promife, the
earl foon found himfelf at the head of 10,000
well armed and provided. He fecured the pafs of Tay returned quietly home.
the rirft charge without ftirinking. It feemed even for
a while viftorious, and the earl of Clanronald was
killed. But Glengary, who was fecond in command,
undertook to infpire his intimidated forces with cou¬
rage ; and, waving his bonnet, cried out feveral times.
Revenge! This animated the rebel troops to fuch a
degree, that they followed him clofe to the points of
the enemies bayonets, and got within their guard A
total rout began to enfue of that wing of the royal ar¬
my ; and general Wetham, their commander, flying
full fpeed to Stirling, gave out that the rebels were
completely viftorious. In the mean time, the duke of
Argyle, who commanded in perfon on the right, at¬
tacked the left of the enemy ; and drove them before
him two miles, though they often faced about and at¬
tempted to rally. Having thus entirely broken that
wing, and driven them over the river Allan, he re¬
turned back to the field of battle; where, to his great
mortification, he found the enemy viftorious, and pa¬
tiently waiting for the affault. However, inftead of
renewing the engagement, both armies continued to
gaze at each other, neither caring to begin the attack.
In the evening, both parties drew off, and both
claimed the viftory. All the advantages of a vic¬
tory, however, belonged to Argyle. He had inter¬
rupted the progrefs of the enemy ; and, in their circum-
ftances, delay was defeat. In faft, the earl of Mar foon
found his Ioffes and difappointments increafe. The
caftle of Invernefs, of which he was in poffeffion, was
delivered up by lord Lovat, who had hitherto profeffed
to aft in the intereft of the pretender. The marquis
of Tullibardine forfook the earl, in order to defend his
own part of the country ; and many of the clans fee¬
ing no likelihood of coming to a fecond engagement.
38 r
Battle near
jDutnblain.
at Perth, where his head-quarters were eftabliffied; and
made himfelf mafter of the whole province of Fife, and
all the fea-coaft on that fide of the frith of Forth. He
marched from thence to Dumblain, as if he had in¬
tended to crofs the Forth at Stirling-bridge ; but there
he was informed that the duke of Argyle, who on
this occafion was appointed commander in chief of all
the forces in North Britain, was advancing again!! him
from Stirling with all his own clans, affifted by fome
troops from Ireland. Upon this, he thought proper
at firft to retreat; .but being foon after joined by fome
of the clans under the earl of Seaforth, and others un¬
der general Gordon, an experienced officer, who had
fignalized himfelf in the Ruffian fervice, he refolved
to face the enemy, and directed his march towards the
fouth.
The duke of Argyle, apprized of his intentions, and
at any rate willing to prove his attachment to the pre-
fent government, refolved to give him battle in the
neighbourhood of Dumblain, though his forces did not
amount to half the number of the enemy. In the mor¬
ning, therefore, he drew up his army, which did not
exceed 3500 men, in order of battle} but he foon found
In the mean time, the rebellion was ftill more unfuc- Badcomhi
cefsfully profecuted in England. From the time theof J3mes(
pretender had undertaken this wild projeft at Paris, in paUy'
which the duke of Ormond and lord Bolingbroke were
engaged, lord Stair, the Englifh ambaffador there, had
penetrated all his defigns, and fent faithful accounts of
all his meafures and of all his adherents to the miniftry
at home. Upon the firft rumour, therefore, of an in-
furreftion, they imprifoned feveral lords and gentle¬
men, of whom they had a fufpicion. But thefe pre¬
cautions were not able to Hop the infurreftion in the
weftern counties, where it was already begun. All
their preparations, however, were weak and ill con-
dufted ; every meafure was betrayed to government as
foon as projefted, and many revolts were repreffed in the
very outfet. The univerfity of Oxford was treated with
great feverity on this occafion. Major-general Pepper,
with a ttrong detachment of dragoons, took poffeffion
of the city at day-break, declaring that he would in-
ftantly !hoot any of the ftudents who fhould prefume
to appear without the limits of their refpeftive col-
leges.
The infurreftion in the northern counties came to
greater.
B RI [ 635 ] B R I
Britain, greater maturity. In the month of O&ober lyiyj
  the earl of Derwentwater, and Mr Forfter, took the
ji field with a body of horfe, and, being joined by fome
[the earl of gentlemen from the borders of Scotland, proclaimed
lerwent- the pretender. Their firlt attempt was to feize upon
ater. Newcaltle, in which they had many friends 5 but find¬
ing the gates fhut againft them, they retired to Hex¬
ham. To oppofe thefe, general Carpenter was de¬
tached by government with a body of 900 men, and
an engagement was hourly expefted. The rebels had
. two methods by which they might have conduced
Ithemfelves with prudence and fafety. The one was to
march diredfly into the weftern parts of Scotland, and
there join general Gordon, who commanded a llrong
body of Highlanders. The- other was to crofs the
Tweed, and boldly attack General Carpenter, whofe
forces did not exceed their own. From the infatuation
attendant on the meafures of that party, neither of
thefe counfels was purfued. They took the rout to
Jedburgh, where they hoped to leave Carpenter on one
fide, and penetrate into England by the weftern bor¬
der. This was the effeftual means to cut themfelves
off either from retreat or afliftance. A party of High¬
landers, who had joined, them by this time, at firft re-
fufed to accompany them in fuch a defperate incurfion,
and one half of them aftually returned to their own
S country. At Brampton, Mr Forfter opened his com-
miflion of general, which had been fent him by the earl
; of Mar, and there he proclaimed the pretender. They
continued their march to Penrith, where the body of
the militia that was affembled to oppofe them fled at
their appearance. From Penrith they proceeded by
the way of Kendal and Lancafter to Prefton, of which
j. 3g4 place they took poffeffion without any refiftance. But
Ibels for- this was the laft ftage of their ill-advifed excurfion :
!i to fur- for general Wills, at the head of 7000 men, came up
to attack them ; and from his activity there was no
Y * efcaping. They now, therefore, began to raife barri-
cadoes about the town, and to put the place in a pof-
ture of defence, repulfing the firft attacks of the royal
army with fuccefs. Next day, however, Wills was
reinforced by Carpenter, and the town was invefted on
all fides. In this deplorable fituation, to which they
were reduced by their own raftinefs, Forfter hoped to
, || capitulate with the general; and accordingly fent co-
, lonel Oxburgh, who had been taken prifoner, with a
trumpeter to propofe a capitulation. This, however.
Wills refufed ; alleging that he would not treat with
rebels, and that the only favour they had to expeft
was to be fpared from immediate daughter. Thefe
were hard terms, but no better could be obtained.
They accordingly laid down their arms, and were put
under a ftrong guard. All the noblemen and leaders
were fecured, and a few of their officers tried for de-
ferting from the royal army, and (hot by order of a
court-martial. The common men were imprifoned at
Chefter and Liverpool; the noblemen and confiderable
officers were fent to London, and led through the
ftreets pinioned and bound together, to intimidate
' their party.
» furd Though the fchemes of the pretender appear -to have
1 vduft of been foolifhly enough condufted in Britain, yet they
a ares s werc mUch more fo in France. Bolingbroke had been
M dice? nrade his fecretary at Paris, and Ormond his prime
minifter. But thefe ilatefmen quickly found that no¬
thing could be done in favour of his caufe. The king Britain,
of France, who had ever efpoufed the intereft of the
abdicated family, was juft dead ; and the duke of Or¬
leans, who Cucceeded in the government of the king¬
dom, was averfe to lending the pretender any affiftance.
His party, however, which was compofed of the lotfeft
and the moft ignorant exiles from the Britifti dominions,
affe&ed the utmoft confidence, and boafted of a cer¬
tainty of fuccefs. The deepeft fecrets of his cabinet,
and all his intended meafures, were bandied about in
coffee-houfes by perfons of the loweft rank both in
fortune and abilities. Subaltern officers refolved to be
his generals; and even proftitutes were entrufted to
manage his negociations. Little therefore Could be
expe&ed from fuch affiftants and fuch councils. gg
Though, by this time, the pretender might eafily Pretender
have feen that his affairs were defperate ; yet, with his lands in
ufual infatuation, he refolved to hazard his perfon a-®cotland I
mong his friends in Scotland, at a time when fuch a
meafure was too late for fuccefs. Faffing, therefore,
through France in difguife, and embarking in a fmall
veffel at Dunkirk, he arrived, after a voyage of a few
days, on the coafts of Scotland, with only fix gentle¬
men in his train. He paffed unknown through Aber¬
deen to Fetereffo, where he was met by the earl of
Mar, and about 30 noblemen and gentlemen of the
firft quality. There he was folemnly proclaimed ; and
his declaration, dated at Comerey, was printed and
difperfed. He went from thence to Dundee, where
he made a public entry ; and in two days more he ar¬
rived at Scoon, where he intended to have the cere¬
mony of his coronation performed. He ordered thankf-
givings to be made for his fafe arrival; he enjoined the
minifters to pray for him in their churches ; and with¬
out the fmalleft (hare of power, went through the ce¬
remonies of royalty, which threw an air of ridicule on
all his condudl. Having thus fpent fome time in un¬
important parade, he refolved to abandon the enter-
prize with the fame levity with which it was under¬
taken. Having made a fpeech to his grand council,
he informed them of his want of money, arms, and
ammunition, for undertaking a campaign, and there¬
fore deplored that he was obliged to leave them. He ^
once more embarked on board a fmall French fhip that And again
lay in the harbour of Montrofe, accompanied with fe- leaves it.
veral lords, his adherents; and in five days arrived at
Graveline.
General Gordon, who was left Commander in chief
of the forces, with the affiftance of earl Marefchal, pro¬
ceeded at their head to Aberdeen, where he fecured
three veffels to fail northward, which took on board
fuch perfons as intended to make their efcape to the
continent. He then continued his march through the
Highlands, and quietly difmiffed his forces as he went
forward. This retreat was made with fuch expedition,
that the duke of Argyle, with all his aftivity, could
never overtake his rear, which confifted of 1000 horfe.
The rebellion being ended, the law was put in force crUe] treat„
with all its terrors ; and the prifons of London were ment of the
crowded with thofe deluded perfons, whom the mini- rebels,
ftry feemed refolved not to pardon. The commons,
in their addrefs to the crown, declared they would pro-
fecute, in the moft rigorous manner, the authors of
the late rebellion ; and their meafures were as vindic¬
tive as their refolutions were fpeedy. The earls of
4 L 2 Der-
389
IDuration
of the par¬
liament
lengthened,
390
Britain
threatened
'with an in-
vafion by
CharksXII.
B R I [ 636 ] B R I
Derwentwater, Nithfdale, Carnwath, and Wintown, highly provoked againft him for having entered into a Brit-aim
the lords Widrington, Kenmuir, and Nairne, were im- confederacy with the Ruffians and Danes during his '
peached; and, upon pleading guilty, all but'lord Win- abfence at Bender, and for having purchafed from the
town, received fentence of death. No intreaties could king of Denmark the towns of Bremen and Verden,
prevail upon the miniftry to fpare thefe unhappy men. which conftituted a part of his dominions. In con-
The houfe of lords even prefented an addrefs to the fequence of this, Charles maintained a clofe correfpond-
throne for mercy, but without effedt; the king only an- ence with the diffatisfied fubje&s of Great Britain
fwered, that on this, as on all other occahons, he would and a fcheme was- formed for landing a confiderable
adt as he thought mofl. confiftent with the dignity of body of Swediih forces, with the king at their head, in
the crown and the fafety of the people. Orders were fame part of the ifland, where it was expedled they
accordingly difpatched for executing the lords Der- would be joined by all the malecontents in the kingdom,
wentwater, Nithfd&le, and Kenmuir, immediately ; Count Gyllenburg, the Swediffi minifler in London,
the reft were refpited to a farther time. Nithfdale, was peculiarly active in the confpiracy ; but being
however, had the good fortune to efcape in woman’s feized, with all his papers, by order of the king, the
clothes that were brought him by his mother the night confederacy was broke for that time. A bill, how-
before his execution. Derwentwater and Kenmuir ever, was paffed by the commons, forbidding all com-
were brought to the fcaffold on Tower-hill at the time merce with Sweden ; the trade with which country was
appointed. Both underwent their fentence with calm at that time of the utmoft confequence to the Englifti
intrepidity,, and feemingly lefs moved than thofe who merchants. George having paffed through Holland to
beheld them. Hanover, in order to fecure his German dominions,.
An adfc of parliament was next made for trying the entered into a new treaty with the Dutch and the re¬
private prifoners in London, and not in Lancafhire gent of France, by which they agreed mutually to afr
where they were taken in arms. This was coniidered, fift each other in cafe of an invafioh ; and for his fur-
by fome of the beft lawyers, as an alteration of the an- ther fecurity, the commons granted him 250,000/.
cient conftitution'of the kingdom, by which it was But the,death of the Swediffi monarch, who was foon
fuppofed, that every prifoner ffiould be tried in the after killed at the fiege of Fredericffiall in Norway,
place where the offence was committed, as a jury of put an end to all difquietude from that quarter,
neighbours would be beft qualified to enter into the Among the many treaties for which this reign was
nature of the offence. In the beginning of April, remarkable, one had been concluded, which was called
commiffioners for trying the rebels met in the court of the quadruple alliance. It was agreed between the em.
common pleas, when the bills were found againft Mr peror, France, Holland, and Britain, that the empe-
Forfter, Mr Macintoffi, and 2.0 of their confederates.^ ror ffiould renounce all pretenfions to the crown of
Forfter efcaped from Newgate, and reached: the con- Spain, and exchange Sardinia for Sicily with the duke
tinent in faifety ; the reft pleaded not guilty. Pitts of Savoy; that the fucceffion to the duchies of Tuf-
the keeper of Newgate, being fufpe&ed of having con- cany, Parma, and Placentia,.ffiould be fettled on the
nived at Forfter’s efcape, was tried for his life, but ac- queen of Spain’s eldeft fon^ in cafe the prefent poffef-
quitted. After this, Macintoffi, and feveral other pri- fors ffiould die without male iffue. This treaty, how-
foners, broke from Newgate, after having mattered the ever, was by no means agreeable to the king ©f Spain;
keeper and turnkey, and difarmed the centinel. The and confequently it became prejudicial to the Engliffi, w'ar^wi
court proceeded to the trial of thofe that remained; as it interrupted the commerce with that kingdom. Asjaio.
four or five were hanged, drawn, and quartered, at war foon after commenced between Spain and the em.
Tyburn. The judges appointed to try the rebels at peror, who was confidered as the principal contriver of
Liverpool found a confiderable number of them guilty the treaty,; and a numerous body of Spaniffi forces
of high treafon. Two-and-twenty were executed at were fent into Italy to fupport Philip’s pretenfions in
Manchefter and Prefton ; about 1000 experienced the that quarter. The regent of France attempted in vain
king’s mercy, if fuch it may be called, to be tranf- to diffuade him, and the king of Britain offered his
ported to North America. mediation with the like bad fuccefs; their interpofition
The rebellion being thus extinguiffied, the danger was confidered as partial and unjuft. A Spaniffi war
of the ftate was made a pretence for continuing the par- was then, refolved on. A fquadron. of 22 ffiips was e-
liament beyond the term fixed for its diffolution. An quipped with all expedition, the command, of which
aft; therefore, was made by their own authority, re- was given to Sir George Byng,.and ordered to fail for
pealing that by which they were to be diffolved every Naples, at that time threatened with a Spaniffi army,
third year, and the term of their duration was extended He was received with the greateft joy by the Neapoli,
to feven years. This attempt in any delegated body tans; who informed him that the Spaniards, to the a-
of people to increafe their own power by extending it, mount of 30,000, were then a&ually lauded in Sicily,
is contrary to the firft principles of juftice. If it was In this exigence, as no affiftance could be given by
right to extend their duration to feven years, they land, he refolved to fail thither, fully determined to
might alfo perpetuate their authority; and thus cutoff purfue the Spaniffi fleet on which the army was em-
even the ffiadow of a nomination. The bill, however, barked. Upon .coming round Cape Faro, he perceived:
paffed both houfes, and all objections to it were con- two fmall Spaniffi veffels ; and purfuing them clofely,,
fidered as difaffeftion. The people might murmur at they led-him to their main fleet, which, before noon,.;
this encroachment, but it was too late for redrefs. he difeovered in line of battle, amounting in all to 27
Domeftic concerns being thus adjufted, the king re- fail. The Spaniards, however, notwithftanding of their
folved upon a voyage to the continent. He forefaw a fuperiority in number, attempted to fail away: but
ftorm gathering from Sweden. Charles XII. was finding it impoffible to make their efcape, they kept
up.
R I
iif Britain, up a running fight, and the commanders tehaved with
J—, 1 great courage and activity; fh fpite of which they were
all taken except three, which were preferved by the
I 1 conduct of one Cammoc, their vice-admiral, a native
1 of Ireland. Sir George Byng behaved on this occa-
fion with great prudence and refolution; and the king
wrote him a letter with his own hand, approving his
conduft.
I tended The rupture with Spain was thought to be favourable
Ivafion by to the interefts of the pretehder; and it was hoped that
e Spani- by the affiftance of cardinal Alberoni the Spanifh mi-
P* nifter, a new infurreftion might be excited in England.
The duke of Ormond was the perfon fixed upon to con-
dud this expedition; and he“ obtained from the Spanifli
court a fleet of ten fliips* of war and tranfports, having
on board 6ooo regular troops, with arms for 12,000
more. But fortune was ftill as unfavourable as ever.
Having fet fail, and proceeded as far as.Cape Einifterre,
he was encountered by a violent llorm,. which dif-
! : abled his fleet, and fruftrated the expedition. This
misfortune, together with the bad fuccefs of the Spanifli
arms in Sicily and other parts of Europe, induced Phi¬
lip to wiflr for.a ceffation of arms; and he at laft con-
fented to fign the quadruple alliance, by which means
peace was again reftored to Europe.
Jh parlia- Tranquillity being thus eftablilhed, the miniftry pro-
$nt made ceeded to fecure the dependency of the Irifh parliament
-na-n, on tjiat 0£ England. One Maurice Annefley had ap¬
pealed to the houfe of peers of England from a decree
made by the Irilh peers, and their decree was reverfed.
The Britifh peers ordered the barons of exchequer in
Ireland to put Mr Annefley in poffefiion of the lands
[ 637 ]
b r r
jpendenl
s that of
(itain.
nine millions and an half of money; for which they Britain,
granted at the rate of 6 per cent, interell. As this
company was not the only one to which government
was indebted, Sir Robert Walpole formed a defign of
leflening the national debts, giving the feveral compa¬
nies an alternative either of accepting a lower intereft,
namely 5 per cent, or of being paid the principal. The
different companies chofe rather to accept of the dimi-
nifhed intereft than to be paid the principal. The
South-fea company, in particular, having augmented
their loan to ten millions, were contented to receive
500,000!. annually as intereft, inftead of 600,0001.
which they ufually received. In the fame manner, the
governors and company of the bank, and other com¬
panies, were contented to receive a diminifhed annual
intereft for their refpedtive loans; all which greatly
leflened the debts of the nation.
In this fituation of things, one Blount a fcrivener pro-
pofed to the miniftry, in the name of the South-fea
company, to buy up all the debts of the different com¬
panies, and thus for the South-fea company to becoms
the foie creditors of the ftate. The terms he offered to
government were extremely advantageous. The South-
fea company was to redeem the debts of the nation out
of the bauds of the private proprietors who were cre¬
ditors to the government, upon whatever terms they
could agree on ; and for the intereft of this money
which they had thus redeemed and taken into their-
own hands, they would be contented to be allowed by
government 5 per cent, for fix.years;, after which the
intereft fhould be reduced to 4 per cent, and Ihould at
any time be redeemable by parliament. For thefe pur-
he had loft by the decree of the lords in that kingdom, pofes a bill paffed both houfes. But now came the part
The barons obeyed this order; and the Irifh peers paf¬
fed a vote againft them, as having attempted to diminifh
the juft privileges of the parliament of Ireland ; and at
the fame time ordered the barons to be taken under the
of the fcheme big with fraud and ruin. As the direc¬
tors of the South-fea company could not of themfelves
be fuppofed to poffefs fo much money as was fufficient
to buy up the debts of the nation, they were empowered
cuftody of the black rod. On the other hand, the houfe to raife it by opening a fubfcription to an imaginary
of lords in England refolved, that the barons of the ex¬
chequer in Ireland had a died with courage and fidelity; ^
and addreffed the king to fignify his approbation, of greater expected by the rapacious credulity of the peo-
fcheme for trading in the South leas; from which
commerce immenfe advantages were promifed, and ftill
pie. All the creditors of government, therefore, were
invited to come in, and exchange their fecurities, viz.
the fecurity of government, for that of the South-fea
company. The direftors books were no fooner opened
for the firft fubfcription, than crowds came to make the
exchange of government ftack for South-fea ftock. The
delufipn was artfully continued and fpread. Subfcrip-
tions in a few days fold for double the price they, had
been bought at. The fcheme fucceeded beyond even the
projedlor’s hopes,, and the whole nation was infe&ed
with a fpirit of avaricious enterprize. The infatuation
prevailed; the ftock increafed to a furprifing degree,
even to near ten times the value of what, it was firft
bought for.
After a few months, however, the people waked
from their dream of riches; and found that all the ad¬
vantages they expected were merely imaginary, while
thoufands of families were involved in one common
ruin.. Many of the directors, by whole arts the people£);rgJ^rj.
their condudt, by fome marks of his favour. To com
plete their intention, a bill was prepared, by which the
Irifh houfe of lords was deprived of all right of final
jurifdiftion. This bill was oppofed in both houfes, but
particularly by the commons. It was there afferted by
Mr Pitt, that it would only increafe the power of the
Englilh peers, who were already but too formidable.
Mr Hungerford demonftrated, that the Irilh lords
had always exerted their power of finally deciding
caufes. Notwithftanding all oppofition, the bill was
carried by a. great majority, and. foon. after received the
royal affent.
This blow was feverely felt by the Irifh; but was
by no means fp great as that which the Englilh about
this time felt from the South-faa fchems, which com¬
menced in the year 172U. To explain this as concifely
as poffible, it muft be obfe*ved, that ever fince the re¬
volution under king William, thie government not ha¬
ving fufficient fupplies granted by parliament, or what , _ .
was granted requiring time to be colle&ed, they were were taught to expeft fuch great benefits from a traffic punned.
obliged to borrow money from feveral different compa¬
nies of merchants; and among the reft from that com¬
pany which traded to the South-fea. In the year 1716,
the government was indebted to this company about
to the South feas, had amaffed confiderable fortunes by
the credulity of the public. It was fome confolation,
however, to the people to find the parliament lharing
in the general indignation, and refolving to ftrip thofe
unjuft-
B R I [ 638 ] B R
tBntaic. unjull plunderers of their poffefiions. -Orders were firft of his age, and 13th of hi? reign,
given to remove all the directors of the South-fea com¬
pany from their feats in parliament, and the places they
polfelfed under government. The principal delinquents
were punifhed by a forfeiture of all fuch poffeffions and
o , | o His body was con- Britain,
veyed to Hanover, and interred among his anceflors. ' v~“'
On the accefiion of George II. the two great parties George II
into which the nation had lb long been divided, again fuccseds.
changed their names, and were now called the court
eltates as they had acquired during the Continuance of and country parties. Throughout the greateft part ofconteRsb
this popular frenzy. The next care was to redrefs the
fufferers. Several juft and ufeful refolutions were taken
by parliament, and a bill was fpeedily prepared for re¬
pairing the late fufferings as far as the infpe&ion of the
legiflature could extend. Of the profit arifing from the
South-fea fcheme, the fum of feven millions were given
back to the original proprietors ; feveral additions were
alfo made to their dividends out of what was poffeffed
hy the company in their own right; and the remaining
capital ftock was alfo divided among the old proprie¬
tors at the rate of 33 per cent.—In the mean time, pe¬
titions from all parts of the kingdom were prefented to
this reign, there feem to have been too obje&s of con- tween the;
troverfy, which rofe up in debate at every felfion, and court an
tried the ftrength of the opponents ; thefe were the na- cou"try
tional debt, and the number of forces to be kept in pay. ^
The government on the prefent king’s acceffion owed
more than 30,000,000 of money ; and tho’ there was
a long continuance of profound peace, yet this fum was
found conftantly increafing. It was much wondered at
by the country party how this could happen, and it was
as conftantly the bufinefs of the court to give plaufible
reafons for the increafe. Thus, demands for new fup-
plies were made every feffion of parliament, either for
the houfe demanding juftice ; and the whole nation the purpofes of fecuring friends upon the continent, of
feemed exafperated to the.higheft degree. Public cre¬
dit fuftained a terrible ftrock. Some principal mem¬
bers of the miniftry were deeply concerned in thefe
fraudulent tranfaftions. The bank was drawn upon
fafter than it could fupply ; and nothing was heard
guarding the kingdom from internal confpiracies, or of
enabling the miniftry to act vigoroufiy in conjun&ion
with the powers in alliance abroad. It was vainly al¬
leged that thofe expence$ were incurred without pre-
fcience or neceffity; and that the increafe of the national
39<5
but the ravings of difappointment, and the cries of debt, by multiplying and increafing taxes, would at laft
defp:
become an intolerable burden to the poor. Thefe ar-
Unfuccefs- By degrees, however, the effedts of this terrible ca- guments were offered, canvaffed, and rejedted ; the court
n of ad¬
miral Ho¬
ller.
ful expedi- lamity wore off, and matters returned to their former
* f J tranquillity. A new war with Spain commenced. Ad¬
miral Hofier was fent to South America to intercept
the Spanilh galleons ; but the Spaniards, being appri¬
zed of his defign, relanded their treafure. The greateft
part of the Britilh fleet fent on that expedition was
rendered entirely unfit for fervice. The fe'fmen were
•cut off in great numbers by the malignity of the cli-
party wa^ conftantly vidtorious, and every demand was
granted with cheerfulnefs and profufion. ^
The next thing worthy of notice in the reign ofAcco
George II. is the charitable corporation. A fociety of the charit
men had united themfelves into a company by this name; hjecorpoii
and their profeffed intention was to lend money at legal tlon‘
intereft to the poor upon fmall pledges, and to per-
fons of higher rank upon proper fecurity. Their capi-
mate and the length of the voyage, while the admiral tal was at firft limited to L. 30,000, but they afterwards
r-: j 1 j- j t 1 ^ r. 1-. _•  t-'l:   r. i- j
himfelf is faid to have died of a broken heart. In order
to retaliate thefe hoftilities, the Spaniards undertook
the fiege of Gibraltar ; but with as little fuccefs on
their fide. In this difpute France offered her mediation;
and fuch a reconciliation as treaties could procure
increafed it to L. 600,000. This money was fupplied by
fubfeription, and the care of conducing the capital was
intrufted to a proper number of direftors. This com¬
pany having continued for more than 20 years, the ca-
-fhier, George Robinfon, member for Marlow, and the
the confequence : a temporary peace enfued ; bothfides warehoufe keeper, John Thomfon, difappeared in
only watching an opportunity to renew hoftilities with
advantage.
I)eath of Soon after the breaking up of the parliament in the
king Geo. 1 year 1727, the king refolved to vifit his eledtoral do¬
minions of Hanover. Having appointed a regency in
his abfence, he embarked for Holland, and lay, upon
his landing, at a little town called Voet. Next day he
proceeded on his journey ; and in two days more, be-
day. Five hundred thoufand pounds of capital were
found to be funk or embezzled by means which the
proprietors could not difeover. They therefore, in a
petition, reprefented to the houfe the manner in which
they had been defrauded, and the diftrefs to which many
of the petitioners were reduced. A fecret committee
being appointed to examine into this grievance, a moft
iniquitous fcenc of fraud was foon difeovered, which
tween ten and eleven at night, arrived at Delden, to all had been carried on .by Thomfon and Robinfon, i
appearance in perfect health. He fupped there very
heartily, and continued his journey early the next morn¬
ing ; but between eight and nine ordered his coach to
flop. It being perceived that one of his hands lay mo-
tionlefs, monfieur Fabrice, who had formerly been fer-
vant to the king of Sweden, and who now attended
king George, attempted to quicken the circulation, by
concert with fome of the dire&ors, for embezzling the
capital and cheating the proprietors. Many perfons
of rank and quality were concerned in this infamous
confpiracy ; and even fome of the firft chara&ers in the
nation did not efcape cenfure. No lefs than fix mem¬
bers of parliament were expelled for the moft fordid adts
of knavery. Sir Robert Sutton, Sir Archibald Grant,
chafing it between his own. As this had no effett, the and George Robinfon, for their frauds in the mana'ge-
furgeon who followed on horfeback was called, and he
rubbed it with fpirits. Soon after, the king’s tongue
began to fwell, and he had juft ftrength enough to bid
them haften to Ofnaburgh. Then, falling infenfible
into Fabrice’s arms, he never recovered ; but expired
about 11 o’clock the next morning, in the 68th year
ment of the charitable corporation fcheme; Dennis
Bond, and ferjeant Burch, for a fraudulent fale of the
late unfortunate earl of Derwentwater’s eftate; and
laftly, John Ward, of Hackney, for forgery. It was
at this time afferted in the houfe of Lords, that not
one Hulling of the forfeited eftates was ever applied to
the
B B. I
[ 6.39 1
wiptaln. the ferviee of the public, but became the reward of
frau(ju}ence an(j venality.
IJ1?1 This happened in the year 1731 ; and in 1732, a
i me re- fcheme was formed by Sir Robert Walpole of fixing
Isd. a general excife. He introduced it by recounting the
frauds pra&ifed by the factors in London that were
|h employed in felling the American tobacco. To pre¬
vent thefe frauds, he propofed, that inftead of having
the cuftoms levied in the ufual manner upon tobacco,
all hereafter to be imported (hould be lodged in ware-
houfes appointed for that purpofe by the officers of
the crown ; and fhould from thence be fold, upon pay¬
ing the duty of 4 d. per pound, when the proprietor
found a purchafer. This propofal raifed a violent fer¬
ment, both within doors and without. At laft, the
fury of the people was worked up to fuch a pitch,
that the parliament-houfe was furrounded by multi¬
tudes, who intimidated the miniilry, and compelled
them to drop the defign. The mifcarriage of the bill
was celebrated with public rejoicings in London and
Wellminfter, and the minifter was burned in effigy by
the populace at London.
On this occafion an attempt was made to repeal the
feptennial bill, and bring back triennial parliaments, as
fettled at the Revolution. But notwithftanding the
warmth of the oppofition, the miniftry, exerting all
their {Length, were victorious, and the motion was fup-
fflAment preffed by the majority. However, as on this occafion
b r r
>1 lived.
the country party fecmed to have gained {Length, it was
thought proper to diffolve the parliament; and another
was^called by the fame proclamation.
The fame difputes were carried on in this parliament
as in the former. New fubjefts of controverfy offered
every day, and botli fides were eager to feize them. A
convention agreed on by the miniftry, at the Prado, with
Spain, became an objedt of warm altercation. By this
the court of Spain agreed to pay 95,000!. to the Eng-
Jilh, as a fatisfadfion for all demands ; and to difcharge
the wholfe in four months from the day of ratification.
This, however, was confidered as not equivalent to the
damages that had been fuftained, which were faid to
amount to 340,000!. On this occafion the minifter was
provoked into unufual vehemence, and branded the
oppofite party with the appellation of traitors. The
miniftry, as ufual, were vidloricus; and the country
party finding themfelves out-numbered and out-voted in
every debate, refolved to withdraw forever: Walpole,
being thus left without oppofition, took the opportu¬
nity of paffing feveral ufeful laws in their abfence, in
order to render the oppofite party odious or contemp-
3 tible.
In 1739, a new war commenced1 with Spain. Ever
fince the treaty of Utrecht, the Spaniards in America
had infulted and diftreffed the commerce of Great
Britain ; and the Britifh merchants had endeavoured
to carry on an illicit trade in their dominions. As
a right of cutting logwood in the bay of Campeachy,
claimed by the Britifh, gave them frequent opportuni¬
ties of puthing in contraband commodities upon the
continent, the Spaniards refolved to put a flop to the
4 evil by refufing liberty to cut logwood in that place.
Bello The Spanifti guarda-coftas continued their feverities
upon tho Britilh, and many Britifti fubje&s were fent
to dig in the mines of Potoft. One remonftrance fol¬
lowed another to the court.of Madrid ; but the only an-
fwers given were promifes of inquiry, which produced' Britain-
no reformation. In X739, war was declared with all
proper folemnity; and foon after, admiral Vernon, with
fix {hips only, deftroyed all the fortifications of Porto
Bello, and came away vi&orious, with fcarce the lofs
of a man. 40f
As the war was thus fuccefsfully begun, fupplies Anfon’- cr-
were cheerfully granted to profecute it with all imagi-l)edltIon;
nable vigour. Commodore Anfon was fent with a fqua-
dron of {hips to diftrefs the enemy in the South feas,
and to co-operate occafionally with admiral Vernon a-
crofs the ifthmus of Darien. This fquadron was defign-
ed to aft a fubordinate part to a formidable armament
that was to be fent againft New Spain ; but through the
mifmanagement of the miniftry both thefe fchemes were
fruftrated. Anfon was detained till too late in the
feafon ; he then fet out with five fhips of the line, a
frigate, and two ftore-lhips, with about i4Co.men.
Coming into the ftormy South feas at a very wrong
feafon of the year, he encountered the moft terrible
ftorms; his fleet was difperfed, and his crew deplorably
affiifted with the fcurvy; fo that with much difficulty
he gained the delightful ifland of Juan Fernandez.
Here he was joined by one {hip and a frigate of feven
guns. From thence failing along the coaft of Chili,
he plundered and burnt the town of Paita. Pie next
traverfed the great Pacific ocean, in hopes of meeting
with one of the immenfely rich galleons that trade from
the Philippine Hands to Mexico. Having refreftied
his men at the Hand of Tinian, he fet forward for
China ; and returning the fame way he came, at laft
difcovered the galleon. Her he engaged, and took ;;
and with this prize, valued at 313,0001. together with
other captures to the value of about as much more, he
returned home after a voyage of three years. By this
expedition the public fuftained the lofs of a fine fqua¬
dron of ftiips, but a few individuals became pofieffed of
immenfe fortunes. ^5.
The other expedition ended ftill more unfortunately. Unfuccefs-
The armament confifted of 29 {hips of the line, and al- hd ^c1*?**
moft an equal number of frigates, furniftied with allon CarH*»
kinds of warlike ftpres, near 15,000 feamen, and as®611*1'
many land forces. The moft fanguine hopes of fuccefs
were entertained ; but the miniftry detained the fleet
without any vifible reafon, till the feafon for aftion in
America was almoft over. At laft, however; they ar¬
rived before the wealthy city of Carthagena. They foon
became mafters of the ftrong forts which defended the
harbour. But though by this means they advanced a
good deal nearer the town, they found great difficul¬
ties ftill before them. It was afferted, that the fleet
could not lie near enough to batter the town, and there¬
fore the remaining forts muft be attempted by fcaladei
This dangerous experiment was tried ; the guides were
{lain by the enemy’s fire, and .then the forces miftook
their, way. Inftead of attempting the weakeft place of
the fort, they attacked the ftrongeft, and where they
were expofed to the fire of the whole town. Their fca-
ling ladders were too ftiort ; and, at laft, after bearing
a dreadful fire with great refolution for-fome hours,,
they retreated, leaving 600 men dead on the fpot. The
terrors of the climate now began to be more dreadful;
than thofe of war. The rainy feafon commenced with
finch violence, that it was impoffible for the troops to
continue their encampment. To thefe calamities was
j. added.
B R I
407.
added the dlffenfion between the fea and land command-
J ers*, who blamed each other, and at laft could be only
brought to agree in one mortifying meafure, t'/z. to re-
imbark the troops, and withdraw them as quick as pof-
fible.
[ 640 ]
B R t
Relignatioi
of Sir Ro¬
bert Wal¬
pole.
408
An army
lent into
Flanders.
409
Origin of
Poland ; but here he was befieged by 10,000 Ruffians, Britain. ,
the city taken, and he himfelf with difficulty made his "
efcape. France, however, (till refolved to affift him,
as this, it was thought, would be the moft effeftual me¬
thod of diftreffing the houfe of Auftria. Thefe views
The mifcarriage of this enterprize produced the of France were feconded by Spain and Sardinia, both of
greateft difcontents; efpecially as other caufes of com¬
plaint were now joined with it. Sir John Norris had
twice failed to the coafl. of Spain at the head of a very
which hoped to grow rich by-the fpoils of Auftria. A
French army, therefore, over-ran the empire, under the
conduft of the old marffial Villars ; while the duke of
powerful fquadron, without doing any thing to the pur- Montemar, the Spanifh general, was equally vi&orious
pofe. The commerce of Britain was greatly annoyed in the kingdom of Naples. The emperor was foon ob-
by the Spanifh privateers, who had taken 407 ffiips liged to fue for peace ; which was granted, but Stani-
fince the commencement of the war; while the Britifti flaus was neglected in the treaty. It was ftipulated that
fleets feemed to be quite inadtive, and to fuffer one lofs
after another, without endeavouring in the leaft to make
he ftiould renounce all claim to the kingdom of Poland ;
for which the emperor gratified France with the duchy
Thefe difcontents burft all at once of Lorraine, and fome other valuable territories,
upon Sir Robert Walpole ; a majority in the houfe of The emperor dying in the year x 740, the French be- Defperatj
cdmmons was formed againft him ; he was created earl gan to think this a favourable opportunity for exerting I tuation
of Orford, the parliament being adjourned for a few their ambition. Regardlefs of treaties, therefore, parti-^e<lue,1|
days for that purpofe; and he refigned all his employ- cularly that called the Pragmatic Santtion,by which the tlun&arii
late emperor’s dominions were fettled upon his daugh
The removal of this minifter gave univerfal fatisfac- ter, they caufed the eleftor of Bavaria to be crowned
tion. His antagonifts entertained great hopes of feeing
him punilhed: but he had laid his fehemes too well to
be under any apprehenfions on that account; and what
emperor. Thus the queen of Hungary, daughter of
Charles VI. was at once ftripped of her inheritance,
and was left for a whole year deferted by all Europe,
was worfe, the new miniftry were no fooner got in, than and without any hopes of fuccour. At the fame time
they trod in the footfteps of thofe they had fo much
exclaimed againft. The nation had now become dif-
gufted with naval operations. The people wifhed for
a renewal of their viftories in Flanders, and the king
ardently joined in the fame wifh. An army of 16,000
men was therefore (hipped over into Flanders, to take
part in the quarrels that were then beginning on the
continent. Immenfe triumphs were expected from this
undertaking; but they forgot that the army was not
now commanded by the duke of Marlborough.
In order to give fome notion of the origin of thefe
(he loft the province of Silefia by an irruption of the
young king of Pruffia, who took the opportunity of
her defencelefs date to renew his pretenfions to that
province, of which his anceftors had been unjuftly de¬
prived. France, Saxony, and Bavaria, attacked the reft
of her dominions: Britain was the only ally that feem¬
ed willing to affift her ; in which, however, Sardinia,
Holland, and Ruffia, foon after concurred.
It mud be owned that Britain had no other reafon for
interfering in thefe difputes, than that the fecurity of
the eleftorate depended upon nicely balancing the dif-
continental quarrels, it is neceffary to go back for fome ferent interefts of the empire ; and the miniftry were
’ years. After the duke of Orleans, who had been re- willing to gratify the king. His majefty informed the
gent of France, died, cardinal Fleury undertook to parliament, that he had fent a body of Britiffi forces
- fettle the confufion in which the kingdom was then
volved. Under him France repaired her lodes, and en-
into the Netherlands, which he had augmented by
’ 6,000 Hanoverians, to make a diverfion upon the do-
riched herfelf by commerce. During the long interval minions of France, in favour of the queen of Hungary,
of peace which this minifter’s councils had procured for , When the fupplies came to be confidered by which this
Europe, two powers, till now unregarded, began to additional number of Hanoverian troops was to receive
attract the notice and jealaufy of the neighbouring na¬
tions. Thefe were Ruffia and Pruffia. The other
dates were but little prepared to renew war. ThE'em-
pire remained under the government of/Charles VI.
pay from Britain for defending their own caufe, moft
violent parliamentary debates enfued; but the miniftry
carried their point by the ftrengthof numbers.
But, however prejudicial thefe continental meafures Relievs
who had been placed on the throne by the treaty of might be to the true interefts of Great Britain, they ef-.the Bri
Utrecht. Sweden continued to languiffi from the de- fe&ually retrieved the queen of Hungary’s defperate ^orces*
ftruftive proje&s of Charles XII. Denmark was power- affairs, and foon began to turn the fcale of victory —
ful enough, but inclined to peace; and part of Italy her fide. The French were driven out of Bohemia.'
Hill remained fubjeft to thofe princes who had been im-
pofed upon it by foreign treaties.
All thefe dates, however, continued to enjoy a pro-
Her general, prince Charles, at the head of a large ar¬
my, invaded the dominions of Bavaria. Her rival, the
nominal emperor, was obliged to fly before her; and
found peace, until the death of Auguftus king of Po- being abandoned by his allies, and ftripped even of his
land, by which a general flame was once more kindled hereditary dominions, retired to Frankfort, where he
in Europe. The emperor, affiftedby the arms of Ruf¬
fia, declared for the eleftor of Saxony, fon to the de-
lived in obfcurity.
In the mean time, the Britilh and Hanoverian army Battle
ceafed king. On the other hand, France declared for advanced, in order to effeft a jun&ion with that ofDettinj
Staniflaus, who had long fince been nominated king of prince Charles of Lorrain, in whichcafethey would have
the Poles by Charles of Sweden, and whofe daughter outnumbered their enemies. To prevent this, the French
the king of France had fince married. Staniflaus was oppofed an army of 60,000 men, under the command
gladly received at Dantzic, and acknowledged king of of the marlhal de Noailles, who polled his troops on
N° 56. 3 the
1
bll Britain.
I 41.1
|j tended
ju irafion
« 'Britain
fl | the
H cnch.
414
attle of
antenoy.
U "mifburg
:t ben.
B R I L 641 1 B R I
the caft fide of that river. The Bntifh army was com¬
manded by the earl of Stair, who had learned the art
of war under the great prince Eugene; Heverthelefs, he
fuffered himfelf to be inclofed by the enemy on every
fide, near a village called Dettingen. In this fituation,
the whole army, with the king himfelf, who had by this
time arrived in the camp, mull have been taken, had the
French behaved with prudence. Their impetuofity,
however, faved the whole army. They pafied a defile,
which they ought to have contented themfelves with
guarding; and, under the condud of the duke of Gra-
mont, their horfe charged the Britiih foot with great
fury. They were received with great refohxtion ; .and
at laft obliged to repafs the Mayne with precipitation,
and the lofs of about $qoo men.
Though the Britifh were vidorioils in this engage¬
ment, the French were very little difconcerted by it.
They oppofed prince Charles, and interrupted his at¬
tempts to pafs the Rhine, In Italy they alfo gained
fome advantages ; but their chief hopes were placed on
an intended invafion of England. From the violence
of parliamentary difputes in England, France had been
perfuaded that the country was ripe for a revolution,
and only Wanted the prefence of the pretender to bring
about a change. An invafion was therefore adually
projeded. The troops deftined for the expedition a-
tnounted to 15,000; and preparations were made for
embarking them at Dunkirk, and fome of the ports
neareft. to England, under the eye of the young pre¬
tender. The duke de Roquefuille, with 20 (hips of
the line, was to fee them fafely landed on the oppofite
fliore, and the famous count Saxe was to command
them when landed. But the whole projed was difcon¬
certed by the appearance of Sir John Norris, who with
a fuperior fleet made up to attack them. The French
fleet was obliged to put back; a very hard gale of wind
damaged their tranfports beyond redrefs; and the
French, now fruftrated in their fcheme of a fudden de-
fcent, thought fit openly to declare war.
The national joy for Sir John Norris’s fuccefs, how¬
ever, was foon damped by the mifcarriage of admirals
Matthews and Leftock; v/ho, thro’a mifunderfianding
between themfelves, fuffereda French fleet of 34 fail to
efcape them near Toulon. In the Netherlands the Bri-
tifh arms were attended with ftill worfe fuccefs. The
French had there affembled an army of 120,000 men,
commanded by count Saxe, natural fon to the late king
of Poland, an officer of great experience. The Englifh
were headed by the duke of Cumberland, who had an
inferior army, and was much inferior in the knowledge
of war to the French general. Count Saxe, therefore,
carried all before him. In 1743, he befieged Fribourg ;
and in the beginning,of the cartigaign 1744, invefted
the ftrong city of Tournay. To fave this place, if pof-
fible, the allies refolved to hazard an engagement; and
on this enfued the bloody battle of Fontenay, in which
the allies left on the field of battle near 12,000 men,
and the French almoft an equal number. In confe-
quence of this vi&ory, ToUrnay was foon after taken by
the French. To balance the bad fuccefs, however,
admirals Rowley and Warren had retrieved the honour
of the Britifh flag, and made feveral rich captures at
fea. The fortrefs of Louifburg, a place of great confe-
quence to the Britiflr commerce, furrendered to general
Pepperell; while, a (hort time after, two.French Eaft-
VoL.ru. Part II.
India fliips, and a Spanifli flrip from Peru laden with Britain,
treafure, put into the harbour, fuppofing it itill their 1 v-—'
own, and were taken.
During this gleam of returning fuccefs, Charles Ed- T .
Ward, the fon of the old pretender to the Brit-ifh crown, tender jlnds
refoNed to make an attempt to recover what he called in Scotland,
his right. Being ftirniflied with fome money from
France, he embarked for Scotland aboard a fmall fri¬
gate, accompanied by the marquis of Tullibardine, Sir
Thomas Sheridan, and fome others ; and for the con-
quell of the whole Britifh empire only brought with
them feven officers, and arms for 2000 men.
Fortune, however, feemed no way more favourable
to this attempt than to others fimilar to it. His con*
voy, a fhip of 60 guns, was fo difabled in an engage¬
ment with an Englifh man of war, that it was obliged
to return to Breft, while he continued his courfe to the
weftern parts of Scotland. On the 27th of July 1745,
he landed on the coaft of Lochaber, and was in a little
time joined by the highlanders, to the number of
1500 : the miniftryat firft could fcarcely be induced to
credit his arrival; but when they could no longer doubt
of it, they fent Sir John Cope with a fmall body of for¬
ces to oppofe his progrefs.
By this time the young adventurer was arrived at c .4'1^.
Perth, where he performed the ceremony of proclaim-tattle of6
ing his father king of Great Britain. From thence, Prefton-
defcending towards Edinburgh,' and his forces conti- Pans*
nually increafing, he entered the capital without oppo-
fition ; but was unable, for want of cannon, to reduce
the caftle. Here he again proclaimed his father ; and
promifed to diflblve the union, which was confidered as
one of the national grievances. In the mean time, Sir
John Cope, being reinforced by two regiments of dra¬
goons, refolved to give the enemy battle. The re¬
bels attacked him near Preftonpans, and in a few mi¬
nutes put him and his troops to flight, with the lofs of
500 men.
This vi&ory gave the rebels great influence; and had
the pretender marched direflfy to England, the confe-
quence might have been fatal to freedom. But he was
amufed by the promife of fuccours which never came ;
and thus induced to remain in Edinburgh till the fea*
fon for aftion was loft. He was joined, however, by
the earl of Kilmarnock, lord Balmerino, lords Cro¬
marty, Elcho, Ogilvy, Pitfligo, and the eldeft fon of
lord Lovat, who with their vaffals confiderably increa-
fed his army. Lord Lovat himfelf, fo remarkable for
his treachery, was an enthufiaft in favour of the preten¬
der, but was unwilling to adl openly for fear of the
miniftry. But while Charles was thus trifling away
his time at Edinburgh, the Britifh miniftry were taking
effeftual methods to oppofe him. Six thoufand Dutch
troops, that had come over to the affiftance of the
crown, were difpatched northward under the command
of general Wade ; but, as it was then faid, thefe could
lend no affiftance, being prifoners of France upon their
parole, and under engagements not to oppofe that
power for a year. But however this be, the duke of
Cumberland foon after arrived from Flanders, and was
followed by another detachment of dragoons and in¬
fantry, well difciplined and inured to adlion; and be-
fides thefe, volunteers offered themielves in every part
of the kingdom.
At laft, Charles refolved upon an irruption into
4 M Eng-
B R I [ 642 ] B R I
England. He entered that country by the weftern diately after the aftion, ordered 36 deferters to be exe- Britain.! ');
"’border, and took the town of Carlifle; after which he cuted: the conquerors fpread terror wherever they'““■V"*-'
 J 1.; L  J- t-— J   J -c - 4 fhort fpace, the whole country
continued his march fouthwards, having received aflu- came; and after ;
ranees that a coniiderable body of forces would be round was one dreadful feene of plunder, (laughter,
landed on the fouthern coafts to make a diverfion in and defolation.
his favour. He eftablifhed his head-quarters at Man
chefter, where he was joined by about 200 Englifh
Immediately after the engagement, the young pre- Adveii-
tender fled away with a captain of Fitzjames’s cavalry ;
formed into a regiment, under the command of colonel and when their horfes were fatigued, they both alighted,the y°'JnS
Townley. From thence he purfued his march to Der¬
by, intending to go by the way of Chefter into Wales,
where he hoped to be joined by a great number of male-
contents ; but in this he was prevented by the factions
419
Great con-
ftet ration
at Loudon.
among
his followers.
Rebels n
f. Ive to
return.
Being now advanced within 100 miles of London,
that capital was in the utmoft confternation ; and had
he proceeded with the fame expedition he had hitherto
ufed, perhaps he might have made himfelf mafter of it.
But he was rendered incapable of purfuing this, or any
other rational plan, by the difeontents which began to
prevail in his army. In fa£t, the young pretender was
but the nominal leader of his forces; his generals, the
Higland chiefs, being averfe to fubordination, and ig¬
norant of command. They were now unanimous in
their refolution to return to their own country, and
Charles was forced to comply. They retreated to Car¬
lifle without any lofs; and from thence crofting the ri¬
vers Eden and Solway, entered Scotland. They next
marched ta»Glafgow, which was laid under fevere con'
and feparately fought for fafety. There is a linking Preten er'
refemblance between the adventures of Charles II. after
the battle of Worcefter, and thofe of the young pre¬
tender after the battle of Cuiloden. For fome days he
wandered in the country. Sometimes he found refuge
in caves and cottages, without any attendants at all.
Sometimes he lay in forefts with one or two companions
of his diftrefs, continually purfued by the troops of the
conqueror, there being a reward of 30,0001. offered for
taking him either dead or alive. In the courfe of
his adventures, he had occafion to truft his life to the
fidelity of above 50 individuals; not one of whom
could be prevailed upon by fo great a reward as was of¬
fered, to betray him whom they looked upon to be
their king’s fen.
For fix months-the unfor tunate Charles continued to
wander in the frightful wilds of Glengary, often hem¬
med round by his purfuers, but ftill refeued by fome
providential accident from the impending danger. At
length, a privateer of St Maloes, hired by his adhe-
tributions. From thence advancing to Stirling, they rents, arrived in Lochranach, in which he embarked in
were joined by lord Lewis Gordon at the head of fome the moll wretched attire. He was clad in a Ihort coat
forces which had been affembled in his abfence. Other of black frize, thread-bare ; over which was a common
clans likewife came in ; and from fome fupplies of mo¬
ney received from Spain, and fome Ikirmilhes with the
royalifts, in which he was vidtorious, the pretender’s af¬
fairs began to wear a more promifing afpedl. Being
Highland plaid, girt round him by a belt, from which
hung a piftoi and dagger. He had not been ftufted for
many weeks; his eyes were hollow, his vifage wan, and
his conftitution greatly impaired by famine and fatigue.
joined by lord Drummond, he invefted the caftle of He was accompanied by Sullivan and Sheridan, two
Stirling, in the fiege of which much time was con-
fumed to no purpofe. General Hawley, who com¬
manded a confiderable body of forces near Edinburgh,
undertook toraife this fiege, and advanced towards the
rebel army as far as Falkirk. After two days fpent in
mutually examining each others ftrength, an engage¬
ment enfued, in which the king’s forces were entirely
defeated, with the lofs of their tents and artillery,
e- This was the end of all the triumphs of the re¬
bel army. The duke of Cumberland having arri¬
ved, was put at the head of the troops at Edin¬
burgh, which amounted to about 14,000 men. With
thefe he advanced to Aberdeen, where he was joined
by feveral of the nobility attached to the houfe of Ha¬
nover ; the enemy in the mean time retreating before
him He next advanced to the banks of the Spey, a
deep and rapid river, where the rebels might have dif-
puted*his paffage ; but their contentions with one ano-
Irifti adherents who had ftiared all his calamities ; toge¬
ther with Cameron of Lochiel, his brother, and a few
other exiles. They fetfail for France ; and, after ha- He efca^j
ving been chafed by two EnglHh men of war, arrived to France)
in fafety at a place called Rofeau near Morlaix in Bre-
ta£ne\ 42* ,
While the pretender was thus purfued, the fcaffolds Rebels ei>
and gibbets were preparing for his adherents. Seven- cuted. ‘
teen officers were hanged, drawn, and quartered, at Ken-
nington-common in the neighbourhood of London;
nine were executed in the fame manner at Carlifle, and
eleven at York. A few obtained pardons, and a con¬
fiderable number of the common men were tranfported
to America. The earls of Kilmarnock and Cromarty,
and lord Balmerino, were tried and found guilty of high
treafon. Cromarty was pardoned : but Kilmarnock
and Balmerino were executed ; as was alfo Mr Radcliffe
brother to the late earl of Derwentwater, who was fen-
ther were now rifen to fuch a height, that they could tenced upon a former conviction. Lord Lovat was
fcarce agree in any thing. At laft they refolved to wait tried, and fuffered fome time after.
their purfuers. An engagement enfued at Culloden *, Immediately after the fuppreflion of the rebellion,
near Invernefs ; in w-hich the rebels were defeated with the legiflature undertook to eftablifti feveral regulations latior.s in;
great daughter, and a final period was put to all the
hopes of the young adventurer. The conquerors be¬
haved with the greateft cruelty; refufing quarter
to the wounded, the unarmed, and the defencelefs
fome were flain who had only been fpedtators of the
combat, and foldiers were- feen to anticipate the bafe
employment of the executioner. The duke, imme-
in Scotland, which were equally conducive tp the hap- Scotlaod*
pinefs of the people and the tranquillity of the united
kingdoms. The Highlanders had till that time conti¬
nued to wear the military drefs of their anceftors, and
never went without arms. In confequence of this, they
confidered themfelves as a body of people dillinA from
the reft of the nation, and were ready, upon the fliorteft
notice.
lilies de¬
ll jated in
In l anders.
. 4xS
d MTesof
I Ip French
Jirts.
B R I [ 643 ] B R I
notice, to fecond the infurre&ions of their chiefs. Their
habits were now reformed by an a£t of legiflature, and
they were compelled to wear clothes of the common fa-
fhion. But what contributed ftill more to their real
felicity was the abolition of that hereditary jurifdidtion
which their chieftains exerted over them. The power
of their chieftains was totally deftroyed, and every fub-
jeft in that part of the kingdom was granted a partici¬
pation in the common liberty.
Soon after the battle of Culloden, the duke of Cum¬
berland returned to Flanders, where he refumed the
command of an army to which he was by no means
equal. The French carried every thing before them ;
and they reduced under their dominion all thofe ftrong
towns which had been taken by the duke of Marlbo¬
rough, and formed a barrier to the United Provinces.
They gained a confiderable victory at Roucroux; which,
however, colt them as many men as they dellroyed of
the enemy ; but thefe they could more eafily fpare, as
they were much more numerous. Another victory which
they obtained at La Feldt, ferved to deprefs the allied
army Itill lower. But the taking of Bergen-op-zoom,
the Itrongeft fortification of Brabant, reduced the Dutch
to a date of defperation.
Thefe victories and fucceffes in Flanders were, how¬
ever, countei balanced byalmoft equal difappointments.
In Italy, the marfhal Belleifie’s brother, attempting to
penetrate, at the head of 34,000 men, into Piedmont,
was defeated and killed. A fleet was fitted out for the
recovery of Cape Breton, but without fuccefs. Two
others were fitted out, the one to make a defcent upon
the Britilh colonies in America, and the other to carry
on the operations in the Eaft Indies; but thefe were
attacked by Anfon and Warren, and nine of their fliips
taken. Soon after this, commodore Fox, with fix fliips
of war, took above 40 French fliips richly laden, from
St Domingo ; and foon after this the French fleet was
defeated by admiral Hawke, who took feven fliips of
the line and feveral frigates.
For a long time Louis had been defirous of a gene¬
ral tranquillity; and this deiire he had even expreffed
to Sir John Ligonier, who was taken prifoner at the
battle of La Feldt. But now the bad fuccefs of his ad¬
mirals at fea, his armies in Italy, the frequent bankrupt¬
cies of his merchants at home, and the election of a
ftadtholder in Holland who gave fpirit to the oppofi-
tion ; all thefe contributed to make him weary of the
war, and to propofe terms of accommodation. This
was what the allies had long wiftied for, but had been
aftiamed to demand. A congrefs, therefore, was held at
Aix-la-Chapelle, where a treaty was concluded on the
following terms. 1. That all prifoners on each fide
fliould be mutually given up, and all conquefts reftored.
2. That the duchies of Parma, Placentia, and Guaftal-
la, fliould be ceded to Don Philip, heir apparent to the
Spanifli crown ; after whom thefe dominions ftiould re¬
turn to the houfe of Auftria. 3. That the fortifica¬
tions of Dunkirk towards the fea fliould be demoliflied;
and that the Britifli (hip annually fent with flaves to the
coaft of New Spain, fliould have this privilege continued
for four years. 4. That the king of Pruflia fliould be
confirmed in the pofi'efiion of Silefia, and that the queen
of Hungary ftiould be fecured in the poffeffion of her
patrimonial dominions. But the moft mortifying claufe
was, that the king of Great Britain ftiould immediately,
after the ratification of this treaty, fend two perfons of Britain.
rank to France as hoftages, until reflitution ftiould be 
made of Cape Breton and all other Britifli conquefts
made during the war. No mention was made of the
fearching Britilh veflels in the American feas, though
this was the original caufe of the quarrel. The limits
of their refpe&ive polfeffions in North America were
not afcertained ; nor did they receive any equivalent
for thofe forts which they reftored to the enemy. 43a
In the year 1751, died Frederic prince of Wales, of Death of
a pleurify thought at firft to be no way dangerous. Hethe Princ®
was greatly regretted ; for his good-nature had reri-of Wale8‘
dered him popular, and thofe who oppofed the prefent
adminiftration had grounded all their hopes of redrefs
upon his acceflion to the throne.
Some time before this, viz. in the year 1749, a
fcheme was entered upon, which the nation in general
imagined would b'e very advantageous. This was the
encouraging thofe who had been difcharged the army
or navy to become fettlers in Nova Scotia. This coun¬
try is cold, barren, and almoft incapable of cultivation. 43t
Neverthelefs, on account of this barren fpot, the Eng- HoftiHtie* "
lifli and French renewed the war, which foon after renewed,
fpread with fuch terrible devaftation over every part of
the globe. The poffeflion of this country was reckoned
neceffary to defend the Englifti colonies to the north,
and to preferve their fuperiority in the fiftieries in that
part of the world. The French, however, who had been
long fettled in the back parts, refolved to ufe every
method to difpoffefs the new comers, and fpirited up
the Indians to begin hoftilities. Another fource of dif-
pute alfo fprung up foon after in the fame part of the
world. The French, pretending to have firft difco-
vered the mouth of the river Miflifippi, claimed the
whole adjacent country towards New Mexico on the
eaft, quite to the Apalachian mountains on the weft.
In order to aflert their claims, as they found feveral
Englifii who had fettled beyond thefe mountains, they
difpcflefled them of their new fettlements, and built
fuch forts as would command the whole country round
about.
Negociations, mutual accufations, and hoftilities, firft;
took place between the two powers; at length, in 1756,
four operations were undertaken by the Brjtifti in
America at once. Colonel Monkton had orders to
drive the French from their encroachments upon the
province of Nova Scotia. General Johnfon was fent
againft Crown Point; General Shirley againft Niagara,
to fecure the forts on the river ; and General Braddock
againft Fort du Quefne. In thefe expeditions, Monk-
ton was fuccefsful; Johnfon alfo was vi&orious, though
he .failed in taking the fort againft which he was fent;
Shirley was thought to have loft the feafon of ope¬
ration by delay; and Braddock was defeated and
killed.
In return for this bad fuccefs, the Britifli made re-
prifals at fea ; and in this they were fo fuccefsful, that
the French navy was unable to recover itlelf during the
continuance of the war that was ftiortly after declared
on both fides. The firft ftep of the French was to
threaten an invafion. Several bodies of their troops
were fent down to the coafts that lay oppolite to the
Britifti ftiofes ; thefe were inftrudled in the manner of
embarking and relanding from flat-bottomed boatSj
which were made in great numbers for that expedition,
4 M 2 The
B R I
C ]
B R I
Britain. The number of men amounted to 50,000 : but all dif-
covered the utmoft reluctance to the undertaking.
Germany, they foon came to an agreement to affift Britain, jj
each other mutually. From this alliance a new com* —<■
The miniftry were greatly alarmed. They applied to bination took place among the European powers, quite Ne 43^ ,
the Dutch for 6000 men, which they were by treaty oppofite to the former ; and their forces were drawn
' out in the following manner. Britain oppofed France the Europe
in America, Aha, and on the ocean. France attack- an powersj,!
ed Hanover ; which the king of Pruffia undertook to
obliged to furniih in cafe of an invafion. This fupply
was refufed ; the Dutch alleging, that their treaty was
to fend the troops in cafe of an aCtual, and not a threat¬
ened, invafion. The king, therefore, finding he could proteft, while Britain promifed him troops and money
not have the Dutch forces till their affiftance would be to affift his operations. Auftria had their aims on the
too late, defifted entirely from his demand; and the dominions of Pruffia, and drew the ele&or of Saxony
Dutch with great amity returned him thanks for with- into the fame defigns. In thefe views the Auftrians
drawing his requelt. Upon this, 10,000 Heffians and were feconded by France, Sweden, and Ruffia, who
Hanoverians were brought over. But this occafioned had hopes of acquiiing a fettlement in the weft of
great difcontent. The miniftry were reviled for fuch
difgraceful condefcenfion, as if the nation was unable
to defend itfelf. The people only demanded a vigo-
Europe.
Thus the king of Pruffia lanched into the tumult
of war, having only the king of Britain for his ally, _
s exertion of their own internal ftrength, and then while the moft potent ftates of Europe were his anta-
feared no force that could be led to invade them.
gonifts. He now performed exploits perhaps unequal-
The Britiffi invafion, however, never took place: but led in the annals of modern ages ; for a particular a
a French army landed in Minorca, -and invefted the ci¬
tadel of St Philip’s, which was reckoned the ftrongeft
count of which, fee the article Prussia. The Britilh Unfuccefs.
miniftry, in order to procure a diverfion in his favour, f1* exP
in Europe; but the garrifon w-as weak, and noway planned an enterprize againft the coaft of France. Thep°“n^|a
fitted to Hand a vigorous fiege. To raife this fiege, deftination of the fleet equipped for this purpofe was
admiral Byng was difpatched with a fquadron of ten kept a profound fecret. At laft it appeared before
;t|
;alnl
men of war, with orders to relieve Minorca, or at any
rate to throw a body of troops into the garrifon. This
laft he reckoned too hazardous an undertaking; nor
did he even attempt it. Soon after, a French fleet ap¬
peared nearly equal in force to his own ; but the ad¬
miral refolved to aft only upon the defenfive. The
Rochford ; where the commanders, having trifled away
their time in deliberating how to proceed, fecured the
little ifland of Aix, an eafy and an ufelefs conqueft :
foon after which, they returned home, without attempt¬
ing any thing elfe. By this mifcarriage the miniftry
were fo difcouraged, that they had thoughts of aban-
French advanced ; a flight engagement enfued with doning the king of Pruffia to his fate ; and the king /
part of the Englilh fleet; after which, the French
flowly failed away, and another opportunity never oc¬
curred of coming to a clofer engagement. After this,
it was refolved in a council of war to return to Gib-
was aftually meditating a negociation of this nature,
when he was prevented by the expoftulations of his
diftreffed ally. From motives of generofity, therefore,
more than of intereft, it was refolved to continue to af-
■ raltar to refit, and that the relief of Minorca was im- fill him ; and fuccefs, which had long fled from the
prafticable. For this conduft Byng was brought
home under arreft, tried, and fentenced to death.
His fentence was to be fhotand he fuffered with the
greateft refplution, after delivering a paper filled with
proteftations of his innocence as to any treacherous in¬
tention.
After the conqueft of Minorca, the French declared
that they would revenge all injuries they ffiould fuftain
in their colonies on the king of Britain’s dominions in
Treaty with Germany. Upon this, the court of London, eager to
^ul ia* preferve Hanover, entered into a treaty with the court
of Ruffia, by which it was ftipulated, that a body of
50,00.0 Ruffians fhould be ready to aft in the Bri¬
tiffi fervice, in cafe Hanover ffiould be invaded by the
French. For this the czarina was to receive 100,0001.
annually, to be paid in advance. This treaty was op-
pofed by the king of Pruffia. He had long confider-
433
Admiral
By
434 .
Britiffi arms, once more began to return with double
fplendour. 48,
It was in the Eaft Indies where this returning fuc- Brkjfc fuc
cefsfirft began to appear (for an account of which feecefsinthe
the article Indostan) ; and their conquefts in the weft- Indie,
ern part of the world were about this time ftill more
fplendid than thofe in the eaft. But thefe fuccefles
fnuft, partly at leaft, be afcribed to the vigorous adrai-
niftration of Mr William Pitt, who about this time Mr Pitt
came into power. An expedition was fet on foot a- comesinta^
gainft Cape Breton, under general Amherft and admi- Power*
ral Bofcawen ; another, under general Abercrombie,
againft Crown Point and T’iconderagU ; and a third,
under brigadier-general Forbes, againft Fort du Quefne.
The fortrefs of Louiffiurg, which defended the ifland
of Cape Breton, was very ftrong both by nature and :
art; the garrifon was numerous, the commander vi¬
ed himfelf as guardian of the interefts of Germany, gilant, and every precaution had been taken to pre-
and was therefore alarmed at a treaty which threaten¬
ed to deluge the empire with an army of . barbarians.
Befides, he was already apprized of an agreement be-
vent a landing. But the aftivity of the Britifti fur-
mounted every obftacle; the place was furrendered by.
capitulation, and its fortifications were demoliffied-
tween the Auftrians and Ruffians, by which the latter The expedition againft. Fort du Quefne was equally
435 were to enter the empire and ftrip him of his late con- fuccefsful; but that againft Crown Point once more
Oppofed by-queft of Silefia. He therefore declared, that he would mifcarried. General Abercrombie attacked the French.
nQt ^u®er any f°ieign forces to enter the empire, either in their entrenchments, was repulfed with.great flaugh-
ru ia’ as auxiliaries or principals. The king of Britain now ter, and obliged to retire to his camp at Lake George.,
found himfelf obliged to drop his Ruffian conneftion, But though in this refpeft the Britiffi arms were un-,
and conclude a treaty with the king of Pruffia. As fuccefsful, yet, upon the whole, the campaign of lyyB-
both monarchs wiffied only to prevent the invafion of was greatly in their favour. The taking of Fort du,
Quefne
B R I [ <Uj ] B R I
iia ritain. Qaefne ferved to remove from their colonies the terror
. -v of the incurfions of the Indians, while it interrupted
11 . the correfpondence along a chain of forts with which
the French had environed, the Britifh fettlements in
America, fo that the fucceeding campaign promifed
440 great fuccefs.
aj sbec ta- In 1759, it was refolved to attack the French in fe-
|j i and Ca- veral parts of their empire at once. General Amherft
H iwredu- wJth a body of 12,000 men was commanded to attack
II [’ Crown Point; General Wolfe was to undertake the
fiege of Quebec ; while general Prideaux and Shr Wil¬
liam Johnfon were to attempt a French fort near the
catara&s of Niagara. Thislaft expedition was the firft
that fucceeded. The liege was begun with vigour,
and promifed an eafy conqueft ; but general Prideaux
was killed in the trenches by the burfting of a mortar,
| fo that the whole command devolved on general John¬
fon. A body of French troops, fenlible of the impor¬
tance of the place, attempted to relieve it; but were
11, utterly defeated and difperfed ; foon after which, the
garrifon furrendered prifoners of war. On his arrival
at the forts of Crown Point and Ticonderago, general
Amherft found them deferted and deftroyed. There
now remained, therefore, but one decifive blow to re¬
duce all North America under the Britilh dominion ;
► ?e !%ue- and this was by the taking of Quebec* the capital of
Canada. This expedition was commanded by admiral
Saunders and general Wolfe. The enterprize was at-
’ tended with difficulties which appeared unfurmount-
able; but all thefe difficulties were got over by the
conduft of general Wolfe, and the bravery of his men.
I He engaged and put to flight tli£ French under Mont-
II calm ; but, to the great regret of the Britilh, their ge¬
neral was killed in the aftion. The furrender of Que-
I i bee was the confequence of this vidlory, which was
Ifoon followed by the ceffion of all Canada. The follow-
1J ing feafon, indeed, the French made a vigorous ef¬
fort to recover the city ; but by the refoltition of go¬
vernor Murray, and the appearance of a Britilh fleet
under the command of lord Colvile, they were obliged
to abandon the enterprize. The whole province was
foon after reduced by the prudence and aftivity of ge-
reral Amherft, who obliged the French army to capi¬
tulate, and it has fince remained annexed to the Bri¬
tilh empire. About the fame time alfo the illand of
Guadaloupe was reduced by commodore More and ge-
r ,441 neral Hopfon.
s se of The Britilh affairs in Germany had at the beginning
fber: of the war worn a very unfavourable afpeA. The Ha-
s with noverians were commanded by the duke of Cumberland,
i .French, who was greatly outnumbered by the enemy. He was
driven beyond the Wefer, the paffage of which might
have been difputed with fome appearance of fuccefs;.
but the French were fuffered to pafs it unmolefted.
The Hanoverians were driven from one part of the
country to another, till at length they made a Hand
near a village called Hajieniack, where it was hoped
the numbers of the enemy would have the leaft oppor-
I j tunity of coming to a general engagement. The
I! . Hanoverians, however, left the field of battle to the
French, after a faint refiftance. Their enemies pur-
fued, and the duke retired towards Stade; by which
means he marched into a country from whence he could
peither procure provifions, nor attack the enemy with
any hopes of fuccefs. Here, being unable either to
efcape or advance, he was compelled to fign a capitu- Britain,
lation by which the whole army laid down their arms,
and were difperfed into different quarters of cantone-
ment. By this remarkable capitulation, which was
called the capitulation of Clojlcr Seven, Hanover was
obliged to fubmit quietly to the French, who were now
determined to turn their arms againft the king: of
Pruffia. 6
Soon after this captitulation, both fides began to Th^Haro-
complain that the treaty was not ftri&ly obferved. The verianstake-
Hanoverians exclaimed againft the rapacity of theuParm3-
French general, and the brutality of his foldiers. The
French retorted the charge againft them; accufed
them of infolence and infurreAion; and,- being fen-
fible of their own fuperiority,. refolved to bind them
ftri&ly to their terms of agreement. The Hanove¬
rians only wifhed for a pretence to take arms, and a ge¬
neral to head them. Neither were long wanting. The
oppreffions of the tax-gatherers whom the French had.
appointed, were confidered as fo fevere, that the army
rofe to vindicate the freedom of their country, while
Ferdinand, prince of Brunfwick, put himfelf at their
head. As foon as this was known in Britain, large
fupplies were granted both for the fervice of the king,
of Pruffia, and to enable the Hanoverian army to aft
vigoroufly in conjun&ion with him. A fmall body of
Britifh forces was fent over to join prince Ferdinand
under the duke of Marlborough. After fome inconfider-
able fucceffes at Crevelt, the duke of Marlborough dy¬
ing, the command of the Britifh forces devolved on
lord George Sackville. A mifunderftanding arofe be-French de¬
tween him and prince Ferdinand, which appeared at feated at
the battle of Minden that was fought fhortly after. Minden.
Lord George pretended that he did not underftand the
orders fent him by the prince, and of confequence did
not obey them. The allies gained the vi&ory, which
would have been more decifive had the Britifh com¬
mander obeyed his orders. He was foon after recalled,
tried by a court-martial, found guilty of difobedience,
and declared incapable of ferving in any military com¬
mand for the future.
After this viAory it was imagined, that one rein- German
forcement more of Britifh troops would terminate the war conti-
war in favour of the allies ; and that reinforcement was1106'1 witf,L
quickly fent. The Britifh army in Germany was aug-^sI0US fu(>-
mented to upwards of 30,000 men, andfanguine hopes
of conqueft were generally entertained. Thefe hopes,
however', were foon found to be ill founded. The allies
were defeated at Corbach ; but retrieved their honour
at Exdorf. A viAory at Warbourgh followed fhortly
after, and another at Zierenberg: but then they fuf¬
fered a defeat at Compen; after which, both fides re¬
tired into winter-quarters.
On the 25th of OAober 1760,. happened the death Death of:
of king George II. He had rifen at his ufual hour, k‘ng Geo,
and obferved to his attendants, that as the weather was11’
fine, he would, take a‘walk into the gardens of Ken-
fington, where he then refided. In a few minutes af¬
ter his return, being left alone, he was heard to fall
down upon the floor. The noife of this bringing his
attendants into the room, they lifted him into bed ;
where he defined with a faint voice, that the princefs
Amelia might be fent for : but before fhe could reach .
the apartment, he expired, in the 77th year of his age,
and 33d of his reign. An attempt was made to bleed
him,.
446
Great fuc-
cefs of the
Britifll
Propofals
of peace.
■f See BdU
if'.
B R I [ 646 ] B R I
him, but without efFeft; and afterwards the furgeons, Bu-fTy delivered to Mr Pitt a private memorial, fignify. Britain*
upon opening him, difeovered that the right ventricle ing, that, in order to eftablifh the peace on a lafting ——v—^
of the heart was ruptured, and a great quantity of foundation, the king of Spain might be induced to
blood difeharged through the aperture. guaranty the treaty •, and to prevent the differences
King George III. afeended the throne amidft the which then fubfifted between Britain and Spain from
greatefl fucceffes both by fea and land. At this time, , producing a frefh war in Europe, he propofed, that in
indeed, the efforts of Britain in every quarter of the this negociation, the three points which had been dif-
globe were truly aftonifhingv The king of Pruffia re- puted between the crowns of England and Spain might
ceived a fubfidy ; a large body of Engliih forces com- be finally fettled. Firft, the reftitution of fome cap-
manded the extenfive peninfula of India; another army tures made upon the Spanifh flag. Secondly, the pri-
of 20,000 men confirmed their conquefts in North A- vilege of the Spanifh nation to fifh upon the banks of
merica; 30,000 men were employed in Germany ; Newfoundland. Thirdly, the demolition of the Eng-
and a great many more were difperfed in the different lifh fettlements made in the bay of Honduras. This
garrifons in different parts of the world: but all this memorial was returned as wholly inadmiffible. Mr
was furpaffed by the aftonifhing naval force, which Pitt declared, that it would be looked upon as an af-
carried command wherever it came, and had totally an- front to the dignity of his mafter, and incompatible with
nihilated the French maritime power. The courage the fincerity of the negociation, to make any further
and condudl of theEnglifh admirals excelled everything mention of fuch a circumftance. 44g
that had been heard of before ; neither fuperior force Mr Pitt being now thoroughly convinced of the fi- Spanifhwi]
nor number, nor even the terrors of the tempell, could nifter defigns of Spain, propofed immediately to de-ProPofe<i
intimidate them. Admiral Hawke gained a com- clarc war againft that kingdom. But this propofalMr Pm*
plete vidtory over an equal number'of French (hips, in being reje&ed, he refigned his employment of fecretary 449
Quiberon bay on the coafl: of Bretagne, in the midft of date ; after which, he was created earl of Chatham,
of a tempelt, during the darknefs of night, and, what and had a penfion of 3000/. per annum fettled upon^j
a feaman fears ftill more, in the neighbourhood of a him for three lives. Chatham
rocky fhore. Soon after this, however, the new adminiilration
As foon as his prefent majefty had met with his found that Mr Pitt was in the right, and war was de-wvw
parliament, vyhich was on November 18th 1760, he con- dared between Great Britain and Spain. As Portu-Spain,
firmed the hopes of his allies, and gave affurances of gal was an ufeful ally of Britain, it was refolved by
his intentions to profecute the war with vigour. By the French and Spaniards to attack that kingdom,
this time, however, the people were in fame meafure which was then in no capacity of defending itfelf. The
weary with conquefts; efpecially with thofe in Ger- Portuguefe monarch was by the moft haughty memo-
many, from which they could never hope for any folid rials commanded to accede to the confederacy againft
advantage, and which were gained at an immenfe ex Britain, and threatened with the vengeance of France
pence to the nation. Difputes concerning the pro- and Spain in cafe of a refufal. It was in vain that he
priety of the German war were carried on, and the ge- promifed to obferve a ft rid: neutrality, and urged the
neral run of popular opinion feemed to be rather againft obligations he was under to the king of Britain; this
than for it. For forne time, however, no change took moderate and reafonable reply only drew on more
place in the method of carrying on the war. In 1761, haughty and infulting anfwers. His Portuguefe ma-
propofals of peace were made between the belligerent jelly, however, continued to rejeft their propofals in
powers of Europe; and for this purpofe Mr Stanley the moft refolute manner; and concluded his laft de-
was fent to Paris, and Mr Bviffy to London: but the claration with thefe words, that “ it would affed him
French, defigning to draw Spain into a confederacy lefs, though reduced to the laft extremity of which the
with them, feem not to have been fincere in their in- great Judge is the foie arbiter, to let the laft tile of
tentions; and thus the treaty came to nothing. An his palace fall, and to fee his faithful fubjeds fpill the
enterprize was projeded againft the ifland of Belleifle, laft drop of their blood, than to facrifice, together
near the coaft of France, which was conduded by with the honour of his crown, all that Portugal holds
commodore Keppel and general Hodgfon f. The moft: dear; and to fubmit, by fuch extraordinary means,
place was conquered, with the lofs of 1800 men kill- to become an unheard of example to all pacific powers,
ed and wounded on the part of the Britiih ; and how- who will no longer be able to enjoy the benefit of
ever unimportant this conqueft might be, the rejoi- neutrality, whenever a war {hall be kindled between
cings on account of it were great. In Germany, the other powers with which the former are conneded by
campaign was unfuccefsful on the part of the allies, defenfive treaties.” This declaration was made on the
At firft, indeed, they drove the French quite out of 27th of April 1762; and foon after, France and Spain
the territory of Heffe, and laid fiege to the city of jointly declared war againft: Portugal. c!ai e w:
Caffel; but being defeated at Stangerode, they were As the defign of the courts of France and Spain in againft
forced to raife the fiege, retire behind the Dymel, and making war with Portugal, was profeffedly to prevent PortuSs
again abandon Heffe to their enemies. Here they Great Britain from the military and commercial ufe of
were followed and attacked by the French ; who, tho’ the ports of that kingdom, their principal endeavours
defeated in that attempt, were with difficulty pre- were aimed at the two great ports where the Britifh ^
vented from making themfelves matters of Munfter and ufed to refide, viz. Oporto and Liibon. With this Portugal
Brunfwick. view, three inroads were to be made; one to the north;invaded.f
All this time an appearance of negociatipn had been another more to the fouth ; while the third was made
carried on ; but at laft the French having brought in the middle provinces, in order to fuilain thefe two
their defigns with the court of Spain to a hearing, Mr bodies, and preferre a communication between them.
6 The
B R I
Bflritain. The firfl body of troops was commanded by the mar-
qU[s 0f Savria; and entered the north-eaft angle of
Portugal, marching towards Miranda. This town
H might poflibly have retarded their progrefs, had not a
powder-magazine been blown up by accident; and the
Spaniards entered on the 9th of May by the breaches
made by this explofion. From thence they marched
to Braganza, which furrendered fix days after Miranda.
Moncorvo was taken in like manner; every thing was
clear before them to the banks of the Douro; and they
became maftefs of almoft the whole extenfive province
of Tralos Montes. Oporto was given up for loft, and
the admiralty prepared tranfports to carry off the cffefts
of the Britifh merchants. On the banks of the Douro,
however, the career of this body was (topped. The
peafants, animated, and guided by forae Britifti officers,
feized a difficult pafs, and drove the enemy back to
Moncorvo.
The fecond body of Spaniards entered the province
of Beira, at the villages called Val de Mula and Val
de Coelha. They were joined by ftrong detachments
amounting to almoft the whole army in Tralos Montes;
and immediately laid fiege to Almeida, the ftrongeft
and beft provided place on the frontiers of Portugal.
This place was defended with fufficient refolution;
but, like the reft, was obliged to furrender on the
25th of Auguft. The Spaniards then over-ran the
whole territory of Caftel Branco, a principal diftridt of
the province of Beira, making their way fouthward
until they approached the banks of the Tagus. Du¬
ring the whole of their progrefs, and indeed during
the whole of the campaign, the allied troops of Great
Britain and Portugal had nothing that could be called
an army in the field, and they could not think of
oppofing the enemy in a pitched battle. All that
could be done was by the defence of paffes, Ikirmifh,
and furprife.
By this time the count of La Lippe Buckeburg had
arrived in Portugal, to the inexpreffible joy of the whole
nation. The third Spaniftt army had affembled on the
frontiers of Eftramadura, with a defign to invade the
province of Alentejo ; and had this body of troops
been joined to the others, they would probably, in fpite
of all oppofition, have forced their way to Lifton it-
felf; had it afted feparately, it might have greatly
didrafted the defendants, fo as to enable fome other
tiiarrb body of forces to penetrate to that city. The count,
;ated by therefore, refolved to prevent their entrance into the
'era* kingdom ; and with this view difpatched brigadier-
^0jne’ general Burgoyne to attack an advanced body of Spa¬
niards which lay on their frontiers, in a town called
Valentia de Alcantara. On the 27th of Auguft, the
town was furprifed ; the general was taken who in-
i ; tended to have commanded in the invafion, together
with one colonel, two captains, and 17 fubaltern of¬
ficers. One of the beft regiments in the Spanifh fer-
vice was alfo entirely deftroyed ; and thus the enemy-
were in all probability prevented from entering Alen-
tejo.
. That part of the Spanilh army which afted in the
territory of Caftel Branco had made themfelves mafters
of feveral important paffes, which they obliged fome
bodies of Portugucfe to abandon. The combined ar¬
my of Britifti and Portuguefe pretended to retire be¬
fore them, in order to draw them into the mountainous
B R I
trafts. They attacked the rear of the allies, but were Britain,
repulfed with lofs. Still, however, they continued v——*
mafters of the country, and nothing remained but the
paffage of the Tagus to enable them to take up their
quarters in the province of Alentejo. This the count
defigned to prevent; and in this fervice general Bur¬
goyne was employed, who formed a defign of fur- 4-4
prifing them. The execution was committed to co- And by co¬
lonel Lee, who, in the night of O&ober 6th, fellLnel Lee.
upon their rear, difperfed the whole body with confi-
derable daughter, deftroyed their magazines, and re¬
turned with fcarce any lofs. The feafon was now far
advanced; immenfe quantities of rain fell; the roads
were deftroyed; and the Spaniards, having feized no
advanced pofts where they could maintain themfelves,
and being unprovided with magazines for the fupport
of their horfe, every where fell back to the frontiers of
Spain.
No lefs fuccefsful were the Britifti arms in America Havannalv
and the Eaft Indies. From the French were taken the &c' taken..
iflands of Martinico, St Lucia, St Vincent, and Gra¬
nada ; from the Spaniards, the ftrong fortrefs called
Havannak, in the iftand of Cuba. By the acquiiition
of the firft mentioned iflands, the Britifti became the
foie and undifturbed poffeffors of all the Caribbees, and
held.that chain of innumerable iflands which forms an
immenfe bow, extending from the eaftern point of Hif-
paniola almoft to the continent of South America.
The conqueft of the Havannah coft a number of brave
men ; more of whom were deftroyed by the climate
than the enemy*. It was in this place that the fleets * See Hoe
from the feveral parts of the Spanifti Weft Indies, call- Hannah,
ed th.t galleons and fiota, affembled, before they finally
fet out on their voyage for Europe. The acquifition
of this place, therefore, united in itfelf all the advan- . 6
tages which can be acquired in war. It was a mili- Immenffc
tary advantage of the higheft clafs: it was equal to plunder
the greateft naval viftory, by its effedf on the enemy’sfHUnd in:
marine; and in the plunder it equalled the produce 0fthePlace*
a national fubfidy. Nine of the enemy’s men of war,
with four frigates, were taken; three of their capital
(hips had been funk in the harbour at the beginning of
the fiege ; two more were on the (locks in great for-
wardnefs, and thefe were deftroyed. In money and
valuable merchandifes, the plunder did not fall Ibort of
3,000,000!. fterling. To this fuccefs in the weftern ojf
part of the world may be added the capture of thetbeHer-
Spanifti regifter-ftup called the Hermione, by the Adtive mione.
and Favourite king’s (hips. This happened on the
21ft of May 1762, juft as (he was entering one of the
ports of Old Spain, and the prize was little (hoit of
i,coo,oool. fterling. 45g
In the Eaft Indies an expedition was undertaken Philippines-
againft the Philippine iflands,. which was committed to
colonel Draper, who arrived for this purpofe at Ma-
drafs in the latter end of June i 762. The 79th regi¬
ment was the only regular corps that could be fpared
for this fervice. Every thing was conducted with the
greateft celerity and judgment. The Britifti forces
landed on Manilla on the 24th of September; on the
6th of Qdfcober the governor was obliged to furrender
at diferetion ; and foon after, the galleon bound from
Manilla to Acapulco, laden with rich merchandife, tOgaiieoa
the value of more than half a million, was taken by two taken..
frigates called the Argo and Panther. By the conqueft
of
[ 647 1
B R I C 648 ] B R I
Britain, of Manilla, 14 confiderable iflands fell into the hands hlh on the Newfoundland bank. The Havannah was Bfltaftfil
of the Britifh; which from their extent, fertility, and
convenience of commerce, furnifhed the materials of a
great kingdom. By this acquifition, joined to our for¬
mer fucceffes, we fecured all the avenues of the Spanifh
trade, and interrupted all communications between the
parts of their vaft but unconnected empire. The con-
queft of the Havannah had cut off, in a great meafure,
the intercourfe of their wealthy continental colonies
with Europe: the reduftion of the Philippines exclu¬
ded them from Afia : and the plunder taken was far
more than fufficient to indemnify the charges of the
expedition; a circumftance not very common in modern
wars. It amounted to upwards of a million and a half;
of which the Eafl. India company, on whom the charge
of the enterprize in a great meafure lay, were by con-
460 traCt to have a third part.
Vaft extent yyi this time the war in Germany had continued
tift doroi-' t^ie utmo^ vi°ience > the allies under prince Fer-
nions. dinand had continued to give the higheil proofs of
their valour, but no decifive advantage could be ob
tained againft the French. It was, however, no long¬
er the intereft of Britain to continue a deftruftive
war. There never had been a period fo fortunate or
glorious to this ifland. In the courfe of this war ihe
had conquered a traCt of continent of immenfe ex¬
tent. Her American territory approached to the bor¬
ders of Afia, and came near to the frontiers of the
Ruffian and Chinefe dominions. She had conquered
25 iflands, all of them diftinguifliable for their magni¬
tude, their riches, or the importance of their fituation.
By fea or land (he had gained 12 battles, had reduced
nine fortified cities, and near 40 caftles and forts. She
had taken or deftroyed above 100 ffiips of war from
her enemies, and acquired at leaft L. 10,000,000 in
plunder.
By fuch unexampled and wide extended conquefts, it
is no wonder that theFrench and Spaniards were defirous
of a peace ; which was at length concluded at Paris on
. the 10th of February 1763. .The terms granted them
Articles of were by many thought too favourable. The principal of
the peace in them were, That the French king fhould relinquifli all
•3763. claims to Nova Scotia : that he fllould likewife give up
all the country of Canada ; and that for the future the
boundary betwixt the Britifli and French dominions in
America fliould be fixed by a line drawn along the
middle of the river Miffifippi from its fource to the ri¬
ver Ibberville,and from thence drawn by a line along the
middle of this river, and the lakes Maurepas and Pont-
chartrain, to the fea. The iflands of St Pierre, Mique¬
lon, Martinico, Guadalcupe, Marigalante, Defirade,
St Lucia, and Belleifle, were reftored to France : Mi¬
norca, Granada, and the Grenadines, St Vincent, Do¬
minica, and Tobago, were ceded to Britain. In A-
frica, the ifland of Gojree was reftored to France ; and
the river Senegal, with all its forts and dependencies,
ceded to Great Britain. In the Eaft Indies, all the
forts and faftories taken from the French were re¬
ftored. In Europe, the fortifications of Dunkirk were
to be deftroyed ; and all the countries, fortreffes, &c.
belonging to the ele&orate of Hanover, the duke of
Brunfwic, and the count of La Lippe Buckeburg, re¬
ftored. With regard to Spain, the Britifh fortifications
on the bay of Honduras were to be demoliflied; and the
Spaniards were to defift from their claim of a right to
N°57.
reftored ; in confequence of which, Florida, St Augu-1—
ftine, and the bay of Penfacola, were ceded to Biitain,
and the Spaniards were to make peace with Portugalj
all other countries not particularly mentioned were to
be reftored to their refpcftive owners at the beginning
of the war.
The conclufion of the war did not by any means tend Difconfet
to heal thofe divifions which had arifen on the refigna- increafed-
tion of Mr Pitt; on the contrary, it furnifhed abun*the c0’ifl?i
dant matter of complaint for the dlfcontented party, [10n
whofe views feem at that time only to have been the ^ ^ ij
embaraffment and difturbance of an adminiftration Ijl
which they were not able to fubvert. At the time the
treaty was under confideration, however, only fome
faint attempts were made to oppofe it; but it foon
appeared, that though this oppofition had proved fo
feeble, the fpirit of the party was far from being ex- ' |
haulted. The ftate of affairs at that time indeed great- ?|!
ly favoured the views of thofe who delighted in turbu¬
lence and fa&ion. A long and expenfive war had
drained the national treafure, and greatly increafed the 11
public debt. Heavy taxes had already been impofed, and
it was ft ill as neceffary to keep up thefe, and even to 11
impofe new ones, as though the war had not ceafed.
Thus the bulk of the nation, who imagined that con-
queft and riches ought to go hand in hand, were ealily j I
induced to believe that adminiftration arbitrary and op-
preffive, which continued to load them with frefli taxes f l
after fuch great fucceffes as had attended the Britifli f|
arms for fome years paft. it
It muft indeed be owned, that the new adminiftra- Great daj
tion appear not to have been fufficiently wary in thisJnourrW
refped. Among other methods of railing the fup-^ythec;
plies for 1763, they had thought proper to lay a duty
of four {hillings per hogftiead upon cyder, payable by
the maker, and to be collected in the fame manner as
other excifes. The other articles of fupply furniffied
alfo matter of declamation for the members in oppo¬
fition ; but this inflamed the popular fury to a great de¬
gree, and made them readily imbibe as truth whatever
was thrown out by the minority in their parliamentary
debates. Befides the ufual declamations that it was
oppreffive, unconftitutional, and injurious to the land¬
holder and farmer, the fmallnefs of the fum to be raifed
by it was now urged. This was faid to indicate that
the fupplying the wants of government could not be
the foie motive for impofing fuch a. duty. It was far¬
ther urged, with much fliow of lamentation, that now
the houfes of all orders of people, noblemen of the firft TO
rank not excepted, were liable to be entered and
fearched at the pleafure of exeifemen, a proceeding i
which they denominated in exprefs terms “ a badge
of flavery.” Thus it was fpoken of throughout all the
cyder counties, by the city of London, and by moft of
the incorporations throughout the kingdom. The ci¬
ty had been difpleafed by the late changes in admini¬
ftration, and had not yet recovered their good humour. |JB
They inftru&ed their reprdentatives to oppofe the
paffing of the bill with all poffible vigour, and gave in j jH
petitions againft it to every branch of the legiflature ;
a mealure till that time totally unprecedented; two
protefts were alfo entered againft it in the houfe of
lords; and in ftiort the kingdom of England was
thrown into an almoft univerfal ferment.
It’ 1
B R I [ 649
It is not to be doubted that the friends of admini*
J fixation were able to bring arguments fufficiently plau-
fible in favour of their fcheme; but the utmoft force
of reafon will go but a very little way in quieting po¬
pular clamour 5 and, while oppofition was railing a-
gainft: miniftry within doors, every method was taken
to excite the fury of the people without. Virulent
libels, the audacity of which far exceeded any thing
known in former times, now made their appearance ;
and fuch was the general intemperance in this refpedt,
that it would be difficult to determine which fide paid
leaft regard to any kind of decency or decorum.
In the midll of this general ferment the earl of Bute
]
B R I
might a6l as the paffive inftruments of the late minifter, Britain.
who, though, from confiderations of his own perfonal s—~J
fafety, he had thought proper to retire from bufinefs,, 4.6r
yet had not abandoned his ambitious projefts, but wp0fed *
continued to direft every thing as though he had ftill {till to be
been iprefent. Oppofition to the new minifters was at d*6
therefore oppofition to him; and it became thofe who ^ ac!mini*
underftood the true intereft of their country, and had rat1011’
a real regard for it, not to fuffer fuch a fcheme of clan-
deftine adminiftration. 46g
Whether the party who made thefe affertions really Different
believed them or not cannot be known; but the effedl l!0.llUfal
was exadtly the fame as though they had. The great ^"he^wo
unexpectedly reiigned his place of firft lord of the trea- objedt of both parties moft probably was power ; but parties.
fury.' His refignation quickly became an objedl of
general /peculation ; by fome he was highly cenfured
for leaving his friends at the time when a little perfe-
verance might have defeated all the defigns of his ene-
their different fituations required that they ffiould pro-
fefs different political principles. The friends of lord
Bute and of the fucceeding adminiftration were for
preferving to the crown the full exercife of a power
mies, and eftabliffied his own power on the moft folid which could not be difputed, vtz. that of choofing its
foundation. Such conduft, they faid, muft difcourage own fervants. Their opponents, without denying this
the friends of government, and at the fame time give power, contended, that, according to the fpirit of the
proportionable encouragement to its adverfaries to in- conftitution, the crown ffiould be dire&ed to the exer-
fult it, as they perceived miniftry unable to refill the cife of this public duty only by motives of national
firft gull of popular fury. Others contended, that the utility, and not by private friendffiip. In appointing
the officers of ftate, therefore, they infifted, that r_
fpeft ffiould be paid to thofe poffeffed of great talents,
who had done eminent fervices to the nation, enjoyed
the confidence of the nobility, and had influence a-
mongft the landed and mercantile interefts. The ob-
fervance of this rule, they contended, was the only
He now refolved that the faftious party ffiould not proper balance which could be had againft the enor-
earl was, perhaps, the leaft. influenced by popular opi¬
nion of any man in the world. He had demonftrated
his firmnefs by taking a lead in the dangerous but ne-
ceffary affair of concluding peace ; and, this being ac-
compliffied, he had fully obtained his end, and per¬
formed the fervice to his country which was defired.
. 465
4 jpular
mous influence of the crown arifing from the difpofal
of fo many places ; nor could the nation be reconciled
to this power by any other means than a very popular
ufe of it. Men might indeed be appointed according
to the ftridl letter of the law; but unlefs thefe were
men in whom the majority of the nation already put
confidence, they never would be fatisfied, nor think
themfelves fecure againft attempts on the conftitution
of the kingdom. When minifters alfo found them¬
felves recommended to the royal favour, and as it were
prefented to their places by the efteem of the people,
confidered as principal direftor of the cabinet; and they would be ftudious to deferve, and fecure them-
have even the pretence of objefting his perfonal am¬
bition as the caufe of difturbances which they them¬
felves had excited ; and thus his refignation would tend
to put an end to thefe troubles, at the fame time that
it ffiowed the authors of them in their proper co¬
lours.
The event, however, flrowed that the former reafon-
ing was, in the prefent cafe, neareft the truth. The
popular refentment was not in the leafl. abated by the
refignation. His lordftip, though now withdrawn
from the oftenfible adminiftration of affairs, was ftill
this opinion gained the more ground that none of the
popular leaders were yet taken in, nor any apparent
change made in the conduft of the new adminiftra¬
tion.
s - No reafonable objection could now be made to thofe
r who filled the great offices of ftate. Mr Grenville, who
fucceeded the earl of, Bute in the treafury, was a man
of approved integrity, underftanding, and experience.
Lord Holland was univerfally confidered as a very able
man in office, and had already filled many high em¬
ployments with a great degree of reputation. The o-
ther fecretary lord Egremont, though he had not been
long in office, was in every refpedl of an unexception¬
able character. The other departments were filled in
a fimilar manner, yet the difcontents and public cla¬
mours were not diminiffied. It was now faid that the
new minifters were not chofen on account of any fu-
perior gifts of nature or fortune, but merely becaufe
they had the art of infinuating themfelves into favour
felves in it ; and upon thefe (which they called the
principles of whigs) they faid that the government
had been honourably conduced finee the revolution,
and the nation would never be at peace till they were
again eftabliffied on the fame bafis.
In the mean time the difpofition to libel and in-Mr Wilkes
vedlive feemed to have gone beyond all bounds. The apprehend-
peace, the Scots, and Scottified adminiftration, afford-
ed fuch fubjedts of abufe to the pretended patriots, that rant>
miniftry refolved at laft to make an example of one of
them by way of deterring the reft from firch licenti-
oufnefs. For this purpofe the paper called the North
Briton was made choice of, which, in language much
fuperior to any other political work of the time, had
abufed the king, the minii.ry, and the Scots in an ex¬
travagant manner. One particular paper (N° XLV.)
was deemed by thofe in power to be adlionable, and
Mr Wilkes, member of parliament for Ayleffiury, was
fuppofed to be the author. A warrant was there¬
at court in fuch a manner that any inconvenience would foie granted for apprehending the author, publiffiers,
be fubmitted to rather than part with them. The foie &e. of this performance, but without mentioning
reafon of their appointment therefore was, that they Wilkes’s name. In confequence of this, however, three
Vol. III. Part II, 4 N meffengers
B R I
r
Britain, meflengers entered his houfe on the night between the
w’—29th and 30th of April 1763, with an intention to
feize him. He obiedted, however, to the legality of
the warrant, becaufe his name was not mentioned in it,
and likewife to the latenefs of the hour ; and, on
threatening the meffengers with violence, they thought
proper to retire for that night. Next morning he was
apprehended without making any refiftance, though
fome violence was neceffary to get him into an hackney
coach, which carried him before the fecretaries of Hate
for examination.
Illeeatpro- the intimation of Mr Wilkes being in cu-
ceedingH ftudy, application was made for an habeas corpus ; but
againfthim. as this could not be fued out till four in the afternoon,
feveral of his friends defined admittance to him, which
was peremptorily refufed on pretence of an order from
the fecretaries of ftate. This order, however, though
repeatedly demanded, could not be produced, or at
lead was not fo ; on which account the gentlemen,
conceiving that they were not obliged to pay any re¬
gard to meffengers adding only by a verbal commiffion,
entered the place where he was without farther que-
Hion.
This illegal ftep was quickly followed by feveral o-
thers. Mr Wilkes’s houfe was fearchcd, and his papers
47I feized in his abfence; and though it was certain that an
He i- com- habeas corpus was now obtained, he was neverthelefs
650 ] B R I
fomething to offer againfl. his plea of privilege. This Britain,
motion, however, being reje&ed, the prifoner was fet '■“—v—*
at liberty. 4?4
Mr Wilkes had no fooner regained his freedom than Endeavours!
he fhowed himfelf refolved to make all the advantage10 raife a
he could of the errors committed by the miniffry, an'
and to excite as general a ferment as poflible. For
this purpofe he wrote a very impudent letter to theminiftra-
earls of Egremont and Halifax, informing them, that don.
his houfe had been robbed, and that the Jlolen goods
were in the poffeffion of one or both of their lordfhips,
infifting upon immediate reftitution. This letter was
printed, and many thoufand copies of it difperfed;
foon after which an anfwer by the two noblemen was
publifhed in the nevvfpapers, in which they informed
him of the true caufe of the feizure of his papers,
that his majefly had ordered him to be profecuted by
the attorney genera), and that fuch of his papers as
did not lead to a proof of his guilt fhould be reilored.
This was quickly fucceeded by a reply, but the cor-
refpondence ceafed on the part of their lordfhips. Mr
Wilkes, however, erefted a printing prefs in his own
houfe, where he advertifed the proceedings of the ad-
miniftration with all the original papers, at the price-
of a guinea. The North Briton now again made its
appearance ; the popular party were elated beyond
meafure with their fucccfs; thofe who had fuffered by
committed to the Tower. Here not only his friends, general warrants fought redrefs at law, and common-
Deprived
miffion as
colonel of
the tower, but even feveral noblemen and gentlemen of the firfl
diftinttion, were denied accefs, nor was his own bro¬
ther allowed to fee him more than others On the
third day of May he was brought before the court of
common pleas, where he made a moft patriotic fpeech,
letting forth the love he had for his majefty, the bad
conduct of miniftry, not forgetting his own particular
grievances, and that he had been treated “ worfe than
a Scotch rebel.” His cafe being learnedly argued by
feveral eminent lawyers, he was remanded to the Tower
for three days; after which he was ordered to be
brought up, that the affair might he finally fettled.
Next day lord Temple received a letter from fecre-
tary Egremont, informing him, that the king judged
it improper that Mr Wilkes fhould continue any
the Buck- longer a colonel of the Buckinghamfhire militia; and,
ingham- foon after, Temple himfelf was removed from being
fhire mill- lord lieutenant of that county. Mr Wilkes then being
*'3, brought to Weftminfter Hall at the time appointed,
made another flaming fpeech ; after which the judges
took his cafe into confideration. Their opinion was,
that the warrant of a fecretary of ftate was in no re-
fpeft fuperior to that of a common juftice of peace ;
and, on the whole, that Mr Wilkes’s commitment
was illegal. It was likewife determined that his pri¬
vilege as member of parliament was infringed: this
could not be forfeited but by treafon, felony, or breach
of the peace ; none of which was imputed to him ; for
a libel, even though it had been proved, had only a
tendency to difturb the peace, without arty a&ual
Is tlifehar- breach of it. Thus it was refolved to difeharge him ;
ged, and hisbut, before he quitted the court, a gentleman of cmi-
comtrut- nence in the profeffion of the law flood up and ac¬
quainted the judges, that he had juft received a note
from the attorney and folicitor general, intreating his
lordlhip not to give Mr Wilkes leave to depart till
they came, which would be inftantly, as they had
dared il¬
legal.
ly obtained damages far beyond not only their real
fufferings, but even beyond their moft fanguine ex-
pedftations. During the whole fummer, the minds of
the people were kept in continual agitation by po¬
litical pamphlets and libels of various kinds, while the
affair of general warrants fo engroffed the general at¬
tention, that by the time the parliament fat down, No¬
vember 15th i763,fcarce any other fubjeft of conver-
fation could be ftarted in company. 47y 1 [
On the meeting of parliament his majefty mention- Proceed* 11
ed in his fpeech the attempts that had been made to ings agaim
divide the people ; and before the addreffes could be p’m in l,aifl
made in return, a meffage was fent to the commons,
informing them of the fuppofed offence of Mr Wilkes,
and of the proceedings againft him, the exceptionable,
paper being alfo laid before the houfe. After warm
debates, the North Briton was deemed a falfe, fcanda-
lous, and feditious libel, tending to excite traiterous
infurreftions, &c. This was followed by another, that,
the privilege of parliament does not extend to the
writing and publifhing of feditious libels, nor ought to
obftruft the ordinary courfe of the laws in the fpeedy
and effeftual profecution of fo heinous and dangerous
an offence. It did not, however, pafs the houfe of
commons without a vigorous oppofition, and feventeen
members of the upper houfe protefted againft it. ,,
The North Briton N° XJL.V. being condemned as Difturbai)
already mentioned, was ordered to be burnt by the hang- ceson bunk
man ; but this could not be done without great oppo-ing t}ie >
fition from the mob. The executioner, conftables, Bl
officers, and even the chief perfons concerned, were
pelted with filth and dirt, and fome of them infulted
in the groffeft manner. Mr Harley, one of the high
fheriffs and member of parliament for London, was
wounded by a billet take from the fire ; the ftaves of
the conftables were broken ; and the whole officers and
executioner driven off the field, while the remains of
the
B R I [ 651 ] B R I
t, Britain, the paper were carried off in triumph from the flames, the exigencies of the nation which its prefent fituatlon Britain,
—'"v’"—and in return, a large jack-boot was burnt at Tern- undoubtedly required. The praftice of franking blank v-™^
pie-bar, while the half-burnt North Briton was dif- covers to gtt free/>er poft to any part of Great Bri- 48<V
played amidft the acclamations of the populace. tain or Ireland, had arifen to an incredible height, £3^°;
J 477 Mr Wilkes, in the mean time, determined to make and greatly prejudiced the revenue. The hands letters cor-
1 a "he under the belt ufe of the victory he had already gained, and of members of parliament were not only counter-redled.
1 Sd for therefore commenced a profecution in the court of feited, but the covers publicly fold without the leait
m iziii£ Mr comm°n pleas again ft. Robert Wood, Efq; the under fcruple; and, befides this, the clerks of the poll of-
jE T'ilkes’s fecretary of ftate,* for feizing his papers. The caufe fice claimed a privilege of franking, which extended
is Ujiers. was determined in his favour, and Wood condemned even farther than that of the members of the houfe ;
|| 478 in xoool. damages, with full coils of fuit. the latter being reftri&ed to a certain weight, but the
lr Wilkes The profecution with which Mr Wilkes had been former denying that they were fubjeft to any rellric-
r; ^undecUn t^reatene^ was now caiTied on with great vigour ; tiou of this kind. The matter, however, was attend-
'li dud and *n ^ie mean time, having grofsly affronted Samuel ed with confiderable difficulty when it came to be exa-
slSutlawed. Martin, Efq; member for Camelford, by his abu- mined in the houfe of commons. It was found, that
five language in the North Briton, he was by that though the vail increafe of franks was detrimental to
gentleman challenged, and dangeroufly wounded in one branch of the revenue, it was ferviceable to ano-
the belly with a piilol bullet.—While he lay ill of his ther by the immenfe confumption of damps it occa-
wound, the houfe of commons put off his trial from fioned ; but at lad the following aft was paffed as an
time to time; but beginning at lad to fufpeft that effedlual remedy, viz. That from-the id of May 1764,
there was fome collufion betwixt him and his phy- no letters or packets Ihould be exempted from podage,
fician, they eajoined Dr Heberden, and Mr Hawkins except fuch as were fent to or from the king ; or fuch
an eminent furgeon, to attend him, and report his as, not exceeding two ounces in weight, Ihould be figned
cafe. Mr Wilkes, however, did not think proper to by a member of either houfe, the whole of the fuper-
admit a vifit from thefe gentlemen; but foon after feription being in his own hand-writing ; or fuch as
took a journey to France to vilit his daughter, who, fhould be direfted to members of parliament, or othet
as he gave out, lay dangeroufly ill at Paris. perfons fpecified in the aft. It was likewife enafted.
The commons having now led all .patience, and that printed votes and proceedings in parliament, fent
being certified that he had refused to admit the phy- without covers, or in covers open at the fides, and only
fician and furgeon fent by them, proceeded againd figned on the outfide by a member, fhould go free,
him in his abfence. The evidence appearing quite though fuch packets were liable to be fearched ; and to
fatisfaftory, he was expelled the houfe, and a profecu- give the greater force to thefe regulations, it was made
tion afterwards commenced againft him before the felony and tranfportation for feven years to forge a
houfe of lords, on account of an obfeene and blafphe- frank. At this time it was proved, that the annual
mous pamphlet, in which he had mentioned a reverend podage of letters fent free would amount to 70,000!.
and learned bifhop in a mod fhameful manner. The and that the profits accruing to the clerks of the pod
event of all was, that, failing to appear to anfwer the office amounted to between 800 and 1700 1. each.
charges againd him, he was outlawed, which, it was Other plans for augmenting the revenue were that pianforfe-ti-
then fuppofed, would for ever conlign his patriotifm for fettling the ifland of St John, and for the fale oftling the
479 to oblivion. the lately acquired American idands. The former was hl^nd of St
1 general The extreme feverity fltown to Mr Wilkes did not at propufed by the earl of Egremont, who prefented a me-
ntio filei’saH extangu‘‘h the fpirit of the party. A general infa- morial to his majedy on the fubjeft. In this he de- conquered
jl pre.' tuation in favour of licentious and abufive writings fired a grant of the whole ifland of St John’s, in the lands,
j tils. feemed to have taken place ; and to publilh libels of gulf of St Lawrence, to hold the fame in fee of the
this kind without the lead regard to truth or judice crown for ever; fpecifying particularly the various di-
was called liberty. At the very time that Mr Wilkes vifions, government, &c. ; but, for reafons unknown,
was found .guilty of publifhing the infamous pamphlet the plan was never put in execution. The fale of the
above mentioned, the common council of London pre- conquered lands took place in March 1764. Thefe
fented their thanks to the city reprefentatives for their were particularly the iflands of Grenada, the Grena-
zealous and fpirited endeavours to affert the rights and dines, Dominica, St Vincent, and Tobago. Sixpence
liberties ‘of the fubjeft, “ by their laudable attempt an acre was to be paid as a quit-rent for cleared lands,
to obtain a feafonablc and parliamentary declaration, and a penny a foot for ground-rent of tenements in
That a general warrant for apprehending and feizing towns, and fixpence an acre for fields ; but no perfon
the authors, printers, and publilhers of a feditious was to purchafe more than 300 acres in Dominica, or
libel, together with their papers, is not warranted by 500 in the other iflands. 4gz
law.” Their gratitude they fhowed to lord chief juftice One of the mod remarkable tranfaftions of this year Renewal
Pratt, for his decifion in Wilkes’s affair, by prefenting was the renewal of the charter of the bank, for which ^ur"
him with the freedom of the city, and defiring him to the latter paid the fum of 1,100,000 k into the exche*^^ t e
fit for his pifture to be placed in Guildhall. Thefe quer as a prefent to the public, befides the advancing 4g3
extravagant proceedings, however, did not pafs with- a million to government upon exchequer bills. Ano-Taxation of
out Urong oppofition, and were confidered by the 1'ober ther, and, by its confequences. Hill more momentous Anurica.
part as highly unjutt and improper, as well as indecent, affair, however, was the confideration of methods to
The violent clamours which had been excited and .raife a revenue upon the American colonies. This
flill continued, though in a lefsviolent degree, did not had been formerly propofed to Sir Robert Walpole ;
prevent adminiftration from paying that attention, to but that prudent miniller wifely declined to enter into
4 N 2 fuch,
B R l
[ 65
with the
Spaniards.
Britain, fuch a dangerous affair, faying, that he would leave the
v*— taxation of the colonies to thofe who came after him in
office. The reafon given for fuch a proceeding was
the defraying the neceffary charges of defending them,
which, though extremely reafonable in itfelf, was done
in fuch a mariner as excited a flame not to be extinguifh-
ed but by a total lofs of the authority of the parent
ftate. Before this time, indeed, hints had been thrown
out, that it was not impoffible for the colonifts to with¬
draw their dependence on Britain ; and fome difputes
had taken place betwixt the different provinces, which
were quieted only by the fear of the French, and feem-
ed to prognoflicate no good. It was thought proper
therefore now, when the colonies were not only fecu-
red but extended, to make the experiment whether
they would be obedient or hot. They contained more
than two millions of people, and it was evidently ne¬
ceffary to raife a revenue from fuch a numerous body.
Some thought it might be dangerous to provoke them;
but to this it was replied by adminiftration, that the
danger mull increafe by forbearance ; and as taxation
was indifpenfable, the fooner the experiment was
made, the better. The fatal trial being thus determi¬
ned, an a£t was paffed for preventing fmuggling, fo
that the duties laid on the American trade might come
Adt againft into the hands of government. At this time an illicit
illicit trade trade was carried on betwixt the Britiffi and Spanilh
“”*U ‘1’“ colonies, which feemed to bid defiance to all law and
regulation ; and was no lefs difagreeable to the Spa-
niffi than to the Briti/h court. In fome refpe&s, how¬
ever, the fuppreffion of this was very inconvenient, and
even intolerable, to the colonifts ; for as the balance of
trade with Britain was againft them, it was impoffible
they could procure any fpecie, except by trading with
the Spaniards, from whom they were paid for their
goods in gold and filver. This, and another^adl requiring
them to pay certain duties in cafli, was probably the
reafon of that exceffive refentment. ftiown by the Ame-
Stamp ad ricans to government, and their abfolute refufal to fub-
paffed. mit to the ftamp-a& which was alfo paffed this year.
4g6 The augmentaion of the revenue being the princi-
Ifle of Man pal objeft of adminiftration at this time, the fuppref-
purchafed jiion Gf fmuggling at home, as well as in America, was
niencVern" ta^cn ,nto confideration. Though the great number
of cutters and other veffels fitted out by government
for this purpofe had produced very falutary effefts, the
ifle of Man, which belonged to the duke of Athol, ^nd
was not fubjeft to the cuftom-houfe laws, lay fo conve¬
niently for the purpofes of fmuggling, that the utmoft
vigilance of government was not fufficient to fupprefs
it. The event was a treaty betwixt government and
the duke, by which the latter, for a fum of money,
ceded all the fovereignty in the ifland he could claim,
and cutters were placed on the coafts and in the har¬
bours of the ifland as in other places of the kingdom.
A general This difpofition to augment the revenue by all pof-
anfmofity Able methods, feems to have ferved to keep up the ge-
againft go- neral opinion of the oppreffive and arbitrary meafures
bothfiffiS a':)0Ut t0 ke Pur^ue(i by government. The ill humour
tain and A- °f ^ Britifh patriots ftill continued ; and the (lamp
merica. bills were received in America with the utmoft indig¬
nation. The arguments for and againft American
taxation are now of no importance ; and the particiiT
lars of their oppofition are related under the article
United States 0/ America. Here we fliall only take
4*5
2 ] B R I
notice, that the oppnfition of the colonifts proved very Bncaln
diftreffing to the mother country, on account of the  v-—
vaft fums they owed. At. this time they were indebt¬
ed to the merchants of London four millions Sterling ;
and fo ready were the latter to give them credit, that
fome of the American legiflatures paffed ads againft
incurring fuch credit for the future. A petition on
the fubjeft was prefented to the houfe of commons }
but, as it denied the parliamentary right of taxation, it
was not allowed to be read. It was then propofed, on •'
the part of adminiftration, that the agents Ihould join
in a petition to the houfe for their being heard by
counfel in behalf of their refpeftive colonies againft the
tax. The agents, however, not thinking themfelves
empowered to grant Inch a petition, the negcciation
was broken off, and matters went on in America as we
have elfewhere related.
In other refpefts, the miniftry took fuch Heps as Vigomusj
were undeniably proper for fupporting the honour and c»ndu<ft &;
dignity of the nation. Some encroachments having a^I’i'ini^ra
been made by the French and Spaniards, fuch remon-
ftrances were made to their refpeftive courts, that fa-
tisfa&ion was quickly made; and though every trifle
was fufficient to open the mouths of the popular party,
it was impoffible as yet to find any juft caufe of com¬
plaint. The difpofition to tumult and infurre&ion,
however, feems to have been now very general. The infurrecf
filk-weavers refiding in Spittalfields being diftreffed fortion of th
want of employment, which they fuppofed to proceed Sphtalfiel
from the clandeftine importation of French filks, laidweavers'
their cafe before his majefty in the year 1764, who
gracioufly promifed them relief. The fufferers were
relieved by the bounty of the public ; but this feemed
to render the matter worfe, by confirming them in ha¬
bits of indolence and idlenefs. At the fame time, a
bill, which was fuppofed to tend to their relief, being
thrown out, they began to affemble in vaft numbers,
which, gradually increafing, are faid to have amount- *
ed at laft to 50,000 ; feveral diforders were committed,
and it was not without the alBftance of the foldiery,
and the utmoft vigilance of the magiftrates, that the
riot could be fuppreffed.
During this infurre&ion the ferment betwixt the
court and popular parties continued with unabated vi¬
gour. The minifters were ftill attacked in numberlefs
publications, and accufed as being merely dependents
and fubftitutes to the earl of Bute ; nor could the ut¬
moft care on the part either of that nobleman or the
minifters blunt the (hafts of calumny and mifreprefenta- ^
tion. An accident, however, now produced a con- Illnefs of
fiderable revolution at court, though it had very little the king
effe£t in calming the minds of the people. This was an<^.Vj£eai
an illnefs with which the king was feized in the begin- cy 1
ning of the year, which filled the public with appre-
henfions, and produced a bill for fettling the affairs of
the kingdom in cafe of the crown falling into the
hands of a minor. In fettling this bill, minifters were
faid to have behaved with very little refpedt to the
princefs-dowager of Wales, and induftrioufly to have ^
excluded her from a (hare of the government. Thefe change oj
proceedings were thought in a great meafure to have mini (try i
alienated the affe&ion of his majefty from the miniftry,
who had hitherto been in great favour: Nor did their
fubfequent conduit (how them to be at all defirous of
regaining what they had loft. They now contrived to
have
B R I
i|r!tain. have the earl of Bute’s brother turned out of a very
Juctative poll which he enjoyed in Scotland, and in
which he had never given the leaft caufe of complaint.
A ftep of this kind could not be agreeable to his ma»
jelly, nor could it recommend them to the popular party
|: , in England, who always manifelled a perfedl indiffe-
|| ; rence as to what palled in Scotland. On this occafion
lord Chatham is faid to have been folicited again to ac-
J| cepl the office which he had formerly filled fo much to
* the fatisfaftipn of the nation, and to have declined it.
dr mini- A new minillry, however, was foon formed, at the
HI reeQin- recommendation of the duke of Cumberland. The
ji'duke'o^ Orafton and the honourable Mr Conway, bro-
Jnirer- t^er to the earl of Hertford, were appointed fecreta-.
|L ries of Hate, the marquis of Rockingham firll lord of
11 the exchequer, apd Mr Dowdefwell chancellor and un¬
der treafurer of the exchequer. The office of lord
privy feal was conferred on the duke of Newcaftle, and
all other places were filled with men not only of known
integrity, but fuch as were agreeable to the people.
Thefe changes, however, were not yet able to give
M'da. fatisfadlion. The opinion that affairs'were Hill ma-
•flira- naged by the earl of Bute continued to prevail, and
I " 
I ]
$ r r
diate repeal in parliament. The lofs of the duke of Britain.
Cumberland was now feverely felt, as he had been ac- ——y—«
cutlomed to affilt adminillration with his advice, and
was highly refpedled by the nation for his good fenfe.
At this period, however, it is doubtful if human wif-
domcould have preventedtheconfequenceswhich enfued.
Adminiftration endeavoured, as much as pei haps was
poffible, to avoid the two extremes, either of rulhing
inftantly into a civil war, or of facrificing the dignity
of the crown or nation by irrefolution or weaknefs.
They fufpended their opinion until they ffiould receive
certain intelligence from the American governors how
affairs flood in that country; and their letters on that
occafion Hill do them honour. The oppofite party
animadverted feverely on this condudl. They infilled
on having the moil coercive methods immediately put
in execution for enforcing the laws-in which they them-
felves had fo great a fhare; and it is probable that
they wifhed matters to come to extremities before the
fitting down of parliament. Pacific meafures, how- It
ever, at this time prevailed : the flamp aft was repeal- e<!
ed ; but at the fame time another wasmade,.declaring
the right of parliament not only to tax> the colonies.
496 ^
ft lord was indullrioully kept up by the political writers of vbut to bind them in all cafes whatever.
the time. The city of JLondon expreffed their dif-
content on the occafion of addreffing his majefly on
the birth of a third fon. They now took the oppor¬
tunity of affuring him of “ their faithful attachment
to his royal houfe, and the true honour of his crown,
whenever a happy ejlablijhment of public rneafures Jhould
prefent a favourable occajion ; and that they would be
The repeal of the flamp afl occafioned univerfal Tranquilli-
joy both in Britain and America, though, as parlia-ty i* not re-
ment infilled upon their right of taxation, which the ^ored.lt3"
oppofite party denied, matters were Hill as far fro«nrel>ea '
any real accommodation as ever- This ill humour of
the Americans was foon after augmented by the duties
laid upon glafs, painters colours, and tea, imported
ready to exert their utmoll abilities in fupport of fuch into their country, while at home the dearnefs of pro-
wife councils as apparently tended to render his ma-
jefly’s reign happy and glorious."
Thefe expreffions {bowed fuch an evident difappro-
bation of his majefty’s choice, that it could not fail
to offend both king and miniflry ; but before the latter
could fhow any token of refentment, they loll their
great friend and patron the duke of Cumberland. His
dukeofdeath happened on the 31ft of Odlober 1765. He
194
th of
vifions, and fome improper fleps taken by miniflry to
remedy the evil, kept up the general outcry againfl
them. A general difpofition to tumult and riot flill
continued ; and unhappily the civil power now feemed
to lofe its force, and a general anarchy, under the
name of liberty, to be approaching.
In this flate of affairs' adminiftration were once Return of'
more difturbed by the appearance of Mr Wilkes, who Mr Wilkes,,,
had been that evening affifting at one of thofe councils had returned from his exile, and, on the diffolution ofh‘srie<ftion»
frequently held in order to put matters in a way of
being more fpeedily difpatched by the privy council;
where being feized with a fudden diforder of which
he had .fome fymptoms the evening before, he fell
fenfelefs in the arms of the earl of Albemarle, and
expired almoll inflantaneoufly. His death was great¬
ly lamented, not only by their majefKes, but by the
whole nation, being univerfally efteemed not only as a
brave commander, but an excellent member of foclety,
parliament in 1768, though an outlaw, flood candi¬
date for the city of London. He was received by the
populace with loud acclamations, and feveral merchants
and people of large property efgoufed his caufe, and a
fubfeription was entered into for the payment of his
debts. He failed, however, in his defign of repre-
fenting the city of London, but inftantly declared
himfelf a candidate for Middkfex. The, tumults and
riots which, now took place were innumerable ; and
an encourager of induftry, and an aflfive promoter of fuch was the animofity betwixt the two- parties, that
the arts of peace.
mucu s t^ie mean tl™6? the difeontents which inflamed
IincU-1 the American colonies continued alfo to agitate
ft the the minds of the people of Great Britain,; nor indeed
padt. was it reafonable to exped. that they could be fatisfied
in their prefent condition commerce being almofl en¬
tirely deftroyed, manufadures at a Hand, and provi-
fions extravagantly dear. The vaH fums owing to the
Ip Britiflr merchants by the Americans alfo feverely af-
feded the trading and manufaduring part of the
country. Thefe, amounting to feveral millions, the
l! colonifls abfolutely refufed to pay, unlefs the obnoxi¬
ous laws fhould be repealed; AdminiHration were
i therefore under the neceffity of inHantly enforcing the
t flamp ad by fue .and fword, or, of jgrocuring its imme¬
civil war feemed to be threatened. Our limits will not
allow of any particular detail of thefe tranfadions. It
will be fufficient to take notice, that on-a legal trial the
outlawryof Mr Wilkes was,reverfed, and hewas condem¬
ned for his,offences to pay a fine of L. 1000, and to be
imgrifoned for twelve months. Being idolized by the
people, however, and powerfully fupported, he was
repeatedly chofen member for Middlelex, and as often
rejeded by the houfe of commons; The tumults on
this occafion were not always ended without bloodfhed";
and the interpofition of the military was conflrued by
the patriots as an indication of a defign to eflablifh
miniflerial authority by the mofl barbarous methods.
In fhort, the behaviour of the people of England and
America was at tlris time fo very mucli alike, that
both'-
B It I C 654 ]
Britain, both Feemed to be aftuated by one fpirit, and the rage another
of the Englifh patriots undoubtedly contributed to
confirm the colonifts in their difobedience.
Difi'erence The difTenfions which had fo long prevailed in the
with Spain kingdom did not pafs unnoticed by the other Euro-
pean powers, particularly the French and Spaniards.
ilkndT ^ Both had applied themfelves with affiduity to the in-
creafe of their marine; and many began to prognofti-
cate an attack from one or other or both of thefe na¬
tions. The Spaniards firft (bowed an inclination to
# come to a rupture with Britain. The fubjedf in dif-
‘'“ pute was a fettlement formed on Falkland’s iflands*,
i/lam/s. near the fouthern extremity of the American conti¬
nent. A fcheme of this kind had been thought of as
B R I
not. From the behaviour of captain Hunt Brit
we flrould fuppofe that they did not; as he charged  1
the commander of the fchooner to depart from that
coaft, being the property of his Britannic majefty.
The fchooner, however, foon returned, bringing an
officer from the governor of Buenos Ayres, who gave
the like warning to captain Hunt to depart from the
coaft, as belonging to the king of Spain. .Some altfer-
cation enfued; but captain Hunt, not choofing to carry
matters to extremities, fet fail for England, where he
arrived in June 1770. Jm*
At the departure of captain Hunt, two frigates The Spa;
were left at Falkland’s iflands. One of thefe was loft niai ds o-
a ftiort time after; and on the fourth of June 17 70,
An Englifh early as the reign of Charles II. but it was not till af- a Spanifh frigate arrived at the Englifh fettlement ieavl |h|
fettlement ter ior(j Anfon’s voyage that much attention had
frjrmftrlv . . . . »'V .
formerly
propofed
-on thefe
iilaads.
been paid to it. In the printed account of it, his
named Fort Egment, with a number of guns and other iflands.
warlike utenfils for carrying on a regular fiege. In
lordihip (howed the danger incurred by our navigators three days, four other frigates arrived, laden in the
through the treachery of the Portuguefe in Brafil;
and that it was a matter of the greateft importance to
difeover fome place more to the fouthward, where ihips
might be fupplied w ith neceflaries for their voyage
round Cape Horn ; and, among others, he pointed out
Falkland’s iflands as eligible for this purpofe When
at the head of the admiralty, his lordfhip alfo forwarded
the fcheme as much as poffible; and fome preparations
were made for putting it in execution: but as it met
tfrith oppolition at home, and gave offence to the court
of Madrid, it was laid afide till the year 1764, when it
was revived by lord Egmont. Commodore Byron
being then fent out with proper neceffaries, took pof-
feffion of them in the name of his majefty, and repre-
fented them in a favourable light; while his fucceifor,
captain M‘Bride, affirmed, that the foil was utterly in-
501 capable of cultivation, and the climate intolerable.
A French Be this as it will, the iflands in queftion had attraff-
colony fet- ed alfo the notice of the French. So low, however,
ties there, ^ nation been reduced by the late war, that no
projedt of the kind could yret be put in execution at
the public expence. M. Bougainville, therefore, with
the affiftance of his friends, undertook to form a fet¬
tlement on Falkland’s iflands at their own rifk. The
fcheme was put in execution in the beginning of the
year 1764; and a fettlement formed on the eaftern
part of the fame ifland where commodore Byron had
eftablifhed an Englifli colony on the weftern fide. His
account of the country was ftill more favourable than
that of the Englifli commander ; but as the projedl
had been undertaken with a view to other difeoveries
and advantages, which probably did not turn out ac¬
cording to expedlation, the French adventurers foon
became weary of their new colony ; to which alfo the
difpleafure of the Spaniards, who were greatly offend-
502 ed, did not a little contribute. M. Bougainville,
They aban therefore, being reimburfed in his expences, and the
ScaiFards French having given up every claim of difeovery or
r ‘ ’ right of poffeffion, the Spaniards landed fome troops in
1766, took poffeffion of the fort built by the French,
and changed the name of the harbour from Port Louis
to Port Solidad.
In the year 1769, captain Hunt of the Tamar fri¬
gate, happening to be on a cruize off Falkland’s
iflands, fell in with a Spahifh fchooner which had been
at Port Solidad. During all this time, it is uncertain
'.whether the Britilh and Spanilh fettlers knew of one
fame manner; fo that the Englifli commander, captain
Farmer, finding all refiftance vain, was obliged to capi¬
tulate. The Englifli were ordered to depart within a
limited time, carrying with them what ftores they
could ; and the Spanifli commander declared himfelf
anfwerable for what they (hould leave on the ifland.
The time allowed them to remain at Port Egmont was
to be determined by the governor; and for the greater
fecurity, the rudder was taken off from captain Far¬
mer’s (hip, and kept on ftiore till the appointed period;
after which the frigate was permitted to depart,'and in
70 days arrived at Portfmouth.
An infult to the Britifli flag, fo audacious, feemed Parliam*
to render war inevitable unlefs proper reparation was^fj^jj
very fpeedily made. It was accordingly mentioned in latinj/tg
the fpeech from the throne, November 13th 1770; this affai
and an immediate demand of fatisfa&ion for the injury
was promifed, and that the neceffary preparations for
war, which had been begun, fliould not be difeontinued.
The affairs of America were alfo taken notice of,
where grounds of complaint ftill exifted, notwithftand-
ing the ceffation of thofe combinations which had di-
ftreffed the commerce of this country. Thefe pro-
mifes, with regard to the affair of Falkland’s iflands,
however, were far from giving general fatisfattion.
The fpeech, as the work of miniftry, was moil violent¬
ly attacked by oppolition ; and an addrefs in anfwer
to it, it was faid, would be an eulogium on minifters
who did not deferve it. News had arrived, they faid,
from Falkland’s iflands in June, which fufficiently de-
monftrated the defigns of Spain; and Gibraltar and Mi¬
norca were left open to the attacks of that power,
without any preparation being made on our part to re¬
fill them. The whole condudl of the miniftry was faid
to be pufiJlanimous; and the love of peace, which was
given out as the reafon of their unwiilingnefa to refent
the injury', was treated with contempt.
A motion was now made in both houfes for an in¬
quiry into the conduft of the Spaniards on this occa-
fion, and that all the papers and letters relative to it
Ihould be laid before parliament. The demand, how¬
ever, was oppofed by miniftry, who infilled that the
laws of negociation precluded the idea of expofing
any letters or papers fent in confidence while the nego¬
ciation was depending; and they afferted that the king
of Spain had difavowed the condudl of his officer, and
promifed fatisfadlion. It would have been raffi, they
5 faid,
B R I [ .655 ] B R I
Iritain. fald, to proceed to extremities betwixt tbe two crowns, notice was taken in them, it mull have been verbal • Briram.
‘-■v when perhaps the officer only was to blame; but if,
after remonftrance, the court of Spain refufed fatisfac-
tion, we were then authorifed to force that juftice
which was refufed in an amicable manner.
5°? Some time before this, Mr Harris, the Engliffi mi-
| with n<fter at the court of Madrid, difpatched a letter to
Spanifhlord Weymouth, informing him that a {hip had arrived
isafTador. from Buenos Ayres with an account of the intended
expedition againft: Port Egmont, the number of men
to be employed, and the time fixed for its departure ;
at the fame time that it was afferted by prince Mafe-
rans, the Spanifh ambaffador, that he had every reafon
to believe that the governor of Buenos Ayres had em¬
ployed force at Port Egmont without any orders; and
hoped that, by difavowing this proceeding, he might
prevent any mifunderftanding betwixt the two king¬
doms. To this his lordfhip replied in a fpirited manner,
afking, among other things, Whether the prince had
any orders to difavowthe proceedings of the governor ?
And, on his reply in the negative, a formal difavowal
was demanded. After fome time, his lordfhip was in¬
formed that the prince had orders to difavow any par¬
ticular orders given to Mr Bucarelli, the governor of
Buenos Ayres, and at the fame time to fay, that he had
afted agreeably to his general inftru&ions and oath as
governor ; that the ifland fhould be reftored; and that
it was expe&ed the king of Britain would, on his part,
difavow the condudl of captain Hunt, whofe menace
had induced the governor to aft as he did.
This reply did not by any means prove agreeable
and foon after the conduft of the court of Spain be¬
came fo fufpicious, that Mr Harris was ordered to quit
the court of Madrid ; and the carrefpondence between
prince Maferans and the court of England was no
longer continued. About this time lord Weymouth
refigned his office, and was fucceeded by the earl of
Rochford ; and the affair of Falkland’s iflands was no
longer openly fpoken of- On the fitting down of the
parliament, January 22d 1771, however, it was again
brought before the houfe, and -the declaration of the
Spanifh ambaffadop, with Rochford’s acceptance, were
announced. Prince Maferans then difavowed, in the
name of his mailer, the violence ufed at Port Egmont;
to the reftitution of which he agreed, and hoped that
this reftitution would be looked upon as ample fatis-
faftion, and at the fame time as not affefting the que-
ftion concerning the prior fovereignty of the iflands.
This produced a new demand for copies of all papers,,
letters, and declarations of every kind relative to Falk¬
land’s iflands: but though it was now feemingiy com¬
plied with, the oppofite party affirmed that it was ftill
only in part; for befides a chafm of near two months,
during which time there was no account whatever, none
of the copies of the claims or reprefentations made by
the court of Spain, fince the firft fettlement of the
iflands, were given up. Thus a fufpicion was produ¬
ced, that the concealment of thefe papers, and the de¬
ficiencies in the order of their dates, might proceed
from fome mifconduft during the periods in queftion ;
and which adminiftration was willing to conceal from
the world. To thefe objeftions it was replied, that
every paper which could be found in the feveral offices
had been prefented ; and that if there had been any
correfpondence between the two courts, of which no
but, at any rate, there were papers fuffichnt to enable ' 
the houfe to determine the propriety or impropriety of
their conduft throughout the whole tranfaftion ; for
every thing decifive or explicit was in writing, and
every writing was laid before them.
All thefe excufes, however, could not yet fatisfy
oppofition. It was reported, and generally believed,
that France had interpofed in the affair ; in confequence
of which, a motion was made to addrefa his majefty
for information whether any fuch interference had ta¬
ken place, and of what nature it was, or in what man¬
ner it had been condufted. The minifter denied that,
there had been any fuch interference ; but it was in-
fifted that this was infufficient; that the word of the
king was rcquifite, as that of the minifter could not be
fatisfaftory, even fuppofxng.him to be upright. It did
not, however, appear that any correfpondence in writ¬
ing had taken place betwixt the two courts; and.whem
the minifter was afked, whether France had ever inter¬
pofed as mediator ? he anfwered, that “ England had
not employed France in that capacity ; but that the
word ir.terpofed was of a meaning too vague for direft
explanation ; and it was unufual to demand verbal ne-
gociations, while papers were laid before them : That
as all Europe had an eye to the compromifing of diffe¬
rences betwixt ftates, it was not to be fuppofed that
France would be altogether filent; but nothing (fays
he) difhonourable has ever pafted.” Oppolition flill
infilled that they had a right to have an account of
verbal negociations as well as others ; and that if this-
right was given up, a minifter had no more to do, when
he wifhed to promote an infidious meafure, than to
conduft it by verbal correfpondence. The motion,
however, was loft by a great majority in both houfes. -
This manner of deciding the queilion was fo far from A general >
allaying the general ferment, that it rendered it much 'liffatisfac-
worfe. The tranfaftion was confidered as entirely dif- -
graceful to the Britifh nation ; nor were all the argu- ;n which
ments that could be ufed by the minifterial party in anyuhe affair is ■
degree fufficient to overthrow the general opinion, terminated.
The reftitution of the ifland was thought to be an in¬
adequate recompenfe for the affront that had been of¬
fered ; and the objeftions to it were urged on a motion
for an addtefs to return thanks for the communication
of the Spanifh declaration, and to teftify their fatisfac-
tion with the redrefs that had been obtained. This
addrefs was not carried without confiderable difficul¬
ty, and produced a proteft from 19, peers. On the
part of Spain, however, every part of the agreement
was oftenfibly fulfilled; Port Egmont was reftored, and The fettle-
the Britifh once more took poffeffion of it, though ifctnent finai-
was in a fhort time after evacuated, according to
private agreement, as was fufpefted, between miniftry
and the court of Spain; but of this no evidence ever
appeared to the public.
In other refpefts, the greateft difcontents raged
throughout the kingdom. A fire which happened at
Portfmouth in the year 1770 excited numberlefs jea-
loufies, and was by fome imputed to our enemies on the
continent. The affair of the Middlefex; eleftion was
never forgot; and, notwithftanding many repulfes, the
city of London ftill ventured to prefent new petitions ■
to the throne. In one prefented this year by Mr
Beckford, the lord mayor at that time, they lamented
B R I
l 656 ]
B R X
. 509
Gives of-
Biitaln- the'heavy difpleafure under which they feemed to have
fallen with his majefty, and renewed a petition, fre¬
quently prefented before, concerning a diffolution of
parliament. This, however, met with a very unfavour¬
able anfwer : his majefty informed the lord mayor, that
his fentiments on that fubjeft continued unchanged;
and that “ he ftiould ill defcrve the title of Father of
his people, ftiould he fuffer himfelf to be prevailed on
to make fuch an ufe of his prerogative as he could not
508 but think inconfiftent with the intereft, and dangerous
Remark- to t^e conftitution, of the kingdom.” Mr Beckford
ofMrBeck-was ^ar ^rom ^eing diflieartened by this anfwer, that
ford to his he demanded leave to fpeak to the king; which being
nrajefty. obtained, he made a fpeech of confiderable length, and
concluded with telling his majefty, that “ whoever had
already dared, or fhould hereafter endeavour, by falfe
infinuations and fuggeftions, to alienate his majefty’s
affeftions from his loyal fubjefts in general, and the
city of London in particular, was an enemy to his
majefty’s perfon and family, a violator of the public
peace, and a betrayer of our liappy conftitution as it
was eftabliftied at the glorious revolution.” To this
no anfwer was made, though it gave great offence:
and when Mr Beckford went afterwards to St James’s
with an addrefs on the queen’s fafe delivery of a prin-
cefs, he was told, that “ as his lordftiip had thought
fit to fpeak to his majefty after his anfwer to the late
remonftrance; as it was unufual, his majefty defired
that nothing of the kind might happen for the fu¬
ture.”
This behaviour of Mr Beckford was by many of the
court party cenfured in an extreme degree, as indecent,
unprecedented, impudent, and little ftiort of high trea-
fon ; while, on the other hand, he was on the fame ac¬
count raifed to the higheft pinnacle of popular favour.
510 He did not long, however, enjoy the applaufe of the
His death, people, dying within a ftiort time after he made the
celebrated fpeech above mentioned, and his death was
reckoned an irreparable loft to the whole party. Se¬
veral other petitions were prefented on the fubjedi of
popular grievances.; but the perpetual negledl with
which they were treated at laft brought that mode of
application into difufe. A new fubjeft of contention,
however, now offered itfelf. The navy was in a bad
condition, and the failors every where avoided the fer-
vice. Towards the end of Auguft 16 ftiips of the line
were ready to put to fea ; but the legality of prefs war¬
rants being queftioned, the manning of them became
a matter of great difficulty. The new lord Mayor,
5T1 Brafs Crolhy, refufed to back the warrants ; which pro-
Propofals ved a vexatious matter to the miniftry. They were
for redu-1 further provoked by the unbounded liberty to which
£owers'of t^e Prefs ^‘ad been carried, and the mode of proceed-
theattorney ing againft fome libellers had produced many corn-
general. plaints regarding the powers of the attorney gene¬
ral. He had filed informations and carried on profe-
cutions ex officio, without going through the forms ob-
Ferved in all other cafes.—“ This (it was faid by the
patriotic party) was inconfiftent with the nature of a
free government. No power can be more dangerous
to private liberty, nor to the virtue or principles .of him
who enjoys it. The attorney a<fts under a minifter,
and his fenfe of duty muft be very ftrong, or his inde¬
pendence very thoroughly fecured by contentment, if
' N° 57»
he is at no time tempted to fwerve from the laws of Britain;
confidence and equity. It is in his power to give
what name he pleafes to a paper, and call it feditious
or treafonable ; then, without the interference of a
j ury, he proceeds to try the offender ; who, though he
may be acquitted, may neverthelefs be ruined by the
expences attending his juftification.” Examples were
cited on this occafion of very flagrant oppreffxon and
injuftice from this very power : the law's, it was faid,
were become changeable at the pleafure of a judge j
and the liberty of the fubjefl was taken from him,
w'henever he became obnoxious to his fuperiors. As
jhefe proceedings had therefore been the caufe of very
general complaint, a motion was made in the houfe of
commons to bring in a bill for explaining and amend¬
ing an aft of the 4th and 5th of William and Mary
to prevent invidious informations, and for the more
eafy reverfal of outlawries in the court of king’s bench.
This motion was rejefted by a great majority ; the Rejected
minifterial party urging, that the power of the attor¬
ney general was the fame that ever it had been, and
founded on common law. The abufe of power was
ho argument againft the legal exercife of it ; it was
dangerous to overthrow eftablifhed cuftoms; the ac¬
tions of the attorney-general were cognizable by par¬
liament, which controul muft for ever prevent a licen¬
tious exertion of his power, &c.
Thefe arguments, however, even wdth the rejeftion Difi
of the motion, did not put an end to. the difputes on concernii
this head. The courts of juftice themfelves were at^,e. pf oj
this time held up in a very defpicable light, on ac-jU[|gCS>
count of fome late decifions which had been deemed
contrary to law and ufual praftice. By thefe the
judges had affirmed a power of determining whether a
paper was a libel or not; and the bufinefs of the jury
was confined to the determination of the faft regard¬
ing its publication ; and thus it was faid to have ap¬
peared, that the judges had it in their power to punilh
a man who had been found guilty of publilhing a pa¬
per, whether feditious or not. Lord Chatham, in a
fpeech on tire Middlefex eleftion, took occafion to
mention thefe abufes; and was anfwered by lord Manf-
field, who looked upon himfelf to be particularly
pointed at. The former, however, was fo little con¬
vinced by his anfwer, that he drew from it an addi¬
tional confirmation of his own arguments; and moved
that a day ftiould be appointed for taking into confi-
deration the conduft of the judges; in which he was
ably feconded by the late lord chancellor. A com¬
mittee was accordingly moved for on December 6th
1770, to inquire into the matter; but, after much de¬
bate, was rejefted by 184 to 76. The affair, however,
did not yet feem to be terminated. Lord Mansfield gave
notice next day, that on Monday he would communicate
to the houfe of lords a matter of the utmoft importance;
hut, when that day came, he produced nothing but a
paper containing the cafe of Woodfall the printer as
tried in the court of king’s bench, that whoever pleafed
might read or take copies of it. This was looked
upon as exceedingly frivolous, and greatly difap-
pointed the expeftations of the whole houfe. His
lordftu'p was afleed, whether he meant that the paper
ftiould be entered on the journals of the houfe or not?
To which he anfwered, that he had no fuch intention,
1 hut
B R I [ Ci7 3 B R I
but only that it fhould be left in the bands of the roar. In the mean time the lords, who bad juft left
clerk: on which the affair would probably have been the houfe of peers, had gone to the lower houfe, where ^
overlooked altogether, had not the late lord chancel- they were liftening to the debates, when the cotn-
lor, who all along ftrongly fupported the motion, flood moners, who had been turned out of the houfe of lords,
up to accufe lord Mansfield, from the very paper to arrived full of indignation, and making loud eom-
which he appealed, of a pra&ice repugnant to the law plaints of the affront they had received. This was re-
of England. Hence he took occafion to propofe fented by turning out indiferiminately all the fpetla-
fome queries relative to the power of juries, and chal- tors; among whom were the 18 peers juft mentioned,
lenged his antagonift to a debate either at that time who were thus fhut out from both houfes. The affair
or foon after. But this method of proceeding was terminated in a mifunderflanding betwixt the two
complained of as too precipitate, and an excufe was houfes, which continued during the whole fefiion.
likewife made for not afligning a day for the debate Sixteen lords joined in a proteft, and in the warm-
at any other time; fo that the matter foon funk into
oblivion. It was, however, loudly talked of without
doors; and the judges, who had already fallen much in
the eftimation of the people, now became much more
obnoxious. Pamphlets were printed containing the
moft fevere accusations; comparifons were made be¬
twixt fome of the law lords and their predecefibrs, and
even the print-fhops were filled with ridiculous and fa-
tirical pictures.
An accident which took place foon after contri-
eft terms cenfured the treatment they had met with,
as well as the unprecedented behaviour of admini-
ftration, who had thus attempted to fupprefs the free¬
dom of argument, and render the condudt of the
houfe an objeft of cenfure and ridicule to the whole
world.
After the difcuflxon of the affair of Falkland’s iffands Mr.nitrous
in the manner already related, a moil unheard of in- mftance of
ftance of corruption was laid before parliament in the
borough of New Shoreham in Suflex. The conteft ghoreham.
St6
buted alfo greatly to leffen the chara&er not only of was occafioned by the returning officer, Mr Roberts,
the minifterial party, but even that of both houfes of having returned a candidate with only 37 votes, when
parliament taken colledfively, in the eyes of the vulgar, the other had 87; and, on bringing him to trial for
to an extreme degree; and indeed it muft be owned this ftrange proceeding, the following feene of villany
that nothing could be more derogatory to the honour was laid open. A great number of the freemen of the
of the firft affembly of the nation, or to that of the borough had formed themfelves into a fociety called
individuals who compofed it. A motion was made
on the ipth of December 1770 by the duke of Man-
chefttr, that an addrefs be prefented to his majefty,
that he would be gracioufly pleafed to give orders for
the ChriJUan Society or Club; but, inllead of keep¬
ing up the charafter indicated by this title, it was
clearly proved by the returning officer, who formerly
belonged to it, that it was employed only for the pur-
quickening our preparations for defence in the Weft pofes of venality. A feledt committee of the members
Indies and in the Mediterranean ; and particularly for were appointed to fell the borough to the highett bid-
fecuring the polls of Gibraltar and Minorca. But der. The committee men never appeared at eledlions
while his grace was defcanting on the negligence of themfelves, but gave orders to the reft, and diredted
miniftry in leaving polls of fuch importance in a de- them how to vote ; and, after the ele&ion was over,
fencelefs ftate, he was fuddenly interrupted by lord lhared the profits among themfelves. Though all this
Gower, who infilled on having the houfe immediately was clearly proved, the returning officer was difmified
cleared of all but thofe who had a right to fit there, with only a reprimand from the fpeaker of the houfe
“When motions (faid he) are thus brought in by fur- of commons, for having trefpaffed upon the forms to
be facredly obferved by a returning officer. A more
fevere punilhment, however, was referved for the bo¬
rough, and thofe wretches who had affumed the name
of the Chrijlian Club. A motion for an inquiiy being
carried unanimoufly, a bill was brought in to incapa¬
citate 81 freemen of this borough, whofe names were
prize, and without the knowledge of the houfe as to
their contents, it is impoffible but fuch things may
be fpoken as are improper for the general ear; efpeci-
ally as the enemy may have fpies in the houfe, in or¬
der to convey fecret intelligence, and expofe the na-
kednefs of our poffeffions.” His lordlhip was an-
fwered by the duke of Richmond, who complained of mentioned, from ever voting at.parliamentary elec-
the interruption given to the duke of Manchefter as tions; and, for the more effeftually preventing bribery
a proceeding both irregular and infidious. This pro- and corruption, the attorney general was ordered to
duced a confiderable degree of altercation, and the profecute the committee belonging to the Chriftian
erv of “ Clear the houfe i” refounded from all quar- club: the members were allowed counfel, and many
ters. Several members-attempted to fpeak, but find- different opinions were offered regarding the mode of
ing it impoffible, and piqued at this fhameful beha- puniftiment. Some were mercifully inclined only to
viour, 18 or 19 of them left the houfe in a body, reprimand them, while others propofed to disfranchife
Members The members of the houfe of commons then prefent the borough ; however, the bill for incapacitation was
if the houfe were not only commanded to depart, but fome of the paffed at length, though it did not receive the royal
commonsjor(js went perfonally to the bar, and infilled on their affent till the laft day of the feffion. SD
(^Fronted, jeav;ng ^ houfe immediately. Thefe unfortunate The unbounded licentioufnefs of the prefs now cal-J*^.™^
Ilians a°miT- members alleged in excufe, that they attended with a led the attention of parliament, though the evil ap- nefs of the
“knderftand-bill, and were there in the difeharge of their duty; peared in a manner incapable of being checked. Atprefs,
hog betwixt Jmt this availed nothing, they were permptorily or- this time neither rank nor chara&er were any fecurity
'V two dered to withdraw till their meffage Ihould be deliver- againft the voice of calumny from one party or other;
ed; and, after going through the ufual forms, were and indeed it was hard to fay on what fide the moft
turned out of doors amidft the greateft tumult and up- intemperate violence appeared. The miniftry, how-
Vot.. III. Part II. 4 © «ver>
Vo
aoufes.
B R I
[ 658 ]
B R I
the ferjeant had refufed to find bail; however, he was
immediately releafed upon the bail being given.
By this affront, not only the majority, but many of
the popular party alfo were greatly irritated : how¬
ever, the members in oppofition took care to lay all
the blame on the abfurd condudt of adminiftration with
Britain, ever, provoked by a long courfe of oppofition, made
1 v  the loudeft complaints of the freedoms taken with their
names; while it was retorted by oppofition, that the a-
bufe from one quarter was as great as from the other.
Some members of the houfe of commons complained
that their speeches had been mifreprefented in the pa¬
pers, and endeavoured to put a flop to the praftice of regard to the Middlefex ele&ion ; in confequence of
printing them. It was now confidered as a matter which they had incurred fuch a general odium, that
contrary to the Handing order of the houfe to print the people thwarted every meafure propofed by them,
the fpeeches of the members of parliament at all; and and eluded and defpifed their power on every occafion,
^jg a motion for calling two of the principal printers to The lord mayor was ordered to attend the houfe next Proceed-
Conteft of account was carried by a confiderable majority. The day ; at which time he pleaded that he had adted in ‘n,£s agai»4
the houfe of printers, however, did not attend the fummons of the no manner of way inconfiftent with the duties of his^"*’
co.nJnlons meffenger ; and a final order for their appearance was office ; as, by an oath which he took when entering
waiters '6 directed to b# left at their houfes, and declared to be ^ „f tV,„
4 ’ fufficient notice when left at their houfes. The dif-
obedience of the printers on this occafion was un¬
doubtedly heightened by the favour they hoped to ob¬
tain from the popular party ; and indeed it was not
without the moft fevere animadverfions that the mini-
ftry were able to carry their motions againft them.
•V’nJc r.T'.T-.nfifinn inerpafed bv its heimr farther moved
complained, that not being able to meet with the print¬
ers at their houfes, he had been treated with indigni¬
ty by their fervants ; on which a royal proclamation
was ilfued for apprehending Wheble and Thomfon, the
two obnoxious printers, with a reward of L.50 annex-
count, were ordered to attend the houfe, though the
motion was not carried without great oppofition, du¬
ring which time the houfe divided between 20 and 30
times. Some of the delinquents were reprimanded at the
upon it, he was bound to preferve the franchifes of the
city, and his conduct was farther to be vindicated from
the terms of the city charters, as recognifed by aft of
parliament. It was then moved that he ffiould be al¬
lowed counfel; the queftion appearing to belong to
the lawyers, as his lordlhip, did not pretend to deny
the privileges of the houfe, though he contended for
This oppofition increafed by its being farther moved an exemption from that privilege by virtue of charters
that they ffiould be taken into cuftody by the ferjeant and an aft of parliament. This motion, however, was
at arms for contempt of the orders of the houfe. The over-ruled, it being infilled that no counfel could ever
temper and difpofition of the people towards tbe houfe be permitted againll the privileges of the houfe. This
was now objefted, and the great impropriety of add- refufal of counfel took its rife from a tranfaftion in
ing to their alarms by any unneceffary ftretch of the the reign of Henry VIII. and was now pleaded as the
executive power; but the majority urged the neceffi- cuftom of parliament. Some propofed that the lord
ty of preferving the dignity of the houfe, and putting mayor ffiould be heard by counfel, provided the privi-
an end to thofe offenfive freedoms which had been ta- lege of the houfe was not affefted ; but it was confi-
ken with its members. The ferjeant at arms next dered as abfurd to the hit degree that his lordffiip
ffiould be heard by counfel on every point except the
very one in queftion. At the fame time a motion was
carried, that the lord mayor’s clerk ffiould attend with
the book of minutes ; and notwithftanding all oppofi¬
tion, he was obliged to expunge out of it the recogni-
cd. But in the mean time fix other printers, who had zance of Whittam the meffenger. This was followed
rendered themfelves equally obnoxious on a fimilar ac- by a refolution that there ffiould be no more proceed¬
ings at law in the cafe ; a great altercation enfued, and
feveral of the minority at laft left the houfe in the ut-
moft rage.
Though it was now one o’clock in the morning,
bar, and one who did not attend was ordered to be taken the minifterial party were fo ardent in the profecution
into cuftody for contempt. Wheble being apprehended of their viftory, that they refufed to adjourn ; pro- j
in confequence of the proclamation, was carried before ceeding now to the trial of Mr Oliver, who, as well as And again;
Mr Alderman Wilkes, by whom he was difcharged. the lord mayor, was far from expreffing any forrow alderman: 1
To this magiftrate it appeared that Mr Wheble had for what he had done. Some propofed to cenfure his °nver- j
been apprehended in direft violation of his rights as an conduft, others were for expulfion ; but when it was
Engliffiman, as well as of the chartered privileges of a propofed to fend him to the Tower, the utmoft con-
citizen of London; which opinion he declared in a fufion and mutual reproach took place; fome mem-
letter to the earl of Halifax, one of the fecretaries of bers declared that they would accompany him to the
ftate. Thomfon was difcharged in the fame manner ; place of his confinement ; others left the houfe, while
but the captors received certificates from the magi- miniftry ufed their utmoft endeavours to perfuade him
ftrates, in order to obtain the promifed rewards. J. into fome kind of apology or conceffion for what he
Miller, one of the fix who had refufed to attend, was had done; but finding that to no purpofe, they at
taken into cuftody from his own houfe by the mefien- laft carried the motion for his imprifonment, and he j
ger of the houfe of commons. On this he fent for a was committed accordingly. Ample amends, how- Both com-tj
LortTMay conftable, and was carried along with the meffenger ever, were made for this puniffiment by the unbounded m^ted to t
or fet? Mil-before the lord mayor, and aldermen Wilkes and Oli- popular applaufe heaped on both the lord mayor andtlie tower*j
ler at liber- ver at the manfion houfe. The lord mayor refufed to alderman on this occafion, and which indeed threaten-
■w™-. up the printer and meffenger at the requeft of ed very ferious confequences. Some days after the
nieffenger the ferjeant at arms ; and after fome difputes the mef- commitment of Mr Oliver, when the lord mavor at-
commitment of Mr Oliver, when the lord mayor at-
    a . tended at the houfe of commons, feveral very alarming
cufed by Miller of affault and falfe imprifonmeut, and infults were offered to many of the members, particu-
iarly
of the houfe fenger was committed to prifon, as he had been ac-
B It I
l| Britain. Jai;Iy lord North ; who, on this occaiion, loft his hat,
Tfj—^  and narrowly efcaped with his life. Some of the
members of the minority interpofed, and expoftulated
with the mob on the impropriety of their conduft,
by which means all further difturbance was prevented;
and had it not been for this timely interference, it is
fuppofed that the fray would not have ended without
|| much bloodfhed.
After the confufion was in fome meafure difpelled,
the debates concerning the lord mayor again took
place. Many arguments were brought againft pro¬
ceeding farther in the matter; but being difregarded,
the minority members left the houfe. His lordlhip
refufed the favour offered him of being committed to
the cuftody of the ferjeant at arms, upon which it was
IJ43 refolved to commit him to the Tower ; the motion for
idiculous this purpofe being carried by 200 againft 39. Mr
lift to a- Wilkes, on being ordered to attend, wrote a letter ad-
eftwith”" to the fpeaker of the houfe, in which he ob-
/ilke*. ferved, that no mention had been made of his being a
member; and that if his feat in parliament, to which
he had been duly elefted, was to be granted him, he
would attend and juftify his conduct. Adminiftration,
however, were too wife now to encounter this hero,
and at the fame time were under no little embarraffinent
how to get off; fo at laft they were reduced to the mi-
ferable ihift of ordering him to attend on the 8th of
April 1771, at the fame time that they adjourned the
houfe to the 9th.
The many affronts and indignities which adminiftra¬
tion had of late been obliged to put up with now ren¬
dered it abfolutely neceffary to fall upon fome method
to ftiow that their authority, was not altogether loft.
Committee For this purpofe a committee was appointed by ballot
i»r inqui- to inquire into the reafon why there had been fo many
tog into obftructions to the authority of the houfe of commons.
Wuftothe T^i® committee having fat from the 28th of March to
utharity 30t^ April, at laft gave in the following re¬
tie houfe cf port. “ Your committee beg leave to obferve, that
raunons. in the diligent fearch they have made in the journals,
they ‘have not been able to find an inftance that any
court or magiftrate has prefumed to commit, during
the fitting of parliament, an officer of the houfe for
executing the orders of the houfe. They further beg
leave to obferve, that they have not been able to find,
that there ever has been an inftance wherein this houfe
has fuffered any perfon, committed by order of thisu-
houfe, to be difcharged, during the fame feffions, by
any authority whatever, without again committing
fuch perfons. As therefore, with regard to J. Millar,
who was delivered from the cuftody of the meffenger
by the lord mayor, who, for the faid offence, is now
under the cenfure of the houfe, it appears to your
committee, that it highly concerns the dignity and
power of the houfe to maintain its authority in this in¬
ftance, by retaking the faid J. Millar, the committee
recommend to the confideration of the houfe, whe¬
ther it may not be expedient, that the houfe fhould
order that the faid J. Millar ffiould be again taken in¬
to cuftody of the ferjeant at arms ; and that his depu¬
ty or deputies be ftri&ly enjoined to call upon the ma-
giftrates, officers of the peace, and other perfons, who
by the fpeaker’s warrant are required to be aiding
and affifting to him in the execution thereof, for fuch
affiftance as the faid ferjeant, his deputy or deputies,
B R X
fhall find neceffary, to enable him or them to take into Britain,
cuftody the faid J. Millar.” '' ^
Nothing could have been more imprudent than the Th/iMie
urging with fuch violence a conteft againft fuch con-of this con¬
temptible adverfaries; and in which they were finally teft unfa-
baffled. What they intended for puniftiment rea% adminiftra-
afforded the criminals matter of triumph and exulta- t;on_
tion. Every honour that the city of London could
beftow was conferred upon the magiftrates, while the
complaints and execrations of the people at large be¬
came louder than ever. Every ftep taken about this
time by adminiftration feemed calculated to add to the
public ill humour. Towards the end of the feffion a ^
bill was brought in “ for enabling certain perfons to Diffati-fac-
inclofe and embank part of the river Thames, adjoining t‘on on a<>
to Durham yard, Salifbury-ftreet, Cecil-ftreet, and^”"^
Beaufort buildings, in the county of Middlefex.” This bankment
bill was oppofed, as appearing contrary to the ancient bill,
rights and privileges of the city of London; but was
eafily carried through both houfes, though it produced
a proteft in the upper houfe; and a few days before
the rifing of the feffion, the city of London petitioned
againft it. In this petition it was complained of as a
violent and unjuft tranfa&ion, totally unprecedented,
being an invafion of the property which the city claim¬
ed in the foil or bed of the river. It was afterwards
complained of in a remonftrance, as an infringement of
the rights of the people, and urged as a* reafon for the
diffolution of parliament. 547
The only other tranfadtion of moment during this Eaft India
feffion related to the Eaft India company. It was affa“'s^con*
now propofed to raife 2000 men in England for the11 erc
fervice of the company, the officers to be appointed by
the king, and to be paid by the company. But after
much {peculation, it was reje&ed as unconftitutional
and dangerous to keep an armed force in the kingdom
which was not paid by government; and that, however
inconfiderable the number propofed was at prefent, it
might foon be increafed on any frivolous pretence. It
was likewife urged, that it would prove an obftru&ion
to the recruiting fervice for our own army, on account
of the fuperior advantages of enliftingin the company's
fervice. The advocates for the bill urged the incon-
veniency of fending out a fufficient number of men
annually to recruit the Indian forces; and that, unlef*
parliament ftiould adhere to the promife they formerly
made of affifting the company in recruiting, they
would be daily expofed to vaft lofs and expence from
the tricks of recruiting parties. The feffion rofe on
the 8th of May. In the fpeech from the throne, it
was obferved, that the fatisfaftion obtained from his
Catholic majefty for the injury done to this kingdom,
and the proofs of the pacific difpofition which the
courts*of France and Spain had given by laying afide
their armaments, enabled us to reduce our forces by
fea and land. The zeal manifefted by parliament
could not fail to convince the world of its affeftionate
attachment to the crown and regard to the interefts of
the country. His majefty’s endeavours were promifed
to put an end to the troubles which ftill prevailed in
fome parts of the continent '; thanks were given to the
commons for the unanimity, cheerfulnefs, and public
fpirit with which they had granted the fupplies; and
an apology was made for the extraordinary demands
which had been made. The fpeech concluded with
4 O 2 advifing
B R I
[ 660 ] B R I
Bii'a’n. advffing.the members to ufe their bed endeavours, in
their refpe&ive ftations and counties, to render the na¬
tional'happinefs complete, by difcouraging needlefs
fufpicions and domeftic difturbances. His majefty had
no other objedt, and could have no other intereil, than
to reign in the hearts of a free and happy people ; and
it was his earned wilh that his fubjedls might not be
prevented, by miftakes or animofxties among themfelves,
from enjoying the happinefs they had in their power.
Popular The many defeats that had been received by oppo-
party dif- fition during this and the foregoing fefiions, now began
couraged. {0 difcourage them from proceeding fuch lengths in
the caufe of patriotifm as they had formerly done.
Many of them had alfo loft much of their popularity
by taking an adfive part againft the printers; and as
every motion had been carried in favour of adminiftra-
tion by nearly two to one, a general difcouragement and
languor began to take place among the popular party.
The only gainers indeed by the late contentions were
the city magiftrates and printers who had been punifh-
ed by the houfe of commons. On the rifmg of the
parliament, when the lord mayor and alderman were
releafed from the tower, they were welcomed by every
mark of congratulation. The city was illuminated
and the mob, as ufual, took vengeance on the refrac¬
tory by breaking their windows. A committee was
even appointed to carry on a profecution againft the
fpeaker of the houfe of commons; but as this did not
feem likely to afford any redrefs, they determined once
more to have recourfe to the throne. Accordingly,
on the xoth of July 1771, another petition and re-
monftrance was prefented, the fubjefts of which were
the embankmentsontheThames,theproceedings againft
the magiftrates, and a fpeedy diffoiution of parliament
was requefted. But this met with as unfavourable an
anfwer aa before. His majefty replied, that he was
ready to put an end to the real grievances of his faith¬
ful fubjefts; but was forry to find that a part of them
Hill renewed requefts which he had repeatedly refufed
to comply with.
In the fpeecb from the throne,, when the parliament
met, January 21ft 1772, his majefty obferved,.that the
performance of the king of Spain’s engagements, and
the behaviour of the other European powers, promifed
a continuance of peace; and though the neceflity of
keeping up a refpedtable naval force was evident, yet
no extraordinary aid for that purpofe would be necef-
fary; and he concluded with recommending the moft
vigilant and a&ive attention to the concerns of the
country, with an aflurance of the interpofition of the
crown to remedy abufes or fupply defeats. Eittle dif-
pute was made about the addreffes in anfwer to this
Sly fpeech, though an ample fubject of altercation very
Debates on foon occurred. This was a motion made by admini-
the aug- ftration, intimating the necefiity of raifing 25,000 fea-
of ihefrmm- men ^or t^c ^erv*ce t^ie current year; it being always
fcer cf fea- neceffary, they faid, for us to preferve a fuperiority to
men. the French in the Eaft Indies, which had not been
the cafe fince they fcnt a confiderable fleet thither. “ It
was equally nectffary (they added) to preferve thepre-
fent ftrength of the Weft Indies unimpaired; as the
Spaniards knew the importance of our fettlements
there too well not to make an attack upon them firft
if ever a rupture ftiould take place. Twenty of the
heft (hips in the navy were alfo now employed as guard*
{hips, and wanted nothing but men to fit them for Briramj!
aftual fervice.” u—v—
A declaration of this kind, coming immediately af¬
ter the affurances of peace that had been given from
the throne, was faid to be a contradiction; that the
peace-eftablifhment would thus be augmented till we
were overburdened by it; 500,000k would thus be
added to the national expences; and as the fame aug¬
mentation might every year be made on fimilar pre¬
tences, we ftiould thus be obliged to fubmit to the
hardfhips of war in time of a profound peace. If the ' 1
affurances of peace from the throne were well founded,
the force in the Eaft Indies was already too great; if,,
on the contrary, a war was at hand, it would be too
fmall notwithftanding the propofed augmentation; and j
the fame way Jamaica was likely to fuffer from the
inferiority.
Them remonftrances were by no means fufficient to
put a ftop to any meafure which had at this time been
fuggefted by adminiftration. The queftion for the
augmentation was carried without a divifion: after
which the fubjeCI of religion came to be difcuffed. j
This was occalioned by the general tendency to Aria- petition an
nifm or Socinianifm, which had for fome time prevailed gainft fub-ij
to a great degree, and had at laft infedted the efta-Icrikmg th{j
blifhed church in fuch a manner, that the fubfcription !
to her llandards was reckoned intolerable by many of ‘ |
the clergy. Meetings had been frequently' held by
the difcontented members, in order to confider of fome
mode of relief; and in the beginning of February 1772,
about 250 of them, with feveral profeffors of law and
phyfic, joined in a petition to the houfe of commons,
exprefiing their diffatisfa^ion with fubfcription to any
human forms, and praying for relief. In this petition
they afferted, that they held certain rights and privi¬
leges from God alone, without being fubjedt to any
other authority ; fuch as the exercife of their own rea-
fon and judgment,, by which they were inftructed and
confirmed in their belief of the Chriftian religion, as
contained in the holy fcriptures. They accounted it
a bleffing to live under a government which maintained
the fufliciency of the fcriptures to inftrudt in all things
neceffary to falvation. Hence they concluded, that
they had a right from nature, as well as from the prin¬
ciples of the reformed religion, to judge for themfelves
what was or was not contained in the fcripturea. From
this invaluable privilege, however, theyfound themfelves
in a great meafure precluded by the laws rtlative to
fubfcription; by which they were enjoined to acknow¬
ledge certain articles and confeffions of faith framed-
by fallible men as entirely agreeable to fcripture. They
prayed therefore to be relieved from fuch an impofi-
tion, and to be reftored to their undoubted right of in¬
terpreting fcripture for themfelves, without being bound
by any human explanation' of it, or being required to
acknowledge by fubferiptien or declaration the truth*
of any formulary of religious faith and do6trine what¬
ever excepting the holy fcripture itfelf.
The affair of fubfcription they looked upon to be
not only a. grievance to themfelves, but an encroach¬
ment on their rights as men and members of a Pro-
teftant eftablifhment, as well as a great hindrance to
the fpreading of the Chriftian religion,, tending to dif¬
courage further inquiry into the true fenfe of ferip-
ture, to divide communions, and to caufe a mutual
diflike
B R I t 6Sr ] BRI
Britain, diflike betwixt fellow Proteftants ; giving occafion for
—v unbelievers to reproach and vilify the clergy, by repre-
fenting them as guilty of prevarication, and of accom¬
modating their faith to lucrative views and political
confiderations. It afforded alfo to PapHts and others
difaffefted to the religious eftablifhment of the church
of England, an occafion of reflecting upon it as in-
confillent, and authorifing doubtful and precarious
i do&rines, at the fame time that the fcripture alone
was acknowledged to be certain and fufficient for fal-
vation. It had likewife'a tendency to divide the cler¬
gy among themfelves; fubjeCting one part, who af-
ferted their privilege as Proteftants, to be reviled, both
from the pulpit and the prefs, by another who feemed
to judge the articles they had fubfcribed to be of equal
authority with the fcripture itfelf; and laftly, it occa-
fioned fcruples and embarraffments of confcience to
thofe who were about to enter into the miniftry, or
prevented the cheerful exercife of it to thofe who were
already entered. By reafon of thefe embarraffinents
the clerical part of the petitioners found themfelves
under great difficulties, being obliged in fome fenfe to
join with the adverfaries of revelation, in fuppofing
the one true fenfe of fcripture to be expreffed in the
prefent ettablifhed fyftem of faith ; or elfe to incur
the reproach of having defeated their fubfcription, &c,
while fuch of the petitioners as had been educated
with a view to the profelfions of civil law and phyfic
could not but think it a great hardfltip to be obliged,
as they all were in one of the univerfities, even at their
firft matriculation and admiffion, though at arv age
very improper for fuch important difquifitions, to fub-
fcribe their affent to a variety of theological tenets,
concerning which their private opinions could be of
no confequence to the public, in order to intitle them
to academical degrees in thofe faculties ; more efpe-
cially as the courie of their ftudies and attention to
their pradfice did not afford them leifure fufficient to
examine How far thefe tenets were confonant to the
word of God.
This petition was prefented by Sir William Mere¬
dith, who, along with the other members who favour¬
ed the caufe, enforced it by many arguments drawn
from the principles of toleration. They maintained
alfo that nothing but hypocrify and prevarication could
arife from obliging men to fubfcribe what they did
not believe ; that the repeal of the laws for fubfcrip¬
tion would prevent the increafe of diflenters, fo-very
confpicuous at this time, and incline many of them to
return to the church. The articles themfelves were
faid to have been compiled in a hurry ; that they con¬
tained dodlrines highly controvertible ; and that this
feftraint on the confciences of men was of all others
the greateft hardfhip. The majority of parliament,
however, were found inimical to the petition, though
fome, who oppofed it at prefent, wiftied for time to
Confider it more deliberately, or to refer it to a com¬
mittee of the clergy. By the reft it was urged, that
the matter of the petition was a violent infra&ion of
the laVs of the Englifh religion ; and that, if this
was granted, another would foon follow againft the li¬
turgy. The conduft of many, of the petitioners, in-
ftead of being founded in any regard for religion, had
its oiigin in hypocrify and diffolutenefs, and certainly
jroceeded in many inftances from a difbelief of the
Trinity, and of the divinity of our Saviour. The Britain;
complaints of men were to be difregarded when they '—“v*-“*
wifhed to profit by the emoluments of the church with¬
out fubfcribing to its laws ; befides, the king was
bound by his coronation oath to continue the church-
government without alteration. It was likewife urged, •
that if people were to be reftrained by no other article
than an affent to the truth of thefcriptures, the church
would foon be over-run with impiety. Many had al¬
ready founded blafphemous tenets on the right of pri¬
vate opinion ; and though it could not be denied that
every man has this right for himfelf, yet none has a
right to obtrude his fingularities upon others ; and if
any of the clergy found the delicacy of their confciences
affefted after they had accepted of benefices, they
were welcome to leave them.
Some of the more moderate oppofefs of the peti¬
tion endeavoured to vindicate the charaftef of the
clergy from the imputations laid upon them, and con¬
tended that the legiflature had a controuling power
over the articles of the union, and confirmed their af-
fertion by mentioning the adl againft occafional con¬
formity, as well as another againft ele&ive patronages,
both of them paffed lince the union ; and it feemed to
be the general wifti of the houle that the profeffors of
law and phyfic might be relieved from fubfcription,
though they did not confider their fliare in the matter
as of any great importance to the public. It was at 531?
laft thrown out by a majority of near 150. Rejectedi
The rejection of the fubfcription bill was followed
by that of a bill for quieting the poffeffions of his tria-
jefty’s fubje&s from dormant claims of the church ;
after which the attention of parliament was called to
one of the utmoft importance, and which was introdu-
ced by a meffage from the king. This was the famous Royal tnaa-]
royal marriage bill, occafionedby the marriage of theduke riage-bill.
of Cumberland with Mrs Horton, a widow lady, daugh¬
ter of lord Irnham and filter to colonel Luttrel, and that
of the duke of Gloucefter with the countefs-dowager of
Waldegrave. By the meffage it was recommended to
both houfes to take it into their confideration, whether
it might not be expedient to fupply the defedts of the.
laws then in being, and by fome new regulations more
effedtually to prevent the defcendants of his late mA-
jefty (excepting the iffue of the princeffes who had
married, or might hereafter marry into foreign fami¬
lies) from marrying without the confent of his ma-
jefty, his heirs, and fucceffors. In confequence of this-
a bill was brought in, declaring all fuch marriages,,
without the confent above mentioned, to be null and
void. The defcendants of his majefty, however, if a-
bove the age of 25 years, might marry without the
royal confent, provided they gave intimation, a twelve-
month before hand, to the privy council, and no oppo-
fition to the match was made by parliament during that
interval. ^
This bill met with the moft violent and powerful Proteus a;
oppofition. The principal arguments againft it were lti
expreffed in two protefts from the upper houfe, and
were to the following purpofe : 1. The dodtrine that
marriages in the royal family are of the higheft impor¬
tance to the ftate, and that therefore the kings of this
realm have ever been trufted with the care thereof, is
both abfurd and unconftitutional; though it would,
from that period have the force of a parliamentary de¬
claration.
B R I [ 65a ] B R I
claration. The immediate tendency of this was to
create as many prerogatives to the crown as there are
matters of importance in the ftate ; and to extend them
in a manner as vague and exceptionable as had ever
been done in the moft defpotic periods. 2. The en-
afting part of the bill had an inconvenient and impo¬
litic extent; namely, to all the defcendants of Geo. II.
In procefs of time, that defcription might become
very general, and comprehend a great number of
people ; and it was apprehended that it would be an
intolerable grievance for the marriages of fo many fub-
jetts, perhaps difperfed among the various ranks of ci¬
vil life, to- be fubje& to the reftriftions of this aft,
efpecially as the abettors of this doftrine had alfo main¬
tained, that the care and approbation of the marriage
alfo included the education and cuftody of the perfon.
This extenfive power might in time make many of the
firft families of the kingdom entirely dependent on the
crown ; and it was regretted that all endeavours to li¬
mit, in fome degree, the generality of that defcription.,
had proved ineffeftual. 3. The time of nonage for the
royal family appeared to be improperly extended be¬
yond the limit of 21 years; a period which the wifdom
of the conftitution feems, with great wifdom, to have
affigned to minority. 4. The deferring their marriage
to the age of 26 might alfo be attended with other
bad confequences, by driving them into a diforderly
courfe of life, which ought to be particularly guarded
againft in thole of fuch an exalted ftation. 5. The
power given by this bill to a prince to marry after the
age of 26, is totally defeated by the provifo which de¬
clares the confent of parliament to be ultimately necef-
fary. Thus great difficulties muft be laid on future
parliaments, as their filence, in fuch a cafe, mufl imply
a difapprobation of the king’s refufal; and their con¬
currence with it might prove a perpetual prohibition
from marriage to the party concerned. 6. The right
of conferring a difcretionary power of prohibiting all
. marriages, appears to be above the reach of any legifla-
ture whatever, as being contrary to the inherent rights
of human nature ; which, as they are not derived from,
or held under, the fanftion of any civil laws, cannot be
taken away by them in any cafe whatever. The legif-
lature no doubt has a right to prefcribe rules to mar¬
riage as well as to every other kind of contraft; but
there is an effential difference between regulating the
mode by which a right may be enjoyed, and eflablifh-
ing a principle which may tend entirely to annihilate
that right. To difable a man during life from con-
trafting marriage, or, which is the fame thing, to make
bis power of contrafting fuch marriage dependent nei¬
ther an his own choice nor on any fixed rule of law,
but on the arbitrary pleafure of any man, or fet of men,
is exceeding the power permitted by divine providence
to human legiflature, and direftly contrary not only to
the divine command, but alfo to the rights of do-
meflic fociety and comfort, &c. 7. This bill has a
natural tendency, to produce a difputed title to the
crown. If thofe who are affefted by it are in power,
they will eafily procure a repeal of this aft, and the
confirmation of a marriage made contrary to it ; and
if they are not, it will at leaft be the fource of the moft;
dangerous faftion that can exift in any country, viz.
one attached to the pretender to the crown ; whofe
claim, he may affert, has been fet afide by no other
authority than that of an aft to which the legiflature Britaitii
was not competent, as being contrary to the common '
rights of mankind. 8. The bill provides no fecurity
againft the improper marriages of princeffes married
into foreign families, and thofe of their iffue ; which
may full as materially affeft the intereft of this nation
as the marriages of princes refiding in the dominions
of Great Britain. It provides no remedy againft the
improper marriage of the king reigning, though evi¬
dently the moft important of all others to the public.
If provides nothing againft the indifcreet marriage of
a prince of the blood, being regent at the age of 2 1 ;
nor furnifhes any remedy againft his permitting fuch
marriages to others of the blood-royal, being fully in-
veiled with the regal power for this purpofe, without
the affiftance of council.
The anfwer to all thefe arguments was, that the in¬
conveniences fo much talked of were merely imagina¬
ry ; and if the king fhould make any improper ufe of
his authority, parliament had it either in their power to
prevent the effeft, or to punifh the minifter who advifed
it. The crown, it was faid, was difhonoured by im¬
proper conneftions, and many of the greateft national
calamities have proceeded from improper alliances be¬
tween the royal family and fubjefts ; and that if, from
after experience, we fhould find any material grievances
enfue from this aft, it could as eafily be repealed at
that time as thrown out now, and on better grounds.
It was very rapidly carried through both houfes; in
the upper houfe by 90 to 26 ; and in the lower by
l65toII5- . . . . m
Though the late decifion concerning fubfcription to b;u for tj
the 39 articles did not feem to ;promife much fuccefs relief of
to any innovations in religious matters, yet the cafe of diffenters
diflenting minifters was introduced foon after the dif- ProP°fed*
culfion of the royal marriage aft ; the advocates for it
being encouraged to bring it forward chiefly on ac¬
count of Tome favourable hints thrown out in the de¬
bates on the fubfcription-bill. A petition was now
prefented by a great body of thefe people, praying to
be relieved from the hardfhip of fubfcribing to the ar¬
ticles of a church to which they did not belong. This,
however, was moft violently oppofed by the opponents
of the former bill, though with very little fuccefs in
the houfe of commons, where it was carried through
by a prodigious majority. Here it was maintained
that nothing can advance the true intereft of religion
fo much as toleration ; and if articles of fubfcription
are neceffary, it muft only be for men deftitute of prin¬
ciple, and who would, in compliance with ambition or
avarice, as readily fubfcribe to one fet of articles as
another. If thus any of the fundamental doftrines of ,
Chriftianity are impugned, there are abundance of
laws in exiftencc to correft the impiety. The dilfent-
ers have indeed altered fome of their original forms
and doftrines, but that only in matters of indifference.
It is the effeft of learning, leifure, and refinement, to
give men many opportunities of altering eftablilhed
forms. This has been the cafe formerly, and always
will be. The diffenters have long been virtually ex¬
empted from this fubfcription ; and yet the piety and
decency of many of them, particularly in Scotland and
Ireland, where no fuch laws are in being, fufficiently
(how, that men, whofe minds are iledfaft in the puri¬
ty of religion, will not be confined nor influenced by
laws
536
‘India
TS.
B R I t 663 ] B R I
lavPs of human invention. But though the diflenters
enjoy full liberty by connivance at prefent, where is
their fecurity againft the fudden attacks of malice and
envy, which may be backed by the fan&ion of law ?
Every negledl of a law by connivance is an additional
proof of the neceffity of abrogating that law ; and li¬
berty is but an empty name, where it is enjoyed by an
overfight only, as it were, of our fuperiors. In the
houfe of lords, however, the bill was rejefted by a ma¬
jority of 70. Here the doftrine of univerfal toleration
was ilrenuoufly oppofed, as well as the great danger
fet forth, to which the church of England would be ex-
pofed by departing from the laws which guarded its
privileges. The diffenters, it was faid, had great caufe
to be Satisfied with the favour they enjoyed by conni¬
vance ; and the laws were only kept on record as a ne-
ceflary curb, left in the degeneracy of a declining
kingdom, religion fhould be deftitute of protedtion a-
gainft herefy and blafphemy.
The only other affairs of this feffion were fome at¬
tempts at an inquiry into the affairs of the Eaft India
company, which were now in a very critical fituation.
Th'efe, however, did not come under conlideration till
the next feffion which took place November 26th
1772, when his majefty gave this fituation of the af¬
fairs of the company as a reafon why he had called
them together fooner than ufual. The continuance of
the pacific difpofition of other powers was mentioned,
and fatisfaftion expreffed that the continuance of peace
had afforded an opportunity of reducing the naval e-'
ftabliffment, though a great force muft always be ne-
eeffary for the defence of thefe kingdoms. Oeconomy
was promifed with regard to the fupplies, and it was
recommended to take every method that could be de¬
viled to remedy the dearnefs of provifions.
The affairs of the Eaft India company took up the
greateft part of the prefent feffion. It had been pro-
je&ed, as far back as the year 1767, when they were
in a very flourilhing condition, to bring them under
the infpe&ion of government, that the nation might
ffiare the immenfe wealth fuppofed to be enjoyed by
the company. The defign, however, did not fucceed
at that time, nor would it probably have been eafily
brought to bear, had not the affairs of the company
been embarraffed by the bad conduft of their fervants.
During the laft feffion a bill had been brought in for
reftraining the governor and council from all kind of
trade, as well as for enlarging the power of the com¬
pany over its fervants. The bill, however, was rejec¬
ted after the fecond reading, and indeed was thought
to have been propofed only to introduce the fucceed-
ing bufinefs. The debates on the fubjedl procured in
a great meafure the general belief of two points of
much importance to the fuccefs of the fcheme, viz.
that the affairs of the Eaft India company were in a
very bad fituation, owing to the behaviour of its fer¬
vants ; and that the company was at any rate infuffi-
cient for the government of fuch extenfive poffeffions ;
of confequence that there was an evident neceffity of
giving up the management of it to the crown. A motion
was now made in, parliament, by a gentleman uncon-
nefted with admin iftration, for a feledf committee to
inquire into the affairs of the company : but many rea-
fons were urged againft this appointment, particularly
that the feafon was too far advanced foe a bufinefs of
fuch importance; that the committee, being a fecret Britain,
one, was not accountable for its conduft ; and that, as
the minifter would have it in his power to nominate
the members of the committee, confiderable partiality
might on that account take place. The motion, how¬
ever, was carried without a divifion ; and the members
were chofen by ballot.
The affairs of the Eaft India company proceeded
from bad to worfe daring the recefs. The treafury at
home was quite exhaufted; while bills to a vaft a-
mount, drawn on Bengal, were nearly due ; which,
with their debt to the bank and other public offices,
along with the fum to be paid to government, reduced
them almoft to the brink of bankruptcy. They were
therefore reduced to the expedient of borrowing a fumr
of money from adminiftration: but their application was
received with great indifference. The minifter defired
them to apply to parliament. The reports of the feledi
committee, in the mean time, contrary to the promife
of fecrecy, were publiffied, and gave the public no fa¬
vourable opinion of the behaviour of the company’s
fervants. ' On the meeting of parliament, the minifter
moved for another committee, under the title of the
committee of fecrecy, to confift of 13 perfons, for taking
into confideration the ftate of the company’s affairs;
which might thus undergo a full inveftigation, without
any thing being known to the world, which had ex¬
cited fuch indignation in the former cafe. The mem¬
bers of this new committee were alfo to be chofen by
ballot; fo that no objection could militate againft them
that did not militate, with equal ftrength,, againft the
whole .houfe. It was obje&ed, that this mode of fecret
inquiry, by a fmall number, was unprecedented and
unconftitutional; that the members would in effedt be
nominated by the minifter, and aft under his direftion^
and that a free inveftigation by the whole parliament
was effentially different from that by a feeret commit¬
tee. In the latter cafe, every information that the
minifter thought proper to conceal would be withheld:
at any rate, a committee of fecrecy is an evident ab-
furdity; a committee can be no longer a fecret than
during the time it takes up for inquiry. Its proceed¬
ings muft be laid before the public; and in cafe of un¬
juft accounts, the parliament had no means of being
undeceived. Thefe reafons, however, were of no avail
at prefent. The committee of fecrecy was carried, as
the other had been, without a divifion ; and, as had
been predidted, the members, though chofen by ballot,,
were almoft all of them devoted to adminiftration. The
fele& committee was likewife revived, that they might
be, as it was faid, checks* upon one another; fo that
between them the nation would have every requifite
degree of information on the whole affair. ^7-
In a very Ihort time after the appointment of the Retrain mg
fecret committee, a report was given in, ftating that the Wd P''0"
company were in great diftrefs for want of money; andP0*^'
as this was the cafe, a bill ought to be brought in for
icftrainir.g them from fending out fupervifors to India,
a fcheme which they had meditated at this time. The
minifter and his adherents enlarged greatly on the uti¬
lity of this bill; which, they faid, was highly expedient.
It was the fincere wifir of parliament to render them a
great and glorious company: it was abfolutely neceffary
for this purpofe not to allow them to engage in an exr
penfive commiffion, at a time when their affairs were fo;
3 much*
B R I [ 664 ] B R I
Britain, much embarrafled that they were obliged to apply to
" government for a loan. It was even doubted whether
the company, without the fanftion of parliamentary
authority, had power to appoint a commiflion of this
kind. On the other hand, the minifter’s propofal was
faid by oppofition to be unconftitutional and infidious.
The want of cafli at prefent experienced by the Eaft In¬
dia company was not of fuch great importance, their
credit being then as fully eftablifhed as ever. They
had made choice of a fet of men in whom they could
confide ; the many Ioffes occafioned by their fervants
rendered the commiffion indifpenfably neceifary ; and
the expence would be paid from the favings which mull
undoubtedly arife from fo prudent a ftep. It was un-
reafonable, becaufe the Eaft India company, or any o-
ther, are diftreffed, to allow them no opportunities of
extricating themfelves. The company could not be
faid to want refpeA for parliament; they had (bowed
this already by delaying the departure of the commif¬
fion till the inquiry begun by the houfe was finiflied :
nor could they be wanting in refpetft to their own in-
tereft, charter, and conftitution ; which they feemed to
fhow by every poffible mark of oppofition to this bill.
Adminiftration boafted of their intentions and their
wifhes to render this company great and glorious ; but
how could we expeA greatnefs or glory to proceed
from a quarter where it did not exift ? The dignity
of parliament was leffened, and its glory effaced, by the
conduA of minifters, and the many wanton aAs of au¬
thority lately committed. It was a curious method of
rendering a company great and glorious to plunder the
proprietors of immenfe fums of money by exorbitant
grants, or by taking away their charters ; for, after
this aA, it was plain that charters could no longer be
depended upon. Two gentlemen belonging to the com¬
pany, and then prefent in the houfe, offered to pledge
themfelves, that the commiffion of fupervifion fhould
not be allowed to depart until, from further reports, a
full knowledge of the company’s affairs fhould be ac¬
quired. This, however, was inftantly rejeAed, it be¬
ing faid to be defeAive in fecurity; that the Eaft India
company would not fcruple to make an agreement of
this kind to-day, and break it to-morrow ; which
could only be prevented by an aA of parliament, e-
fpecially as the miniftry had no motives for promoting
this meafure, but a regard for the welfare of the com¬
pany, and a defire to reftore its affairs to a better
538 ftate.
Notwithftanding all the arguments ufed by admini-
t?ie compa- ftrati°n *n favour of this bill, however, the company
jiy to pre- were fo far from thinking it to their advantage, that
vent the they ufed every endeavour to prevent its paffing into
thetafl3 ^aw" They petitioned ; and fome of their fervants
were examined in the houfe of commons in order to
{how the neceffity of fupervifors being fent out, who
might be qualified to reduce their affairs to fome or¬
der by being on the fpot, and enabled to curb the
exceffes of which the company’s fervants had too fre¬
quently been guilty. During this examination it ap¬
peared, that from the year 1765 to 1773 the expen-
ces of the company had increafed from 700,0001. to
1,700,000!. annually, and that government had recei¬
ved near two millions from the company every year ;
that they had immenfe profits in extraordinaries, while
the proprietors loft confiderably of the dividend which
N°57.
the profits of their trade alone Would have produced. Biitaish!
Jn ipite of all oppofition, however, the bill for reftrain- —-“v**11""
ing the company from fending out any commiffion of
fupervifion was carried by a majority of tyj to 28.
In the houfe of lords it met with fimilar fuccefs, being
carried by 26 to 6, though the minority thought pro- T
per to enter a proteft. The reafons given againft it in proteft 11
this proteft were, -that it took away from a great body gainft if 13
corporate, and from feveral free fubjeAs of this realm,tlle
the exercife of a legal franchife, without any le-lor<*8*
gal caufe of forfeiture affigned. The perfons ap- 1II
pointing the commiffioners had by law a right to ij H
eleA, and the perfons chofen had, a legal capacity of
being eleAed. The fupervifors had a full right veiled ' 11
in them agreeable to the powers and conditions of ij I
their appointment; but though no abufe was fuggefted : I
nor any delinquency charged upon them, thefe legal I
rights and capacities were taken away by a mere arbi-
tlw y aA of power, the precedent for which leaves no I
fort of fecurity to the fubjeA for his liberties. The •; I
bill feemed likewife a manifeft violation of the public f I
faith. The charter of the Eaft India company was
granted by the crown, authorifed by aA of parliament, •11
and purchafed for valuable confiderations of money lent ■ I
and paid. By this the company, were allowed to ma¬
nage their own affairs as they thought proper, and by ir
perfons of their own appointment; but by this bill the
exercife of the power juft mentioned was fufpend-
cd for a time, and by grounding the fupervifion , B
upon the aAual interference of parliament with the
affairs of the company, eftabliffied a principle which
might be ufed for perpetuating the reftraint to an
indefinite length of time. It is indeed difficult
to fettle the legal boundary of legifiative power,
but it is evident, that parliament is as much bound
as any individual to obferve its own compaAs;
otherwife it is impoffible to underftand what is meant
-by public faith, or how public credit can fubfift. It
appeared by evidence upon oath at the bar of the houfe
of lords, that the company had received affurances from
their chairman and deputy chairman, that the ap¬
pointment of a commiffion for fuperintending and re¬
gulating their affairs would be approved by admini¬
ftration ; and it was extremely hard that they ffiould
be able to find no fecurity for their charter privilege*
againft thofe very minifters, under whofe fanAion they
had reafon to believe they were all along aAing. It
was alfo the more incumbent on the company at pre¬
fent to give the moft ftriA attention to their affairs, I I
to enable them to anfwer the exorbitant demands of
government, as it appeared, from the witneffes at the ' 11
bar, that its exaAions amounted to more than the
whole profits of the late acquifitions, and the trade en- I
fuing from them; while the proprietors, who had fpent
fo much, and fo often riflted their all for obtaining
thefe acquifitions, had not been permitted even to di- ! I
vide fo much as the profits of their former trade would
have afforded. . S40 ^
The fecret committee now gave in their fecond re- Second r- w;
port, containing a ftatementof the debt, credit, and ef-port ofM I
feAs of the company in England; beginning with an^*eC°r‘ SJ
account of the cafh in the company’s treafury on the ’
t ft day of December 1772, and containing a ftatement ; I
of ail their debts and claims againft them in every
part of the world. Thus it appeared that the caffi,
3 credit, |
B R I [ 665 ] B R I
I Britain, credit, and efFefts of the company amounted to
L. 6,397,299 : 10 : 6, and their debts to L. 2,032,306,
54^^ which being dedafted from the above account of their
irapwiy’s*6®^^®, a balance i*1 favour of the company of
fairs. L.4,364,993 : 10 : 6, without any violation of the for-
J44 tiiications and buildings of the company abroad. The
kfi/uffa ^atement’ however, was complained of as unfair ; and
ifadtory!" ^ was that impartiality was not to be expected
from a fet of men who had it in their power to make
what report they pleafed for the intereft of govern¬
ment meafures: but the members protefted their in¬
nocence ; and adminiifration infilled, that, until proof
could be brought that the ftatement was unfair, the
; 543 . houfe was bound to adhere to it as juft.
Ftficom1- ^he bufinefs was revived after the holidays by an
iny to go-apphcation from the company to government for-aloan
frument of L. 1,500,000 for four years, at 4 per cent, intereft,
|r a loan. with liberty of repaying the fame according to the a-
bilities of the company, in payments of not lefs than
Li. 300,000; and that the company Ihonld not make
a dividend of more than 6 per cent, until the loan
Ihould be reduced to L. 750,000; that then they might
!■ raife their dividend to 8 per cent, and after the whole
loan was difcharged, that the furplus of the nett pro¬
fits arifing in England, above the laid dividend, Ihould
be appropriated to the payment of the company’s bond
i' ,. debt, until it was reduced to L. 1,500,000, when the
furplus profits Ihould be equally divided between the
1 public and the company. It was alfo requefted, that
the company Ihould be releafed from the heavy penal
intereft incurred by the non-payment of money owing
in confequence of the late adls for the indemnity on
teas ; and that they Ihould be difcharged from the an¬
nual payment of the L.400,000 to the public for the
remainder of the five years fpecified in the agreement.
They farther requefted, that the accounts of the Du¬
ll annee revenues, of the charges of colleftion, expences of
j'j Bengal, company’s accounts of fales, &c. ihould be de¬
livered annually to parliament, and that leave might be
given to export teas free of all duty to America, and
to foreign parts. This requeft was judged expedient
to be granted, and the following refolutions were a-
ij.f44 greed to, “ That the affairs of the Eaft-India com-
radmini-8 Pany are *n ^uch a ftate as to require the aifillance df
iation in parliament; that a loan is neceffary to reinftate the
nfequence company’s affairs; that the fupply be granted; and
1 . that care be taken that the company be prevented from
j j experiencing the like exigencies for the future. The
two following motions were alfo founded upon the re¬
port of the fecret committee, viz. That, fuppofing the
public Ihould advance a loan to the Eaft-India com¬
pany, it was the opinion of the committee that the di-
1; vidend Ihould be leftrained to 6 per cent, until the pay¬
ment of the fum advanced ; and that the company be
allowed to divide no more than 7 per cent, until their
bond-debt be reduced to L. £,500,000.
Thefe fevere reftriclions were judged proper by ad-
j. miniftration for the fecurity of the public, and were
fuch, they faid, as every creditor has a right to make
j before hand with a perfon who wilhes to borrow mo-
pefed in n£y fr°m ^'^1C cotriPany> however, replied, that
In by the thele reftri&ions were contrary to the propofals they
|i»>pai 7. had made, and void of foundation, as being built on
the erroneous reports of the fecret committee. The
chairman of the company declared at a general court
that the government had agreed, or would agree, to the
Vol. 111. Part II.
propofed increafe of dividend, before the participation Britan"!.
of profits took place betwuxt the government and com- —' *
pany; the firft lord of the treafury had told him for
and now wilhed to deny what he had faid by ufing
thefe expreffions in private converfation, and when he
did not confider the chairman as adling officially. But
if this was the cafe, to what purpofe did public men
hold converlations, fince they were afterwards to deny
or forget what palled ? Some time was alfo demanded
to confider of thefe motions ; but that being denied,
the queftion was put and carried as miniftry wiftied.
The next ftep was to deprive the company of their Territorial
territorial right to the countries they poffeffed in the right of the
Eaft Indies. This had been allowed them in the moll comP^ny
explicit manner, as appears by fome of the papers which
palFed between the French and Englifh minifters du-nieii.
ring the negociations for the treaty of Paris; from one
of which papers the following is an extraA: “ Re-
fpedling thofe territorial acquifitions which the En-
gjilh Eait India company have made in Afia, every
difpute relative thereto mull be fettled by that com¬
pany itfelf, the crown of England having no right to
interfere in what is allowed to be the legal and exclu-
five property of a body corporate belonging to the
Englilh nation.” This territorial right, however, was
now denied. After reading the company’s petition,
lord North told the houfe that it was the opinion of
feveral great lawyers, that fuch territorial poffeffionsas
the fubje&s of any Hate lhall acquire by conqueft, are
virtually the property of the ftate, and not of thofe
individuals who acquire them. It was his opinion,
however, that it would be more beneficial to the pub¬
lic and to the Eaft India company, to let the territorial
acquifitions remain in the poffeffion of the company
for a limited time not exceeding fix years, to com¬
mence from the agreement betwixt the public and the
company. At the fame time it was moved, that
no participation of profits Ihould take place betwixt
the public and the company until after the repayment
of L 1,400,000 advanced to the company; and the
redudlion of the company’s bond debt to L. 1,500,00b.
That after the payment of the loan advanced to
. the company, and the redu&ion of their bond-
debts to the fum fpecified, three fourths of the nett
furplus profits of the company at home, above the
fum of 8 per cent, upon their capital flock, (liould be
paid into the exchequer, for the ufe of the public, and
the remaining fourth be fet apart either for reducing
the company’s bond-debt, or for compofing a fund for
the difeharging of any contingent exigencies the com¬
pany might labour under.
Thefe procedings were exceedingly difagreeable tOTh/clur.-
the company. They now prefented a petition com- p:.ny peti-
plaining of the injullice of demanding any farther don apr.i:i
terms on account of a loan, after that loan was difehar- meffc&ud y
ged. The limitations of the company’s dividend to
7 per cent, after the difeharge of the loanj until their
bond-debt fhould be reduced to L. 1,500,000, feemed
not to be founded upon any juft calculation of their
commercial profits ; nor could it with reafon be al¬
leged that it was neceffary either to their credit or that
of the public to reftrain them in fuch a manner. The
additional dividend of 1 per cent, was an object of fome
confequence to the proprietors, but very little to the
difeharge of their debt to the public; and the hard-
ffiips of being limited in this manner were exceedingly
4 P aggravated-
B R I
B R I
[ 666 ]
aggravated by the Ioffes fuftained, and the expences be given to the prefidency of Bengal over the other Britaii
they had incurred in acquiring and fecuring the terri- presidencies in India. Each of thefe refolutions was
torial revenues in India, at the ri{k of their whole ca- carried by a great majority. The falaries of the judges
pital, while the public reaped fuch great advantages, were fixed at L. 6000 each, and that of the chief jur
The limitation of the company to a term not exceed- ftice at L. 8000. The governor of the council was to
ing fix years for the poffefiion of their Indian territo- have L. 25,000 annually, and the members of the coun- sso
lies they looked upon tobe entirely arbitrary', as it might cil L. 10,000 each. By the friends of the company, Is difagrcti;
be conftrued into a final decifion againft the company however, the bill was fuppofed to have a tendency to at,le t0 tlf'
refpe&ing thofe territories to which they infifted that effeft a total alteration in the company’s conftitution cornl>an}‘'
they had an undoubted right. Neither could they ac- in England, as well as the adminiftration of all its pre
quiefce in the refolutions by which three-fourths of the fidencies in Afia, in order to fubjedt all their affairs,. j;
furplus nett profits of the company at home, above the both at home and abroad, to the immediate power of |
fum of 8 per cent, per anmtm upon their capital flock, the crown. No delinquency was charged, nor any fpe- :
Ihoiild be paid into the exchequer for the ufe of the cific ground, of forfeiture afligned, yet by this bill
public, and the remainder be employed either in fur- more than 1200 freemen were to be disfranchifed and
ther reducing the company’s bond debt, or for com- deprived of any voice in the management of their pro-
pofirig a fund to be fet apart for the ufe of the com- perty. By cutting off the L. 500 ftockholders, the
pany in cafe of extraordinary emergencies; fuch un- proprietary would become more manageable by the
heard of dilpofal of their property without their con- crown ; nor was there any fecurity that the diredtors
fent not being warranted by the largeft pretenfions e- would be faithful to the interefts of the company when
ver made againft them. It was likewife fubverfive of they were no longer refponfible to them for their ac-
all their rights and privileges, by denying them the tions. By the eflabliihment of a general prefidency.
difpofal of their own property after their- creditors over all the affairs of the company, and by the nomi-
were properly fecured by law. Their petition con- nation of judges for India, government would in effedt
eluded wjth affuring minifters, that, rather than fubmit transfer the whole management of the affairs of the
to thefe conditions, they defired that any claims, a- company to the crown, and the company would have
gainft the poffeffions of the company might receive a no farther fhare in the bufinefs than to pay what fala-
legal decifion ; from which, whatever might be the ries the crown thought fit to aflign them. The pro- Petition
event, they would at leaft have the fatisfadiion to know prietors of L.500 flock prefented a petition, fetting the prop
what they could call their own. forth, that, by king William’s charter granted to the
No regard being fhown to this petition, the motions company, and repeatedly confirmed fince that time,
were carried in favour of adminiftration. To make in confideration of many large fums repeatedly advan-
export tea fome kind of recompenfe, however, it was agreed on ced by the company to the public, they were legally
duty, free. tjldr part, that as the company had a ftopk of teas poffeffed of a right of voting at the eledtion of direc-
amounting to about 17 millions of pounds in their tors, making of by-laws, or in any other matter re-
warehoufes, they ftiould. be allowed to export as much lating to the affairs and government of the company ;.
of it as they thought proper free of duty, and employ but by a claufe in this regulating bill they were de- js
the money thence arifing for the behoof of their own prived of this right, and that under a pretence of pre¬
affairs. venting the pernicious pradlice of fplitting flock by 1
This ooncefilon in favour of the Eaft India compa- collufive transfers ; but fo far were the proprietors from
ny proved in the event the lofs of the American colo- giving way to fuch pradlices, that in the year 1767
nies ; nor indeed could thefe arbitrary proceedings they petitioned parliament for an add, by. which the
with fuch a confiderable body tend to imprefs the feveral proprietors intitled to vote Ihould be obliged to
minds of any part of the nation with ideas favourable Irold this qualification fix months at lealt before the ex- I
to the views of adminiftration. In other refpedls-the ercife of their right, afterwards extending the time to
minifter abated nothing of the difpofition he had from twelvemonths, rather than the adl ftrould fail of its
firft to laft fhown with regard to the company. On intended effedl. This propofcd increafe of the quali-
^aft India the 3d of May 1773. the following refolutions were fication. of the voters, however, could not in any de¬
regulation l^d down by him as the foundation of a bill for the gree anfwex the end defired j for the fplitting of flock,
bill brought C£rtajn regUiat{ons por the better manage- being confined to fuch proprietors as held large quan-
ment of the Eaft fndia company, as well in India as titles, they would find it an eafy matter to place their
in Europe. Thefe were, 1. That the court of direc- Hocks in the hands of half the number of perfons, J
tors fhould in future be elefted for four years; fix mem- and thus extend their influence in a great and undue
bers annually, but not to hold their feats longer than proportion | but if ever government conceived defigns ,
four years, 2., That no perfon fhould’vote at the e- againft the company, they would find it much eaiier
leftion of the diredlors who had not poffeffed their to execute them while the proprietors were few and
ftock twelve months. 3. That the flock, of qualifica- opulent, than when they, were numerous, and at the
tion fhould for the future be L. iooo, infteadof L.ypo. fame time independent and poffeffed of moderate for- . 1
4, The, mayor’s court of Calcutta ftiould for the future tunes. This .petition produced a,motion in the houfe ^5
be confined to fmall mercantile caufes, to which, its of commons,, “ That it does not appear that the pro-Motion j
jurifditStion only extended before the territorial acqui- prietors of L.yoo ftock, in the Eaft India company th.e!l,fav‘;
fitions, 5. That, inftead, of this court, thus taken a- have been,guilty.of any delinquency in the exercife of
way, a new one fliould be eftablifhed, confifting of a. their charter-rights according to the feveral atfrs of par- commoBl I
chief juftice and three puifne judges. 6. Thefe judges liament made in their behalf.” This, however, being
t® bs appointed by the crown. 7. That a fuperiority rejedted? the regulating bill paffed.in the houfe of'
548
They are
allowed t<
B R I [ 667 ] B R I
commons by a majority of more than fix to one. In ment of the (latebut this being reje&ed after vio- Britain.
J the houfe of lords it pafled by 74 to 17. The duke lent debates, the following was fubftituted : “ That—v—
of Richmond moved for a conference with the houfe Lord Clive did, in fo doing, abufe the power with
of commons; but this was refufed. He then moved which he was entrufted, to the evil example of the
that copies of all the papers which had been laid be- fervants of the public.” This alfo being rejected, an-
fore the commons rtiould be laid before the lords alfo ; other was added, “ That lord Clive, when he received He is ac-
but this being likewife refufed, he joined fix other the fum above mentioned, did at the fame time render quitted,
members in a proteft, the fubftance of which was, that great and meritorious fervices to his country.” Thus
the whole was a fcheme of government to get the the matter was concluded, and the affairs of the com-.
.power and wealth of the company into their hands; pany delivered into the hands of adminiftration, who
pointing out at the fame time the many particular in- declared that their regard for its welfare was the foie
fringements on public and private rights by paffing the motive for bringing about this revolution.
All this time inquiries went on by the feleft and fe-
! cret committees ; the affairs of the company were ‘
The affairs of the Eaft India company were fucceed- Proceedings
ed by thofe of America. The ill humour occafionedm Ameri-
by the taxes laid on that country has been already ta- can a“airs*
1 veftigated from the year 1756, and many witneffes ken notice of. The flamp-adl had excited among them
examined concerning them. A report was prefented a fpirit of induftry, oeconomy, and a defire of ferving
I 553
Ijjrcflijra-
Sn of the
npany’:
airs by
fecret by general Burgoyne, containing many charges of themfelves with their own manufa&ures, which had
amittees. crUelty and rapacity in the conduit of feveral gentle* never been forgotten. This was at that time, as well
men concerned in the management of the affairs of as afterwards, imputed to wilfulnefs, or the difcontent
the company; particularly with regard to the depofi- of a few, which would afterwards fublide of itfelf, or
tion of Surajah Dowlah in 1756. This was faid to be fuppreffed by the voice of the majority ; when things
have been the origin of all the evils that had happened would of courfe revert to their old channel. The
fince that time. He infifted much on the treachery ufed trifling tax on tea, however, which had not been re¬
in bringing about that revolution, and particularly the pealed, and the allowance given to the company to ex-
fiftitious treaty with Omichund ; expofing the conduft port what quantities they pleafed, now threw matters
e of lord Clive, who had caufed admiral Watfon’s name into a ferment not to be quelled by any means what-
to be affixed to that treaty, which the admiral had re-
. fufed to fign in perfon*. He concluded with moving
for the reftitution of all the money received in prefents
or otherwife in India, while the receivers afted
ever. The various proceedings in America, the tu¬
mults, and fubfequent war, are fully taken notice of
under the article United States of America. Here it
only remains to give an account of the manner in which
public capacity; and at laft ftated the following refo- the legiflature and people of Great Britain were affeft-
lutions : “ That all acquifltions made under the influ- ed by thefe events. It has already been remarked)
ence of a military force, or by treaty with foreign
powers, do of right belong to the flate ; that to ap¬
propriate acquifltions obtained by fuch means is illegal;
that ever fince the conclufion of the peace in 1763 the
difpofition fhown by government to augment the reyer
nue, for which indeed there was at that time an evi-
and that great fums of money had been obtained by dent neceffity, had produced in the popular party of
fuch means from the fovereign princes in India.” The Great Britain a'fpirit very fimilar to that manifeftedby
general belief that many of the company’s fervants the Americans, though in an inferior degree; fo that
had a&ed in a moft infamous manner, was at this time the patriots of Britain affe&ed to confider the Ameri¬
cans as oppreffed by government, and fuffering in the
fame caufe with themfelves. The deftruftion of the
tea at Bofton and other places in America, however,
confiderably diminiflied the number of their friends.
fo ftrong, that the above refolutions were carried al-
moft unanimoufly. Lord Clive defended himfelf by
general protdfations of innocence ; which, however,
gained but little credit, till he entered into a particular
tefutation of the charges againft him. His friends and made many of thofe who ftill adhered much lefs.
were not of opinion that thefe were of an atrocious fanguine in their caufe. The matter was announced
nature, and wiftied to excufe him by policy, neceffity, to parliament by a fpecial meflage from the throne.
&c. rather than load him with any great degree of Lord North and the other minifters, fet forth the con-
guilt. The treaty with Omichund was juttified by dudl of the colonifts, particularly of the town of Bo-
neceffity. Some faid, indeed, that as Omichund had fton, in a mod atrocious light, and concluded that
the charafter of the moft accompliflied villain in Afia, now government was perfeftly juftifiable in any mea-
an Engliftiman only wiftied to have a trial of Hull with fures they might think proper to redrefs the wrong,
him. This fevere farcafm, however, was a mere piece and inflift fuch puniftiment on the town as the enor-
of wit, without any folid foundation ; for the crime, mity of the crime feemed to deferve. Oppofition did
if any there was in that tranfaftion, undoubtedly lay not pretend to exculpate, though it was ftill attempted
in the dethroning a fovereign prince by means of trai- to excufe them by deriving all the difturbances in that
tors, not the cheating of thefe traitors of their re- country from the arbitrary and abfurd meafures pur-
ward. Indeed, if once we admit treachery into our fued and obftinately adhered to at home. This heavy
dealings at all, it is in vain to pretend any fubje&ion charge the miniftry evaded by drawing the attention
to the rules of juftice ; for we are already beyond its of the houfe to the more important confideration,
jurifdiftion. Whether the Americans were now to be dependent,jsr
General Burgoyne now moved, “ That Lord Clive, independent, on Great Britain ? The Bofton port-bill
in confequence of the powers veiled in him in India, being then brought in, was carried, but not without
had received at various times prefents to the amount conflderable oppofition, both within and without doors,
of L. 234,000 Sterling, to the diftionour and detri- A petition was firft preiented by Mr Bollan, agent for
4 P 2 the
B R I [ 668 ] B R 1
Britain, the council of Maffachufet’s bay, urging an a<9; of the impartial adminiflration of juftice. In the prptefl. Britaint
t"' ■" queen Elizabeth for the fecurity of the liberty of the on this occafion the lords ufed the following expref- 1
ebates on colonies. This was prefented before the bill had adlu- fions : “ The bill amounts to a declaration, that the _
the Bofton ally made its appearance ; but fo little regard was paid houfe knows no means of retaining the colonies in due
port bill, to it, that, during the very time it lay on the table, obedience but by an army rendered independent of the miniftr
tier ^etl" was brought in by lord North* After it had ordinary courfe of law in the place where they are em-of juitieft
nonsagain. pa{fe(j two readings, that gentleman prefented another, ployed. A military force fufficient for governing upt^dl*
defiring to be heard in behalf of the town of Bofton, on this plan cannot be maintained without the inevi-
for the council of Maflachufet’s bay. This was abfo- table ruin of the nation. This bill feems to be one of
lutely refufed ; becaufe, though Mr Bollan was.agent the many experiments towards the introdu&ion of ef-
for the colony, he was not for the corporation of the fential innovations into the government of this empire,
town of Bofton. Neither could he be fo for the coun- The virtual indemnity provided by this bill for thofe
cil of Maflachufet’s bay ; for as that was neceffarily who lhall be indicted for murders committed under co-
fludtuating, the body which had appointed him was lour of office, can anfwer no other purpofe. We con-
now no longer exifting. This appeared very inconfift* fider that to be an indemnity which renders trial,
ent to many of the members, and produced a greater and cnnfequently punifhment, impradticable. And
oppofition in the houfe than would otherwife irt all trial is impra&icable, when the very governor, under
probability have enfued. A new petition quickly fol- whofe authority afts of violence may be committed, is
lowed from the lord mayor, in the name of the natives
and inhabitants of North America refiding at that
time in London. This wrSfs written in a more fpirited
ftyle, and boldly infifted that the bill was illegal, un¬
precedented, unjuft ; and that, under fuch a precedent,
no man or body of mer. in America could have a mo¬
ment’s lecurity ; the charge being brought by the ene-
impowered to fend the inftruments of that violence ro
3000 miles diftance from the feene of their offence, be¬
yond the reach of their profecutor, and the local evi-
dence which may tend to their conviftion. The au¬
thority given by this bill to compel the tranfportation
from America to Great Britain of any number of wit-
neffes at the pleafure of the parties profecuting and
mies of the town, and the puniffiment inflitfed with- profecuted, without any regard to their age, fex, health.
out hearing them in their own defence, or even ma¬
king them acquainted with the charge ; and they <
eluded with thefe remarkable words, that “ the at-
circumftances, bufinefs, or duties, feems to us fo extra¬
vagant in its principles, and fo impi adlicable in its exe¬
cution, as to confirm us further in our opinion of the
tachment of America would not furvive the juftice of fpirit which animates the whole fyftem of the prefent
Britain.” As little regard being paid to this as to American regulations.”
56*
Paffes with-the former petitions, and all propofals for a delay re- A ftill greater,oppofition was made to the Quebec Debates!
out a divi- jedted, the bill paffed both houfes without a divifion ; bill, infomuch thatj before it could be carried, the mi-
^on• the minority, notwithftanding their oppofition, not nifters were obliged to drop much of that high and 1
choofing to diffent publicly from the firft ftep taken afpiring tone to which they had accuftomed themfelves
559
refuted.
ries, and thought that the eftabliffiment of the Roman
catholic religion there gave it a preference over the
Proteftant, which was now only to be exercifed by
toleration. The people at large alfo v/ere alarmed at
the religious part of the bill, and it is not impoffible
that the fufpicions conceived at this time might contri-
by government to reduce the difobedient colonies, in talking of American affairs. The minority contend*
That this obnoxious-bill might not be fent to Ameri- ed, that here, without any neceffity pleaded, or even
Repeal < f ca without fome mitigation, however, they propofed fuggefted, ah arbitrary influence was extended by a£t
the repeal of the duty on tea laid on in 1767; but of parliament to that province, furnifhing a dangerous
this was alfo reje&ed, probably from a vain expedla- precedent, and an additional inftance of the averfion
tion that the oppofition of the Americans was that of which miniftry bore to the rights of the people. They
a mere tumultuous mob, and that by fhowing a pro- argued likewife in favour of the mode of'trial by ju-
per fpirit and perftverance the miniftry could not fail to ’   - - -
come off vi&orious at laft.
The extreme obftinacy ftiown by minifters, in this
firft inftance, undoubtedly proved very prejudicial to
their caufe, not only by exafperating the Americans,
but by roufing the indignation of minority, and ma- _ ^
king their oppofition fo violent and determined, that bute in fome meafure to the dangerous infurredtions of
the Americans could not but conclude that they had 1779 and 1780.
a very ftrong party in their favour on this fide of the At the conclufion of the feffion his majefly expref-
Atlantic. This appeared in every fubfequent tranf- fed the greateft fatisfadlion at what had been done,
adf ion relating to the colonies. The bill for regulating and hopes of the good effe&s that would attend the
the government of Maffachufet’shay did not pafs with- new regulations. The reception they met w’ith in Ame-
out a proteft, from which we flrall only extradf the rica is related in its proper place ; in Britain the peo-
J'rottft on "following fentenoe : “This add, unexampled in the pie feemed to wait the event with indifference, but their
the ferula- records of parliament, has been entered on the jour- bad fucceis with the colonifta furnifhed the minority
ting bill. nals of this houfe as voted nentine diffentiente, and has with new matter of reproach to call on adminiftration.
been ftated in the debate of jhis day to have been fent The parliament in the mean time was diffolved by pro¬
to the colonies as paffed without a divifion in either clamation, and a very fhort time allowed for the elec-
houfe, and therefore as conveying the uncontroverted tion of new members; fo that if oppofition at that time
yniverfal fenfe of the nation. The defpair of making
560
^ had any ftrength, they had not now time to exert it. ,
effedlual oppofition to an unjuft meafure has been con- The new parliament met on the 30th of November
ftrued into an approbation of it.” *774 ? when his majefty acquainted the houfes that a taryprom
~ . - - .... ' * Ameri-ceediMfi fr
- 1774.
The like confequences enfued on palling the a£t for
6
moil daring fpirit of rdillance ftili prevailed ii
ca.1
B R I r 669 ] B R I
ca, notwithftanding the mofl proper means had been This remonilrance was feconded by all the powers
“'taken to prevent the mifchiefs thence arifing, and af- of oppofition j but the truth was, that adminift ration ^
fured them that they might depend on a firm refolution had already determined what line of conduct they were
to withftand every attempt to weaken or impair the fu- to follow, and therefore wifhed to hear as little as pof-
preme authority of this legiflature over all the domi- fible on the fubjeft. “ War (fays Dr Andrews) was
nions of the crown. In anfwer to this fpeech the mi- now the word ; and notwithftanding no weightier rea-
nority demanded a communication of all the letters, or- fon could be given for not attending to what the mer-
ders, and inftruftions relating to American affairs; but chants had to fay, than this very determination, yet
this being over-ruled, and the addrefs carried as a mat- that was the very motive that impelled minifters to re-
ter of form, American affairs were delayed, in fpite of fufe them a hearing, left thefe ftrould make it appear
all oppofition, till after the holidays. In the queftion how unwife it was to precipitate the nation into inch a
meafure.”
But though there is not the leaft reafon to doubt
that adminiftration were now fully determined upon a
war, and therefore wifhed to be troubled with as few
obje&ions as poffible, they were by no means deficient
in arguments for the defence of their own condu<ft. 5^9
They alleged, that the petitions fo niuch recommended
with regard to America in the warmeft terms ; moved to the attention of the houfe were principally^ the work ^*1.
for addreffing the king to recal the troops from Bofton; of a fa&ious party. The advantages accruing from the rnmiftration
predi&ed, that if minifters went on in the way they American trade were owing to the dependent fituation
had done for fome time, they would make the crown of the colonies, who now aimed at a fuperiority over
not worth the king’s wearing ; that the kingdom was Great Britain, or at leaft at fhaking off entirely the fu-
undone, &c. All his eloquence, however, proved at periority which the mother country had till now, exer-
on the addrefs, the ftrength of adhiiniftration was to
that of their adverfaries as 264 to 73.
In the beginning of 1775 the minority received a
confiderable acceffion of ftrength by the return of lord
■cal of die Chatham, who, after long abfence, again made his ap¬
pearance in parliament. He now teftified his difap-
probation of the meafures which had been purfued
cifed over them without the fmalleft complaint. It
Was the advantage of the merchants themfelves that was
confulted by maintaining that. fuperiority; and the
merchants themfelves would be the firft to feel the bad
confequences of its being loft. War and its confequen-
ces are no doubt very terrible, but fometimes are ne-
ceffary, to prevent greater evils. The greateft evil that
can befal a trading nation is the lofs of its commerce ;
and were the Americans to perfift in their courfes at
that time for a few years longer, this confequence mult
inevitably enfue.
It was befides infilled, that though adminiftration
this time ineffeftual; adminiftration was determined
upon forcing the Americans into fubje&ton, and his
, 565 motion was rejected by 68 to 18.
nerican Lord North now prefented the papers which had
pers Lid been called for by the minority ; but, left the publica-
imentar" t'011 °f particular names ftiould prove detrimental to in¬
dividuals, only fuch parts as adminiftration thought
proper for public infpeftion were laid before the houfe.
This was complained of, but to no purpdfe j and the
papers, in their mutilated ftate, were laid before a
committee of the whole houfe. In the mean time pe¬
titions againft coercive meafures with America had , o
itnber of been received from moft of the trading companies of were to yield the prefent conteft, the warmeft advo-
Jrh't'he the kingdom; which, though highly diTpleafing to ad- cates for America could not pretend to fay what would
ijuig miniftration, could not be abfolutely rejected, though be the laft of its demands. The Americans aimed in
lames, it was fully determined not to yield to their requefts reality at the repeal of whatever appeared obnoxious to
in the fmalleft degree. A committee was therefore ap- their immediate intereft : But that, and their real
pointed to take them into confideration, which was not intereft, differed very much. The greateft political evil
to take place until the American affairs were alfo confi- that could befal them was to be deprived of the politi-
dered. The reafon given for this method of proceed- cal a'nd commercial fupport they received from Great
ing was, that the confideration of commercial matters Britain ; and to this they muft ultimately fubmit, if
ought not to interfere with thofeof the political kind ; they fhould ever fucceed in the purfuit of that delufive
each of them being fufficiently embafraffing without phantom of independence which they now accounted
any other. This delay of hearing thefe petitions was their happieft fituation. In ftioft, admimftration in-
,finned fuppofed to be an abfolute reje&ion of them in effeft; fifted, not without a great firow of reafon, that the
and fo indeed it proved to be, the committee to which Americans were not to be reclaimed by concefiions.
they were configned being humoroufly called the corn¬
el mittee of oblivion. The merchants of London, how-
Wtual ever, were determined not to give up the point until
they had exerted themfelves to the utmoft. They
drew up a paper in which they denied the diftinftion
eftabliftied by miniftry. They affirmed that the co
neftion between Great Britain and America was chi<
ly of a commercial nature, and that the manifold regu
lations adopted for the mutual profperity'of the colo
nies and of the mother-country formed the great poli
Mercantile people indeed might imagine fo, from the
facility with wbich'conceffions would be made, and the
fpeed with which tranquillity would be reftored. But
tranquillity procured "in this manner would laft no
longer than till the colonies, unfettered by any regu¬
lations, perceived, or imagined they perceived, the be¬
nefit of dealing with other countries, and carried their
own commodities wherever they thought proper. This
was the point at which.they inconteftably aimed, what¬
ever they might pretend to the contrary ; for, notwith-
tical chain which united them to one another. Que- ftanding the boafts they made of the vaft bufinefs tranf-
ftions of comsigrce and policy, therefore, with regard a£Ied with Britain, it was well known to arife from
to them, ought never to be divided, but examined the immenfe credit they were indulged with tliere, and
jointly, and could never be thoroughly underftood if which they could not expert elfewhere.
confidered in any other way. The honour and character of the nation were now
alfo
B R I
B R I
[ 670 ]
alfo faid to be at flake. The Britifh had often taken offenfive, and fuppofed to be the moft injurious to the Britain. |
■^tip arms for matters of lefs confequence ; why then Britifh interefts. '"■*—
fhould they now hefitate in a cafe like the prefent, Lord Chatham was by no means deficient in argu-
where honour and intereft both called upon them for ments in fupport of his favourite plan; but thefe.
the moil vigorous and fpeedy exertions ? Formerly|it
was the cullom of the merchants to fecond the wifhes
of miniflry in this refpeft, inflead of oppofing them.
though fupported by all the powers of eloquence,
proved unfuccefsful; the propofal was ultimately
eje&ed by fit to 32. So determined were the
The inconvenience of fufpending their profits for a majority in giving this an entire rejeftion, that it was
time muft be fubmitted to, and their enemies would
experience as many if not more of the fame kind ; and
not even permitted 'to lie upon the table; which,
however, may be confidered as a piece of indignity
it would be unworthy of the character they had fo offered to that great man, proceeding rather from the
long fuftained to yield to indignities for the fake of indifference with which he had been received at court
profit. The Ioffes above mentioned, however, would for fome time, than from any teal and thorough c
 *  .• r ^  11 ri ‘n.*. i  r i 0
be but trifling in comparifon of thofe that would fol- vidlion of the inutility of the plan he propofed,
low in time to corrie, fhoukT Britain from want of fpi-
rit give up the affertion of her juft rights. This was
a policy hitherto unknown in Britain, which had here¬
tofore been noted for the ardour and celerity with
which they were maintained.
A new petition was next prefented to the houfe of^ ^
commons by the proprietors ofeftates in the Weft In- theWeft it
dia iflands; reprefenting their alarm at the affociation dia plant*
of the Americans, and their intended ftoppage of trade
with the Britifh iflands ; the fituation of which, they
Onthepe- The end of all this altercation was, that the motion faid, would be very calamitous, if the adls in queftion
tition of in favour of the merchants petitions was rejefted by
mz-efsta 2^0 to This point, however, was no fooner dif-
were not immediately repealed. The trade of thefe
iflands was at that time of the moft extenfive nature.
the king waa lUUUCl U11- luauuo wao at liicil nine tuc iiiuxc CALCI1I1VC naLUFCa
cuffed, than a violent debate arofe about the petition All quarters of the globe were concerned in it; the re-
of congrefs to the king, which had been delivered, turns centered in Britain, and were an immenfe addi-
and by him referred to parliament. It was argued by tion to its opulence, infomuchthat the Britifh property
adminiftration, that no petition could be received from
the continental congrefs, which was no legal body, and
it would be admitting their legality to receive a petition
from them; the general affemblies and their agents
were the only lawful reprefentatives of the colonies,
:and none elfe would be admitted. Oppofition replied
and argued as much as poffible, but to no purpofe;
there amounted to no lefs than 30 millions fterling.
But the Weft Indies, however wealthy, did not produce
the neceffaries of life in fufficient abundance for their
inhabitants. Large importations were continually
wanted, which could only be fupplied from North
America; and were they to be cut off from a commu¬
nication with that continent, they would fhortly be r
and, after an ineffectual ftruggle, they had the mortifi- duced to the utmoft diftrefs. Such was the fubftance
cation to find that the petition was finally rejected by of this petition; to which no more attention
218 to 68.
In the mean time a conciliatory plan was prepared
than had been to the reft. To adminiftration all pe- Re-^
titions now appeared to be the contrivance of faClion ; J
contrivance of faClion ;
iciliatoryby the earl of Chatham, which was prefented on the and it was faid, that however inconvenient the coer-
in rvipr- * a. ^ ~r l:„ l:n v. , r * j *■ *■ L j t
rejec- 0f February 1775. The intent of his bill, he faid, cive meafures might be, they ought not to be retarded
was to fettle the troubles in America, and to affert at
the fame time the fupreme legiflative authority and
fuperintending power of Great Britain over her colo¬
nies. This was to be done by their acknowledging
on their part the fupremacy of the Britifh legiflature
by the confideration of any temporary Ioffes. As it
was neceffary, however, to let the nation know the ul¬
timate refolves of adminiftration refpefting America, it
was at laft done by lord North in a long fpeech, in
which the moft remarkable circumftances relating to
and the fuperintending power of parliament. No the difpute were enumerated. It was afferted, that
taxes were to be levied in America, but with the free univerfal fermentation then prevailing in America,
confent of their affemblies. It afferted a right in the proceeded from the unwarrantable arts and pra&ices
crown to keep and ftation a military force eftablifhed ufed to difpofe them againft the ruling powers in Bri-
by law in any part of its dominions; but declared, tain; and afferted, that, notwithftanding all their com-
that it. could not be legally employed to enforce im- plaints, the public charges borne by individuals in Ame-
plicit and unlawful fubmiffion. A congrefs might rica were, on the ftritteft computation, not more than
alfo be held, in order to recognize the fupreme fove-
reignty of Great Britain over the colonies, and to fet-
1 t© 50, when compared with what was paid by indi¬
viduals in England. Nothing, therefore, but a fettled
tie, at the fame time, an annual revenue upon the determination to quarrel with the parent ftate could in¬
crown, difpofeable by parliament, and applicable to duce the Americans to perfift in their difobedience to
the exigencies of the nation. On complying with thefe the lawful injunftions laid upon them, which were
conditions, the adls complained of by congrefs were to neither injudicious nor oppreffive ; but, on the con-
be fafpended, with every other meafure pointed out trary, framed with all poffible lenity, and counterba-
s a grievance, and the conftitution of their govern- lanced by advantages which were not poffeffed by Bri-
ments to remain as fettled by their charters. Th is bin
was, however, deemed at once totally inadmiffible, on
tain. It was therefore a fpirit of refiftance which ani¬
mated America, and not a difeontent at oppreffions
account of its alleged partiality to America, by the which plainly had no exiftence. For this reafon it was
various conceffions it enadted, and particularly by em- propofed to the houfe to fend a greater force to Ame-
powering the colonies to affemblc in congrefs; a mea- rica ; and to pafs a temporary aft, fufpending all the
fure which, of all others, was at that time the moft foreign trade of the different colonies of New England,
4 and
B R I [ 671 ] B R I
^ritaIn- i and particularly the Newfoundland fifhery, until they every thing dear to them both in their public and pri 1 Britain.
—-y—1 confented to acknowledge the fupreme authority of vate capacities was fo deeply concerned.
the Britiih legiflature, &c. upon which thefe reftri&ions Tn this, and fome former debates, the danger of be-
fhould be taken off, and their real grievances, if any ing involved in foreign wars on account of the colonies
fuch there were, redreffed upon making proper appli- had been infilled on ; but this was looked upon by ad-
cation. New England, they faid, was juftly fingled miniftration to be improbable. It was hardly to be
out upon this occafion, as being the moil guilty of the imagined, they faid, that foreign powers would behave
whole. The others, as lefs faulty, it was hoped, would in a manner fo very impolitic as to encourage rebellions
yield with lefs compulfion ; but the queftion now was
fimply, Whether we would at once abandon all claims
an the colonies, and inftantly give up the advantages
in other colonies, which might, in a very fiiort time,
become precedents for imitation in their own. The
number of friends to government in America was like-
arifing from our fovereignty, and the commerce de- wife very much relied upon. A proper reinforcement
to the troops already there would encourage thofe to -
declare themfelves who were at prefent too timid to a
pendent on it ? or, Whether we ihould refort to the
meafures indifpenfably necefiary to enfure both ?
'ith^ad ‘^'n a^^re^s was now carr*ech which, in the ideas of vow their fentiments: Thefe, if duly fupported, would
^‘^tj^oppofiiion, amounted to an abfolute declaration of war. be found to be no inconfiderable number; and, wherr
Merican The confequences, therefore, were painted out with the added to the forces ftationed among them, would un-
gers. utmoft freedom, and fome even denied the charge of doubtedly counterbalance the power of the malecon-
rebellion fixed on the province of Maflachufet’s bay. tents. This projedt of arming the Americans againft
The people there, they faid, had done nothing but one another was reprobated by oppofition more than
what the conftitution allowed : they had refilled arbi-. all the reft. The addrefs itfelf wras a meafure replete
trary meafures; and the examples fo frequently fet with barbarity as well as imprudence ; . tending to put
them at home were fufficient to juftify their condudl. arms in the hands of every man throughout the conti-
The appellation of rebels, they faid, was dangerous, and nent who fufpefted the defigns of the Britiih admini-
might better be fpared ; it would only ferve to render ftration, and to expofe to ill ufage and ruin every per-
them defperate, and infpire them with a determination fon who was known, or imagined, to be a friend to .
to refill; to the laft, from an apprehenfion that their Great Britain. The Americans were faid to afpire at.
lives and properties were forfeited. This laft; confide- independence ; but if any thing could bring this about,.
ration, however, was made very light of by adminiftta- * .™
tion. Great ftrefs, they faid, was laid upon the union
of the colonies, but a very little time would Ihow with,
how much impropriety. The principles on which
it would be the conduA of miniftry. The moll obedi¬
ent and loyal fubje&s cannot have patience for e
with a tyrannical government. They will undoubtedly
rife at .laft, and affert their rights; and thofe who ftyle
they were afiociated were too felf-denying to be fup-- them rebels on that account ought to remember, that
ported by numan nature, and were too inimical to the opprelfion not only produces but juftifies refiftance.-
intereft and feelings of individuals to bind them long
together. In other refpe&s this union of the colonies
might be viewed with indifference, and even contempt.
The natives of America, it was faid, were no foldiers ;
they were averfe to military difcipline, and incapable
of fubordination ; they were of a llothful and fpiritlefs
It had always been believed by the Americans, without
any contradi&ion from Britain, that internal taxation
in America belonged to the aflemblies of the colonies,-
and to them only. There were opinions in all na¬
tions, which the legillature would refpeft, while they
produced no bad confequences. This opinion ought
difpofition ; uncleanly, liable., to ficknefs, and eafily not therefore to have been attacked at fuch an impro-
overcome by fatigue. Such people as thefe would per feafon, after having been virtually recognized by
never face a Britiih. army ; and a very fmall force the repeal of feveral adls, and approved by fome of the
would be necelfary to put an end to all their projedts moll learned and intelligent people in the kingd<
of independence.
he re- Thefe were the principal arguments for and againft
lit- this addrefs, which was carried by 296 to icj6 : but
of it. fo important was the fubjedt of it deemed by the mi¬
nority, that a motibn was made for recommitting it on;
account of the confequences that would probably re-
fult from the profecution of the meafures recommended..
A very long and violent debate enfued ;. the event of
which was, that adminiftration contended as ufual for
It was the greateft misfortune that could befal a llate^.
when its rulers endeavoured, without any apparent ne-
ceffity, to alter the fyftem and maxims of governing
long adopted, and the utility of which had been con¬
firmed by experience.. This was, however, the cafe
with Britain. The mildnefs and benignity which was
wont to direA the meafures of former minifters was
now laid, afide for. feverity and imperioufnefs ; while
implicit obedience was impofed upon the colonifts, as
the neceffity of enforcing • obedience with fire and . the only condition by which they could purchafe peace.
fword. The Americans, they faid, were become i
corrigible through forbearance ; lenity was a fubjeA
of derifion among them, and was imputed to imbecil-
lity and fear; .they imagined themfelves able to abolilh
The afperfions of cowardice, fo largely thrown upon,
the Americans by the minifterial party, did not pafs
unnoticed. It was obferved, "however, that Were thefe
ever fo- juft, the very nature of their country would
the fovereignty of Britain in that country, and were, fight for them. By this alone our military enterprifes
now refolved to do it. It was therefore incumbent on. would be retarded and impeded in a confiderable de-
every native of Britain, in fuch a cafe, to ftand forth, gree ; while the finews of war would undoubtedly be
and vindicate the intereft and glory of his country; and, greatly relaxed, as the fufpenfion of fuch a confiderable
it was the duty of parliament and miniftry to call forth commerce as that of our. colonies could not fail to be.
the whole fpirit of the nation to a conteil in.which . feverely felt...
Befides
B R I
l 672 ]
B R I
Befides all this, the views and principles of minifters fpeft unwarrantable, and no lefs contrary to found po- Britain.
were attacked in the moft violent manner. They were licy than to equity and good manners. 1 v—
faid to be reviving the old exploded doftrines of here- All thefe reprefentations, however, had no weight .577
ditary right and palfive obedience.—They required the with adminillration : they affefted great forrow at be- ele<aed*
Americans to fubmit unconditionally to the will of ing obliged to declare that the petition could not be
Great Britain, for no other reafon but becaufe fhe was received confidently with the intereft of the kingdom;
the parent Hate : but if no better reafon could be pro- they put the merchants in mind that the American
duced, they could not be juftly blamed for their difo- proceedings threatened fatally to diminilh the commer-
bedience. The ties between Great Britain and her cial greatnefs of this kingdom, in which cafe none
colonies, however, were of a far more noble as well as would fuffer fo much as themfelves; and they infifted
more binding nature than even origin and confangui- that confidence ought to be put in the wifdom of par-
nity. Thefe ties were the conftitution tranfmitted liament, as it was not doubted that by properly affert-
from Britain, and the brotherly affiftance hitherto af- ing the fupremacy of the Britilh legiflature in the
forded them by Englilhmen ; and which ought to ren- manner propofed, all thofe advantages about which
der the name dear to them. While thefe ties remained they were fo anxious would be fecured. They were
unviolated, there was no room to complain of their be- therefore exhorted to fubmit to temporary inconveni-
haviour ; but they would never fubmit to defpotic an- encies, which could not be avoided in the prefent pof- f
thority in Englifhmen more than in any others. Such ture of affairs, though probably they would not be of
unwarrantable principles rendered it no longer a que- long duration.
flion, whether the meafures of adminiftration fhould be In the mean time matters went on from bad to
confidered, but whether the minifiers themfelves ought worfe in New England ; fo that it was foon perceived
not to be deprived of the power they exercifed fo un- either that the friends of government in that colony
conftitutionally ? And the queftion was not now be- did not exert themfelves, or that they were far from
tween Great Britain and America, but, whether we being fo numerous as had been imagined. In order
fhould give up our colonies or bur minifiers ? to make their coercive plan the more effeftual, there-
Language of this kind excited the indignation of the fore, it was now judged neceffary to extend it fo that
minifierial party to a very high degree. They now every individual of the colony fhould become fenfible
charged miniftry, in very plain terms, with the guilt of of the punifhment. This, it was fuppofed, would be On the
all that had happened- A faftious republican fpirit, done by a bill for reftraining the four provinces of New Engla,'d
they faid;
was gone forth ; by which every perfon who England from commerce with Great Britain* Ireland,
fpoke on the American caufe was abluated ; or the Britifh Weft India Iflands ; and prohibiting '
5:6
Petition
from the
Weft India
merchants
and which had not only induced the Americans to them from carrying on the fifhery at Newfoundland,
commence a rebellion againft the parent ftate, but had The reafons given for this were in fubftance the fame
filled the houfe with incendiaries. The final iflue of with thofe for the others ; and indeed both parties had
the difpute was, that the recommitment of the addrefs now fo much exhaufted their arguments, that very lit-
vas loft by 288 to 109. The debates were the moft tie new matter was left for either. Every ftep taken
violent that had ever been known in the Britifh par- by miniftry, and every propofal made by them, how-
liament; and fo important was the fubjeft reckoned, ever, produced a violent debate; and though they con-
that not only the natives-of Britain, but even the fo- ftantly gained the vi&ory, it was not without the mor-
reign minifters in London, watched the motions of tification of hearing their principles and conduft re-
adminiftration with the utmoft anxiety, as confidering probated in the moft opprobrious manner. In the
it a point which might probably give a new face to prefent inftance the bill was carried by 261 againft 85;
the affairs of all Europe. but a petition againft it was quickly offered by the
All thefe vi&ories of adminiftration were not fuffi- London merchants concerned in the American trade,
cient to prevent new enemies from ftarting up. Peti- fetting forth the danger that would accrue to the fifh-
tions had been preparing by the London merchants cries of Great Britain from fuch a prohibition.
trading to America, and from thofe concerned in the From the evidence brought in i'upport of this peti- Genemj
Weft-India trade, to be prefented to the houfe of lords, tion it appeared, that ten years before the American count o
This tafk was undertaken by the marquis of Rocking- fifheries had been in fuch a flourifhing ftate, that
ham, but he was prevented by a previous motion in four provinces of New England alone employed near
favour of the addrefs. A long and violent debate, 46,000 ton of Ihipping and 6000 feamen; and that
however, enfued concerning the necefiity and propriety the produce of their filheries in the foreign markets a-
of receiving them. The papers on which the addrefs mounted, in the year 1764, to upwards ofL. 320,000.
had been founded were faid to be partial and mutila- Since that time they had greatly increafed ; and what
ted, for which reafcn the houfe ought to pay the great- rendered the fifheries particularly valuable was, that
er regard to the reprefentation of the merchants; all the materials ufed in them, excepting only the tim-
whofe teftimony, as perfons deeply and effentially in- her for building the veffels, and the fait for curing
terefted in bringing truth to light, might be depended the filh, were purchafed in Britain, and the nett
on with much greater fafety. It was urged, that they proceeds of the trade were alfo remitted thither. It
earneftly defired to be heard before the houfe took appeared alfo, that it would not be practicable to trans-
any final determination with regard to America; a fer thefe filheries.to Halifax or Quebec, though ever
refufal would amount to a public declaration, that par- fo much encouragement were given to either of thefe
liament was refolved to oppofe the finfe of the petition, places, as they had neither veffels nor people to man
right or wrong ; and fuch treatment was in every re- them, and would never be able to procure fupplies of
N°57, feamen
B R
Sritain. feamen from New England
~-v of the inhabitants to the government of thefe two pro-
vinces.
Some other circtimftances were likewife urged as
ftrong reafons againft this bill; particularly the com¬
mercial concerns of the city of London with New Eng¬
land (to which alone the colony flood indebted for
near a million), and the bad confequences of it to the
?tL°in people of Nantucket. This is a barren ifland, lying
ibitants of off the coaft of New England, about 15 miles long,
jantucket an(J three broad, containing about 6000 inhabitants, al-
mofl all quakers. The natural produce of this ifland,
it was alleged, could not maintain 20 families ; but
the induftry of the inhabitants was fuch, that they kept
x 30 veflels eonftantly employed in the whale-fifhery,
which they carried on in the north feas, to the coafts
of Africa and Brazil, and even as far as the Falkland
iflands and the fhores of Terra Magellanica. Thefe
people, it was faid, ought undoubtedly to have been
58a
I [ 673 ] B R I
account of the averfion entrufled, from a perfuafion that the enemy to be en¬
countered was not to be feared, and could eafily be o-
vercome.
The final refolution of reducing the colonies by force On the force
being now taken, it became neceflary to make proper10 be^entto
preparations for the purpofe ; and in this the eonduft 0fAmenca*
adminiftration was little lefs cenfured than in other re-
fpefts. As the abovementioned opinion, that the A-
mericans Were timid and incapable of becoming fol-
diers, prevailed greatly at that time, a force of 10,000
men was judged fufficient to reduce the province of
New England to obedience. This was vehemently op-
pofed by the minority. They infifted that the force
was totally inadequate, and only calculated to produce
expence to no purpofe. The firft imprefiion, they ve¬
ry juftly obferved, ought to be decifive, if polfible ;
and in order to render it fo, it was neceflary to fend
fuch a fleet and army as might enfure the confidence
of the public, and be certainly capable of furmounting
exempted from the common calamity, were it only all obftacles. Many of the friends of adminiftration
from the applaufe due to fo much induftry and refolu¬
tion.
The inftance of Nantucket was fo ftrong, that ad¬
miniftration, with all their obftinacy, were obliged to
relax a little ; and, of their own accordr afforded them
the relief they had fuch juft reafon to expeft. That
the petition in the main might prove unfuccefsful,
however, another was prefented by the inhabitants of
Poole, the tenor of which was direftly oppofite to that
of the city of London. In this it was fet forth, that
the reftri&ions propofed by the bill would not prove
detrimental to the trade of England, which was fully
were of the fame fentiments in this refpeft; and the
only reafon afligned for afting otherwife was an hope
that the Americans would, upon more mature confi-
deration, defift from their oppofition. That they
might the more readily be induced to this fubmifiion, „
lord North’s conciliatory propofition was formed. ByLorc[ 3
this it was enabled, that when the governor, council, and North’s
aflembly of any of the colonies fhould propofe to make conciliatory
a provifion for the common defence, &c. and if fuch^*
provifion fhould be approved of by the king in parlia¬
ment, the levying or impofing of taxes on that colony
fhould then be forborne, thofe duties excepted which
able, with proper exertions, to fupply the demands of it might be expedient to impofe for the regulation of
foreign markets. The advantage of the Newfound¬
land fifhery more than that of New England to this
country was, that it bred a great number of hardy fea¬
men peculiarly fit for the fervice of the navy, while
the New England feamen were, by a& of parliament,
exempt from being preffed. It appeared alfo from
the examination of wknefles taken in fupport of this
petition, that the fishery from Britain to Newfound¬
land employed about 400 fhips, amounting to 360,000
tons, and 2000 fhallops carrying 20,000 tons and na¬
vigated by as many feamen. Each feafon produced
600,000 quintals of fifh, and the returns at a moderate
rate were valued at L. 500,000.
This bill was debated with great animofity in the
|}>rotefthoufe of peers, and produced a remarkable proteft, in
w^*c^ t^e meaf,lre8 °f government were fpoktn of with
^ ° great feverity- “ That government (faid they) which at¬
tempts to preferve its authority by deftroying the trade
of its fubjefts, and by involving the innocent and guil¬
ty in a common ruin, if it afts from a choice of fuch
means, confeffes itfelf unworthy ; if from inability to
find any other, admits itfelf wholly incompetent to the
end of its inftitution.” They alfo reprobated in fe-
vere terms the aflertion already mentioned, that the
Americans wanted fpirit to refift, and that Britain
would find them an eafy conqueft. Such language was
reprefented as altogether void of foundation, and the
mere effedl of party fpirit and refentment. It was al-
Xo the more imprudent and unadvifed, as tending, in
cafe of coercive meafures, to flacken the care and foli-
citude with which they ought to be purfued, and to
accafion remiflhefs in thofe to whom they might be
VouI’IL Part II.
commerce ;
■ 381^
fkiift
the net produce of which ftiould be car¬
ried to the account of the colony where it was railed.
But this propofal, though highly extolled by the
friends of adminiftration, was no lefs reprobated by
minority than the others had been. It was .faid to be
infidious, and calculated for the purpofe of raifing a
revenue, which was now faid to be the objedl of mini-
fters. There was no eflential ditference between the
prefent and former modes of taxation. The colonies
were as effectually taxed without their confent by re¬
quiring them to pay a ftated fum, as by laying a num¬
ber of duties upon them to the fame amount. There
was befides a capital deficiency in the propofal, viz.
that no fum was fpecified; fo that the Americans were
left totally ignorant of what the demands of Britain
might be. After a long debate, however, the queftion
was carried in favour of adminiftration by 274 to
88.
The like fate attended a petition to the throne from
the ifland of Jamaica. Inftead of relaxing anything of
their feverity, the miniftry now included the fouthern
colonies in the reftriCtions laid on New England.
Still, however, the petitioners were indefatigable in 584
their endeavours to be heard. The Weft India mer- Ineffedhial
chants and planters feconded their laft petition by
large detail of circumftances relating to the Bntifh in(jja pjan.
iflands in that part of the world. This affair was con- ters.
duffed by Mr Glover, a gentleman equally celebrated
for his literary talents and "commercial knowledge.
From his inveftigations it appeared, that, exclufive
of the intrinfic worth of the iflands themfelves, their
flock in trade and other property amounted to no lefs
4 Q„ than
587
Jttrenie
violence of
both par-
588
Mifrepre-
fentations
on both
fides.
niflry.
R R I [ 674 J B R 1
tban 60 millions; the exportation to Britain had of troublefome. The levies were obftrmfled, and the re- Britain,
late been near 200,000 hoglheads and puncheons of cruiting fervice was never known to go on fo heavily; ' 
fugar and rum, amounting to no lefs than four millions numbers of people of that defcription not only refuling
in value; the direct revenue ariling from which was the ufual proffers, but even reprobating the caufe hi
700,000 pounds, befides that which accrued from the which they were folicited to engage# Befides this, Rcfp^^L.
collateral branches depending upon it. All this, how- feveral officers of high rank fhowed a great averfion 0f lord Ef
ever, was urged in vain. Conciliatory propofals were at the fer?ice. Lord Effingham, who had diftinguifh- fmgham
"made by Mr Burke and Mr Hartly, but they were ed himfelf by his oppofition to minifterial meafure8,and
rejefted by great majorities. Thefe propofals, indeed, refigned the command of his regiment rather than Ld“cer5*
- tnftead of ferving the caufe they were meant to pro- fight againft the caufe he had efpoufed fo warmly.
" mote, did the very reverfe. A dread was entertained His example was followed by that of feveral other
of the confequences which might enfue from the re- officers; and it is not to be doubted that, while this
publican opinions now fo prevalent in the colonies, ftep conferred upon them a very confiderable fhare of
and all partiality towards them was looked upon in popularity, it excited in the minds of miniftry an equal
fuch a criminal light, that their opponents became degree of refentment. Lord Effingham, in particular,
deaf, on many occafions, to the voice of reafon and received the public thanks of the city of London and
humanity when urged in their behalf. On the other Dublin; both of which fnowed an extreme averfion
hand, the favourers of America, urged on by a furious to the commencement of hoftilities with America. ;j
zeal, and even refentment againft thofe whom they The former, indeed, could fcarce reftrain themfelves'phe city
looked upon to be promoters of arbitrary tneafures, within any bounds of moderation. After the affair London
erred equally in their oppofition to miniftry. This at Lexington they framed a remonflrance and petition,fents th<
violent party fpirit appeared not only among the peo- animadverting in the moft fevere manner on the
pie at large, but broke forth with the utmoft fury in niflry and parliament; and it was not without the
parliament, where the debates often refembled the greateft difficulty that the more moderate party pro¬
railings of Billingfgate rather than the delihera- cured one to be drawn up, under the name of an
tions of thg fil'd affembly in a great and powerful na- “ humble petition,” couched in lefs reprehenfible
tion. terms. jyx
In this temper of mind it is no wonder that the In the mean time feveral inconveniences began to be DiftreiTej
ftate of affairs was fcarce ever truly reprefented by f^lt in different parts of the nation. The fufpenfion°f the na||
cither party. Government continued to enaiS new laws, of the fale and purchafe of negro Haves in the WefHion m C*H
now in vain, againft the Americans; their antagonifts Indies and in North America, and the prohibition to
oppofed thefe in a manner fo little different from what export arms and gunpowder, had greatly impeded the C;
has been already related, that any farther account of African trade from Briftol and Liverpool., In confe-
the debates would be as unentertaining as tedious, quence of this, a great number of fhips which formerly
Other petitions were prefented and treated with ne- failed from thefe ports had been laid up, and near 3000
gleft. The increafe of union and preparations for failors belonging to Liverpool difmifTed from fervice.
war among the colonifts were by the minifterial party Their fituation foon rendered them riotous; and it-
treated as the mere commotions of an headftrong mob ; was not without the affiftanceof the military that they
and by the other as an affociation of an injured and were quelled. Thefe diftreffes, however, made no im-
virtuous people, who were about to found a mighty preffion on adminiftration ; who having once laid it
empire in the weft, while Britain was to fink in utter down as a maxim, that the fubjeftion of America was
difgrace and contempt by their mere feceffion, without the greateft political good that could happen to Bri-
making any account of their exploits in the field, tain, were, in a confiftence with their own principles^
which could not fail to equal thofe of the heroes of obliged to overlook every difafter that might happen in
antiquity. On the fame principles the event of the the mean time as a temporal inconvenience, which
fkirmilh at Lexington was magnified by the one into ought not to be regarded in the profecution of a great
a “ difgraceful defeat” on the part of the Britiih; and magnificent plan.
and by the other treated with abfolute uncbncern, as But whatever might be the views of adminiftration ,
if no regard whatever was to be paid to it, nor any in this refpe£l, it was far otherwife with the generality
inference drawn from thence concerning the fate of of the nation. They felt the prefent' inconveniences
the war in general. Thus alfo the battle at Bunkers feverely, while the fubjugation of America prefented
Hill, and all the tranfa&ions of the year 1775, were them with no folid foundation to hope for an equiva-
unfairly ftated by both parties; and the only confe- Lnt. It was with the utmoft fatisfatlion, therefore, Laft peti
quence enfuing from thefe mifreprefentations was that they received the news of Mr Penn’s arrival in on of co;;
the inflaming to a voilent degree the refentment be- 1775, with anew petition from the congrefs to begrefsreje.
twixt the two parties; one of which depreffed the prefented to the king; after which he was to give it toed* !
Americans to the rank of confummate poltroons, the public. Their expeftation, however, was foon dif-
while the other exalted them almoft to that of demi- appointed. The petition was delivered to lord Dart-
gods. mouth on the firft of September ; and in three days it
While thefe altercations continued to agitate the was replied, that no anfwer would be given to it. This
minds of the fuperior clafles of people in Britain, the laconic procedure excited no fmall furprife, as it was-
1 riddle and lower ranks remained in a kind of indiffer- univerfally allowed that the language of the petition
ence,or rather were again ftthe proceedings of miniftry. was refpeftful, and that it expreffed the higheft defire
This oppofition could not indeed influence the coun- of peace and reconciliation. Lord Dartmouth’s an-
ells of the nation,, but in other refpecls it proved very fvver, therefore, could not but be eonfidered as a final
renunciation
B II I
with the colo-
a connexion
they the tu¬
lip arms. It
thought not only to be injudicious in itfelf,
but very-ill-timed, and not at alh confident with the
fituation of the affairs of Britain at that time. On the
other hand, the friends of adminiftration infided, that
the petition oflPered nothing that could in a confidency
with the dignity of the Britiih empire be taken any
notice of. In dead of profeffing any repentance for
their own conduft, they had offered dipulations, and
even required conceffions on the part of Britain. It
was likewife faid on the part of adminidration, that
fear had a diare in framing the propofals now held out.
The Americans were very fenfible, that though the fird
deps taken by Britain had not anfwered the purpofe,
much greater efforts would quickly follow ; and that,
without being allowed fome mne, it was impoffible they
could bring their matters to bear. The petition,
therefore, might be confidered as written with a view
to procradinate matters, whicff was by no means ad-
milfible on the part of Britain. The colonies were al¬
ready well apprized of the conditions on which they
would he redored to favour; and had it at any time in
their power to put a dop to the operations of war by
accepting thefe conditions: but it would be imprudent
to dop the military preparations upon fuch an uncer¬
tain expectation as the petition from congrefs held out.
It was alfo plain, that a great majority of the nation *
approved of the meafures of government; for addreffes
were received from all quarters, recommending, in the
mod explicit manner, a vigorous exertion agaihd A-
merica.
Re vivid of The reje&ion of this petition in darned the minds of
he both parties more than ever againd each other. The
Kit^be-1' obfolete dxdin’ftion of and Tory was now revived,
wlx/whigs an<l that with fuch animofity, that Britain itfelf, as
tnd tories. well as America, now feemed in danger of becoming a
feat of war and bloodfhed. The tories were accufed
as the promoters of thofe fanguinary addreffes already
mentioned. They were faid to be the great midnform-
ers of government; and the falfe reprefentations they
indudrioufly procured from all quarters had contri¬
buted more than any thing elfe to inflame the animo¬
fity and produce the civil war. They were upbraided
with their attachment to the Stuart family. England,
it was faid, had, through their machinations, been
made a fcene of blood in the lad century; and had
Been perpetually tottering on the brink of ruin from
the redoration to the revolution. At that time indeed
the more fenfibk part of the nation, wearied out with
perpetual attempts to enflave than, took the refolu-
tion of expelling an ill advifed monarch, whom nothing
could prevent from purfuing their pernicious plans to
his own ruin. But the tones were an incorrigible
race, who could not be cured even by experience; for
though they had feen repeated indances of the roifehief
attending their plans, they adhered to them with as
great obdinacy as if the greated benefits had on all
occafions accrued from them. Biffention at home and
difgrace abroad had been the condant attendants of
their councils; while the only objects they ever had
in view were the edablifhment and propagation of their
•own tenets ; for thefe alone they laboured, the honour
[ 675 1
B R I
and intered of the nation being entirely oat of the Britain,
quedion. Thefe they would willingly facrifice to the
points above mentioned ; and as anindance of the ef-
fe&s of their councils, the treaty of Utrecht was men¬
tioned'. Here, faid their antagonifts, the fruits of a
triumphant war, carried on for twelve years, were loft
at once by thofe feuds which the tories occafioned
through their reftlefs endeavours to compafs their ini¬
quitous projects.
On the other hand, the tories faid that the whigs
were the genuine defendants and reprefentatives of
thofe republican incendiaries who had in the lad; cen¬
tury overturned the cOnditution and deflated the
kingdom. They pretended indeed to affrt the liberty
of Britain; but under this pretence they wifhed to
engrofs all the authority to themf Ives, as might eafily
be proved by an impartial examination of their conduift
in the unhappy times alluded to. In the pref nt dif-
pute the principal quedion was, Whether the king and
parliament, when united, were to be obeyed or redded?
The tories infided, that they were to be obeyed; the
whigs, that they were to be refided. The truth was,
therefore, that there were two parties in Britain; the
one of which was of opinion that the colonies owed
obedience to Great Britain in all cafes whatever, and
that in cafe of refufal they ought to be compelled to
obey; but the other, though it acknowledged the fame
obligation on the colonies, thought it was unadvifable
to force it. The only conditutional method of de¬
ciding this quedion was by an appeal to parliament.
That appeal had already been made, And parliament
had determined on compuldon. The decilion ought
therefore to be confidered as that of the voice of the
nation; and were a parliamentary majority to fee
viewed in any other light, all things would fall into
confufion, and no rule of government remain. The
do&rines of the whigs were alfo faid to be inadmiffible
in found policy. Authority, fovereign and uncon¬
trolled, mud redde fomewhere; and allowing every
charge of bribery and corruption ( which were brought'
by the other party mod liberally) to be true, it were
dill better to be governed in fome indances by^ fuch
means, than to have no government at all. This mud
at lad be the cafe were continual appeals to be made
to the people; as they would undoubtedly be followed
by perpetual broils at home as well as difafters a-
broad.
To thefe violent bickerings at home, fome very feri- Misfortunes
ous commercial misfortunes were now added. It had °^!ie New-
been reprefented as very probable, during the laft fef- ^>e““dlaiui
fion of parliament, that the bill for depriving the people
of New England of the benefits of the Newfoundland
fidiery, would redound greatly to the intereft of Great
Britain, by throwing into her hands alone the profits
which were formerly divided with the colonies. This
expectation, however, proved totally void of foun¬
dation. The number of (hips fitted out that year was
fcarcely greater than ufual. The congrefs had alfo pro¬
hibited them from being fupplied with provifions; fo
that not only thofe on board the fhips, but even the
inhabitants on the ifland of Newfoundland itfelf, were
in danger of perifliing. Many of the Ihips were there¬
fore obliged to go in queft of provifions, inftead of
profecuting the bufinefs on which they came. On the
whole, therefore, inftead of any increafe, the profits of
i 4 Qjs the
B R I
• the fifhery fufFered this year a diminution of near
“ 500,000!. Along with this, fome natural caufes co¬
operated, which, by the more fuperftitious, were con-
in^iidered as the effedts of divine wrath. A moll violent
ve and uncommon Itorm took place in thefe latitudes du¬
ring the filhing feafon. The fea rofe full 30 feet above
its ordinary level; and that with fuch rapidity, that n@
r i
B It I
return with an equal number of men from the eleftorate
of Hanover. In juilice to the minifters, indeed, it muft ^
be owned, that they profecuted the fcheme they had
undertaken with all poffible vigour; infomuch that the
expences already began to occafion confiderable alarm.
This was owing, in the firft inilance, to the bad fuc-
cefs of the Britilh arms, which occafioned a demand on
time was allowed for avoiding its fury. Upwards of this country altogether unlocked for. It had always
&c.
700 fifliing boats perifhed, with all the people in them;
and fome fhips foundered, with their whole crews. Nor
was the devaftation much lefs on (hore, as the waters
broke in upon the land, occafioning vaft lofs and de-
jgg ftru&ion.
Ineffectual By thefe misfortunes, the general ftagnation of com¬
petitions, merce, and the little fuccefs that had hitherto attended
the Britilh arms, the mercantile part of the nation were
thrown into defpair. Petitions were poured in from
all quarters, the contents of which were limilar to thofe
already mentioned, and their reception exactly the
fame. Miniflers had determined on their plan ; and
the only difficulty was, how to put it in execution as
quickly as they defired. For this purpofe, application
was made to the petty ftates of Germany, who are
wont to hire out their forces, and who had frequently
fent auxiliaries to Britain in former cafes of exigency.
597
Difficulty
of procu¬
ring foreign
fuccours.
been fuppofed, that the Britilh army would be com¬
pletely vi&orious ; or at leaft would remain fo far
mailers of the field, that they could eafily command ^
what fupplies of frelh provifions were neceffary. In- v3ft fum3
Head of this, they were now cooped up in fuch a man- expended ti
ner as to be adlually in danger of perilhing for want, ffipply
The fupplies, therefore, of neceffity, were fent from °®
Britain ; and indeed the exertions for their relief were
fuch as muft give high ideas of the opulence and fpi-
rit of the Britilh nation. For thefe troops there were
Ihipped no fewer than 5006 live oxen, 14,000 Iheep,
with a proportionable number of hogs, immenfe quanti¬
ties of vegetables, prepared with all poffible care ;
10,000 butts of fmall beer, and 5000 butts of llrong
beer. Some idea of the expences of thefe articles may
be obtained from an account of what was paid fiSfr ar¬
ticles trifling in comparifon of.the above. For a
At prefent, however, the fcheme met with confiderable giment of light horfe in Bofton, L. 20,000 were paid
difficulties, occafioned by the diltance, as well as the
danger, of the defertion of the mercenaries. The prin-
for oats, hay, and beans. The articles of vinegar, ve¬
getables, and calks, at ao lefs; and every thing elfe in
ces were likewife alarmed at the appearance of lofing proportion. The contingencies occafioned by military
fo many fubjefts for ever; while the latter were no lefs operations amounted to near L. 500,000. The prodi-
ftartled at the propofal of being tranfported acrofs the
ocean into a new world, there to be expofed to all the
miferies of war, with very little hope of ever feeing
their native country again. Other refources, however,
were devifed, by calling in the affiftance of the Heffians,
and obtaining from Holland that body of Scots troops
which had been fo long in their fervice. But in both thefe
views adminiftration were, difappointed. All the ftates
jjjg of Europe looked upon Britain with an invidious eye,
France and though none fo much as Holland and France; thefe
Holland e- being the two powers who had moft reafon to hope for
American a<^v3ntage from the quarrel. A very ftrong party in
caufe. Holland contended for the American intereft. Pam¬
phlets were daily publifhed at Amfterdam in juftifica-
tion of the colonies: their cafe was compared with
that of the Netherlands in former times; and they were
exhorted to perfevere in their claims againft the preten-
fions of Britain. Her they reprefented as infatiably
covetous of wealth and power, and defirous of feizing
every thing ihe could. She was alfo taxed with being
gious expences, therefore, of maintaining an inconfi-
derable armament at fuch a diftance, could not fail to
give a very unfavourable opinion of the war at large,
and juftly raife fufpicions, that even the treafures of
Britain would not be able to defray the expence.
One advantage, however, was derived from fuch im¬
menfe profufion; the price of every thing was aug¬
mented ; that of {hipping particularly rofe one fourth
in the ton : and though the profits made by contrac¬
tors and their numerous friends were complained of,
the benefits which accrued to multitudes employed in
the various branches of public bufinefs feemed in fome
meafure to make amends for every thing.
Misfortune, however, feemed now to attend every Almoli all
fcheme in which Britain engaged herfelf. Some part the Bofton |
ef it, indeed, in the prefent cafe, might be derived ft°res ^e' S
from mifmanagement. The failing of the tranfports taken
was delayed fo long that their voyages were loll. They ” j
remained for a long time wind-bound ; and, after lea¬
ving port, met with fuch ftormy weather, that they
601
of a domineering difpofition ; and that, fince her fuc- were toffed to and fro in the channel till moft of the
ceffes in the war of 1755, ihe had become intolerable, live flock they had on board perifhed. After clearing
not only to her neighbours, but to the whole world :
nay, that even during the war (he had exercifed an
abfolute fovereignty at fea, and did not fcruple to avow
a right and title to rule over that element.
But though thefe powers thus early expreffed their
hoftile difpofition towards Britain, it was otherwife
Auxiliaries with the princes of Heffe and Brunfwick ; by whom,
obtained and fome other German princes of inferior note, a con-
from Heffe fiderable number of troops were fupplied. At the
andBrunf- fame time> that as many Britifh forces as poffible might
be employed, large draughts were made from the gar-
rifons of Gibraltar and Minorca, who were fupplied in
the coaft of England, their progrefs was retarded by a
continuance of bad weather. They were forced by
the periodical winds from the coaft of America into
the ocean. Some were driven to the Weft Indies,
others were captured by American privateers, and only
a very few reached the harbour of Bofton, with their
cargoes quite damaged, fo that they could be of little
or no ufe. Notwithftanding the immenfe fupplies
above mentioned, therefore, a fubfeription was fet on
foot for the relief of the foldiers, as well as of the fa¬
milies of thofe who died in the fervice. This was li¬
beral on tire whole, though many refufed to contri¬
bute.
B R I [ 677 ] B R
?i Britain, bute, from their difapprobation of the caufe ; and bit- the land-fervice amounted to
' ter complaints were made of want of economy
throughout the whole American department,
ikiriolent. ani- All this time the violent animofities between the
jl°fitiesbe-parties continue^; the defire of peace was gradually
to parties, extinguiihed
three millions, be- Britain,
fides the extraordinaries of the former year, which a-' "J
mounted to more than L. 1,200,000 ; and thoogh this ^°7
vaft profufion became the fubjeft of much complaint^
^ and animadverfion, the power of miniftry filenced every ing the war.
^ both fides; and the foundation laid of oppofer. ^og
an enmity fcarce ever to be extinguifhed. Each feem- But however adminiftration might now triumph, Perplexity
ed to be ferioufly of opinion that the other would wil- their exultation was but of (hort continuance. Theof admini-
lingly ruin the nation if pofiible ; a remarkable inilance misfortune of general Burgoyne at Saratoga threw the on
~r —t-.-u .1 o„.    whole nation into a kind of defpair, and reduced the*®£2^£
miniftry to the greateft perplexity. The great diffi-g0yne's de-
603
|lr Sayre of which was the commitment of Mr Sayre, an engra-
immitted ver ;n London, to the tower for high treafon. The
accufation laid againft: him was no lefs than that of culty now was to contrive means for raifing a fufficient
having formed a defign to feize his majefty as he went
to the houfe of lords : but the fcheme itfelf, and the
method in which it was to be executed, appeared both
fo ridiculous, that the prifoner w3S very foon difehar-
number of forces to carry on the war ; but from this ^°9 .
they extricated themfelves by what muft be allowed
mafterly contrivance. This was the encouraging leviesfelves with
for government fervice by cities and private perfons ; great dexte-
ged ; after which he commenced a procefs againft. lord and as the defign was kept a profound fecret before ther‘ty-
<Jo4 Rochfort for falfe imprifonment.
Chriftmas recefs, they were not difturbed by the dan-
irliament- With refpett to the parliamentary proceedings du- gerous clamours of oppofition. The recefs was pur-
y del
'•ring this period, very little can be faid, further than
that every meafure of adininiftration, whether right
or wrong, was violently oppofed. The employment
of foreign troops, and admitting them into the for-
trefles of Gibraltar and Minorca, were moft feverely
cenfured, as being, contrary to the bill of rights. Ad-
pofely extended in order to give time for the fcheme
to take effeft ; and before parliament met again it was
actually accomplifhed, fo that minifters could once
more face their opponents without any fear. gro
Another and more weighty confideration, however,The French*
now occurred. The European ftates in general hadrefolveti
miniftration contended that this bill only forbad the long beheld the grandeur of Britain with an invidious3!^ Ame!’'
introduction of a foreign military power into the king¬
dom during peace ; but the times were not peaceable,
and the introduction of the troops was evidently with
a view to quell a rebellion. The force defigned for
the conqueft of America was then declared to be ina¬
dequate to the purpofe j but it was replied on the part
of miniftry, that the defign was to conciliate, not to
conquer. The force (25,000 men) was fufficient to
ftrike terror; and though this Ihould not inftantly be
produced, conciliatory'offers would {till be held out af-
g ter every blow that was {truck.
[jitaryo- 1° the mean time the Americans, fenfible of the
rations of dangerous fituation in which they flood, exerted them-
Ameri-feives to the utmoft to diflodge the Britifti troops from
'* Bofton. This being at length accompliftied in March
1776, they proceeded to put their towns in the molt
formidable ftate of defence 3 infomuch that they feem,
if properly defended, to have been almoft impregnable.
This was evident from the repulfe of Sir Peter Parker
eye. The news of the difafter at Saratoga was there-1
fore received among them as thofe of the defeat of
Charles XII. at Pultowa was among the powers whom
he had fo long commanded- Of all thefe the French*
for obvious reafons, were the moft aCtive in fupport-
xng the Americans. Numbers of the young nobility,
were eager to fignalize themfelves in the American
caufe ; and among the reft the marquis de la Fayette*,,
a young nobleman of the firft rank and fortune. Im¬
pelled by an enthufiaftic ardour in favour of the Ame¬
rican caufe, he purchafed a veflel, loaded her with mi¬
litary ftores, and failed in her with feveral of his
friends to America, where he prefented his fervices
to congrefs. From them he met with a moft gracious
reception, and was invefted with a command, in which
he loft no opportunity of diftinguiihing himfelf. Be-
fides this-nobleman, feveral other officers from France
and Germany adtually entered the American fervice,
and by their military talents greatly contributed to the
at Charleflown : But they did not exert equal fpirit in exertions which the colonies were afterwards enabled
the defence of New York ; where, befides lofing the to make.
p idefpe-
town, they received fuch a defeat as feemed to threaten
g their affairs with total ruin. See America.
caufe view h appeared to the generality of the
| sieved in people in Britain. The fuccefsful campaign of 1776
was looked upon as fo decifive, that little room was left
to fuppofe the Americans capable of ever retrieving their
affairs. Oppofition yvere much embarraffed, and now
almoft reduced to the Angle argument of the interfe¬
rence of foreign powers, which they had often un-
fuccefsfully ufed before. Befides this, indeed, the ob-
ftinacy of the Americans in refufing the offers- of lord
Howe, even at the moment of their greateft depref-
fion, feemed to be a very bad prefage. The ftrength
of miniftry, however, now became fo decifive, that
whatever they propofed was immediately carried. The
number of feamen for 1777 was augmented 1045,000,
and upwards of five millions voted for the expence of
the navy, and to difeharge its debt. The expences of the fiftiery.
This affiftance, however, would have been but trifling,
had not the French court alfo interefted itfelf in
their behalf; for by the time, or very foon after, the-
news of general Burgoyne’s. difafter arrived in Britain,
a treaty was on foot between the French court and-
the United States of America.
Even before this time France had ftiowed fuch an
extreme partiality towards the Americans, as might
have plainly indicated their defign of ultimately affift-
ing them in their national capacity. The encourage¬
ment given to the American privateers in all the ports
of France had produced ftrong remonftrances on the
part of Britain 3 and an order was at laft demanded*
that all thefe privateers with their prizes, fttould depart
the kingdom. With this they fonnd it neceffary to
comply at that time, left reprifals ftiould be made by
capturing their whole Newfoundland fleet then out
So many delays, however, were made oa
various
B R I
[ 678 ]
B R I
ijsrk'atn. various pretences, that not a fingle veffel was difmlfled
  from any of their ports. So far indeed were the French
court from any defign of this kind, that in the month
of July 1777 the whole body of merchants through¬
out the kingdom were aflured from government that
they might depend on prbteftion in their trade with
America.
All this time -the greateft preparations were made
throughout the whole kingdom of France for war ; fo
that the moft judicious politicians were of opinion that
a rupture with that power fhould have immediately fol¬
lowed the commencement of hoftilities with America,
and for which the behaviour of the former furnifhed
abundant reafons of juftification. Whatever might
have been the motives of the Britilh miniftry, however,
it is certain, that in defiance of probability, even when-
joined by the moft acrimonious cenfures of oppofition,
they continued to pretend ignorance of any hoftile in-
tentions in the court of France, until that court of its
Treaty with own accor(! thought proper to announce them. This
America was done by a formal notification to the court of Bri-
announced tain in the month of March 1778, and that in the
Bri a^n11 mo^ mort*fy*n£ 1° this declaration it w'as an-
n am. noiince(jj not oniy that a treaty of friendihip and com¬
merce was concluded betwixt France and America,
but Britain was infulted with being told that America
.was a&ually in poffeffion of independency, as if the
former had already exerted her utmoft efforts without
being able to reduce them. A merit was alfo made
of having entered into no commercial ftipulations in
favour of France exclufive of Britain. Nothing, there¬
fore, could be more offenfive ; and though it could
not decently be faid on the part of the French mo¬
narch that he wifhed for war, yet his pacific intentions
were conveyed in fuch haughty terms, that the whole
could only be confidered as a declaration of thofe ho¬
ftilities which he pretended to avoid.
Both parties now united in their opinion that a war
with France was unavoidable ; but they were not for
f)lz that reafon any farther advanced towards a reconcilia-
Severechar-t*011' It mutt be owned, indeed, that the minority
ges againft had now, according to their own account, received
adminiftra- very great provocation. They had from the beginning
tlon* reprobated the American war, and prognofticated its
bad fuccefs. In this they had been over-Yuled, and
the chara&er of the Americans reprefented in fuch a
manner as almoft to preclude the idea of their being
able to refill. They had refilled, however; and by
dellroying or taking prifoners a whole aifny, verified
■thofe prediblions which had been fo often treated with
ridicule. The popular party had, times without num¬
ber, infilled in the moll earnell manner for fome kind
of conceffion towards America ; but this had conftant-
ly been refufed with an unparalleled and inveterate ob-
llinacy. They now favv thefe very concefiions offered
to America after the defeat of Burgoyne, which, had
they been granted in time, would have prevented all
the mifehief. Added to all this, the expences for the
enfuing year had been hurried through the houfe be¬
fore the Chriftmas vacation ; the levies had been raifed
by fubfeription without confent of parliament at all;
yet both thefe proceedings had been determined to be
ftri&ly legal and conftitutional. Every inquiry into
the meafures of government had been frullrated ; and
one into the ftate of the nation in general, which could
613
not be abfolutely reje&ed, was rendered ineffe&ual by Britain,
delays and evafion. JLaftly, they now faw their coun- ^
try involved in a foreign war with a nation wfll pro¬
vided for all emergencies, while we had fupinely fuf-
fered them to go on, without making the lealt effort
to put ourfelves in a proper Hate of defence.
For thefe reafons oppofition infilled that the prefent Removal
minillry ought no longer to be trufted with the ma-the m>n'-
nagement of public affairs. An acknowledgment 0fftersiIW^
the independence of America was now by many fup-upon" '
pofed to be the only rational ftep that could be taken,
which might now be done with a good grace, and
which we would unavoidably be obliged to take at lall J
whether we would or not. By acknowledging this
independence before they had time to enter into
exclufive engagements with France, their trade would
be open to all the world. This of courfe would
leffen their correfpondence with France, and leave
them at liberty to form fuch connexions as they
thought moll proper. The minillerial party, however.
Hill infilled on vigorous meafures, reprefenting it as a
fpiritlefs and difgraceful meafure to bend beneath the
power of France, and fetting forth the refources of
Great Britain as fufficient to refill the efforts of all
her enemies. The dilhonour of leaving the American
loyalills expofed to the refentment of their country¬
men was alfo fet forth in theilrongeft manner. Thd'e,
by very intelligent people, were faid to be by far the
greater number. Were it not more eligible, on the
very ftrength of fuch an affirmation, to make trial of
its veracity, and to put arms into their hands ? What¬
ever the danger of the experiment might be, we could
not abandon them without expofing our reputation,
and lofing that charaXer of fidelity to our engage¬
ments for which we had hitherto been fo juftly refpeX-
ed. Unanimity in the prefent cafe was ftrongly, and
indeed very jullly, infilled upon ; but when oppofition
complained of fome occult irrefiftible influence by
which the councils of the nation were direXed, in de-
fpite of every fuggellion of reafon and argument, the
charge was denied in the llrongell manner, and mini-
fters difclaimed every motive of their conduX, except¬
ing that of an internal conviXion of its own reXi-
tude.
Notwithllanding the violence of thefe altercations,
however, the greatell courage and lleadinefs was mani-
fefted by the cool and deliberate part of the nation.
The French refolved in the firft place to excite a ge-Invafion
neral terror by threatening an invafion. This was threatened
evidently impraXicable, without their procuring firit ^ thtJf:
the fuperiority at fea: yet as multitudes in the country fencht|
were apt to be terrified by the very mention of a
French invafion, orders were iffued to draw out and
embody the militia, which was then compofed of men
in every-refpeX as well exercifed and difeiplined as
any regular troops. It was complained, however, gjii
that a French fquadron of 12 Ihips of the line hado’EHaing
failed from Toulon, without any obftruXion, under faik with
the command of the count d’Ellaing. The moftr,;luad^1m
grievous apprehenfions were entertained from the great^°mToU
inferiority of lord Howe’s naval force, which might
expofe him to a total defeat, and the whole fleet of
tranlports to be taken or dellroyed by the enemy.
But whatever might have been the probabilities in this
cafe, it is certain that either the fortune or conduX
of
B R I
a 616
;See St
Britain, of this commander were fuch, that no exploit of any
great confequence was ever performed .by him. That
matters, however, might be put in the beft fituation
poffible, addrefles were moved for the recalling of the
fleets and armies from America, in order to Ration
them in places where they might contribute more ef-
fe&ally to the defence of the kingdom. This was op-
pofed not only by adminiftration, but even by fome
of the moft popular members' of oppofition themfelves.
Of this opinion were lord Chatham and the earl of
Shelburne ; the former of whom refilled it with a ve¬
hemence of fpeech peculiar on this occafion.
of The operations of the French in America, with the
[I’Eliaing. various fuccefsof the war, are related under the article
United States of ad meric a. Here we have only to
take notice, that d’Eftaing, having failed in his at¬
tempt on the Britifil fleet at new York, and in aflifting
his allies in their attempt on Rhode Ifland, as well as
having by other parts of his condudl greatly difgufted
them, failed for the Weft Indies, where he unfuc-
cefsfully attacked the ifland of St Lucia*. Being
repulfed in this attempt, he failed to the ifland of Gre¬
nada, which he reduced, treating the vanquilhed in a
See Gre- very cruel mannerf; while a body of troops difpatch-
ed by him alfo reduced the ifland of St Vincent.
By this time the French admiral was powerfully re¬
inforced; fo that his fleet confifted of 26 fail of the
line and twelve frigates. During the time he was em¬
ployed at Grenada, Admiral Byron with the Britifli
fquadron was accompanying the homeward bound
Weft India fleet till out of danger; after which he
failed with a body of troops, under general Grant, for
the recovery of St Vincent; but before they could
r»^ch that ifland, certain intelligence was received of
the defcent at Grenada. On this they fleered diredlly
for that ifland, \yhere they encountered the French
him ^eet w‘t^out hefitation, notwithftanding the great
ladmi- fuperiority of the latter. At this time the French
Byron, fquadron amounted to 27 fail of the line and feven
frigates; while that of Britain confifted only of 2f
line of battle ftiips and one frigate. The Britifh ad¬
mirals, Byron and Barrington, endeavoured to bring
the enemy to a clofe engagement, but this was as ftu-
dioufly avoided by d’Eftaing; and fuch was the dex¬
terity and circumfpe&ion with which the latter con¬
duced matters, that it was only by feizing the tran-
fient opportunities of the different movements occafi-
oned by the wind and weather, that fome of the Britifh
fhips could clofe in with their antagonifts. Even
when this was the cafe, the engagement was carried
618 on upon fuch unequal terms, that the Biitifh fhips
ivery of were terribly fhattered. For fome time captains Col-
nieEng-. ]|ngWOOdj Edwards, and Cornwallis, flood the fire of
“ ‘the whole French fleet. Captain Fanfhaw of the
Monmouth, a 64 gun fhip, fingly threw himfelf in the
way of the enemy’s van to flop them. Several of the
Britifh fhips forced their way to the very mouth of St
George’s harbour on the ifland of Grenada : but find¬
ing it in the hands of the French,, an end was put
to the engagement; nor did the French care to
renew it, though the Britifti fhips had fuffered very
much.
D’Eftaing now having received frefti reinforcements,
fet fail for the continent of America, after convoying
the homeward bound fleet of French iperchantmen in
[ «79 ]
B R I
,617
igage-
their return from the Weft India iflands. Fils dif- BHiain.
aftrous attempt on the town of Savannah, with the fub-' v——*
fequent difeord betwixt him and the colonifts, are re-
feted under the article United States of America, ft^ofthe
Here we have only to take notice, that thus the fearsfuccefs of
which had been excited by the fuperiorfty of the the Ameri-
French in the Weft Indian feas were effeCually diffi-J1,™1,.
pated. The iflands of Dominica, St Vincent, and™ndun'
Grenada, were indeed loft; the firft being taken by
the marquis de Bouille, governor of Martinico, and
the two laft by d’Eftaing as already related* : but * See thefe
thefe fuccefles were balanced by the failure of the anlCles•
French commander in every other enterprife; by his
terrible difafter at the Savannah ; and by the acquifi-
tion of St Lucia, which was taken in the year 1778
by admiral Barrington and generals Prefect and Mea¬
dows f. In other parts of the Weft Indian feas alfof See .?#•
the honour of the Britifh arms was very effedlually
fupported by the bravery and vigilance of the com¬
manders on that ilation. Here admiral Hyde Parker,
affifted by admiral Rowley, kept the enemy in con¬
tinual alarm, and intercepted the trade of the French
iflands in fuch a manner as greatly diftrefled them.
Three large frigates difpatched by count d’Eitaing
after his failure in America were taken, and a great
part of a convoy feized or deftroyed in fight of M. de
la Motte Piquet’s fquadron in the harbour of Port
Royal at Martinico, the admiral himfelf having narrow¬
ly efcaped. He had failed out of that harbour, in
order to favour the efcape of the convoy already men¬
tioned ; which having partly effedled, he withdrew
but was purfued fo clofely, that he had fcarcely time
to flicker himfelf under the batteries on fhore.
Thefe fuccefles, which happened in the years 1 778,.
1779, and beginning of 1780, kept the event of the
war pretty much in an equilibrium on the weftern feas
and continent; but in the mean time the moft un¬
happy diffentions prevailed through every department
of the Britifh government in Europe, which threatened
at laft to involve' the whole nation in confufion and
bloodfhed. 6i0
Among other charges brought by the members in Bad eondi-
oppofition againft the miniftry, that of neglecting the tign °f the
navy had been one of the moft confiderable; nor indeed
does it appe?,r that the charge was altogether without * f
foundation. Without a fleet, however, it was now impof-
fible to avoid the danger of an invafion. At this time,
indeed, the fleet was in a very weak condition, but the
valour and experienceofthe officers feemed in fome mea- ^
fure to compenfate that defeft. The chief command Operations
was given to admiral Eeppel, who had ferved with un-0f Admiral
common reputation during the laft war. Admirals Keppel,and'
Sir Robert Harland and Sir Hugh Pallifer ferved un hb engage-
der him, both of them officers of undoubted courage the
and capacity. Arriving at Portfmouth towards the fleet,
end of March 1778, admiral Keppel exerted himfelf
with fo much induftry and diligence, that cxcluiive of
thofe fhips which it was found necefiary to difpatch 10
the coaft of North America under admiral Byron, ‘a
fleet of 20 fail of the line was got in complete readi-
nefs by the beginning of June, and ten more in a for¬
ward ftate of preparation.
At the head of this fleet, admiral Keppel failed from
Portfmouth on the 13th of June, in order to proteCl
the vaft number of commercial fhipping expe&ed from
B B. I
all parts of the world, and at the fame time to watch
1 the motion of the French fleet at Breft.
On the arrival of the Britilh fleet off the coaft of
France, two French frigates approached it, in order to
make their obfervations. Thefe were the Licorne of
32 guns and the Belle Poule of 26. In confequence
of a fignal to give chafe, the Milford frigate overtook
the Licorne towards the clofe of the day, and requeft-
ed the French captain to come under the Britifli admi¬
ral’s ftern ; upon his refufal, a fhip of the line came up,
and compelled him to come into the fleet. Next mor¬
ning, the Licorne feeming by her motions to be alter¬
ing her courfe, a fhot was fired acrofs her way as a
fignal for keeping it. Hereupon {he difcharged a
broadfide and a volley of fmall arms into the Ameri¬
ca of 64 guns that lay clofe to her, and immediately
ftruck. The behaviour of the French captain was the
more aftonifhing, as lord Longford, captain of the
America, was at that inftant engaged in converfation
with him in terms of civility ; but though fuch beha¬
viour certainly merited fevere chaftifement, no hoftile
return was made.
The Arethufa of 26 guns, commanded by captain
Marihal, with the Alert cutter, was mean while in pur-
fuit of the Belle Poule, that was alfo accompanied by
a fchooner, and the chafe was continued till they were
both out of fight of the fleet. On his coming up, he
informed the French captain of his orders to bring him
to the admiral, and requefted his compliance. This
being refufed, the Arethufa fired a fhot acrofs the
•Belle Poule, which (he returned with a difcharge of her
broadfide. The engagement thus begun, continued
more than two hours with uncommon warmth and
•fury.
The Belle Poule was greatly fuperior not only in
-number, but in the weight of her metal: her guns were
all 12 pounders ; thofe of the Arethufa only fix: Not-
-withftanding this inferiority, {he maintained fo defpe-
rate a fight, that the French frigate fuffered a much
greater lofs of men than the Britifh. The {lain and
wounded on board the former, amounted, by their own
account, to near ioq-; on board the latter, they were
not half that proportion.
Captain Fairfax in the Alert, during the engage¬
ment between the two frigates, attacked the French
fchooner, which being of much the fame force, the
difpute continued two hours with great bravery on
both fides, when the ftruck to the Engliftr cutter.
The Arethufa received fo much damage, that {he be¬
came almoft unmanageable : the captain endeavoured
to put her into fuch a pofition, as to continue the en¬
gagement ; but was unable to do it. Being at the
fame time upon the enemy’s coaft, and clofe on the
Ihore, the danger of grounding in fuch a fituation
obliged him to aft with the more caution, as it was
midnight. The Belle Poule, in the mean time, flood
into a fmall bay, furrounded with rocks, where {he was
protefted from all attacks: {he had fuffered fo much,
that the captain, apprehending that {he could not ftand
another engagement, had refolved, in cafe he found
bimfelf in danger of one, to run her aground : but her
fituation prevented any fuch attempt; and as foon as
4t was day-light, a number of boats came out from
Shore, and towed her into a place of fafety. Notwith-
Jftanding the evident and great fuperiority on the fide
n°,57- s
B It I
of the French, this aftion was extolled by them as a Br>
proof of Angular bravery,- and the account of it recei¬
ved with as much triumph as if it had been a viftory.
On the 18th of June, the day following the engage¬
ment with the Belle Poule, another frigate fell in with
the Britifh fleet; and was captured by the admiral’s
orders, oh account of the behaviour of the Licorne.
The capture of thefe French frigates produced fuch
intelligence to the admiral, as proved of the utmoft
importance, at the fame time that it was highly alarm¬
ing. He was informed that the fleet at Breft confift-
ed of 3 ? fhips of the line and 12 frigates. This was
in every refpeft a moft fortunate difcovery, as he had
no more with him than 20 {hips of the line and three
frigates. The fuperiority of the enemy being fuch as
neither {kill nor courage could oppofe in his prefent
circumftances; and as the confequenees of a defeat
muft have been fatal to this country, he thought him-
felf bound in prudence to return to Portfmouth for a
reinforcement. Here he arrived on the 27th of June,
and remained there till the {hips from the Mediterra¬
nean, and the Spanifh and I'ortuguefe trade, and the
fummer fleet from the Weft Indies coming home,
brought him a fupply of feamen, and enabled him to
put to fea again, with an addition of ten fhips of the
line. But Hill there was a great deficiency of frigates,
owing to the great numbers that were on the Ameri¬
can ftation, and the neceffity of manning the fhips of
the line preferably to all others.
In the mean time, the preparations at Breft being
fully completed, the French fleet put to fea on the 8th
of July. It confifted of 32 fail of the line, befides a
large number of frigates. Count D’Orvilliers com¬
manded in chief. The other principal officers in this
fleet were counts Duchaffault, de Guichen, and de
Graffe ; monfieur de Rochechoart and monfieur de la
Motte Piquet. A prince of the blood royal had alfo
been fent to ferve on bard of this fleet; this was the
duke of Chartres, fon and heir to the duke of Orleans,
firft prince of the blood royal of France in the colla¬
teral line. He commanded one of the divifions in qua¬
lity of admiral.
On the 9th day of July, the Britifh fleet failed out
of Portfmouth in three divifions ; the firft commanded
by Sir Robert Harland, the third by Sir Hugh Palli-
fer, and the centre by Admiral Keppel, accompanied
by Admiral Campbell, an officer of great courage and
merit: The French had been informed that the Bri¬
tifh fleet was greatly inferior to their own ; which was
but too true at the time when they received this infor¬
mation. Being yet unapprifed of the reinforcement
it was returned with, the admiral failed at firft in queft
of it, intending to attack it while in the weak condi¬
tion it had been reprefented to him.
As the Britilh admiral was equally intent on coming
to aftion as foon as poffible, they were not long before
they met. On the 23d of July they came in fight.
But the appearance of the Britiih (hips foon convinced
the French admiral of his miftake, and he immediate¬
ly determined to avoid an engagement no lefs cautioufly
than he had eagerly fought it before.
Herein he was favoured by the approach of night:
All that could be done on the part of the Britilh was
to form the line of battle in expeftation that the enemy
would do the fame. During the night the wind changed
fo
[ 680 ]
B R I f 65i 1 B R I
fo favourably for the French, as to give them the wea¬
ther gage. This putting the choice of coming to ac¬
tion, or of declining it,, entirely in their own power,
deprived the Brit;fh admiral of the opportunity of for¬
cing them to engage as he had propofed.
During the fpace of four days, the French had the
option of coming to a&ion ; but conftantly exerted
their utmoft care and induftry to avoid it. The Bri-
tiih fleet continued the whole time beating up againft
the wind, evidently with a refolution to attack them.
But notwithftanding the vigour and fkill manifefted in
this purfuit, the Britifh admiral had the mortification
to fee his endeavours continually eluded by the vigir
fence and precaution of the enemy not to lofe the leaft
advantage that wind and weather could afford.
The chafe lafted till the 27th of July. Between
ten and eleven in the morning, an alteration of wind and
weather occafioned feveral motions in both fleets that
brought them, unintentionally on the part of the French,
and chiefly through the dexterous management of the
Britifh admiral, fo near each other, that it was no long¬
er in their power to decline an engagement. Both
fleets were now on the fame tack : had they fo remain¬
ed, the Britifh fleet on coming up with the French
would have had an opportunity of a fair engagement,
flrip to fhip ; which would hardly have failed of pro¬
ving very decifive : but this was a manner of combat¬
ing quite contrary to the wifhes of the French admi¬
ral. Inftead of receiving the Britifh fleet in this pofi-
tion, as foon as he found that an adlion muft enfue, he
put his fhips on the contrary tack, that, failing in op-
pofite direftions, they might only fire at each other as
they paffed by. By this means a clofe and fidelong ac¬
tion would be effectually evaded. As foon as the van
of the Britifh fleet, confifting of Sir Robert Harland’s
divifion, came up, they direfted their fire upon it; but
at too great a diftance to make any impreffion : the
fire was not returned by the Britifh fhips till they
came clofe up to the enemy, and were fure of doing
execution. In this manner they all paffed clofe along-
fide each other in oppofite dire&ions, making a very
heavy and deftru&ive fire.
The centre divifion of the Britifh line having paffed
the rearmoft fhips of the enemy, the firft care of the
admiral was to effeCt a renewal of the engagement, as
foon as the fhips of the different fleets, yet in adtion,
had got clear of each other refpectively. Sir Robert
Harland, with feme fhips of his divifion, had already
tacked, and flood towards the French ; but the remain¬
ing part of the fleet had not yet tacked, and fome were
dropped to leeward, and repairing the damages they
had received in the adion. His own fliip the ViCtory
bad fiiffered too much to tack about inftantly ; and had
he done it, he would have thrown the fhips aftern of
him into diforder. As foon as it was practicable, how¬
ever, the Victory wore, andfteered again upon theenemy
before any other fliip of the centre divifion ; of which
not above three or four were able to do the fame. The
other fhips not having recovered their flations near
enough to fupport each other on a renewal of aCtion,
in order to colleCt them more readily for that purpofe,
be made the fignal for the line of battle a-head. It
was now three in the afternoon; but the fhips of the
Britifh fleet had not fufficientlv regained their flations
Vox,. III. Part II.
to engage.. The Victory lay neareft the enemy, with
the four fhips above mentioned, and feven more of Sir
Robert Harland’s divifion. Thefe twelve were the only
fhips in any condition for immediate fervice; of the
others belonging to the centre and to Sir Robert Har¬
land’s divifion, three were a great way aftern, and five at
a confiderable diftance to leeward, much difabled in their
rigging.
Sir Hugh Pallifer who commanded the rear divifion
during the time of aCtion, in which he behaved with
fignal bravery, came of courfe the laft out of it; and in
confequence of the admiral’s fignal for the line, was to
have led the van on renewing the fight; but his divi¬
fion was upon a contrary tack, and was entirely out of
the line. The French, on the other hand, expeding
direCtly to be re-attacked, had clofed together in tack¬
ing, and were now fpreading themfelves into a line of
battle. On difeovering the pofition of the Britifh fhips
that were fallen ta leeward, they immediately flood
towards them, in order to cut them off. This obliged
the admiral to wear and to fleer athwart the enemy’s
foremoft divifion, in order to fecure them ; directing,
at the fame time, Sir Robert Harland to form his di¬
vifion in a.line aftern, in order to face the enemy till
Sir Hugh Pallifer could come up, and enable him to
aCt more effectually.
The admiral, in moving to the protection of the
leeward fhips, was now drawing near the enemy. As
Sir Hugh Pallifer ftill continued to windward, he made
a fignal for all the fhips in that pofition to come into
his wake : Sir Hugh Pallifer repeated this fignal; but
it was unluckily miftaken by the fhlps of his divifion
as an order to come into his own wake, which they did
accordingly; and as he ftill remained in his pofition,
they retained theirs of courfe.
Sir Robert Harland was now directed to take his
ftation ahead, and the fignal repeated for Sir Hugh
Pallifer’s divifion to come into his wake ; but this fig¬
nal was not complied with, any more than a verbal mef-
fage to that purpofe, and other fubfequent fignals for
that divifion’s coming into its ftation in the line, before
it was too late to recommence any operations againft
the enemy.
In the night, the French took the determination to
put it wholly out of the power of the Britifh fleet to
attack them a fecond time. For this purpofe, three
of their fwifteft failing veftels wer e fixed in the ftation*
occupied during the day by the three admiral fhips of
the refpedive divifions, with lights at the maft-heads,
to deceive the Britifh fleet into the belief that the
French fleet kept its pofition with an intent to fight
next morning. ProteCled by this ftratagem, the re¬
mainder of the French fleet drew off unperceived and
unfufpeCted during the night, and retired with all
fpeed towards Breft : they continued this retreat the
whole courfe of the following day, and entered that
port in the evening. Their departure was not difeo-
vered till break of day ; but it was too late to purfuc
them, as they were only difcernible from the maft-
heads of the largeft fhips in the Britifh fleet. The three
fhips that had remained with the lights were purfued:
but the veffels that chaced them were fo unable to over¬
take them from the damages they had received in the
preceding day’s engagement, that they were quickly re-
4 R called ;
B R I r 682 1 B R I
Bntam. called; and the admiral made the bed of his way to Ply-
>,nT" v " mouth, as being the nearfl. port, in order to put his fleet
into a proper condition to return in queft of the enemy.
The killed and wounded on board the Britifh fleet
amounted to fomewhat more than 500 ; but the
French, it has been afferted on grounds of great cre¬
dibility, loll 3000. This appears the lefs improbable,
frqm.the confideration that the French, in all their na¬
val engagements, aim principally at the mall and rig-
6az ging, and the Britilh chiefly at the body of the Ihips.
Siibfequent This adlion, whatever might have been the merit of
atrf^rial of t^e commani^ers> proved a fource of the mod fatal ani-
ifeeadmiral. m°fities. The bulk of the nation had fo long been
accullomed to hear of great and glorious victories at
fea, that it was fuppofed a kind of impqffibility for a
French and Britilh fleet to encounter without the to¬
tal ruin of the former. The event of the lad engage¬
ment, therefore, became an objeft of very fevere cri-
ticifm ; and complaints were made, that, through the
bad conducl of the blue divifion, an opportunity had
been lod of gaining a complete vidlory over the French
fleet. Thefe complaints were quickly introduced into
the public papers; and were carried on with a warmth
and vehemence that fet the whole nation into a fer¬
ment of the mod violent and outrageous nature. The
friends of Sir Hugh Pallifer, the vice admiral of the
blue, were no lefs violent in the defence of his con-
du£l than his opponents were in its condemnation;
while thofe who efpoufed the caufeof the admiral, ma-
nifefled no lefs determination in accuflng him of being
the real caufe of the efcape of the French fleet, through
his difobedience of the fignals and orders of his com¬
mander, and by remaining at a didance with his divi¬
fion, inflead of coming to the afliflance of the red of
the fleet.
An accufation of fo weighty a nature very much
alarmed Sir Hugh Pallifer. He therefore applied
to admiral Keppel for a judification of his condudl;
and required of him to fign and publilh a paper re¬
lative to the engagement of the 27th of July; there¬
in fpecifying as a fadt, that he did not intend by his
fignals on the evening of that day to renew the battle
then, but to be in readinefs for it the next morning.
On the reje&ion of this demand, Sir Hugh Pallifer
publiflied in one of the daily papers a variety of cir-
cumdances concerning that engagement; refledling fe-
▼erely on the condudl of the admiral, and prefacing
the whole by a letter figned with his name.
An attack fo public, and fo detrimental to his cha-
radler, induced admiral Keppel to declare to the ad¬
miralty, that unlefs Sir Hugh Pallifer (hould explain
this matter to his fatisfadlion, he could not, confidently
with his reputation, ever adl conjointly with him.
This altercation happening before the meeting of
parliament, was of courfe taken notice of when it met.
In the houfe of peers an inquiry was demanded into the
condudi of the commanders of the deet on the 2 7th of
July, on account of the declaration of admiral Keppel,
that he would not refume the command until fuch an
inquiry had taken place.
In the houfe of commons alfo it was urged, that as
admiral Keppel had expreffed.a public refufal to ferve
in conjundlion with Sir Hugh Pallifer, the caufe of
fuch a declaration ought to be invedigated. Admiral
Keppel and Sir Hugh Pallifer, who were both prefect
in the houfe on this occafion, fpoke feverally to the Britain,
point in quedion in fupport of their refpedlive condudi. ^
The iffue of the conted between them was, that a mo¬
tion was made for an addrefs to the Crown to bring Sir
Hugh Pallifer to a trial for his behaviour in the late
engagement with the French fleet. In anfwer to this
motion. Sir Hugh Pallifer replied, in a fpeech of great
warmth and vehemence, that he had already demanded
and obtained a court-martial to fit on admiral Keppel,
whom he charged with having through his mifeondudl
caufed the failure of fuccefs in that engagement.
This intelligence was received with great aflonifli-
ment in the houfe. It had been, and dill continued to
J>e, the general defire of individuals of all parties, to
heal this breach between the two officers at a time
when the fervices of both were fo much needed. It
was therefore with univerfal concern the houfe was in¬
formed of the determination that had been taken to
bring admiral Keppel to a trial. The admiral, how¬
ever, condufted himfelf on this occafion with remark¬
able temper and coolnefs ©f expreffion. He acquiefced
without reluftance in the orders that had been laid
upon him to prepare for a trial of his conduft; which
he hoped would not, upon inquiry, appear to have
been didionourable. or injurious to his country, any
more than difgraceful to himfelf.
The conduft of the board of admiralty in admitting
the charges againd admiral Keppel, and appointing a.
trial, was greatly condemned in the houfe. It was .
faid to have been their duty to have laboured with the,
utmoll earned nefs, and exerted their whole official in¬
fluence, to difle this unhappy difagreement between
two brave and valuable men; the confequences of
which they well knew, and ought to have obviated, by
interpofing as reconciliators, indead of promoting the
difpute, by confenting to bring it to a judicial and :
public hearing. On the other hand, it was anfwered,
that they could not, confidently with the impartiality
which they owed to every officer of the navy, refufe to ■
receive all matters of complaint relating to fubjecfts of
their department. They had no right to decide on
the merits of any cafe laid before them, but were
bound to refer it to a court compofed of naval officers,
who were the only proper and competent judges of
each others conduft in profeffional matters. In con¬
formity with thefe principles, which were founded
upon the cleared equity, they left the decifion of the
prefent altercation to the gentlemen of the navy ;
whofe honour and integrity in all indances of this kind
had never been called in quedion, and by wbofe verdift
alone it was but jud and reafonable that every officer
in that line of fervice diould wifli to dand or fall.
The arguments upon this fubjett were urged with
great heat and violence on both fldes. They produced
uncommon animofity and rancour, and gave rife to a
fpirit of contention that diffufed itfelf through all clafles
of fociety. Such was the height of paffion that pre¬
vailed every where, that the critical circumdances of
the nation were wholly forgotten, and the attention of
the public entirely abforbed in this fatal difpute. In¬
dividuals of all ranks and all profeffions engaged in it
with as much zeal as if they had been perfonally con¬
cerned in the ifiue. The diffatisfaftion that was ex¬
cited upon this occafion among the upper clafles in
the navy, appeared in a memorial prefented to the king
li. R I
by twelve of the okktl and moft diftinguiflied admirals,
J at the head of whom was the name of lord Hawke.
The conduft of Sir Hugh Pallifer was therein con-
683 ] B R I
inadequate to the vaft fums bellowed upon it, the Britain
point was again loft by much the fame majority. The —■~v~“
argument ufed by the miniftry in defence of their con¬
demned without referve ; that of the admiralty itfelf duct in this cafe was, that the (hips now conftrufted
was feverely cenfured, as having eftablilhed a precedent were of a much larger fize, and confequently much
pregnant with the moft ruinous confequences to the more expenfive than formerly. But however they
naval fervice of the kingdom. By the meafure it had
now adopted, that board had fubmitted to become the
inftrument of any individual who might be prompted
by iniquitous motives to deprive the navy of its beft
.and higheft officers. It .was a deftru&ive violation,
they faid, of all order and difeipline in the navy, to
permit and countenance long concealed, and after¬
wards precipitately adopted charges, and recriminatory
accufations of fubordinate officers againft their com¬
manders in chief. It was no lefs improper and fcan-
dalous, to fuffer men at once in high civil office, and
in fubordinate command, previous to their making
fuch accufations, to attempt to corrupt the judgment
of the public, by publilhing libels on their officers in
1 common newlpaper, which tended at once to excite
might be vi&orious in argument, it is certain that the
conduft qf the admiralty was very far from giving ge-
neral fatisfaftion at prefent. Not only admiral Keppel, Refignation
but lord Howe, declared his refolutibn to relinquilh the admirals
fervice while it continued under the direftimi of its
managers at that time. Their refignation was followed other effi-
by that of Sir Robert Harland, Sir John Lindfay, andeers.
feveral others ; nay, fo general was the diflike to the
fervice now become, that no fewer than 20 captains of
the firft diftindtion had propofed to go in a body to re-
fign their commiffions at once 5 and were prevented
from doing' fo only by the great occafion they faw
there was at that time for their fervices.
This extreme averfion to the fervice produced a di-
redt attack upon lord Sandwich, at that time firft lord
difl'entions in the navy, and to prejudice the minds of of the admiralty. But though in this as well as other
thofe who were to try the merits of the accufation a-
gainft the fnperior officer.
It was remarkable in this memorial, that the majo-
iity of thofe who fubferibed it were not only officers
of the firft rank and importance in the navy, but un-
connedled with the oppofition, and attached by various
cafes the miniftry were ftill vidtorious, they could not gjj
prevent an inquiry into the caufe of our want of fuc-Inquiry in-
cefs in the American war. This was infifled upon byt0 the con-
lord and general Howe, whofe condudl had been f°Americaft*
much refiedted upon, that a vindication was become war.
abfolutely neceffary. The inquiry was indeed very
motives to the court and miniftry. This evinced their difagreeable to adminiftration, and therefore evaded as
condudl in the prefent inftance to have been uninflu¬
enced by confiderations of party.
No bufrnefs of any confequence was agitated in either
long as poffible. From the evidence of lord Cornwallis
and other officers of high rank, however, it appeared
that the forces fent to America were not at any time
of the houfes of parliament while the trial continued, fufficient to reduce it; that the Americans were almoft:
It began upon the 7th of January 1779, and lafted univerfally unfriendly to the Britilh caufe; and that
more than a month, not ending till the 1 ith day of the nature of the country was fuch, that the conquell
February enfuing. After a long and accurate invefti- ^ ’
gation of every fpecies of evidence that could be pro¬
of it muft be exceffively difficult. It appeared alfo,
that the camp of the Americans on Long Ifland was
duced, the court-martial acquitted admiral Keppel of fo ftrong, that it could not have been attacked with
all the charges that had been brought againft him ir
the moft complete and honourable manner. He was
declared to have afted the part of a judicious, brav£,
and experienced officer; and the accufation was con¬
demned in the moft fevere manner.
Both houfes of parliament voted him their thanks
for the eminent fervices he had performed, and the
whole nation refounded with his applaufe. . The city
of London beftowed every honour and mark of refpeft
in its power upon admiral Keppel; while the refent-
ment againft. his accufer was fo tlrong, that it con-
ftrained him to retire wholly from public life, and to
refign all his employments.
But notwithftanding the high degreee of national
favour and efteem in which admiral Keppel now flood,
he thought it prudent to withdraw from a fituation
wherein he found himfelf not acceptable to thofe in
power, by religning his command.
fiUnfuccefj- The condudl of thofe who prefided at the admiralty
1 tlulattacl<onboard now became an objedl of fevere cenfure; and a
s ithe board of numt)er of fadls were cited to prove that its condudl
ijiadmiralty. ;for many yearg paft had been highly reprehenfib]e.
’The debates were uncommonly violent; and the refo-
lution to condemn the condudl of the admiralty was
loft .only by a majority of 34. Adminiftration, how¬
ever, ftill kept their ground ; for though a fecond at¬
tempt was made to (bow that the ftate of the navy was
any probability of fuccefs, after their defeat in 1776,
without artillery and other neceflary preparations. In
every inftance, therefore, the general’s condudl was
Ihown to have been the moft eligible and judicious pof¬
fible. Thefe fadls, however, being diredlly oppofite
to what the miniftry wifhed to appear, counter evidence
was brought in, with a view to invalidate the teftimony
of the very refpedlable witneffes above mentioned. In
this bufinefs only two were examined, viz. major-ge¬
neral Robertfon, and Mr Joleph Galloway an Ameri¬
can gentleman. From the evidence of Mr Galloway
efpecially, it appeared, that the condudt or general
Howe had not been unexceptionable ; that the greater
part of the Americans were friendly to the caufe of
Britain ; that the country was not fo full of obftruc-
tions as had been reprefented; woods and forefts being
no obftrudlions to the marching of armies in as many
columns as they pleafed; that foldiers might carry
provifiona for 19 days on their backs, See.
Though no ftrefs could be laid upon fuch extrava¬
gant affertions proceeding undoubtedly from ignorance,
yet they fully anfwered the purpofe of miniftry at this
time, viz. procraftination, and preventing the difagree¬
able truths abovementioned from ftriking the minds of
the public too forcibly. The event of this inquiry,lntogeneral
however, encouraged general Burgoyne to infill for Burg„yne>s
an examinadion of his condudl; which indeed had been conduit,
4 R 2 fo
B R I
[ 684 ]
B R* I
fo unmercifully cenfured, that even the minifters began the command of the marquis de Vadreuil, dellined to Britain,
to think he had fuffered too much, and that he ought reinforce the fleet commanded by D’Eftaing. But' 
to be allowed to vindicate himfelf. He was accord-
ingly permitted to bring witneffes in his own behalf;
and from the moft refpe&able evidence it appeared
that he had afled the part, as occafion required, both
of a general and foldier ; that the attachment of his
army to him was fo great, that no dangers or difficulties
could fhake it; and that, even when all their patience
before its proceeding thither, an attack was made
the Britifh fettlements on the rivers Senegal and Gam¬
bia in Africa. Thefe wire eafily conquered ; and on
this occafiou the French quitted their own ifland of Go-
ree, which was very foon after taken pofleffion of by
Sir Edward Hughes in his way to the Eaft Indies. g3T
Thefe unimportant and diftant conquefts, however, be- Unfuccefs-
and courage were found to be ineffe£lual, they were ing infufficient to produce any great eclat, it was re-hd attempt
ftill ready to obey his commands, and die with arms folved to ftrike a blow nearer home, by the conqueitOD
in their hands. A great number of other particulars of Jerfey and Guernfey. An attempt was according-
relating to his expedition were alfo cleared up entirely ly made ; but with fo little fuccefs, that not a Angle
to the honour of the general, and feveral charges againtt man could be difembarked on the ifland they intended
him were totally refuted. It appeared, however, that to conquer. The enterprize, however, proved indi-
the Americans, far from being the contemptible ene- re&ly of great fervice to the caufe of America. A
my they had been called, were intrepid and refolute. fleet of 400 merchantmen and tranfports were at that
On the whole, it was remarked by a great number of time on the point of failing for New York, under the
the moft. judicious people in the nation, that the fpirit conduft of admiral Arbuthnot; but that officer, be¬
ef defamation, which for fome time had been fo pre- ing informed of the attack on Jerfey, thought it his
valent, muft at laft produce the moft fatal effefts ; by duty to come to the affiftance of the ifland rather than
depriving the nation of its beft officers, through the proceed on his voyage. This delay was followed by
r ' ' ’’ ’ ' ’ another, occafloned by bad w-eather; fo that the fleet,
which was laden with warlike ftores and neceflarfes,
did not arrive till the end of Auguft, and feveral im-
634
averflon that would be produced in them, both in the
fea and land departments, to enter into a fervice where
they were certain of being calumniated.
Acceffionof After the reflgnation of admiral Keppel, the com- portant enterprizes projected by Sir Henry Clinton
sP^'n tothemand of the Channel fleet was bellowed, though not were of courfe laid afide.
againft Bri-w‘t^out v*°^ent debates, on Sir Charles Hardy, a brave The French, in the mean time, determined to make French
tain. and experienced officer, but now advanced in years, a fecond attempt on Jerfey ; but their fquadron, being fquadron of
and who had retired from the fervice with a defign of attacked by another under Sir James Wallace, was Q^ed blj
never returning to it, being at that time governor of driven afltore in a fmall bay on the coaft of Normandy, s^jainej I
Greenwich hofpital. The choice of an admiral to under cover of a battery. Thither they were purfued Wallace,
command this fleet was now of the greater importance by the Britifh commander, who Alenced the battery,
on account of the acceffion of Spain to the general took a large frigate of 34 guns, with two rich prizes,
* See Spal,
:onfederacy which took place this year*. The quar¬
rel, like that with France, was formally intimated by the
Spanifh minifter on the 17th of June 1779 ; and like
-that alfo was attended with new but ineffeftual pro-
pofals of an accommodation with America, and remo-
Schemes for val of the miniftry. The imminent danger, however,
the internal to which the nation was now expofed, required a vi-
6a8
and burned two other frigates and feveral other vef-
fels. ^
Thus difappointed in their attempt on Jerfey, a rnvafion of
projed was formed of invading Great Britain itfelf; Great Bri¬
an d the preparations for it, whether ferious or not, tain projscj
were fo formidable, that they very juftly excited a con-tc<**
flderable alarm in this country. Not only were the
defence of g0rous exertion, and various proje&s for its internal beft troops in the French fervice marched down to the
t e nation. (jefence were laid before the parliament. The princi- coafts of the Britifh channel,but tranfports were provided
619
Vigorous
efforts of
pal of thefe were the raiflng of volunteer companies to
be added to the regiments of militia belonging to the
counties where they were raifed, and the augmenting
the number of militia. The latter was judged unad-
vifable, on account of the neceffity there would be to
fend a great number of regular forces out of the king¬
dom, which would require new fupplies of recruits ; and
the increafeof the militia might prove detrimental to the
recruiting fervice. The fpirit and magnanimity difplay- and other armed veflels.
great numbers, and many general officers promoted ;
the commanders alfo who were to have the charge of
this important expedition were named by government.
A junftion was formed betwixt the French and Spa¬
nifh fleets, in ipite of the endeavours ufed on the part g34
of the Britifti to prevent it; and then the allies made Formidable
their appearance in the Britifh feas with upwards ofaPPearailce
60 fhips of the line, befides a vaff number of frigates ?? th,enC<>in’
.A, 1 m 1 ° bmed fleets.
ed on this occaflon, however, did the higheft honour
to the national charafter, and fully juftiflecTthe opinion
cafion. " generally entertained of its opulence and valour. All
parts of the kingdom feemed adluated by a laudable
zeal to concur in every meafure neceffary for its de¬
fence ; large fums were fubferibed by people of rank
and affluence; and companies were raifed, and regiments
formed, with fuch alacrity as quickly banifhed all ap-
gjQ prehenflons for the fafety of the kingdom.
Bi-itifh fet- On the other hand, the French, now thinking them-
tlements in felves fecure of vidtory by the acceffion of the whole
Africa re- ftrength 0f Spain to their caufe, began to extend their
plans of c.onqueft. A fquadron was fitted out under .
educed.
All this formidable apparatus, however, ended in The^take 1
nothing more than the taking of a Angle fhip, the Ar-Qnly ^ faigte if
dent, of 64 guns. 'They had palled the Britifh fleet (flip.
under Sir Charles Hardy in the mouth of the chan¬
nel without obferving him. Sailing then along the
coaft of England, they came in fight of Plymouth,
where they took the Ardent, as has been already men¬
tioned ; after which they returned, without making
the leaft attempt to land any where. The Britifh ad¬
miral made good his entrance, without oppofition, in¬
to the channel, on their quitting it, which a ftrong
eafterly wind obliged them to do. He endeavoured
to entice them up the channel in purfuit of himbut
the
B R I
h'Britain. the great ficknefs and mortality on board their fhips,
• V1-" ‘ as they gave out, obliged them to retire, in order to
repair their fhips, and recruit the health of their people.
Thus ended the firft, and indeed the greateft, exploit
performed by the combined fleets in the Britifh
feas. An annual parade of a fimilar kind was after-
| , wards kept up, which was as formally oppofed on the
part of the Britifh; but not the learft aft of hoftility
was ever committed by either of the channel fleets
I ■ againft each other.
Though this ill fuccefs, or rather pufillanimity, ma-
nifefl in the conduft of the combined fleets, was fuch
] that the French themfel'-^s were afhamed of it, the
^ 6 appearance of them in the channel furnifhed oppofition
■Lerkan abundance of matter for declamation. All ranks
of men, indeed, now began to be wearied of the A-
merican war ; and even thofe who had formerly been
the mofl fanguine in defence of coercive meafures,
  began to be convinced of their inutility. rpu"
[ 685 ]
B R I
ily^lifa-
sleeable.
The
matter of univerfal furprife how they durft retain their Britain,
places in oppofition to the general defire of the na--y—-*'
tion.
To all this miniftry replied in a refolute and deter¬
mined manner, denying or refuting every circumftance ;
and at laft, after violent debates, gained their point of
an addrefs without any amendment propofing their re¬
moval, in the upper houfe by 82 to 41, and in the
lower by 253 to 134. The enormous expences already
incurred, however, and hereafter to be incurred, for
the carrying on of the war, occafioned fuch a general
alarm, that it was no longer pofiible to refufe complir
ance with fome fcheme of economy, or at leaft giving g3g
it a patient hearing. The duke of Richmond propo-Various
fed that the crown fliould fet the example, and moved fcliemes °f
for an addrefs to this purpofe ; but the motion was ec0I^m,y
loft by 77 to 36. The earl of Shelburne next under-r£je
took the difeuffion of the fubjeft; and having, in a
moft elaborate fpeech, compared the expences of for-
calamitous effefts produced by the continuation of mer times with the prefent, and fhown the immenfe
thefe meafures, indeed, had by this time rendered the
far greater part of the people exceedingly averfe to
them ; and the almoft univerfal wilh was, that the op-
preffive burden of the American war fhould be call, off,
and the whole national ftrength exerted againft thofe
whom, on account of our frequent contefts with them,
we had been aftuftomed to call our natural enemies.
For this purpofe the national fpirit continued to be
exerted with unabated vigour. Large fums were fub-
feribed in the feveral counties, and employed in raifing
volunteers, and forming them into independent compa¬
nies ; affociations were alfo formed in the towns, where
the inhabitants beftowed a confiderable portion of their
time in training themfelves to the ufe of arms. The
Eaft India company now forgot their quarrel with mi¬
niftry, and not only prefented government with a fum
fufficient for levying 6000 feamen, but at its own coft
added three 74 gun fhips to the navy. Adminiftration
were not yet, however, weary of the plans they had
laid down, and which they feemed inclined to profe-
cute, and indeed did profecute, as long as the nation
would fupport them. The virulence of oppofition,
therefore, Hill continued ; and what was worfe, every
part of the kingdom feemed to imbibe their fentiments.
Among other charges now brought againft them was
’h-that of mifapplying the national force. An hundred
a f° thoufand men were employed for the internal defence
t darge! ^ ^ kingdom ; which being much more than fuffi¬
cient for the purpofe, ought therefore to have been dif-
-* 637
i Jiniftry
tributed into places where it might have afted to ad- general, that minifters
difparity, he proceeded to fhow the reafons. Thefe
were, that minifters formerly employed fewer perfons,
and obliged them to be content with fmaller profits.
One contraftor fupplied all the troops in America du¬
ring the laft war, and his agreement was to furnifh a
ration of provifions at fixpence ; but fo different was
the management now, that the ration of provifions,
inftead of fixpence, coft two (hillings. One perfon '
only had enjoyed contrafts to the amountof 1,300,000!.;
3,700,000]. had paffed through the hands of another
contraftor to be tranfmitted to America: but no
voucher had been given for the expenditure of this
immenfe Turn ; the accounts being contained in a few
lines, accounting for 20,0001. in one line, 30,0001.
in another, &c. Thus, he faid, the miniftry acquired
a moft unbounded and unconftitutional influence; and
having the dangerous power of expending the national
treafure without any check, corruption and venality
every where abounded. He moved, therefore, that
the expenditure of thofe vaft fums annually funk in ex¬
traordinaries ftiould be brought under fome controul
and that to extend the public expences beyond the
fums granted by parliament, was an invafion of its pe¬
culiar and exclufive rights.
Though this motion of the earl of Shelburne’s, and
fome others of a fimilar tendency, were rejefted on
folid principles according to the, miniftry, the minds
of the people were far from being conciliated to their 637
views. Inftead of this, the opinion, began to be fo General 0-
vantage. The army of Great Britain, it was faid.
v amounted to 300,000 men ; the navy to 300 fail,
fluence over the reprefentatives, and ihat fuch luull.
ence was very much augmented within thefe few fterial influ-
including frigates and armed veffels; twenty millions years, it was now fuppofed by numbers of people, ence.
.had been expended on the fervice of the year 1779 :
and yet, with all this force and treafure, the utmoft
boaft that minifters could make was, that the enemy
had been hitherto kept at bay, and not allowed to in¬
vade Great Britain. Nor were the charges lefs heavy
in other refpefts. Veteran officers had been paffed by
to make room for thofe of inferior merit. The dif-
See Irc~ contents and miferable ftate of Irelandf, the Ioffes
:«/. of the Weft India iflands, &c. were all put to the ac¬
count of minifters ; and it was faid that the univerfal
cry of the nation was for their difmiffion. Their in¬
capacity was now vifible to. every body ; and.it was a
that nothing (hort of a change, in the conftitution of ^40
parliament could remedy the evil complained of. To Produces a
this purpofe a petition was framed in the city of York, number of
on the'30th of December j779, where a number °f thehoufeoF
the moft refpeftable people in the county had affem-commons.
bled, and delegated 61 gentlemen as a committee to
manage the correfpondence neceffary for carrying on
the defign, and forming an affociation to fupport and
promote it. In the prefent petition it was fet forth,
that, in confequence of the war in which the nation
was involved, the public debt was greatly augmented,
taxes increafed, and trade and manufaftures much af*
feftecL.
B R I
I 686 ]
B R I
64i
Mr Burke’s
plat! of par¬
liamentary
indepen¬
dence and
.economy.
fe&ed. The profufion attending the war was com- could preferve this office only by a majority of 208 to Brltal*.
' plained of; and parliament was requefted, previous to 201. The board of trade was abolifhed by 207 to
the railing of any new taxes, to inquire into, and cor- 198: but this was the only defeat fuftained byminiftry
redl the abqfe of expenditure in the public money; to at prefent; all the reft of the plan being rejefted ex-
reduce exorbitant emoluments, abolilh finecure places cepting only one claufe, by which it was determined
and unmerited penfions, and apply the produce to the that the offices of lieutenant and enfign, &c. belonging
exigencies of the ftate. This petition was followed to the yeomen of the guards, Ihould not any longer :
by others of a iimilar kind from 27 of the principal be fold, but given to officers in the army and navy on
counties, and moft of the large towns in England, half pay, and of 15 years Handing in their refpe&ive
The moft fevere and opprobrious language was ufed in lines of fervice.
the county-meetings with regard to the miniftry and This ill fuccefs was veiy mortifying to Mr Burke,
parliament. The latter were reprefented as void of all who had expedted to fave more than a million annually
principle, ready to facrifice both confcience and repu- to the nation. Adminift: •*tion, however, had ftill a
tation to the will of thofe in power; and, in ffiort, greater defeat to meet with than what they had expe-
bound by no ties but thofe of the moft fordid intereft; rienced in the abolition of the board of trade. The , H
ready on all occafions to enrich themfelves by the 6th of April was the day appointed for taking intOReiT,arfc.
fpoils of their country; and perfons to whom the confideration the numerous petitions, from half the able defeai,
honour or intereft of the kingdom were matters of no kingdom of England, already mentioned. They were the min-i
■ confideration. The court, on the other hand, was introduced by Mr Dunning; who, in a very elaborate^
looked upon as the receptacle of every one who har- fpeech, fet forth the many attempts that had been pr;i I;80t
boured ill defigns againft the people of Britain, and made to introduce reformation and economy into the
where no body flood any chance of advancing himfelf plans of government. Thefe had been defeated by
but by adulation and extreme fervility. minifterial artifice, or overthrown by mere dint of
The emiffaries of America and the other enemies of numbers: he concluded therefore, and moved as a re-
Great Britain are faid to have been aftive in foment- folution of the houfe, That the influence of the crown
ing thefe difeords, which at this period arofe to an had increafed, was increafing, and ought to be dimi-
height unknown for a century paft. The miniftry, nifhed. This motion being carried after a long and
however, continued firm and undaunted. Previous to violent debate, he next moved* that the houfe of com-
-the taking any of the petitions into confideration, they mons was as competent to examine into and correft
infifted on going through the bufinefs of the fupply, abufes in the expenditure of the civil lift as in any
by determining the ways and means; nor did either other branch of the public revenue. To this another
•the number of Englifti petitions, or an additional one was added by Mr Thomas Pitt, that it was the duty
from the ifland of Jamaica fetting forth the extreme of the houfe to provide an immediate and effedtual re¬
danger that ifland was in, make them alter their refo- drefs of ^ie abufes complained of in the petitions,
lution in the leaft. The miniftry now requefted that nothing farther might £
At laft, in the beginning of February 1780, a plan be done that night: but fitch was the temper of the
was brought forward by Mr Burke, for fecuring the houfe, that both thefe motions were carried without a
independency of parliament, and introducing economy diviflon ; after which they were read a firft and fecond
into the various depaitments of government. This time, and agreed to without a divifion.
plan, among other things, propofed the abolition of the Miniftry had never received fuch a complete defeat,
offices of treafurer, comptroller, and. cofferer of the nor ever been treated with fo much afperity of lan-
houfehold; treafurer of the chamber, mafter of the guage. The news of the proceedings of this day were
houfehold, the board of green cloth, with feveral other received by the people at large with as much joy as if
places under the fteward of the houfehold ; the great the moft complete vidfory over a foreign enemy had
and removing wardrobe, the jewel office, the robes, been announced. Oppofition, however, though mafters . .1
board of works, and the civil branch of the board of of the field at prefent, did not imagine they had obtained
ordnance. Other reformations were alfo propofed; anypermanentvidtory,and therefore refolvedto makethe
but though the temper of the times obliged the m i- moft of the advantages they had gained. It was moved by
nifter to admit the bills, and even to pretend an appro- Mr Dunning at the next meeting, that to afeertain the
bation of the plan, he meant nothing lefc than to admit independence of parliament, and remove all fufpiqions
it in its full extent, or indeed in any part, if it could of its being under undue influence, there fhould, every
poffibly be prevented. When the plan, therefore, feffion, feven days after the meeting of parliament, be
which he had approved in general, came to be particu- laid before that houfe an account of all the futns iffued
larly confidered, he was found to be determined againft out of the civil lift, or any other branch of the revenue,
every part of it. The general temper of the people, fmee the laft recefs, in favour of any of its members,
without doors, however, feemed now to have affefted This paffed with little difficulty ; but when he moved
many of the members of parliament, and made them that the treafurers of the chamber and houfehold, the
defert their old ftandard. An economical plan pro- cofferer, comptroller, and mafter of the houfehold, with
pofed in the houfe of lords by the earl of Shelburne the clerks of the green cloth, and their deputies, Ihould
was rejefted only by a majority of 101 to 55. This be excluded from having feats in the houfe, a warm de-
was the ftrongeii oppofition that had appeared in that bate enfued ; and the motion was carried only by 215 <543
•houfe for many years ; but in the lower houfe matters againft 2x3. This was the laft triumph of the popular They agaLi
ftill went worfe. The firft propofition in Mr Burke’s party; their next motion, for the exclulion of revenue K&.a £na*
•plan was to abolifti the office of fecretary of ftate for officers, being thrown out by 224 againft 195. A laft^Tff
the colonies; and the utmoft efforts of adminiftration effort was made by Mr Dunning’s propofal of an ad-vour,
drefs
B R I [ 687 ] B R I
Britain, drefs to the throne again ft proroguing or diffolving the
r*i   parliament, until meafures had been taken to prevent
the improper influence complained of in the petitions.
On this occafion the debates were long and violent ;
but the motion was loft by 254 againft 203. Miniftry
would gladly ha^e fcreened their friends from the ven-
i geance of oppofition ; alleging the latenefs of the hour,
it being then paft midnight. The fpeakerof thehoufe,
however, perceiving Mr Fox about to rife, infilled that
the houfe fhould remain fitting; and thus the deferters
from the popular party were condemned to hear their
conduct fet forth in fuch terms as perhaps Were never
applied on any othe* occafion to members of the Bri-
644 tifh fenate.
. tjadlul This laft vidlory of adminiftration confirmed the dif-
d urbances fatisfadtion and ill opinion which the people had con-
ceived of the majority of their reprefentatives. It was
bilfi0^ in the height of that ill temper which the condudt of
parliament had created in the multitude, that thofe
difcontents broke out which were fo near involving the
kingdom in univerfal defolation. The hardfliips under
which individuals profefling the Roman Catholic per-
; fuafion had laboured for many years in England, had
lately awakened the confideration of the liberal mind¬
ed. The inutility and impropriety of perfecuting peo¬
ple from whom no danger was apprehended, and who
|' were not fufpedled of difaffedlion to the civil conilitu-
| tion of this country, induced feveral perfons of rank
and influence to undertake the procuring them relief.
The calamities of the times had afforded the Engliflt
Roman Catholics a very proper occafion to manifeft
I their attachment to government. They prefented a
'• moft loyal and dutiful addrefs to thesking, containing
I the ftrongeft affurances of affeftion ami fidelity to his
| perfon and the civil government of thisVountry.
r “ Our exclufion (faid they) from mA\y of the be-
I nefits of that conftitutiou, has not diminij ted our reve¬
rence for it. We behold with fatisf?^ £1 the felicity
of our fellow-fubjefts ; and wc partake of the general
profperity which refults from an inftitution fo full of
wifdom. • We have patiently fubmitted to fuch re-
ftri&ions and difcouragements as the legiflature thought
expedient; We have thankfully received fuch relaxa¬
tions of the rigour of the laws, as the mildnefs of an.
enlightened age, and the benignity of the Britifli gd-
j vernment have gradually produced ; and we fubmiflive-
ly wait, without prefuming to fuggeft ■ either time or^
meafure, for fuch other indulgence as thofe happy
caufes cannot fail in their own feafon to effect,
“ We beg ledve to affure your majefty, that ourdif-
fent from the legal eftablilhment in matters of religion
I is purely confcientious; that we hold no opinions ad-
verfe to your majefty’s government, or repugnant to
the duties of good citizens; and we truft that this has
been fliown more decifively by our irreproachable con-
du6t for many years paft, under circumftances of pub¬
lic difcountenanee and difpleafure, than it can be mani-
fefted by any declaration wdiatever.
“ In a time of public danger, when your majefty’s
’ fubje&s can have but one intereft, and ought to have
but one wifh and one fentiment, we think it our duty
to affure your majefty of our unreferved affe&ion to
! your government, of our unalterable attachment to the
caufe and welfare of this our common country, and our
utter deteflation of the defiggsand views of any foreign
3,
power againft the dignity of your crown, and the fafe- Britain,
ty and tranquillity of your fubjefts. ' »~~"
“ The delicacy of our iituation is fuch, that we do
not prefume to point out the particular means by which
we may be allowed to teftify our zeal to your majefty,
and our, wifties to ferve our country j but we entreat
leave faithfully to affure your majefty, that we fhall be
perfectly ready,-on every occafion, to give fuch proofs
of ouf fidelity, and the purity of our intentions, as your
majefty’s wifdom and the fenfe of the nation ihall at
any time deem expedient.”
This addrefs was prefented to the king on the firft
day of May 1778, and was figned by the duke of
Norfolk, the earls of Surrey and Shrew'ftmry, the lords
Stourton, Petre, Arundel, Dormer, Teynham, Clifford,
and Linton ; and by 163 commoners of rank and for¬
tune.
The only obftacle that flood in the way of their
wiflies was, the difficulty of overcoming the prejudices
of the lower claffes, wffio would probably difapprove
and condemn the indulgence ftiown to the people of a
perfuafion which they had been taught to look upon
with horror and deteftation. But notwithftanding the
prepoffeffions of the vulgar, it was determined by feveral
individuals of generous and liberal fentiments, to efpoufe-
their caufe as far as it could be done confiftently with
the principles of the conftitution and the general tem¬
per of the times. Their being patronifed by fome*of
the principal leaders in oppofition, was a circumftance
greatly in their favour; as it fhowed that thofe who
profeffed to be the moft ftrenuous. friends to the free¬
dom and conftitution of this country, did not imagine
they would be endangered by treating the Roman Ca¬
tholics with more lenity than tkey .had hitherto expe- •
rienced.
About the middle of May, Sir George Saville made ■
a motion for the repeal of fome penalties enadted againft
them. He grounded his motion on the neceffity of
vindicating the honour and afferting the true princi--
pies of the Proteftant religion, of which the peculiar
merit was to admit of no perfecution. It ill became •
the profeflbrs of fuch a religion to be guilty of that in¬
tolerance with which they reproached others. The
ftatutes he meant to repeal were fuch as gave occafion
to deeds that debafed and were a difgrace to human
nature, by inciting relations to diveft themfelves of the
feelings of humanity, and by encouraging the rapacity
of informers.
He reprefented the addrefs above quoted as a full
proof of the loyal difpofition of the Roman Catholics, .
and as an unfeigned teftimony of the foundnefs of their
political principles. In order, however, to filence the
obje&ions of thofe who might fufpedl them of duplici¬
ty, a teft was propofed of fo binding and folemn a na¬
ture, that no man could be fuppofed to imagine that
any authority could annul its efficacy.
The pains and penalties of the ftatutes to be repeal¬
ed were laid before the houfe by Mr Dunning. By
thefe ftatutes it was made felony in a foreign clergy¬
man of the Roman communion, and high treafon in
one that was a native of this kingdom, to teach the
do&rines or perform divine fervice according to the
rites of that church ; the eftates of perfons educated
abroad in that perfuafion were forfeited to the next
Proteftant heir; a fan or any other neareft relation, be-
B R I
[ 688 1
B R I
manner the motions of all the others.
The perfons who made up this committee, however,
afted from no mean or mercenary views: they aimed
only at the prefervation of the Proteftant religion, and
ing a Protellant, was empowered to take poffefiion of land. As the committee at Edinburgh, from its refi- Britain,
his own father’s, or neareft of kin’s eftate, during their dence in the capital of the kingdom, was deemed to ——v—•
dives ; a Roman Catholic was difabled from acquiring confift of perfons of the firft importance, it dire&ed in
jany legal property by purchafe.
The mildnefs of the Brithh government did not in¬
deed countenance the praftice of the feverities enafted
-by thefe ftatutes: but ftill the profpeft of gain fubje&ed
every man of the Roman perfuafion to the ill ufage of the liberties of their country ; both which they con-
  -- -- •’ -J  :n. .  ceived were in danger, from the indulgence of govern¬
ment to individuals of the Roman Catholic perfuafion.
Actuated by thefe ideas, they exerted themfelves with
fo much aftivity, that the principal gentlemen of the
Catholic perfuafion thought it requifite for their fafe-
ty to convey an intimation to the Britifh miniftry, that
they were defirous to drop the application they had
propofed to make for an indulgence fimilar to that
which had been granted to their fellow-fubje£ls in Eng¬
land of the fame communion.
They publifhed alfo in the newfpapers the reprefen-
tation they had made to miniftry; hoping thereby to
-informers; as on their evidence the magiftrates were
-bound, however unwilling, to carry thefe cruel laws
•into execution.
In confequence of thefe reprefentations, the motion
-made in favour of the Roman Catholics was received
•without one diflenting voice ; and a bill in purfuance
to its intent was brought in and paffed both houfes.
The teft or oath by which they were bound, was con¬
ceived in the ftrongeft and moft expreffive terms. They
were enjoined to fwear allegiance to the king’s perfon
and family, and to abjure efpecially the pretenfions to
the crown affumed by the perfon called Charles III.
They were to declare their difbelicf and deteftation of convince the public, that they were fincerely defirous
the following pofitions : That it is lawful to put indi¬
viduals to death on pretence of their being heretics;
that no faith is to be kept with heretics ; that princes
-excommunicated by the pope and council, or by the
fee of Rome, or any other authority, may be depo-
fed or murdered by their fubjefts or by any others;
that the pope of Rome, or any other foreign prelate
or fovereign, is intitled to any temporal or civil jurif-
didtion or pre-eminence, either direftly or indire&ly, in
this kingdom. They were folemnly to profefs, that
they made the aforefaid declarations with the utmoft
fincerity, and in the ftri&eft and plained; meaning of
the words and language of the teft, without harbour¬
ing any" fecret perfuafion that any difpenfation from
Rome, or any other authority, could acquit or abfolve
them from the obligations contrafted by this oath, or
declare it null and void..
The indulgence (hown to the Roman Catholics in
England, encouraged thofe of the fame perfuafion in
Scotland to hope for a fimilar relief. Several gentle-
to remove any caufe of diffatisfadh’on on their own a
Count, and to fubmit to any inconveniency fooner than
occafion difturbance. But matters were now gone too
far to be conciliated by any means.
On the zd day of February 1779, the populace met
according to appointment, in order to carry into exe¬
cution the various projects they had in contemplation.
They began by an attack upon a houfe inhabited by a
Roman Catholic bifhop, with others of his perfuafion,
and which contained a place of worlhip. They com¬
mitted it to the flames. They deftroyed in the fame
manner another houfe that had alfo a chapel; after
which they proceeded to vent their refentment on feve-
ral individuals of that perfuafion by burning their ef¬
fects.
The next objects of their vengeance were thofe who
had patronized the Roman Catholics. They befet the
houfes of Dr Robertfon and Mr Crofby; but, on hear¬
ing of the intentions of the rioters, the friends of both
came to their affiftance in fuch numbers, and fo well
men of that nation of great rank and charadter, and prepared to repel the fury of the populace, that they
who were members of parliament, expreffed their
warmeft wifhes that it (hould be extended to their
country; and declared their intention to bring in a bill
for that purpofe the following feffion. The. defign
did not dare to exercife the violence they had premedi¬
tated.
This difappointment, which was accompanied by
further precautions againft their malevolent defigns, put
was approved by the general afiembly of the church of an end to the attempts of the mob at Edinburgh. But
Scotland ; who rejefted, by a majority of no lefs than
1 ob, a remonftrance that had been propofed againft it.
the fpirit of diffatisfadtion at the indulgence intended
to the Roman Catholics ftill remained in full force.
In confequence of thefe flattering appearances, a peti- Miniftry was held out as harbouring a fecret determi-
tion was prepared for parliament on behalf of the nation to undermine the Proteftant religion, and to in-
Roman Catholics in Scotland. But thefe expeftations
wrere foon damped. A pamphlet was publifhed againft
the doftrine and profeffors of the popifh religion,
wdiieh reprefented them as the common foes to man¬
kind and the difturbers of all ftates ; and this being
circulated among all claffes, railed a number of enemies
to the intended petition.
The oppofition Was at firft chiefly conducted by
troduce popery ; and loaded in confequence with the
moft outrageous inveftives.
By degrees the fame ungovernable fpirit was com¬
municated to part of theEnglifh nation. The cry againft
popery became daily more loud among the inferior claf¬
fes ; and that inveteracy which had fubfided during fo
many years, began to revive in as powerful a degree, as
if the nation were actually under the impending terrors
fome perfons at Edinburgh, who affumed the title of of perfecution. To this were added the fecret fears of
Committee for the Proteftant Intereft; and under that others ; who ftill imagined it was not inconfiftent with
denomination carried on a correfpondence with all thofe
who coincided with their opinions, and who formed a
good policy to difcourage a religion, from the profef¬
fors of which fo much danger had accrued to the con-
very large proportion of the common people in Scot- ftitution of this country in former times. Thefe, tho’
JSf° 58.
averfe
BUI [ 689 1 B R I
averfe to all a£ts of violence^ thought it neceffary to
keep alive the antipathy to it, and by no means to ihow
the leal! willingnefs to grant any further indulgence
than it had hitherto experienced.
From this motivfe they were of opinion, that a fuf-
peniion of the laws enadtod again!! it, though tacit and
unauthorifed, was fufficient to remove all complaints of
harfhnefs and oppreffion on the part of the Roman Ca¬
tholics ; and they looked upon the penal ftatutes as a
requifite bar to confine them within the bounds of fub-
miffion, and fear of offending.
Thus a fociety was formed in London, which took
the title of the Proteftant Affociation, of which lord
George Gordon, who had rendered bimfelf confpicuous
in Scotland by his oppolition to the repeal, was elec¬
ted prefident: and it now prepared to ad! in a decifive
manner againfi the refolutions of the legiflature.
On the 29th of Miy 1780,'the affociators held a
meeting in order to fettle in what manner they fhould
prefent a petition to the houfe of commons again!! the
repeal of the penal ftatutes. A long fpeeeh was made
fin this occafion by their prefident, who reprefented the
Roman perfuafion as gaining ground rapidly in this
country ; that the only method of flopping its progrefs,
was to go up with a fpirited remonftrance to their re-
prefentatives, and to tell them in plain and refolute
terms that they were, determined to preferve their reli¬
gious freedom with their lives, See.
This harangue being received with the loudeft ap-
plaufe, he moved, that the whole body of the affocia¬
tion fhould meet on the 2d day of June in St George’s
Fields, at ten in the morning, to accompany him to the
houfe of commons on the delivery of the petition. This
being unanimoufly affented to, he informed them, that
if he found himfelf attended by fewer than 20,coo, he
would not prefent the petition. He then diredfted they
fhould form themfelves into four divifions ; the firft,
fecond, and third, to confrii of thofe who belonged to
the City, Weftminfter, and Southwark ; the fourth of
the Scotch refidents in London. They were, by way
of diftindlion, to wear blue cockades in their hats.
Three days previous to the prefentation of the peti¬
tion, he gave notice of it to the houfe,tend acquainted
it with the manner in which it was to be prefented ;
but this was received with as much indifference and un¬
concern as all his former intimations.
On the 2d day of June, according to appointment,
about 50 or 60,000 men affembled in St George’s
Fields. They drew up in four feparate divifions, as
had been agreed, and proceeded to the parliament
"hopfe, with lord George Gordon at their head. An
immenfe roll oj parchment was carried before them,
containing thffi|pames of thofe who had figned the
petition.
On their way to the houfe, they behaved with
great peaceablenefs and decency ; but as foon as they
were arrived, great difturbances took place. The
rioters began by compelling all the members of both
houfes they met with, to put blue cockades in their
hats, and'call out, “ No Popery.” They forced fume
to take an oath that they would vote for the repeal of
■the popery at!, as they ftyled it. They treated others
with great indignity, pofting themfelves in all the ave¬
nues to both heufes the doors of which they twice
endeavoured to break open.
Vox.. III. Part II.
Their rage was chiefly dire&ed again!! the members
of the houfe pf lords ; ieveral of whom narrowly efca-
ped with their lives.
During thefe difturbances, lord George Gordon
moved for leave to bring up't^he petition. This was
readily granted; but when he propofed it Ihould be ta¬
ken into immediate confideration, it was ftrenuoufly op-
. pofed by almoft the whole houfe. Enraged at this
oppofition, he came out feveral times to the people du¬
ring the debates, acquainting them how averfe the houfe
appeared to grant their petition, and naming particular¬
ly thofe who had fpoken again!! it.
Several members of the houfe expoftulated with him
in the warmeft terms on the unjuftifiablenefs of his con-
duft ; and one of his relations, colonel Gordon, threat¬
ened to run him through the moment any of the riot¬
ers ftiould force their entrance into the houfe. It was
fome hours before the houfe could carry on its delibe¬
rations with any regularity, which was not . done till
the members were relieved by the arrival of a party of
the guards. Order being reflored, the bufinefs of the
petition was refumed ; when lord George Gordon
told them it had been figned by near x 20,000 Britifii
Proteflant fubjedls. He therefore infilled that the pe¬
tition fhould be conlidered without delay. But not-
withftanding the dangers with which they were mena¬
ced, and the proof which the mover of the petition had
given that no means fhould be left unemployed to
compel them to grant it, the commons continued im¬
moveable in their determination. Of 2co members,
then prefent in the houfe, fix only voted for it.
In the mean time the mob had difperfed itfelf into
various parts of the metropolis, where they demoliftied
two Romifh chapels belonging to foreign minifters;
and openly vented the mol! terrible menaces' again!! all
people of that perfuafion.
On the 4th of June they affembled in great numbers
in the eaftern parts of London; and attacked the cha¬
pels and houfes of the Roman Catholics in that quar¬
ter, ftripping them, of their contents, which they
threw into the ftreet, and committed to the flames.
They renewed their outrages on the following day,
deftroying feveral Romifti chapels, and demolifhing the
houfe of Sir George Saville in refentment of his ha¬
ving brought into parliament the bill in favour of the
Roman Catholics.
Next day both houfes met as ufual; but finding
that no buiinefs could be done, they adjourned to the
19th.
During this day and the following, which were the
6th and 7th of June, the rioters were abfolute mafters
of the metropolis and its environs.
Some of thofe who had been concerned in the demo-
lition_of the chapels belonging to foreign minifters, ha¬
ving been feized and fent to Newgate, the mob collected
before that prifon, and demanded their immediate releafe.
On beingrefufed, they proceeded to throw firebrands and
all manner of combuftiblesintothe keeper’shoufe; which
unhappily communicated the fire to the whole build¬
ing ; fo that this immenfe pile was foon in flames. In
this feene of confufion, .the prifoflers were all releafed.
They amounted to about 3<20 ; among whom feveral
were under fentence of death. They fet fire, in the
fame manner, to the King’s-bench and Fleet prifons,
and to a number of houfes belonging to Roman Ca-
4 S tholics,
BUI r 690 ] BUI
Britain, tholics. The terror occafioned by thefe Incendiaries having a tendency like the Protellant Affociation, to
was fuch, that moft people hung out of their windows bring on infurre&ions and rebellions. Many began to u
pieces of blue filk, which was the colour affumed by confider all popular meetings as extremely dangerous ;
the rioters; and chalked on their doors and fhutters and among the commercial and monied people, there
the words, “ No Popery,” by way of fignifying they was not an inconfiderable number, who were fo panic-
were friendly to their caufe.
The night of the 7th of June concluded thefe
ftruck by the late riots, that all attention to the prin-
-iples of the conftitution was over-ruled by their ex¬
horrors. No lefs than 36 different conflagrations were treme anxiety about the prefervation of their property.
counted at the fame time. The bank had been threa¬
tened, and was twice aflailed ; but happily was too
well guarded for their attempts. In the evening, large
bodies of troops arrived from all parts, and came in
time to put a flop to the progrefs of the rioters. They
fell upon them every where, and multitudes were flain
and wounded, befides the numbers that perifhed thro’
intoxication. It was not until the afternoon of the
Had it not been for thefe events, though the minifter
was again at the head of a majority in parliament, it
is probable that the fpirit of oppofition which prevailed
in the different counties would have compelled admi-
niftration to make fome conceffions to the people. But
thefe tranfaftions extremely flrengthened the hands of
adminiflration, and rendered the exertions of the po¬
pular leaders lefs formidable. The popular party were
8th, that people began to recover from their confter- alfo fomewhat weakened, by the diffenfions which
nation. During great part of the day, the diforders of took place among them in the county meetings, and
the preceding night had created fo terrible an alarm,
that the fhops were almoft univerfally fhut up over all
London. The melancholy effefts of mifguided zeal to be adopted.
affemblies of that kind, relative to annual parliaments
and other political regulations which were propofed
were not, however, confined folely to London. The
outrageous difpofition of the populace was preparing
to aft the like horrid fcenes in other parts of England.
The mob rofe in Hull, Briftol, and Bath ; but through
In the fuppreffion of thefe riots, however, the inter¬
ference of the military without the command of the
civil magillrate became a matter of fufpicion to the
people at large. In the houfe of lords the duke
the timely interpolition of the magiftracy, thefe places of Richmond expreffed an expeftation that fome of
were faved from their fury.
On the fubfidirig of this violent and unexpefted
commotion, it was thought proper to fecure lord
George Gordon. He was arrefted, and committed
clofe prifoner to the Tower, after having undergone a
long examination before the principal lords of the
council.
On the 19th of June, both houfes met again accord¬
ing to adjournment. A fpeech was made on this oc-
caflon from the throne, acquainting them with the
meafures that had been taken in confequence of the
difturbances, and afluring them of the utmoft readinefs
to concur in whatever could contribute to the fafety
and maintenance of the laws and liberties of the peo¬
ple. The fpeech was highly approved; but the con-
duft of adminiftration was feverely cenfured, and char¬
ged with. unpardonable negleft for not calling forth
his majefty’s minifters would rife, and give their lord-
fhips affurances, that the meafures taken in order to
fupprefs the riots, which were defenfible only upon
the ground of neceffity, would be fo ftated ; and that
what was illegally done, on the ground of neceffity,
would be cured by an aft of indemnity.
Various other obfeivations were thrown out relative
to the king’s prerogative and military law: upon
which lord Mansfield obferved, that neither the king’s1
prerogative nor military law had any thing to do
with the conduft of government in their endeavours
to quell the late outrages. All men, of all ranks,
defcriptions, and denominations, were bound, by their
oath of allegiance, to interpofe for the prevention of
afts of high treafon, or felony, wherever any at¬
tempts to perpetrate fuch crimes were made in their
prefence; and were criminal, if they did not do it-
the civil power, and employing the military in due In the whole of thefe proceedings, therefore, the
time to obviate the mifehiefs that had been committed, military had not afted in their technical capacity as
Miniftry excufed itfelf, from the want of fufficient military, but had merely exercifed their duty as civil
flrength to anfwer all the demands of affiftance that men, which they, in common with other civil men,
were made during the riots, and the abfolute impoffi- had both a right and an obligation to exercife. When
bility of fuppreffing them till the arrival of troops from
the country. The various petitions were now taken
into confideration that had been prefented for the
a body of men were convened, without proceeding to
the aftual perpetration of treafonable or felonious
afts, then, by a claufe in the riot-aft, the prefence of
peal of the aft which had occafioned the riots ; but the civil magiftrate was neceffary, before the military
the houfe continued in the fame mind. Neverthelefs
it was thought proper to yield fomewhat to the pre¬
judices of the people, by paffing a bill for preventing
could interpofe at all ; and for this reafon, that as 1
afts of felony were committed, they could have na
plea in the civil charafter for meddling at all. But
perfons of the Popifli perfuafion from teaching or e- by the ftatute-law of the country, it became felonious
firmed by
the riots.
ducating the children of Proteftants; but this was af¬
terwards thrown out by the lords.
Nothing could have happened more opportunely
for the prefent miniftry than the riots juft now related;
for fuch were the alarm and terror occafioned by them,
that the ardour which had appeared for promoting po¬
pular meetings and afibciations, and for oppofing the
meafures pf government, was in a great degree fup-
preffed. The county meetings were reprefented as
in any combination of men to perfevere in that combi¬
nation, after the riot-aft had been read by a juftice of
the peace ; and this being done; then, and not till then,
they had a conftitutional reafon for their interpofition ;
namely, the privilege and duty of hindering the com-
miffion'of felony, whenever they had it in their power-
This being, therefore, the plain voice of the law, his
lordftu’p did not fee how any prerogative of the king
had been exercifed, nor how military law had been
eftabliftted.
B R I I 691 ] B R I
Britain, eilablidied. Nothing had been donfi out of the regu-
■' lar courfe of the law, and no power had been affumed
by the foldiery, which they did not poffefs as civil indi¬
viduals, and not in their technical capacity as members
of the military.
This do&rine was far from being agreeable to the
nation in general, and was very freely cenfured both
in news-papers and pamphlets. Tt was admitted, that
if foldiers came accidentally, as individuals, to any
place where felonies were committing, they might in¬
terfere, as well as others of the king’s lubje&s, in the
prevention of them. But this was a different cafe
from that of bodies of armed troops being fent under
officers commiffioned by the king, and with orders
to aft againft riotous and diforderly perfons without
any authority from the civil magiftrate. It was main¬
tained, that the conftitution of England knew no fuch
charafter as a mercenary foldier, at the foie will of
the executive power. Soldiers were held to their du¬
ty by laws which affefted no other part of the com¬
munity : and no foldierj as fuch, could be employed
in the fervice of the conftitution, without a particular
aft of parliament in his favour. The idea that a mi¬
litary man was convertible into a foldier, or a citizen,
as royalty might move its fceptre, was a novel idea,
and only made for the prefent occafion. Mercenary
armies were underftood to confift of men, who had either
detached themfelves or been forced from civil fo-
cieties. Laws were made on thofe fuppofitions, re¬
garding their liberties and lives, fuch as no members
of civil fociety could fubmit to. Soldiers were only
tolerated by anhual bills, and under repeated pretences;
and the very idea of blending them with the common
fubjefts of the ftate, and giving perfons of their de-
fcription a right of judging on its moft important oc¬
currences, would have filled our anceftors with horror.
The laws tolerated an army for certain periods, .and
under certain reftriftions; but there was no law which
admitted the interference of the military in any of the
operations of civil government.
It was acknowledged, that the late atrocious riots
had rendered an extraordinary exertion of power ab-
folutely necelfary: but it was at the fame time con¬
tended, that the interpofition of the army in thofe
outrages, without any authority from the civil ma¬
giftrate, was an aft of prerogative unconftitutional
and illegal, though perfeftly feafonable and benefi¬
cial. The public fafety and benefit might fometimes
excufe exertions of power, which would be injurious
and tyrannical on ordinary occafions: but the ut-
moft care fliould be taken, that fuch extraordinary ex¬
ertions ftiould not be eftablifhed as precedents, which
might operate very fatally to the conftitution. An
aft of indemnity .to the miniftry, therefore, on ac¬
count of the neceffity of the cafe, ftiould be immedi¬
ately palled. But if a large ftanding army was kept
up, and the king was underftood to be invefted with
a power of ordering the troops to aft difcretionally,
whenever he fhould judge proper, without any autho¬
rity from the civil magiftrate, the people could have
no poffible fecurity for their liberites. In vain might
be their appeals to the courts of juftice : for the effica¬
cy of appeals of that kind, in fuch cafes, would depend
on the pleafure of the prince.
Many were filled with fimilar apprehenfions, and
alarmed at the dangerous precedent which the late Britain,
exertions of the military afforded, however neceffary y—
they might be from the very lingular circumftances of
the cafe. Among others, Sir George Saville, in an
addrefs to his conllituents fome time afterwards, de¬
clared, that he confidered them as “ fully, effeftually,
and abfolutely under the difcretion and power of a mi¬
litary force, which was to aft without waiting for the
authority of the civil magiftrates.”
A letter written by lord Amherft to lieutenant-colo¬
nel Twilleton, who commanded the troops employed
in London for the fuppreffion of the riots, and which
was underftood to be an order for difarming the citi¬
zens, was much canvalfed in both houfes of parlia¬
ment. The letter, however, was denied to have fuch a
meaning, and was faid to be levelled only at diforderly
perfons who were found in arms. It excited, never-
thelefs, no inconfiderable alarm; and was an induce¬
ment, added to the confideration of the late riots, to
lead a great number of citizens to provide themfelves
with arms, and to join in plans of military alfociation,
that they might be enabled to proteft themfelves and
the city from violence and outrage, without any future
interpofition of the military.
We mull now proceed to a detail of the operations Various en-
of the war, which, not with ftanding the powerful con-gagements
federacy againft Great Britain, feemed rather to be inac ^ea* &c*
her favour than otherwife. The Spaniards had begun
their military operations by the fiege of Gibraltar,
but with very little fuccefs * ; and the clofe of the * gee Gii*
year 1779, and beginning of 1780, were attended
with fome confiderable naval advantages to Great Bri¬
tain. On the 18th of December 1779, the fleet under
the command of Sir Hyde Parker in the Weft Indies
captured nine fail of French merchant ihips, which,
with feveral others, were under the convoy of fome
flops of war. Two days after he detached rear admi¬
ral Rowly in purfuit of three large French ftiips, of
which he had received intelligence, and which were
fuppofed to be part of Monf. la Mothe Picquet’s fqua-
dron returning from Grenada. His fuccefs there has
been already mentioned ; and about the fame time fe¬
veral other veffels were taken by the fame fquadron
commanded by Sir Hyde Parker.
On the 8th of January 1780, Sir George Brydges
Rodney, who had been intruded with the command of
a fleet, one objeft of the deftination of which was the
relief of Gibraltar, fell in with 22 fail of Spanifti flops,
and in a few hours the whole fleet was taken.
In little more than a week after, the fame for¬
tunate admiral met with ftill more fignal fuccefs.
On the 16th of the month he engaged, near Cape
St Vincent, a Spanifti fleet, confiding of 1 / flops of
the line and two frigates, under Don Juan de Langara.
The Spaniards made a gallant defence; but four of
their largeft ftiips were taken, and carried into Gib¬
raltar. Thefe were, the Phoenix of 80 guns and 700
men, on board which was the admiral, Don Juan de
Langara; the Monarca, of 70 guns and 600 men,
Don Antonio Oyarvide commander; the Princefla, of
of 70 guns and 600 men, Don Manuel de Leon com¬
mander ; and the Diligente, of 70 guns and 600
men, Don Antonio Abornoz commander. Two o-
ther 70 guns ftiips were alfo taken ; but one of them
was driven on ftioie on the breakers and loft, and the
4 S 2 other
B R I [ 692 ] B R I
other was likewife driven on Hi ore, but afterwards re¬
covered. Four fhips of the line efcaped, and the two
frigates : but two of the former were much damaged
in the a&ion ; in the courfe of which one Spanifh {hip,
the San' Domingo, of 70 guns and 600 men, was
blown up. The five men of war taken were remark¬
ably fine {hips; and were afterwards completely refitted,
manned, and put into the-Englilh line of battle. The
,Spani{h admiral and his officers applied to Sir George
Rodney to obtain the liberty of returning to Spain up¬
on their parole of honour: but this he declined for
fome time, becaufe he was informed that a great num¬
ber of Britiffi feamen were then prifoners in Spain,,
who ought to have been releafed. However, after¬
wards receiving affurances that thefe fiiould be imme¬
diately fet at liberty, he releafed the' Spaniffi admiral
and officers upon their parole; and the prifoners in
general were treated with fuch generofity and huma¬
nity, as appeared to make a great impreffion upon the
court of Madrid and the Spaniffi nation. When ad¬
miral Rodney had fupplied the garrifon of Gibraltar
with provifions, ammunition, and money, he pro¬
ceeded on his voyage to the Weft Indies; having fent
home part of his fleet, with his Spanifh prizes, under
the command of rear-admiral Digby; who took a
French man of war on his return, the Prothee, of 64.
guns and 700 men.
On -the 20th of March there was an aftion in the
Weft Indies, between fome French and Engliffi men.
of war, the former under the command of Monf. de
la Mothe Picquet, and the latter, being part of Sir
Peter Parker’s fquadron, under that of commodore
Cornwallis. The engagement was maintained on both
fides with-great fpirit; but the French at length gave
up the conteft, and made the be ft of their way for
Cape Fran$ois.
Admiral Rodney having arrived in the Weft Indies>.
and taken upon him the command of his majefty’s ffiips
at the Leeward iflands, an affion happened between
him and the French fleet under the command of
count de Guichen, on .the 17th of April. The Bri-
tiffi fquadron confifted of 20 fhips of the line, befides
frigates; and the French fleet of 23 ffiips of the line,
and feveral frigates. The action began a little before
one, and continued till about a quarter after four in
the afternoon. Admiral Rodney was on board the
Sandwich, a 90 gun ffiip, which beat three of the
French ffiips out of their line of battle* and entirely
broke it. But fuch was at length the crippled condi¬
tion of the Sandwich, and of feveral other ffiips, that it
was impoffible to purfue the French that night with¬
out the greateft difadvantage. The victory was, in¬
deed, claimed on both fides; but no ffiip was taken on
either : and the French retired to Guadeloupe. Ad¬
miral Rodney’s ffiip, the Sandwich, had fuffered fo
much, that for 24 hours file was with difficulty kept
above water. Of the Britiffi there were killed in this
engagement 120, and were wounded.
On the 15th of May, another adtion happened be¬
tween the fame commanders. It did not commence
till near feven in the evening, only a few ffiips having
engaged, which were foon.feparated ; and the whole
ended in nothing decifive. Of the Britiffi 21 were
killed, and loo wounded. The fleets met again on
the 19th of the fame month, when another adfion en-
fued; but this alfo terminated without any material Britar
advantage on either fide. In the laft engagement 47
of the Britiffi were killed and 193 wounded. Ac¬
cording to the French accounts, the total of their lofs,
in thqfe three actions, amounted to 158 killed, and
820 wounded.
It was a very unfavourable circumftance for Great
Britain, that the French fliould have fo formidable a fleet
in the Weft Indies: and this great force of the enemy
was augmented in June, by being joined with a Spanilh
fquadron near the ifland of Dominica. The French and -l
Spaniffi fleets, when united, amounted to 3.6 - fail of
the line. They did not, however, attack any of the
Britiffi iflands, or even reconnoitre the fleet under the
command of Sir George Brydges Rodney, which then,
lay at anchor in Gros Met bay. Such, indeed,-were,
the vigilance and good conduft of that admiral, and
fo fenfible were the inhabitants of thefe iflands of his
fervices, that the houfes of affembly of-St Chrifto- I
pher’s and Nevis prefented addrefles to him, teftifying
their gratitude for the fecurity they enjoyed in confe-
quence of his fpirited and feafonable exertions.
In the month of June, admiral Geary, who com¬
manded the grand fleet, took twelve valuable merchant
{hips bound from Port au Prince to Bourdeaux and
other ports of France : But in the month of July a
very important and unexpe&ed capture was made by
the Spaniards, which could not but excite much alarm
in Great Britain. Go the 8th of Auguft, captain
Moutray, who had under his command the Ramilies
of 74 guns and two frigates, with the trade bound for
the Eaft and Weft Indies under convoy, had the mif-
fqrtune to fall in with the combined fleets of France
and Spain, which had failed from Cadiz the preceding
day. The Ramiliea and the two frigates efcaped : but
the reft were fo completely furrounded, that five Eaft
Indiamen were taken, and 50 merchant ffiips bound
for the Weft Indies. Their cargoes were extremely
valuable it was one of the moft complete naval cap¬
tures ever made ; and was a heavy ftroke to the coirir
merce of Great Britain. The Spaniards on. this occa-
fion behaved to their prifoners with great attention and
humanity ; and appeared difpofed to make an adequate
return for the generous treatment which their country¬
men had experienced from admiral Rodney- This lols,.
however, great as it was, was fcarce fufficient to-com-
penfate the capture of Fort Omoa from the Spaniards,
where upwards of three millions of dollars were gain¬
ed by the vidtors, and, among other valuable commo-
dities, 25 quintals of quickfilver, without which the
Spaniards could not extradf the precious metals from
their ores ; the lofs of which confequently rendered
their mines ufelefs.
.1
But while the Britiffi were making the moft vigo*
rous efforts, and even in the main getting the better
of the powers who oppofed them fairly in the field,
enemies were raifed up throughout all Europe, who,
by reafon of their adding indireddly, could neither be v^7
oppofed nor refifted. The power which moft openly AccouS
manifeiled its hoftile intentions was Holland ; but be-tlie arme®
fides this, a moft formidable confederacy, under theneu
title of the ar?ned neutrality, was formed,, evidently
with a defign to cruffi the power of Great Britain,
Of this confederacy the emprefs of Ruffia declared
herfelf the head j and her plan was intimated on the
26th j
B R I [ 693 ] B II I
26th of February 1 780, in a declaration addreffed to
the courts of London, Verfailles, and Madrid. In
this piece it was obierved, that though from the con-
duft of her Imperial majerty it might have been hoped
that her fubjedts would have been allowed peaceably
to enjoy the fruits of their industry, and of the ad
vantages belonging to all neutral nations, experience
had proved the contrary : her imperial majelty’s fub-
jedls had been often molefted in their navigation, and
retarded in their operations, by the fhips and priva¬
teers of the belligerent powers. Her Imperial majeiiy
therefore declared, that fhe found herfelf under the
neceffity of removing thofe vexations which were of¬
fered to the commerce of Ruffia, as well as to the li¬
berty of commerce in general, by all the means corh-
patible with her dignity and the welfare of her fub-
jedfs : but before fhe came to any ferious meafures,
and in order to prevent all new mifunderilandings, fhe
thought it juft and equitable to expofe to the eyes of
all Europe the principles which fhe had adopted for
her condudf, and which were contained in the follow¬
ing propofrtions :
1. That neutral fhips fhould enjoy a free navigation,
even from port to port, and on the coafts of the bel¬
ligerent powers.
\ 2. That all effe&s belonging to the fubje&s of the
belligerent powers fhould be looked upon as free on
board fuch neutral fhips, excepting only fuch goods
as were ftipulated contraband.
3. Her imperial majefty, for the proper underftand-
ing of this, refers to the articles 10. and n. of her
treaty of commerce with Great Britain, extending her
obligations to all the other belligerent powers.
In the treaty made between Great Britain and Ruf¬
fia in 1734 it is faid, “ The fubje&s of either party
may freely pafs, repafs, and trade in all countries which
now are or hereafter fhall be at enmity with the other
of the faid parties^ places adfually blocked up or befieged
only excepted, provided they do not. carry any warlike
ftores or ammunition to the enemy : as for all other ef¬
fects, their fhips, paffengers, and goods, fhall be free and
unmolefted. Cannons, mortars, or other warlike uten-
fils, in any quantity beyond what may be neceffary for
the fhip’s provifion, and may properly appertain to and
be j udged neceffary for every man of the fhip’s crew,
or for each paffenger, fhall be. deemed ammunition of
war; and if any fuch be found, they may feize and
confifcate the'fame according to law: but neither the
veflels,. paffengers, or the reft of the goods, fhall be
detained for that reafon, or hindered from purfuing,
their voyage.” The fame enumeration of the goods,
ftipulated as contraband, was given in the treaty con¬
cluded between Great Britain and RufTia in 1766.
4. That in order to determine what charadlerizes a
port blocked up, that denomination fhould not be
granted but to fuch places before which there were
adfually a number of enemy’s fhips ftationed near e-
nough fo as to make its entry dangerous.
5. That thefe principles fhould ferve as rules in the
judicial proceedings and fentences upon the legality of
prizes.
Her imperial majefty declared, that fhe was firmly
refolved to maintain thefe principles; and that, in or¬
der to protect the honour of her flag and the fecurity
of the commerce and navigation of her fubjedls,. fhe
had given an order to fit out a confiderable part of her Britain,
naval forces. She added, that this meafure would —-v-“J
have no influence on the ftrieft and rigorous neutrality
which fhe was refolved to obferve, fo long as (he fhould
not be provoked and forced to depart from her prin¬
ciples of moderation and impartiality. It was only in
that extremity that, her fleet would be ordered to aft
wherever her honour, intereft, and necefiity fhould
require. This declaration was alfo communicated to
.the States-general by prince Gallitzin, envoy extraor¬
dinary from the emprefs of Ruffia; and fhe invited
them to make a common caufe with her, fo far as
fuch an union might ferve to proteft- commerce and
navigation. Similar cornmunicatioris and invitations
were alfo made to the courts of Copenhagen, of Stock¬
holm, and of Lifbon, in order, it was faid, that, by
the united care of.all the neutral maritime powers, the
navigation of all the neutral trading nations might be
eftablifhed and legalized, and a fyftem adopted found¬
ed upon juftice, and which, by its real advantage,-
might ferve for rules* as future ages.
The memorial of the emprefs of Ruffia, though very
unfavourable to the views of Great Britain, received'
a civil anfwer from that court: but by other powers
it was received, as it might naturally be expefted,
with much more cordiality. In the anfwer of the
king of France it was fakl, that “ what her Imperial
majefty claimed from the belligerent powers was no¬
thing elfe than the rules preferibed to the French navy;
the execution whereof was maintained with an exaft-
nefs known and applauded by all Europe.” He ex-
preffed his approbation of the principles and views of
her Imperial majefty ; and declared, that from the mea¬
fures (he had now adopted, “ folid advantages would
undoubtedly refult, not only to her fubjefts, but alfo
to all nations.” The kings of Sweden and Denmark
alfo formally acceded to the armed neutrality propofed
by the emprefs of Ruffia, and declared their perfefl
approbation of her fentiments. The States-general
did the fame : but on account of that flownefs 01
deliberation which prevails in the councils of the re¬
public, it was not till towards the clofe of the year
that their concurrence was notified to the court of
Ruffia. It was refolved by the powers engaged in
this armed neutrality to make- a common caufe of it
at fea againft any of the belligerent powers who (hould >
violate, with refpeft to neutral nations, the principles *
which had been laid.down in the memorial of the em¬
prefs of Ruffia. g^gr
But though the Britifli. miniftry could not openly Origin of
engage in war with all the other powers of Europe, the war
they determined to take fevere vengeance on the
Dutch, whofe ingratitude and perfidy now became a
general fubjeft of fpeculation. It has already been
obferved, that, ever fince the commencement of hofti-
lities with the Americans, the Dutch had (hown much
partiality towards them. This continued to be the
cafe, even beyond what the natural avidity of a mer¬
cantile people, could be fuppofed to produce ; Frequent
memorials and remonftrances had of confequence paffed '
between the two nations, and the breach gradually
grew wider and wider,-.until at laft matters came to
an extremity', by a difeovery that the town of Amfter--
dam was about to enter into a commercial treaty with:.
America. This happened in the beginning of Sep--
B R I f 694 ] B R I
Britain, tember 1780, by the capture of Mr Laurens, lately
prefident of the American congrefs, and who had been
empowered by that body to conclude a treaty wkh
Holland. Mr Laurens himfelf was inftantly commit¬
ted prifoner to the tower of London, and a fpirited
remonftrance was made to the ftates of Holland, re¬
quiring a formal difavowal of the tranfa&ion* To
this, however, no other anfwer could be obtained,
than that they would take the matter into confidera-
tion according to the forms and ufages of the country ;
and that a reply would be given as foon as the nature
of their government would admit.
Such an equivocal anfvver could not by any means
be fatisfadlory ; and therefore the moft vigorous mea-
fures were refoived on. On the 25th of January 1781,
it was announced to the houfe, that his majefty had
been obliged to diredf letters of marque and reprifal
to be iffued againft the States-general and their fubj^dfs.
For the caufes and protivcs of his conduct in this re-
fpeft, he referred to a public manifefto againft that re¬
public, which he had ordered to be laid before the
houfe. The charges againft the republic, however,
were briefly fummed up by lord North in his fpeech
on the occafion. The ftates, he faid, in open violation
of treaties, had not only refufed to give Great Britain
that afliitance which thofe treaties intitled her to claim
when attacked by the houfe of Bourbon, but had alfo,
in diredf violation of the law of nations, contributed as
far as they could to furnifh France with warlike ftores,
and had alfo at length thought proper to countenance
the magiftracy of Amfterdam in the infult which they
had offered to this country, by entering into a treaty
with the rebellious colonies of Great Britain, as free
and independent ftates. By the treaty of 1678, it was
ftipulated, that, in cafe Great Britain was attacked by
the houfe of Bourbon, Ihe had a right to take her
choice of either calling upon the States-general to be¬
come parties in the war, and to attack the houfe of
Bourbon within two months, or of requiring an aid of
6060 troops, and 20 {hips of war, which the States
were to furnifli immediately after the claim was made.
But. though this country had always preferved her faith
with Holland, yet that republic had refufed to fulfil
■the terms of this treaty.
His lordfhip farther obferved, that the States-gene¬
ral had fuffered Paul Jones, a Scotchman, and a pirate,
afting without legal authority from any acknowledged
government, to bring Britilh (hips into their ports, and
to refit there (a). A rebel privateer had alfo been faluted Britain#
at the Dutch ifland of St Euftatius, after Are had been —*
fuffered to capture two Britiflilhips within cannon-fliot
of their forts and caftles. A memorial was prefented
at the Hague, in June 1779, on the breaking out of
the war with Spain, to claim the aid we were intitled
to require by the treaty of 1678 ; but of this not the
leaft notice was taken on the part of the States. Two
ocher notices had fince been delivered, each of which
met with the fame reception. The Britifh miniftry J1
had done all in their power to bring the States to a
true fenfe of their intereft ; and when the neceffity of
the cafe compelled them to feize on Dutch fhips car¬
rying ftores to France, they had paid the full value fgr
the cargoes, and returned the (hips ; fo that neither the
private merchant, the private adventurer, nor the
States, had fuffered. France only had felt the incon¬
venience, by her being deprived of that affiftance which
(he would have received from thofe cargoes.
With refpedf to an obfervation that had been made,
that the treaty laid before the* houfe, between the
Dutch and the Americans, was nothing more than a
contemplative projeft,. his lordfliip remarked, that it
was a&ually figned and fealed ; the names of Van Ber-
kel ihe penfionary of Amfterdafn, and Monf. de Neu-
ville, a merchant and burgefs of that city, being fub-
feribed to it on the part of the magiftracy of Amfter¬
dam, and the name of John Lee, as commiffioner or
agent for the congrefs of America. The States-gene¬
ral had alfo refufed to pay the leaft attention to the re-
quifition in his majefty’s memorial, delivered by Sir
Jofeph Yorke, that proper notice ftiould be taken of
Van Berkel and his affociates ; fo far as fuch a refufal
could be implied by a contemptuous filence. As to
the principal magiftrates of Amfterdam, they were fo
far from difavowing the fadf, or attempting to palliate
it, that they gloried in the whole tranfa&ion ; and ex- ;
prefsly declared, even to the States-general, that what
they had done was what their indifpenfable duty re¬
quired. *
His lordfliip added, that he lamented the neceffity
of a war with Holland; but it appeared to him to be
an unavoidable meafure. He confeffed the fituation of
this country to be truly alarming ; but when he con-
fidered the powerful ftand that had already been made
againft the moft alarming confederacy that had ever
been formed againft Great Britain, the little fuccefs
that the enemies of this country had met with in all
their
(a) This man, who had been formerly a fervant in lord Selkirk’s houfe, had landed in 1778 and plundered
•it of the plate, but without doing any farther mifehief. The aftion, however, was very difagreeable to his
own party ; and, at the defire of Dr Franklin, the plate was afterwards reftored. After this exploit, heat-
tempted to fet fire to the town of Whitehaven, but without fuccefs. In *779, he made a defeent on thexoaft
of Ireland, but without committing any aft of hoftility. His people indeed carried off fome {heep and oxen,
but their captain paid liberally for what they had taken. In the month of September 1779 l12 appeared in the
Frith of Forth with feveral prizes. They advanced up the Frith above the ifland of Inchkeith, fo as to be
nearly oppofite to Leith. His defign was fuppofed to have been to burn the {hipping there ; but he was pre¬
sented from attempting this by a ftrong weft wind; and fuch meafures were alfo taken for the defence of the
harbour, by erefting batteries and otherwife, that he would probably have mifearried had any attempt been
made,. On leaving the coaff*of Scotland, he fell in with the Serapis and Scarborough, both of which he took
after a moft defperate engagement; by which all the veffels were reduced almoft to wrecks. Thefe were car¬
ried into a Dutch harbour; and it was this tranfaftion to which lord North now alluded. He was called a
f h ate, on account of his not being at that time properly furniihtd with a commiffion either from France or
America, though this was denied by the oppofite party.
B R I [ 695 ] B R I
ajjrltain. tlieir various attempts againfl it, and the fpirit and re-
v fources of the nation, the public profpe&s appeared to
I him much lefs gloomy than fome gentlemen thought
proper to reprefent them. Our difficulties were certain¬
ly great; but he trufted that they were by no means in-
fuperable. He was neither defirous of concealing their
magnitude, nor afraid to meet them, great as they muft
be acknowledged; becaufe he was convinced, that
when the force of this country was fully exerted, it
was equal to the conteft ; and that the only means of
obtaining an honourable and a juft peace, was to ftiow
ourfelves capable of carrying on the war with fpirit and
with vigour.
Before this national refolution, however, could pof-
ftbly have been communicated officially to the naval
J commanders in the Weft Indies, the Dutch were adtu-
id bture of ally attacked. The defencelefs ifland of St Euftatius
id Eufta- was, on the 3d of February 1781, fummoned by ad¬
miral Rodney and general Vaughan to furrender to the
arms of Great Britain,, and only one hour given to
confider of it. The immenfe property on the ifland
was confifcated, and a fale inftituted, with fuch circum-
ftances of apparent rapacity, as not only became the
fubjeft of a difcuffion in parliament, but drew upon
this nation, whether juftly or not we pretend not to
J , determine, the ill will of all Europe *.
■ ee St The Dutch nation feem not in the prefent cafe to
n fatiut. behaved with any degree of prudence. Notwith-
ftanding their provoking conduft towards Britain, they
had made no preparations for war in cafe of being at¬
tacked. Notwithftanding this inaftivity, however, it
ftill appeared that they retained their ancient valour, and
were in fatft the moft formidable naval enemies Britain
had to contend with. By the month of Auguft 1781
I ^ they had equipped a confiderable fquadron, the com¬
mand of which was given to rear-admiral Zoutman.
1] derate On the 5th of that month, this fquadron fell in
age- with the Britifti fleet commanded by admiral Hyde
1 in with Parker. The force commanded by the Dutch admiral
3 nmLi con^i^e<^> according to their own account, of one of
74, one of 68, one of 64, three of 54, and one of 44,
befides frigates ; but the Englifti account reprefents
the Dutch fleet as confiding of eight two-decked {hips.
No gun was fired on either fide till they were within
the diftance of half muflcet-ftiot. The aftion began
about eight in the morning, and continued with an
unceafing fire for three hours and forty minutes. Both
fides fought with equal ardour, and little advantage
was gained on either. When the heat of the ac¬
tion was over, both fquadrons lay-to a confiderable
time near each other, when the Dutch fhips of war
with their convoy bore away for the Texel; and the
i. Englifh {hips were all too much difabled to follow them.
A Dutch 74 gun fhip funk foon after the a&ion. On
board the Britifli fleet 104 were killed and 339 wound¬
ed ; and the lofs of the Dutch was probably greater.
| !■ Admiral Zoutman, in the account of the engagement
i tranfmitted by him to the Stadtholder, faid, that his
J,1 men “ fought like lions and it was faid by the Bri¬
tifli admiral, in the account fent by him to the admi¬
ralty, that “ his majefty’s officers and men behaved
with great bravery, nor did the enemy ftiow lefs gal¬
lantry.” The admiral of the Dutch fleet was pro¬
moted, honorary rewards were given to the principal
officers, and two months pay to the men, for their be¬
haviour in this attion. When admiral Parker’s fleet Britain,
arrived at the Nore, his majefty, in order to teftify his L“—'v 1 J
fenfe of his merit, went on board his fhip, with the
avowed defign, as it is faid, of conferring on him the
honour of knighthood : but this the admiral thought
proper to decline ; and it was generally fuppofed, that
this veteran officer was much difgufted, that more {hips
had not been fent to him, for which he had applied,
and which he conceived might have been fpared, -and
whereby he might have been enabled to obtain a com¬
plete. victory.
Thus the war was ftill carried on in various parts of the Vaft eff.rts.
globe in fuch a manner as feemed to evince the impof- of Britaim
Ability of crufhing the power of Great Britain by any
force whatever. In Europe the utmoft efforts of
France and Spain were able to produce nothing more
than the annual parade of a mighty fleet in the chan¬
nel. This was anfwered by the appearance of a Bri-
tifh fleet fo formidable that the allies never durft at¬
tack them. The flates of Holland had drawn out their
force; and this too was oppofed by one, which, if infuf-
ficient to conquer, was at leaft able to prevent their
effe&ing any thing detrimental to our poffeffions. In
the Eaft Indies-the united powers of the French and
Indians had been conquered, and the Dutch fettlements
had fuffered feverely *. In the year 1781, however, * gee
the Britilh naval power in the Weft Indies feemed toftan
fink, and fome events took place which threatened a ^
total ruin of the empire in thefe parts. This was Difaltrous,
owing to the vaft fuperiority of the combined fleets of events of
France and Spain, by whom that of Britain was nowth® ygar
fo far outnumbered, that they could not atchieve any17 I*
thing of confequence. An ineffe&ual attempt on the
ifland of St Vincents * was made by admiral Rodney;* See St
and an indecifive engagement took place, April 28th V'nKnU
1781, between admiral Hood and the count de Grafie;
the event of which, however, if not advantageous, was
certainly honourable to Britain, as the French had a
fuperiority of fix fliips of the line. The damage done
to the Britifli ftu’ps having obliged them to retire to
Barbadoes to refit, the French took that opportunity 653 1
to make a defcent on the ifland of Tobago f. The go-Tobago
vernor, Mr Fergufon, made a gallant refiftance; but'a^ec"y.
was at laft obliged to furrender, as no profpecf of fuc- Ja^C ^
cours appeared. On his return to England he com- ^
plained loudly that the ifland bad been unneceflarily
loft. Admiral Rodney had fent rear-admiral Drake
with fix fail of the line, three frigates, and fome troops,
to the affiftance of the ifland ; but they were fent too
late, and the ifland had capitulated before any relief was
afforded it. In a letter of admiral Rodney, which was
publiftied in the gazette, fome furprifewasexpreffed, that
the place had furrendered £0 foon : upon which go¬
vernor Fergufon publiflied an account of the fiege,,
figned with his name, in all the London papers,.
in which he recriminated on the admiral. The gover¬
nor’s narrative was fo perfpicuous, fo apparently fatis-
faftory, and his charge againft the admiral fo ftrong,
that it was thought incumbent on the latter to vindi¬
cate his conduit: but no anfwer to the governor’s ac-
cufation ever appeared, 654.-
Befides the inconveniences which the Britifli Weft Difcouccnts-
India iflands fuffered in confequence of the war,, it was^^ Wefe
alfo a misfortune to fome of them that they were invol- ;aan^<
ved in domeftic difputes, occafionedby their diffatisfac-
tioa
B R I
6<;y
Miniftry
ftiil periift
in theif '
military
ichemes.
^6
"King’s
NfrY.1781.
tlon at the conduit of their governors. This was par¬
ticularly the cafe with Jamaica and Barbadoes, in both
which iflands there were frequent contefts about this
time between the houfes of affembly and the governors.
-But the remonllrances of the inhabitants on this fubjedt
did not meet with much attention from thofe who had
it in their pow’er to afford them relief: for it feemed,-
indeed, to be a kind of maxim with the Britifh admi-
niflration at this period, to pay little regard to any
complaints from the fubjefts of the empire, refpedting '
any abufeof authority, from whatever quarter they might
come, Ireland only excepted ; and, with refpedt to
that kingdom, they were induced to relax a little from
the high tone they were accultomed to affume, by the
powerful and energetic arguments of the Irifh volun¬
teers. See Ireland.
The great and decifive ftroke, however, which hap¬
pened this year, was the capture of lord Cornwallis
with the divifion of the army under his command.-
Other events, indeed, were fufficiently mortifying. The
province of Weft: Florida had been reduced by the Spa¬
niards ; Minorca was befieged by them with an appa¬
rent impoffibility of holding out; the ifland of St Eufta-
tius was furprifed by the French ; and in fhort every
circumftance feemed to proclaim the necefiity of put¬
ting an end to a war fo calamitous -and deftruftive.
All the difafters that had yet happened, however,
were not fufficient to induce the miniftry to abandon
their favourite fcheme of war with the colonies. The
parliament melon the 27 th of November 1781. It has
already been obferved, that in the year ,1780 the mini-
flry had received fuch a fignal defeat as feemed toprog-
nofticate the ruin of their power. They had indeed
; afterwards acquired a majority, and the extreme ter¬
ror produced by the riots had contributed not a little
: to the eftablifhment of their authority. The remem¬
brance .of what had paffed, however, moft probably in¬
duced them to a diffolution of parliament; wdiile the
Tucceffes at Charleftown and other parts of America,
once more gave them a decided majority in both
houfes. But the difafters of the year 1781 involved
them in the utmoft difficulty and diftrefs. In the
fpeech from the throne, his majefty obferved, that the
war was ftill unhappily prolonged by that reftlefs am¬
bition which firft excited the enemies of his crown and
people to commence it, and which ftill continued to
difappoint his earneft defire and diligent exertions to re-
ftore the public tranquillity. But he ffiould not an-
fwer the truft committed to the fovereign of a free
people, nor make a fuitable return to his fubje&s for
their zealous and affectionate attachment to him, if he
confented to facrifice, either to his own deftre of peace,
or to their temporary eafe and relief, thofe effential
rights and permanent intertfts, upon the maintenance
and prefervation of which the future ftrength and fecu-
•rity of Great Britain mull depend. The events of war
he faid, had been very unfortunate to his arms in Vir¬
ginia, having ended in the lofs of his forces in that pro¬
vince. No endeavours, he added, had been wanting on
his'part to extinguifti that fpirit of rebellion which his
enemies had found means to foment and maintain in
the colonies, and to reftore to his deluded fubjefts in
America that happy and profperous condition which
they had formerly derived from a due obedience to the
laws ; but the late misfortune in that quarter called
5:8.
[ 696 ]
B R I
loudly for the firm concurrence and affiftance. of p<tr-
liatj^Mit, in order to fruftrate the defigns of their ene-
mies,_which were equally prejudicial to the real inte-
refts of America, and to thofe of Great Britain. At
the dole of the fpeech, his majefty obferved, that a-
mong the many ill confequences which attended the
continuation of the prefent war, he fincerely regretted
the additional burdens which it muft unavoidably bring
upon his faithful fubjefts : but he ftill declared his per¬
fect conviction of the juftice of his caufe ; and that he
had no doubt, but that, by the concurrence and fup-
porf of his parliament, by the valour of his fleets and
armies, and by a vigorous, animated, and united exer¬
tion of the faculties and refources of hia people, he
ftiould be enabled to reftore the bleffing of a fafe and
honourable peace to all his dominions.
A motion for an addrefs of thanks, couched in the
ufual ftyle, was made in the houfe of commons. It
was urged, that a durable and advantageous peace
could refult only from the firm, vigorous, and unremit¬
ting profecution of the war. The prefent was no,t the
time to relinquiih hope, but to refolve upon exertion.
By defpair we {hould invite calamity to overwhelm us;
and it would ill become a great and valiant people,
whofe refources were yet powerful and numerous, to
ifubmit where they (hould refill; to 'look with indiffer¬
ence upon their political importance ; and to'tarnilh,
by indolent pufillanimity, the national and dear-bought
glories both of remote and recent aeras, inftead of -
oppofing, with augmented force, a combination whofe
inveterate efforts to throw out of the fcale of Europe
the whole political exiftence of Great Britain, were
ftrengthened by the late victory over lord Cornwallis
in Virginia. But if a general fpirit of unanimity, fo
requifite at one of the moft alarming and important'
periods in the Britilh annals, were to arife within the
walls of patljament, and thence to diffufe itfelf through¬
out the body of the people, the gloom that- hovered
round us would rapidly difperfe, and great fucceffes
would conduCt the nation back to all its priftine fpleu-
dor and felicity.
This was vehemently oppofed by Mr Fox and Mr
Burke. The latter remarked, that if there could be a
greater misfortune than had already been undergone
by this kingdom in the prefent difgraheful conteil, it
was hearing men rife up in the great affembly of the
nation to vindicate fuch meafures. If the miniftry
and the parliament were not to be taught by experi¬
ence ; if neither calamities could make them feel, nor
the voice of God'make them wife; what had this fal¬
len and undone country to hope for ? If any thing
could tend to dejeft the people of England, to make
them defpair of their fituation, and refign themfelves
to their fate, it muft be to receive information that
their minifters, after all that had been fuffered, were
yet determined to go on with the American war. A
battle might be loft, an enterprize might mifearry, an
ifland might be_,captured, an army might be loft m the
beft of caufes, and even under a fyftem of vigour and
- forefight; becaufe the battle, after all the wifdom and
bravery of man,, was in the hands of heaven : and if
either or all thefe calamities had happened in a good
caufe, and under the aufpices of a vigilant adminiftra-
tion, a brave people would not defpair. But it was
not fo in the prefent cafe. Amidft all their fufferings
4 and
B R I [ 697 ] B R I
r Britain. an(] misfortunes, they faw nothing fo diftreffing
as the weaknefs or wickednefs of their minifters. They
feemed ftill determined to go on, without plan, and
without forefight, in this war of calamities ; for every
thing that happened in it was a calamity. He con-
iidered them all alike, vi&ories and defeats; towns
taken, and towns evacuated; new generals appointed,
and old generals recalled ; they were all alike calami¬
ties in his eyes, for they all fpurred us on to this fa¬
tal bufinefs. Viftories gave us hopes, defeats made
us defperate, and both inftigated us to go on. They
were, therefore, both calamities ; and the king’s
fpeecfi was the greateft calamity of all; for the king’s
fpeech fhowed us the difpofition of the minifters : and
this difpofition was not to retreat an inch 5 to go on,
to plunge us deeper, to make our fituation more dif-
graceful, and' more unhappy.
In the courfe of the debate, it was contended on
the part of adminiftration, and particularly by lord
North, that by the addrefs, as originally propofed, the
houfe did not pledge themfelves to any continuance of
the American war: but this was ftrongly denied by the
gentlemen in oppofition. However, the point was at
laft decided in favour of miniftry by a majority of 216
to 129 ; and the addrefs was then carried as original¬
ly propofed.
In the houfe of peers, a motion for an addrefs fimi-
lar to that of the houfe of commons, was made by
lord Southampton, and feconded by lord Walfingham.
It was vigoroufly oppofed by the earl of Shelburne;
who obferved, that feven years had now elapfed fince
blood was firft drawn in America; and from that pe¬
riod to the prefent the affairs of Great Britain had
been continually growing worfe. A long progrefs in
the war had left us in a fituation in which there were
no advantages to confole ; but dangers and calamities
had arifen, which were unknown to us at the com¬
mencement of hoftilities. Of nearly 87,000 men fent
to America, how few had returned ! What treafures
had been in vain expended ! What enormous debts
accumulated ! The moft liberal national fupplies
had been followed by nothing but calamities ; and
the whole proceedings of the miniftry manifefted
a want of fyttem and of intelligence. Among other
inftances of mifmanagement, his lordlhip remarked,
that, inftead of blocking up the French fleets within
their own harbours, or immediately intercepting them
on their putting out to fea, we had fuffered them to
I „ fail far upon their expeditions to our diftant fettle-
ments ; and when they had acquired this great advan¬
tage, we flowly followed their powerful armaments
with inconfiderable fquadrons, and fcarcely ever reach¬
ed the place of deftination till the enterprizes of the
H enemy were totally accomplifhed. His lordfhip alfo
declared it to be his opinion, that the capture of earl
Cornwallis was owing to the preceding capture of St
Euftatius. As to the farther profecution of the war
M; with the leaft profpeft of fuccefs, it was totally impof-
fible : the nation was too much exhaufted both of
it men and money ; recruits were not to be procured for
the army ; and as to our navy, if we had the beft firft
lord of the admiralty, and the ableft board that ever
fat, it was impoffible to provide for all the diftant fer-
vices of fo extenfive a war. The reafon was obvious.
The fine navy that belonged to Great Britain at the
Vol. III. Part IT
conclufion of the laft war had been fuffered to rot and Britain,
moulder away ; while France and Spain had recruited v——
and repaired their marine during the whole period of
the peace.
Among other ftriftures on minifterial condutft, it was
obferved by the duke of Richmond, that at prefent
fcarcely a feventh part of the people were reprefented,
while all the remainder had no concern whatever, either
virtually or individually, in the management of their
own affairs ; which, their lordftu’ps well knew, the con-
ftitution of this country, as originally framed, gave
them a right to have. He appealed to the houfe,
whether many of their lordfttips did not name the
members for feveral boroughs, and whether the repre-
fentatives were not chqfen only by the management of
two or three burgeffes. Were this point reformed,
his grace declared, that he (hould ftill expeft to fee the
country capable of regaining fome portion of its for¬
mer greatnefs. He alfo made fome obfervations on
the interior cabinet, which had, he faid, been the ruin
of this country. To prove its mifchievous tendency,
he inftanced the declaration of the late earl of Chatham,
who confeffed to the houfe, that “ he was duped and
deceived, and that he -had not been ten days in the
cabinet before he felt the ground rotten under his
feet.” His grace likewife faid, that though it was
the middle of a war, he made no fcruple to recommend
it moft ftrenuoufly to government, immediately to fet
about curtailing the numbers of the army, and that as
much as poflible. He recommended, that arms fhould
be put into the hands of the people, for the purpofes
of domeftic defence; and he did not doubt but that
in this cafe, they would aft with greater power and
fuccefs, than even the moft numerous military forces.
He alfo advil’ed withdrawing the troops from America,
augmenting the navy as much as pofiible, and fending
fuch fuccours to the Welt India ifiands as might enable
them effeftually to refill any attempts from the enemy.
Lord Stormont defended the addrefs as originally
propofed ; and obferved, that the language of the
fpeech from the throne was proper to be held by any
prince worthy of the crown, in a moment like the pre¬
fent ; and the long eftablilhed cuftom rendered fuch
an addrefs as had been moved the fit anfwer to it.
The prefervation of America, as a dependent part of
the Britilh empire, was too important to be relinquilh-
ed ; and the prefent crifis, fo far from juftifying de-
fpair, called for and mbled ardour, and for immediate
exertion.
The lord-chancellor faid, that the prefent fpeech
from the throne, like all others at the commencement
of a fefiion, was no more than a brief ftate of the na¬
tion, delivered in the ancient ftyle of compofition, and
conformably to eftablifired ufage, from almoft the firft
exiftence of a parliament; and as to the addrefs, its
language not being fpecifically binding, their lordlhips
might vote in favour of it, without pledging them¬
felves to fupport any future minifterial meafure what¬
ever. The houfe at length divided, when lord Shel¬
burne’s amendment was rejefted by a majority of 75
to 3 1. A Ihort proteft againft the addrefs was enter¬
ed by the duke of Richmond, the marquis of Rocking¬
ham, and earl Fitzwilliam; in which they declared,
that they diffented, “ for reafons too often urged in
vain for the laft feven years againft the ruinous profe-
4 T cution
657
Motions
fgainfl: the
^Vmerican
war by Sir
JamesLow-
ther.
658
Different
plan of w:
propofed
North.
B R I t 698 ] B R I
cution of the unjuft war carrying on by bis majefty’s plored and lamented as the events of war, in them- Britain,
minifters againlt the people of North America, and too felves perpetually uncertain, than to be afcribed to any —v”-"
fatally confirmed by repeated experience, and the late criminality in minifters. He had always confidered
difgraceful fofs of a fecond army, to Hand in need of the American war as a war of the moft cruel neceffity;
repetition.” but at the fame time as a war commenced for the fup-
Though minifters thus fucceeded in carrying the port of the juft rights of the crown and of the parlia-
addreffes in the ufual form, they did not meet with the ment of Great Britain. He would alfo venture to de-
like fuccefs in their main plan of carrying on the war. clare, that as the war was unfortunate to all his fellow-
After the debate on the number of feamen, which was fubjefts, fo it was particularly diftreffing to himfelf.
fixed at 100,000 for the enfuing year, Sir James Low- He had always confidered it as the heavieft calamity
ther moved as a refolution of the houfe, “ That the of his life ; and if, at any time, a facrifice, not only of
war carried on with America had been ineffe&ual for the emoluments of his fituation, but even of the whole
the purpofes for which it was undertaken ; and that of his private fortune, could have purchafed for his
' all farther attempts to reduce that continent by force country a fafe and honourable peace, he would have
of arms would be in vain, and muft be injurious to made that facrifice with the utmoft cheerfulnefs, and
this country by weakening her powers to refill her an- thought the opportunity of offering it the greatell
cient and confederated enemies.” This was fupport- bleflmg which could poffibly have befallen him. His
ed by a number of arguments interlarded with the moft lordlhip added, that though he totally disapproved of the
fevere refk&ions on minifterial condudl. In the courfe motion, yet he was willing to declare it to be his opi-
of this debate it was obferved, and indeed with evident nion, that it would not be wife nor right to go on with
truth, that every ftate of confequence in Europe with- the American war as we had hitherto done ; that is,
held its fuccours, and left us to contend alone againft to fend armies to traverfe from the fouth to the north
a multitude of enemies; fo that we Ihould fearch in of the provinces in their interior parts, as had been
vain for an ally from one corner of the univerfe to the done in a late cafe, and which had failed of producing
other. As to the American war, in which the mini- the intended and the defired effedl. 659
ftry fo madly perlifted, it was not like a war between This new method of carrying on the war was as much Oppoiedbjf|
two rival, or two neighbouring ftates, about a barrier difapproved of as the other ; nor indeed did it feem to^enejal
or a boundary; a conteft which, however it ended, be generally believed that any material alteration was to ° * H
could not detract much from the importance or weight take place in the minifterial fyftem. General Burgoyne
of either. It was a war in which the conclufion of obferved, that declaring a defign of maintaining polls
every campaign was againft us ;• in which we weaken- in America, of the nature of New York, was declaring
ed no enemy by our efforts ; in which we had fuffered a defign of offenfive war; and that fuch a mainte-
every thing without gaining any thing. The Ameri- nance of polls would prove an improvident and a
can war had been a war of delufion from the beginning prepofterous war. The great if not the only pur-
to the end. Every promife had been broken, every pofe of keeping places of arms upon an enemy’s
affertion had been faliified, every objefthad been com- coaft, and efpecially upon a continent, muft be for of-
pletely given up. The miniftry had faid one thing fenfive war. During the glorious adminiftration of
one day; and the next day they Had come down again, the earl of Chatham, a place of arms was intended to
and with grave faces faid what was direAly contrary, be eftabliffied at St Malo’s; and it was afterwards
But it was time to put an end to thefe delufions; not eftablifhed at Belleifle upon a more extenfive view than
the leaft profpeft of fuccefs in the war now remained; that of a mere inlet into the country. It made a
the period was therefore come, when it was indifpen- powerful diverfion, and drew a great military force
fably neceffary that the parliament Ihould interfere, in from Germany, to proteft the whole range of coaft
order to avert that ruin with which this unhappy coun- from Bayonne to Dunkirk, which was threatened by:
try was fo immediately threatened. an embarkation from that place of arms. But the
The motion was oppofed by lord North ; who faid, circumftance which rendered that menace againft the
r that if it was agreed to by the houfe, it muft put an . French coaft either prafticable or formidable was,
end to the American war in every fhape, and even our dominion of the fea. At that refplendent sera,
cripple the hands of government in other refpefts. It our naval flag rode in the very bays of France as fe-
would point out to the enemies of this country what curely as if anchored at Spithead ; and a few frigates
were to be the mode and operations of the war; and would have convoyed an army of 20,000 men to any
thus inform the enemy in what manner they might one point of the French or Spanifh coaft. This then
bell point their operations againft this country during could be produced as a juft precedent for a place of’
the next campaign. Great Britain muft not retain arms. But what other precedents exifted ? The com- *
any poll in the colonies ; for that would be confidered mand of a ftrait, by which it was poffible either to give
as one mode of attempting to reduce the Americans an inlet for commerce, or to divide the ports of an
to obedience by force. But was it not manifeft, that enemy. Of fuch a nature was Calais, which, together
there might be a neceflity of retaining certain pofts in with Dover, kept feparate as often as we thought pro-
America, for the convenience even of carrying on the per the great ocean and the German fea. Such alfo
war againft France and Spain ? was Gibraltar; a place of arms that gave a virtual fu-
With refpeft to the American war in general his periority to the navy of England, though with an in-
lordlhip acknowledged, that it had been extremely un- ferior number of fhips, as feparating the ports of the
fortunate ; but he affirmed, that the misfortunes and houfe of Bourbon in the ocean from their ports in the
calamities which had attended it, though of a moft fe- Mediterranean, aiffi preventing the jun&ion of their
rious aad fatal nature, were matters rather to be de- fleets. But New York, as a place of-arms, could an¬
ti fwer
66o
recants
Iiisonginal
[concerning
America.
661
9 ^Debate on
U ithe army
i icfthr.ate.
B R I [ 699 ] B R I
fwer no polfible purpofe but to feed an imprafticable
war, and to multiply that fyftem of contra6ls, loans,
and influence, which, after having operated to the lofs
of every dependence of the country, was ready to give
the final blow to the lalt remains of property and liber¬
ty in the country itfelf.
The general added, that he had not hitherto touched
upon the principle of the American war. The im-
prafticability of it was a fufficient juftification for fup-
porting the prefent motion. But he was now con¬
vinced that the principle of the American war was
wrong, though he had not been of that opinion when
he formerly engaged in the fervice in America. He
had been brought to this conviftion, by obferving the
uniform conduft and behaviour of the people of Ame¬
rica- Paffion, prejudice, and intereft, might operate
fuddenly and partially; but when we faw one prin¬
ciple pervading the whole continent, the Americans
refolutely encountering difficulty and death for a courfe
of years, it muft be a ftrong vanity and prefumption in
our own minds, which could only lead us to imagine
that they were not in the right. It was reafon, and
the finger of God alone, that implanted the fame fen-
timent in three millions of people. He would affert
the truth of the faft againll all which either art or
contrivance could produce to the contrary. He was
likewife now convinced, upon comparing the condudt
■of the miniftry, as time had developed their fyftem, that
the American war formed only a part of a general de-
fign levelled againft the conftitution of this country
■and the general rights of mankind.
After fome farther debate, Sir James Lowther’s
motion was reje&ed by a majority of 220 to 179.
This, however, was a majority in which the miniftry
had little reafon to exult; as it was fufficiently appa¬
rent, from the numbers who voted againft adminiftra-
tion, that the uninfluenced fenfe of that houfe was
clearly and decifively againft any farther profecution
of the American war.
Other arguments to the fame purpofe with thofe of
general Burgoyne, juft mentioned, were ufed in the
debate on the army eftimates. On the 14th of De¬
cember, the fecretary at war informed the houfe, that
the whole force of the army, including the militia of
this kingdom, required for the fervice of the year 1782,
•would amount to 186,220 men, and for this force the
parliament had to provide. The fum required for
thefe troops for pay, cloathing, and other articles, a-
mounted to four millions two hundred and twenty
thoufand pounds. This military force exceeded that
of the laft year by 4074 men ; and the expence was
confequently greater by 29,067 1. 15 s. The increafe
was occafioned by the greater number of troops al¬
ready fent, or then going, to the Eaft Indies. But the
expence of thofe troops was to be reimburfed by the
Eaft India company.
After fome farther ftatements relative to the military
force of the kingdom and its expence had been made
by the fecretary at war, colonel Barre rofe, and with
great vehemence declared, that the eftimates of the ar¬
my which were laid before that houfe were fcandalous
and evafive. There was a much greater number of
non-effeftivemen than were ftated in the eftimates. In
fadl, they amounted to a fifth part of the army. The
houfe fliould alfo recoiled!, that the eftimates lying on
the table did not compofe the whole of the expences of Britain,
the army ; for extraordinaries of feveral millions were
yet to come. Neither were the men under the feveral
defcriptions given by the fecretary at war the whole
number of military force employed. Other troops
were employed folely at the difcretion of the minifter*
and paid irregularly and unconftitutionally, without
the aflent or knowledge of the legiflature; particularly
the provincial corps in America, amounting to nine
thoufand men in actual fervice, the ftatement of which
force, though it had been called for from year to year,
was never brought into the eftimates.
With refpedl to the army eftimates, the colonel pro¬
ceeded to obferve, that in many inftances they were
filled with fuch abandoned impofitions, that there ap¬
peared an a&ual defign to treat inquiries from the par¬
liament with fovereign contempt. Several regiments,
of which the number of men did not amount to one
hundred, were fet down at eight hundred; and others
not having more than fifty were mentioned in the
eftimates as confifting of five, fix, or feven hundred
men. Indeed, too large a part of the armies, for
which that houfe had been perfuaded to give their
votes, exifted only upon paper. Amongft other regi¬
ments, the royal Englifh fufileers had not even a fourth
of their complement. The royal Scotch fufileers were
in a worfe predicament. Their number fell fliort of
even one hundred men. The 60th regiment was ftated
as amounting to 3500 men, when the fa£t was, that it
did not con fill of 1500; and many others might be
enumerated in the fame fituation. The ftatement of
the eftimates relative to garrifons, particularly thofe of
Gibraltar and Minorca, were equally delufive and
overcharged.
Lord George Germaine laid, that the reafon why
the provincial corps had not been included in the efti¬
mates was, that fome fhare of the public money might
be fpared, by avoiding to vote an eftabhlhment for
thefe troops. They were railed and paid in a manner
by much the moft economical for the nation. They
were folely under the management of the commander
in chief; and an officer, called the infpettcr-general of
the provincial corps, regularly took care to mu Her them
from time to time ; nor was a Angle man paid for, if
not in aftual employ. His lordrtiip alfo informed the
houfe, that the miniftry were unanimously of opinion,
that, confidering the prefent fituation of affairs, and
the misfortunes of the war, it would not be right to
continue any longer the plan on which it had hitherto
been conduced; and therefore that a freffi army would
not be fent to fupply the place of that captured at
York-town under earl Cornwallis.
Sir George Savile expreffed the ftrongeft difappro-
bation of any farther profecution of the America*
war, or of railing any more troops for that purpofe,
He adverted to the intimation which had been given
by the miniftry, that a change was to be made in the
mode of conducing the American war. This, he faid,
was in fa<ft telling the houfe, that they were determi¬
ned to profecute the war with all the feeble efforts of
which they were yet capable. Every unprejudiced
and fenfible obferver muft perceive, that fo extraordi¬
nary a condudt refembled,-if it did not indicate, the
violence of infanity. General Conway declared, that
he entirely difapproved of a continuance of the Ame-
4T 2 rican
B R I [ 700 ] B R I
Britain, rican %var in any form, as he wiilied that it might to-
^ v tally ceafe. He eagerly defined the recal of our fleets
and armies, and was anxious for an entire and imme¬
diate prevention of thofe calamities which had almoft
completed the deftruction of the empire. He con-
fidered an avowal of the independence of America as
a fevere misfortune, and a debafing ftroke againfl;
Great Britain ; but of the two evils he would choofe
the leaft, and he would fubmit to the independence of
America. In (hort, he would almoft; yield to any cir-
cumftance whatfoever, rather than perfift a day longer
in the profecution of fo pernicious a war. Ideas had
been ftarted relative to a war of polls, among which
New York had been particularly mentioned. But on
what military authority did the miniftry prefume to
think that New York was tenible ? What garrifon
would be able to maintain it f The diverfity of mili¬
tary opinions given on this fubjedl ferved rather to
alarm than to convince. To fecure New York, the
poffeffion of Long Ifland, which is a hundred miles in
length, is abfolutely neceflary ; and it was well known
that Sir Henry Clinton, with all his troops, did not
confider himfelf as fecure. Notwithftanding thefe and
other arguments, however, the queftion was carried in
favour of miniflry by a confiderable majority, and the
fupplies were voted accordingly.
Befides the grand queftion for and againft the con¬
tinuance of the American war, feveral other matters of
fmaller moment were agitated this fefiion ; particular-
* SetEufta- ly the affair of St Euftatius * as already mentioned, an
inquiry into the ftate of the navy, and into the caufes
of our bad fuccefs in the American war. All thefe
queftions were carried in favour of miniftry, though
not without a ftrength of oppofition they had never
experienced before. A motion for cenfuring lord
Sandwich was loft only by 236 to 217 ; and fo gene¬
ral did the defire of a change of adminiftration now ap¬
pear, that it excited no fmall degree of furprize that
the prefent minifters fhould ft ill retain their places.
Debate on Nothing could fet in a more ftriking point of view the
admitting deteftation in which they were held, than the extreme
l ord averfion fhown at admitting lord George Germaine to
eTma'ne ^ Peerage- On this occafion, the Min-
rofiHn the^en bufinefs was n°t onty ripped up, but after his ac-
boufe of tual inveftiture, and when he had taken his feat in the
•Peer*, houfe, under the title of lord vifeount Sackville, a fe-
cond debate enfued relative to the difhonour the peers
had fuftained by his admilfion into their houfe. It
was moved by the marquis of Caermarthen, that
“ it was reprehenfible in any minifter, and highly dero¬
gatory to the honour of that houfe, to advife the
crown to exercife its indifputable right of creating a
peer, in favour of a perfon labouring under the heavy
cenfure of a court martial,” which was particularly
ftated in the motion, and alfo the public orders given
out on the occafion by the late king. The marquis
urged, that the houfe of peers being a court of ho¬
nour, it behoved them moft carefully to preferve that
honour uncontaminated, and to endeavour to mark
out, as forcibly as pofiible, the difapprobation which
they felt at receiving into their affembly, as a brother
peer, a perfon ftigmatized in the orderly books of e-
very regiment in the fervice. The earl of Abingdon
obferved, that he could not help conceiving, that, al¬
though there was not a right of eledtion, there was
and muft be a right of exclufion veiled in that hoiife, Br;ta;n
when the admiflion of any peer happened to be againft '
the fenfe of their lordlhips. His judgment of this
arofe not only from the idea, that that houfe was pof-
fefled of original rights, as independent of the crown
as of the people ; but from the circumftance of their
being the hereditary counfellors of the crown, againft
the fenfe of whom, he held, the crown could not of
right exert itfelf. His lordfhip declared, that he con-
fidered the admiffion of lord George Germaine to a
peerage, to be no lefs an infufferable indignity to that
houfe, than an outrageous infult to the people at large.
It was an indignity to that houfe, bccaufe it was con-
nedting them with one whom every foldier was forbid¬
den to affociate with. It was an infult to the people ;
for what had the perfon raifed to the peerage done, to
merit honours fuperior to his fellow-citizens ? He
had only one claim to any kind of promotion ; and
that was, that he had undone his country, by executingf
the plan of that accurfed, invifible, though efficient ca¬
binet, from whom, as he had received his orders, fo he
had obtained his reward.
Lord Sackville declared, that he neither knew by
whofe advice he had been raifed to this dignity, nor
thought, that, in a point of this nature, the recom¬
mendation of any minifter was in the leaft needful.
To bellow honours was the peculiar and univerfally
admitted prerogative of the crown, provided that the
parties advanced to them were competent to receive
them. This he infilled was the cafe at prefent. The
fentence of the court-martial was ftated as the ground
of the objection againft his elevation to the peerage ;
but even fuch a fentence did not amount to any legal
difability whatfoever. Twenty-three years had elapfed
fince the court-martial which fat upon him had pro¬
nounced that fentence; and he Ihould naturally fup-
pofe, that fuch of their lordlhips, and of the public in
general, as were at all acquainted with the peculiarly
hard and unfair circumftances which accompatned his
trial, had been long accuftomed to behold this bufinefs
in its proper point of view. Affailed by an excefs of
acrimony, at leaft equal to any that a Britilh officer
could have experienced from enemies at once impla¬
cable and unjuft, he was condemned unheard, and pu-
nilhed previoully to his trial. In thefe circumftances,
it was well known, that he had challenged his accu-
fers to come forward ; that he provoked inquiry; and
that he infilled upon a trial. He was allured at the
time, that if the determination of the court-martial
Ihould even prove capital, it would be carried into
execution ; but no intimations of this kind could dif-
fuade him from infilling that a trial Ihould take place ;
and he flattered himfelf, that the candour and equity
of their lordlhips would lead them to conclude, that
fuch behaviour, under fuch circumftances, could only
refult from a confcioufnefs of innocence. To the fen¬
tence of it he had fubmitted; and, as the refult of
fuch fubmiffion, he thought that he had then acquit- |
ted himfelf to his country and to the public. At the
prefent moment, it was extremely Angular, that al¬
though neither the charge,,nor the defence, nor the
evidence, nor in. ffiort any one part of the proceedings
on the trial, was before their lordlhips, they were call¬
ed upon to put the fentence a fecond time in force a-
gainft him. He trufted, however, that their lordlhips
would
B R I [ 701 1 B R I
Britain, would call to mind the occurrences vt'hich had taken negle£ted to obey them. But whatever difficulties mic'ht Britain
place, with refpeft to himfelf, fubftquent to that pe- have arifen, during the endeavours to determine exaftly
riod. In 1765,001 more than four years after the trial, how much time had a&ually been loll, in conftquence
he was appointed to an office in adminiftration. Pre- of the non-compliance of the noble vifcount with the
vioufly tf> his acceptance of the propofitions then made orders which he received, his grace faid, that he could
to him that he fhould bear a part in adminillration, it with much facility have folved, what all the witnefles
was agreed for him to become a member of the coun- examined as to this point were not able pofitively to
cil-board. There he accordingly took his feat; and determine. If, as he was fummoned to appear upon
thenceforward confidered fuch a circumftance as vir- the trial, his depolition had been called for, he could
tually a repeal of the fentence of the court-martial, have proved, becaufe he held all the while his watch
A revifion of the proceedings of the court-martial was within his hand, and feldom ceafed to look at it, that
now unattainable; for during the fpace of 23 years, the time loft when the noble vifcount delayed to ad-
the period of time which had elapfcd fince the trial, vance, under pretence, that, receiving fuch contra-
every member who had fat upon it, except one, had didlory orders, it was impoffible for him to difcover
been dead and buried. An attempt to inveftigate the whether he ought to advance with the •whole cavalry,
motives which a&uated the feveral members of the or only with the Britifh cwahy,-was one hour and a
court was equally impra&icabfe. He hoped, there- half- It was, therefore, extremely evident, that the
fore, their lordfhips would be of opinion, that he was noble lord had it in his power to have brought up the
fully competent to receive the title which his fovereign cavalry from the diftance of a mile and a quarter;
had been gracioufly pleafed to beftow upon him ; and in confequence of which, by joining in the battle, they
that ft was neither expedient, neceffary, nor becoming might have rendered the victory more brilliant and de¬
fer that houfe, to fly in the face of the crown, or to cifive. But, before the arrival of this cavalry, the en-
oppofe its indifputable prerogative, becaufe it had ad- gagement was concluded. Such was the teftimony,
vanced an old and faithful fervant to the dignity of a his grace faid, which, having had the honour to ferve,
feat among their lordfhips. at the battle of Minden, under prince Ferdinand of
The duke of Richmond obferved, that, from the Brunfwick, he muft have borne, if, being fummoned,
reign of Edward HI. to the time of Henry VII. it the members of the court-martial had thought proper
was exprefsly ftated, in every new patent of the crea- to have examined him on the trial. Under fuch cir-
tion of a peer, that fuch creation was made •with the cumftances, the noble vifcount could have little reafon
confent of parliament; nor did a ftngle inftance occur, to complain of the fentence of the court-martial, of
during the whole of this period, of any title being the orders which followed, or of the lofs of his corn-
granted without the particular acquiefcence of the houfe miffion.
of lords. After the reign of Henry VII. the crown The motion was powerfully fupported by other ar-
carried with a confiderably lefs reftraining hand this guments, both by the duke of Richmond himfeif and
cxercife of the prerogative ; and during the latter seras, other peers ; but, however, was rejedted by a majori-
it had been generally regarded as an inconteftable and ty of 93 againft 28. A proteft was entered, figned-Proteft a-
cftablilhed right. It appeared, however, that the an- by nine peers, in which the fentence and the public itainit re~
cient principles of the Britfth conftitution had fet boun- orders were particularly ftated ; and in which they de- ^iving
daries to reftrain this exercife of the prerogative ; and clared, that they “ could not look upon the raifing to him‘
that formerly a legal difability was not the only cir- the peerage a perfon fo circumftanced, in any other
cumftance which might amount to a difqualiocation for light than as a meafure fatal to the interefts as well as
the peerage. Some infinuations had been thrown out, to the glory of the crown, and to the dignity of that
refpefting the decifion of the court-martial, which houfe; infulting to the memory of the late fovereign,
were far from being well grounded. When the court- and likewife to every furviving branch of the illuftrious
martial took place, for the purpofe of determining the houle of Brunfwick ; repugnant to every principle of
criminality or the innocence of the noble vifcount, the military' difeipline, and direftly contrary to the main-
times were not, as had been reprefented, remarkable tenance of the honour of that houfe, and to that ho-
for the predominance of clamour or of fa&ion. He nour which has for ages been the glorious charaAeriftic
obferved, that their lordlhips were not ignorant, that of the Brftifh nation, and which, as far as could de-
the noble vifcount refted a confiderabk part of the pend on them, they found themfelves called upon,
vindication of his behaviour at the battle of Minden, not more by duty than inclination, to tranfmit pure
upon the fuppofed exiftence of a ftriking variation in and unfullitd to pofterity.”
the orders delivered from prince Ferdinand to the com- The ruinous tendency of the American war was Motioiffor
mander of the cavalry. It was underftood that the firft now fo ftrikingly apparent, that it became neceflary an addrefs
o.rder was, that the cavalry ftiould advance ; and the fe- for thofe who had a juft fenfe of the dangerous fitua-a^a!nft the
cond, that (hould advance. Yet,even tion of their country, who wifhed well to its interefts ^men.ca?
underthefefuppofcdcontradi&oryorders, it was evident or even to prevent its deftruclion, to exert their moftec£r ^
that the noble lord fliould advance ; and, certainly, the vigorous efforts to put an end to fo fatal a conteft.
diftance being fhort, he enjoyed a fufficient fpace of Accordingly^ on the 22d of February, a motion was
time for obedience to his inftrudlions. Lord South- made by general Conway, “ That an humble addrefs
ampton, who delivered one of the meffages, was now Ihould be prefented, earneftly imploring his majefty,
prefent in the houfe ; and it fhould feem, that he had that, taking into his royal confideration the many and
no choice, on this occafion, but to ackonv/ledge, either great calamities which had attended the prefent unfor-
that he did not properly deliver fuch orders to the noble tunate war, and the heavy burdens thereby baougbt
vifcount, or that the latter, havingproperlyreceived them, on his loyal and affe ftionate people, he would be gra¬
cioufly
B R I
cioufly pleafcd to liilen to the humble prayer and ad¬
vice of his faithful commons, that the war on the con¬
tinent of North America might no longer be purfued
for the impra&icable purpofe of reducing that country
to obedience by force ; and expreffing their hope that
the earned defire and diligent exertion to redore the
702
1
B R I
gained by the former; and Mr Fox indantly gave no¬
tice that the fubjedt would be refumed in a few days,
under another form. It was accordingly revived on ^
the 27th of February ; on which day a petition from '
the city of London was prefented to the houfe, foil-addrefs.
citing the houfe fo interpofe in fuch a manner as fliould
public tranquillity, of which they had received his prevent any farther profecution of the American v
majedy’s mod gracious i.Turances, might, by a happy
•reconciliation with the revolted colonies, be forwarded
and made effeftua!; to which great end, his majedy’s
faithful commons would he ready mod cheerfully to
give their utmod aflidance.” In the fpeech by which
after which general Conway moved, that it fliould be
refolved, “ That it was the opinion of that houfe,
that the farther profecution of offenfive war on the
continent of North America, for the purpofe of re¬
ducing the revolted colonies to obedience by force,
lie introduced this motion, the general fet forth the would be the means of weakening the efforts of this
enormities with which the Britiih arms had fo fre¬
quently been digmatized by oppofition, and the ex-
ceffive animofity of the Americans. Not a fingle friend
to the Britifh government (he faid) could be difcover-
ed amongd the inhabitants of North America, from
one end of the country to the other. We had, indeed, at
prefent no objedt to contend for : for if it could be
admitted for a moment, even for the fake of argument,
that it were poffible we might conquer at the lad, what
benefits would repay the druggie for the vidlory ?
We (hould then only gain a defart, a country depopu¬
lated by the war, which our defpotifm and barbarity,
our avarice and ambition, our antipathy for freedom,
and our paffion for injudice, had kindled in her bo-
fom. But all expe&ations of this kind were in the
highed degree vain and abfurd ; though he had re¬
ceived intelligence (the general faid) from a perfon
lately arrived from America, in whofe veracity, expe¬
rience, and difeernment, he could implicitly confide,
that the people of that country, although in arms
country againd her European enemies, and tend, un¬
der the prefent eircumdances, dangeroufly to increafe
the mutual ^enmity fo fatal to the intereds both of
Great Britain and America ; and, by preventing a
happy reconciliation with that country, tofrudrate the
earned defire gracioudy expreffed by his majedy to re-
ftore the bleffings of public tranquillity.”
In the fpeech by which he introduced this motion,
the general took notice of fome objections that had
been made to his former motion, undei^the idea that
it was unconditutional in that houfe to interfere with
its advice in thofe things which eipecially and indif-
putably belonged to the executive power. It appear- par
ed, however, from the journals, that from the days of has:
Edward III. down to the prefent reign, parliament a£v‘^'
had at all times given advice to the crown in matters ie ia™
relating to war and peace. In the reign of Richard II.
it was frequently done ; and alfo in that of Henry IV.
One remarkable indance of this was in the reign of
Henry VII. when that prince confulted his parliament
againd us, were dill anxious for the accomplifhment of refpeeding the propriety of fupporting the duke of
peace. He was alfo affured, that certain individuals,
at no confiderable didance, were empowered, on the
Brittany againd France, and alfo of declaring wa;
againd the latter; and he told his parliament, that it
part of the congrefs, to treat with the miniders of was for no other purpofe than to hear their advice on
Great Britain for the attainment of fo effential an ob¬
ject. Thefe circumdances were not unknown to go¬
vernment ; and a noble lord, who had lately retired
from the office of fecretary of date for the American
department, had been particularly applied to on this
intereding occafion. What reafon could the miniders
affign why they had neglecded to improve this Angular
advantage, and feemed to fpurn at all ideas of negoci-
ation ? Could it be poffible, that a feries of ignomi¬
nious mifeaniages and defeats had not yet operated
as a cure for the inhuman and dedruedive love of war ?
-Such was the fituation of the nation, that it behoved
the miniders to negociate for peace almod on any
terms. But as they had hitherto done nothing of this
kind, it was indifpenfably neceffary that the parliament
ffiould interfere, and put an immediate end to a war fo
calamitous, fo fatal, and fo dedrudlive. The motion was
feconded by lord John Cavendilh, who remarked, that
the American war had been a war of malice and re-
fentment, without either dignity in its conduft, pro -
thefe heads that he called them together. In the reign
of James I. the parliament interfered repeatedly with
their advice refpefting the Palatinate, the match with
Spain, and a declaration of war againd that power.
In the time of Charles I. there were fimilar interfe¬
rences ; and in the reign of his fon Charles II. the
parliament made repeated remondrances, but particu¬
larly in 1674 ar,d 1675, on fubjeft of the alliance
with France, which they urged ought to be renoun¬
ced, and at the fame time recommended a drift union
with the united provinces. To fome of thefe remon¬
drances, indeed, anfwers were returned hot very fa-
tisfaftory; and the parliament were informed, that
they were exceeding the line of their duty, and en¬
croaching upon the prerogative of the crown. But
fo little did the commons of thofe days relifli thefe an¬
fwers, that they addreffed the king to know whq it
was that had advifed his majedy to return fuch anfwers
to their loyal and conditutional remondrances. In
the reign of king William, repeated indances were to
bability in its objeft, or judice in its origin. It was, - be found in the journals of advice given by parliament
however, vigoroufly oppofed by adminidration, who
had dill fufficient drength to gain their point, though
only by a fingle vote, the motion being rejefted by
19410193.
The increafing drength of oppofition now {bowed
relative to the Irifh war and the war on the continent.
The like occurred frequently in the reign of queen
Anne : that princefs, in an addrefs from the parlia¬
ment, was advifed not to make peace with France un¬
til Spain fliould be fecured to Audria; and alfo, 1
that the downfal of minidry was at hand. The deci- to confent to peace until Dunkirk fliould be demolifli-
fion of the lad quedion was confidercd as a viftory ed. In ftiort, it was manifed from the whole hidory
of
B R I [ 703 } B R I
of Englifh parliaments, that it was ever confidered as This motion was unanimouily agreed to ; after which Britain,
^ conllitutional for parliament to interfere, whenever it the general made a fecond motion, that it fhould be
thought proper, in all matters fo important as thofe refolved by that houfe, “ That, after the folemn de-
of peace and war. The general urged other argu- claration of the opinion of that houfe, in their humble
ments in fupport of his motion, which was feconded addrefs prefented to his majefty on Friday laft, and his
by lord Althorpe ; and petitions from the mayor, bur- majefty’s affurance of his gracious intention, that houfe
gefTes, and commonnlty of the city of Briftol, and would coniider as enemies to his majefty and this
from the merchants, tradefmen, and inhabitants of country, all thofe who ftiould endeavour to fruftrate
that city, againft the American war, were read. In his majefty’s paternal care for the eafe and happinefs
order to evade coming to any immediate determination of his people, by advifing, or by any means attempt-
on the queilion, a propofition was made by Mr Wal- ing, the farther profecution of offenfive war on the
lace, the attorney-general, that a truce fhould be en- continent of North America, for the purpofe of re-
tered into with America ; and that a bill fhould be ducing the revolted colonies to obedience by force.” 670
prepared to enable his majefly’s minifters to treat on After fome debate, the motion was agreed to without ReMution:
prepared to enable his majefty’s
this ground : and under the pretence of allowing time a divifion ; and 0
the 6th of the month, after a n
668
idrd's
|ef!y’S
for this ineafure, he moved, “ that the prefent debate ber of papers had been read in the houfe of peers re-
fhould be adjourned for a fortnight.” The houfe di- lative to the furrender of earl Cornwallis and the army waii;3 re.
vided upon this motion, when there appeared for it under his command, the two following motions were jeAed.
215, and againft it 234 ; fo that there was a majority made by the duke of Chandos. Firft, “ That it was
of 19 againft the miniftry. The original motion of the opinion of that houfe, that the immediate caufe
general Conway was then put and carried without a of the capture of the army under earl Cornwallis in
divifion. The general immediately followed up his Virginia, appeared to have been the want of a fuffi-
firft motion with another for an addrefs to the king, cient naval force to cover and proteft the fame.” Se¬
im which the American war was fpoken of precifely in condly, “ That the not covering and prote&ing the
the fame terms made ufe of in the motion, and in army under earl Cornwallis, in a proper manner, was
which his majefty was folicited to put a flop to any highly blameable in thofe who.advifed and planned the
farther profecution of offenfive war againft the colo- expedition.” After fome debate, the motions were ^
nies. This motion was agreed to ; and it was alfo re- reje&ed, upon a divifion, by a majority of 72 to 37. Ref0iutions
folved, that the addrefs fhould be prefented to his ma- Thus the miniftry ftill kept their ground, and with againft mi»
jefty by the whole houfe. The addrefs was accord- the moft aftonifhing refolution combated the powers of ni^ry pr0'
ingly prefented on the firft of March ; when his ma- oppofition, which were daily increafing. On the 8th
jefty returned an anfwer, in which he declared, that of March feveral refolutions were moved by lorch John
there were no objefts nearer to his heart than the eafe, Cavendifh ; one of which was, that “ the chief caufe
happinefs, and profperity of his people ; that the of all the national misfortunes was the want of fore-
houfe of commons might be affured, that, in purfu- fight and ability in his majefty’s minifters.” Another
ance of their advice, he fhould take fuch meafures as refpedled the immenfe fum expended on the war, which
fhould appear to him to be moft conducive to the re- was not denied to be lefs than 100 millions. The ex-
ftoration of harmony between Great Britain and her penditure of this film became an objedl of fevere fcru-
revolted colonies, fo effential to the profperity of both ; tiny ; but ftill all inquiry was fruftrated. Mr Burke
and that his efforts fhoulft be direfted, in the moft ef- affirmed, that all public documents relative to the fi-
feftual manner, againft our European enemies, until nances, exhibited the mifmanagement, profufion, and
fuch a peace could be obtained as fhould confift with enormities, of an unprincipled adminiftration ; as an
the interefts and permanent welfare of his kingdoms, inftance of which he adduced the prefents given to the
But though the proceedings of the houfe of commons, Indians for their fervices during the laft year, amount-
in addreffing his majefty againft any farther profecu- ing to no kfs than 100,cool. Several other particu-
tion of the American war, gave general fatisfaftion, lars were pointed out; but the motions were loft by 226
the royal anfwer, however, was not thought fufficient- to 216.
ly explicit. It was therefore obferved bygeneral Con- The unpopularity of lord North was now farther
way, in the houfe of commons, on the 4th of March, augmented by his propofal of fome new taxes, partipu-
that he hoped he fhould be fupported by the'houfe larly on foap,, the carriage of goods, and places of 672.'
in his defire of fecuring the nation againft the pofiibi- entertainment. Oppofition therefore ftill determined Another
lity of a doubt that the American war was not now to force him to refign; which indeed it feemed impro-
completely concluded. Something, perhaps, might yet bable that he would voluntarily do. On the 15th. of^iniftry,
be wanting, by which minifters might be fo exprefsly March it was moved by Sir John Rous, that “ the n'a-
bound, that, however defirous of evafxon, they would tion could have no farther confidence in the minifters
not have it in- their power to evade the injunftion of who had the conduft of public affairs.” The debate
that houfe. He therefore moved, “ That an humble was remarkable for an argument, in the affair of Ame-
addrefs fhould be prefented to hi majefty, tq return, rica, perfeiftly original, and unprecedented in all that
his majefty the thanks of that houfe for his gracious had been faid or written on the fubjeft. Sir James
anfwer to their laft addrefs; that haufe being convin- Marriot informed the houfe, that though it had been
ced, that nothing could, in the prefent circumftances frequently pretended,' that the inhabitants of the colo-
of this country, fo effentially promote thofe great ob- nies were not reprefented in -the Britifh parliament, yet
jefts of his majefty’s paternal care for his people as the fa£t was otherwife ; for they were aftually repre-
the meafures which his faithful commons had moft fented. The firft colonization, by national and fove-
humbly but earneftly recommended, to his majefty.” reign authority^ he remarked,,was the eftablifhment of"
the •
, 673
Lord
North’s de¬
fence of iii-
B R I f 70+ ] B R I
the colony of Virginia. The grants and charters made houfe, that his majefly had come to a full determina-
of thofe lands, and of all the fubfequent colonies,'were tion to change his minifters. Indeed, thofe perfons'
of dne tenor, and expreffed in the following terms: who had for fome time conduced the public affairs
“ To have and to hold of the king or queen’s majefty, were no longer his majefty’s minilters. They were not
as part and parcel of the manor of Eaft Greenwich, now to be confidered as men holding the reins of go-
vvithin the county of Kent, reddendum, a certain rent vernment, and tranfa&ing meafures of date, but mere-
at our caftle of Eafl Greenwich, &c.” So that the ly remaining to do their official duty, till other mini¬
inhabitants of America were, in fa&, by the nature of fters were appointed to take their places. The fooner
their tenure, reprefented in parliament by the knights thofe new minifters were appointed, his lordfhip de-
of the (hire for the county of Kent. This curious le- dared, that, in his opinion, the better it would be for
gal difcovery, that the American colonies were part the public bufinefs, and the general interefts of the na-
and parcel of the manor of Eaft Greenwich, though tion. Pie returned thanks to the houfe for the many
delivered by the learned judge with all proper gravity inftances of favour and indulgence which he had re-
and folemnity, yet excited fo much merriment in the ceived from them during the courfe of his adminiftra-
houfe, that it was with great difficulty, for fome time, tion ; and he declared, that he confidered himfelf as
that the fpeaker could preferve any kind of order. refponfible, in all fenfes of the word, for every circum-
Lord North endeavoured to vindicate his own ad- fiance of his minifttrial condudl, and that he ffiould be
:* miniftration. He affirmed, that it could not be de- ready to anfwer to his country whenever he ffiouldr be
< vv i dared with truth, by that houfe, that the national ca- called upon for that purpofe.
du<5h lamities originated from the meafures of the prefent The earl of Surrey informed the houfe, that the mo-
adminiftration. The repeal of the American (lamp- tion which he intended to have made was defigned to
aft, and the paffing of the declaratory law, took place declare to the nation, and to all Europe, that the mi-
before his entrance into office. As a private member niftry were not difmifled becaufe they wanted to avoid
of parliament, he gave his vote in favour of both ; but, the fatigues of office, but becaufe the parliament had
as a minifter, he was not refponfible for either. When totally withdrawn from them their good opinion and
he accepted his pod, the times were fcarcely lefs vio- their confidence, and were determined no longer to
lent than the prefent. He approached the helm when permit the perpetration of thofe violent'abufes of their
others had deferted it; and, Handing there, he had truft, to which, with impunity', and to the difgrace and
ufed his utmoft efforts to affift his country. That the detriment of the ftate, they had for fuch a length of
American war was juft and requifite, and profecuted time proceeded. His lordfhip, however, agreed, in
for the purpofe of fupportlng and maintaining the confequence of the declaration of lord North, to wave
rights of the Britifh legiflature, was a pofition, for the his intended motion ; and, after fome farther debate,
truth of which he would ever contend, whilft he enjoy- the houfe adjourned,
ed the power of arguing at all upon the fubjeft. As to Thus an end was put t6 an adminiftration which had ha'T
peace, he not only wifhed moft earneftly for it, but for fo long been obnoxious to a great part of the na-Feraj'„on"
alfo for the formation of fuch a miniftry as might at tion, and whofe removal contributed very much to al-ln *
once prove welcome to the country, and with unani- lay thofe dangerous ferments by which every part of
mous cordiality co-operate for the welfare and the the Britiffi dominions had been fo long agitated,
honour of the ftate. ft was not an attachment to the Peace now became as much the objeft of miniftry as
honours and emoluments of office which had kept him war had been formerly. Before we proceed to any
fo long in place ; and he ffiould difdain to throw'impe- account of the negociations for that definable event,
diments in the way of any honourable and falutary how»ever, it will be neceffary to take notice of thofe
coalition of parties, though for the adjuflment of an military events which difpofed the other belligerent
adminiftration from which he might perceive himfelf powers to an accommodation. The bad fuccefs of
excluded. The houfe at length divided upon the que- Britain in America has been already taken notice of.
ftion, when there appeared for it 227, and againft it The difafter of Cornwallis had produced'a fincere de-
236 ; fo that there was a majority of nine in favour of fire of being at peace wu'th America : but that could
adminiftration, not be accompliihed without making peace with France
^74-n; Notwithftanding this feemingly favourable determi- alfo ; and that power was haughty and elated with
fters atTaft nation, it was fo well known that the miniftry could fuccefs. Minorca had now fallen into the hands of the
quit their not ftand their ground, that, four days after, a fnnilar Spaniards; and though it is certain that the capture
places. motion to that made by Sir John Rous was to have of a few miferable invalids, attended witli fuch extreme
been made by the earl of Surrey ; but when his lord- difficulty as the Spaniards experienced f, ought latherf See
ffiip was about to rife for that purpofe, lord North ad- to have intimidated them than otherwife, they now norca.
dreffed himfelf to the fpeaker, and endeavoured to gain projefted the moft important conquefts. Nothing lefs
than the entire reduftion of the Britiffi Weft India
iflands became the objeft of the allies; and indeed
there was too much reafon to fuppefe that this objeft
was within their reach. In the beginning of the year
1782, the ifiands of Nevis and St Chriftopher were
noble earl was fimilar to that made a few days before, obliged to furrender to M. de Graffe the French ad-
and the objeft of which was the removal of the mini- miral, and the marquis de Bouille, who had already
fters, he had fuch information to communicate to the fignalized himfelf by feveral exploits *. Jamaica was* SeeA’e
houfe, as muft, he conceived, render any fuch motion marked out as the next viftim ; but an end of all thefe81111*^'
now unneceffary. He could with authority affure the afpiring hopes was faft approaching. The advantages'^
N°58. 5 hitherto
the attention of the houfe. This occafioned fome al¬
tercation, it being contended by many members, that
the earl of Surrey ought to be heard firft. But lord
North being at length fuffered to proceed, he obferved,
that as he underftood the motion to be made by the
B R I
[ 7°S ]
B R I
Sntaln. hitherto gained by the French in their naval engage- le Pegafe of 74 guns, 1’Actionnaire of 64, and tea fall Britain.
“ 'v ' ments with the Britiih fleet, had proceeded from their of veffels under their convoy. V"”"
keeping at a ^reat diftance during the time of aftion, It was univerfally allowed, that in this engagement
and from their good fortune and dexterity in gaining the French, notwithftanding their defeat, behaved with
the wind. At Taft, the French admiral, de Grafle, the greateft valour. De Graffe himfelf did not fur-
s4 676
C|l*e Graffe
siftntirfly <’e-
:)■'} :ated and
n,||iben pri-
ii| imiral
n! fiodney.
probably prompted by his natural courage, determined, render till 400 of his people were killed, and only him-
"•a; -'r . -o- pe]f an(j two others remained without a wound. The
captain of the Caefar, after his enflgn-ftaff was fhot
away, and the ftiip almoft battered to pieces, caufed
his colours to be nailed to the mall, and thus continued
fighting till he was killed. The vefiel, when taken,
was a mere wreck. Other French officers behaved in
the fame manner. The valour of the Britifh requires
no encomium ; it was evident from their fuecefs.
This victory was a very fortunate circumftance both
for the intereft and reputation of the Britifti admiral.
Before this 'event, the new miniftry had appointed ad¬
miral Pigot to fuperfede him in the command in the
Weft Indies ; and it was underftood, that they meant
to fet on foot a rigid inquiry into the tranfactions at
St Euftatius. But the fplendor of his victory put an
end to all thoughts of that kind : he received the
thanks of both houfes of parliament for his fervices f
and was created an Englifh peer, by the title of baron
Rodney, of Rodney-Stoke, in the county of Somerfet.
Sir Samuel Hood was alfo created baron Hood of Ca-
therington, in the kingdom of Ireland; and rear-ad-
after an indecilive action on the 9th of April 1782, to
ftand a clofe engagement with his formidable anta-
gonift admiral Rodney. This, with him, appears
to have been a matter of choice, as he interfered to
prevent the lofs of a difabled ftiip, by parting with
whicft he might have avoided the difafter that follow¬
ed. This memorable engagement took place off the
ifland of Dominica, three days after the former. The
Britiih fleet confifted of 37 ihips of the line, and the
French of 34. The engagement commenced at feven
o’clock in the morning, and continued with unremit¬
ting fury till half paft fix in the evening. It is faid,
that no other fignal was made by the admiral but the
general one for aftion, and that for clofe fight. Sir
George Rodney was on board the Formidable, a Ihip
of ninety guns; and the count de Graffe was on board
the Ville de Paris, a ftiip of 1 to guns, which was a
prefent to the French king from the city of Paris. In
the courfe of the a&ion, the Formidable fired nearly
80 broadfides ; and for three hours the admiral’s Ihip
was involved in fo thick a cloud of fmoke, that it was
almoft invifible to the officers and men of the reft of miral Drake, and captain Affleck, were created ba¬
the fleet. The van divifion of the Britifh fleet
commanded by Sir Samuel Hood, and the rear divifion
by rear-admiral Drake ; and both thefe officers greatly
ronets of Great Britain. Some attempts were alfo
made, in the houfe of commons, to procure a vote of
cenfure againft the new miniftry, for having recalled
diftinguifhed themfelves in this important aft ion. But lord Rodney ; but the motions made for this purpofe
the decifive turn on this memorable day was given by a were rejefted by the majority.
boldmanceuvre of the Formidable, which broke the French
line, and threw them into confufion. The firft French
fhip that ft ruck was the Casfar, a 74 gun flrip, the cap¬
tain of which fought nobly, and fell in the aftion. It
is faid, that, when fhe ftruck, Are had not a foot of can¬
vas without a fhot-hole. Unfortunately, foon after fhe
was taken poffeffion of, fhe took fire by accident, and
blew up, when about 200 Frenchmen perifhed in her,
together with an Englifh lieutenant and ten Engliftr
feamen. But le Glorieux and le Heftor, both 74 gun
^fhips, were alfo taken by the Britifh fleet ; together
with 1’Ardent of 64guns; and a French 74 gun fhip
was alfo funk in the engagement. It was a very clofe
and hard fought aflion on both fides, but the French
The count de Graffe, after his defeat, was received,
on board the Barfleur man of war, and afterwards
landed on the ifland of Jamaica, where he was treated
with great refpedl. After continuing there feme time,
he was conveyed to England, and accommodated with
a fuite of apartments at the Royal Hotel in Pall-mall.
His fword, which he had delivered up, according to
the ufual cuftom, to admiral Rodney, was returned to
him by the king. This etiquette enabled him to ap¬
pear at court, where he was received by their majefties
and the royal family in a manner fuitable to his rank.
From the time of his arrival in London to his depar¬
ture, which was on the 12th of Auguft 1782, he was
vifited by many perfons of the firft faftiion and^diftinc-
fleet was at length totally defeated. It was almoft tion, and was much employed in paying vifits to the
dark when the Ville de Paris ftruck, on board which great officers of ftate, and fome of the principal no-
the count de Graffe bad fought very gallantly. Five bility of the kingdom, by whom he was entertained in
thoufaftd five hundred troops were on board the French a very fumptuous and hofpitable flyle. He received,
fleet, and the havock among thefe was veryr great, as indeed, every mark of civility which the Britifh nation
well as among the French teamen. The Britifh had could beftow ; and was treated with much refpedt even
230 killed and 759 wounded. Captain Blair, who by the common people, from the opinion that was ge-
commanded the Anion, and feveral other officers, were nerally entertained of his valour and merit.,
killed in the adrion ; and lord Robert Manners, who ’
commanded the Refolution, died of his wounds on his
return home. On the 19 th of the fame month, a fqua-
Though the defigns of the French againft Jamaica
were "now effectually fruftrated, the vidtory was not
followed by thole beneficial confequences which by
dron which was detached from the main-fleet, under many were expefted. None of the. Britifh iflands
the command of Sir Samuel Hood, captured the Cato
and the Jafon, two French men of war of 64 guns
■each, and alfo 1’Aimable of 32 guns, and the Ceres
of 18. About the fame time alfo the fleet under ad¬
miral Barrington took from the French, off Ufhant,
Vol.HI. Part II.
which had been taken by the French in the Weft In¬
dies were afterwards re-captured; though it was hoped
that this would have been the refult of our naval fu-
periority in thofe feas. It was alfo an unfortunate cir-
cumftance, that forae of thofe fhips which were taken
4 U by
B R I t 7°<5 ] B R I
Britain, by admiral Rodney were afterwards loft at fea ; par-
ticularly the Ville de Paris, Glorieux, and He&or. A
Britilh man of war, the Centaur, of 74 guns, was alfo
funk in lat. 48 deg. 33 min. and long. 43 deg. 20 min.
on the 24th of September 1782, in confeqnence of the
difabled ftate to which it was reduced by fome very
violent ftorms. Before the fliip funk, the officers and
crew had fuftained great hardffiips : moft of them at laft
went down with the Ihip ; but the lives of captain
Inglefield the commander, and ten other officers and
feamen, were preferved by their getting on board a
pinnace. But even this was leaky; and when they
went into it they were nearly in the middle of the
Weftern ocean, without compafs, quadrant, great coat
or cloak ; all very thinly clothed, in a gale of wind,
and with fcarcely any provilions. After undergoing
extreme hardfhips and fatigues for 16 days, they at
length reached the ifland of Fayall, oneof the Azores.
They were fo much reduced by want of food and in-
ceffant labour, that, after they had landed, fome of the
ftouteft men belonging to the Centaur were obliged to
be fupported through the ftreets of Fayall. The Ja-r
maica homeward bound feet were alfo difperfed this
year by a hurricane off the. banks of Newfoundland,
when the Ramillies of 74 guns and feveral merchant:-
men foundered.
The Britiffi navy alfo fuftained, about this time, a
confiderable lofs at home, by the Royal George, of
100 guns, being overfet and funk at Fortfmouth. This
melancholy accident, which happened on the 29th of
Auguft, was occafioned by a partial heel: being given
to the {hip, with a view to eleanfe and fweeten her ;
but the guns on one fide being removed to. the other-,
or at leaft the greater part of them, and her lower
deck ports being not lafhed in, and the fhip thwarting
on the tide with a fquall from the north-weft, it tilled
with water, and {he funk in the fpace of about three
minutes. Admiral Kempenfelt, a very brave and me¬
ritorious officer, other officers, upwards of 400 feamen
and 200 women, hefides many children, periffied in
her.
Thus the profecution of the war feemed to be at¬
tended with endlefs difafters and difficulties to all par¬
ties. The fignal defeat above mentioned not only
fecured the ifland of Jamaica effe&ually from the at¬
tempts of the French, but prevented them from enter-
taining any other projeft than that of diftreffing the
Madfon’s commerce of individuals. In the beginning of May
hay and the-an expedition was undertaken to the remote and inhof-
tfUnds re- P'ta^e regions ofHudfon’s Bay ; and though no force
duced. exifted in that place capable of making any refiftance,
a 74 gun ffiip and two 36 gun frigates were employed
on the fervice. All the people in that part of the
world either fled or furrendered at the firft fummons.
The lofs of the Hudfon’s bay company, on this occafion,
amounted to 500,0001. but the humanity of the French
commander was confpicuous in leaving a fufficient quan¬
tity of provifions and ftores of all kinds for the ufe. of
the Britirti who had fled at his approach.
Another expedition was undertaken by the Spa¬
niards to.the Bahama iftands, where a like eafy con-
queft was obtained. The ifland of Providence was de¬
fended only by 360 men, who being attacked by 5000,
could make no refiftance. A. very honourable capitu¬
lation was granted by the viftors, who likewife treated Britain.,
the garrifon with great kindnefs afterwards. Some
fettlements on the Mofqueto ffiore were alfo taken by
the Spaniards : but the Bay-men, affifted by their ne¬
groes, bravely retook fome of them ; and having form¬
ed a little army with the Indians in thofe parts, headed,
by colonel Defpard, they attacked and carried the pods,
on the Black River, making prifoners of about 8oOl>
Spanifli troops. The great difafter which befeli this-Spanifh ar»
power, however, was their failure before Gibraltar, mamentde-
which happened in the month of September 1:782, with^r°y^£e~
fuch circumftances of horror and, deftruftion, as evinced 1
the abfurdity of perfifting in the enterprife. Thus all
parties were taught, that it was high time to put an end
to their contefts. The affair of Cornwallis had ftiown
that it was impoffible for Britain to conquer America ;
the defeat of de Graffe had rendered the reduftion of
the Britifti ppffeffions in the Weft Indies imprafticable
by the French ; the Rnal repulfe before Gibraltar, and
its relief afterwards by the Britifti fleet.f, put an end 4 See Gi£~
to that favourite enterprife, in which almoft the whole ral/ar. j
ftrength of Spain was employed ; while the engage¬
ment of the Dutch with admiral Parker {bowed them
that nothing could be gained by a naval war with Bri-
tain. -g,
We have already taken notice, as fully as the limits change of
of this article would admit, of the events which led to miuiftry in
the removal of lord North and the other minifters who Britain,
for fo long time had direfted public meafures in this
kingdom. On this occaflon it was faid that his majefty
expreffed a conflderahle agitation of mind at being in
a manner compelled to make fuch an entire change in
his councils; for the members in oppolition would
form no coalition with any of the old miniftry, the lord
chancellor only excepted. On the 27th and 30th of
March 1782, the marquis of Rockingham was ap¬
pointed firft lord of the treafury ; lord John Cavendifti
chancellor of the exchequer ; the earlpf Shelburne and
Mr Fox principal fecretaries of ftate ; lord Camdea
prefident of the council; the duke of Richmond mafter
of the ordnance ; the duke of Grafton lord privy-feal;
admiral Keppel firft lord of the admiralty; general
Conway commander in chief of all the forces in Great
Britain ; Mr Thomas Townfhend fecretary at war ;
Mr Burke paymafter of the forces; and colonel Barrc
treafurer of the navy. Other offices and honours were
likewife conferred on different members of the oppofi-
tion ; and fome were raifed to the peerage, particularly
admiral Keppel, Sir Fletcher Norton, ^nd Mr Dun-
ning. . 6g6
The firft bufinefs in which the new miniftry enga- Negocia
ged, was the taking fuch meafures as were proper to tions fat
effeftuate a general peace. No time was loft in the Peace«
purfuit of this great objeft, or in taking the neceffary ,
fteps for its attainment. Accordingly, the emprefs of
Ruffia having offered her mediation, in order to reftore
peace between Great Britain and Holland, Mr fecre-
taiy Fox, within two days after his entrance into of¬
fice, wrote a letter to Monf. Simolin, the Ruffian mi-
nifter in London, informing him, that his majefty was
ready to enter into a negociation for the purpofe of
fetting on foot a, treaty of peaifls, on the terms and con¬
ditions of that which was agreed to in 1674 between,
his majefty and the republic of Holland ; and that, in
3, order.
B R I [?07] B R I
Britain, order to facilitate fuch a treaty, he was willing to give eluded his fpeech with obferving, that he was not Britan,
•—Y—J immediate orders for a fufpenfion of hoftilities, if the afraid of his expreflions being repeated in America ; ’ " f
ftates-general were difpofed to agree to that meafure. there being great numbers there who were of the
But the flates of Holland did not appear inclined fame opinion with him, and perceived ruin and inde-
to a feparate peace ; nor perhaps would it have been pendence linked together.”
agreeable to the principles of found policy, if they had If his lordlhip really was of opinion that his orato- Gives occa-
agreed to any propofitions of this kind. However, rial powers were able to perfuade' the Americans outfion ^ t^ie
immediately after the change of miniftry, negociations of a fyftem for which they had fought fo defperately^1^1^113
for a general peace were commenced at Paris. Mr for a number of years, it is much to be feared he over-ga;nft Bri-
Grenville was invefted with full powers to treat with rated them. No obftru&ion, however, arofe to the tain,
all the parties at war; and was alfo direfted to propofe general pacification. As early as November 30th
the' independency of the 13 United Provinces of Arne- 1782, the articles of a provifional treaty were fettled
rica, in the firfl. inllance, inilead of making it a condition between Britain and America*. By thefe it was ftipu-• See
of a general treaty. Admiral Digby and general Carle- lated, that the people of the united dates fhould can-m-a.n^gj.
ton were alfo directed to acquaint the American con- tinue to enjoy, without moleftation, the right to take ,684
grefs with the pacific views of the Britifh court, and fiih of every kind on the grand bank, and on all the^1^3^.
with the offer that was made to acknowledge the inde- other banks of Newfoundland; and that they (hould fionaltreaty
ggr pendency of the United States. likewife exercife and continue the fame privilege in with Ame-
Eeath of Butbefore this work of pacification had made any con- the gulph of St Lawrence, and at every other place riC3*
the marquisfi(]erable pr0grefs, the new miniftry fuftained an irrepa- in the fea, where the inhabitants ufed heretofore to
iamocca ^ rabk t^ie ^eat^ ^ marquis of Rockingham fi!h. The inhabitants of the united ftates were likewife
ionS new*’*n July 17S2. Even before this event, confiderable to have the liberty to take fi(h of every kind on fuch
changes in apprehenfions were entertained of their want of union ; part of the coaft of Newfoundland as Britilh feamen (hall
the mini- but the death of the nobleman juft mentioned occafion- refort to ; but not to cure or dry them on that Hand.
“'j’’ ed an abfolute diffolution. The earl of Shelburne, who They were alfo to poffefs the privilege of fifhing on
fucceededhim as firft lord of the treafury, proved fo dif- the coafts, bays, and creeks of all the other dominions
agreeable to feme of his colleagues, that Mr Fox, lord of his Britannic majefty in America ; and the Ameri-
John Cavendifh, Mr Burke, Mr Frederic Montagu, can fifherftien were permitted to cure and dry fifh in
and two or three others, inftantly refigned their places, any of the unfettled bays, harbours, and creeks of
Others, however, though little attached to the earl, Nova Scotia, Magdalen Hands, and Labrador. But
kept their places; and his lordfhip found means to at- it was agreed, that, after fuch places (hould be fettled,
tach to his intereft Mr William Pitt, fon to the late this right could not be legally put in practice without-,
earl of Chatham. Though then in an early ftage of the confent of the inhabitants and proprietors of the
life, that gentleman had diftinguifhed himfelf greatly ground. It was accorded, that creditors upon either
in parliament, and was now prevailed upon to accept ' fide (hould meet with no impediment in the profecu*
the office of chancellor. The feceding members of tion of their claims. It was contra&ed that the con-
the cabinet were at great pains to explain their mo- grefs (hould earneftly recommend it to the legiflatures
lives to the houfe for taking this ftep. Thefe were in of the refpeftive ftates, to provide for the reftitution
general a fufpicion that matters would be managed of all eftates and properties which had been confifcated,
differently from the plan they had propofed while in belonging to real Britilh (ubjefts, and of the eftates
office, and particularly that American independence and properties of perfons relident in diftridts in the
would not be allowed : but this was pofitively deni- poffeffion of his majefty’s arms, and who had not borne
ed at the time ; and with truth, as appeared by the arms againft the united ftates. It was refolved, that
Strange event. There appeared indeed a duplicity in the con- perfons of any other defeription fhould have free liber-
ipeech of duft of the earl of Shelburne not eafily to be accounted ty to go to any part whatfoever of any of the thirteen
lord Shel- fori £ven after ;t bad been intimated by general united ftates, and remain in it for twelve months un-
Ametican Carleton and admiral Digby, that the independence molefted in their endeavours to recover fuch of their
en- of the united provinces (hould be granted by his ma- eftates, rights, and properties as might not have been
jefty jn the firft inftance, inftead of making it a con- confifcated; and it was concerted that the congrefe
dition of a provifional treaty, his lordfhip expreffed (hould earneftly recommend to the feveral ftates a re-
himfelf to the following purpofe : “He had formerly vifion of all a&s or laws regarding the premifes, fo as
been, and dill was of opinion, that whenever the in- to render them perfedtly confiftent, not only. witht
dependence of America was acknowledged by the Bri- juftice and equity, but with that fpirit of conciliation
ti(h parliament, the fun of England’s glory was fet for which, on the return of the bleffings of peace, (hould
ever. This had been the opinion of lord Chatham univerfally prevail. It was underftood that no future
and other able ftatefmen ; neverthelefs,'as the majority confifcations (hould be made, nor profecutions com-
of the cabinet were of a contrary opinion, he acqui- menced againft any perfon, or body of men, on account
efeed in the meafure, though his ideas were different, of the part which he or they had taken in the prefent
He did not wifh to fee England’s fun fet for ever, but war; and that thofe who might be in'eonfinement on
looked for a fpark to be left which might light us up fuch a charge, at the time of the ratification of the
a new day. He wiffied to God that he had beer! de- treaty in America, (hould be immediately fet at liber-
puted to congrefs, that he might plead the caufe of ty. It was concluded that there (hould be a firm and
America as well as Britain. He was convinced that perpetual peace between his Britannic majefty and the
the liberties of the former were gone as foon as the united ftates; that all hoftilities by fea and land (hould
independence of the ftates was allowed: and he con- immediately ceafe; and that prifoners on both fides
r 4 U 2 (hould
685
Prelimina¬
ry articles
with
France ;
B R I [ 708 ] B R I
/hould be fet at liberty. It was determined that his alluded to in the prefent treaty, were to be reftored Britain.
Britannic majeily flrould expeditioufly, and without without difficulty, and without requiring compenfa-—v~-
committing deftru&ion of any fort, withdraw all his tion. It was determined that the king of Great Bri-
armies, garrifons, and fleets, from every port, place, tain fhould order the evacuation of the iflands of St
and harbour of the united ftates. The navigation of Pierre and Miquelon, three months after the ratiflca-
the river Miffifippi, from its fource to the ocean, was to tion of the preliminary treaty; and that, if poflible,
remain for ever free and open to the fubje&s of Great before the expiration of the fame period, he fhould re-
Britain and the citizens of the united ftates. In fine, linquifh all connexion with St Lucia in the Weft In-
it was agreed in the event, that if any place orterrito- dies, and Goree in Africa. Tt was ftipulated in like
ry belonging to Great Britain, or to the united ftates, manner, that his Britannic majefty fhould, at the end
fhould be conquered by the arms of either before the of tbi-ee months after the ratification of the treaty, or
arrival of the provifional articles in America, it fhould fooner, enter into the pofTeffion of the iflands of Gre¬
be reftored without compenfation or difficulty. nada and the Grenadines, St Vincent, Dominica, St
In the treaty between Great Britain and France, it Chriftopher’s, Nevis, and MontferraU France was to
was agreed that Newfoundland fhould remain with be put into pofleffion of the towns and comptoirs
England, as before the commencement of the war; which were to be reftored to her in the Eaft Indies,
and, to prevent dffputes about boundaries, it was ac- and of the territories which were to Serve as depend-
corded that the French fifhery fhould begin from Cape encies round Pondicherry and round Karical, fix
St John on the eaftern fide, and going round by the months after the ratification of the definitive treaty;
north, fhould have for its boundary Cape Ray on the and at the termination of the fame term fhe was to re-
weftern fide. The iflands of St Pierre and Miquelon, ftore the towns and diftri&s which her arms might have
which had been taken in September 1778, were ceded taken from the Englifh or their allies in that quarter
in full right to France. The French were to con- of the globe. The prifoners upon each fide were reci-
tinue to fifh in the gulph of St Laurence, conformably procally to be furrendered, and without ranfom, upon
to the fifth article of the treaty of Paris. The king the ratification of the treaty, and on paying th<? debts
of Great Britain was to reftore to France the ifland of they might have contracted during their captivity.
St Lucia, and to cede and guaranty to her that of Each crown was refpeCtively to rcimburfe the fums
Tobago. The king of France was to furrender to which had been advanced for the maintenance of their
Great Britain the iflands of Grenada and the Grena- prifoners by the country where they had been detain-
dines, St Vincent, Dominica, St Chriftopher’s, Nevis, ed, according to attefted and authentic vouchers.,
and Mountferrat. The river of Senegal and its de- With a view to prevent every difpute and complaint on
pendencies, with the forts of St Louis, Podor, Galam, account of prizes which might be made at fea after the
Arguin, and Portendic, were to be given to France ; figning of the preliminary articles, it was mutually fet-
and the ifland of Goree was to be reftored to it. Fort tled and underftood that the veflels and effefts which
James and the river Gambia were guarantied to his might be taken in the Channel, and in the North feas,
Britannic majefty ; and the gum trade was to remain after thefpace of twelve days, to be computed from the
in the fame condition as before the commencement of ratification of the prefent preliminary articles, were to
hoftilities. The king of Great Britain was to reftore be reftored upon each fide; that the term fhould be
to his moft Chriftian majefty all the eftablifliments one month from the Channel and the North feas, as far
which belonged to him at the breaking out of the war as the Canary iflands inclufively, whether in the ocean
on the coaft of Orixa and in Bengal, with the liberty or the Mediterranean ; two months from the Canary
to furround Chandernagor with a ditch for draining iflands as far as the equinoftial line or equator; and
the waters ; and became engaged to fecure to the fub- laftly, five months without exception in all other parts
jedts of France in that part of India, and on the coafts of the world.
of Orixa, Coromandel, and Malabar, a fafe, free, and Thefe preliminary articles of peace were concluded at
independent trade, either as private traders, or under Verfailles on the 20th of January 1783, between Mr
the direction of a company. Pondicherry, as well as Alkyne Fitzherbert, minifter plenipotentiary on the
Karical, was to be rendered back to France; and his part of his Britannic majefty, and Charles Gravier,
Britannic majefty was to give as a dependency round comte de Vergennes, the minifter plenipotentiary on
Pondicherry the two diftrifts of Valanour and Ba- the part of the king of France. At the fame time the
hour; and as a dependency round Karical, the four preliminary articles of peace between Great Britain
, contiguous Magans. The French were again to enter and Spain were alfo concluded at Verfailles between
into the poffeffion of Mahe, and of the Comptoir at Mr Fitzherbert and the comte d’Aranda, the minifter
Surat. The allies of France and Great Britain were plenipotentiary for the Spanifh monarch. It was agreed
to be invited to accede to the prefent pacification ; and that a fincere friendfhip fhould be re-eftablifhed between
the term of four months was to be allowed them, for his Britannic majefty and his Catholic majefty, their
the purpofe of making their decifion. In the event kingdoms, ftates, and fubjefts by fea and land in all
of their averfion from peace, no affiftance on either fide parts of the world. His Catholic majefty was to keep
was to be given to them. Great Britain renounced the ifland of Minorca; and was to retain Weft Flo-
every claim with refpedt to Dunkirk. Commiffioners rida. Eaft Florida was to be ceded to him by the
were to be appointed refpettively by the two nations king of Great Britain. Eighteen months from the
to inquire into the ftate of their commerce, and to date of the ratification of the definitive treaty were to
concert new arrangements of trade on the footing of be allowed to the fubjetts of the latter who had fettled
mutual convenience. All conquefts on either fide, in in the ifland of Minorca and in the two Floridas, to
any part of the world whatfoever, not mentioned nor fell their eftates, to recover their debts, and to tranf-
Z port
B R I
vehemently parliament, than the moft vehement declamations again ft gument. “ Itwas in vain(hefaid) to boaft of the ftrength1!’6 “
pndemned mjn;^ry place. Never had the adminiftvation of of our navy; we had not more than 100 fail of the line : atethe ^
Britain, port their perfons and effe&s, without being feftrained
"—v-— upon account of their religion, or on any other pre¬
tence whatfoever, except that of debts, and profecu-
tions for crimes. His Britannic majefty was, at the
fame time, to have the power to caufe all the effe&s
that might belong to him in Eaft Florida, whether
artillery or others, to be carried away. The liberty of
cutting logwood in a diftrifk of which the boundaries
were to be afcertained, without moleftation or diftur-
bance of any kind whatfoever, was permitted to Great
Britain. The king-of Spain was to reftore the iflands
of Providence, and the Bahamas, without exception,
in the condition in which they were when they were
conquered by his arms. All other conquefts of terri¬
tories and countries upon either fide, not included in
the prefent articles, were to be mutually reftored with¬
out difficulty or compenfation. The epoch for the
reftitutions to be made, and for the evacuations to take
place, the regulations for the releafe of pvifoners, and
for the ceffation of captures, were exactly the fame as
thofe which have already been related, as ftipulated in
the preliminary articles with France.
[ 709 1
B R I
687
The peace No fooner were thefe articles ratified and laid before
Thus an end was put to the moft dangerous war in Britain,
which Britain was ever engaged ; and in which, not-
withftanding the powerful combination againft her, „ ^9
(he ftill remained in a ftate of fuperiority to all hert}jVee^a°
enemies. At that time, and ever fince, it has appeared more fa-
how much the politicians were miftaken who imagined to
that the profperity of Britain depended in a great mea- ®”t^ethan
fure on her colonies: Though for a number of .years ’
(he had not only been deprived of thefe colonies, but
oppofed by them with all their force ; though attack¬
ed at the fame time by three of the greateft powers in
Europe, and looked upon with an invidious eye by all
the reft; the damages done to her enemies ftill greatly
exceeded thofe fhe had received- Their trade by fea
was almoft ruined ; and on comparing the lofs of ffiips
on both fides, the balance in favour of Britain was 28
fhips of the line and 37 frigates, carrying in all near
2000 guns. Notwithftanding this, however, the ftate
of the nation appears to have been really fuch, that a
much longer continuance of the war. would have been
impradticable. In the debates, which were kept up with gga.
the greateft violence on account of the peace, Mr Pitt fet Mr Pitt’s
forth our fituation with great energy and ftrength of ar- account of
lord North himfelf been arraigned with more afperity
of language. The miniftry defended themfelves with
great refolution ; but found it impoffible to avoid the
cenfure of parliament. An addrefs without any a-
but the fleet of France and Spain amounted nearly todufion of
140 (hips of the line. A deftination of 72 {hips of thetfe peace*
line was to have afted againft Jamaica. Admiral Pi-
got had only 46 fail to fupport it; and it was a favou •
mendment was indeed carried in the houfe of lords by rite maxim of many members of the houfe, that defen-
72 to 59; but in the lower houfe it was loft by 224 to
208. On the 21 ft of February, fome refolutions were
moved in the houfe of commons by lord George Caven •
difli, of which the moft remarkable were, that, the con-
ceffions made by Britain were greater than its adverfa-
ries had a right to expe& ^ and that the houfe would
take the cafe of the American loyalifts into confidera-
tion. The laft motion indeed his lordftiip confented
to wave; but all the reft were carried againft miniftry
by 207 to 190. Thefe proceedings^ however, could
make no alteration with regard to the treaty, which
6gg had already been ratified by all the contending powers,
Peace con- the Dutch only excepted. The terms offered them
iluded with were a renewal of the treaty of 1674 ; which, though
the Dutch. t}ie moft advantageous they could poffibly expeft, were
pofrtively refufed at that time. Afterwards they made
an offer to accept the terms they had formerly refufed;
but the compliment was then returned by a refufal on
the part of Britain. When the preliminary articles
were fettled with the courts of France and Spain, a
fufpeniion of arms took place with Holland alfo ; but
though the definitive arrangements with the other
powers were finally concluded by the month of Sep¬
tember, it was not till then that the preliminary arti¬
cles were fettled with Holland. The terms were a ge¬
neral reftitution of all places taken on both fides during
the war, excepting only the fettlement of Negapatnam
in the Eaft Indies, which was to remain in the hands
of Britain, unlefs an equivalent was given on the part
of Holland. The navigation of the eaftern feas was
to remain free and unmclefted to all the Britiffi {hipping..
The other articles concerned only the exchange of
prifoners, and fuch other matters as are common to all
treaties.
five war muft terminate in certain ruin. It was not
poffible that admiral Pigot could have afted offenfively
againft the iflands of the enemy; for lord Rodney,
when fluftied with viftory, did not dare to attack them.
Would admiral Pigot have recovered by arms^ what
the minifters had regained by negociation? With a fu-
perior fleet againft him, and in its fight, is it to be
conceived that he could have retaken Grenada, Domi¬
nica, St Chriftopher’s, Nevis, and Montferrat? On the
contrary, is it not more than probable that the cam¬
paign in the Weft Indies muft have terminated in the
lofs of Jamaica ?
“ In the eaft, it was true that the fervices of Sir Ed¬
ward Hughes had been highly extolled ; but he could
only be commended for a merely defenfive refiftance.
Viffory feemed to be out of the queftion ; and he had
not been able to prevent the difembarkation of a power¬
ful European armament which had joined itfelf to
Hyder Ally, and threatened the defolation of the Car-
natief. At home and in our own feas the fleets of f See/e=-
the enemy would have been nearly double to ours.^/^-'
We might have feized the intervals of their cruize, and
paraded the channel for a few weeks; but that pa¬
rade would have only ferved to difgrace us. It was .
yet the only atchievement in our power ; for to have
hazarded an engagement would have been equivalent
to a furrender of the kingdom.
“ Neither, in his opinion, was the ftate of our army
to be confidered as formidable. New levies could not be
raifed in a depopulated country. We might fend upon
anoffenfive fcheme five or fix thoufand men: and what
expeifftation could be excited by a force of this kind ?
To have withdrawn troops from America was a criti¬
cal game. There were no tranfports in which they
might
B R I [ 7io ] B R I
Brita'n. mlglit be embarked; and if it had been poffible to
~ embark them, in what miraculous manner were they
to be prote&ed againft. the fleets of the enemy?
“ As to our finances, they were melancholy. Let the
immenfe extent of our debts be weighed ; let our re-
fources be confidered; and let us then aik, what would
have been the confequence of the protraftion of the
war ? It would have endangered the bankruptcy of
public faith ; and this bankruptcy, it is obvious, if it
had come upon us, might have diflblved all the ties of
government, and have operated to the general ruin.
“ To accept the peace on the terms already related,
or to continue the war, was the only alternative in the
power of minifters. Such was the ultimatum of France.
At the fame time, however, it ought to be remember¬
ed, that the peace obtained was better than could have
been expe&ed from the lownefs of our condition. We
had acknowledged the American independence; but
what was that but an empty form ? We had ceded Flo¬
rida ; but had we not obtained the iflands of Provi¬
dence and the Bahamas ? We had granted an extent
of fifhery on the coaft of Newfoundland; but had we
not eflablifhed an exclufive right to the moft valuable
banks ? We had reflored St Lucia, and given up To¬
bago ; but had we not regained Grenada, Dominica,
St Chriftopher’s, Nevis, and Montferrat? And had we
not refcued Jamaica from inevitable danger. In Africa
we had given Goree ; but Goree was the grave of our
countrymen; and we had fecured Fort James and the
river Gambia, thebeft and the moft healthy fettlement.
In Europe we had relinquiftied Minorca; but Minorca
is not tenible in war, and in peace it muft be fupport-
ed at a ruinous expence. We had permitted the repa¬
ration of the port of Dunkirk : but Dunkirk could
only be an objedl when fhips of a far inferior draught
to the prefent were in ufe ; the change in the opera¬
tions of naval war had taken away its importance. In
the Eaft Indies ceffions had been made ; but let it be
remarked that thefe ceffions are inconfiderable in them-
felves, and could not be protefted by us in the event
of hoftilities. In fine, it was objected, that we had
abandoned the unhappy loyalifts to their implacable
enemies. What is this but to impute to congrefs by
anticipation a violence which common decency forbids
us to expert ? But let it be confidered, that the prin¬
ciple of affifting thefe unfortunate men would not have
juftified minifters to have continued the war. And let
it~be confidered, that a continuation of the war would
not have procured them any certain indemnity. The
accumulation of our diftreffes muft have added to theirs.
A year or two hence, harder terms of peace might
have been forced upon our acceptance. Their fate
then muft have been defperate indeed! But as matters
were now fituated, there were hopes of mercy and re¬
conciliation.”
Having thus given as full an account as our limits
would allow of the great national events to the conclu-
fion of the peace in 1783, we fhall now give a detail
of fome others, which though of fufficient importance
to deferve notice, could not without interrupting the
A general narrative. It has repeatedly been obferved, that thro’
diftruft and the violence of parties, a general temper of diftruft and
^fufpicion took place throughout the nation, infomuch
prevailed that the moft improbable ftories with refpeft to indi-
during the viduals began to gain credit, of which an inftance was
war.
iven in the cafe of Mr Sayre. From certain circum- Britain,
ances, however, it appeared, that there undoubtedly v—^
were perfons in the kingdom who wilhed if poffible to
deftroy the national ftrength in fuch a manner as to
render it impoffible for us to make head againft the
attempts of our enemies. On the 8th of December
1776, a fire broke out in the ropehoufe of the dock¬
yard at Portfmouth, which totally confumed it, but r • i
without doing any very material damage. For fome Heightened I
time the affair paffed as an accident; but in clearing by a fire »
away the rubbilh, a tin-box was found with a wooden at I
bottom, containing matches which had been lighted,111011’' * j!
and underneath was a veffel with fpirit of wine : how¬
ever, the fire not having been properly fupplied with
air, had extinguifhed of itfelf before it touched the
fpirit of wine. Had it catched fire, all the ftores in
the ftorehoufe, fufficient to rig out 50 fail of men of
war, would have been deftroyed. In the beginning of ^ ;|j
the year 1777, a fire happened'at Briftol, which And at Bri-•
confumed fix or feven warehoufes ; and by the finding ftol. .-J
of machines fimilar to thofe already mentioned, it was |l
evident that the fire had not been accidental. The
terror of the public was now greatly increafed, and
the moft violent accufations againft each other were
thrown out by the minifterial and popular parties.
On this point, however, they foon came to a right
underftanding, by the difeovery of the author of all 5?4 |
this mifehief. This was one James Aitken, alias The mcen-f|
John the Painter, a native of Edinburgh. Having diary difco«J
been from his early years accuftomed to a vagrant Vcreii> ’
life, to which indeed his profeffion naturally led him,
he had gone through many different adventures. He
had enlifted as a foldier, deferted, and when pinched
by want made no fcruple of betaking himfelf to the
highway , or committing thefts. Having traverfed a
great part of America, he there imbibed the preju¬
dices againft Britain to fuch a degree, that he at laft
took the extraordinary refolution of fingly overturning
the whole power of the nation. This he was to ac-
compliflr by fetting on fire the dockyards at Portf¬
mouth and^. Plymouth, and afterwards the principal
trading towns of the nation. With this view, he in-
fpe&ed with the utmoft care thofe docks and other i j
places on which his attempts were to be made, in order
to learn with what care they were guarded. This he
found in general as negligent as he could wiftr; and
indeed had he not been fome way or other very defi¬
cient in the oonftrudfion of his machines, he muft cer¬
tainly have done a great deal of mifehief: for as his
attempts were always difeovered by finding his ma¬
chines, it was apparent that he had met with abundance
of opportunities. * ^ 'll
For fome time the affair at Portfmouth paffed, as He is ap- <
has already been mentioned, for an accident. It w'as prehende4,||
foon recollefted, however, that a perfon had been ^
feen loitering about the rope houfe, and had even beeneX6CU jy
locked up one night in it ; that he had wmrked as a
painter, and taken frequent opportunities of getting
into that houfe, &c. Thefe circumftances exciting a
fufpicion that he was the incendiary, he was traced to
different places, and at laft found in a prifon; to which
be had been committed for a burglary. On his ex¬
amination, however, he behaved with fuch affurance
and apparent confcioufnafs of innocence, as almoft
difconcerted thofe wh© were authorifed. At laft
he
B R I [7
Britaia. he was deceived into a confeflxon by another pain-
“ ter, who was likewife an American, and pretended
to compaffionate his cafe. Thus evidence was pro¬
cured againft him, but he ftill maintained his character
to the very laft; rejecting and invalidating the tefti-
mony of his falfe friend, on account of his bafenefs
and treachery. He received his fentence with great
fortitude ; but at length not only confelfed his guilt,
but left fome direftions for preventing the dock-yards
and magazines from being expofed to the like danger
in time to come.
Thus it appeared that the v/hole of this alarm of
treafon and American incendiaries was owing to the
political enthufiafm of a wretched vagabond. Still,
however, it appeared that the French court were very
well acquainted with many particulars relating to the
ftate of this kingdom, and the movements of our fqua-
696 drons, which ought by all means to have been kept
itelligence fecret. Thefe treacherous proceedings were firft de-
eacher- te&ed in the month of June 1780. One Ratcliffe,
eyedTrom mafter of a cutter, gave information that he had been
Britain to hired by one Mr Rogere to carry packets to France,
he French for which he was to be paid 201. each time, and to
have tool, befides at a certain period. Apprehending
at laft, however, that he might incur fome danger by
continuing this employment, he gave information of
what was going, on to one Mr Steward, a merchant
at Sandwich, by whom his laft packet was carried to
the fecfetary of ilate. After being opened and
fealed up again, it was returned,, and. he was diredled
to carry it to France as formerly. This was the fate
of feveral fucceeding packets, though it was fome
time before Ratcliffe faw the principal party concern¬
ed. At laft this was accomplifhed by his complain¬
ing to Mr Rogere that he had not been paid the 106I.
according to promife. A meeting being thus pro¬
cured, it was found that the perfon who gave intelli¬
gence to the enemy was one M. Henry de la Motte,
a French gentleman, then refiding in London. On
fearching his houfe, no, papers of any confequence
1 eh ended were found ; but on his arrival, he being abfent when
_697
I k Motte,
ta French-
the meffengers firft arrived, he threw fome out of his
pocket, unperceived by any body, as he thodght.
The papers, however,, were taken up by the meffen¬
gers, and gave plain indications not only of a treafon-
able correfpondence with the enemy, but that he was
connefted with one Henry Lutterloh, Efq; a Ger*
man, who then refided at Wickham near Eortfmouth.
This perfon being alfo apprehended, not. only made a
full di'fcovery of the treafonable correfpondence with
France, but gave abundant proofs of himfelf being
one of the moft depraved and hardened of all man¬
kind, loft to every fenfation excepting the defire of
accumulating wealth. His evidence,”’ however, and
other itrong circumftances, were fufficient to convict
M. de la Motte, who was accordingly executed, tho*
the king remitted , that dreadful part of his fentence
of having his heart taken out alive, &c. During his
trial, and on every other occafion, he behaved in fuch
a manner as Ihowed him to be an accomplifhed gentle¬
man ; and not only excited the compaffion, but the
admiratign of every one who faw him.
During the whole courfe of the war, only one other
jterfon was detected in,any ad ,of treafon ;, and he ap-
11 ] RBI
pears to have been a&uated merely by mercenary mo- Britain.
tives, though La Motte and John the Painter proba-  J 1
bly a&ed from principle. This ^as one David Tyrie, Davf|x _
a native of Edinburgh. Having been bred in the Scotf-
mercantile line, and engaged in a number of fpecula- man, ap-
tions with a view to gain money, in all of which he prehended,
difeovered confiderable abilities, he at laft engaged in
the dangerous one of conveying intelligence to the forcorre-
Erench of the fhips of war fitted out in Britain, the fponding
time of their failing, &c. For this he was appre- with the
bended in February 1782. The difeovery was mads Eiench'
by means of one Mrs Afkew, who paffed for his wife,,
having delivered a bundle of papers in a hurry to a;
fchool-miftrefs, and defiring her not to' fhow 'them to =
any body. Inftead of this, however, ftie not only .im-
fpe&ed them herfelf, but fhowed them to another, by
whom they were fent to the fecretary at war. By this,
and another packet difeovered by William James, who-
had been employed to carry it to France, Tyrie was
convicted and executed in the month of Auguft 1 782.
He behaved with great refolution, and at laft fhowed
rather an indecent levity and unconcern, by laughing
at the place of execution. The fentencenot only took
place in the dreadful manner appointed by law, but
the crowd,behaved with the moft fhameful and. unex- y0o
ampled barbarity. “ Such (fay the accounts of his Barbarity'
execution) being xht Jtngular conduct of many who °f the
were near the body, that happy was he who could c^>w^
procure a finger, or fome veftige of the criminal!”—hp^execu'.
This unhappy man, while in prifon, had, with his tion.
companions, contrived a . method of effecting their
efcape, by working through a brick wall three feet
thick, and covering the hole with a plank coloured
like the bricks ; but the fcheme was difeovered by the
imprudence of Tyrie himfelf afking the keeper how
thick the wall wasr
On the whole, it appears, that notwithftanding the
exceffive altercation and virulence of parties, which
even went to fuch a length as to produce duels between
fome members of parliament, neither the one nof the
other entertained any defigns againft what they be¬
lieved to be the true intereft of the nation. The one
feem to have regarded its honour too much, and been
inclined to facrifice even its exiftence to that favourite
notion : the other perhaps regarded, the national, ho¬
nour too little; as indeed no advantageous idea could
have been formed of the fplrit of a nation which could
fubmit to grant its colonies independence without any
ftruggle.. The event, however, has fh'own that the 7or
lofs of the colonies, fo far. from being a difadvantage,
has been the very reverfe. The commerce of Britain, fiate 0f
inftead of being dependent on America, has arrived at Great Bri*
a much greater height than ever, while the confequent tahj.
increafe of wealth may, it is hoped, in time enable the
nation to free itfelf from that enormous debt, great
part of which has been contra&ed,. firft in defending,
and then attempting to conquer the colonies.
New.- Britain., a large country of North America,
called alfo Terra Labrador, has Hudfon’s bay and
ftrait, on the north and weft ; Canada and the river St
Lawrence, on the fouth ; and the Atlantic ocean, on
the call. It is fubjeft to Great Britain, but yields only
fldns and furs. The following is the beft deferiptron
of this country that hath yet appeared. It was drawn.
UR
BUI [ 7” ] B R I
•Britain.
Phil. Trunf.
Vol LXIV.
P-37*'
up by tbe commander of the Otter floop, and commu¬
nicated to the royal fociety by the honourable Daines
Barrington in 1774.
“ There is no part of the Britifh dominions fo little
known as the immenfe country of Labrador. So few
have vifited the northern parts of this vait country, that
almoft from the (traits of Belleifle until you come to
the entrance to Hudfon’s bay, for more than ten de¬
grees of latitude, no chart which can give any tole¬
rable idea of the coaft hath been hitherto formed.
The barrennefs of the country explains why it has been
fo feldom frequented. Here avarice has but little to
feed on.
“ Perhaps, without an immoderate fnare of vanity, I
may venture to prefume, that, as far as I have been,
which is to the latitude of 59. 10. the draught which
I have been able to form is by much the bed of any
that has hitherto been made.
“ Others have gone before me bleft with abilities
fuperior to mine, and to whom I hope to be thought
equal only in affiduity. But I had advantages of which
they were deftitute : with a fmall vefiel, and having an
Indian with me, who knew every rock and (hoal upon
the coaft, I was enabled to be accurate in my obferva-
tions; and thefe are the reafons why I deem my own
(ketch preferable to all others.
“ As this country is one of the moft barren in the
whole world, fo its fea-coaft is the moft remarkable.
Bordered by innumerable iflands, and many of them be¬
ing a confiderable diftance from the main land, a (hip
of burden would fail a great way along the coaft with¬
out being able to form any notion of its true fitua-
tion.
“ Hence it is that all charts of it have been fo ex¬
tremely erroneous ; and hence arofe thofe opinions that
fome of the inlets extended a vaft diftance into the
country, if not quite into the fea of Hudfon’s bay.
“ Davis’s inlet, which has been fo much talked of,
is not 20 leagues from the entrance of it to its extre¬
mity.
“ The navigation here is extremely hazardous.
Towards the land, the fea is covered with large bo¬
dies and broken pieces of ice ; and the farther you go
northward, the greater is the quantity you meet with.
” Some of thofe maffes, which the feamen call ijlands
of ice, are of a prodigious magnitude ; and they are ge¬
nerally fuppofed to fwim two thirds under water. You
will frequently fee them more than roo feet above the
furface ; and to (hips in a ftbrm, or in thick weather,
be more terrible.
prodigious pieces of ice come from the
north, and are fuppofed to be formed by the freezing
of cataradts upon the lands about Eaft Greenland and
the pole. As foon as the feverity of the winter begins
to abate, their immenfe weight breaks them from the
(hore, and they are driven to the fouthward. To the
miferable inhabitants of Labrador their appearance
upon the coaft ferves as a token of the approach of
fummer.
“ This vaft traft of land is extremely barren, and
altogether incapable of cultivation. The furface is e-
very where uneven and covered with large (tones, fome
of which are of amazing dimenfions. There are few
- fprings ; yet throughout the country there are prodi¬
gious chains of lakes or ponds, which are produced by
N°58.
nothing can
“ Thofe
the rains and the melting of the fnow. Thefe ponds
abound in trout, but they are very fmall.
“ There is no fuch thing as level land. It is a coun¬
try formed of frightful mountains, and unfruitful val¬
leys. The mountains are almoft devoid of every fort
of herbage. A blighted (hrub and a little mofs is fome-
times to be feen upon them, but in general the bare
rock is all you behold. The valleys are full of crooked
low trees, fuch as the different pines, fpruce, birch,
and a fpecies of cedar. Up fome of the deep bays, and
not far from the water, it is faid, however, there ate a
few (licks of no inconfrderable fize. In a word, the
whole country is nothing more than a prodigious heap
of barren rocks.
“ The climate is extremely rigorous. There is but
little appearance of fummer before the middle of July;
and in September the approach of winter is very evi¬
dent. It has been remarked, that the winters within
thefe few years, have been lefs fevere than they have
been known heretofore. The caufe of fuch an altera¬
tion it would be difficult to difcover.
“ All along the coaft there are many rivers that
empty themfelves into the fea, yet there are but few of
any confideration ; and you muft not imagine that the
larged are any thing like what is generally underftood
by a river. Cuftom has taught us to give them this
appellation ; but the greateft part of them are nothing
more than broad brooks or rivulets. As they are only
drains from the ponds, in dry weather they are every
v/here fordable; for, running upon a folid rock, they
become broad without having a bed of any depth be¬
low the furface of the banks.
“ The fuperficial appearance of this country is ex¬
tremely unfavourable. What may be hidden in its
bowels, we cannot pretend to fugged : probably it may
produce fome copper ; the rocks in many places are
impregnated with an ore of that refemblance. Some¬
thing of a horny fubftance, which is extremely tranfpa-
rent, and which will fcale out into a multitude of fmall
ffieets, is often found amidft the Hones ; there are both
black and white of this fort, but the black is the moft
rare. It has been tried in fire, but feems to be now'ays
affefted by heat.
“ The fpecies of wood here are not very various;
excepting a few (hrubs which have as yet received no
name from the Europeans, the principal produce of the
-country is the different forts of fpruce and pine. Of
thefe, even in the more fouthern parts, there is not a-
bundance ; as you advance northwards they gradually
diminiih ; and by the time you arrive at the 60th degree
of latitude, the eye is not delighted with any fort of
herbage. Here the wretched refidents build their mi¬
ferable habitations with the bones of whales. If ever
they cheer their aching limbs with a fire, they gather
a few (licks from the fea (hore, which have probably
been waffied from Norway or Lapland. Here a vaft
quantity of fnow remains upon the land throughout
the year.
“ Although the winter here is fa exceffively rigid,
in fummer the heat is fometimes difagreeable ; and in
that feafon the weather is very moderate, and remark¬
ably ferene. It is but feldom foggy, fpeaking compa¬
ratively, between this and Newfoundland ; nor are you
fo frequently liable to thofe deftrudlive gales of wind
which vifit many other parts of the globe.
r
b r r [ 713 ]
tit»«nicu» « 'It ;8 in general high land, and fometimes you ral character.
Britton meet wit^1 iBountains of an aftonifhing height; you are
- - . alfo frequently prefented with profpe&s that are really
awful, and extremely romantic.
“ The inhabitants of New Britain are called EJki~
tnaux ; for a particular account of whom, fee the article
Eskimaux.
BRITANNICUS, fon to the emperor Claudius by
Meflalina, was excluded from the empire after his fa¬
ther had married Agrippina ; who put her fon Nero
, on the throne, and caufed Britannicus to be poifoned,
A. D. 55.
Britannicus, an Italian, one of the belt humanifts
of the 15th century, was born at Brefcia. He publilh-
ed notes on Perfms, Juvenal, Terence, Statius, andO-
vid. He died in 1510.
BRITE, or Bright, in hulbandry. Wheat, bar¬
ley, or any other grain, is faid to brite, when it grows
over ripe and (hatters.
BRITTANY, or Bretagne, a confiderable pro¬
vince of France, which is 150 miles in length, and
112 in breadth. It is a peninfula, furrounded on all
Tides by the ocean, except on the eaft where it joins
to Anjou, Maine, Normandy, and Poitou. It is di¬
vided into the upper and lower ; and therein are large
forefts. It carries on a great trade, by reafon of the
many harbours on its coafts. It was united to the
crown of France in 1532. Rennes is the capital
town.
BRITTLENESS, that quality of bodies on ac¬
count of which they are denominated brittle, or which
fubjefts them to be eafily broken by preffure or per-
cuflion.
Brittle bodies are extremely hard ; ,a very fmall per-
cuffion exerts a force on them equivalent to the1 great-
ell preffure, and thus may eafily break them. This
effeft is particularly remarkable in glafs fuddenly cool¬
ed, the brittlenefs of which is thereby much increafed.
Tin, though-in itfelf tough, gives
_ brittlenefs to all
the other metals when mixed therewith. The brittle¬
nefs of glafs has been faid to arife from the heteroge¬
neity of the parts whereof it is compofed, as fait and
fand can never bind fufficiently together: but this can¬
not be the cafe ; for the pure calces of metals, or any
other fimple fubftances when vitrified, become brittle
alfo. In timbers, brittlenefs feems to be eonnedled
with durability; the more brittle any fort of wood is,
the more durable it is found. Thus oak is of very
long duration ; while beech and birch, as being tough,
prefently rot, and are of little fervice in building.
BRITTON (Thomas), the famous mufical fmall-
coal-man, was born at Higham Ferrers in Northamp-
tonlhire. He ferved his time in London, where he fet
B R I
In Ward’s account of clubs, we are told, Britton,
that “ Britton’s was firft begun, or at Laft confirmed, » 1 ^
by Sir Roger L’Eftrange, a very mufical gentleman ;
and that the attachment of Sir Roger and other inge¬
nious gentlemen, lovers of the mufes, to Britton, arofe
from the profound regard he had in general to all man¬
ner of literature. It is obfervable, that this meeting
was the firll of the kind, and the undoubted parent of
fome of the moft celebrated concerts in London. Ward,
who was his cotemporary, fays, that at the firft infti-
tution of it, his concert was performed in his own
houfe, which is thus defcribed. “ On the ground floor
was a repofitory for fmall-coal: over that was the con¬
cert room, which was very long and narrow ; and had
a ceiling fo low, that a tall man could but juft ftand
upright in it. The ftairs to this room were on the out-
fide of the houfe, and could fcarce be afcended without
crawling. The houte itfelf was very old and low built,
and in every refpeft fo mean as to be a fit habitation
only for a very poor man.” Notwithftanding all this
manfion, defpicable as it may feem, attrafted to it as
polite an audience as ever the opera did. At thefe
concerts Dr Pepufch, Mr Handel, Mr Banifter, Mr
Henry Needier, and other capital mafters, were per¬
formers. At the firft inftitution of this club, it is
certain Britton would receive no gratuity whatever front
his guefts, and was offended when ever any was offer¬
ed him. According to fome, however, he departed
from this; and the rules were, Britton found the in-
ftruments, the fubfcription was 10 s. a year, and they
had coffee at a penny a dilh. The Angularity of his
charafter, the courfe of his ftudies, and the colleftions
he made, induced fufpicions that Britton was not the
man he feemed to be. Among other groundlefs con-
jedlures, his mufical affembly was thought by fome to
be only a cover for feditious meetings; by others, for
magical purpofes; and Britton himfelf was taken for
an atheift, a prelbyterian, a Jefuit, &c. The circum-
ftances of this man’s death are not lefs remarkable than
thofe of his life. There lived at that time one Samuel
Honeyman, a blackfmith by trade, who became very
famous for a faculty which he poffefled of fpeaking as
if his voice proceeded from fome diftant part of the
houfe where he flood ; in fhort, he was one of thofe
men called Ventrilsqui*, i. e. thofe that fpeak from # gee
their bellies. One Robe, an acquaintance of Britton’s, triloquifm,
was foolifh enough to introduce this man, unknown,,
to Britton, for the foie purpofe of terrifying him ; and
he fucceeded in it. Honeyman, without moving his
lips, or feeming to fpeak, announced, as from afar off,
the death of Britton within a few hours, with an inti¬
mation that the only way to avert his doom was for
him to fall on his knees immediately and fay the Lord?s
up in a liable, next door to the little gate of St John prayer: the poor man did as he was bid, went home
of Jerufalem, on Clerkenwell-green, which he converted
into a houfe. Here getting acquainted with Dr Ga-
renciers, his near neighbour, he became an excellent
chemift, conftru&ing a moveable laboratory which was
much admired by all who faw it. His Ikill in mufic was
noways inferiqr to that in chemiftry, either in the
theory or pra&ice : he had for many years a well fre¬
quented mufical club, meeting at his own little cellj
and was as well refpefted as known by perfons of the
firft quality ; being, above all, a valuable man in his mo-
Vot. III. Part IL
and took to his bed, and in a few days died, leaving
his friend Mr Robe to enjoy the fruifs of his mirth.
This happened in September 1714. Britton left be¬
hind him a large collesftion of books, mufic, and mufi¬
cal inftruments. Of the former Sir Hans Sloane was
a confiderable purchafer. His colleffion of mufic,
moftly pricked by himfelf,and very neatly, fold for near
L. 100. In the Britilh' Mufeum there is a painting of
him taken from the life. A mezzotinto print was ta¬
ken From this pidture, for which Mr Hughes (author
4 X of
B R O l JH ] B R 0
Bnva of the fiege of Damafcus, and a frequent performer at notes an awl or bodkin; alfo a large packing-needle.
    A fpit, in fome parts of England, is called a broach ;
and from this word comes to pierce or broach a barrel.
Broach ®ritton,s concerts) wrote the following lines;
—r-—' Tho’ mean thy rank, yet in thy humble cell
Did gentle peace and arts unpurchas’d dwell;
Well pleas’d, Apollo thither led his train,
And mufic warbled in her fweeteft llrain.
Cyllenius fo, as fables tell, and Jove,
Came willing guefts to poor Philemon’s grove.
Let ufelefs pomp behold, and blulh to find
So low a ftation, fuch a lib’ral mind.
In Scotland, broach, broche, or brotche, is the name' of
an utenfil which the Highlanders ufe, like the fibula
of the Romans, to fallen their veil. They are ufually.
made of lilver ; of a round figure ; with a tongue-croff-.
ing its diameter, to fallen the folds of the garment ;
fometimes with two tongues, one on each fide of a
crofs-barin the middle. There are pceferved, in’fevei
ral families, ancient brotches of very elegant workman^.
BRIVAisar.®, (anc. geog.), a town of Gallia Bel- fiiip, and richly ornamented. Some-of them are infcri-
gica on the river Ifara or Oyfe ; now Pontoyfe. bed with names, to which particular- virtues ufed to be
BRIVATES, (anc. geog.), a port of Gallia CeR attnbuted ; others are furnilhed with receptacles for.
tica ; now Breji^, in Brittany. relics, fuppofed to preferve from harm. So that thefe,
BRIVES-LA-GALiARD, a town of France, in lower brotches feem to have been wore not only for ufe but
Limofin. It Hands in a fruitful plain, oppofite to an ifland as amulets. One or two of this fort are figured and
formed by the river Coreze, over which there are two defcribed by Mr Pennant, Pour in Scot!. \. 90. iii. 14,
handfome bridges. E. Long. 1. 45. N. Lat. 45. 15. edit. 3d.
BRIXELLUM, (anc. geog.), a town of Gallia BROADCAST, asoppofedto the drill hulbandry,
Cifpadana; remarkable for being the place where O^ denotes the method of cultivating corn, turnips, pulfe^.
tho killed himfelf after the battle of Bedriacum : - now clover, the foreign graffes, and moft other field-plants,
Berfello, or Brefello, in the territory of Rhegio. that are not tranfplanted by fowing them with the
BR1XEN (the bifhopric.of), is feated in Tirol, in hand ; .in which method they are fcattered over the*
Germany, near the frontiers of Friuli and Carinthia, ground at large, and thence faid to be fown in broad-
towards the eaft. The bifltop has a vote and feat in caft. This is called the old bujbandry, to diftin-
the diet of the empire, and furnifhes his contingent guifh. it from the drill, horfe-hoeing, or new hufband-,
when any tax is laid-on Tirol. The principal places ry. See Agriculture.
are Brixen, Sertzingen, Breuneck, and Lientz. BtLOJiD-piece, a denomination given to certain gold
Brixen, the capital of the bifhopric of the fame pieces broader than a guinea; particularly Carolufes and
name, and where the bifhop commonly refides, is feat- jaeobufes.
ed on the river Eifache, at fome diflance from the BmAD-Jide, in the fea-language, a difcharge of all
mountain Brenner. It is furrounded with mountains, the guns on one fide of a fhip at the fame time. A.
where there are plenty, of vineyards, which yield good broad-fide is a kind of volley of cannonade, and ought
red wine. It is a populous town ; and the houfes are never to be given at a diilance from the enemy above,
well built with piazzas,, and are painted on the outlide. mufket-fhot at point-blank.
The public buildings are very handfome, and there are BROCADE,, or Brocado, a fluff of. gold, .filver^
feveral fpacious fquares.. It is much frequented, on or filk, raifed and enriched with flowers, foliages, and
account of the mineral waters that are near it. E. other ornaments, according to the fancy of the mer--
Long. 1. 50. N. Lat. 46. 35. chants.or manufadturers.
BRIXIA (anc. geog.)? a town of the Cenomani in Formerly the word fignified-.only a fluff, wove all of
the Regio Tranfpadana : now Brefcia, capital of the gold, both in the warp and in the woof, or all of filver,,
Brefciano. or of both mixed together; thence,it paffed to thofe of
BRIZA, quaking-grass, in botany: a genus fluffs in which there was filk mixed, toraife andtermi-
of the digynia order, belonging to the triandria clafs nate the gold or filver flowers: but atprefent all-fluffs,,
of plants; and in the natural method ranking under even thofe of filk alone, whether they be grograms of
the 4th order, Gramina. The calyx is two-valved, Tours or of Naples, fatins, and even taffeties or lu-
and multiflorous; the fpicula bifarious or fpread to ftrings, if they be but adorned and. worked with fome
the two fides; with the fmall valves heart-fhaped and flowers or other figures, are csXi^brecades.
blunt, and the inner one fmall in proportion to the In manufadluring brocades, the flatted gilt wire is.
reft. There ar^five fpecies of briza ; two of which fpun on threads of yellow filk approaching as near as
are natives of Britain, viz. the media or middle qua- may be to the colour of gold itielf. The wire, wind-
king-grafs, and the minor or fmall quaking-grafs. ing off from a bobbin, twifts about the thread as it
They grow in pafture grounds. fpins round; and, by means of curious machinery, too
Brize, in hufbandry, denotes ground that has lain complex to be defcrihedhere, a number of threads are.
long untilled. thus twifted at once by the turning of one wheel. The
Brize-Vents, flickers ufed by gardeners who have principal art confifts in fo regulating the motion, that
not walls on the north-fide, to keep cold winds from the feveral circumvolutions of the flatted wire on each
damaging their beds of melons. They are inclofures fide may juft touch one another, and form, as it were,
about fix or feven feet high, and an inch or more thick; one continued covering. It is faid, that at Milan there
made of ftraw, fupported by flakes fixed into the is made a fort of flatted wire gilt only on one fide,
ground, and props acrofs on both infide and outfide ; which is wound upon the thread fo that only the gilt
and faftened together with willow-twigs, or iron-wire. fi^ie appears; and that the preparation of this wire is-
BROACH, Brqcha (from the French brochey de- kept a fecret, and has been attempted in other places
with
B R O r 7'5 1 B R O
Mewh's
fcmnerce
Arts.
■ wltK little fuccefs. There is alfo a gilt copper wire,
made in the fame manner as the gilt filver: Savary ob-
ferves, that this kind of wire, called falfe gold, is pre¬
pared chiefly at Nuremberg ; and that the ordinances
of France require it to be fpun, for its dillin&ion from
the gilt lilver, on flaxen or hempen threads. One of
our writers takes notice, that the Chinefe, inftead of flat¬
ted gilt-wire, ufe flips of gilt paper, which they both
interweave in their fluffs and twift upon lilk threads :
this praftice he inconfiderately propofes as a hint to the
Britifh weaver. But, whatever be the pretended beauty
of fluffs of this kind of manufacture, it is obvious that
they muft want durability. The Chinefe themfelves,
according to Du Halde’s account, fenfible of this im¬
perfection, fcarcely ufe them any otherwife than in
taped ries, and fuch otherornaments as are not intended
to be much worn, or expofed to moifture.
The Venetians have carried on a large trade to the
“/Levant, in a kind of brocade called damafquete, which,
though it has only about half the quantity of gold or
filver as that made among us, looks far more beautiful.
The flatted wire is neither wound clofe together on the
filk threads, nor the threads ftruck clofe in the wea¬
ving; yet, by palling the fluff betwixt rolls, the difpo-
fition and management of which is kept a fecret, the
tiffue or flower is made to appear one entire brilliant
plate of gold or filver. The French- miniftry, ever vi¬
gilant for the advancement of arts and commerce, judged
this manufadure important enough to ffeferve their at¬
tention; and accordingly, for contriving the machinery,
they engaged the ingenious M. Vaucanfon, known
throughout Europe for his curious pieces of mecha-
tiifm, who, in the memoirs of the academy for the year
1757, lately printed, gives an account of his fuccefs,
and of the eftabliffiment of fuch a manufacture at
Lyons.
The lower roll is made of wood, 32 inches in length
and 14 in diameter; the upper one of copper, 36 inches
long and ^8 in diameter : this laft is hollow, and open
at one end, for introducing iron heaters. For making
the rolls cylindrical, he has a particular kind of lathe,
wherein the cutting tool, which the moft dexterous hand
could not guide in a ftraight line through fuch a length
as 36 inches, is made to Aide, by means of a fcrew, on
two large fteel rulers, perfectly ftraight, and capable of
being moved at pleafure, nearer, and always exaCtly
parallel,-to the axis of the roll.
He firft difpofed the rolls nearly as in the common
flatting mill. In this difpofttion, ten men were fcarcely
fufficient for-turning them with force enough to duly
extend the gilding.; and the collars, in which the axes
ef the rolls turned at-each end, wore or gulled fo fall,
that the-preffure continually diminifhed, infomuch that
a piece of fluff of ten ells had the gilding fenfibly lefs
extended on the laft part than on the firft. He endea-
vouredto obviatethis inconvenience by fcrewing the rolls
.clofer and clofer in proportion as the fluff paffed thro’,
or as the wearing of the collars occafioned more play
between them; but this method produced an imperfec-
-tion in the fluff, every turn of the fcrew making a fenfible
bar acrofs it. To leffen the attrition, each end of the
axis, inftead of a collar, was made to turn between three
iron cylinders called fridion wheels: but even this did
not anfwer fully, for now another fource of unequal
p re flu re was djfcovered. The wooden roll, beingcom-
preflible, had its diameter fenfibly diminiftied': it like-
wife loft its roundnefs, fo that the preffure varied in
different points of its revolution. On trying different
kinds both of European and Indian woods, all the hard
ones fplit, the foft ones warped without fplitting, and,
of more than 20 rolls, there was not one which conti¬
nued round for 24 hours even without being worked in
the machine.
Thefe failures put him upon contriving another me¬
thod of preffing the rolls together, fo that the force
(hould always accommodate itfelf to whatever inequa¬
lities might happen. The axis of the copper roll be¬
ing made to turn between friCtion-wheels as before, that
of the wooden one is preffed upwards by a lever at each
end furnifhed with a half collar for receiving the end
of the axis. Each lever has the end of its fhort arm
fupported on the frame of the machine, and the long
arm is drawn upwards by an iron rod communicating
with the end of the fhort arm of another lever placed
horizontally : to the long arm of this lever is hung a
weight, and the levers are fo proportioned, that a
weight of 30 pounds preffes the rolls together with a
force equivalent to 1 7,536 pounds, which was found
to be the proper force for the fufficient extenfion of the
gilding. By this contrivance four men can turn the
rolls with more eafe than ten can turn thofe which are
kept together by ferews; and the fame weight adling
uniformly in every part, the preflure continues always
equal, though the wooden roll ftiould even become oval,
and though the fluff be of unequal thicknefs.
A piece of cloth, of about two ells, is fewed to the
beginning and end of the fluff, to keep it out to its
width when it enters and parts from the rolls, w-hich
could not be done by the hands for fear of burning or
bruifing them ; as it would take too much time to few
thefe cloths to every fmall piece of an ell or two, a
number of thefe is fewed together. The fluff is roll¬
ed upon a cylinder, which is placed behind the ma¬
chine, and its axis preffed down by fprings to keep the
, fluff tight as it comes off. Four, iron bars, made red
hot, are introduced into the copper roll, which in half
an hour acquires the proper degree of heat, or nearly
fuch a one as is ufed for the ironing of linen : the
wooden roll is then laid in its place, and the machine
fet to work. If more than 30 ells are to be paffed at
once, the wmoden roll muft be changed for another, for
it will not bear a long continuance of the heat without
danger of fplitting ; and therefore the manufacturer
fliould be provided with feveral of thefe rolls, that when
one is removed, another may be ready to fupply its
room : as foon as taken off from the machine, it (hould
be wrapt in a cloth and laid in a moift place.
The principal inconvenience attending the ufe of this
machine, is, that the heat neceffary for extending the
gilding, though it improves the brightnefsof White and
yellow filks, is injurious to fome colours, ascrimfon and
green. A double preffure will not fupply the place of
heat; and the only method of preventing this injury,
or rendering it as flight as poffible, appeared to be, to
pafs the fluff through with great celerity.
Method of Cleaning Brocade when fullied. For this
purpofe neither alkalies nor foap muft be ufed ; becaufe
the former, while they clean the gold, corrode the filk,
4X2 and
B R O [ 716 ] B R O
Erocatel and change or difcharge its colour; and the latter alfo
Broilin a^ers t^e and even the fpectes, of certain colours.
. y ^ , But fpirit of wine may be ufed without any danger of
its injuring either the colour or quality of the fubjeft ;
and in many cafes proves as effe&ual for reftoring the
luftre of the gold, as the moft corrofive detergents. A
rich brocade, flowered with a variety of colours, after
being difagreeably tarniflied, had the luftre of the gold
perfe&ly reftored by wafhing it with a foft brufli dipt
in warm fpirit of wine, and fome of the colours of the
filk which were likewife foiled became at the fame time
remarkably bright and lively. Spirit of wine feems to
be the only material adapted to this intention, and pro¬
bably the boafted fecret of certain artifts is no other than
Commerce o/this fpirit difguifed. Dr Lewis fays he does not know
*trts,p. 39. 0f any other that is of fufficient aftivity to difcharge
the foul matter, without being hurtful to the filk. As
to powders, however fine, and however cautioufly ufed,
they fcratch and wear the gold, which here is only fu-
perficial, and of extreme tenuity.
Brocade Shell, the Esglifh name of a fpecies of
Limax.
BROCATEL, or Brocade l, a kind of coarfe bro¬
cade ; chiefly ufed for tapeftry.
BROCCOLI, a kind of cabbage cultivated for the
ufe of the table. See Brassica.
BROCHE, or Broach. See Broachv
BROCK, among fportfmen, a term ufed to denote
a badger.—A hart, too, of the third year, is called a
brock, or brocket ; and a hind of the fame year is called
a brocket's Jifter.
BROD, a town of Hungary, in the* county of Pof-
fega in Sclavonia, feated on the river Save. It was
once more confiderabk than at prefent; and is memo¬
rable for a vidlory obtained over the Turks in 1668.
JE. Long. 18. 36. N. Lat. 45. 20.
BRODEAU (John), in Latin Brodteus, a great
critic, on whom Lypfius, Scaliger, Grotius, and all the
learned, have beftowed great encomiums, was defcended
from a noble family in France, and born at Tours in
1500. He was liberally educated, and placed under
Alciat to ftudy the civil law ; but foon forfaking that,
he gave himfelf up wholly to languages and the belles
lettres. He travelled into Italy, where he became ac¬
quainted with Sadolet, Bembus, and other famous wits;
and here (fays Thaunus) he applied himfelf to the ftudy
of mathematics, philofophy, and the facred languages,
in which he made n@ fmall proficiency. Then, return¬
ing to his own country, he led a retired, but not an
idle, life, as his many learned lucubrations abundantly
teftify. He was a man free from all ambition and vain
glory, and fuffered his works to be publifhed rather un¬
der the fan&ion and authority of others than under his
own. His chief works are, 1. A commentary on the
ylnthologia. 2. Ten books of mifcellanies. 3. Notes
on Oppian, Euripides, &e. He died in 1563, aged 63.
BRODERA, or Brodra, a town of Afia, in the
empire ®f the Great Mogul. It Hands in a large fandy
plain, on the little river Waflet; and is fortified, after
the old way, with pretty good walls and towers. It is
inhabited by Banians and callico-weavers. The country
about it produces plenty of gum lac and indigo. E.
Long. 72. 30. N. Lat. 22. ro.
BRQGLING for eels; the fame with Sniggling.
6
BROGLIO, a town of Piedmont in Italy, and ca- BropHo
pital of a county of the fame name, fituated near the BrJ^er
frontiers of Provence, in E. Long. 6.42. N.Lat.44.12. „
BROKE (Sir Robert), lord chief juftice of the
common pleas, was the fon of Thomas Broke, Eiq; of
Claverly in Shropfhire, and educated at Oxford; from
whence he removed to the Middle Temple, and foon
became a very eminent lawyer. In the year 1542, he
was chofen fummer reader, and double reader in 1550.
In 1552, he was made ferjeant at law; and the year
following (firft of queen Mary), lord chief juftice of
the common pleas ; about which time he received the
honour of knighthood. Stow fays he was recorder of
London and fpeaker of the houfe of commons ; which,
is confirmed by a manufcript in the Afhmolean librarf.
He died and was buried at Claverly in Shropfhire, the
place of his nativity, in 1558. Wood gives him the
charadler of a great lawyer and an upright judge. His
works are, 1. An abridgement containing an abilra6t
of the year-books till the time of queen Mary. 2. Cer¬
tain cafes adjudged in the reign of Henry VIII. Ed¬
ward VI. and queen Mary. 3. Reading on the ftatute
of limitations, 32 Hen. VIII. c. 2.
BROKEN wind, among farriers. See Farriery.
BROKER. The origin of the word is contefted ;
fome derive it from the French broier, “ to grind
others from brocarder, “ to cavil, or triggle others ,
deduce broker from a trader broken, and that from the
Saxon broc “ misfortune,” which is often the true
reafon of a man’s breaking. In which view, a broker
is a broken trader by misfortune ; and it is laid none
but fuch were formerly admitted to that employment.
Brokers are of three kinds; exchange-brokers,,
ftock-brokers, and pawn-brokers.
Exchange Brokers, are a fort of negociators, who
contrive, make, and conclude bargains between mer¬
chants and tradefmen, in matters of money or merchan-
dife, for which they have a fee or premium. Thefe,
in old Englifh law-books, are called broggers, and in
Scotland, broccarii, i. e. according to Skene, mediators ,
or interceflbrs in any contraft, &c.
They make it their bufinefs to know the alteration
of the courfe of exchange, to inform merchants how it
goes, and to notify to thofe who have money to receive
or pay beyond fea, who are proper perfona for negoci-r
ating the exchange with; and when the matter is ac-
complilhed, that is, when the money is paid, they
have for brokage 2 s. per 100I. fterling. Thefe, by
the ftatute of 8 and 9 William III. a're to be li-
cenfed in London by the lord mayor, who gives them
an oath, and takes bond for the faithful execution of
their offices. If any perfon lhall aft as broker without
being thus licenfed and admitted, he ftiall forfeit the
fum of 500 1.; and perfons employing him, 5 L ; and
brokers are to regifter contrafts, See. under the like
penalty : alfo brokers (hall not deal for themfelves, on
pain of forfeiting 200 1. They are to carry about
with them a filver medal, having the king’s arms and
the arms of the city, and pay 40 s. a-year to the cham¬
ber of the city.
In France, till the middle of the 17th century, their
exchange-brokers were called courtiers de change ; but
by an arret of council in 1639, the name was changed
for that more creditable one of agent de change, banque.
B R O [ 717 J B R O
Broker. finame; and in the beginning of the 18th century,
■“—v——' to render the office ftill more honourable, the title of
king's counfellors was added.
At Grand Cairo, and feveral places of the Levant,
the Arabs, who do the office of exchange-brokers, are
called confuls ; the manner of whofe negociating with
the European merchants has fomething in it fo very
particular, that we have referred it to a difiinft article.
See Consul.
The exchange-brokers at Amfterdam, called makel-
ders, are of two kinds ; the one, like the Englifh, cal¬
led fiuorn brokers, becaufe of the oath they take before
the burgo-mafters; but the others negociate without
any commiffion, and are called ’walking brokers. The
firil are in number 395 ; whereof 375 are Chriftians,
and 20 Jews: the others are near double that number ;
fo that in Amfterdam there are i)ear 1000 exchange-
brokers.—The difference between the two confifts in
this : The books and perfons of the former are allowed
as evidence in the courts of juftice ; whereas, in cafe of
difpute, the latter are difbwned, and their bargains dif-
annulled.
The fee of the fworn exchange-brokers of Amfter¬
dam is fixed by two regulations, of 1613 and 1623,
with regard to matters of exchange, to 18 fols for 100
livres de gros, or 600 florins; i. e. three fols for 100
florins; payable, half by the drawer and half by the
perfon who pays the money. But cuftom has made
confiderable alterations hetein.
The Jews, Armenians, and Banians, are the chief
brokers throughout molt parts of the Levant and the
Indies. In Perfia, all affairs are tranfa&ed by a fort
of brokers whom they call delal, i. e. great talkers.
The manner of making their markets is very Angular:
after the brokers have launched out into long, and
ufually impertinent difcourfes, coming towards a con-
clufion, they only converfe with their fingers. The
buyer and feller’s broker each take the other by the
right hand, which they cover with their coat, or a
handkerchief: the finger ftretched out Hands for fix ;
bent for five ; the tip of the finger for on'e; the whole
hand for too ; and the hand clenched, for 1000. • They
will exprefs even pounds, fhillings, and pence, by their
hands. During all this myftic commerce, the two
brokers appear as cold and compofed as if there were
nothing pafiing between them.
The French diftinguifh two kinds of brokers ; one
for the fervice of merchants, the other of manufa&u-
rers, artificers, and workmen. The bufmefs of the for¬
mer is to facilitate the fale of goods in the wholefale
and mercantile way ; that of the other, to procure the
goods wanted for. manufacturers, artificers, &c. or to
fell their goods when made. At Paris there is fcarce
a company of tradefmen, or even mechanics, but have
their brokers, who are ufually taken out of their body,
and make it their foie bufinefs to negociate in the par¬
ticular kinds of goods to which fuch company is by
ftatutes reftrained. There are brokers for drapery,
brokers for grocery, brokers for mercery, &c. The! e
are even brokers for tanners, curriers, cutlers, and the
like.
Slock-Brokers, are thofe who are employed to buy
and fell (hares in the joint flock of a company or cor¬
poration, and alfo in the public funds. As the prac¬
tice of ftockrjobbing ha.s been carried to fuch an ex-
cefs as became not only ruinous to a great number of Broker,
private families, but even affe&ed, or at leaft rtiight t i*rou-c-
foon affect, the public credit of the nation, the legif- "”,~v
lature- thought fit to put a flop to it, or at leaft to
bring it within certain bounds, and under fome regu¬
lation. The negociations, &c. of thefe brokers are
regulated by flat. 6 Geo. I. cap 18. and 7 and 10 Geo.
II. cap. 8. which, among other things, enadt, that con-
tra&s in the nature of wagers, &c. incur a penalty of
L. 500, and by the fale of flock, of wdiich the feller
is not poffeffed, a forfeit of L. 100, and that brokers
keep a book, in which all contracts, with their dates,
and the names of the parties concerned, (hall be enter¬
ed, on pain of L. 50.
Pawn-Brokers, perfons who keep (hops, and lend
money upon pledges to neceffitous perfons, and moft
commonly at an exorbitant intereft. They are more
properly ftyled pawn-takers, or tally-men} iometimes
fripers, or fripeters. Thefe are meant in 1 Jac. I. cap.
xxi. fedt. 5. where it is declared, that the fale of goods
wrongfully taken to any broker, or pawn-broker, in
London, Weftminfter, Southwark, or within two.miles
of London, does not alter the property. And (fedt. 7.)
if a broker, having received fuch goods, (hall not, upon
requeft of the owner, difcover them, how and when he
came by them,Jand to whom they are conveyed, he
(hall forfeit the double value thereof, to be recovered
by adtion of debt, &c.
In the cities of Italy, there are companies eftabliflied
by authority for the letting out money on pawns, cal¬
led mounts of piety; a title little becoming fuch inftitu-
tions. In fome parts of Italy, they have alfo mounts of
piety of another kind, wherein they only receive ready
money, and return it again with intereft,- at a certain:
fum pir annum. At Bologna, they have feveral fuch
mounts, which are diftinguiftied into frank and. perpe¬
tualthe interefl: of the former is only four per cent.;
that of the latter, feven.
Brokers are alfo thofe who fell old houfeliold fur¬
niture, and wearing apparel, &c.
BROME (Alexander), a poet and attorney in the
lord mayor’s court in the reign of Charles II. was the
author of the greateft part of thofe fongs and epigrams,
which were publiftied in favour of the royalifts, and
againft the rump, as well in Oliver Cromwell’s time as
during the rebellion. Thefe, together with his Epiftles.
and Epigrams tranflated from different authors, were
all printed in one volume 8vo after the Reftoration. He
alfo publiftied a verfion of Horace, by himfelf and
others, which is very far from being a bad one. He
left behind him a comedy entitled The Cunning-Lovers :
and the world is indebted to him for two volumes of
Richard Brome’s plays in o&avo ; many of which, but"
for his care in preferving and publiftiing them, would
in all probability have been entirely-loft. He died in
1666.
BkOME (Richard), a dramatic writer who lived in
the reign of king Qharles I. and was cotemporary with ■
Decker, Ford, Shirley, &c. His extraftion was mean,
he having been originally no better than a menial fer-
vant to the celebrated Ben Johnfon. He wrote himfelf,
however, into high reputation, as is teftified not only
by various commendatory verfes written by his cotem¬
poraries and prefixed to many of his plays, but alfoby
fome lines which his quondam mafter addrefled to him.
oni
B K O [ 718
on account of his comedy ailed The Northern Lafs.
Brome, in imitation of his mailer, laid it down as his
firft great point, to apply clofely to thef iludy of men
and manners. His genius was entirely turned to come¬
dy ; and therefore his proper province was obfervation
more than reading. His plots are all his own, and are
far from being ill conduced ; and his characters, which
for the moil part are ilrongly marked, were the offspring
of his own judgment and experience, and his clofe at¬
tention to the foibles of the human heart. In a word,
his plays in general are good ones ; met with great
applaufe when firft aCled ; and as Langbain informs
us, were thought by the players worthy to be revived,
to their own profit and the author’s honour, in that
critical age which he hftnfelf lived in. Nay, we have
had a proof, even in our own time, of the merit of one
of his comedies, which with a very little alteration has
lately been revived, and with great fuccefs, viz. The Jo¬
vial Crew, which for noltfs than th”ee feafons running
brought crowded audiences to the theatre-royal in Co-
vent Garden at all the frequent repetitions of its per¬
formance. The comedies which the author left behind
him are 15 in number ; ten of which are collefted to¬
gether, as above mentioned, in two volumes o&avo.
He joined alfo with Thomas Heywood in a play cal¬
led The Lancafhire Witches.
BROMELIA, the pine-apple : A genusof the
monogynia order, belonging to the hexandria clafs of
plants ; and in the natural method ranking under the
loth order, Coronariee.
Species. Of this genus Linnaeus enumerates feven
fpecies ; but the following are the moft remarkable.
I. The. ananas; of which there are fix varieties, viz.
1. The ovatus, or oval ftiaped pine-apple. 2. The
.pyraraidalis, pyramidal, or fugar-loaf pine. 3. The
glaber, with fmooth leaves. 4. The lucidus, with
fhinitjg.green leaves. ,5. The ferrotinus, with a yel-
lowifh coloured flelh. 6. The viridis, or green pine-
.apple. The other fpecies are, II. The nudicaulis,
with the lower leaves indented and prickly. III. The
lingulata, with obtufe, fawed, and prickly leaves.—
■The firft fort hath leaves very like fome forts of aloes,
but not fo thick and fucculent, which are ftrongly
armed with black fpines. From the centre of the
plant arifes the flower-ftalk, which is near three feet
.high, the lower part of which is garnifhed with entire
leaves placed alternately at every joint. The upper
part of the ftalk is garnilhed with flowers fet in a loofe
fpike or thyrfe quite round : thefe are fucceeded by
■ oval feed-veffels, having a longitudinal partition, in
the centre of which are faftened fmooth cylindrical
'feeds.—The fecond hath (horter leaves than the firft,
which are fliarply fawed on their edges, and of a deep
green colour. The flower-ftem arifes from the centre of
the plant, which divides upward into feveral branches :
the upper part of thefe are garniftred with fpikes of
flowers, which come out alternately from the fides of
the branches, each having a narrow entire leaf juft be
low it, which are longer than the fpike. The flowers
are placed very clofe on the fpikes; and when they
decay, the empalement turns to an oval pointed feed-
veffcl, inclofing feeds of the fame lhape with the
other.
Culture, &c. The firft fort of ananas is the moft
common in Europe ; but the fecond fort is much pre-
] B R o
ferable to it, the fruit of this being larger and much Bro'i
bette'r flavoured: the juice of this fort is not fo aftrin- ' ""
gent as that of the firft; fo that this fruit may be
eaten in greater quantity with lei's danger. This fort
frequently produces fuckers immediately under the
fruit, whereby it may be increafed much fafter than
the common fort; fo that in a few years it may be
the beft common fort in Britain.—The third fort is
preferved by fome curious perfons for the lake of va¬
riety ; but the fruit is not worth any thing.—The fort
with very fmooth grafs-green leaves was railed from
feeds taken out of a rotten fruit which came from the
Weft Indies to the late Henry Heatbcote, Efq;;from
whom Mr Miller received one plant, which: produced
large fruit: this is what the people of America call
the king pine.—The plants are propagated by planting
the crowns which grow on the fruit, or the fuckers
which are produced either from- the fides of the plants
or under the fruit: both which are found to be equally
good ; although by fome perfons the crown is thought
preferable to the luckers, as fuppofing it will produce
fruit fooner than the fockers, which is certainly a
miftake. The fuckers and crowns mull be laid to dry
in a warm place for four or five days, or more (ac¬
cording to the moillure of the part which adhered to
the old plant or fruit).; for if they are immediately
planted, they will rot. The certain rule of judging
when they are fit.to plant, is by obferving if the bot¬
tom- is healed over and become hard ; for if the fuck¬
ers are drawn off carefully from the old plants, they
will have a hard fkin over the lower part, fo need not
lie fo long as the crowns of thofe whofe bottoms are
moift. But whenever a crown is taken from the fruit,
or the fuckers from old plants, they ihould be imme¬
diately divefted of their bottom-leaves, fo high as to
allow depth for their planting; fo that they may be
thoroughly dry and healed in every part, left when
they receive heat and moiitifre they Ihould periih,
which often happens when this method is not ob-
ferved. If thefe fuckers or crowns are taken off late
in the autumn, or during the winter, or early in the
fpring, they flrould be laid in a dry place in the ftove
for a fortnight or three weeks before they are planted;
but in the fummer feafon, they will be fit for planting
in a week at fartheft.
Thefe fliould be planted in a rich good kitchen-
garden mould, not too heavy fo as to detain the moi-
fture too long, nor over light and fandy ; but where
this is wanting, you fliould procure fome frefli earth
Q-om a good pafture, which ihould be mixed with a-
bout a third part of rotten neats dung, or the dung
of an old melon or cucumber bed which is well con-
fumed. Thefe fliould be mixed fix or eight months
before they are ufed, but if it be a year it will be the
better; and ftiould be often turned, that their parts
may be the better united, as alfo the clods well broken.
This earth fliould not be fereened very fine; for if you
only clear it of the great ftones, it will be better for
the plants than when it is made too fine. You ftiould
always avoid mixing any fand with the earth, unlefs
it be extremely ftiff, and then it will be neceffary to
have it mixed at leaft fix months or a year before it is
ufed ; and it muft be frequently turned, that the fand
may be incorporated in the earth fo as to divide its
parts: but you ftiould not put more than a iixth part
e£
B R O [ 7^9 ] B R O
%?ome\h.. of fand; for too much fand is very injurious to thefe plunge the pots again into a moderate hot-bed, oh- Bromclia'
* ; plantg. In the fummer feafon, thefe plants mull be ferving to refrefh them frequently with water, which —
frequently watered; but you fhould not give them large will caufe them to put out fuckers in plenty ; fo that
quantities at a time: you muft alfo be very careful a perfon may be'foon fupplied with plants enough of
that the moifture is not detained in the pots by the any of the kinds, who will but obferve to keep the
holes being flopped, for that will loon deftroy the plants in health.
plants. If the feafon is warm, they fhould be watered The moil dangerous thing that can happen to theft
twice a-week ; but in a cool feafon, once a-week will plants is their being attacked by fmall white inlefts,
be often enough : and, during the fummer feafon, which appear at firft like a white mildew, but foon af-
you fhould once a-week water them gently all over ter haye the appearance of lice-: thefe attack both root
their leaves; which will wafh the filth from off them, and leaves at the fame time ; and, if they are not fodn
and thereby greatly promote the growth of the plants, deflroyed, will fpread over a whole Hove in a fhort
There are fome perfons who frequently fhift thefe time,, and in a few weeks entirely flop the growth of
plants from pat to pot. But this is by no means to the plants by fucking out the nutritious juice, fo that
be pra&ifed by thofe who propofe to have large well- the leaves will appear yellow and fickly, and have ge-
flavoured fruit: for, unlefs the pots be filled with the nerally a great number of yellow tranfparent fpots all
roots, by the time the plants begin to fhow their over them. Thefe infefts, after they are fully grown,
fruit, they commonly produce fmall fruit, which have appear like bugs, adhering fo clofely to the leaves as
generally large crowns on them ; therefore the plants not to be eafily wafhed off, and feem to have no local
will not require to be new potted oftener than twice motion. They were originally brought from America
in a feafon. The firfl time fhould be about the end upon the plants which were importedfrom thence ; and
of April, when the fuckers and crowns of the former are probably the fame iuie<Sb which have-deflroyed the
year’s fruit (which remained all the winter in thofe fugar-canes of late in fome of the Leeward Iflands, for
pots in which they were firfl planted) fhould be fhifted upon fome fugar-canes- which were fent Mr Miller from
into larger pots; i. e. thofe which were in halfpenny Barbadoes he obferved great numbers of thefe info&s.
or three-farthing pots fhould be put into penny or at Since they have been in England, they have fpread
moft three-halfpenny pots, according to the fize of greatly in fush ftoves where there-has not been more
the plants ; for you muft be very careful not to over- than ordinary care taken to deftroy them. They have
pot them, nothing being more prejudicial to thefe alfo attacked the orange-trees in many gardens near
plants. The fecond time for fhifting of them is in London, and have done them incredible damage ; but
the beginning of Augufl; when you fhould fhift thofe they do not endure the cold of our climate in win-
which are of a proper fize for fruiting the following ter, fo that they are never found on fuch'plants as
fpringinto two-penny pots, which are full large enough li ve in the open air. The only method yet difcovered
for any of thefe plants. At each of thele times of for deftroying thefe infe<fts, is by frequently wafhing
fhifting the plants, the bark-bed fhould be flirred up, the leaves, branches, and ftems,'of fuch plants as they
and fome new bark added, to raile the bed up to the attack, with water in which there has .been a ftrong
height it was at firfl made; and when, the pots are in fu fion tobacco ftalks. But this method cannot be
plunged again into the bark-bed, the plants fhould be ; praftifed on the ananas plants, becaufe the infe&s will
watered gently all over their leaves, to wafh off the fallen themfelves fo low between the leaves, that it is
filth, and to fettle the earth to the roots of the plants, itnpoffible to come at them with a fponge to wafh them
If the bark-bed be well ftirred, and a quantity of good off; fo that if all thofe which appear to fight are
frefh bark added to the bed, at this latter fhifting, it cleared off, they will foon be fucceeded by a frefh fup-
will be of great fervice to the plants ; for they may ply from below, and the roots will be alfo equally in-
remain in the fame tan until the beginning of Novem- fefled at the fame time. Therefore, wherever thefe in-
her, or fometimes later, according to the mildnefs of fe6ls appear on the plants, the fafeft method will be to
the feafon, and will require but little fire before that take the plants out of the pots, and clear the earth »
time. During the winter, they will not require to be from the roots ; then prepare a large tub, which fhould
watered dftener'than once a-week, according as you be filled with water in which there has bees a ftrong ,
find the earth in the pots to dry: nor fhould you infufion of tobacco ftalks ; into this tub-you fhould put
give them too much at each time ; for it is much bet- the plants, placing fome flicks, crofs the tub to keep
ter to give them a little water often,, than to over- them immerfed in water. lu this • water they fhould
water them. remain 24 hours; then take them out, and with a
You mufl obferve never to fhift thofe plants which fponge wafir off all the infects from the leaves and
fhow their fruit into other pots; for if they are re- roots, and dip the plants into a tub of fair water, wafh-
moved after the fruit appears, it will flop the growth, ing them therein, which is the moft effedlual way to
and thereby caufe the fruit to be fmaller, and retard clear them from the infe&s. After which, you fhould
its ripening, fo that many times it will be 06lober or pot them in frefh earth ; and, having ftirred up the
November before the fruit is ripe: therefore you bark-bed, and added fome new tan to give a frefh heat
m fhould be very careful to keep the plants in a vigorous to the bed, the pots fhould be plunged again, obfer-
1 growing flate from the firft appearance of the fruit, ving to water them all over the leaves, and this fhould
becaufe upon this depends the goodnefs and the fize of be repeated once a-week during the fummer feafon ;
the fruit; for if they receive a check after this, the for thefe infefts always multiply much fafter where
fruit is generally fmall and ill-tafted.—When you have the plants are kept dry, than where they are fome-
cut off the fruit from the plant whofe kind you are times fprinkled over with water, and kept in a grow-
defirous to propagate, you fhould trim. the. leaves, and ing ftate. .As thefe infe&s are frequently brought
B R O [ 720 ] B R O
Bromclia. over from America on the ananas plants which come ter than in any other part. The temperature at that
Vl 1 1 from thence, thofe perfons who procure their plants place is, I believe, feldom lefs than what is indicated
from thence, Ihould look carefully over them when they by the 73d degree of Fahrenheit’s thermometer, and
receive them, to fee they have none of thefe infefts when the fun Ihines it is often at above 100 : the wa-
on them ; for if they have, they will foon be propa- ter the plants grow in feems to enable them to bear
gated over all the plants in the ftove where they are the greateft heat, if fufEcient air be allowed; and I
placed ; therefore, whenever they are obferved, the often fee the roots of the plants growing out of the
plants fhould be foaked (asbefore directed) before they holes in the bottom of the pot of earth, and (hooting
are planted into pots. vigoroufly in the water.
Such are the directions generally given with regard “ My hot-houfe (the dimenfions of which it may
to the culture of the pine-apple in this country. Of be proper to know) is 60 feet long and 11 feet wide,
late, however, fome very confiderable improvements the flues included ; fix feet high in the front, and 11
have been made in that article. The leaves of the oak feet at the back of the infide of the houfe. It is warm-
have been fubftituted to the more expenfive bark ; and ed by two fires. A leaden trough or ciftern on the
by treating the pines with them, they are found to top of the back flue is preferable to my fhelf, as in it
thrive as well, and to produce as good fruit, as in the the pine-plants grow much fader in the winter, the
other method: of the proper way of managing thefe water being always warmed by the flue: of this I
leaves for the rearing of exotic plants, an account have feen the great benefit thefe lad two months in my
is given under the article Oak-Leaves. But the mod neighbourhood. It is not foreign to this purpofe to
confiderable improvement is that mentioned in the 67th mention, that, as a perfon was moving a large pine-
volume of the Philofophical TranfaCtions, where a plant from the hot-bed in my houfe lad fummer, which
method is drown by William Badard, Efq; of Devon- plant was jud (bowing fruit, by fome accident he broke
(hire, of railing thefe fruits in water. His account of off the plant jud above the earth in which it grew,
this method is as follows. and there was no root whatever left to it : by way of
<! Before I enter into the particulars of railing pine- experiment I took the plant, and fixed it upright in a
apples in water, it will be neceffary to tell you that my pan of water (without any earth whatever) on the
hot-houfe is covered with the bed crown-glais, which I (helf; it there foon threw out roots, and bore a pine-
apprehend gives more heat than the common fort apple that weighed upwards of two pounds.”
of green glafs generally ufed for hot-houfes. In the BROMLEY, a town of Kent in England, fituated
front part of the houfe, and indeed any where in the on the river Ravenlburn, in E. Long. o. 5. N. Lat.
lowed parts of it, the pine-apple plants will not thrive 51. 23.
well in water. The way in which I treat them is as BROMSGROVE, a town ofWorcederfliire in Eng-
follows. I place a (helf near the higheff part -of the land, feated on the river Salwarp. It is a pretty good
back wall, fo that the pine-plants may dand without town, well inhabited by clothiers ; and the market is
abfolutely touching the glafs, but as near it as can be : large for corn, cattle, and all forts of provifions. W.
on this (helf I place pans full of water, about feven or Long. 2. 5. N. Lat. 52. 26.
eight inches deep; and in thefe pans I put the pine- BROMUS, broom-grass, in botany : A genus of
apple plants, growing in the fame pots of earth as they the digynia order, belonging to the triandria clafs of
are generally planted in to be plunged into the bark- plants; ranking, in the natural method, under the
Bed in the common way ; that is, I put the pot of 4th order, Gramina. The calyx is bivalved, ha-
earth, with the pine-plant in it, in the pan-full of wa- ving a partial fpike, oblong and round, oppofite
ter, and as the water decreafes I condantly fill up the grains, with an awn below the point of each outer
pan. I place either plants in fruit, or young plants valve. There are 24 fpecies, eight of which are na-
as foon as they are well rooted, in thefe pans of wa- tives of Britain, viz. the fecalinusor field broom-grafs;
ter, and find they thrive equally well: the fruit rear- the arvenfis, or common broom-grafs; the ciliatus, or
ed this way is always much larger, as well as better wall broom-grals ; the derilis, or barren broom-grafs $
flavoured, than when ripened in the bark-bed. I have the giganteus, or tall broom-grafs ; the ramofus, or
more than once put only the plants themfelves with- wood broom-grafs; and the pinnatus, or fpiked broom-
•out any earth, I mean after they had roots, into thefe grafs.
pans of water, with only water fufficient to keep the BROMYARD, a town of Herforddiire in England,
roots always covered, and found them flourifli. beyond feated on a riling ground, and containing about 200
expe&ation. In my heufe, the (helf I mention is houfes. W. Long. 2.46. N. Lat. 52. 20.
fupported by irons from the top, and there is an inter- BRON, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Milan,
vening fpace of about 10 inches between the back wall where the Imperialifls gained an advantage over the
and the (helf. A neighbour of mine has placed a French in 1703. E. Long. 1 o. o. N. Lat. 44.50.
leaden cidern upon the top of the back flue (in which, BRONCHIA, in anatomy, the ramifications of the
as it is in contaft with the flue, the water is always trachea See Anatomy, n° 116.
warm when there is fire in the houfe), and finds his BRONCHOCELE, a tumor rifing in the anterior
fruit excellent and large. My (helf does not touch the part of the neck. See Medicin e-/«<&x.
back flue, but is about a foot above it; and confe- BRONCHOTOMY, in furgery, an incifion made
quently the water is only warmed by the air in the in the afpera arteria, or wind-pipe, which is neceffary
houfe. Both thefe methods do well. The way I ac- in many cafes, and efpecially in a violent quinfey, to
count for this fuccefs is, that the warm air always prevent fuffocation from the great inflammation or tu-
afeending to the part where this fhelf is placed, as be- mor of the parts. It is alfo called laryngotomy and
ing the bigheff oart of the houfe, keeps it much hot- tracheotomy. See Surgery.
N’ 58.
Bromley
If
Broncho-
tomy.
I
BRONK-
B R O [ 721 ] B R O
EronUiorft BIIONKHORST (John Van), an eminent painter pleafure ; through which the inner part of the furnace Bronze
'Bronze, who flourifhed about the middle of the laft century, may be occafionally inlpeiSled, that the Hate of the metal H *
He was born at Utrecht; and after having ftudied un- may be obferved. When the metal is in the Hate re-, Br,K)ke‘
der feveral mailers, entered the fchool of Cornelius quired, a fourth opening is then unclofed, communica- *
Poelemburg, whofe ftyle of painting he imitated with ting with the hollow floor, and thro’ which the melted
great fuccefs. He painted both hiftory. and land- metal flows by channels into the moulds prepared to
fcapes ; and his piftures, which are very highly finilh- receive it.
ed, are held in great eftimation. He amufed himfelf Bronze, alfo denotes a colour prepared by the
~ ’ ’ eolourmen of Baris, wherewith to imitate bronze.—
with the point; and fomelandfcapes from Poelemburg,
together with other fubjefts from his own compofitions,
are attributed to him.
BRONTIjE, or Thunder-stones, in natural hi-
ftory. See Belemnites.
BRONTIUM, in Grecian antiquity, a place un¬
derneath the floor t>f the theatres, in which were kept
brazen veflels full of Hones and other materials, with
which they imitated the noife of thunder.
BRONTOLOGY, denotes the do&rine of thunder,
or an explanation of its caufes, phenomena, &c. toge¬
ther with the prefages drawn from it. See Ecectri-
city and Thunder.
BRONZE, a compound of copper and tin, to which
fometimes other metallic fubftances, particularly zinc,
are added,—This metal is brittle, hard, and fonorous.
It is employed for various ufes, as for making of bells.
Cannons and ftatues ; and the proportions of the com¬
ponent metals are varied to fuit the feveral purpofes to
which it is applied. This compound, like Come others,
is fpecifically heavier than either of the metals taken
feparately. A metallic mafs, compofed of four fifths
of copper and one-fifth part of tin, weighs in water
7ti5- grains more than the fame quantities of thefe two
metals would together weigh in water if not allayed.
This proves, that in the union of copper and tin there
is a penetration of parts, the one metal entering into
the pores of the other; and this is further confirmed by
an obfervation of Mr Tillet, member of the royal acar
demy of fcienqes. In his memoir concerning the duc¬
tility of metals, he takes notice, that when the mixture
of copper and tin is made in the proportions above-
mentioned, the colour of the copper is entirely annulled
and covered by that of the tin, although tbejquan-
tity of the firfi: be four times greater ; and thiffingu- with eagernefs.
lar effeA cannot be underftood without admitting a to¬
tal change in the fize and difpofition of the pores of the
compound metal.
Tin being lefs fubje& to ruft than copper, bronze is
alfo found to be lefs liable to be covered with verdi-
greafe than pure copper is; and this is one reafon why
it is ufed for cannons, ftatues, and works expofed t j
the air ana weather. The greater fufibility of bronze
than copper is alfo an advantageous property, and much
. facilitates the calling of large works. The operation
for calling bronze is fufficiently Ample. For this pur-
pofe a brick furnace is ufed, nearly of the lhape of an
oven for baking bread. The floor of this furnace is
concave, and confifts of a compofition of fand and clay.
In this hollow floor the metals to be fufed are put.—
The furnace has three openings. The firft is a lateral
mouth, at which enters the flame of the wood placed
in a fecond furnace, on one fide of the firlt: the fecond
opening is a chimney placed on a fide oppofite to the
mouth, by means of which the flame is/drawn over the  0  0 - r r
metal. The third is a hole which is opened and Ihut at hut the retribution was too fevere. She herfelf af-
Voi.. III. Part II. 4 Y terwards
There are two forts, the red bronze, and the yellow
or golden. The latter is made folely of copper-dull,
the finell and brighteft that can be got: the former is
made of the fame, with the addition of a little quan¬
tity of red ochre well pulverized. They are both ap¬
plied with varnilh. To prevent their turning greenifli,
the work mull be dried over a chafing-dilh as foon as
bronzed.
BRONZES, a name given by antiquarians to figures
either of men or bealls, to urns, and in general to
every piece of fculpture which the ancients made of
that metal. We likewife give the name of bronzes to
Hatties or bufls caH of bronze, whether thefe pieces be
copies of antiques or original fubje&s.—Among me¬
dal] ibs, all copper medals bear the name of bronze.
BRONZING, the art or add of imitating bronze,
which is done by means of copper-duH or leaf, faHenei
on the outfide, as gold leaves are in gilding.
BROOD, the young of filh, fowls, &c.
BROODING, the adl of a hen in hatching her
eggs. See Hatching.
BROOK, a little river or fmall current of water.—A
brook is dillinguilhcd from a river, infomuch as a river
flows at all times, whereas a brook flow's at fome parti¬
cular feafons only.
Brook-Lime. See Veronica.
BROOKE (Mrs), daughter of a clergyman of the
name of Moore, was a lady as remarkable for her vir¬
tues and fuavity of manners as for her great literary
accomplilhments. Her firfl performance, which intro¬
duced her to the notice and conftquent efleem of the
public, was Julia Mandeville; a work concerning which
there were various opinions, but which every body read
with eagernefs. It has been often wilhed that Ihe had
made the cataflrophe lefs melancholy ; and we believe
that ihe afterwards was of the fame opinion, but, fhe
thought it beneath her charafter to alter it. She foon
afterwards went to Canada with her hulband, who w'as
chaplain to tV garrifon at Quebec; and here {he faw
and loved thofe romantic charadlers and fcenes which
gave birth to Emily Montague) a work moH defervedly
in univerfal efleem, which has paffed through feveral
editions, and which is now not eafily met with. On
her return to England, accident introduced her, and
congenial fentiments attra&ed her, to Mrs Yates; an
intimacy was formed, which terminated only with the
life of that lady. Mrs Brooke, in confequence of this
connexion, formed an acquaintance with Mr Garrick,
and wrote fome pieces for the flage. She had, how¬
ever, great reafon to be diflatisfied with his behaviour
as a manager; and flie made The Excurjlon, a novel
which (he wrote at this time, the vehicle by which flie
exhibited to the public her complaints and anger againfl
the king of Drury. Her anger, we believe, was jufi.
B R O
r 722 i
B R O
Broom towards thought fo, for (he lamented and retra&ed it. tained a fmall exhibition. At this college he lived for
^ II Her firft dramatic performance was the tragedy of fome time in the fame chamber with the well-known
. Virginia, 1756. Her next effort in that line was, Ford, by whom Dr Johnfon heard him deferibed as a
The Siege of Sympe, a tragedy introduced by Mr Har- contrafted fcholar and a mere verfifier, Unacquainted
ris, and written principally with a view of-placing Mrs with life, and unfkilful in converfation. His addic-
Yates in a confpicuous chara&er. This did not alto- tion to metre was then inch, that his companions fami-
gether fail, but it did not become popular; it wanted liarly called him Pcet. When he had opportunities of
energy, and it had not much originality ; there was mingling with mankind, he cleared himfelf, as Ford
little to difapprove, but there was nothing to admire, likewife owned, from great part of his fcholaftic ruft.
Her next and molt popular produ&ion was Roftna, He appeared early in the world as a tranflator of the
which, in a molt liberal manner, Ihe prefented to Mr Iliads into profe, in conjunfiion with Ozell and Oldif-
Harris. Few modern pieces have been equally fuc- worth. How their feveral parts were diftributed is
cefsfuL Lalt year alfo, a mufical piece of hers, en- 1—— rrv':" *—n-‘: f
titled Marian, was introduced, which is now occa-
fionally exhibited, for which we believe Shield is prin¬
cipally to be thanked. Mrs Brooke was alfo- the tranf¬
lator of various books from the French. She was
elteemed by Dr Johnfon, valued by Mifs Seward, and
not known. This is the tranflation of which Ozell
boalted as fuperior, in Toland’s opinion, to that of
Pope: It has long fince vanilhed (Dr Johnfon ob-
ferves), and is now in danger from the critics. He
was introduced to Mr Pope, who was then viliting Sir
John Cotton at Madingley, near Cambridge; and
her company courted by all the firft. chara&ers of her gained fo much of his efteem, that he was employed to
time. She died in January 1789, two days after her make extra&s from Euftathius for the notes co the
hufband. Her hufband enjoyed the reftory of Colney
in Norfolk, to which he had been preferred after his
arrival from America.
BROOM, in botany. See Genista.
Butcher's Broom, in botany. See Ruscus.
Spanijh Broom, in botany. See Spartium.
Broom alfo denotes a well-known houfehold befom
tranflation of the Iliad ; and in the volumes of poetry
publilhed by Lintot, commonly called Pope's Mifcel-
lanies, many of his early pieces were inferted.
Pope and Broome were to be yet more clofely con-
nedted. When the fuccefs of the Iliad gave encou¬
ragement to a verfion of the Odyfley, Pope, weary of
the toil, called Fenton and Broome to his alMance ;
or implement wherewith to fweep away dirt, dull, and and taking only half the work upon himfelf, divided
4-1'-■ i:,'“ r— - t:—l   „ the other half between his palmers, giving four books
to Fenton and eight to Broome. Fenton’s books are
enumerated in Dr Johnfon’s life of him. To the lot
of Broome fell the fecond, fixth, eighth, eleventh,
twelfth, fixteenth, eighteenth, and twenty-third, to-
the like. We fay, a birch-broom, a hair-broom, a rujh-
broom, a heath-broom. The primitive kind of brooms,
from whence the denomination is given to all the reft,
was made of the genifta or wild broom growing on
commons.
BRoou-flower gives the denomination to an order of gether with the burden of writing all tjie notes. The
knights inftituted by St Lewis of France, on occafion price at which Pope purchafed this affiftance was three
of his marriage. The motto was, isxrf/te/and hundred pounds paid to Fenton and five hundred to
the collar of the order made up of broom-flowers and Broome, with as many copies as he wanted for his
hulks, enamelled and intermixed with fleur-de-lys of friends, which amounted to one hundred more. The
gold, fet in open lozenges, enamelled white, chained payment made to Fenton is known only by hearfay ;
together, and as it hung a crofs florence of gold. This Broome’s is very diftinftly told by Pope in the notes
anfwers to what the French call Ordre de la Genejle,
from the name of a fpecies of broom fo called ; diffe¬
rent from the common broom, as being lower, the ftalk
fmaller, and leaf narrow; the flower is yellow, and
to the Dunciad. It is evident, that, according to Pope’s
own eftimate, Broome was unkindly treated. If four
books could merit three hundred pounds, eight and all
the notes, equivalent at leaft to four, had certainly a
bears a long hulk. Some alfo fpeak of another order right to more than fix. Broome probably confidered
of the Genejle or Broom eftabliflied by Charles Martel, himfelf as injured, and there was for fome time more
or rather Charles VI. than coldnefs between him and his employer. He
BkooM-gall, in natural hiftory, a name given by always fpoke of Pope as too much a lover of money,
authors to a remarkable fpecies of galls found on the and Pope purfued him with avowed hoftility ; for he
genijla vulgaris or common broom. This is occafion- not only named him difrefpe&fully in the Dunciad,
ed, like all other galls, by the pun&ure and eating of but quoted him more than once in the Bathos, as a
an infeft; and, when opened, is found to contain a proficient in the art of finking : and in his enumera-
fmall oblong worm, of a red colour, but whofe fize re- tion of the different kinds of poets diftinguifhed for
quires the ufe of a glafs in order to fee it diftinftly. the profound, he reckons Broome among “ the parrots
Bs-ooM-Rape, in botany. See Orobanche. who repeat another’s words in fuch a hoarfe odd tone
BROOME (William), the coadjutor of Pope in as makes them feem their own.” It has been faid
tranflating the Odyffey, was born in Chefhire, as is that they were afterwards reconciled ; hut their peace
faid, of very mean parents. He was educated upon the was probably without friendlhip. He afterwards pub-
foundation at Eaton, and was captain of the fchool a lilhed a Mifcellany of Poems, and never rofe to very
whole year, without any vacancy, by which he might high dignity in the church. He was fdme time reftor
have obtained a fcholarfliip at King’s college. Being
by this delay, fuch as is faid to have happened very
rarely, fuperannuated, he was fent to St John’s col¬
lege by the contribution of his friends, where he.ob>!
of Sturfton in Suffolk, where he married a wealthy wi¬
dow ; and afterwards, when the king vifited Cambridge
1728, became doftor of laws. He was 1733 prefent-
ed by the crown to the reftory of Pulham in Norfolk,
which
s
B R O
Brooming which he held with Oakley Magn;   , o 
Brother ^7 t^le l°rd Cornwallis, to whom he was chaplain.
i t ■ anc^ wl10 added the vicarage of Eye in Suffolk ; he
then refigned Pulliam, and retained the other two.
Towards the clofe of his life he grew again poetical,
and amufed himfelf with tranflating Odes of Anacreon,
which he publifhed in the Gentleman’s Magazine un¬
der the name of Chejler. He died at Bath in 1745,
and was buried in the abbey church.
BROOMING, or <?/' a Ship, the wafh-
ing and burning off all the filth fhe has'contra&ed on
her fides with weeds, ftraw, broom, or the like, when
fhe is on the careen, or on the ground. See Careen-
3 Inft.
\ i»5*
t 723 1 B R O
Suffolk, given Teftament, but alfo from profane authors: Cicero, in Brother.
his Philippics, fays, “ Antonia was both wife and fifter1 v—'
of Mark Antony ; becaufe file was daughter of his bro¬
ther C. Antonius.” And as to coufins, Tullius Hofti-
hus, in Dionyfius Halicarneffeus, calls the Horatii and
Curiatii, brothers ; becaufe they were fifters children.
The language of the Jews, bifliop Pearfon obferves,
included in the name of brethren not only the ftria re¬
lation of fraternity, but alfo the larger of confanguini-
ty. We are brethren, fays Abraham to Lot, Gen.
xiii. 8. whereas Lot was only his nephew.— So Jacob
told Rachel that he was her father’s brother, Gen.
xxix. 12. wheieas he was only her father’s nephew.—-*
T. his confideration has been urged with good advan-
tage againft the Antidicomarianites, who, from the men¬
tion made of the brethren of Jefus, John ii. 12. Mattb.
xii. 46. have impugned the perpetual virgnity of the
mother of Chrift. 6
BROSSARD (Sebaftian de), an eminent French
mufician. In the former part of his life he had been
prebendary and chapel-mafter of the cathedral church
of Stralburg; but afterwards became grand-chaplain,
and alfo maitre de chapelle in the cathedral of Meaux.
There is extant of his a work entitled Prodromus muji- title brother to each other ; the un£tion in coronation
Among us, it is cuftomary for kings to give the
He was author alfo of a very ufeful book, en¬
titled Dittionaire de mujique, printed at Amfterdam,
in folio, 1703; and afterwards at the fame place in
o&avo, without a date. At the end of this book is a
being erteemed to create a kind of brotherhood. Nor
is the cuftom modern : Menander mentions a letter of
Cofroes king of Perfia to the emperor Juftinian, be¬
ginning thus: Cofroes, king of kings, &c. to the em-
catalogue of authors ancient and modern, to the amount peror Juftinian my brother Kings now alfo give the
of 900, who have written on mufic; divided into claf- fame appellation to the eledtors of the empire; and
fes, wherein are interfperfed many curious obfervations the like was given by the king of France to the late
of the author relating to the hillory of mufic. By Mr king of Sardinia, while only duke of Savoy.
Boivin’s Catalogue general des livres de mujique for the In the civil law, brothers,/ra/rex, in the plural, fome-
year 1729, it appears that Broffard was the author of times comprehend filters: as Lucius led Titia, fratres;
two fets of motets, as alfo of nine Lecons de Tenebres
therein mentioned. It feems that thefe feveral publi-
tres fratres, Titius, Mcevius, & Seia.
Fojler-Brothers, thofe who fucked the fame
cations were at a time when the author was far advan- nurfe. The French call them fratres du last, or bro-
ced in years; for Walther takes notice, that in the
Mercure Galante, he is mentioned as an abbe and com-
ponift, fo early as the year 1678.
BROTHEL-houses, lewd places, being the com¬
mon habitations of proftitutes. King Henry VIII. by
proclamation, in the 3 7th year ef his reign, fuppreffed
all the ftews or brothel-houfes whicn had long continued
on the bank-fide in Southwark, contrary to the law of
God and of the land*. A brothelman was a loofe
idle fellow; and a feme bordelier, or brothelier, a com- judges, bilhops, priefls, &c. call each other brothers.
thers by milk ; which is moll properly ufed in refpe<&
of a perfon who fucked a nurfe at the fame time with
the nurfe’s own child.
BROTHERs-German, Fratres German's. See Ger¬
man.
Brother was alfo ufed, in middle-age writers, for
a comes, or governor of a province.
Brother is applied, in a lefs proper fenfe, to de¬
note a perfon of the fame profeffion. In which fenfe,
mon whore. And borelman is a contra&ion for bro¬
thelman. See BAwnr-Houfe.
BROTHER, Prater, a term of reflation between
two male children, fprung from the fame father, or mo¬
ther, or both. Scaliger and Voffius derive frater from
fpaTrip, for vpxTag, which properly fignifies a perfbn who
Brother is alfo a cuftomary term for priefts of the
fame perfuafion to addrefs one another by : but it is
more particularly ufed to denote the relation between
monks of the fame convent; as, brother Zachary : in
Englifti, we more ufually fay, Friar Zachary, from the
French word,frere, brother.— Preachers alfo call their
draws water in the fame well;in Greek, fignifying hearers, my brethren, or my dear brethren. This ap-
nuell, and tpurpix, a company of people, who have
right to draw water out of the fame well.—The word,
it is faid, came originally from the city Argos, where
there were only a few wells diftributed in certain quar-
pellation is borrowed from the primitive Chriftians, who
all called each other brothers. But it is nowprincipal-
ly ufed for fuch of the religious as are not priefts;
thofe in orders are generally honoured with the title of
ters of the city, to which thofe of the fame neigh- father, whereas the reft are only Amply brothers.
bourhood alone repaired.
By the civil law, brothers and fifters ftand in the fe-
cond degree of confanguinity ; by the canon law, they
’ 1 the firft degree.—-By the Mofaic law, the bro-
Brother is alfo an appellation more peculiarly given
to certain orders of religious: Thus, the
Brothers of St A/lexis, in the low countries, were an
order of perfons who attended on thofe who lay dying.
ther of a man who died without iffue was obliged to and took care of the burial of the dead. See alfo Bre~
marry the widow of the deceafed. Deuter. xxv. 7.
The ancients applied the term brother indifferently
thren of Charity, of Death, &c.
Poor Brothers, in the charity-houfe, a denomina¬
te almoft all who flood related in the collateral line, as tion given to decayed gentlemen, to the number of 80,
uncles and nephews, coufin-germans, &c.—This we who are fubfifted with diet, clothing, and lodging, on
learn not only from a great many paffages in the Old the eftablilhment. The poor brothers are to be gen-
4 Y 2 tlemeft
B R O [ 724 ] B R O
Jrether tlemen by defcent, come to poverty, or decayed mer- Upon receiving this preferment, he removed from Lon- Broughtony
li chants, foldiers, or oihcers of the king’s houfhold. don to Briftol, where he married the daughter of Broukha-
Broug ton con(jjtions 0f admiffion are, that they have no Thomas Harris, clerk of that city, by whom he had 1U!’'
eftate for life worth 2001. nor coming in, viis modh, feven children, fix of whom furvived him. He refided
24I. psr annum; and that they be fifty years old, un-
lefs they have been maimed in the public fervice ; in
which cafe, the age of forty fuffices. They wear a li¬
very-gown within doors. \
Brothers of Arms, an appellation given thofe who
contract a kind of fraternity in war, obliging them-
felves to the mutual fervice and afiiftance of each other.
In the military orders, the knights are alfo called bro¬
thers.— In the order of Malta, there is a particular
on his living till his death, which happened Decem¬
ber 2 lit 1774, in, the 71ft year of his age. He wa*.
interred in the church of St Mary RedclifE.
From the time of Mr Broughton’s quitting the
univerfity, till he was confiderably advanced in life, he
was engaged in a variety of publications, of which a
lift is given in the Biographia Britannica, 2d edition.
Some little time before his death, he compofed “ A
ftiort view of the principles upon which Chriftian
clafs, who are called ferving brothers; conlifting of churches require, of their refpettive clergy, fubfcrip-
fuch as cannot give proof of their nobility. In Latin tion to eftablilhed articles of religion but this work
they are denominated fratres clientes.
Brothers of the rofy crofs. See Rosycrucians.
BROUAGE, a maritime town of Saintonge in
France, It conlifta of five or fix ftreets which termi-
never appeared in print. He polfefl'ed^. likewife, 1
inconfiderable talent for poetry, as is evident from
many little fugitive pieces in manulcript, found among
his papers ; and particularly from two unfiniihed tra-
nate in a great fquar^. It is famous for its fait-works, gedies, both written at the age of 17. When he was a
which are the fineft in the kingdom.
N- Lat. 45. 50.
BROURSHAVEN, a port-town of the United
W. Long. 1. O. Eton fchool, Mr Broughton was of the fame year with
Dr Ewer, late bifltop-of Bangor; Dr Sumner, late
provoft of King’s college, Cambridge ; and Dr Sleech,
Provinces, in the ifiand of jdchonen in Zealand, feated late provoft of Eton : and during his refidence in Lon-
on the north fide of the ifland, in a bay of the fea,.in don, he enjoyed the efteem and friendfbip of moft of
E. Long. 3. 35. N. Lat. 51. 50. the literary men of his time". He was a great lover of
BROUGH, a town in Weftmoreland in England, mufic, particularly the ancient; which introduced him
feated under Stanmore-hill, W. Long. 2. 50, N. Lat. to the knowledge and acquaintance of Mr Handel;
54. 40. It was formerly a place of great note, being whom he furnilhed with the words for many of his
a Roman fortrefs; but is now fo much decayed, that compofitions. In his public chara&er, Mr Broughton
it is little better than a village. was diftinguilhed by an <%£tive zeal for the Chriftian
BROUGHTON (Thomas), a learned divine, and caufe, joined with a moderation of mind. In private
one of the original writers of the Biograpltia Britan-
r.ica, was born at London, July 5th 1704, in the
parilh of St Andrew, Holborn ; of which patifti his
father was minifter. At an early age he was fent to
Eton fchool, where he foon diftinguifhed himfelf by
the acutenefs of his genius, and the ftudioufnefs of his
difpolition. Being fuperannpated on this foundation,
he removed about 1722 to the univerfity of Cam¬
bridge ; and, for the fake of a fcholarftup, entered him¬
felf of Gonvelle and Caius college. Here two of the
principal objedts of his attention were, the acquifition
of the knowledge of the modern languages, and the ftu-
dy of the mathematics, under the famous profeffor
life, he was devoted to the interefts and happinefs of
his familyand was of a mild, cheerful, and liberal
temper. This difpofition, which is not always united
with eminent literary abilities, attended him to hia
grave. In 1778, a pofthumous “ volume of fermons,
on fele£ fubjedts,” was publifhed by his fon, the Rev.
Thomas Broughton, M. A. of Wadham college, Ox?
ford, and vicar of Tiverton, near Bath.
BROUKHUSIUS (JoNus),or John Broekhui-
zf.n, a diftinguiihed fcholar in Holland, was born No¬
vember 20. 1649, at Amtterdam, where his father was
a clerk in the admiralty. He learned the Latin tongue
under Hadrian Junius, and made a prodigious progrefs
Sanderfon. May 28th 1727, Mr Broughton, after in polite literature; but, his father dying when he
taking the degree of Bachelor of Arts, was ad- was very young, he was taken from literary purfuits,'
mitted to deacon’ orders. In the fucceeding year, and placed with an apothecary at Amfterdam, with
September 22d, he was ordained prieft, and proceeded whom he lived fbme years. Not liking this, he went
to the degree of M. A. At this time he removed into the army, where his behaviour raifed him to the
from the univerfity, to the curacy of Offley, in Hert- rank of lieutenant-captain; and, in 1674, was fent
fordlhire. In 1739^ he was inftituted to the reflory with his regiment to America in the fleet under admi-
of Stepington, otherwife Stibiagtou, in the county of ral de Ruyter, but returned to Holland the fame year.
Huntingdon, on the prefentation of John Duke of In 1678, he. was fent to the garrifon at Utrecht,.
Bedford, and was appointed one of that nobleman’s
chaplains. Soon after he was chofen reader to the
Temple, by which means he became known to bilhop
Sherlock, then mafter of it, and who conceived fo high
an opinion of our author’s merit, that, in 1744, this
eminent prelate prefeated Mr Broughton to the va¬
luable vicarage of Bedminfter, near Briftol, together
with the chapels of St Mary Redcliff, St Thomas, and
Abbot’s Leigh, annexed. Some ihort time after, he
vras collated, by the fame patron, to the prebend of
Bedmiufter aod Redcliff, in the cathedral of Salifbury.
where he contrafted a friendlhip with the celebrated
Graevius; and here, though a perfon of an exce]\ent
temper, he bad the misfortune to be fo deeply en gaged
in a duel, that, according to the laws of Holland, his
life was forfeited: but Grasvius wrote immediately to
Nicholas Heinfius, who obtained bis pardon from the
Stadtholder. £fo.t long after, he became a captain of
one of the companies then at Amfterdam ; which poll
placed him in an eafy fituation, and gave him leilure
to purfue his ftudies. His company being dilbanded
in 1697, a penfion was granted him; upon which he
retired
B R O [7J5] B R O
•I Brouncker retired to a country-houfe near Amflerdam, where he
II faw but little company,and fpent his time among books.
2 ■Er°Wallia' He dIed December 15th 1707.
1 v~As a claffical editor, he is diftingnilhed by his la¬
bours upon Tibullus and Propertius; the latter was
publilhed'in 1702, the former in 1708. He was an
excellent Latin poet himfelf: a volume of his poems
was publifaed at Utrecht, 1684, in tamo; but a very
I noble edition of them was given by Van Hoogftraeten
at Amfterdam, 1711, in 4to. His “ Dutch poems”
were alfo publilhed at Amfterdam, 1712, in 8vo, by
the fame perfon, who prefixed his life, ex traded from
I Peter Burman’s funeral oration upon him. Brouk-
hufius was alfo an editor of Sannazarius’s and Palea-
rius’s Latin works. With regard to his Latin poems,
the authors of the “Journal de Trevoux” have de¬
livered themfelves thus (and what they have faid may
be applied to the bulk of modern Latin poems):
“ His verfes are written in good Latin enough ; but
they want fre. We find in them a great many paf-
fages borrowed from Tibullus and Propertius, but no.t
their genius. The author was a poet by art, not by
nature.”
BROUNCKER, or Br^unker, (William), lord
vifcount of Caftle-Lyons, in Ireland, and the firft pre-
fident of the Royal Society, was the fon of Sir William
Brounker, knt. and born about the year 1620. He
was diftinguifhed by his knowledge of the mathematics,
and by the confiderable polls of honour and profit he
enjoyed after the reftoration ; for he had at the fame
time the office of chancellor to the queen, and the keep¬
ing of her great feal, that of one of the commiffioners
«f the navy, and mailer of St Catherine’s hofpital near
the Tower of London. He wrote, 1. Experiments
of the recoiling of guns. 2. An algebraical paper
i. iMon the fquaring of the hyperbola; and feveral let]
ters to Dr Ulher, atehbilhop of Armagh. He died in
1684.
BROUWER (Adrian), a famous Dutch painter,
born either at Oudenard or Haerlem, in 1608, of poor
parentage. He became the difciple of Francis Hals,
under whom he proved an inimitable artifl. His fub-
; jcdls were taken from low life, always copied from na¬
ture ; as droll converfations, drunken brawls, boors at
cards, or furgeons dreffing the wounded. Brouwer
was apprehended at Antwerp as a fpy ; where being
difeovered by Rubens, he procured his liberty, took
him home, clothed him, and endeavoured to acquaint
the public with his merit; but the levity of his temp
per made him quit his benefa&or and he died not
long after, in 1640, deftroyed by a diflblute courfe of
life.
BROW, or Ey e-Brow, an hairy arch extended o-
ver the orbit of each eye. See Anatomy, n° 142.
Brow- Po/i, among builders) denotes a beam which
goes acrofs a building.
Brow .Antler, among fportfmen, that branch, of a
deer’s horn next the tail.
B RQWALL1A, in botany, a genus of the angio-
fpermia order, belonging to the didynamia clafs of
plants, for which there is.no Errelilh name.—Of this
there are two fpecies. The demifia, with a Angle flower
upon each fo otftalk; and the data, with one or many
flowers on each footilalk. The feeds of the firft were
fent to Mr Miller from. Panama. It:ufually grows a-
bout two feet high, and fpreads out into lateral BrowalKa,
branches on every fide of the ftalk, garnilhed with Br°wr.
oval leaves which are entire, and have fliort foot-' ~v~—J
ftalks. Towards the end of the branches, the flowers
are produced fingly upon pretty long footftalks a-
rifing from the wing of the leaf. Thefe are of a light
blue colour, fometimes ir.clining to a purple or red ;
and there are often three colours of flowers on the fame
plant. The plant flowers in July, Auguft, and Sep¬
tember ; and the feeds are ripe in five or fix weeks af¬
ter. The fecond fort is a native of Peru : the ftalk of
this plant is twice the fize of that of the firft, and ap¬
pears fomewhat fhrubby*; the leaves upon the flower-
branches are fmooth: the footftalks have fome with one
flower, others with three, and others with five ; which
are of a deep violet colour. As both fpecies of bro-
wallia are'annual plants, they muft be raifed from feeds,
which are to be lown on a hot-bod: but they may be
tranfplanted in June, into the borders of the flower-
garden ; where, if the weather proves warm,- they
will flower and perfed feeds; but left thefe fhould fail,
there ihould be a plant or two kept in the ftove to fe-
cure feeds.
BROWN (Robert), afchifmatic divine, the founder
of the Brownifts, a numerous fedl of diflenters in the
reign of queen Elizabeth. He was the fon of Mr
Anthony Brown of Tolthorp in Rutlandlhire ; whofe
father obtained the Angular privilege of wearing his
cap in the king’s- prefence, by a charter of Hen¬
ry VIII. Robert was educated at Cambridge, in Cor¬
pus Chrifti, or, according to Collier, in Bennet col¬
lege, and was afterwards a fchoolmafter in Southwark-
About the year 1580, he began to promulgate his prin¬
ciples of diffentionfrom the eftabliffied church; and the
following year preached at Norwich, where, he foon ac¬
cumulated a numerous-congregation. He was violent in
his abufe of the church ofEngland ; pretended to divine
infpiration,and that he alone wasthefure guide to heaven.
This new fe& daily inereafing, Dr Freake bifhop of
Norwich, with other ecckfiaftical commiffioners, called
our apoftle before them. He was infolent to the court,
and they committed him to the cuftody of the ftieriff’s
officer : but be was releafed at the interceffion of lord
treafurer Burleigh, to whom it feems he was related.
Brown now left the kingdom; and, with permif-
fion of the ftates, fettled st Middleburg in Zealand.;
where he formed a church after his own plan,, and
preached without moleftation ; but here perfection,,
the Jine qua non-ol fanaticifin, was wanting. In 1585,
we find him again in England: for in,that year he was
cited to appear before archbilhop Whitgift; and feem-
ing to. comply with the eftablilhed church, was, by
lord Burleigh,, fent home to his-father : but, relapfing
into his former, obft-inacy, his aged parent was obliged
to turn him out of his houfe. He now wandered a*-
bout for fome time, and in the courfe of his miffion en¬
dured great hardlhips. At laft he fixed at Northampr
ton ; where, labouring with too much indiferetion to
increafe his fedt, he was cited by the bifhop of Peter¬
borough, and, refufing to appear, was finally excom¬
municated. for contempt. The. folemnity of. this cen—
fure, we are told, immediately effefted his reformation..
He moved for abfolution, which he obtained, and from
that time became a dutiful member of the church of
England. This happened about the year 1590; and„
B R O [ 726 ] B R O
Brown. Jn a fli0rt time after, Brown was preferred to a reftory
in Nortbamptonihire, where he kept a curate to do his
duty, and where he might probably have died in peace :
but having fome difpute with the contlable of his pa-
rifh, he proceeded to blows ; and was afterwards fo in-
folent to the juftice, that he committed him to Nor¬
thampton jail, where he died in 1630, aged 80. Thus
ended the life of the famous Robert Brown ; the
greateft part of which was a feries of oppofition and
perfecution. He boafted on his death-bed, that he
had been confined in no lefs than 32 different prifons.
He wrote “ A treatife of reformation without tarry¬
ing for any, and of the wickednefs of thofe teachers
which will not reform themfelves and their charge, be-
caufe they will tarry till the magiflrate command and
compel them, by me Robert Brown;” and two others,
making together a thin quarto; publifhed at Middle-
burg, 1582.
BROWN (Ulylfes Maximilian), a celebrated genef
ral of the 18th century, was fon of Ulyffes, baron
Brown and Camus, colonel of a regiment of cuiraffiers
in the emperor’s fervice, and defcended from one of the
mod ancient and noble families in Ireland. He was
born at Balil in 1705 ; and having finilhed his firfl flu-
dies at Limeric in Ireland, was, in 1715, fent for into
Hungary, by count George Brown, his uncle, mem¬
ber of the aulic council of war, and colonel of a regi¬
ment of infantry. He was prefent at the famous
battle of Belgrade, in 1717. Next year he followed his
uncle into Italy, who made him continue his fludies,
in the Clementine college, at Rome, till the year 1721,
when he was fent to Prague in order to learn the ci¬
vil law. At the end of the year 1723, he became cap¬
tain in his uncle’s regiment; and in 1725, lieutenant-
colone! : in 1730, he went into Corfica with a batta¬
lion of his regiment; and contributed greatly to the
taking of Callanfara, where he received a confiderable
wound in his thigh. In 1732, the emperor made him
chamberlain: He was railed to the rank of colonel
-in 1734; and diflinguifhed himfelf fo much in the war
of Italy, efpecially at the battles of Parma and Guaf-
talla, and in burning in the prefence of the French ar¬
my the bridge which the marfhal de Noailles had
caufed to be throwirover the Adige, that he was made
general in 1 736. The following year he favoured the
retreat of the army, after the unhappy battle of Ban-
juluca in Bofnia, by an excellent manoeuvre, and faved
all the baggage. His admirable c«5ndu6l upon this oc-
cafion was rewarded by his obtaining a fecond regi¬
ment of infantry, vacant by the death of count Francis
-de Wallis.
At his return to Vienna, in 1739, the emperor
Charles VI. raifed him to the rank of general-field-
marlhal-lieutenant, and made him counfellor in the
aulic council of war. After the death of that prince,
the king of Pruffia entering Silefia, count Brown, with
a fmall body of troops, difputed the country with him
inch by inch. He fignalized himfelf on feveral other
occafions: and, in 1743, the queen of Hungary made
him a privy-counfellor, at. her coronation in Bohemia-
He at length paffed into Bavaria, where he commanded
the van-guard of the Auftrian army; feized Decken-
dorf, with a great quantity of baggage ; and obliged
the French to abandon the banks of the Danube, which
the Auftrian army paffed in full fecurity. The fame
year, viz. in I743» the queen of Hungary fent him
to Worms, in quality of her plenipotentiary to the
king of Britain ; where he put the laft hand to the
treaty of alliance between the courts of Vienna, Lon¬
don, and Turin. In 1744, he followed prince Lob-
kowitz into Italy; took the city of Veletri, on the
4th of Auguft, in fpite of the fuperior numbers of the
enemy; entered their camp, overthrew feveral regi¬
ments, and took many prifoners. The following year
he was recalled into Bavaria, where he took the town
of Wihhofen by affault, and received a dangerous (hot
in the thigh. The fame year he was made general of
the artillery ; and in January 1746, marched for Italy,
at the head of a body of 18,000 men. He then drove
the Spaniards out of the Milanefe ; and having joined
the-forces under prince de Lichtenftein, commanded the
left wing of the Auftrian army at the battle of Pla¬
centia on the 15th of June 1746, and defeated the
right wing of the enemy’s forces commanded by mar¬
fhal de Maillebois. After this victory, he commanded
in chief the army againft the Genoefe ; feized the pafs
of Bofetta or Bochetia, though defended by above
4000 men ; and took the city of Genoa. Count Brown
at length joined the king of Sardinia’s troops ; and
took, in conjunction with him, Mont-Alban, and the
county of Nice. On the 30th of November he paffed
the Var, in fpite of the French troops; entered Pro¬
vence ; took the ides of St Margaret and St Honorat;
and thought to have rendered himfelf mafter of a much
greater part of Provence, when the revolution which
happened in Genoa, and marlhal de Belleille’s advance-
ing with his army, obliged him to make that fine re¬
treat which procured him the admiration and efteem of
all perfons ikilledjin war. He employed the reft of the
year 1747 in defending the fiates of the houfe of
Auftria in Italy; and after the peace in 1 748, he was
fent to Nice to regulate there, in conjun&ion with the
duke of Belleifle and the marquis de la Minas, the dif¬
ferences that had arifen with refpeft to the execution
of fome of the articles of the definitive treaty of Aix
la Chapelle.
The emprefs queen, to reward thefe fignal fervices,
efpecially his glorious campaigns in Italy in 1749,
made him governor of Tranfylvania, where he ren¬
dered hiinfelf generally admired for his probity and*
difintereftednefs. In 1752, he obtained the govern¬
ment of the city of Prague, with the chief command
of the troops in that kingdom ; in 1753, the king of
Poland, eleftor of Saxony, honoured him with the
collar of the order of the white eagle ; and the next
year he was declared field-marlhal.
The king of Pruffia entering Saxony in 1756, and
attacking Bohemia, count Brown marched againft
him ; and repulfed that prince at the battle of Lobo-,
fitz, on .the ift of O&ober, though he had only
27,000 men, and the king of Pruffia had at leait
40,000. Seven days after this battle, he undertook
the famous march into Saxony, to deliver the Saxon
troops fliut up between Pima and Konigftein ; an ac¬
tion worthy of the greateft captains, ancient or mo¬
dern. He at length obliged the Prufiians to retire
from Bohemia; for which he was rewarded, by being
made a knight of the golden fleece. Soon after, count
Brown haftily affembled an army in Bohemia, to op-
pofe the king of Pruffia, who had again penetrated
into
B R O [ 727 1 B R O
into tliat kingdom at the head of all his forces ; and
on the 6th of May fought the famous battle of Prague;
in which, while he was employed in giving his orders
for maintaining the advantages he had gained over the
Pruflians, he was fo dangcroufly wounded,- that he
was obliged to be carried to Prague, where he died of
his wounds, on the 26th of June 1757, at 52 years
of age. There is reafon to believe, that, had he not
been wounded, he would have gained the viftory, as
he had broken the Pruffians, and the brave count
Schwerin, one of their greateft generals, was flain.
Browk (Sir Thomas), an eminent phyiician and
celebrated writer, was born at London, October 19th
1605. Plaving ftudied at Winchefter college, and
afterwards at Oxford, he travelled through France
and Italy ; and returning by the way of Holland,
took his degree of doftor of phyfic at Leyden. In
1636, he fettled at Norwich ; and the year following,
was incorporated as doftor 0/ phyfic at Oxford. Hi.s
Retigio Medici made a great noife ; and being tranf-
lated into Latin, inftantly fpread throughout Europe,
and gained him a prodigious reputation : it was then
tranflated into almoft every language in Europe. This
book has been heavily cenfured by fome, as tending
to infidelity, and even atheifm ; while others, with
much more reafon, have applauded the piety, as well
as the parts and learning, of the author. The reverend
Mr Granger obferves, that among other peculiarities
in this book, he fpeaks of the ultimate aft of love as
a folly beneath a philofopher; and fays, that he could
be content that we might procreate, like trees, with¬
out conjunftion : but, after the writing of it, he- de-
fcended from his philofophic dignity, and married an
agreeable woman. It was faid, that his reafon for
marrying was, becaufe he could difcover no better
method of procreation. His Treatife on Vulgar Er¬
rors was read with equal avidity he alfo publifhed
Hydriotaphia, or a Difcourfe of Sepulchral Urns lately
found in Norfolk. His reputation in his profeffion
was equal to his fame for learning in other refpefts;
and therefore the college of phyficians were pleafed to
take him into their number as an honorary member ;
and king Charles II. coming to Norwich in his pro-
grefs, in 1671, was pleafed to knight him, with An¬
gular marks of favour and. refpeft. He died on his
birth-day, in 1682, leaving feveral manufcripts behind
him, which were publiihed under the title of 'The pojl-
tsimious works of the learned Sir Thomas Brown, Knt.
M. D.
Brown (Edward), the fan of the former, pfiyfi-
cian to king Charles II. and prefident of the royal
college at London. He was born in the year 1642 ;
and ftudied at Cambridge, and afterwards at Merton
qollege, Ox rd. He then travelled ; and at .his re¬
turn publifhed a brief account of fome travels iii Hun¬
gary,. Servia, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Theflaly, Auftria,
Styria, Carinthia Caraiola, Eruili, &c. : he alfo
publifhed an accoun* of feveral travels through great
part of Germany ; and joined bis name to thofe of
many other eminent men, in a tranflation of Plutarch’s
lives. He was acquainted with Hebrew, was a critic
in Greek, and no man of his age wrote better Latin.
High Dutch, Italian, French, &c. he fpoke and
wrote with as much eafe as his mother-tongue. King
Charles faid of him, that “ he was as learned as any
of the college, and as well bred as any at court.,, He
died Auguft ,27th 1708.
Brown (William), an Englifh poet of the 17th cen¬
tury, was defcended from a good‘family, and born at
Taviftock in Devonfhire in the year 1590. After he
had pafled through the grammar fchool, he was fent
to Exeter college in the univerfity of Oxford, in the
beginning of the reign of James I. and became tutor
to Robert Dormer, who was afterwards earl of Carnar¬
von, and killed at Newbury battle, September 20th
1643. He is ftyled in the public regifter of the uni¬
verfity, “ a man well fkilled in all kinds of polite lite¬
rature and ufeful arts vir oinni human a literatures
ct honarum artium cognitions injlruftus. After he had
left the college with his pupil, be was taken into the
family of William earl of Pembroke, who had a great
refpeft for him ; and he made his fortune fo well, that
he purchafed an eftate. His poetical works procured
him a very great reputation. They are as follow : 1.
Britannia’s paftorals. The firft part was publiftied at
Lorttion, 1613, in folio; and ufhered into the world
with feveral copies of verfes made by his ingenious
and learned friends John Selden, Michael Drayton,.
Cbriftopher Cook, &c. The fecond part was printed
at London in 1616, and recommended by various co¬
pies of verfes written by John Glanville, who after¬
wards became eminent in the profeflion of the law,
and others. Thefe two parts were reprinted in two
vols. 8vo, 1625'. 2. The fhepherd’s pipe, in feven
eclogues; London, 1614, in 8vo. 3. An elegy on
the never-enough bewailed death of prince Henry, el-
deft fon of king James I. Mr Wood tells us, that it
is probable our author wrote feveral other poemsr
which he had not feen. It is uncertain when he
died.
Brown (Thomas), “ of facetious memory,” as he
is ftyled by Addifon, was the fon of a farmer in Shrop-
fhire; and entered in Chrift-church college, Oxford,
where he foon diftinguiihed himfelf by his uncommon
attainments in literature. But the irregularities of his -
life not fufferir.g him to continue long there, he, in-
ftead of returning to his father, went to London to
feek his fortune : his companions, however, being
more delighted with his humour than ready to relieve
his neceflities, he had recourfe to the ufual refuge of
half-ftarved wits, fcribbling for bread ; and publiftied
a great variety of poems, letters, dialogues, &c. full
of humour and erudition, but often indelicate. Though
a good-natured man, he had one pernicious quality,.
which was, rather to lofe his friend than his joke.
Towards the latter end of Tom Brown’s life, we
are informed by Mr Jacob, that he was in favour with
the earl of Dorfet, who invited him to dinner on a
Chriftmas day, with Mr Dryden and fome other gentle¬
men celebrated for their ingenuity, (as his lordftiip’s
cuftom was) ,; when Mr Brown to his agreeable fur-
prife found a bank note of 50/. under his plate, and
Mr Dryden at the fame time was prefented with ano¬
ther of too/. Mr Brown died in the year 1704 ; and
was intened in the cloyfter of Weftminfter abbey,
near the remains of Mrs Bthn, with whom he was in¬
timate in' his lifetime. His works have been printed '■
both in 8vo and i2mo, making 4 vols*
Brown (Dr John), a clergman of the church of-
England, and an ingenious writer, was bornat Roth-
1 bury;
B R O [ 728 | B R O
Crown, bury In Northumberland in November 1715. His fa-
ther John Brown, was a native of Scotland, of the
Browns of Colftown near Haddington ; and at the.
time of his fon’s birth was curate to Dr Thomlinfon
re&or of Rothbury. He was afterwards collated to the
vicarage of Wigton in Cumberland; to which place
he carried his fon, who received the firft part of his
education there. Thence he was removed in 1732
to the univerfity of Cambridge, and entered of St
John’s college, under the tuition of Dr Tunftall.
After taking the degree of bachelor of arts with
great reputation (being amongft the lift of wranglers,
and his name at the head of the lift), he returned to
Wigton, and received both deacon’s and prieft’s orders
from Sir George Fleming bilhop of Carlifle. Here he
was appointed by the dean and chapter a minor canon
and lefturer of the cathedral church. For fome years
he lived here in obfcurity; and nothing farther is known
concerning him, than that in 1739 he went to Cam¬
bridge to take his degree of mailer of arts. In 1745
he diftinguifhed himfelf as a volunteer in the kwig’s
fervice, and behaved with great intrepidity at the fiege
of Carlifle. After the defeat of the rebels, when fe-
veral of them were tried at the affixes lield at Carlifle
in the fummer of 1746, he preached at the cathedral
church of that city two excellent difcourfes, on the mu¬
tual connexion between religious truth and civil free¬
dom ; and between fuperftition, tyranny, irreligion,
and licentioufnefs.
Mr Brown’s attachment to the royal caufe and to
the Whig party procured him the friendlhip of Dr Of-
baldefton, who was the only perfon that continued to
be his friend through life ; the peculiarities of Mr
Brown’s temper, or fome other caufe, having produced
quarrels with every one elfe. When Dr Olbaldefton
was advanced to the fee of Carlifle, he appointed Mr
Brown to be one of his chaplains.
It was probably in the early part of his life, and
during his refidence at Carlifle, that Mr Brown wrote
his poem intitled Honour, infcribed to the lord vifcount
Dondfdale. Our author’s next poetical produ&ion was
his EJJayon Satire ; and which was of considerable ad¬
vantage to him both in point of fame and fortune. It
was addrefled to Dr Warburton; to whom it was fo ac¬
ceptable, that he took Mr Brown into his friendlhip,
and introduced him to Ralph Allen, Efq; of Prior Park,
near Bath, who behaved to him with great generofity,
and at whofe houfe he refided for fome time.
In 1751 Mr Brown publiihed his “ Effays on the
Charafteriftics of Lord Shaftefbury, &c.” dedicated
to Ralph Allen, Efq. This was received with a high
degree of applaufe, though feveral perfons attempted
to anfwer it. In 1754 our author was promoted by
the earl of Hardwicke to the living of Great Horkefley
in Eflex.
In I755j our author took the degree of doc-
ter of divinity at Cambridge. This year he pub-
liihed his tragedy of Barbaroffa; which, under the
management of Mr Garrick, was afted with confi-
derable applaufe; but when it came to be publiftied,
it was expofed to a variety of ftridlures and cen-
fures. This tragedy introduced our author to the ac¬
quaintance of that eminent aftor ; by whofe favour he
had a fecond tragedy, named Atkeljian, reprefented
N°59-
at. Drury-Lane play-houfe. This was alfo well re- Brown, i
ceived by the public ; but did not become fo popular
as Barbarofla, nor did it preferve fo long the poffeffion
of the ftage.
In 1757 appeared his famous “ Eftimate of the
Manners and Principles of the Times.” The re¬
ception which this work met with from the pub¬
lic was very flattering to his vanity ; no fewer than
feven editions of it having been printed in little more !i|
than a year. The chief defign of this performance • jj
was to fhow, that a vain, luxurious, and felfilh effemi¬
nacy in the higher ranks of life marked the chara&er
of the age ; and to point out the effedts and fources of
this effeminacy. Several antagonifts appeared,- fome
of whom were neither deftituce of learning nor inge¬
nuity ; though Dr Brown himfelf afferted that Mr
Wallace, a clergyman of Edinburgh, was the only '
candid and decent adverfary that appeared ag^inft him.
The teftimony given by M. de Voltaire to the effed
which the Eftimate had on the condud of the nation,
is very honourable to Dr Brown. “ When Marlhal
Richelipu, in 1756, (feys that celebrated writer), laid
fiege to Port Mahon, the capital of Minorca, the Bri-
tifh fent out admiral Byng with a ftrong naval force,
to drive the French fleet off the ifland, and raife the
fiege. At this time there appeared a book, entitled
An EJUmate of the Manners of the Times ; of which
there was no lefs than five editions printed off in Lon¬
don in the fpace of three months In this treatife the
author proves that the Englifh nation was entirely de¬
generated;—that it was near its ruin ;—that its inha¬
bitants were no longer fo robuft and hardy as in for¬
mer times ;—and that its foldiers had loft their courage.
—This work roufed the fenfibility of the Englifh na¬
tion, and produced the following confequences. They
attacked, almoft at one and the fame time all the fea
coafts of France, and her poffeffions in Alia, Africa,
and America.” In 1758, our author publiflred the fe¬
cond volume of his Eftimate of the Manners and Prin¬
ciples of the Times ; containing additional remarks on
the ruling manners and principles, and on the public
effefts of thofe manners and principles. The defign of n
this volume was, to retradl fuch miftakes as he thought
he had committed ; to prove fuch points as were af¬
firmed and not proved ; to illuftrate thofe particulars
which were hinted, but not explained ; to reply to fuch
capital objeflions as had been made to his general fy-
ftem by preceding writers on the fame fubjeft ; and to
difplay the confequences which might be fairly de<iu- 9H
cedfrom his principles, and through a defigned brevity
were omitted in the firft volume. But it unfortunately
happened that the Dodlor’s felf-opinion, which gave
fo riiuch offence in his firft volume, broke out in the
fecond with ftill greater violence. The cc ifequence of
this was, that he expofed himfelf to general cenfure
and drflike; and the prejudices againft him occafioned
the real excellencies of the worh to be very much over¬
looked. The periodical critics, v horn he had gone
needlefsly out of his way to abuL, treated him with Ml
uncommon feverity; and fuch a multitude of antago- |9K
nifts rofe againft him, fo many objeftions were urged ffljiji
upon him, by friends as well as enemies, that he feems
to have been deeply impreffed, and to have retired for *|
a while into the country. From the country it was . |
5 that
B R O f 729 ] B R O
that he wrote, in a ferles of letters to a noble friend,
<£ An Explanatory Defence of the Eftimate of the
Manners and Principles of the Times; being an appen¬
dix to that work, occafroned by the clamours lately
raifed againft it among certain ranks of men.”
But while Dr Brown thus diftinguifhed himfelf as a
political writer, he was advanced to no higher dignity
in the church : nay, on fome difguft, it is fuppofed, he
refigned his living in Eflex : however, in recompence,
Dr Oibaldefton procured him the reftory of St Ni¬
cholas in Newcaftle on Tyne. He would probably
have received further favours from this prelate, had not
the latter died foon after his promotion to the fee of
Eondon.
In 1760 our author publifhed an Additional Dialogue
of the Dead, between Pericles and Ariltides; being a
fequel to a dialogue of lord Lyttleton’s between Pe¬
ricles and Cofmo. One defign of this additional
dialogue was to vindicate the meafures of Mr Pitt,
againll whofe adminiftration lord Lyttleton had been
fuppofed to have thrown out fome hints. Our author’s
next publication, in 1763, was “ The cure of Saul,”
a facred ode; which was followed in the fame year by
*t A Differtation on the Rife, Union, and Power, the
Progrefiions, Separations, and Corruptions of Poetry
and Mufic.” This is one of the moft. pleafing of Dr
Brown’s performances, and abounds with a variety of
critical difcuffions. A number of ftridtures on this piece
were publifhed ; and the Doftor defended himfelf in a
treat ife intitled Remarks xm feme Obfervations on Dr
Brown’s Dijfertations on Poetry and Mufic. In 1764 our
author publifhed, in o&avo, “ The Hiftory of the Rife
and Progrefs of Poetry through its feveral Species 5”
which is no more than the fubftance given in the differ-
tation abovementioned. The fame year Dr Brown pub-
lifhed a volume of fermons, dedicated to his patron Dr
Ofbaldefton bifhop of London ; but moft, if not all, of
thefe, had been Separately publifhed, excepting the firft
three, which were on the fubjeft of education. In the
beginning of tbe year 1765, the Doftor again return¬
ed to politics, and publifhed “ Thoughts on Civil Li¬
berty, Licentioufnefs, and Faftion.” At the conclu-
fion of this work the author prefcribed a code of edu¬
cation, upon which Dr Prieftley made remarks at the
end of his “ Effay on the Courfe of a liberal Edu¬
cation for civil and aftive Life.” The fame year he
pnblifhed a fertnon “ On the Female CharaAer and
Education,” preached on the t6th of May 1765, be¬
fore the guardians of the afylum for deferted female
orphans. His laft publication was in 1766, “ A Let¬
ter to the Rev. Dr Lowth, occafioned by his late Let¬
ter to the Right Rev. Author of the Divine Lega¬
tion of Mofes.” This was occafioned by Dr Lowth’s
having clearly, though indirectly, pointed,at Dr Brown
as one of the extravagant adulators and defenders of
bifhop Warburton. Befides thefe works, Dr Brown
publifhed a poem on Liberty, and two or three ano¬
nymous pamphlets. At the end of feveral of his la¬
ter writings, he advertifed his defign of publifhing
Chriftian Principles of Legiflation,” but was pre¬
vented from executing it by his death; though the
work appears to have been completed.
We come now to the concluding events of our au¬
thor’s life ; concerning which the following is the moll
authentic intelligence that can be procured. Whilfl
Vox, III. Part H.
Dr Dumarefq refided in Ruflia in the year 1765, td
which he had been invited the preceding year to give
his advice and affiftance for the eftablifhment and regu¬
lation of feveral fchools which her Imperial majefty in¬
tended to eredt, he received a letter from' a lady of
diftinguifhed chara&er in England, recommending to
him Dr Brown as a proper correfpondent on this oc-
cafion. Dr Dumarefq then wrote a letter to Dr Brown,
tellinor him the occafion of his application, and the dif¬
ficulties that occurred. He had imagined that no¬
thing more would be wanted of him than what con¬
cerned clafiical learning, and a general foundation for
the fciences; as that had been the common introduc¬
tion to every kind of ufeful knowledge in the weftern
parts of Europe. But on his arrival he found that a
much more extenfive fcheme was required} and fuch
as extended not only to learning properly fo called, but
alfo to matters military and naval, civil and commer¬
cial. But having ftated his difficulties in executing
this plan to Dr Brown, the latter propbfed a fcheme
ftill more extenfive ; and which was no lefs than a ge¬
neral plan of civilization throughout the whole Ruf¬
fian empire. In this plan, however, though it fhowed
very enlarged ideas and great ftrength of mind, there
were feveral defefts which rendered it, as Dr Brown
himfelf was afterwards convinced, impiafticable. He
had laid greater ftrefs upon the fupport, energy, and
efficacy of abfolute power in princes when exerted in a
good caufe, than experience would warrant; and he
was ready to imagine that the bulk of the Ruffian na¬
tion, juft emerging out of barbarifm, was like a tabula
rafia, upon which any characters might be written.
At laft. the DoCtor’s letter was laid before the em-
prefs, who was fo pleafed with it that fhe immediately
invited him to Ruffia. He accepted the invitation, and
procured his Majefty’s leave to go; 1 cool, were or¬
dered for his expence, and he aClually received 2001.
But when he was on the point of fetting out, an at¬
tack of the gout and rheumatifm, to which he had
been all his lifetime fubjeCt, fo impaired his health,
that his friends difluaded, and at laft fucceeded in pre¬
venting him from going. The money was returned,
excepting 971. 6 s. which had been expended in necef-
faries for the intended journey. But though he thus
declined the journey, a long letter which he after¬
wards wrote to the emprefs, and which does honour
to his abilities, fhows that he had not abandoned his
intention of being ferviceable. The affair, however,
taking in all its circumftances, -did no doubt greatly
agitate his mind ; and his being obliged at length to
give up the journey, mull have been no fmall difap-
pointment to a man of his fanguine expectations. This
difappointment concurring with the general ftate of
his health, and perhaps the recolleCtion of fome other
failures that had happened, was followed by a dejeCHon
of fpirits ; in confequence of which he put an end to
his life on the 23d of September 1766, in the 51ft yeai*
of his age. On the morning of that day his fervant
came into his bed-chamber, and alked him what fort
of a night he had had ? to which he replied, “ A pret¬
ty good one.” The fervant having quitted the bed-
fide for a few minutes, heard a noife in the DoCtor’s
throat, which he imagined to be owing to fome ob-
ftruCfion occafioned by phlegm. Going to affift his
maftei, he found him fpeechlefs, and bleeding profufe-
4 Z tyi
fc R O L 730 ] B R O
Brown, ly, having cut the jugular vein with a razor ; and this
v ' he had done fo effectually, that death fpeedily enfued.
Such was the unhappy end-of this ingenious writer;
but the manner of it,- when fome previous circum-
ftances of his life are underftood, will caff no ftain on
his character. He had a tendency to infanity in his
conftitution ; and, from his early life, had been fubjeCt
at times to fome diforder in his brain, at leail to me¬
lancholy in its excefs. Mrs Gilpin of Carlifle, foon
after Dr Brown’s deceafe, wrote in the following terms
in a letter to a friend. “ His diftemper was a frenzy,
to which he had by fits been long fubjeCt; to my own
knowledge, above 30 years. Had it not been for Mr
Farilh frequently, and once for myfelf, the fame event
would have happened to him long ago. It was no
premeditated purpofe in him ; for he abhorred the
thought of felf-murder ; and in bitternefs of foul ex-
preffed his fears to me, that one time or another fome
ready mifchief might prefent itfelf to him, at a time
when he was wholly deprived of his reaion.”
Brown (Simon), a diffenting minifter, whofe
uncommon talents and Angular misfortunes intitle him
juftly to a place in this work, was born at Shepton
Mallet in Somerfetlhire, 1680. Grounded and excel¬
ling in grammatical learning, he early became qualified
for the miniftry, and aftudly began to preach before
he was twenty. He was firll called to be a pallor at
Porlfmouth, and afterwards removed to the Old Jewry,
where he was admired and elleemed for a number of
years. But the death of his wife and only fon, which
happened in 1723, affeded him fo as to deprive himpf
his reafon ; and he became from that time loll to him-
felf, to his family, and to the world : his congregation
at the Old Jewry, in expectation of his recovery, de¬
layed for fome time to fill his poll; yet at length all.
hopes were over, and Mr Samuel Chandler was appoint¬
ed to fucceed him in 1725. This double misfortune
affeCled him at firft in a manner little different from
diftradion, but afterwards funk him into a fettled me¬
lancholy. He quitted the duties of his function, and
would not be perfuaded to join in any aft of worlhip,
public or private. Being urged by his friends for a
reafon of this extraordinary change, at which they ex-
preffed the utmoft grief and aftonilhment, he told them,,
after much importunity, that “ he had fallen under the
fenfible difpleafure of God, who had caufed his rational
foul gradually to perilh, and left him only an animal
life in common with brutes : that, though he retained
the human lhape, and the faculty of fpeaking in a
manner that appeared to others rational, he had all the
while no more notion of what he faid than a parrot;
that it was therefore profane in him to pray, and in¬
congruous to be prefent at the prayers of others
and, very confiftently with this, he confidered himfelf
no longer as a moral agent, or fubjeCt of either reward
or punilhment. In this way of tuinking and talking
he unalterably and obftinately perfifted to the end of
his life; though he afterwards fuffered, and even re-
quefted, prayers to be made for him. Some time afters
his feceflion from the Old Jewry, he retired to Shepton
Mallet, his native place; and though in this retirement
he was perpetually contending that his powers of rea¬
fon and imagination were gone, yet he was as conftant-
ly exerting both with much adivity and vigour. He
amufed himfelf fometimes with tranflating parts of the
ancient Greek and Latin poets into Englilh verfe: he
compofed little pieces for the ufe of children ; An
Englilh Grammar and Spelling Book ; An AbftraCk
of the Scripture-Hiftory, and A Collection of Fables*,
both in metre; and with much learning he brought to¬
gether into a fhort compafs all the The??iata of the
Greek and Latin tongues, and alfo compiled a Dic¬
tionary to each of thofe works, in order to render the
learning of both thefe languages more eafy and com¬
pendious. Of thefe performances none have been made
public. But what fhowed the ffrength and vigour of
his underftanding, while he was daily bemoaning the
lofs of it, were two works compofed during the two
laft years of his life, in defence of Chriftianity, againft
Woolllon and Tindal. He wrote an anfwer to Wool-
fton’s fifth Difcourfe on the Miracles of our Saviour,
entitled, A fit rebuke for a ludicrous Infidel, with a
preface concerning the profecution of fuch writers by.
the civil power. The preface contains a vigorous plea
for liberty, and is llrongly againft profecutions in mat¬
ters of religion ; and in the Anfwer, Woolfton is as
well managed as he was by any of his refuters, and
more in his own way too. His book againft Tindal
was called, A Defence of the Religion of Nature and
the Cbriftian Revelation, againft the defective account
of the one and the exceptions againft the other, in a
book entitled, Chriftianity as old as the Creation ;
and it is allowed to be as good a one as that contro-
verfy produced. He intended to dedicate it to queen
Caroline; but as the unhappy ftate of his mind ap¬
peared in the dedication, fome of his friends very wife¬
ly fuppreffed it, as fure to defeat the ufe and intent of
his work. The copy however was preferved, and is
fubjoined in the note (a), as much too great a curi-
ofity to be fuppreffed. The above pieces were publifh-
ed
(a) Madam, Of all the extraordinary things that have been rendered to your royal hands fince your firft
happy arrival in Britain, it may be boldly faid, what now befpeaks your majefty’s acceptance is the chief. Not
in it I elf indeed : it is a trifle unworthy your exalted rank, and what will hardly prove an entertaining amufe-
ment to one of your majefty’s deep penetration, exaCt judgment, and fine tafte ; but on account of the au¬
thor, who is the firft being of the kind, and yet without a name. He was once a man, and of fome little
name *, but of no worth, as his prefent unparalleled cafe makes but too manifeft : for, by the immediate hand
of an avenging God, his very thinking fubftance has for more than feven years been continually wafting away,
till it is wholly perifhed out of him, if it be not utterly come to nothing. None, no, not the leaft remem¬
brance of its very ruins remains ; not the ftradow of an idea is left; nor any fenfe, fo much as one fingle one*
perfeCt or imperfeCt, whole or diminiftied, ever did appear to a mind within him, or was perceived by it. Such
a prefent from fuch a thing, however worthlefs in itfelf, may not be wholly unacceptable to your majefty, the
author being fuchashiftory cannot parallel; and if the faCt3 which is real, andno fiCtiou or wrong conceit, obtains
45 credit,
B R O [731 ] B R O
- fci-ow*. edby Mr, afterwards Dr W. Harris, who, in an adver-
u-; t;fement to [jjg reader, recommends the affli&ed cafe
of the author, under a deep and.peculiar melancholy,
to the compaffion and prayers of all his friends, and
every ferious Chriftian. Mr Brown furvived the pu¬
blication of this laft work a very Ihort time. A com¬
plication of di&empers, contrafted by his fedentary
life (for he could not be prevailed on to refrelh himfelf
with air and exercife), brought on a mortification,
which put a period to his labours and forrows about
the latter end of 1732. He was unqueftionably a man
of uncommon abilities and learning : his management
of Woslfton fhowed him to have alfo vivacity and wit:
and, notwithftanding that ftrange conceit which pof-
felfed him, it is remarkable that he never appeared
feeble or abfurd, except when the objeft of his frenzy
was before him. Befides the two pieces above men¬
tioned, and before he was ill, he had publilhed fame
fingle Sermons, together with a Colle&ion of Hymns
and Spiritual Songs. He left feveral daughters.
Brown (Ifaac Hawkins), an ingenious Engliih
poet, was born at Burton upon Trent, Staffordlhire,
Jan. 21. 1705-6; of which place his father was the
ininifter. He received his grammatical inftitution firft
at Lichfield, then at Weftminfter ; whence, at fixteen
years of age, he was removed to Trinity college, Cam¬
bridge, of which his father had been fellow. He re¬
mained there till he had taken a mafter of arts degree;
and about 1727, fettled himfelf in Lincoln’s Inn, where
he feems to have devoted more of his time to the
Mufes than to the law. Soon after his arrival there,
he wrote a poem on Dejign and Beauty, which he ad-
drelfed to Mr Highmore the painter, for whom he had
a great friendihip. Several other poetical pieces were
written here, and particularly his Pipe of Tobacco.
This is in imitation of Cibber, Ambrofe, Phillips,
Thomfon, Young, Pope, and Swift, who were then all
living; and is reckoned one of the moft pleafing and
popular of his performances. In (743-4, he married
the daughter of Dr Trimnell, archdeacon of Leicefter.
He was chofen twice to ferve in parliament, firfl; in
1744, ancl afterwards in 1748 ; both times for the bo¬
rough of Wenlock in Shroplhire, near which place he
poffelfed a confiderable eftate, which came from his ma¬
ternal grandfather, Ifaac Hawkins, Efq. In >754,
he publilhed what has been deemed his capital work,
De Animi Immortahtate, in two books; in which, be¬
fides a moft judicious choice of matter and arrange¬
ment, he is thought to have ihown himfelf not a fervile
but happy imitator of Lucretius and Virgil. The uni-
verfal applaufe and popularity of this poem produced
feveral Englifh tranflations of it in a very ftiort time;
the beft of which is that by Soame Jenyns, Efq; print¬
ed in his Mifcellanies. Mr Brown intended to have
added a third part, but went no farther than to leave a
fragment. This excellent perfon died, after a linger¬
ing illnefs, in 1760, aged 55. In 1768, the prefent
Hawkins Brown, Efq; obliged the public with an ele¬
gant edition of his father’s poems, in large oftavo ; to
which is prefixed a print of the author, from a painting
of Mr Highmore, engraved by Ravenet.
Brown (Sir William), a noted phyfician and mul¬
tifarious writer, was fettled originally at Lynn in Nor¬
folk, where he publifhed'a tranflation of Dr Gregory’*
Elements of Catoptrics and Dioptrics; to which he
added, 1. A Method for finding the Foci of all Spe¬
cula, as well as Lens’s univerfally ; as alfo magnifying
or leflening a given ^bjeft by a given Speculum or
Lens, in any affigned Proportion. 2. A Solution of
thofe Problems which Dr Gregory has left undemon-
ftrated. 3. A particular Account of Microfcopes and
Telefcopes, from Mr Huygens ; with the Difcoveries
made by Catoptrics and Dioptrics. Having acquired
a competence by his profeffion, he removed to Queen’s
Square, Ormond Street, London, where he refided till
his death. By his lady, who died 1763, he had one
daughter, grandmother to the prefent Sir Martin-
Brown Folkes, bart. A great number of lively effays,
both in profe and verfe, the produ&ion of his pen, were
printed and circulated among his friends. The active
4 Z 2 part
credit, it muft be recorded as the moft memorable, and indeed aftonifhing, event in the reign of George II.
that a traft, compofed by fuch a thing, was prefented to the illuftrious Caroline : his royal confort needs not
be added ; fame, if I am not mifinformed, will tell that with pleafure to all fucceeding times. He has been
informed, that your majefty’s piety is as genuine and eminent as your excellent qualities are great and confpi-
cuous. This can indeed be truly known to the great Searcher of hearts only. He alone, who can look into
them, can difeern if they are fincere, and the main intention correfponds with the appearance ; and your ma-
jefty cannot take it amifs if fuch an author hints, that his fecret approbation is of infinitely greater value than
the commendation of men, who may be eafily miftaken, and are too apt to flatter their fuperiors. But, if he
has been told the truth, fuch a cafe as his will certainly ftrike your majefty with aftoniftiment; and may raife
that commiferation in your royal breaft, which he has in vain endeavoured to excite in thofe of his friends:
who, by the moft unreafonable and ill-founded conceit in the world, have imagined, that a thinking being
could for feven years together live a ftranger to its own powers, exercifes, operations, and ftate ; and to what
the great God has been doing in it and to it. If your majefty, in your moft retired addrefs to the King of
kings, (hould think of fo Angular a cafe, you may perhaps make it your devout requeft, that the reign of
your beloved fovereign and confort may be renowned to all pofterity by the recovery of a foul now in the ut-
moft ruin, the reftoration of one utterly loft, at prefent amongft men. And fhould this cafe affefit your royal
breaft, you will recommend it to the piety and prayers of all the truly devout who have the honour to be
known to your majefty : many fuch doubtlefs. there are, though courts are not ufually the places where the
devout refort, or where devotion reigns. And it is not improbable, that multitudes of the pious throughout
the land may take a cafe to heart, that under your majefty’s patronage comes thus recommended. Could fuch
a favour as this reftpration be obtained from heaven by the prayers of your majefty, with what tranfport of
gratitude would the recovered being throw himfelf at your majefty’s feet, and', adoring the divine power and
grace, profefs himfelf, Madam, your majefty’s moft obliged and dutiful fervant, Simon Brown.
B R O [ 732 ] B R O
Brown part taken by Sir William Brown in the conteft with vers perfecutions from the biihopg ; infomuch that he Brownilb.
Brownifls t^e l'cent'ates> occafioned his being introduced boafted he had been committed to no lefs than 32 pri-  "
1 . . 1 by Mr Foote in his Devi/ upon Two Sticks. Upon fons, in fome of which he could not fee his hand at
Foote’s exa6t reprefentation of him with his identical noon-day. At length, with his congregation, he left
wig and coat, tall figure, and glafs ftiffly applied to the kingdom, and fettled at Mtddleburgh in Zealand ;
his eye, he fent him a card complimenting him on where they obtained leave of the ftates to worlhip
having fo happily reprefented him ; but as he had for- God in their own way, and form a. church according
got his muff, he had fent him his own. Thisgood-na- to their own model ; which they had not long done
tured method of refcnting difarmed Foote. He ufed before this handful of men, jult delivered.from the fe-
to frequent the annual ball at the ladies boarding- verities of the biihops, began to differ among thenu
fchool, Queen Square, merely as a neighbour, a good- felves, and crumble into fo many parties, that Brown
natured man, and fond of the company of fprightly their paflor grew weary of his oflice ; and, returning
young folks. A dignitary of the church being there to England in 1589, renounced his principles of fepa-
one day to fee his daughter dance, and finding this ration, and was preferred to the re&ory of a church
upright figure ftationed there, told him he believed he in Northamptonfliire, and died, after leading a very
was Hermippus rsdivivus who lived anhelitupuellarum. idle and diffolute life, in 1630.
When he lived at Lynn, a pamphlet was written againft
him : he nailed it up againft his houfe-door. At the
age of 80, on St Luke’s day, 1771, he came to Bat-
The revolt of Brown was attended with the diifi-
lution of the church at Middleburgh; but the feeds
of Brownifm, which he had fown in England, were
fon’e coffee-houfe in his laced coat and band, and frin- fo far from being deftroyed, that Sir Walter Raleigh,
ged white gloves, to fhovv himfelf to Mr Crofby, then
lord mayor. A gentleman prefent obferving that he
looked very well, he replied, he had neither wife nor
debts. He died in 1774, at the age of 82; and by his
will he left two prize-medals to be annually contended
for by the Cambridge poets.
colour that they lay upon any kind of timber-work
houfe-painting. That which is of the deepeft colour,
agiftiate. They would not allow any children to be
baptized of fuch as were not members of the church.
but one fpecies, the coccinea, a native of the Weft
Indies.
BROWNISTS, a religious fe<ft, which fprung out
of the Puritans, towards the clofe of the 16th cen¬
tury : their leader, Robert Brown, wrote divers books
the brethren. But they did not allow the priefthood
to be any diftinft order, or to give any indelible cha-
raifter. As the vote of the brotherhood made a man
a minifter, and gave him authority to preach the word
and adminifter the facraments among them, £0 the
in their behalf, was a man of good parts, and fome lame power could difcharge him from his office, and
karning. He was born of a good family in Rutland- reduce him to a mere layman again. And as they
ffiire, and related to the lord-treafurer Burleigh. He maintained the bounds of a church to be no greater
had been educated at Cambridge ; but fir ft publithed than what could meet together in one place and join
his notions, and began to inveigh openly againft the in one communion, lo the power of thefe officers was
difcipline and ceremonies of the church, at Norwich, prefcribed within the fame limits. The minifter or
in the year 1580, from which time he underwent di- pafter of one church could cot. adiuinifter the Lord’s
lup.pec
a fpeech in 1592, computes no lefs than 20,00a
followers of it. The occafion of their reparation was
not any fault they found with the faith, but only with
the difcipline and form of government of the other
churches in England. They equally charged corrup¬
tion on the epifcopal form, and on that of the prelby-
Brown, among dyers, painters, &c. a dufky colour terians, by confiftories, claffes, and fynods: nor would
inclining towards rednefs. Of this colour there are they join with any other reformed church, becaule
various (hades or degrees, diftinguiffied by different they were not affured of the fanftity and regeneration
appellations; for inftance, Spaniffi-brown, a fad-brown, of the members that compofed it; on account of the
a tawney-brown, the London brown, a clove-brown, toleration of finners, with whom they maintained it
&c. an impiety to communicate. They condemned the
Spanifh brown is a dark dull red, of a horfe-flefh folemn celebration of marriages in the church ; main-
colour. It is an earth ; and is of great ufe among taining, that matrimony being a political contract,
painters, being generally ufed as the firft and priming the confirmation thereof ought to come from the civil
and freed; from (tones, is the bed. Though this is of or of fuch as did not take fufficient care of thofe bap-
a dirty brown colour, yet it is much ufed, not to co- tized before. They rejected all forms of prayer ; and
lour any garment, unlefs it be an old man’s gown ; held that the Lord’s prayer was not to be recited as a
but to (hadow vermilion, or to lay upon any dark prayer, being only given for a rule or model whereon
ground behind a picture, or to (hadow yellow berries all our prayers are to be formed. The form of church-
in the darkeft places, when you want lake, &c. It is government which they eftablifhed was democratical.
bed and brighteft when burnt in the fire till it be red- When a church was to be gathered, fuch as defired to
hot; although, if you would colour any hate, horfe, be members of it made a confeffion of it, and figned
dog, or the like, it (hould not be burnt: but, for o- a covenant, by which they obliged themfelves to walk
ther ufts, it is heft when it is burnt ; as for colouring together in the order of the golpel. The whole power
wood, pods, bodies of trees, or any thing elfe of wood, of admitting and excluding members, with the de-
s>r any dark ground of a picture. cifion of all controverfies, was lodged in the brother-
BROWNIA, in botany ; a genus of the endecaa- hood. Their church-officers were chofen from among
dria order, belonging to the monadelphiaclafs of plants, themfelves, for preaching the word, and taking care
The calyx is bifid, the corolla double, the exterior of the poor, and feparated to their leveral offices by
quinqnefid, and the interior pentapetalous. There is fading, prayer, and impofition of hands of fome of
B R U [ 733 ] B R U
Browny fupper to another, nor baptize the children of any but
ii thofe of his own fociety. Any lay-brother was allow-
' fUCe~ ed the liberty of prophefying, or of giving a word of
exhortation to the people ; and it was ufual for feme
of them, after fermon, to alk queftions, and reafon
upon the doftrines that had been preached. In a
word, every church on the Brownifts model is a body-
corporate, having full power to do every thing which
the good of the fociety requires, without being ac¬
countable to any claflis, fy nod, convocation, or other jurif-
diclion whatever. Moft of their difciplinehasbeenadopt-
ed by the Independents, a party which afterwards arofe
from among the Brownifts. The laws were executed
with great feverity on the Brownifts ; their books were
prohibited by queen Elizabeth, and their perfons im-
prifoned, and many of them were hanged. The ec-
clefiaftical com’miffion and the liar-chamber, in fine,
diftreffed them to fuch a degree, that they refolved to
quit their country. Accordingly, many families re¬
tired and fettled at Amfterdam, where they formed a
church, and chofe Mr Johnfon their pallor ; and after
him Mr Ainfwortb, author of the learned commentary-
on the Pentateuch. Their church flourilhed near 100
yeais. See Independents.
BROW NY, the name of a ferviceable kind of fprite,
who, according to a fuperftitious notion formerly pre¬
valent in the Hebrides and Highlands of Scotland (as
well as among the country people in England, where
he had the name of Robin Goodfellow), was wont to
clean the houfes, helped to churn, threlhed the corn,
and would belabour all that pretended to make a jell
of him. He was reprefented as flout and blooming,
had fine long flowing hair, and went about with a
wand in his hand. He-was. the very counter part of
Milton’s Lubber Fiend, who
Tells how the drudging goblin fwet.
To earn hrs cream-bowl duly fet,
When in one night, ere glimpfe of morn,,
His lhadowy flail hath threlh’d the corn.
That ten day-lab’rers could not end ;
Then lies him down the Lubber Fiend,
And, ftretch’d along the chimney’s length,..
Balks at the fire his hairy ftrength.
BROWSE, the tops of the branches of trees,
whereon beafts feed. This is fometimes alfo called
irouce and bruttle ; probably from the French brout,
which fignifies the fame thing.
Browse more properly denotes the food which deer
find in young copfes, continually fprouting anew.
BRUCE (Robert), fon of the earl of Carrick, be¬
ing competitor with Baliol for the crown of Scotland,
loft it by the arbitration of Edward I. of England,
for generoufly refufing to hold the crown of Scotland
as depending on him, which his anceftors had left him
independent. But Baliol having afterward broke his
agreement with Edward, Bruce was eafily perfuaded
by that king to fide with him againft Bahol, upon
promife that he would fettle him on the throne. Ha¬
ving contributed much to the breaking of BalioFs
party, he demanded the accomplilhment of king Ed¬
ward’s promife, who is fard to have given him this an-
fwer: “ What! have I nothing elfe to do but to con¬
quer kingdoms for you However, he recovered his
crown, defeated the Englifh in feveral battles, raifed
the glory of the Scots, and extended their dominions. Brucfcfal
See Hijiory of Scotland. (I
BRUCHSAL, a town of Germany, in the palati-, ^ l‘^es* [
nate of the Rhine, and bilhopric of Spires, fituated on ^
the river Satz, in E. Long. 8. 30. N. Lat. 49. 15.
BRUCHUS, in zoology, a genus of infedts belong¬
ing to the order of coleoptera. The feelers are filiform,
and gradually increale in thicknefs. There are feven
fpecies, viz. 1. The pilt, has grey elytra interfperfed
with, white fpots, and a white fundament with two
black fpots. It is a native of North America, and
deltroys whole fields of peafe : It is now found in fe-
veral of the louthern parts of Europe ; where it does
great injury to the corn. 2. The theobromse, with
whitifh elytra interiperfed with black points. It fre¬
quents the tiieobromte or chocolate-trees in the Eatt
Indies. 3. The gleditiias, with ilriated elytra of the
fame length with the belly, a pitch-coloured body, and.
green feelers. It is a native of America. 4. The
ba&ris, with fmooth elytra, a hoary body, and the
hind part of the thighs oval. It frequents the palm-
trees of Jamaica. 5. The granarius, has black elytra ;
the fore-feet are red, and the hind-feet are dentated.
It frequents the leeds of plants in different parts of
Europe. 6. The feminarius is black, with the bafe
of the feelers and fore-feet teftaceous. It is about the
fize of a loufe, and a native of Europe. 7. The pe&i-
cornis, with comb-ftraped feelers longer than the body.
It is a native of Barbary and China.
BRUEGHEL. See Breughed.
BRUGES, a city of the Auftrian Netherlands, ca¬
pital of the territory of Bruges, with a bifhop’s fee.
It is feated in a plain eight miles from the fea ; and
has a great number of canals, made for the benefit of
trade, one of which leads to Ghent, another to Offend,
another to Sluys, to Newport, to Furnes, to Ypres,
and to Dunkirk, which you may reach in a day in the
fummer-time. All the waters about Bruges are with¬
out any current; but they may be changed in half an
hour’s time, by opening the fluices, and letting the
water run into the fea. There are feveral bridges about
the city, and that which was built in 1739 of free
ftone is very ftatcly.
Bruges was in a very flourifhing condition upwards
of 200 years ago, and every nation had a conful here¬
in for the maintenance of their rights and privileges ;
but fince the enlargement of Amfterdam and Antwerp,
the trade is diminifbed, and its inhabitants are not nu¬
merous enough for fo large a place. However, there
are many rich merchants, and a chamber for trade.
There are feveral fine churches ; in the firft rank of
which is the cathedral, whole rich ornaments and trea-
fure deferve notice. The fmeft fquare in the city is the
great market, in which Hand the halls, with public
galleries, and a large court in the middle,, and on one
of its fides a high ftceple fupported only with four
pillars. It is full of bells, with the moft harmonious
chimes in all the country. On the fide of the great
fquare there, is a ftrutture which ferves for a public ma¬
gazine to lay cloth in. It inbuilt on a canal, and fup¬
ported by pillars in fuch a manner, that finaJl veffels can-
pafs under it, to crofs the city from the canal of Offend
to that of Ghent.
The fquare where the Wednefday’s market is kept is
very fine ; far it. contains feveral walks Between two -
tewm
B R U I 734 ] B R U
Bruges rows of trees, and a new guard-houfe in the middle.
•Bfumalia a iarge fquare, in which is the town-houfe,
. built in the Gothic manner, and adorned with a variety
of figures of the ancient counts and counteffes of Flan¬
ders. In the fame fquare there are feveral other public
buildings. The church dedicated to the Virgin Mary
is very fine, with a high fteeple, which ferves as a fea-
mark for the fhips that come to Oftend; on the infide
are two tombs of copper gilt, of an extraordinary mag¬
nificence. Befides the cathedral and two collegiate
churches, there are five parifh churches, fourteen cha¬
pels, and twelve convents for men and women. There
are a great many alms-houfes and hofpitals, one of
which is called the fchool of Bayards, where there are
about 180 boys, fame of which are brought up to
learning, others to trades, according to their genius.
Their habit is cloth, and half of them wear blue and
half red, with a black bonnet. There is alfo a fchool
for poor girls, to the number of 120, clothed with
•red or blue. In fiioit, there is no place in the Low
Countries where they take more care of widows and
orphans.
It is remarkable that the knights of the golden fleece
were inftituted in this city in 1430, when the marriage
of Philip the Good was celebrated with Elizabeth
princefs of Portugal. The parts about the city, which
belong to it, are called Franc of Bruges, and contain
37 villages, and enjoy perfeft liberty, according to
the tenor of their freedom. The fortifications of
Bruges are but trifling, infomuch that in the time of
war they always yield to the ftrongeft party. It is
eight miles call of Ollend, 24 north-call of Ghent,
and 46 well of Antwerp. E. Long. 3. 5. N. Lat.
51* "*
Bruges (John of), (real name, John vanEick), a
celebrated Flemifh painter, and the firll who difcovered
the method of painting in oil, flourifhed in the 15th
century. He found in the courfe of his chemical expe¬
riments (to w’hich fcience he alfo applied himfelf),
that, by grinding colours with lintfeed or nut-oil, he
could form them into a folid body which would refill
the water, and not need the varnilh ufed in painting in
water-colours or in frefco. He prefented the firll pic¬
ture painted in this manner to Alphonfus I. king of
Naples, who was much pleafed with it.
BRUIN (John de), profeffor of natural philofophy
and mathematics at Utrecht, was born at Gorcum in
1620. He had uncommon Ikill in difiedting animals,
and was a great lover of experiments. He made alfo
obfervations in aftronomy. He publilhed dilfertations
De vi altrice ; De corporum gravitate et levitate ; De
xognitione Dei naturali ; De lucis caufa et origine, &c.
He had a difpute with Ifaac Voffius, to whom he wrote
a letter printed at Amilerdam in 1663; wherein he cri-
ticifes Voffius’s book De natura et proprielate lucis; and
ftrenuoufly maintains the hypothefis of Defcartes. He
died in 1675, after he had been profefibr 23 years: and
his funeral oration was pronounced four days after by
M. Graevius.
BRUISE, in furgery, the fame with Contusion.
BRUMALES plant.*, in botany, (from bruma
winter) ; plants which flower in our winter : common
about the Cape.
BRUMALIA, in Roman antiquity, feftivals of
Bacchus celebrated twice a-year ; the firlt on the 12th
of the kalends of March, and the other on the 18th of Brumof,
the kalends of November. They were inllituted by Ro- Brim. |
mulus, who during thefe feafts ufed to entertain the'
fenate. Among other heathen fellivals which the pri¬
mitive Chriftians were much inclined to obfei ve, Ter-
tullian mentions the brumas or brumalia.
BRUMOY (Peter),' a learned Jefuit born at Rouen
in 1668, dillinguilhed himfelf in his youth by his ta¬
lents for the belles lettres; and during his whole life
was beloved for his probity, his virtue, and- the good-
nefs of his heart. He wrote many works, the moll con-
fiderable of which is his Theatre of the Greeks. He
died at Paris in 1742.
BRUN (Anthony le), an ambaflador of Spain, fa¬
mous for his Ikill in negociating, was of an ancient and
noble family, and born at Dole in the year 1600. He
was attorney-general in the parliament of Dole ; du¬
ring which time he had a hand in all the fiate negocia-
tions which concerned the provinces. He was fent
afterwards by Philip IV. to the diet of Ratilbon, and
from thence to the court of the emperor Ferdinand III,
He was one of the plenipotentiaries of his Catholic ma-
jefty, at the conferences of Munfter held in 1643 ;
where, though all the other plenipotentiaries took place
of him, yet it is faid that he far exceeded them all in
capacity. The king of Spain was particularly beholden
to him for the peace which the Dutch made at Mun¬
fter, exclufively of France ; and the intriguing turn
which he ftiowed upon this occafion made him dreaded
ever after by French ambaffadors. He was a man of
letters, as well as of politics ; and therefore employed
his pen as well as his tongue in the fervice of his ma¬
iler. “He died at the Hague, during his embaffy, in
the year 1654.
Brun (Charles le), wasdefcended of a family of di-
ftin&ion in Scotland, and born in the year 1619. His
father was a ftatuary by profeffion. He difcovered, it
is laid, fuch an early inclination for painting, that at
three years of age he ufed to take coals, and defign
on the hearth and fides of the chimney, only by the
light of the fire ; and at 12 he drew the pifture of his
uncle fo well, that it ftill pafies for a fine piece. His
father beirig.employed in the gardens at Sequier, and ha¬
ving brought his fon along with him, the chancellor of
that name took a liking to him, and placed him with
Simon Vouet, an eminent painter. He was afterwards
fent to Fontainbleau, to take off fome of Raphael’s
pieces. He fent him next to Italy, and fupported him
there for fix years. Le Brun, in his return, met with
the celebrated Pouffin, by whofe converfation he great¬
ly improved himfelf in his art, and contrafted a friend-
ihip with him which lafted as long as their lives. A
painting of St Stephen, which he finilhed in 1651,
raifed his reputation to the higheft pitch. Soon after
this, the king, upon the reprefentation of Mr Colbert,
made him his firft painter, and conferred on him the
order of St Michael. His majefty employed two hours
every day to fee him work, whilb he was painting the
family of Darius at Fountainbleau. About the year
1662, he began his five large pieces of the hiftory of
Alexander the Great, in which he is faid to have fet
the aftions of that famous conqueror in a more glorious
light than tjumtus Curtius hath done in his hiftory.
He procured leveral advantages for the royal academy
of painting and fculpture at Paris, and formed the plan
of
B R U [ 735 ] B R U
Brundifium of anotlier for the ftudents of his own iratxon at Rome.
There was fcarce any thing done for the advancement of
. Br“no' the line arts in which he was not confulted. It was thro’
* the intereft of M. Colbert that the king gave him the
dire&ion of all his works, particularly of his royal ma¬
nufactory at the Gobelins, where he had a handfome
houfe with a genteel falary affigned to him. He was
alfo made director and chancellor of the royal academy,
and fhowed the greateft zeal to encourage the fine arts
in France. He was endowed with a vatt inventive ge¬
nius, which extended itfelf to arts of every kind. He
was well acquainted with the manners and hiltory of all
nations. Befides his extraordinary talents, his beha¬
viour was fo genteel, and his addrefs fo pleaiing, that
he attracted the regard and affeCtion of the whole court
of France, where, by the places and penhons conferred
on him by the king’s liberality, he made a very confi-
derable figure. Le Brun was the author of two trea-
tifes ; one on phyfiognomy, and the other on the diffe¬
rent characters of the paffions. He died at Paris in
1690.
The talent of this painter, except for landfcapes, was
univerfal. He was not indeed admired for his colour¬
ing, nor for his fkill in the diftribution of his lights and
fhadows; but for a good gufto of defign, an excellent
choice of attitudes, an agreeable management of his
draperies, a beautiful and juft expreffion, and a ftriCt
©bfervance of decorum. In fine, his compofitions de¬
mand the attention and admiration of the niceft judges.
The pieces that gained him greateft reputation were,
befides what we have already mentioned, thofe which
he finifhed at Fountainbleau, the great ftair-cafe at Ver-
failles, but efpecially the grand gallery there, which
was the laft of his works, and is faid to have taken him
up 14 years.
BRUNDISIUM, or Brundusium, (anc. geog.),
a town of Calabria, with the bell harbour in Italy.
It was a very ancient town, and belonged originally
to the Salentines; but was taken by the Romans a-
bout 256 years before Chrift. NowBrirzdi/is which-fee.
BRUNIA, in botany; a germs of the monogynia
order, belonging to th&pentandria clafs of plants. The
flowers are aggregate or cluftered ; the filaments in.-
ferted into the heels of the petals; the ftigma is bifid:
the feeds are folitary, and the capfule is bilocular.
There are eight fpecies.
BRUNO (Jordano), an atheifticaj writer, was born
at Nolo in the kingdom of Naples ; and about the year
1582 began to call in queftion fome of the tenets of the
Romifh church, which occafioned his retiring to Ge¬
neva : but after two years ftay there, he.expreffed his
averfion to Calvinifm in fuch a manner that he w'as ex¬
pelled the city. After having, ftaid fome time at Lyons,
Thouloufe, and Paris, he came to London, and conti¬
nued two years in the houfe of Mr Caftleneau the
French ambaffador. He was very well received by-
queen Elizabeth and the politer part of the court.
His principal friends were Sir Philip Sidney and Sir
Fulk Greviile. With thefe and fome others of their
club, Bruno held affemblies ; but as they treated of £ub-
jefts of a very delicate nature, which could not fuit the
tafte or capacity of every body, they kept the door al¬
ways fhut, and none but feledf perfons were admitted
into their company. At Sir Philip’s requeft, he com-
pofed his Spaccio della Jdefda Triumph ante, which was
printed in Svo/r584, and dedicated to that gentleman. Brunfbuttle
This work, which is remarkable for nothing but its II . ,
impiety, we are told in one of the Speftators, (n° 389), Brun^wick;
fold at an auftion in London for L. 30. From England
he went to Wittemberg, and from thence to Prague,
where he printed fome trafts, in which he openly dif-
covered his atheiftical principles. After vifiting fome
other towns in Germany, he made a tour to Venice.
Here he was apprehended by order of the inquifition ;
tried ; condemned ; and refilling to retraft, was burnt
at the ftake, February 9th 1600.
BRUNSBUTTLE, a fea port-town of Germany,
in the circle of Lower Saxony, and duchy of Holfiein,
feated at the mouth of the river Elbe, in E. Long. 8..
42. N. Lat. 44. 30. It is fubjeft to Denmark.
BRUNSFELSIA, in botany;.a genusof the mono¬
gynia order, belonging to the pentandria clafs ' of
plants. The corolla is funnel-lhaped, and very long ;
and the fruit an unilocular polyfpermous berry.
There is but one fpecies, viz. the americana. It rifes
with a woody branching rough ftem fix or eight feet
high ; garnilhed with oblong entire leaves on footftalks,
and large whitilh flowers by threes or fours at the ends
of the branches, fucceeded by 'round faffron-coloured
foft fruit. This plant may be raifed from feeds fown
in pots in the fpring,.and plunged in a bark-bed. It
may alfo be propagated by cuttings planted in pots in
the fame feafon, plunging them alfo in a bark-bed or
other hot-bed under glafles. The plants muft always
remain in the ftove..
BRUNSWICK, a city of Germany, in the circle
of Lower Saxony, and capital of the duchy of the fame
name. It is compofed of five towns, viz. the Old
Town, the New Town, the Hagen or Burg, the Old
Wieck, and the Sac, which makes it a large place, but
the houfes are almoft all built of wood.. There are fe-
veral churches, one of which is an ancient Gothic build¬
ing, but the appearance of its antiquity is almoft ab-
forbed by the repairs it has undergone. Brunfwick is
a fortified place, and. would require a numerous army
to befiege, and not a few men to defend it* It is of a
fquare form, divided in the middle by the river Ocker.
It is about two miles in circumference, and is ftrongly
fortified. On the ramparts is a mortar-piece of brafs,
ten feet fix inches long, and nine feet two inches in cir¬
cumference, weighing 1800 quintals, and has 93 quin¬
tals of iron in its carriages. It will carry a ball of 730
pounds weight to the diftance of 33,coo .paces, and
throw a bomb of a thoufand weight; but it requires
52 pounds of powder for a charge. This city is the
refidence of the prince whom we ftyle thex/a^e of Brunf-
oukk JVolfenbuttle. The inhabitants of the city and
parts adjacent carry on a confiderable trade with Bo¬
hemia. Brunfwick mum is well known in England ; a
fmall fort of which is the common drink.of the inha¬
bitants of the city. The religion here is the Luthe¬
ran, and they obferve it very ftriftly. The peafants
are fober and laborious, but clownifh and heavy ; how¬
ever, as they are robuft and ftrong,. they make good
foldiers. The eleftor of Hanover is ftyled duke of
Brunfvick, though he has no property in, nor domi¬
nion over, this city, which belongs to the duke of
Brunfwick Wolfenbuttle. The number of inhabitants
is about 24,000 ; and the whole income of the duke is
eftimated at L. 130,000. The academy of Brunfwick,
3 J}»
B H U [ 736 ]
B R tl
B unJWkk Dr Moore informs us, has been new-modelled, and the
-v   plan of education improved, by the attention, and under
the patronage, of the hereditary prince. Students now
refort to this academy from many parts of Germany ;
and there are generally fome young gentlemen from Bri¬
tain, who are lent to be educated here. Such of them
as are intended for a military life, will not find fo ma¬
ny advantages united at any other place in the conti¬
nent, as at the academy of Brunfwick. They will
here be under the proteftion of a family partial to the
Britifh nation ;—every branch of fcience is taught by
mafters of known abilities 5—the young ftudents will
fee garrifon duty regularly performed, and may by the
intereft of the prince obtain liberty to attend the re¬
views of the Pruffian troops at Magdeburg and Ber¬
lin. They will have few temptations to expence, in
a town where they can fee no examples of extrava¬
gance—have few opportunities of dilfipation, and none
of grofs debauchery.
The fortifications at Brunfwick were of great utility
laft war, and on one occafion they faved the town from
being pillaged, and afforded prince Frederick, who is
now in the Pruffian fervice, an opportunity of perform¬
ing an aftion, which, it is imagined, gave him more joy
than twenty vi&ories. This happened in the year
1761, foon after the battle of Kirch Denkern, when
duke Ferdinand prote&ed Hanover, not by conducing
his army into that country, and defending it dire&ly,
as the enemy feemed to expeft, and probably wiflied }
but by diverfion, attacking with ftrong detachments,
-commanded by the hereditary prince, their magazines
in Heffe, -and thus drawing their attention from Han¬
over to that quarter. While the duke lay encamped
at Willherofthall, watching the motions of Broglio’s
army, the marechal being greatly fuperior in numbers,
fent" a body of 20,000 men, under prince Xavier of
Saxony, who took poffeffion of Wolfenbuttle, and foon
after invefted Brunfwick. Prince Ferdinand, anxious
to fave his native city, ventured to detach 5000 of his
army, fmall as it was, under his nephew Frederick, af-
fifted by general Luckener, with orders to harafs the
enemy, and endeavour to raife the fiege. The young
prince, while on his march, fent a foldier with a letter
to the governor, which was wrapped round a bullet,
and which the foldier was to i'vvallow in cafe of his
being taken by the enemy—Fie had the good fortune
to get fafe into the town. The letter apprifed the
commander of the garrifon of the prince’s approach,
and particularifed the night and hour when he exped-
ed to be at a certain place near the town, requiring
him to favour his entrance.
In the middle of the night appointed, the prince fell
fuddenly on the enemy’s cavalry, who, sinfulpicious of
his approach, were encamped carelefsly within a mile
of the town. They were immediately difperfed, and
fpread fuch an alarm among the infantry, that they
alfo retreated with confiderable lofs. Early in the
morning the young prince entered Brunfwick, araidft
the acclamations of his fellow-citizens, whom he had
relieved from the horrors of a fiege. The hereditary
prince having deftroyed the French magazines in Heffe,
had been recalled by his uncle, and ordered to attempt
the relief of Brunfwick. While he was advancing
with all poffible fpeed, and had got within a few leagues
N°59. 2
of the town, he received the news of the fiege being Erunfwidt
raifed. On his arrival at his father’s palace, he found —
his brother Frederick at table, entertaining the French
officers, who had been taken prifoners the preceding
night.
Brunswick (the duchy of), is a countfy of<S-er-
many, bounded on the north by the duchy of Liiben-
burg ; on the weft, by the circle of Weftphalia, from
which it is feparated by the river Wefer; on the fouth
by Heffe, and the little territory of Piechfield ; and on
the eaft by Thuringia, with the principalities of An¬
halt and Halberftadt, and the duchy of Magdeburg.
The rivers are, the Wefer, the Ocker, and the Lyne ;
and it is fertile both in corn and paftures. It is divi¬
ded into three principalities, Wolfenbuttle, Grubenha-
gen, and Calenberg, which alfo comprehends the duchy
of Gottingen. The principality of Wolfenbuttle has
its own dukes ; but the other two belong to the ele&or
of Hanover. The territories of the houfe of Brunfwick
are more extenfive ; the principal of which are the du¬
chies of Brunfwick and Lunenburg, with the county
of Danneburg, which is annexed thereto. The reft are
Blankenburg, Dieport, and Hoye, befideatwo or three
fmaller diftri&s.
Brunswick (the family of). The illuftrious and
ancient houfe of Brunfwick owes its origin to Azo IV.
of the family of EftC, fon of Hugo III. marquis of
Ferrara in Italy. Azo, who died in 1055, left by his
wife Cunegonde, daughter and heirefs to Guelf III.
Duke of Bavaria, a fon, who was Guelf IV. great¬
grandfather to Henry the Lyon. His fon, Gutlf V.
furnamed the Valiant, was created duke of Bavaria by
the Emperor Henry II. His fon, Guelf VI. married
Matilda, the richeft heirefs in Europe ; but having no
iffue, his brother Henry the Black fucceeded to his
dominions. He died in 1125, having married Wulf-
hild daughter of Magnus, laft duke of Saxony, of the
Bulling family, by whom he had Henry the Proud,
who fuccceded to Bavaria in 1137 ; and he having mar¬
ried a daughter of the emperor Lotharius, his father-
in-law granted him inveftiture of Saxony, and meant
him for his fucceffor in the empire ; but this laft he
was difappointed of. Dying in 1139, both Saxony
and Bavaria devolved on his fon Henry V. furnamed
the Lyon. He married Maude, eldeft daughter of •
king Henry II. of England, and is always looked upon
as the founder of the Brunfwick family : it is there¬
fore extremely remarkable, that his prefent Majefty
Ihould be defeended from one of our worthieft mon-
archs, in whom were united the royal Anglo-Saxon
and Norman blood. The dominions poffeffed by Henry
the Lyon were the moft extenfive of any prince of his
time; but having refufed to affift the emperor Frede¬
rick Barbaroffa in a war againft Pope Alexander III.
this drew the emperor’s refentment on him; and being
already jealous of his power and abilities, all his former
fervices were forgotten; and, in the diet of Wurtzburg
in 1179 or 1180, he was proferibed. The duchy of
Bavaria was given to Otho count Wittelpatch, from
whom is defeended the prefent eleftoral family of Ba¬
varia ; the duchy of Saxony to Bernard Afcanius,
founder of the houfe of Anhalt; and all his other ter¬
ritories difpofed of to different perfons. On this he
retired to England ; and, by his father’s interceffi*n,
Brunfwick
B It U [ 137 1 B R U
BrsmtiflandBrunfwick and Lunenburgh were reftored'to him. His
Wife Maude died in 1189, and he in 1195. He left
Brufh. three fons j but the two oldeft not leaving any male
   jffue, William, the third fon, carried on the line of the
family : and his fon Otho was created duke of Brunf-
wick and Lunenburgh in 1235, by the emperor Ferdi¬
nand II. From him all the fucceeding dukes of this
family have defcended ; and no family can boaft of a
line of princes who have more diftinguilhed themfelves,
both by their political abilities and martial atchieve-
ments ; and they are allied to all the principal families
in Europe. The houfe of Brunfwick has divided into
feveral branches. The prefent duke of Brunfwick-
Wolfcnbuttel is fprung from the eldeft.; the duke of
Brunfwick-Zell was from the fecond; and from this
laft fprung the eledtor of Hanover.
BRUJvTISLAND, a parliament-town of Fifelhire
in Scotland, fituated on the frith of Forth, eight miles
north of Edinburgh, in W. Long. 3. 5. N. Lat 56. 12.
Here is the bell harbour on the coaft, formed by a rocky
ifle eked out with piers, for there are none on this <ide
the county entirely natural. This is dry at low water.
The church is fquare, with a fteeple rifing in the centre.
The old cattle, built by the Duries, commanded both
town apd harbour. The place has a natural ttrength,
■which, with the conveniency of a port oppofite to the
capital, made it, during the troubles of 1560, a moft
defirable poll. The French, allies of the queen regent,
fortified it ftrongly. In 1715, it was furprifed and
poffefled by the rebels, who here formed the bold de-
ttgn of patting over a body of troops to the oppofite
ftiore; which was in part executed, under the command
of brigadier Macintofh, notwithttanding all the efforts
of the men of war.
BRUSCHIUS (Gafpar), a Latin hiftorian and
poet, was -bom at E)*ra in Bohemia, in 1518. He
was devoted to books from his. childhood, and efpecially
to poetry, in which .he gained fo much reputation, that
he .attained to the poetical crown, to the dignity of
■poet laureat, and of count palatine. He wrote with
prodigious facility; and his verfes are extremely flow¬
ing, eafy, and natural. Hepubliftied Latin poems on
a great variety of fubje&s ; the hiftory of the bilhops
end biflroprics of Germany ; -hiftory of German mona-
fteries; and a great number of other works, of which a
catalogue is given in Gefner's Bibliotheque. Brufchius
was far from being rich, or rather he was very poor .;
fubfifting almoft entirely by the benefactions of his po¬
etical patrons, and by prefents from the abbots and ab-
beffes whofe monafteries he deferibed. The liberalities
of fome abbots, while he was with Oporin at Bafil, en¬
abled him to buy a new fuit of clothes; but when he
found, that appearing well dreffed in the ftreets procu¬
red him many marks of refpeft from the vulgar, he
tore his .new finery to pieces, “ as flaves that had u-
furped their matter’s honours.” Brufchius feems to
have been too great a philofopher for the age he lived
in, or. indeed for any age. He was murdered in the
foreft of Scalingenbach, between Rottemberg on the
Tauber and Winflieim : and it was believed that this
affaflination was concerted and carried into execution
by fome gentlemen againft whom Brufchius was about
to write fomething.
BRUSH, an affemblage of hairs or hogs briftles
fattened in the holes of a wooden handle or board,
■ Vol. III. Part II.
pierced for that purpofe, ferving to cleanfe divers bo- Bn ftinp,
dies by rubbing therewith. The manner of making , ^
brufhes is by folding the hair or brittle in two ; and L—'”V—
bringing it by means of a packthread, which is enga¬
ged in the fold, through the holes with which the wood
is pierced all over, being afterwards fattened therein-
with glue. When the holes are thus filled, the ends of
the hair are cut to make the furface even.
Shearmens Brush, is made of wild boars briftles ;
and ferves to lay the wool or nap of cloth, after (hear¬
ing it for the laft time.
Brush, among painters, a larger and coarfer kind
of a pencil made of hogs briftles, wherewith to lay the
colours on their large pieces. The Chinefe painters
brulh confifts of the (talk of a plant; whofe fibres be¬
ing fretted at both ends, and tied again, ferve for a
brufti.
IVire-BuvsHF.s, are ufed by filver fmiths and gild¬
ers, for ferubbing filver, copper, or brafs pieces, in
order to the gilding of them. There is a method of
dying or colouring leather, performed by only rubbing
the colour on the (kin with a brufti. This the French
leather-gilders call brouJJ'ure; being the lowett of all
the forts of dye allowed by their ftatutes.
Brush of a Fox, among fportfmen, fignifies his drag
or tail, the tip or end of which is called the chape.
Brush is alfo ufed in fpeaking of a fmall thicket or
coppice. In this fenfe the word is formed from the
middle-age Latin brufeia, brufeus, which fignifies the
fame.
BRUSH- Wood denotes fmall (lender wood or fpray.
See Browse.
Brush, in ele&ricity, denotes the luminous appear¬
ance of the ele&ric matter iffuing in a parcel of di¬
verging rays from a point. Beccaria aferibes this ap¬
pearance to the force with which the elettric fluid,
going out of a point, divides the contiguous air, and
paffes through it to that which is more remote.
BRUSHING. Among jockies, a brulhing gallop
denotes a bride one: a horfe (hould have his brufliing
gallop in a morning before watering.
BRUSSELS, the capital of Brabant in the Au-
ftrian Netherlands, and generally the feat of the Au-
ftrian governor, is fituated on the fmall river Senne,
which runs through it. It is a rich and handfome city;
and among the public ftru&ures, the ducal palace where
the governor refides, the town-houfe, and the arfenal,
are moft fuperb. No city in Europe, except Naples
and Genoa, makes a finer appearance at a diftance:
but, like them, when in the town, it is all up and down
hill. It is encompaffed with a double brick wall, and
has feven gates ; but being feven miles in compafs, is
too large to hold out a long fiege. In Bruffels are ftven
fine fquares or market places ; that of the great mar¬
ket is one of the moft beautiful in the world. The
town-houfe takes up one quarter of it; and has a very
high fteeple, on the top of which is a brazen ftatue of
St Michael, fifteen feet high. In one of the apartments,
which is handfomely adorned, the dates of Brabant
meet. In three other rooms there is the hiflory of the
refignation of Charles V. wrought in tapeftry; which
is fo well done, that it may be mittaken for painting.
In the other parts of this fquare, are the halls of the
different trades. There are here feveral palaces of the
nobility : that of Orange now belongs to the king of
5 A Pruflia.
B R U [ 73^ 1 B R U
Bruffds, Pniflia. The opera-houfe is built after the Italian
Brute, manner, with rows of boxes, in which are chimneys.
* 1 "■■■’ One is covered over with looking-glafs, fo that they can
fit by the fire, drink a bottle, and fee what is doing.
There are 20 public fountains, adorned with ftatues, at
the corners of the moft public ftreets; and in the middle
of the town-houfe is one with Neptune, the tritons,
and the horfes fpouting out water from their noltrils.
The hofpitals are well endowed, fome of which are for
the maintenance of ftrangers for three days. There
is alfo a foundling-hofpital, and one for penitent cour¬
tezans. Among the churches, that of St Gudula is
very magnificent. It flands on the top of a hill, near
the gate of Louvain, and is furrounded with iron balu-
itrades. It is an old Gothic llrufture, with two large
fteeples at the eaft end, and is finely adorned within.
The Jefuits have a fine church as well as a library.
There are feveral monafteries and nunneries, two of
which lall are Englifh. The nunnery called the Be-
guinage is like a little town, being furrounded by a
wall and ditch, and has little ftreets, where each nun
has an apartment. Six or feven hundred girls are edu¬
cated here.
In 1695, Bruffels was bombarded by marfhall Ville-
roy, who demoliihed four thoufand houfes, the ftadt-
houfe, and feveral churches. In 1708, it was befieged
again by the ele&or of Bavaria ; but the duke of
Marlborough foon came to its alfiftance, and obliged
him to raife the fiege with precipitation. Marfhal
Saxe, the French general, took it in 1746; but it was
reftored by the treaty of Aix la Chapelle. It is
much fallen from its former fplendorj and all the trade
which is carried on there is in lace, camblets, and ta-
peftry, which they make in great perfe&ion. E. Long.
4. 8. N. Lat. yo. yt.
Brussels (the quarter or diftrift of), is one of the
four parts of the duchy of Brabant. This quarter is
bounded on the eaft by that of Louvain; on the north
by that of Antwerp ; on the weft by Flanders; and
on the fouth by Hainhalt. Bruffels is the capital city
of this quarter and all Brabant.
BRUTE, a general name for all animals except
piankind,.
Among brutes, the monkey kind bear the neareft re-
femblance to man ; both in the external fhape and in¬
ternal ftru&ure, but more in the former than in the
latter. In the monkey kind, the higheft and the near-
eft approach to the likenefs of man is the Oran Outang,
f See S’miam Homo Sylveftrisf.—The ftrufture and ceconoray of
brutes make the objects of what is called Comparative
Anatqmt. See that article..
Philofophers have been much puzzled about the ef-
fential chara&eriftics of brutes, by which they may
be diftinguifired from man. Some define a brute to
be an animal not rijtble, or a living creature incapable
of laughter ; others call them mute animals. The peri¬
patetics allowed them a fenfitive power, but denied them
a rational one. The Platonifts allowed them reafon and
mtderftanding, though in a degree lefs pure and refined
than that of meq. Lafrantius allows every thing to
brutes which men have, except a fenfe of religion; and
even this has been afcribed to them by fome fceptics.
SPefcartes maintained that brutes are mere inanimate
^machines, abfolutely deftitute not only of reafon, but
of all (bought and perception, and that all their ac¬
tions are only confequences of the exquifite mecha- Brute,
nifm of their bodies. This fyftem, however, is much
older than Defcartes ; it was borrowed by him from
Gomez Pereira, a Spanifh phyfician, who employed 30
years in compofing a treatife which he entitled Anto~
niana Margarita, from the Chriftian names of his fa¬
ther and mother. It was publifhed in 1554 : but his
opinion had not the honour of gaining partizans, or
even of being refuted ; fo that it died with him. Even
Pereira feems not to have been the inventor of this no¬
tion ; fomething like it having been held by fome of
the ancients, as we find from Plutarch and St Auguftin.
Others, who rejeifed the Cartefian hypotheiis, have
maintained that brutes are endowed with a foul effen-
tially inferior to that of men ; and to this foul fome
have allowed immortality, others not. And, laftly,
in a treatife publifhed by one Bougeant a Jefuit, en¬
titled si pbilofophical amufement on the language of
beajls, he affirms that they are animated by evil-fpirits
or devils.
The opinion of Defcartes was probably invented, or
at leaft adopted, by him to defeat two great objec¬
tions : one againft the immortality of the fouls of
brutes, if they were allowed to have any ; the other
againft the goodnefs of God, in fuffering creatures
who had never finned, to be fubjefted to fo many
miferies. The arguments in favour of it may be ftated
as follow: 1. It is certain, that a number of human
aftions are merely mechanical; becaufe they are done
imperceptibly to the agent, and without any dire&ion
from the will; which are to be afcribed to the impref-
fion of obje&s and the primordial difpofition of the
machine, wherein the influence of the foul has no
fhare ; of which number are all habits of the body ac¬
quired from the reiteration of certain a&ions. In all
fuch circumftances, human beings are no better than
automata. 2. There are fome natural movements fo
involuntary, that we cannot reftrain them; for ex¬
ample, that admirable mechanifm ever on the watch
to preferve an equilibrium, when we ftoop, bend, or
incline our bodies in any way, and when we walk up¬
on a narrow plank. 3. The natural liking for, and
antipathy againft, certain objedfs, which in children
precede the power of knowing and difcriminating
them, and which fometimes in grown perfons triumph
over all the efforts of reafon ; are all phenomena to be
accounted for from the wonderful mechanifm of the
body, and are fo many cogent proofs of that irrefift-
ible influence which obje&s have on the human frame^
4. Every one knows how much our paffions depend
on the degree of motion into which the blood is put,,
and the reciprocal impreffions caufed by the animal-
fpirits between the heart and brain, that are fo clofely.
connedled by their nerves ; and if fuch effedts may be
produced by fuch fimple mechanical means as the
mere increafe of motion in the blood, without any di-
redfion of the will, we are not to wonder at the ac¬
tions of brutes being the effedls only of a refined me¬
chanifm, without thought or perception. 5. A far¬
ther proof will arife from a confideration of the many
wonderful effefts which even the ingenuity of men has
contrived to bring about by mechanical means ; the
androide, for inftance, of Mr Kempel 1, which plays
at chefs. Now, it is not to be queftioned, but that
the mechanifin of the body of the meaneft animal in¬
finitely
B R U t 739 ] B R U
iJruw. finitely furpaffes that of Mr Kempell’s machine ; and
‘“■’"v 1 what can be the confequence of this, but that the ac¬
tions of that animal muft be proportionably more fur*
prifing than thofe of the wooden chefs-player ? See
Androides and Automaton.
The above is a fliort abilradl of all the arguments
that are brought in favour of the Cartefian fyftem :
but they are evidently very far from being conclufive.
They are deficient, in the firft place, becaufe, though
we allow them in the utmoft extent the Cartefians
themfelves can defire, they prove only the poffibility
of brutes being inanimate, and that the power of God
a&ually could produce fuch and fuch actions from in¬
animate machines ; but that he aftually hath done fo,
they have not the lead tendency to prove. In the fe¬
cund place, the Cartefian argument is infufficient, be¬
caufe it hath no limits, and knows not where to itop ;
as, by the fame method of arguing, every man might
prove his neighbour to be an inanimate machine : for
though every individual be confcious of his own
thoughts, he is not fo of thofe of his neighbours ; and
it no more exceeds the power of God to caufe an in¬
animate machine perform the a&ions of a man than
.thofe of a bead. Neither are the two obje&ions which
the hypothefis is calculated to anfwer, to be at all ad¬
mitted as arguments in its favour. They are, i. That
if we allow brutes to have fouls, they mud be imma¬
terial, and confequently immortal; and, 2. It feems a
contradiftion to the goodnefs of God to think that he
fhould fubjedt innocent creatures to fuch a multitude
of evils as we fee the brute creation endure in this
world. The fird of thefe is produSive of no bad
confequences to us, though it fhould be granted : and
if it is fuppofed that the brute creatures are really im¬
mortal, the fecond obje&ion vanifhes ; becaufe, in the
enjoyment of endlefs felicity, all temporary affli&ions,
how fevere foever, mud be fwallowed up as though
they had never been.
As to a pofitive proof on the other fide, viz. that
brutes are really endowed with fehfation and confci-
oufnefs, there is undoubtedly the fame evidence for
the fenfibility of brutes that there is for that of man¬
kind. We fee brutes avoid pain as much as we do ;
and we likewife fee them feek for pleafure and exprefs
their happinefs in the enjoyment of certain things by
figns not at all equivocal. Therefore, though we
grant the poffibility of all this being the effeft of mere
mechanifm; yet, as we are confcious that in ourfelves
fimilar etfeits are produced by a fentient principle, we
have all the reafon in the world to conclude that in
brutes they are likewife derived from a principle of
fenfation : efpecially feeing we know of no kind of
mechanifm in any other part of nature that produces
any thing like the tffe&s jud mentioned; and until
we fee that a mechanifm of this kind does take place
in fome part of nature, we have no right to fuppofe
it in any. As to thofe actions of the human Body
in which it feems to move fpontaneoufly, like an auto¬
maton, without the direction of the mind or will, it
is almod fuperfluous to obferve, that they were not
performed in this manner originally, but required very
great exertions of the will and intelleftual faculty be¬
fore the body could be brought to perform them ea-
fily ; fo that from this nothing can be inferred. Add
to this, that divine revelation fets forth .to us in many
places the brute creation as objefts of mercy; which
could not be done without the highed abfurdxty, if
they were not really capable of feeling pleafure and
pain as well as we.
The mod rational oppofers of the Cartefian fcheme
maintain, that brutes are endowed with a principle of
'fenfation as well as we ; though of an inferior nature
to ours. Great difputes, however, have arifen on
this fubjett ; fome maintaining, that the foul of brutes
is merely fenfitive, and that they are altogether dedi-
tute of reflection and underdanding ; others, that they
not only reafon, but make a better ufe of it than men
do. That the brutes are endowed only with fenfa¬
tion, and totally deditute of all power of refleSion,
or even reafoning, is what can by no means be main¬
tained on good grounds: neither can it be afferted
that they at entirely from indint, or a blind propen-
fity to certain things without knowing why or where¬
fore. In numberlefs indances, needlefs to be men¬
tioned here, but which will readily occur to every
reader, it is evident, that education will get the bet¬
ter of many of the natural indints of brutes ; which
could never be the cafe were they abfolutely incapable
of reafoning. On the other hand, it is equally cer¬
tain, that they are by no means capable of education
in the fame degree that men are ; neither are the ra¬
tional exertions of beads at all to be compared even
with thofe of the meaned favages. One remarkable
indance of this is in the ufe of the element of fire.
The mod favage nations have known how to make
this element fubfervient to their purpofes; or if fome
have been found who have been entirely ignorant of
its exidence, they have quickly learned its ufes on
feeing it made ufe of by others : but though many of
the brute creatures are delighted with warmth, and
have opportunities every day of feeing how fire is fnp-
plied with fuel, and by that means preferved, it never
was known that one of them attempted to preferve a
fire by this means. This ffiovVs a drange defect of ra¬
tionality, unaccountable upon any other fuppofition
than that the foul or fentient principle of brutes is
fome how or other inferior in its nature to that of
man; but dill it is a fentient principle, capable of
perceptions as quick, and in many indances much
more fo than our own.
Father Bougeant fupports his opinion of the fpirits
of brute creatures being devils, in the following man¬
ner : Having proved at large that beads naturally have
underdanding, “ Reafon (fays he) naturally inclines
us to believe that beads have a fpiritual foul; and the
-only thing that oppofes -this fentiment is, the confe¬
quences that might be inferred from it. If brutes have
a foul, that foul mud be either matter or fpirit; it
mud be one of the two, and yet you dare affirm neither.
You dare not fay it is matter, becaufe you mud then
neceffarily fuppofe matter to be capable of thinkings
nor will you lay that it is fpirit, this opinion bringing
with it confequences contrary to the principles of reli¬
gion ; and this, among others, that man would differ
from beads only by the degrees of plus and minus ;
which would demolidr the very foundation of all reli¬
gion. Therefore, if I can elude all thefe confequenccs;
if I can affign to beads a fpiritual foul, without drik-
ing at the dodtrines of religion ; it is evident, that my
fyftem, beiug moreover the mod agreeable to reafon,
Brute,
B R IT
is the only warrantable hypothefis. Now I fhall, and
can do it, with the greatell eafe imaginable. I even
have means, by the fame method, to explain many
very obfcure paffages in the Holy Scripture, and to
refolve fome very great difficulties which are not well
confuted. This we fhall unfold in a more particular
manner.
“ Religion teaches us, that the devils, from the
very moment they had finned, were reprobate, and
that they were doomed to btfrn for ever in hell; but
the church has not yet determined whether they do
atfually endure the torments to which they are con¬
demned. It may then be thought that they do not
yet fufftr them, and that the execution of the verdidt
brought againlt them is referved for the day of the
final judgment.—Now what I pretend to infer from
hence is, that, till doomfday comes, God, in order
not to fuffer fo many legions of reprobate fpirits to be
of no ufe, has diftributed them through the feveral
fpaces of the world, to ferve the defigns of his Provi¬
dence, and make his omnipotence, to appear. Some,
continuing in their natural ftate, bufy themfdves in
tempting men, in feducing and tormenting them ;
either immediately, as Job’s devil, and thofe that lay
hold of human bodies ; or by the miniftry of forcerers
or phantoms. Thefe wicked fpirits are thofe whom
the fcripture calls the powers of darknefs, or the pow*
ers of the air. God, with the others, makes millions
of beafts of all kinds, which ferve for the ufes of men,
which fill the univerfe, and caufe the wifdom and om¬
nipotence of the Creator to be admired. By that
means I can eafily conceive, on the one hand, how the
devils can tempt us ; and on the other, how bealls
can think, know, have fentiments, and a fpiritual
foul, without any way ftriking at the doftrines of re¬
ligion. lam no longer furprifed to fee them-have
forecaft, memory, and judgment. I fhould rather
have cccafion to wonder at their having no more,
fince their foul very likely is more perfect than ours.
But I difcover the reafon of this: it is becaufe, in
beafts as well as in ourfelves, the operations of the
mind are dependent on the material organs of the ma¬
chine to which it is united; and thofe organs being
groffer and lefs perfect than in us, it follows, that the
knowledge, the thoughts, and the other fpiritual ope¬
rations of the beafts, muft of courfe be lefs perfect than
ours: And if thefe proud fpirits know their own
difmal ftate, what an humiliation muft it be to them
thus to fee themfelves reduced to the condition of
beafts ! But, whether they know it or no, fo fhame-
ful a degradation is ftill, with regard to them, the
primary effe& of the divine vengeance I juft men¬
tioned ; it is an anticipated Hell.”
Having mentioned the prejudices againft this hypo¬
thefis, fach particularly as the pleafure which people
of fenfe and religion take in beafts and birds, efpe-
cially all forts of domeftic animals; he proceeds, “ Do
we love.beafts for their own fakes ? No. As they are
altogether ftrangers to human fociety, they can have
no other appointment but that of being ufeful and
amufing. And what care we whether it be a devil or
any other creature that amufes us ? The thought of
it, far from {hocking, pleafes me mightily. I with
gratitude admire the goodnefs of the Creator, who
gave me fo many little devils to ferve and amufe me.
B R U
If I am told that thefe poor devils are doomed to fuf¬
fer eternal tortures, I admire God’s decrees, but I ~
have no manner of {hare in that dreadful fentence ; I
leave the execution of it to the fovereign Judge; and,
notwithftanding this, I live with my little devils as I
do with a multitude of people, of whom religion in¬
forms me that a great number (hall be damned. But
the cure of a prejudice is not to be effefted in a mo¬
ment.; it is done by time and reflection : ;give me
leave then lightly to touch upon this difficulty, in .
order to obferve a very important thing to you.
“ Perfuaded as we are that beafts have intelligence,
have we not all of us a thoufand times pitied them for
the exceffive evils which the majority of them are ex-
pofed to, and in reality fuffer ? How unhappy is the
condition of horfes! we are apt to fay upon feeing a
horfe whom an unmerciful carman is murdering with
blows. How miferable is a dog whom they are break¬
ing for hunting! How difmal is the fate of beafts
living in woods ! they are perpetually expofed to the
injuries of the weather; always feized with apprehen-
fions of becoming the prey of hunters, or of fome
wilder animal; for ever obliged, after long fatigue, to
look out for fome poor infipid food; often fuffering
cruel hunger ; and fubjedt, moreover, to illnefs and
death ! If men are fubjedt to a. multitude of miferies
that overwhelm them, religion acquaints us with the
reafon of.it; viz- the being born sinners. But what
crimes can beafts have committed by birth to be fub¬
jedt to evils fo very cruel ? What are we, then, to think
of the horrible exceffes of miferies undergone by beafts ?
miferies, indeed, far greater than thofe endured by
men. This is, ,in any other fyftem,, an incomprehen-
fible myftery ; whereas nothing is more eafy to be
conceived from the fyftem I :propofe. The rebellious
fpirits deferve a puniftiment ftill more rigorous, and
happy.it is for them that their puniftiment is deferred.
In a word, God’s goodnefs is vindicated, man himfelf
is juftified: .for what right can we have, without ne-
ccffity, and often in the way of mere diverlion, to
take away the life of millions of beafts, if God had
not authorifed us fo to do? And beafts being as fen-
fible as-ourfelves of pain and death,, how could a juft .
and merciful God have given man that privilege, if
they were not fo many guilty victims of the divine
vengeance ?
“ But hear ftill fomething more convincing, and
of greater confequence : beafts, by nature, are ex¬
tremely vicious. We know well that they never fin,
becaufe they are not free ; but this is the only condi¬
tion wanting to make them finners. The voracious
birds and beafts of prey are cruel. Many infects of
one and the fame fpecies devour one another. Cats
are perfidious and ungrateful; monkeys are mifehie-
vous; and dogs envious. All beafts in general are
jealous and revengeful to excefs; not to mention many
other vices we obferve in them : and at the fame time
that they are by nature fo very vicious, they have, fay
we,, neither the liberty nor any helps to refill the bias
that hurries them into fo many bad actions. They are,
according to the fchools, neceffitated to do evil, to dif-
concert the general order, to commit whatever is moft
contrary to, the notion we have of natural juftice and
to the principles of virtue. What monfters are thefe
in a world originally created for order and juftice to
4 reiga
1 74° 1
B R U [ 741 1 B R 0
reign in ? This is, in good part, what formerly per-
fuaded the Manicheans that there were of neceffity two
orders of things, one good, and the other bad; and
that the beafls were not the work of the good principle :
a monftrcus error ! But how then (hall we believe that
beafts came out of the hands of their Creator with qua¬
lities fo very ftrange ! If man is fo very wicked and
corrupt, it is becaufe he has himfelf through fin per¬
verted the happy nature God had given him at his crea¬
tion. Of two things, then, we mull fay one: either
that God has taken delight in making beafts fo vicious
as they are, and of giving us in them models of what
is moil ftiameful in the world; or that they have, like
man, original fin, which has perverted their primitive
nature.
“ The firft of thefe propofitions finds very difficult
accefs to the mind,~ and is an exprefs cbntradiilion to
the holy fcriptures; which fay, that whatever came out
of God’s hands, at the time of the creation of the
world, was good, yea very good.. What good can
there be in a monkey’s being fo very mifchievous, a
dog fo full of envy, a cat fo malicious ? But then many
authors have pretended, that beafts, before man’s fall,
were different.from what they" are now;.and that it
was in order to punifti man that they became fo wicked.
But this opinion is a mere fuppofition of which there
is. not the leaft footftep in Holy Scripture. It is a pi¬
tiful iubterfuge to elude a real difficulty : this at moft
might be laid of the beafts with whom man has a fort
of correfpondence ; but not at all of the birds, fifhes,
and infedts, which have no.manner of relation to him-
We muft then have recourfe to the fecond propofition,
That the nature of beafts has, like that of man, been
corrupted by fome original fin : Another hypothefis,
void of foundation, and equally inconfiftent with rea-
fon and religion, in. all the fyitems which have been
hitherto efpoufed concerning the fouls of beafts. What
party are we to take ? Why, admit of my fyftem, and
all is explained. The fouls of beafts are refractory
fpirits which have made themfelves guilty towards
God. The fin in beafts is no original fin ; it is a.per-
fonal crime, which has corrupted and perverted their
nature in its whole fubftance; hence all the vices and
corruption we obferve in them, though they can be no
longer criminal, becaufe God, by irrecoverably repror
bating them, has at the fame time diveftcd them of
their liberty.”
Thefe quotations contain the ftrength of father Bou-
geant’s hypothefis, which alfo hath had its followers ;
but the.reply to it is obvious. Beafts, though remark¬
ably mifchievous, are not completely fo ; they are in
many inftances capable of gratitude and love, which
devils cannot poffxbly be. The very fame paffionsthat
are in the brutes, exift in the human nature; and if
we chofe to argue from the exiftence of thofe paffions,
and the afcendency they have over mankind at fome
times, we may fay with as great juftice, that the fouls
of men are devils, as that the fouls of brutes are. All
that can be reafpnably inferred from the greater pre¬
valency of the malignant paffions among the brutes
than among men, is, that the former have lefs ration¬
ality than men: and accordingly it is found, that among
favages, who exercife their reafon lefs than other men,
every fpecies of barbarity is pradtifed, without being
deemed a crime.
On the prefent fubjeCt there is a very ingenious
treatife in German, publifhed by the late profeffor
Bergman, under the title (as tranfiated) of “ Refearches
defigned to ihow what the brute animals certainly
are not, and alfo what they probably ar?.” —That
they are not machines, he proves with more detail
than feemed neceffary for refuting a hypothefis which
would equally tend to make us all machines. It
is certain, that half-reafoning elephant cannot be
deemed a machine, by us, from any other confidera-
tion, than that goes upon four feet, while w? go
upon two ; and he might as well take us for mere
machines becaufe we go upon two feet, while he goes
upon four.
But if animals are not mere machines, what are
they ? . Manifeftly fenfitive beings, with an immate¬
rial principle ; and thinking dr reafoning beings, to a
certain degree-. In certain claffes of animals this ap¬
pears evident to our author, who feems to have ob-
ferved with great lagacity and attention their various
operations and proceedings, their ways and means, &c.
He thinks it impoffible to deduce this variety of aftion,
in any animals (if we except thofe of the loweft. claffes
in the gradation of intelligence),; from a general and
uniform inftindl. For they accommodate their opera¬
tions to times and circumftances. They combine 5
t.aey choofe the favourable moment ; they, avail them-
feives of the occafion, and feenv to receive inftrudtion
by experience. Many of their operations announce re-
fleftion : the bird repairs a (battered neft, inilead of
couftru&ing inftindlively a new one: the hen, who
has been robbed of her eggs, changes her place in or¬
der to lay the remainder with more fechrity: the cat
difcovers both care and artifice in concealing her kit¬
tens. Again, it is evident, that, on many occafions,
animals know their faults and miftakes, and correct
them; they fometimes contrive the moft ingenious
methods of obtaining their ends, and when one me¬
thod fails have recourfe to another; and they have,
without doubt, a kind of language for the mutual
communication of their ideas. How is all this to be
accounted for (fays our author), unlefs we fuppofe
them endowed with the powers-of perceiving, think¬
ing, remembering, comparing, and judging ? They
have thefe powers, indeed, in a degree inferior-to that
in which they are poireffed by the human fpecies, and
form claffes below them in the graduated fcale of in¬
telligent beings. Brit (till it feems to our author un-
reafonable to exclude them from the place which the
principles of found philofophy, and fads- afcertained
by conftant obfervation, affign to them in the great
and diverfified fphere of life, fenfation, and intelli¬
gence he does not, however, confider them as be¬
ings whofe aftions are diredled to moral ends, nor
confequently as accountable and proper fubjedts for
reward or punifbment in a future world.
That brute animals poffefs refledlion and fentiment,
and are fufceptible of the kindly as well as the ira-
fcible paffions,. independently of fexual attachment and
natural affedlion, is evident from the numerous inftan¬
ces of affection and gratitude daily obfervable in diffe¬
rent animals, particularly the dog. Of thofe and other
fentiments, fuch as pride, and even a fenfe of glory, the,
elephant exhibits proofs-equally furprifmg and indubi¬
table.
B R U t 74* 1 B R U
Bfute. table, as tbe reader may fee under the article JEle- refpefts is remarkably quiet. Oxen and cows will not
Y-—' pHAS- fatten by themfelres ; but will neglect the fineft pa-
As to the natural afle&ion of brutes, fays an inge- fture that is not recommended by fociety. It would
Whites'Na- niouS writer, “ the more I reflect on it, the more I am be needlefs to inltance in Iheep, which conftantly flock
suralh.ijtory aftonifliod at its effects. Nor is the violence of this together. But this propenfity feems not to be con-
^'’affe&ion more wonderful than the fliortnefs of its du- fined to animals of the fame fpecies. In the work lafl:
ration. Thus every hen is in her turn the virago of the quoted, we aie told of “ a doe ftill alive, that was
yard in proportion to the helpleffnefs of her brood; brought up from a little fawn with a dairy of cows;
and will fly in the face of a dog or a fow in defence of with them it goes a-fkld, and with them it returns to
thofe chickens which in a few weeks (he will drive the yard. The dogs of the houfe take no notice of
before her with relentlefs cruelty. This affe&ion this deer, being ufed to her : but if ftrange dogs come
fublimes the paflions, quickens the invention, and (harp- by, a chafe enfues ; while the mailer fmiles to fee his
ens the fagacity of the brute creation. Thus an hen, favourite fecurely leading her purfuers over hedge, or
juft become a mother, is no longer that placid bird Ihe gate, or ftile, till Ihe returns to the cows, who with
ufed to be, but with feathers {landing on end, wings fierce lowings and menacing horns drive the aflailants
hovering, and clocking note, Ihe runs about like one quite out of the pafture.,,
poflefled. Dams will throw themfelves in the way of
the great eft danger in order to avert it from their pro-
Eve n great difparity of kind and fize does not al¬
ways prevent focial advances and mutual fellowlhip.
geny. Thus a partridge will tumble along before a Of this the following remarkable inftance is given in
fportfman in order to draw away the dogs from her
helplefs covey. In the time of nidification the moft
the fame work: “ A very intelligent and obfervant
perfon has alfured me, that in the former part of his
feeble birds will affault the moft rapacious. All the life, keeping but one horfe, he happened alfo on a time
hirundines of a village are up in arms at the fight of to have but one folitary hen. Thefe two incongruous
an hawk, whom they will perfecute till he leaves that animals fpent much of theif time together in a lonely
drftrril. A very exacl obferver has often remarked, orchard, where they faw no creature but each other,
that a pair of ravens neftling in the rock of Gibraltar By degrees an apparent regard began to take place be-
’would fuffer no vulture or eagle to reft near their fta- tween thefe two fequeftered individuals. The fowl
tion, but would drive them from the hill with an ama- would approach the quadruped with notes of compla-
zing fury : even the blne-thrulh at the feafon of breed- cency, rubbing herfelf gently againft his legs; while the
ing would dart out from the clefts of the rocks to chafe horfe would look.down with fatisfa&ion, and move
away the keftril or the fparrow-hawk. If you Hand with the greateft caution and circumfpeClion, left he
near the neft ef a bird that has young, Ihe will not be fhould trample on his diminutive companion. Thus by
induced to betray them by an inadvertent frndnefs, mutual good offices each feemed to confole the vacant
but will wait about at a diftance with meat in her hours of the other; fo that Milton, when he puts the
mouth for an hour together.. The flycatcher builds following fentiment in the mouth of Adam, feems to
every year in the vines that grow on the walls of my be fomewhat miftaken :
houfe. A pair of thefe little birds had one year inad- l i r n t-n • , r i
. i j .c • n i ju u u Much lefs can bird with beaft, or filh with fowl,
vertently placed their nett on a naked bough, perhaps r, „ r • , , , „ *
. n j t • r-i. • • oo well convene, nor with the ox the ape.
in a mady time, not being aware or the inconvenience r
that followed : but an hot funny feafon coming on be- In the Gentleman’s Magazine for March i ‘88 we
fore the brood was half fledged, the reflection of the have the following anecdotes of a raven, communicated
wall became infupportable, and muft inevitably have by a correfpondent who does not fign his name, but
deftroyed the tender young, had not affection fngge'ft- who fays it is at the fervice of the doubtful. The ra-
ed an expedient, and prompted the parent-birds to ven alluded to “ lives, or did live three years fince, at
hover over the neft all the hotter hours, while with the red lion at Hungerford; his name, I think, is
■wings expanded and mouths gaping for breath they You muft know then, that coming into that inn, my
fereened off the heat for their fuffering offspring. A chaife run over or bruifed the leg of my Newfoundland
farther inttance I once faw of notable fagacity in a dog ; and while we were examining the injury done to
willow-wren, which had built in a bank in my fields. - the dog’s foot, Rafe ’was evidently a concerned fpefia-
This bird a friend and myfelf had obferved as /he fat tor ; for the minute the dog was tied up under the
in her neft ; but were particularly careful not to difturb manger with my horfe, Rafe not only vifited but
her, though we faw ftie eyed us with fome degree of fetched him bones, and attended upon him with parti-
jfealeufy. Some days after, as we paffed that way, we cular and repeated marks of kindnefs. The bird’s no-
were defirous of remarking bow this brood went on ; tice of the dog was fo marked, that I obferved it to
"but no neft could be found, till I happened to take up the hoftler; for I had not heard a v-ord before of the
a large bundle of long green mofs as it were carelefsly hiftory of this benevolent creature. John then told me,
thrown over the neft, in order to dodge the eye of any that he had been bred from his pin-feather in intimacy
impertinent intruder.” with a dog ; that the affe<?tion between them was mu-
A wonderful fpirit of fociality in the brute creation* tnal; and that ail the neighbourhood had often been
independent of fexual attachment, has been frequently witneffes of the innumerable acts of kindnefs they had
remarked. Many horfes, though quiet with company. Conferred upon each other. Rafe’s poor dog, after a
will no! flay one minute in a field by themfelves : the while, unfortunately broke his leg; and during the long
ftrongeft fences cannot reftrain them. A horfe has been time he was confined, Rafe waited upon him conftant-
known to leap out at a liable window, through which ly, carried him -his provifions daily, and never fcarce
dung was thrown, after company ; and yet in other lelt him alone ! One night by accident the hoftler had
fhut
B R U [■ 7<
Brute, fliut the liable door, and Rafe was deprived of the com-
pany of his friend the whole night; but the hoftler
found in the morning the bottom of the door fo pecked
away, that had it not been opened, Rafe would in an¬
other hour have made his own entrance-pert. I then
enquired of my landlady (a fenfible woman), and heard
what I have related confirmed by her, with feveral
other fingular traits of the kindneifes this bird (hows
to all dogs in general, but particularly to maimed or
Wounded ones. I hope and believe, however, the bird
js ftill living ; and the traveller will find I have not
ever-rated this wonderful bird’s merit.”
To thefe iuftanees of attachment between incongru¬
ous animals from a fpirit of fociality or the feelings of
fympathy, may be added the following inftance of
fondnefs from a different motive, recounted by Mr
White in the work already fo frequently quoted. “ My
friend had a little helplefs leveret brought to him,
which the fervants fed with milk in a fpoon; and a-
bout the fame time his cat kittened, and the young
were difpatched and buried. The hare was foon loti,
and fuppofed to be gone the way of moft fondlings,
to be killed by fome dog or cat. However, in about
a fortnight, as the mailer was fitting in his garden in
the duflv of the evening, he obferved his cat, with tail
eredi, trotting towards him, and calling with little
fhort inward notes of complacency, fuch as they ufe
towards their kittens, and fpmetfiing gambling after,
which proved to be the leveret that the cat had fup-
ported with her milk, and continued to fupport with
great affedlion. Thus was a graminivorous animal
nurtured by a carnivorous and predaceous one!
“ Why fo cruel and fanguinary a beall as a cat, of
the ferocious genus of Felts, the murium ho, as Linnaeus
calls it, ftiould be affedted with any tendernefs towards
an animal which is its natural prey, is not fo eafy to
determine. This ftrange alfedlion probably was occa-
fioned by that defiderium, thofe tender maternal feel¬
ings, which the lofs of her kittens had awakened in
her breall ; and by the complacency and eafe Ihe de¬
rived to herfelf from the procuring her teats to be
drawn, which were too much diftended with milk, till
from habit Ihe became as much delighted with this
foundling as if it had been her real offspring.
“ This incident is no bad folution of that flrange cir-
cumflance which grave hiftorians as well as the poets,
alfert, of expofed children being fometimes nurtured by
female wild beafts. that probably had loft their young.
For it is not one whit more marvellous that Romulus
and Remus, ip their infant ftate, fhould be nurfed by
a fhe-wolf, than that a poor little fucking leveret fhould
be foftered and cheriihed by a bloody grimalkin.
— Viridifoetam Mavortis in antro
Procubttiffe lupam: geminos huic ubera circum
Ludere pendmtes pueros, et lainbere niatrem
Impavidos : illam tereti cervice reflexam
Mulcere alternos, et corpora fingere linguaP
But befidea the different qualities enumerated, be-
-fides refiedlion and fagacity often in an aftonifhing de¬
gree, and befides the fentiments and a&ions prompted
by focial or natural attachments, certain brutes leem
on many occafions infpired with a fuperior faculty, a
kind of prefentiment or fecond-fight as it were, with
regard to events and defigns altogether unforefeen by
3 1 B R U
the rational beings whom they concern. Of the facul¬
ty alluded to, various inftances will probably confift
with the knowledge or the recolleftion of moft of our
readers: We fhall therefore only recite the following
on account of its unqueftionable authenticity. At the
feat of the late earl of Lichfield, three miles from Blen¬
heim, there is a portrait in the dining-room of Sir
Henry Lee, by Johnfton, with that of a maftiff dog
which faved his life. It feems a fervant had formed
the deiign of affaflinating his mafter and robbing the
houfe ; but the night he had fixed on, the dog, which
had never been much noticed by Sir Henry, for the
firft time followed him up Hairs, got under his bed, and
could not be got from thence by either mafter or man:
in the dead of night, the fame fervant entered the room
tp execute his horrid defign ; but was inftantly feized
by the dog, and being fecured confeffed his intentions.
There are ten quaint lines in one corner of the pifture,
which conclude thus:
But in. my dog, whereof I made no ftore,
I find more love than thofe I trufted more.
Upon what hypothefis can we account for a degree
of forefight and penetration fuch as this ? Or will it
be fuggefted, as a folution of the difficulty, that a dog
may poffibly become capable in great meafure of un-
derftanding human difeourfe, and of reafoning and a<ft-
ing accordingly ; and that, in the prefent inftance, the:
villain had either uttered his defign in foliloquy, or irm
parted it to an accomplice, in the hearing of the ani¬
mal }
It has been much difputed whether the brutes have
any language whereby they can exprefs their minds to-
each other; or whether all the noife they make confifts
only of cries inarticulate, and unintelligible even to-
themfelves. We are, however, too little acquainted,
with the intelleftual faculties of thefe creatures to be
able to determine this point. Certain it is, that their
paffions, when excited, are generally, prodiuftive of fome
peculiar cry ; but whether this be defigned as an ex-
preffion of the paffion to others, or only a mechanical-;
motion of the mufcles. of the larynx occafioned by the
paffion, is ’vhat we have no means of knowing. We
may indeed, from analogy, conclude, with, great rear
fon, that fome of the cries of bealts are really expref-
fions of their fentiments; but whether one beaft is ca¬
pable of forming a defign, and communicating that de¬
fign, by any kind of language to others, is what we-
fubmit to the judgment of the reader, after giving the
following inftance which among others is brought as a
proof of it by father Bougeant. “A fparrow finding
a neft that a martin had juft built. Handing very con¬
veniently for him, poffeffed hinifelf of it. The mar¬
tin, feeing the ufurper in her houfe, called for help to
expel him. A thoufand martins came full fpeed, and.
attacked the'fparrow ; but the latter being covered on
every fide,, and prefenting only his large beak at the
entrance of the neft, was invulnerable,, and made the
boldeft of them, who durft approach him repent of
their temerity. After a quarter of an hour’s combat,,
all the martins difappeared. The fparrow thought he
had got the better, and the fpedlators judged that the
martins had abandoned their undertaking. Not in the
leaft. Immediately they returned to the charge^ and
each of them having procured.a little of that tempered.
6 earth.-.
‘Bratt;
II
Brutus.
R V [ 744 ] li R U
earth with which they make their nefts, they all at gary. 2. A hiftory of Florence. 3. Notes on Horace.
once fell upon the fparrow, and inclofed him in the
neft to perifh there, though they could not drive him
thence. Can it be imagined that the martins could
'have been able to hatch and concert this defign all of
them together, without fpeaking t6 each other, or with¬
out fome medium of communication equivalent to lan-
• guage?”
BRUTTII (anc. geog.), one of the two ^eninfulas
of Italy, the ancient Calabria being the other; lb-etch¬
ing to the fouth towards Sicily; bounded by the fea on
every fide except by the ifthmus, between the river Laus
and theThurii, where it ts terminated by Lucania; inha¬
bited by the Bruttii, for whofe country the ancient Ro¬
mans had no peculiar name, calling both the people and
the country indifcriminately Bruttii. This and a part of
Lucania was the ancient Italia, (Stephanus). It was
•called, which in Greek fignifies pitch, from the
great quantity of it produced there, (Bochart). It
is divided into two coafts by the Apennine ; that on
the Tufcan and that on the Ionian Sea. Now called
Calabria Ultra. Different from the ancient Calabria
or Melfapia, to the call on the Adriatic or Ionian fea,
and which formed the other peninfula or heel of the
leg, now called Calabria Citra, the Bruttii forming
the foot.
BRUTTON, a town of Somerfetfhire, in England.
It is fituated on the river Brew; and is a good place,
and well inhabited. It is adorned with a very beauti¬
ful church ; has a free fchool, founded by Edward I. ;
and the alms-houfe or hofpital is fo good, that it has
the appearance of a college. They have a woollen ma-
nufaftory of cloth and ferges, and they are likewife
noted for theirmalt. W. Long. 2. 30. N. Lat. yr. 15.
BRUTUS, or BrIfts, according to the old explo¬
ded hrltory of this country by Geoffroy of Monmouth,
was the firft king of Britain. He is faid to have been
the fon of Sylvius, and he of Afcanius the fon of
iEneas, and born in Italy : killing his father by chance,
he fled into Greece, where he took king Pandrafus
prifoner, who kept the Trojans in flavery, whom he
releafed on condition of providing Ihips,- &c. for the
Trojans to forfake the land. Being ad .tied by the
oracle to fail weft beyond Gaul, he, after fome adven¬
tures, landed at Totnefs in Devonfhire. Albion was
then inhabited by a remnant of giants, whom Brutus
deftroyed ; and called the illand, after his own name,
Britain. He built a city called New Troy, fince Lon¬
don ; and having reigned here 24 years, at his death
parcelled the ifland among his three fons: Locrine had
the middle, called Loegria ; Camber had Wales, and
Albanaft Scotland.
Brutus (Lucius Junius), the avenger of the rape of
Lucretia, and founder of the Roman republic, flourilhed
509 years before Chrift. See (Hijtory of) Rome.
Brutus (Marcus), the paffionate lover of his coun¬
try, and chief confpirator againft Caefar, flew himfelf on
lofing the battle of Philippi, 42 years before Chrift.
See (Hiftory of) Rome.
Brutus (John Michael), a man of learning, and a
polite writer, in the 16th century. He was a native of
'Venice ; and, having ftudied at Padua, fpent great part
of his life in travelling, and became hiftoriographer to
his imperial majefty. He wrote, 1. A hiftory of Hun-
. N°59-
Caefar, Cicero, &c. ; and other works. He was living
in the year 1590.
Brutus (Stephen Junius), the difguifed author of
a political work intitled Vindicia contra tyrannos. See
Languet.
BRUYERE (John de la), a celebrated French au¬
thor, was born at Dourdan in the year 1664. He
wrote Charafters, defcribing the manners of his age, in
imitation of Theophraftus ; which characters were nbt
always imaginary or general, but defcriptive, as' was
well known, of perfons of confiderable rank. In the
year 1693, he was by an order of the king chofen a
member of the French academy ; and died in the year
1696.—“ The Characters of Bmyere (fays Voltaire)
may juftly be ranked among the extraordinary produc¬
tions of this age. Antiquity furnilhes no examples of
fuch a work. A ftyle rapid,'condfe, and nervous ;
expreffions animated and pidturefque ; an ufe of lan¬
guage altogether new, without offending againft its e-
ftablifhed rules, ftruck the public at firft 5 and the allu*
fions, which are crowded in almoft every page, com¬
pleted its fuccefs. When La Bruyere fhowed his work
in manufcript to Malefieux, thislaft told him, that the
book would have many readers, and its author many
enemies. It fomewhat funk in the opinion of men,
when that whole generation whofe follies it attacked
were paffed away ; yet, as it contains many things ap¬
plicable to all times and places, it is more than pro¬
bable that it .will never be forgotten.”
BRUYIERS, a town of Lorrain in Vofque, with a
provoftfhip. E. Long. 6. 45. N. Lat. 48. 15.
BRYANS-bridge, a town of Ireland, in the county
of Clare and province of Connaught, feated on the ri¬
ver Shannon, eight miles north of Limeric. W. Long.
8. 30. N. Lat. 52. 31.
BRYANT (Sir Francis), afoldier,ftatefman, and a
poet of no inconfiderable fame in his time, was born of
a genteel family, educated at Oxford, and afterwards
fpent fome time in travelling abroad. In the year 1522,
the 14th of Henry VIII. he attended, in a military ca¬
pacity, the earl of Surrey on his expedition to thecoaft:
of Brittany; and commanded the troops in the attack
of the town of Morlaix, which he took and burnt. For
this fervice he was knighted on the fpot by the earl.
In 1528, he was in Spain ; but on what fervice is
doubtful. In 4529, he was fent ambaflador to France;
and, the year following, to Rome oh account of the
king’s divorce. He had alfo been tlrere in 1522, in the
fame capacity, when cardinal Woolfey’s election to the
holy fee was in agitation. He was gentleman of the
privy chamber to king Henry VIIL and to his fuccefc
for Edward VI. in the beginning of whofe reign he
marched with the proteftor againft the Scots; and af
ter the battle of Muflelburgh, in which he commanded
the light horfe, was made banneret. In 1548, he was
appointed chief governor of Ireland, where he married
the countefs of Ormond. He died foon after, and was
buried at Waterford. He wrote, 1. Songs and fonnets ;
fome of which were printed with thofe of the earl of
Surrey and Sir Thomas Wyatt. Lond. 1565. 2. Let¬
ters written from Rome concerning the king’s divorce;
manufcript. 3. Various letters of ftate ; which Ant.
Wood fays he had Ren. 4. A difpraifc of tire life’of a
cour-
BrnffW i
Bryant, L •
B R Y
courtieir, &c. Lond. f 548, 8vo. from the French of A-
laygri, who tranflated it from the Caftilian language,
in which it was originally written by Guevara.
BRYE (John Theodore de), an excellent engraver,
was a native of Liege ; but he refid ed chiefly at
Franckfort, where he carried on a confiderable com¬
merce in prints. It does not appear when he was born,
nor to what mafter he owed his inftru&ionS in the art
of defigning and engraving. He worked almoft en¬
tirely with the graver, and feldom called in the affift-
[ 745 ]
B R Y
people was to find a young thriving plant of bryony; Bryonia,
then they opened the earth all round, being careful not ,
to difturb the lower fibres; and being provided with “ ' "
fuch a mould as is ufed for making plafter figures, they
fixed the mould clofe to the root, faftening it with wire
to keep it in its proper fituation : then they filled the
earth dbout the root, leaving it to grow to the fhape
of the mould ; which in one fummerit will do; fo that
if this is done in March, by September it will have the
fhape. The leaves of this plant are alfo impofed on
ance of the point. He acquired a neat, free ftyle of people for mandrakedeaves ; although there is no re-
engraving, excellently well adapted to fmall fubje&s,
in which many figures were to be reprefented ; as
funeral parades, proceffions, and the like, which he exe¬
cuted in a charming manner. He alfo drew very cor-
reftly. His heads in general are fpirited and expref-
five, and the other extremity of his figures well mark¬
ed. His back-grounds, though free - ntly very flight,
femblance between them, nor any agreement in quality,
2. The africana, or African tuberous rooted bryony.
3. The racemofa, or bryony with a red olive-flraped
fruit. Thefe are natives of warm climates; and are per¬
ennial; but their branches decay every winter. They
flower in July, and in warm fummers will perfeA their
feeds in Britain. 4. The cretica, or fpotted bryony of
are touched with amafterly hand. He died, as his fans Crete. 5. The variegata, or American bryony with a
inform us in the third part of Boiflard’s colleftion of variegated fruit. 6. The bonarienfis, or bryony with
portraits, on March 27th, 1598 ; the two firft parts of hairy palmated leaves, divided into five parts, and ob-
which colle&ion were engraved by himfelf, affifted by
his fons, who afterwards continued it.
BRYENNIUS (Manuel), a Greek writer on mufic,
Is fuppofed to have flouriflied under the elder Paleolo-
gus, viz. about the year of Chrift 1120. He wrote
three books on Harmonics; the firft whereof is a kind
of commentary on Euclid, as the fecond and third are
tufe fegments. Thefe are likewife natives of warm
countries; but merit cultivation on account of the pretty
appearance they make when the plants are full of fruit.
Culture. The fecond and third forts are to be planted
in pots filled with freflr light earth; and in winter muft
be placed in the green-houfe to'proteft them from frofts
and great rains, which would deftroy them if they wei
Ptolemy. He profefles to have ftudied perfpicnity expofed thereto. In fummer, they may be expofed to
for the fake of young men. Meibomius had given the the open air, and muft be frequently refreflied with
pubjic expectations of a tranflation of this work : but water in dry weather. The three laft forts are annual
"   plants : they muft be railed on a hot-bed early in the
fpring; and when the plants are about three inches
not living to complete it, Dr Wallis undertook it;
and it now makes a part of the third volume of his
works, publilhed at Oxford in three volumes folio, 1699. high, they fliould be each tranfplanted into a finall pot,
T\d vitxt vtttt o ^T*Ji*r*pr»Vmriic^. n nrtnrp Hv anrl infn a nf tannpt^s harlr_ Whpn th/
Bryennius (Nicephorus), a prince diftinguifhed by
his courage, probity, and learning, was born at Ore-
ftia in Macedonia ; where his father by rebellion pro-
and plunged into a hot-bed of tanner’s bark. When the
plants are grown fo large as to ramble about on the
furface of the bed, and begin to entangle with other
voked the emperor to fend his general Alexis Comne- plants, they fliould be fliifted into larger pots, and pla-
s againft him, who ordered his. eyes to be pulled
■out; but being charmed with his fon Bryennius, he
married him to Anne Comnenus his daughter, fo fa¬
mous by her writings. When Alexis came to the
throne, he gave Bryennius the title of Cxfar; but
ced in the bark-ftove ; where their branches may be
trained to the wall, or againft an efpalier, that they may
have fun and air, which is abfolutely neceflary for their
producing fruit.
Medicinal Ufes, &c. The roots of the firft fpecies
would not declare him his fucceflbr, though folicited are ufed in medicine. Thefe are very large, fometimes
to it by the emprefs Irene; and was therefore fucceeded
by his fon John Comnenus, to whom Bryennius beha¬
ved with the utmoft fidelity. Being fent, about the
year 1137, to befiege Antioch, he fell fick; and, re-
as thick as a man’s thigh : their fmell, when frefli, is
ftrong and difagreeable; the tafte naufeoufly bitter,
acrid, and biting; the juice is fo fliarp, as in a little
time to excoriate the flein ; in drying, they lofe great
turning, died at Conftantinople. This prince wrote the part of their acrimony, and almoft their whole feent.-
Hifiery of Alexis Comnenus, which he compofed at the
requeft of his mother-in-law the emprefs Irene.
BRYGMUS, among phyficians, a grating noife
made by the gnalhing of the teeth.
BRYONIA, bryony t A genus of the fyngenefia
order, belonging to the moneecia clafs of plants; and
in the natural method ranking under the 34th order,
Cucurbitcfcex. The calyx of the male is five-toothed,
with a quinquefid corolla, and three filaments. In the
female the calyx isdentated, the corolla quinquefid, the
ftyle trifid, with a roundifli many-feeded berry.
Species. I. The alba, rough, or white bryony with
red flowers, is a native of dry banks under hedges in
inany parts of Britain. The roots of this plant have
by impoftors been brought into a human fhape, and
ftiown for mandrakes. The method pradtifed by thefe
Vot. III. Part II.
Bryony-root is a ftrong irritating cathartic; and as fuch
has fometimes been fucoefsfully exhibited in maniacal
cafes, in fome kinds of dropfies, and in feveral chronical
diforders, where a quick folution of vifeid juices and a
fudden ftimulus on the folids were required. An ex-
tradt prepared by water adis more mildly, and with
greater fafety, than the root in fubftance : given from
half a dram to a dram, it is faid to prove a gentle pur¬
gative, and likewife to operate powerfully by urine.—
Byrony-root, applied externally, is faid to be a power¬
ful difeutient.
Black BrKONr. See Tamus.
BRYUM, in botany: A genus of the 56th natural or¬
der, viz. Mufci, belonging to the cryptogamia clafs of
plants. The anthera is operculated or covered with a lid,
the ealyptra oolilhed; and there is a filament arifing
5 B from
B U B [ 746 1 B U
Bua from the terminal tubercle. There are 41 fpecies,
1!.. molt uf them natives of Britain.
. u ^ # BUA, an ifland of the gulph of Venice, on the coaft
of Dalmatia, near the town of Trau ; called likewife
the Partridge-ifland, becaufe frequented by thofe birds.
It is called Bubus by Pliny. In the times of the de¬
cay of the empire it was called Boas ; and feveral illu-
ftrious men that fell under difgraee at court were ba-
nilhed to this ifland; among whom were Florentius,
mafter of the offices of the emperor Julian, Immentius
de Valenti, and the heretic Jovinian. The emperors
of Conftantinople either were not much acquainted
with this pretended Siberia, or were willing to treat the
bani-fhed with great clemency. It is certain that the
climate of this ifland is exceeding mild ; the air per¬
fectly good ; the oil, grapes, and fruit excellent ; and
the fea around it abounds in fifh, and the port is large
and fecure. Neither is it fofmall that a man has not room
to walk and ride about as much as he pleafes ; for it is
ten miles in length, and about twenty-five in circuit;
nor can it be faid to be rugged, though rather high and
mountainous.
BUANES, a town of France, in Gafcony, and in
the diocefe of Aire, feated on the river Bahus, in E.
Long. o. 5. N. Lat. 43.47.
BUARCOS, a town of Portugal, in the province of
Beira. W. Long. 8. 5. N. Lat. 40. 3.
BUBALIS, in zoology, the trivial name of the buf¬
falo, a fpecies of the bos. See Bos.
BUBASTIS, in the Egyptian mythology, one of
the names of Ifis or the moon. The Egyptians be¬
llowed different names on the fun, either to charac¬
terize his effefts or his relations with refped to the
earth ; they followed the fame method refpefting the
moon. Chaeremon, a facred writer of Egypt, leaves no
doubt on this fubjeft. “ Every thing which is pub-
lifhed of Ofiris and Ifis, all the facerdotal fables, allude
only to the phafes of the moon, and the courfe of the
fun.” Bubaflis was one of the principal attributes of
Ifis. Theology having perfonified her, formed of her
a divinity, in whofe honour a city of that name was
built, as deferibed by Herodotus, and where the people
collefted from all parts of Egypt, at a certain period
of the year. A cat was the fymbol of this deity. The
prietls fed it with faered food; and w(hen it died, they
embalmed its body, and carried it in pomp to the
tomb p/repared for it. The ancients have explained
this worlhip varioufly. The Greeks pretend that when
Typhon declared war againft the gods, Apollo tranf-
formed himfelf into a vulture, Mercury into an ibis,
and Bubaftis into a cat, and that the veneration of the
people for the latter animal took rife from that fable ;
but they aferibe their own ideas to the Egyptians, who
thought very differently. However that may be, the
cat was greatly honoured in Egypt, and a Roman fol-
* dier having imprudently killed one, was immediately
put to death by the populace.
Bubaftis, in the language of the priefts, was deemed
the daughter of Ifis, and even reprefented her in cer¬
tain circumftances. It is for this reafon that the
Greeks, who honoured the moon by the name of Diana,
beftowed it alfo on this Egyptian divinity. Bubaftis,
fays Herodotus, is called Diana by the Greeks. The
Egyptians attributed to her the virtue of affifting preg¬
nant women. The Greeks and Latins, difciples of
the Egyptians, aferibed the fame powder to Diana; and
Horace does not think it unworthy of his pen to ad-
drefs the following ftrophe to her;
Montium cujios nemorumque, Virgt,
§>ute laborantes utero puellas
Ter vocata audit, adimifque it the.
Diva Triformis.
The philofopher will feek for the origin of this an¬
cient worfhip in the laws impofed by nature on
women, and which in fome meafure follow the lunar
revolutions. The natural philofophers and the poets
buried it under allegories unintelligible to the people.
A perfeA refemblance, however, does not exilt be¬
tween the two deities we have been fpeaking of. The
Greeks conftituted Diana goddefs of the chace and of
the forefts; an attribute the Egyptians did not ac¬
knowledge in E *.aftis. The former added, that (he
was the daughter of Jupiter-and Latona, and Bubaftis
was produced by Ofiris and Ifis.
A barbarous ciiftom was introduced at the feftivals
celebrated in honour of Bubaftis, called by the Greeks
alfo Ilithyia or Lucina, to mark her prefiding over
childbed. The Egyptians adored her under this name
in the city of Ilithyia, fituated near Latopolis.
It remains to refolve a queftion which naturally
arifes here : How could Bubaftis be called the daughter
of Ifis, fince fhe alfo was a fymbol of the moon ? The
Egyptian theology eafily explains thefe apparent con¬
tradictions. Ifis was the general appellation of the
moon, Bubaftis a particular attribute. The fun, in
conjunction with the ftar of the night, formed the
celeftial marriage of Ofiris and Ifis; the crefcent
which appears three days after was allegorically called
their daughter. It is in this fenfe that the Hebrews
called this fame phenomenon, the birth of the moon, and
that Horace fays,
Ccdo fupinas Ji tulerit mamts,
Nafcente lutt.l, ruflica Phidyle, &c. &c.
Thefe obfervations inform us, why in the city of
Ilithyia, where Bubaftis was adored, the third day of
the lunar month was confecrated by a particular wor¬
fhip. In faCt, it is three days after the conjunction
that the moon, difengaged from the rays of the fun, ap¬
pears as a crefcent, and is vifible to us. The Egyp¬
tians celebrated therefore a folemnity in honour of Bu¬
baftis, which in their tongue fignified new moon. The
crefcent with which her head was crowned, expreffes
palpably the intention of the priells in creating this
fymbolical divinity.
BUBBLE, in philofophy, ftnall drops or veficles of
any fluid filled with air; and formed either on its fur-
face by an addition of more of the fluid, as in raining,
&c.; or in its fubftance, by an inSeftine motion of its
component particles. Bubbles are dilatable or com-
preffible, i. e. they take up more or lefs room as the in¬
cluded air is more or lefs heated, or more or lefs preffed
from without; and are round, becaufe the included air
aCts equally from within all around.
Bubble, in commerce, a cant term given to a kind
of projeCt for railing money on imaginary grounds,
much pra&ifed in France and England in the years
1719, 1720, and 1721.
The pretence of thofe fchemes was the railing a ca¬
pital for retrieving, fetting on foot, or carrying on,
5 foras
BubalHs,
Bubble.
BUB [ 747 1 B U C
fome promifing and ufeful branch of trade, manufac¬
ture, machinery, or the like. To this end propofals
were made out, (howing the advantages to be derived
from the undertaking, and inviting perfons to be en¬
gaged in it. The fum-neceffary to manage the affair,
together with the profits expe&ed from it, were divided
into (hares or fubfcriptions, to be purchafed by any
difpofed to adventure therein.
Bubbles, by which the public have been tricked, are
of two kinds, viz. i. Thofe which we may properly
enough term trading-bubbles; and, 2. Stock or fund
bubbles. The former have been of various kinds; and
the latter at different times, as in 171,9 and 1720.
BUBO, in ornithology, the trivial name of a fpecies
of ftrix. See Strix.
Bubo, or Buhoe, in furgery, a tumour which arifes
with inflammation, only in certain or particular parts
to which they are proper, as in the arm-pits and in the
groins. See MedicinE-Z^ex.
BUBON, Macedonian parsley: A genus of the
digynia order, belonging to the pentandria clafs of
plants; and in the natural method ranking under the
45th order, Umbellatx. The fruit is ovated, ftriated,
and villous.
Species. 1. The macedonicum fends out many leaves
from the root; the lowed of which grow almod hori¬
zontally, fpreading near tite furface of the ground: the
foot-(talk of each leaf divides into feveral fmaller; which
are garnifhed with fmooth rhomb-(haped leaves, which
are of a bright pale-green colour, and fawed on their
edges. In the centre of the plant afifes the flower-dem,
which is little more than a foot high, dividing into
many branches, each being terminated by an umbel of
white flowers, which are fticceeded by oblong hairy
feeds. This plant, in warm countries, is biennial; the
plants, which rife from feeds, one year produce flowers,
and feeds the next, and then perifh : but in Britain
they feldom flower till the third or fourth year from
the feed ; but whenever* the plant flowers, it always
dies. 2. The rigidus, hard or rigid ferula, is a native
of Sicily. It is a low perennial plant, having (hort,
diff, and very narrow leaves: the flower-dalk rifes a
foot high, which is terminated by an umbel of fmall
white flowers ; which are fucceeded by fmall, oblong,
channelled feeds. It is a plant of little beauty or ufe,
fo is only cultivated for the fake of variety. 3, The
galbanum or African ferula, rifes with an upright Aalk
to the height of eight or ten feet, which at bottom is
woody, having a purplilh bark covered with a whitilh
powder that comes off when handled. The upper part
of the dalk is garniflied with leaves at every joint, the
foot-flalks half-embracing them at their bafe, and are
fet with leaves like thofe ofthelovage, but fmaller, and
of a grey colour: the top of the Aalk is terminated by
an umbel of yellow flowers; which are fucceeded by
oblong channelled feedst which have a thin membrane
or wing on their border. When any part of the plant
is broken, there iffues out a little thin milk of a cream
colour, which hath a drong fcent of galbanum. 4. The
gummiferum, with a mock chervil leaf, rifes with a lig¬
neous dalk about the fame height; and is garniflied
with leaves at each joint, which branch out like the
former ; but the fmall leaves or lobes are narrow and
indented like thofe of badard hemlock. The dalk is
terminated by an umbel of fmall yellow flowers, which Bubonocele
are fucceeded by feeds like thofe of the former fort.— „ H
Thefe plants are all propagated by feeds, and require ucaneer,J
the common culture of other exotic vegetables. The
galbanum of the (hops is fuppofed to be procured from
the third and fourth forts.
BUBONOCELE, or hernia inguinalis, in fur¬
gery, a tamor in the inguen, formed by a prolapfus of
the inteflines, omentum, or both, through the pro-
ceffes of the peritoneum and rings of the abdominal
mufcles. See Surgery.
BUBONIUM, in botany, a fynonyme of the Inula.
BUC (George), a learned Englidi antiquarian, flou-
riflied in the beginning of the 17th century. In the
reign of king James I. he was made bne of the gentle¬
men of his majedy’s privy-chamber, and knighted: he
was alfo conflituted mafter of the revels. What he
modly didinguiflied himfelf by was his writing, i.The
hiflory of the reign of Richard III.; in which he takes
great pains to wipe off the bloody flains that have blot¬
ted his chara&er, and reprefents theperfon and aftions
of that prince in a much lefs odious light than other
hiftorians have done. He alfo wrote, 2. A treatife of
the art of revels; and, 3. a work entitled The third?
univerfitie of England.
BUCANEER, oae who dries and fmokes flelh or
fi(h after the manner of the Indians. The name was
particularly given to the fird French fettlers on the
ifland of St Domingo, whofe foie employment confifted
in hunting bulls or wild boars, in order to fell their
hides and flefh. The name has alfo been applied to
thofe famous piratical adventurers, chiefly Englifti and
French, who joined together to make depredations on
the Spaniards of America. Of both thefe we (hall give
an account.
I. The Bucaneers of St Domingo. The Spaniards
had not been long in the jioffeflion of the Weil Indies
and the continent of America, when other nations, e-
fpecially the Englifh and French, began to follow them
there. But though the Spaniards were unable to peo¬
ple fuch extenfive countries themfeives, they were re-
folved that no others (hould do it for them; and there-
'fore made a mod cruel war on all thofe of any other
nation who attempted to fettle in any of the Antilles
or Caribbee iflands. The French, however, were at
lad lucky enough to acquire fome footing in the ifland
of St Chridopher’s 5 but by the time they began to
fubfide into a regular form of government, the Spa¬
niards found means to diflodge them. Upon this the
wretched fugitives, confidering at how great a didance
they were from their mother-country, and how near
to the ifland of Hifpaniola or St Domingo, the northern
parts of which were then uninhabited and full of fwine
and black cattle, immediately refolved to take pof*
feffion of that country, in conjundlion with feveral other
adventurers of their own and the Englilh nation ; efpe*
daily as the Dutch, who now began to appear in thefe
feas, promifed to fupply them plentifully with all kinds
of neceffaries they might require, in exchange for the
hides and tallow they (hould procure by hunting.
Thefe new fettle, s obtained the name of bucaneers,
from their cudom of bucanning their beef and pork in
order to keep it for fale, or for their own confumption,
the method of which will be prefently defcribed. But
5 B 2 fomc
B U C [ 748 3 BUG
Bufaneer. fbme of them foon grew tired of this new way of life,
and took to planting; while many more chofe to turn
pirates, Hulling to iind among thofe who remained on
ihore a quick fale for all the plunder they could make
at fea. This new body of adventurers were called free¬
booters, from their making free prey or booty of what¬
ever came in their way.
The colony now began to thrive at a great rate, by
the cheap and eafy manner in which the free-booters ac¬
quired the greateft riches, and the profufion with which
they diftributed them among their old companions the
-bucaneers and planters for the meereft trifles. This
brought numbers of fettlers from Old France in quality
of indented fervants, though they toiled rather like
llaves during the three years for which they generally
bound themfelves. One of thefe men prefuming to
reprefent to his mailer, who always fixed upon a Sun¬
day for fending him with Ikins to the port, that God
had forbidden fuch a practice, when he had declared,
“ Six days lhalt thou labour, and on the feventh day
/halt thou reft:” “ And I (replied the brutal buea-
neer) fay to thee, Six days lhalt thou kill bulls, and
flrip them of their fkins, and on the feventh day /halt
thou carry their hides to the fea-ftiore.” This com¬
mand was followed by blows, which fometimes en¬
force obedience, fometimts difobedience, to the laws
of God.
Thus the colony confifted of four clafles : bucaneers;
freebooters ; planters-; and indented fervants, who ge¬
nerally remained with the bucaneers or planters. And
thefe four orders compofed what they now began to call
the body of adventurers. Thefe people lived together
in a perfefl harmony under a kind of democracy : every
freeman had a defpotic authority over his own family ;
and every captain was a fovereign in his own flrip, tho’
liable to be difearded at the diferetion of the crew.
The planters fettled chiefly in the little ifland of
Tortuga on the northern coaft of Hifpaniola : but it
w’as not long before fome of them going to the great
ifland to hunt with the bucaneers, the reft were furpri-
fed by the Spaniards ; and all, even thofe who had fur-
rendered at diferetion in hopes of mercy, were put to
the fword or hanged.
The next care of the Spaniards was to rid the great
ifland of the bucaneers ; and for this reafon they aflem-
bled a body of 500 lance-men, who, by their feldom
going fewer than 50 in a company, obtained the name
of the Fifties from their enemies, whofe manners and
cuftoms we fltall now enter upon.
The bucaneers lived in little huts built oa fome fpots
of cleared ground, juft large enough to dry their fleins
on, and contain their bucanning houfes. Thefe fpots
they calledifoactf/z-f, and the huts they dwelt in Ajoupas,
a word which they borrowed from the Spaniards, and
the Spaniards from the natives. Though thefe ajoupas
lay open on all fides, they were very agreeable to the
hardy inhabitants, in a climate where wind and air are
fo very defirable things. As the bucaneers had neither
wife nor child, they aflbeiated by pairs, and mutually
rendered each other all the ferviees a matter could rea-
fonably expect from a fenrant, living together in fo per¬
fect a community, that the furvivor always fucceeded
his deceafed partner. This kind of union or fellowftiip
they called J’emateloter [infailoring], and each other
ttaielat, [fitilor], whence is derived the cuftem of gi¬
ving, at leaft in fome parts of the French Antilles, the Bucaneer
name matelotage [failorage], to any kind of fociety
formed by private perfons for their mutual advantage.
They behaved to each other with the greateft juftice
and opennefs of heart : it would have been a crime to
keep any thing under lock and key ; but, on the other
hand, the leaft pilfering was unpardonable, and pu-
nifhed with expulfion from the community. And in¬
deed there could be no great temptation to fteal, when
it was reckoned a point of honour, never to refufe a
neighbour what he wanted ; and where there was fo
little property, it was impoffible there fhould be many
difputes. If any happened, the common friends of
the,parties at variance interpofed, and foon put an end
to the difference.
As to laws, the bucaneers acknowledged none but
an odd jumble of conventions made between themfelves,
whic>-, however, they regarded as the fovereign rule.
They filencedall objections by coolly anfwering,that it
was not the cuftom of the coaft ; and grounded their
right of a cling in this manner, on their baptifm under
the tropic, which freed them, in their opinion, from
all obligations antecedent to that , marine ceremony.
The governor of Tortuga, when that ifland was again
fettled, though appointed by the French court/had
very little authority over them ; they contented them¬
felves with rendering him from time to time fome flight
homage. They had in a manner entirely fhaken off
the yoke of religion, and thought they did a great
deal in not whqlly forgetting the God of their fathers.
We are furprifed to meet with nations, among whom
it is a difficult matter to difeover any trace of a reli¬
gious worflnp : and yet it is certain, that had the bu¬
caneers of St Domingo been perpetuated on the fame
footing they fubfifted at the time we are fpeaking ofr
the third or fourth generation of them would have as
little religion as the Caffres and Hottentots of Africa,
or the Topinambous and Cannibals of America.
They even laid afide their furnames, and affumed
nick-names, or martial names, moft of which have con¬
tinued in their families to this day. Many, however,
on their marrying, which feldom happened till they
turned planters, took care to have their real furnames
inferted in the marriage-contraft ; and this practice
gave occafion to a proverb, ftill current in the French
Antilles, a man is not to be known till he takes a wife.
Their drefs confifted of a filthy greafy lhirt,dyed with
the blood of the animals they killed ; a pair of troufers *
ftill more nafty : a thong of leather by way of belt, to
which they hung a cafe containing fome Dutch knives,
and a kind of very fhort/abre called Manchette ; a hat
without any brim, except a little flap on the front to
take hold of it by ; and ihoes of hoglkin all of a piece.
Theit guns were four feet and a half in the barrel, and
of a bore to carry balls of an ounce. Every man had
his contract fervants, more or fewer according to his a-
bilities ; befides a pack of 20 or 30 dogs, among which
there was always a couple of beagles. Their chief
employment at firft was ox-hunting ; and, if at any¬
time they chafed a wild hog, it was rather for paftime,
or to make provifion for a feaft, than for any other ad¬
vantage. But, in procefs of time, fome of them be¬
took themfelves entirely to hunting of hogs, whofe flefti
they bucanned in the following manner : Firft, they cut
the fleftt into long pieces, an inch and an half thick,
and
BUG [ 749 ] BUG
and fprlnUtd them with fait, which they rubbed off
after 24 hours. Then they dried thefe pieces in lloves
over the fire made of the Ikin and bones of the beaft,
till they grew as hard as a board, and afiumed a deep
brown Colour. Pork prepared in this manner will keep
in calks a twelvemonth and longer; and when fteeped
but a little while in lukewarm water, become plump
and rofy, and yield moreover a moft grateful fmell, ei¬
ther broiled or boiled, or otherwife drelfed, enough to
tempt the moft languid appetite and pleafe the moft
delicate palate. Thofe who hunt the .wild boar, have
of late been called limply hunters.
In hunting, they fet out at day-break, preceded by
the beagles, and followed by their fervants with the reft
of the dogs ; .and as they made it a point never to balk
their beagles, they were often led by them over the
moft frightful precipices, and through places which any
other mortal would have deemed abfolutely impaflable.
As foon as the beagles had roufed the game, the reft of
the dogs ftruck up and furrounded the beaft, flopping
it, and keeping a conftant barking till the bucaneer
could get near enough to fhoot it; in doing this, he
commonly aimed at the pit of the breaft; when the
beaft fell, he hamftrung it, to prevent its rifing again.
But it has fometimes happened that the creature, not
wounded enough to tumble to the ground, has run fu-
rioufly at his purfuer, and ripped him open. But* in
general, the bucaneer feldom miffed his aim ; and when
he did, was nimble enough to get up the tree behind
which he had the precaution to place himfelf. What
is more ; fome of them have been feen to overtake the
beaft in chace, and hamftring it without any further
ceremony.
As foon as the prey was half Ikinned, the mailer cut
out a large bone, and fucked the marrow for breakfaft.
The reft he left to his fervants, one of whom always re¬
mained behind to finilli the fkinning, and bring the Ikin
with a choice piece of meat for the huntfmens dinner.
They then- continued the chace till they had killed as
many beafts as there were heads in the company. The
mailer was the laft to return to the boucan, loaded
like the reft with a fkin and a piece of meat. Here
the bucaneers found their tables ready : for every one
had his feparate table; which was the firft thing, any
way fit for the purpofe, that came in their way, a llone,
the trunk of a tree, and the like. No table-cloth, no
napkin, no bread or wine, graced their board ; not
even potatoes or bananas, unlefs they found them ready
to their hands. When this did not happen, the fat and
lean of the game, taken alternately,, ferved to fupply
the place. A little pimento, and the fqueeze of an
orange, their only fauce ; contentment, peace of mind,
a-good appetite, and abundance of mirth, made every
thing agreeable. Thus they lived and fpent their
time, till they had completed the number of hides for
which they had agreed with tire merchants ; which
done, they carried them to Tortuga, or fome port of
the great iffand.
As the bucaneers ufed much exerctfe, and fed only
on flelh meat, they generally enjoyed a good ftate of
health. They were indeed fubjeft to fevers, but either
fuch as bailed only a day, and left no fenfible impref-
fion the day following ; or little flow fevers, which did
not hinder them from action, and were of courfe fo
title regarded, that it was ufual with the patient, when
aflced how he did, to anfwer, “ Very well, nothing B;!
ails me but the fever.” It was impoflible, however,
they ftrould not fuffer confiderably by fuch fatigues un¬
der a climate to the heat of which few of them had
been early enough inured. Hence the moft confiderate
among them, after they had got money enough for
that purpofe, turned planters. The reft foon fpent the
fruits of their labour in taverns and tippling-houfes ;
and many had fo habituated themfelves to this kind of
life, as to become incapable of any other. Nay, there
have been inltances of young men, who having early
embarked through neceffity in this painful and danger¬
ous profeflion, perfifted in it afterwards, merely through
a principle of libertinifm, rather than return to France
and take poffeffion of the moft plentiful fortunes.
Such were the bucaneers of St Domingo, and fuch
their fituation, when the Spaniards undertook to extir¬
pate them. And at firft they met with great fuccefs;
for as the bucaneers hunted feparately, every one at¬
tended by his fervants, they were eafily furprifed.
Hence the Spaniards killed numbers, and took many
more, whom they condemned to a moft cruel flavery.
But whenever the bucaneers had time to put themfelves-
into a ftate of defence, they fought like lions, to avoid
falling into the hands of a nation from whom they
werefure to receive no quarter; and by this means they
often eleaped : nay, there are many inftances of fingle
men fighting their way through numbers. Thefe dan~-
gers, however, and the fuccefs of the Spaniards in dif-
covering their boucans, where they ufed to furprife and’
cut the throats of them and their fervants in their fleep,
engaged them to cohabit in greater numbers, and even
to aft offenfively, in hopes that by fo doing they
might at laft induce the Spaniards to let them live in
peace. But the fury with which they behaved when¬
ever they met any Spaniards, ferved only to make their
enemies more intent on their deftruftion ; and affiftance
coming to both parties, the whole ifland was turned in¬
to a flaughter-houfe, and fo much blood fpilt on both
fides, that many places, on account of the carnage of
which they had been the theatres, were intitled, e/"the
maffacre : fuch as the hill of the majjacre ; the plain of'
the majfacre ; the valley of the majfacre ; which names
they retain to this day.
At length the Spaniards grew tired of this way of
proceeding, and' had recourse to their old method of
furprife, which againft enemies of more courage than
vigilance was like to fucceed better. This put the bu¬
caneers under a neceffity of never hunting but in large
parties, and fixing their boncans in the little iflandson
the coaft, where they retired every evening. This expe¬
dient fucceeded; and the boucans, by being more fixed,
foon acquired the air and confiftency of little towns.
When the bucaneers had once fixed themfelves, as
related, each boucan ordered fcouts every morning to
the higheft part of the ifland, in order to reconnoitre
the coaft; and fee if any Spanifli parties were abroad.
If no enemy appeared, they appointed a place and
hour of rendezvous in the evening, and were" never ab-
fent if not killed or priioners. When therefore any one
of the company was miffing, it was not lawful for the
reft to hunt again till they had got intelligence of him
if taken, or avenged his death if killed.
Things continued in this fituation for a long time,
till the Spaniards made a general hunt over the whole'
ifland -
BUG [ 750 ] BUG
Bnranetr.• JHand; and, by deftroying their game, put the bucaneers
under a neceffity of betaking themfelves to another
courfe of life. Some of them turned planters ; and
thereby increafe'd feme of the French fettlements on the
coaft, and formed others. The rett, not relithing fo
confined and regular a life, entered among the free¬
booters, who thereby became a very powerful body.
France, who had hitherto difclaimed' for hey fubjedts
thefe ruffians whole fucceffes were only temporary, ac¬
knowledged them, however, as foon as they formed
themfelves into fettlements; and took proper meafures
for their government and defence. See the article
St Domingo.
The hunting both of the bull and boar is at this day
carried on, and proves of confiderable importance.
That of the former furniffies France with the fineft
hides brought from America. The bucaneers put the
hides in packs which they call loads, mixing together
hides of full grown bulls, of yolmg bullocks, and of
Ravary's cows. Each of thefe loads is compoftd of two bull-
of hides, or of an equivalent; that is to fay, either of two
m" real bull-hides, or of one bull-hide and two cow¬
hides, or of four cow-hides, or of three young bul¬
locks hides; three bullocks hides being reckoned equi¬
valent to two full-grown bulls hides, and two cows
hides equivalent to one bull’s hide. Thefe bulls they
commonly call exert in France, though they be not
gelt. Each load is commonly fold fof fix pieces of
eight rials, which is a Spaniih coin, the French coin
being but little current, or not at all, in the illand of
St Domingo.
. The boar meat bucanned in the manner above men¬
tioned is fold by the bundle or pack, weighing com¬
monly 60 pounds, at the rate of fix pieces of eight per
pack. The palmetto leavesferve to pack it up in; but
their weight is dedu&ed, fo that there mud be in each
pack 60 pounds of net fleffi. Thefe bucaneers have al-
fo a great trade of the lard of boars, which they melt,
and gather in large pots called pctiches. This lard,
which is called mantegua, is alfo fold for about eight
pieces of eight per pot. There is a great trade, and a
great confumption of each of thefe merchandizes in the
French fettlements of the ifland of St Domingo, and
in thofe of Tortuga: befides which, they ufed to fend
great quantities of them to the Antilles, and even into
the continent of French America. There is alfo a great
deal of it fold for the fupport of the crews of the ffiips
that come from France for trading, or which the pri¬
vateers of Tortuga fit out for cruifmg againft the Spa¬
niards.
The Spaniards, who have large fettlements in the
ifland of St Domingo, have alfo their bucaneers there,
whom they call mat adores or monteros. Their chace
has fomething noble, which favours of the Spaniffi
pride : the huntfman being on horfeback, ufes the lance
to ftrike the bull, thinking it beneath his courage to
flioot him at a ditlance. When the fervants, who are
on foot, have difeovered the beaft, and with their dogs
have driven it into fome favannah or meadow, in which
the mafter waits for them on horfeback, armed with two
lances, that matadore goes and hamftrings it with the
firft lance, the head of which is made like a crefcent or
half-moon, and extremely fltarp, and kills it afterwards
with the other lance, which is a common one. This
chace is very agreeable; the huntfman making com¬
monly, in order to attack the bull, the fame turns and- Bufleneeif
the fame ceremonies which are pradlifed in thofe fefti- ‘—
vals lo famous in Spain, wherein the greateft lords ex-
pofe themfelves fometimes to the view of the people, to
make them admire their dexterity and intrepidity in
attacking thofe furious animals : but then it is a very
dangerous chace ; thofe bulls, in their fury, often run¬
ning direftly againll the huntfman, who may think
himfelf very happy if he comes off only with the
lofs of his horfe, and if he himfelf is not mortally
wounded.
The Spaniards drefs their hides like the French, who
have learned; it from them ; and thefe hides being car¬
ried to the Havannah, a famous harbour in the ifland
of Cuba, are part of the trade of that celebrated town.
The fiota and the galleons fcarce ever fail touching
there, on their j-eturn from Vera Cruz and Porto Bello,
and load there thofe hides which they carry into
Spain, where they are fold for Havannah hides, the
moil efleemed of any that are brought from America
ifito Europe.
II. Bucaneers, the Pirates. Before the Engliffihad•£■0"'*/’*
made any fettlement at Jamaica, and^the French at Stj^-
Domingo, fome pirates of both nations, who have fince * :■
been io much diltinguifhed by the name of Bvcaneers,
had driven the Spaniards out of the fmall ifland of
Tortuga ; and, fortifying themfelves there, had with an
amazing intrepidity made excurfions againft the com¬
mon enemy. They formed themfelves into fmall com¬
panies, confifting of 50, 100, or 150 men each. A
boat, of a greater or fmaller fize, was their only arma¬
ment. Plere they were expofed night and day to all the
inclemencies of the weather, having fcarce room enough
tolie down. A love of abfulute independence, the great-
eft bleffing to thofe who are not proprietors of land,
rendered them averfe from thofe mutual reftraints which
the members of fociety impofe upon themfelves for
the common good ; fome of them chofe to fing, while
others were deiirous of going to fleep. As the autho¬
rity they had conferred on their captain was confined
to his giving orders in battle, they lived in the greateft
confufion. Like the favages, having no apprehenlion of
want, nor any care to preferve the neceffaries of life,
they were conftantly expofed to the fevereft extremities
of hunger and third. But deriving, even from their very
diftrdfes, a courage fuperior to every danger, the fight
of a fhip tranfported them to a degree of frenzy. They
never deliberated on the attack, but it was their cuftom
to board the ffiip as fooh as poffible. The fmallnefsof
their vefiels, and the Ikill they fliowed in the manage¬
ment of them, fereened them from the fire of the greater
fliips; and they prefented only the fore part of their
little vtffels filled with fufileers; who fired at the port¬
holes with fo much exadfnefs, that it entirely con¬
founded the moft experienced gunners- As foon as they
threw out the grappling, the largeft vefiel feldom efca-
ped them.
In cafes of extreme neceffity, they attacked the peo- ■
pie of every nation, but fell upon the Spaniards at all
times. They thought that the cruelties the latter had
exercifed on the inhabitants of the new world juftified
the implacable averfion they had fworn againft them.
But this was heightened by a perfonal pique, from the
mortification they felt in feeing themfelves debarred
from the privilege of hunting and fifhing, which they
con-
B U C I 751 ] BUG
j Bucaneer. confidered as natural rights. Such were their principles
 1 of juftice and religion, that, whenever they embarked
on any expedition, they ufed to pray to heaven for the
fuccefs of it; and they never came back from the plun¬
der, but they conftantly returned thanks to God for
their vi&ory.
The (hips that failed from Europe into America fel-
dom tempted their avidity. The merchandife they con¬
tained would not eafily have beenfold.nor been verypro-
fitable to thefe barbarians in thofe early times. They al¬
ways waited for them on their return, when they were
certain that they were laden with gold, iilver, jewels,
and all the valuable productions of the new world.
If they met with a Tingle (hip, they never failed to at¬
tack her. As to the fleets, they followed them till
they failed out of the gulph of Bahama ; and as foon
as any one of the veffels was feparated by accident
from the reft, it was taken. The Spaniards, who
trembled at the approach of the bucaneers, whom they
called devils, immediately furrendered. Quarter was
granted, if the cargo proved to be a rich one ; if not,
ail the prifoners were thrown into the fea.
The bucaneers,* when they had got a confiderable
booty, at firft held their rendezvous at the ifland of
Tortuga, in order to divide the fpoil; but afterwards
the French went to St Domingo, and the Englifh to
Jamaica. Each perfon, holding up his hand, folemnly
protefted that he had fecreted nothing of what he had
taken. If any one among them was convifted of per¬
jury, a cafe that feldom happened, he was left, as foon
as an opportunity offered, upon fome defert ifland, as
a traitor unworthy to live in fociety. Such brave men
among them as had been maimed in any of their ex¬
peditions, were firft provided for. If they had loft a
hand, an arm, a leg, or a foot, they received 261. An
eye, a finger, or a toe, loft in fight, was valued only
at half the above fum. The wounded were allowed
2s. 6d. a day for two months, to enable them to have
their wounds taken care of. If they had not money
enough to anfwer thefe feveral demands, the whole
company were obliged to engage in fome frefti expe¬
dition, and to continue it till they had acquired a fuf-
ficient ftock to enable them to fatisfy fuch honourable
contra&s.
After this a& of juftice and humanity, the remainder
of the booty was divided into as many (hares as there
were bucaneers. The commander could only lay claim
to a (ingle (hare as the reft ; but they complimented
him with two or three, in proportion as he had ac¬
quitted himfelf to their fatisfadfion. Favour never had
any influence in the divifion of the booty; for every
fhare was determined by lot. Inftancts of fuch rigid
juftice as this are not eafily met with; and they ex¬
tended even to the dead. Their (hare was given to-
the man who was known to be their companion when
alive, and therefore their heir. If the perfon who had
been killed had no intimate, his part was fent to his
relations when they were known. If there were no
|h friends or relations, it was diftributed in charity to the
poor and to churches, which were to pray for the per-
A fon in whofe name thefe benefactions were given.
When tbefe duties had been complied with, they
then indulged themfelves in all kinds of profufion. Un¬
bounded licentioufnefs in gaming, wine, women, every
kind of debauchery, was carried to the utmoft pitch
of excefs, and was ftopt only by the want which fuch Bacancer,
profufions brought on. Thofe men who were en-l—v—**s
riched with feveral millions, were in an inftant totally
ruined, and deftitute of clothes and provifions. They
returned to (ea ; and the new fupplies they acquired
were foon lavifhed in the fame maimer.
The Spanilh colonies, flattering themfelves with the
hopes of feeing an end to their miferies, and reduced
almoft to defpair in finding themfelves a perpetual
prey to thefe ruffians, grew weary of navigation. They
gave up all the power, conveniences, and fortune,
which their connedlions procured them, and formed
themfelves almoft into fo many diftind: and feparate
dates. They were fenfible of the inconveniences avi-
("mg from fuch a condud, and avowed them ; but the
dread of falling into the hands of rapacious and favage
men, had greater influence over them than the didates
of honour, intereft, and policy. This was the rife of
that fpirit of inadivity which continues to this time.
This defpondency ierved only to increafe the bold-
nefs of the bacaneers As yet they had only appeared
in the Spaniih fettlements, in order to carry off fome
provilions when they were in want of them. They
no fooner found their captures b?gin to diminilh, than
they determined to recover by land what they had loft
at (ea. The richeft and moft populous countries of the
continent were plundered and laid wafte. The culture
of lands was equally negleded with navigation ; and
the Spaniards dared no more appear in their public
roads, than fail in the latitudes which belonged to
them.
Among the bucaneers who fignalized themfelves in
this new fpecies of excurfxons, Montbar, a gentleman
of Languedoc, particularly diftinguilhed himfelf. Ha¬
ving by chance, in his infancy, met with a circum-
ftantial account of the cruelties pradrifed in the con-
queft of the new world, he conceived an averfion which
he carried to a degree of frenzy againft that nation
which had committed fuch enormities. The enthufi-
afm this fpirit of humanity worked him up to, was
turned into a rage more cruel than that of religious
fanaticifm, to which fo many vidlims had been facri-
(iced. The names of thefe unhappy fufferers feemed
to rouze him, and call upon him for vengeance. He
had heard fbme account of the bucaneers, who were
faid to be the moft inveterate enemies to the Spanifh
name : he therefore e.r.barked- on board a fhip, in
order to join them.
In the paffage, they met with a Spanifh veffel; at¬
tacked it; and, as it was ufual in thofe times, imme¬
diately boarded it. Montbar, with a fabre in his hand,
fell upon the enemy; broke through them ; and, hurry¬
ing twice from one end of the ftup to the other, levelled
every thing that qppofed him. When he had compelled
the enemy to furrender, leaving to his companions the
happinefs. of dividing fo rich a booty, he contented
himfelf with the favage pleafure of contemplating the
dead bodies of the Spaniards, lying in heaps together,
againft whom he had fworn a conftant and deadly
hatred.
Fre(h opportunities foon occurred, that enabled him
to exert this fpirit of revenge, without extingusfhing it.
The (hip he was in arrived at the coaft of St Domin¬
go ; where the bucaneers on land immediately applied
to barter fome provifions for brandy. As the articles
they
Bucaneer.
BUG L 752 ] BUG
tliey offered were of little value, they alleged in excufe,
that their enemies had over-run the country, laid wafte
their fettlements, and carried off all they could. “ Why
(replied Montbar) do you tamely fuffer fuch infults ?”
“ Neither do we (anfwered they in the fame tone);
the Spaniards have experienced what kind of men we
ere, and have therefore taken advantage of the time
when we were engaged in hunting. But we.are going
to join fome of our companions, who have Jseen ftill
more ill treated than we; and then we fliall have warm
work.” “ If you approve of it (anfwered Montbar),
I will head you, not as your commander, but as the
foremofl to expofe myfelf to danger.” The bucaneers,
perceiving from his appearance that he was fuch a man
as they wanted, cheerfully accepted his offer. The fame
day they overtook the enemy, and Montbar attacked
them with an impetuofity that aitoniihed the braveff.
Scarce one Spaniard efcaped the effects of his fury.
The remaining part of his life was equally diftinguifhed
as on this day. The Spaniards fuffered fo much from
him, both by land and at fea, that he acquired the name
of the Exterminator.
His favage difpofition, as well as that of the other
,bucaneers who attended him, having obliged the Spa¬
niards to confine themfelves within their fettlements,
thefe free-booters refolyed to attack them there. This
new method of carrying on the war required fuperior
forces ; and their affociations in confequence became
more numerous. The firft that was confiderable was
formed by Lolonois, who derived his name from the
fands of Olones the place of his birth. From the ab-
je& Hate of a bondfman, he had gradually raifed him-
ielf to the command of two canoes, with 22 men. With
.thefe he was fo fuccefsful as to take a Spanifh frigate
on the coaft of Cuba. He then repaired to the Port-au-
Prince, in which were four fhips, fitted out purpofely
to fail in purfuit of him. He took them, and threw all
.the crew into the fea, except one man, whom he faved,
in order to fend him with a letter to the governor of
the Havannah, acquainting him with what he had done,
.and affuring him that he would treat in the fame man¬
ner all the Spaniards that fhould fall into his hands,
not excepting the governor himfelf, if he fhould be fo
fortunate as to take him. After this expedition, he
ran his canoes and prize-fhips aground, and failed with
his frigate only to the ifland of Tortuga.
Here he met with Michael de Bafco, who had
diftinguifhed himfelf by having taken, even under
the cannon of Porto-Bello, a Spanifh fhip, eftimated
at 218,5001. and by other a&ions equally brave and
daring. Thefe two gave out, that they were going to
embark together on an expedition equally glorious and
profitable; in confequence of which they foon collefted
together 440 men. This body of men, the moft nu¬
merous the bucaneers had yet been able to mufter,
failed to the bay of Venezuela, which runs up into the
country for the fpace of 50 leagues. The fort that was
built at the entrance of it for its defence was taken; the
cannon were nailed up ; and the whole garrifon, confift-
ing of 250 men, put to death. They then reimbark-
ed, and came to Maracaybo, built on the wettern coaft
of the lake of the fame name, at the diftance of ten
leagues from its mouth. This city, which had become
flourifhing and rich by its trade in fkins, tobacco, and
cocoa, was deferted. The inhabitants had retired with
their effe&s to the other fide of the bay. If the buca¬
neers had not loft a fortnight in riot and debauch, they
would have found at Gibraltar, near the extremity of
the lake, every thing that the inhabitants had fecreted
to fecure it from being plundered. On the contrary,
they met with fortifications lately erefted, which they
had the ufelefs fatisfa&ion of making themfelves mafters
of, at the expence of a great deal of blood; for the in¬
habitants had already removed at a diftance the moft
valuable'part of their property. Exafpeiated at this
difappointment, they fet fire to Gibraltar. Maracaybo
would have fhared the fame fate, had it not been ran-
fomed. Befides the fum they received for its ranfom,
they alfo carried off with them all the croffes, pictures,
and bells of the churches ; intending, as they faid, to
build a chapel in the ifland of Tortuga, and to confer
crate this part of their fpoils to facred purpofes. Such
was the religion of thefe barbarous people, who could
make no other offering to heaven than that which arofe
from their robberies and plunder.
While they were idly diflipating the fpoils they had
made on the coaft of Venezuela, Morgan, the moft re¬
nowned of the Englilh bucaneers, failed from Jamaica
to attack P01 to-Bello. His plan of operations was fo
well contrived, that he furprifed the city, and took it
without oppofition.
The conqueft of Panama was an objeft of much
greater importance. To fecure this, Morgan thought
it neceffary to fail in the latitudes of Cofta-Ricca, to
procure fome guides in the ifland of St Catharine’s,
where the Spaniards confined their malefaftors. This
place was fo ftrongly fortified, that it ought to have
held out for ten years againft a confiderable army.
Notwithftanding this, the governor, on the firft ap¬
pearance of the pirates, fent privately to concert mea-
fures how he might furrender himfelf without incurring
the imputation of cowardice. The refult of this con-
fultation was, that Morgan, in the night-time, fliould
attack a fort at fome diftance, and the governor ftiould
fally out of the citadel to defend a poll of fo much
confequence ; that the affailants ftiould then attack him
in the rear, and take him piifoner, which would con-
fequently occafion a furrender of the place. It was
agreed that a fmart firing fhould be kept on both fides,
without doing mifehief to either. This farce was ad¬
mirably carried on. The Spaniards, without being
expoftd to any danger, appeared to have done their
duty; and the bucaneers, after having totally demolifli-
ed the fortifications, and put on board their veffels a
prodigious quantity of warlike ammunitions which they
found at St Catharine’s, fleered their courfe towards
the river Chagre, the only channel that was open to
them to arrive at the place which was the objedtof their
utmoft wifhes.
At the entrance of this confiderable river, a fort
was built upon a fteep rock, which the waves of the
fea conftantly beat againft. This bulwark, very dif¬
ficult of accefs, was defended by an officer whofe
extraordinary abilities were equal to his courage, and
by a garrifon that deferved fuch a commander. The
bucaneers, for the firft time, here met with a refiftance
that could only be equalled by their perfeverance: it
was a doubtful point, whether they would fucceed or
be obliged to raif'e the fiege, when a lucky accident
happened that proved favourable to their glory and
1 their
BUG [7S3] BUG
their fortune. The commander was killed, and the fame day: the other part was expe&ed from the in- Bucaneers,
fort accidentally took fire : the befiegers then taking ternal parts of the country; when there appeared on —v—J
™-xAcl fKpmfpliTpa an eminence a confiderable body of troops advancing,
and near the port a fleet of 17 fhips from Europe. At
advantage of this double calamity, made themfelves
mailers of the place.
Morgan left his veffels at anchor, with a fufficient the fight of this armament, the bucaneers, without any
marks of furprize, retreated quietly, with ryoo flaves
they had carried off with them as a trifling indemnifi¬
cation for the reft of the money they expedled,the fet-
"’ ng of which they referred to a more favourable op-
>rtunity.
Their retreat was equally daring. They boldly failed
through the midft of the Spanifh fleet; which let them
pafs without firing a Angle gun, and were in faft rather
afraid of being attacked and beaten. The Spaniards
Some valuable commodities were alfo taken upon the would not probably have efcaped fo eafily, and with
number of men to guard them; and failed up the river
in his floops for 3 3 miles, till he came to Cruces, where
it ceafes to be navigable. He then proceeded by land
to Panama, which was only five leagues diftant. Upon tling of which they referred to a more favourable op-
a large and extenfive plain that was before the city, he portunity.
met with a confiderable body of troops, whom he put
to flight with the greateft eafe, and entered, into the
city, which was now abandoned. Here were found
prodigious treafures concealed in the wells and caves.
boats that were left aground at low water; and in the
neighbouring forefts were alfo found feveral rich de-
pofits.
Having burnt the city, they fet fail with a great
number of prifoners, who were ranfomed a few days
after; and came to the mouth of the Chagre with a
prodigious booty.
other inconvenience but what arofe from their fears,
if the veflels of the pirates had not been laden with fil-
ver, or if the Spanifh fleet had been freighted with any
other effe&s but fuch merchandife as were little valued
by thefe pirates.
A year had fcarce elapfed fince their return from
Mexico, when on a fudden they were all feized with
In 1603, an expedition of the greateft confequence the rage of going to plunder the country of Peru. It
.. r j 1— \t— rj— _ — r r-vn.—j u... jg probable, that the hope of finding greater treafures
upon a fea little frequented, than on one long expofed
to piracies of this kind, was the caufe of this expedi¬
tion. But it is fomewhat remarkable, that both the
Englifh and French, and the particular afibciations of
was formed by Van Horn, a native of Oftend, but who
had ferved all his life among the French. His intre¬
pidity would never let him fuffer the lead figns of cow¬
ardice among thofe who affociated with him. In the
heat of an-engagement, he went about bis {hip ; fuc-
ceffively obferved his men ; and immediately killed thofe thefe two nations, had projected this plan at the fame
who fhrank at the fudden report of a piftol, gun, or time, without any communication, intercourfe, or de¬
cannon. This extraordinary difcipline had made him fign of a&ing in concert with each other. About
become the terror of the coward, and the idol of the 4000 men were employed in this expedition. Some of
brave. In other refpe&s, he readily {hared with the them came by Terra-Firma, others by the ftraits of
men of fpirit and bravery the immenfe riches that were Magellan, to the place that was the objedl of their
acquired by fo truly warlike a difpofition. When he wifhes. If the intrepidity of thefe barbarians had been
went upon thefe expeditions, he generally failed in his diredled, under the influence of a fkilful and refpe&able
frigate, which was his own property. But thefe new commander, to one Angle uniform end, it is certain that
defigns requiring greater numbers to carry them in- they would have deprived the Spaniards of this impor-
to execution, he took to his afliftance Gramont, tant colony. But their natural charadler was an invin-
Godfrey, and Jonque, three Frenchmen diftinguiftied cible obftacle to fo rare an union; for they always form-
by their exploits; and Lawrence de Graff, a Dutch- ed themfelves into feveral diftindl bodies, fometimes
man, who had fignalized himfelf ftill more than they, even fo few jn number as ten or twelve, who a&ed to-
Twelve hundred bucaneers joined themfelves to thefe gether, or feparated, as the moft trifling caprice direc-
famous commanders, and failed in fix veffels for Vera ted. Grognier, Lecuyer, Picard, and Le Sage, were
Cruz. ' the moft diftinguiftred officers among the French : Da-
The darknefs of the night favoured their landing, vid, Samms, Peter, Wilner, and Towley, among the
which was effe&ed at three leagues from the place, Engliftr.
where they arrived without being difcovered. The go¬
vernor, the fort, the barracks, and the pofts of the great¬
eft confequence ; every thing, in ftiort, that could oc-
cafion any refiftance, was taken by the break of day.
All the citizens, men, women, and children, were {hut
up in the churches, whither they had fled for {belter.
At the door of each church were placed barrels of gun¬
powder to blow up the building. A bucaneer, with a
Such of thofe adventurers as had got into the South
Sea by the ftraits of Darien, feized upon the firft
veffels they found upon the coaft. Their affociates, who
had failed in their own veffels, were not much better
provided. Weak however as they were, they beat fe¬
veral times the fquadrons that were fitted out againft
them. But thefe victories were prejudicial to them, as
they interrupted their navigation. When there were
lighted match, was to fet fire to it upon the leaft ap- no more {hips to be taken, they were continually obli-
pearance of an infurre&ion.
While the city was kept in fuch
pillaged ; and after the bucaneers 1
eafily
ged to make defcents upon the coafts to get provifions,
or to go by land in order to plunder thofe cities where
was moft valuable, they made a proy .alto the citizens
who were kept prifoners in the churches, to ranfom
their lives and liberties by a contribution of 437,500!.
-•arried off what the booty was fecured. They fucceflively attacked
Seppa, Puebla-Nuevo, Leon, Realejo, Puebla-Viejo,
Chiriquita, Lefparfo, Granada, Villia, Nicoya, Teco-
anteca, Mucmeluna, Chiloteca, New-Segovia, and
Thefe unfortunate people, who had neither ate nor Guayaquil, the moft confiderable of all thefe places.
drank for three days, cheerfully accepted the terms that
were offered them. Half of the money was paid the
Vol. III. Part II.
Many of them were taken by furprize; and moft of
them deferted by their inhabitants, who fled at the
5 C fight
BUG f 754 ] BUG
Bi.caneurs. fight of the enemy. As foon as they took a town, it
was dire&ly fet on fire, unlefs a fum proportioned to its
value was given to fave it. The prifoners taken in
battle were maflacred without mercy, if they were not
ranfomed by the governor or fome of the inhabitants :
gold, pearls, or precious {tones, were the only things
accepted of for the payment of their ranfom. Silver
being too common, and too weighty for its current
value, would have been troublefome to them. The
chances of fortune, that feldom leave guilt unpunifired,
#or adverfity without a compenfation for its fuffering,
atoned for the crimes committed in the conqueft: of the
new world, and the Indians were amply revenged of the
Spaniards.
While fuch priacies were committed on the fouthern
ocean, the northern was threatened with the fame by
Gramont. He was a native of Paris, by birth a
gentleman, and had diftinguifiied himfelf in a military
capacity in Europe ; but his pafiion for wine, gaming,
and women, had obliged him to join the pirates. He
was, however, affable, polite, generous, and eloquent:
he was endued with a found judgment, and was a per-
fon of approved valour; which foon made him be
confidered as the chief of the French bucaneers. As
foon as it was known that he had taken up arms, he
was immediately joined by a number of brave men.
The governor of St Domingo, who had at length pre¬
vailed upon his mafter to approve of the project, equab¬
ly wife and juft, of fixing the pirates to fome place,
and inducing them to become cultivators, was defirous-
of preventing the concerted expedition, and forbad
it in the king’s name. Gramont, who had a greater
fhare of fenfe than his aflbeiates, was not on that ac¬
count more inclined to comply, and fternly replied :
“ How can Louis difapprove of a defign he is unac¬
quainted with, and which has been planned only a
few days ago ?” This anfwer highly pleafed all the
bucaneers ; who direftly embarked, in 1685, to attack,
Campeachy.
They landed without oppofition. But at fome di-
ftance from the coaft, they were attacked by 800 Spa¬
niards, who were beaten and purfued to the town; where
both parties entered at the fame time. The cannon
they found there was immediately levelled againft the
citadel. As it had very little effedt, they were contri ■
ving fome ftratagem to enable them to become mafters
of the place, when intelligence was brought that it was
abandoned. There remained in it only a gunner ; an
Englifhman ; and an officer of fuch fignal courage, that
he chofe rather to expofe himfelf to the greateft extre¬
mities, than bafely to fly from the place with the reft.
The commander of the bucaneers received him with
marks of diftindtion, generoufly releafed him, gave him
up all his effedts, and befides complimented him with
fome valuable prefents: fuch influence have courage
and fidelity even on the minds of thofe who fleem to
violate all the rights of fociety.
The conquerors of Campeachy fpent two months in
fearching all the environs of the city, for 12 or 15
leagues, carrying off every thing that the inhabitants,
in their flight, thought they had preferved. When all
the treafure they had collefted from every quarter was
depofited in the (hips, a propofal was made to the go¬
vernor of the province, who ftill kept the field with
$00 men, to ranfom his capital city. His refufal de¬
termined them to burn it, and demolifh the citader.Bucaneer*;
The French, on the feftival of St Louis, were celebra¬
ting the anniverfary of their king ; and in the tranf.
ports of their patriotifm, intoxication, and national love
of their prince, they burnt to the value of a million of
logwood ; a part, and a very confiderable one too, of
the fpoil they had made. After this Angular and ex-
travagant inftance of folly, of which Frenchmen only,
could boaft, they returned to St Domingo.
In 1697, 1200 bucaneers were induced to join 3-
fquadron of feven fhips that failed from Europe under
the command of Pointis, to attack the famous city of
Carthagena. This was the moft difficult enterprife
that could be attempted in the new world. Thefitua-
tion of the port, the ftrengthofthe place, the badr
nefs of the climate, were fo many obftaclerUfiairfeemed
infurmountable to any but fuch men as the bucaneers
were. But every obftacle yielded to their valour and
good fortune r the city was taken, and booty gained,
to the amount of 1,750,000!. Their rapacious com¬
mander, however, deprived them of the advantages re-
fulting from their fuccefs. He ferupled not, as foon as-
they fet fail, to offer 52 501. for the ftiare of thofe who
had been the chief iaftruments in procuring him fo con¬
fiderable a fpoil.
The bucaneers, exafperated at this treatment, refol-
ved immediately to board the veffel called the Sceptre*
where Pointjs himfelf was, and which at that time was
too far diftant from the reft of the ftiips to expe& to
be afiifted by them. This avaricious commander was
upon the point of being maffacred, when one of the
malecontents cried out: “ Brethren, why flrould we
attack this rafeal ? he has carried off nothing that be¬
longs to us. He has left our fhare at Carthagena, and
there we muft go to recover it.” This propofal was
received with general applaufe. A favage joy at once
fucceeded that gloomy melancholy which had feized
them ; and without further deliberation, all their {hips
failed towards the city.
As foon as they had entered the city without meet¬
ing with any refiftance, they ftrut up all the men in the
great church ; and exacted payment of 218,750!. the
amount of their {hare of booty which they had been
defrauded of; promifing to retreat immediately upon
their compliance, but threatening the moft dreadful
vengeance if they refufed. Upon this, the moft vene¬
rable prieft in the city mounted the pulpit, and made
ufe of the influence his chara&er, his authority, and
his eloquence gave him, to perfuade his hearers to yield
up without referve all the gold, fdver, and jewels they
had. The colleftion, which was made after the fermon,
not furnilhing the fum required, the city was ordered
to be plundered.
At length, after amaffing all they could, thefe ad¬
venturers fet fail j when unfortunately they met with a
fleet of Dutch and Englifti {hips, both which nations,
were then in alliance with Spain. Several of . the pi¬
rates were either taken or funk, with all the cargo they
had on board their {hips; the reft efcaped to St Do¬
mingo.
Such was the laft memorable event in the hiftory of
the bucaneets. The feparation of the Englifh and
French, when the war, on account of the prince of
Orange,.divided the two nations: the fuccefsful means
they both made ufe of to promote the cultivation of
land
BUG [ 755 1 BUG
Baccellarii land among their colonies, by the afliftance of thefe
R Jl enterprifmg men ; and the prudence they fhowed in fix-
I uccinuR1' ;ng the moft diftinguiihed among them, and entrufting
them with civil and military employments: the protec¬
tion they were both under a neceffity of affording to
the Spanifh fcttlements, which till then had been a ge¬
neral objeft of plunder: all thefe circumflances, and
various others, befides the impofiibility there was of
fupplying the place of thefe remarkable men, who were
continually dropping off, concurred to put an end to a
fociety as extraordinary as ever exitled. Without any
regular fyflem, without laws, without any degree of
fubordination, and even without any fixed revenue, they
became the aftonilhment of that age in which they li¬
ved, as they will be alfo of poflerity.
BUCCELLARII, an order of foldiery under the
Greek emperors, appointed to guard and diflrihute the
ammunition bread ; though authors are -fomewhat di¬
vided as to their office and quality. Among the Vifi-
goth, buccellarius was a general name for a client or
vaffal who lived at the expence of his lord. Some give
the denomination to parafites in the courts of princes,
fome make .them the body-guards of emperors, and
fome fancy they were only fuch as emperors employed
in putting perfons to death privately.
BUCCELLATUM, among ancient military wri¬
ters, denotes camp-bread, or bifcuit baked hard and
dry, both for lightnefs and keeping. Soldiers always
carried with them enough for a fortnight, and fome-
times much longer, during the time that military dif-
cipline was kept up.
BUCCINA, an ancient mufical and military inftru-
ment. It is ufually taken for a kind of trumpet; which
opinion is confirmed by Feftus, by his defining it a
crooked horn, played on like a trumpet. Vegetius ob-
ferves, that the buccina bent in a femicircle, in which
refpedt it differed from the tuba or trumpet. It is very
hard to diftinguifh it from the cornu or horn, unlefs it
was fomething lefs, and not quite fo crooked; yet it cer¬
tainly was of a different fpecies, becaufe we never read
of the cornu in ufe with the watch, but only the buc¬
cina. Befides, the found of the buccina was /harper,
and to be heard much farther than either the cornu or
the tuba. In fci ipture, the like inftrument, ufed both
in war and in the temple, was called rams-horns, kiren-
jobely and fophenth kagijobelim.
This inftrument was in ufe among the Jews to pro¬
claim .their feaft-days, new-moons, jubilees, fabbatic
years, and the like. At Lacedaemon, notice was given
by the buccina when it was fupper-time; and the like
was done at Rome, where the grandees had a buccina
blown both before and after they fat down to table.
The found of the buccina was called buccinus, or bu-
cinus ; and the mufician who played on it was called
•buccinator.
BUCCtNUM, or whelk, a genus of fhell-fifh be¬
longing to the order of vermes teftaceae. This animal
is one of the fnail kind. The fhell is univalve, fpiral,
and gibbous. The aperture is oval, ending in a fmall
■ftrail canal. Linnaeus enumerates about 60 fpecies,
moft of which are found in the fouthern feas. The fix
following are found in the Britifh feas.
i. The pullus, or brown whelk, with five fpires
flriated, waved, and tuberculated. Aperture wrink¬
led ; upper part replicated. Length five eighths of an Buconum
inch. ||
2. The undatum, or waved whelk, with feven fmres.Buccl^u?h'.
is fpirally ftriated, and deeply and tranfverfely undu- v
lated. Length three inches. Inhabits deep water.
3 The ftriatum has eight fpires, with elevated ftriae,
undulated near the apex. Length near four inches.
4. The reticulatum, with fpires fcarcely raifed, and
ftrongly reticulated, is of a deep brown colour, and of
an oblong form. The aperture white, glofiy, and den¬
ticulated. Size of a hazel nut.
5. The minutum, or fmall whelk, with five fpires,
ftriated fpirally, ribbed tranfverfely. Size lefs than a
pea. Found alfo in Norway.
6. The lappillus, or maffy whelk, with about five
fpires; fide of the mouth flightly toothed: a very
ftrong thick fhell, of a whitifh colour. A variety yel¬
low, or fafeiated with yellow, on a white ground ; or
falcated fpirally, and fometimes reticulated. Length
near an inch and an half. Inhabits, in a vaft abun¬
dance, rocks near low-water mark. This is one of
the Britifh fhells that produce the purple dye analo¬
gous to the purpura of the ancients. See Murex.
The procefs of obtaining the Englifh purpura is well mi. Tranf.
deferibed by Mr William Cole of Briftol, in 1684, ina^r. ii. 826.
the following words : “ The fhells, being harder than
moft other kinds, are to be broken with a fmart ftroke
of a hammer, on a plate*of iron or firm piece of timber
(with their mouths downwards) fo as not to crufh the
body of the fifh within ; the broken pieces being pick¬
ed off, there will appear a white vein lying tranfverfely
in a little furrow or cleft next to the head of the fifh,
which muft be digged out with the ftiff point of a horfe-
hair pencil, being made fhort and tapering. The let¬
ters, figures, or what elfe ftrall be made on the linen,
(and perhaps filk too), will prefently appear of a plea-
fa nt light green colour; and if placed in the fun, will
change into the following colours; (/. e. if in winter,
about noon ; if in fummer, an hour or two after fun-
rifing, and fo much before fetting ; for in the heat of
the day in fummer, the colours will come on fo faft,
that the fucceffion of each colour will fcarcely be diftin-
guifhed.) Next to the light green, it will appear of a
deep green ; and in a few minutes, change into a fea-
green ; after which, in a few minutes more, it will al¬
ter to a wotchet-blue ; from that, in a little time more,
it will be of a purple-red ; after which (fuppofing the
fun ftill fliining), it will be of a very deep purple-red",
beyond which the fun can do no more. But then, the
laft and moft beautiful colour, after wafhing in Raid¬
ing water and foap, will (the matter being again put
into the wind or fun to dry) be of a fair bright crim-
fon, or near to the prince’s colour ; which afterwards,
notwithftanding there is no ufe of any ftyptic to bind
the colour, will continue the fame if well ordered ; as
I have found in handkerchiefs, that have been waflied
more than 40 times ; only it will be fomewhat allayed
from what it was after the firft wafhing. While the
cloth fo writ upon lies in the fun, it will yield a very
ftrong and fetid fmell, as if garlic and afafeetida were
mixed together.”
BUCCLEUGH, a village in the county of Selkirk
in Scotland, from which the noble family of Scott have
the title of Duke ; and would likewife have been
5 C 2 duke
BUG [ 756 ] BUG
Bucco duke of Monmouth, had it not been for the attainder,
Buier ^e‘nS t^ie bneal defcendants of his Grace : they
_ ‘ . are now alfo heirs to the noble family of Montague in
England.
BUCCO, the Barbet, in ornithology, a genus be¬
longing to the order of piece. The beak is cultrated,
turned inwards, comprefled on the fides, and emargi-
nated on each fide at the apex ; and there is a long flit
below the eyes. The noftrils are covered with feathers.
The feet have four toes, two before and two behind.
Linnceus mentions only one fpecies, the capenfis; but
ornithologifts enumerate feveral, either as fuch or as
individuals, differing only in age or fex, all found in
Afia, Africa, or the fouthern parts of America.
BUCENTAUR, a galeas, or large galley of the
doge of Venice, adorned with fine pillars on both
fides, and gilt over from the prow to the ftern. This
veflel is covered over head with a kind of tent, made
of purple filk. In it the doge receives the great lords
and perfons of quality that go to Venice, accompanied
with the ambaffadors and counfellors of ftate, and all
the fenators feated on- benches by him. The fame
veflel ferves alfo in the magnificent ceremony of afeen-
fion-day, on which the duke of Venice throws a ring
into the fea to efpoufe it, and to denote his dominion
over the gulph of Venice.
Bucentaur is alfo the name of a fhip, as great and
as magnificent as that of the Venetians, built by order
of the eleftor of Bavaria, and lanched on a lake which
is fix leagues in length.
BUCEPHALA, or Bucephalos, (anc. geog.)
a town built by Alexander, on the well fide of the
Hydafpis, a river of the Hither India, in memory of
his horfe Bucephalus, which was killed in the adtion
with Porus, after croffing that river. Others fay, this
horfe died of age, 30 years old ; and not in the battle,
but fome time after. His being branded or marked
on the buttock with the head of an ox, gave rife to
his name, (Hefychius).—This generous animal, who
had fo long {hared the toils and dangers of his matter,
had formerly received fignal marks of royal regard.
Having difappeared in the country of the Uxii, Alex¬
ander iffued a proclamation, commanding his horfe to
be reftored, otherwife he would ravage the whole coun¬
try with fire and fword. This command was imme¬
diately obeyed. “ So dear,” fays Arrian, “ was Bu¬
cephalus to Alexander, and fo terrible was Alexander
to the Barbarians.”
BUCER (Martin), one of the firft authors of the
reformation at Strafburgh, was born in 1491, in Al-
face ; and took the religious habit of St Dominic, at
feven years of age: but meeting afterward with the
writings of Martin Luther, and comparing them with
the Scriptures, he began to entertain doubts concern¬
ing feveral things in the Romifli religion. After fome
conferences with Luther at Heidelburg in 1521, he
adopted moft of his fentiments ; but in 1532 he gave
the preference to thofe of Zuinglius. He aflifted in
many conferences concerning religion ; and in 1548
was fent for to Auglburg to fign the agreement be¬
tween the Papifts and Proteftants, called the interim.
His warm oppofition to this projeft expofed him to
many, difficulties and hardfhips ; the news of which
reaching England, where his fame, had already arrived,
Cranmer archbifhop of Canterbury gave him an invi- Bucero*.
tation to come over, which he readily accepted. In
1549, an handfome apartment was affigned him in the
univerfity of Cambridge, and a falary to teach theo¬
logy. King Edward VI. had thegreateft regard for
him. Being told that he was very fenfible of the cold
of the climate, and fuffered much for want of a Ger¬
man ttove, he fent him 100 crowns to purchafe one.
He died of a complication of diforders in 1551 ; and-
was buried at Cambridge with great funeral pomp.
Five years after, in the reign of queen Mary, his body
was dug up, and publicly burnt, and his tomb demo-
liflied ; but it was afterwards fet up by order of queen
Elizabeth. He compofed many works, among which
are commentaries on the evangelifts and gofpels.
BUCEROS, in ornithology, a genus belonging to
the order of picas. The beak is convex, cultrated, very
large, and fer-rated outwards : the fore-head is naked,,
with a bony gibbofity. The noftrils are behind the
bafe of the beak. The tongue is {harp and fliort^
The feet are of the greffarii kind, i. e. the toes are di-
ftindt from each other. There are four fpecies of the
buceros, viz. 1. The bicornis, with a flat bony fore¬
head, and two horns before. The body is black, and
about the fize of a hen ; but the breaft, belly, and
thighs are white. There is a white fpot on the wing;
the tail is long, with ten black prime feathers, and the
four outermoft on each are white- The feet are greenifli,
with three toes before and one behind. It is a native
of China, and called calao by Willoughby and other
authors. The pied hornbill, deferibed by Mr Latham
(Synopf. yd. I. p. 349.) from a living fpecimen which
came from the Eatt Indies, the author fuppofes to be
the fame fpecies, differing merely in fex or age. In
fize, it was a trifle bigger than a crow. The manners
of this bird were peculiar: it would leap forwards or
fideways with both legs at once like a magpie or jay,
never walking: when at reft, it folded its head back,
between the wings: the general air and appearance
was rather ttupid and dull, though it would iometimes
put on a fierce look if at any time it was furprifed or
the like : it would eat lettuce after bruifing it with its
bill, and fwallow raw flefti; as well as devour rats*
mice, and fmall birds, if given to him: it had different
tones of voice on different occaficns; fometimes a
hoarfe found in the throat, moft like ouck, ouck; at
othertimes very hoarfe and weak, not unlike the cluck¬
ing of a Turkey hen. This bird ufed to difplay the
wings and enjoy itfelf in a warm fun, but fhivered in
the cold ; and as the winter approached died, unable
to bear the feverity of the climate, fo different to its
nature. Another variety, the calao (Phil. Tranf. vol.xxiii,
p. 394), is about the fize of a hen. It inhabits the
Philippine iflands, and has a cry more like that of a
hog or a calf than of, a bird. The Gentoos rank it
among their gods, and pay worfliip to it. It lives al¬
together in woods, feeding on fruits, fuch as the In¬
dian fig, alfo piftachios, &c. which it fwallows whole ;
and after the external parts have been digefted, it
brings up-the nuts again whole, without the kernels
being anywife damaged or unfit for vegetation, a,.
The hydrocorax or Indian crow of Ray, has a plain
bony fore-head without any horns. The body is yel-
lowifh, and blackifti below. It inhabits the Molucca
ifles.
BUG [ 757 ] BUG
jj Buchan ifles. Willoughby obferves, that it refembles ©ur raven
i [Buchanan 'n ^Ut *8 re<^ °n t^ie temP^es fome hinds of
i turkies; has wide noftrils and ill-favoured eyes; and
that it feeds chiefly on nutmegs, whence its flefh is
very delicate, and has a fine aromatic relifli. This in
its native places is frequently tamed, and is ufeful in
deftroying rats and mice in houfes. 3. The rhinoceros,
has a crooked horn in the fore-head joined to the upper
mandible. It is a native of India. Thefe birds are
faid to feed on flefh and carrion; and that they fol¬
low the hunters for the purpofe of feeding on the en¬
trails of the beafts which they kill; that they chafe
rats and mice, and after preffing them flat with the
bill in a peculiar manner, tolling them up into the air,
fwallow them whole immediately on their defcent. 4.
The nafutus, has a fmooth forehead. It is about the
fize of a magpye, and is a native of Senegal. Thefe
are very common at Senegal and other warm parts of
the old continent, where they are called tock. They
are very tame and foolifli birds while young, infomuch
as to fufftr themfelves to be taken by the hand; but
having learned experience with mature age, they then
become rather Ihy. When taken young, they imme¬
diately become familiar; but are fo ftupid as not to
feed of themfelves, though food be offered to them, re¬
quiring it to be put into their mouths. In their wild
ftate they feed on fruits, but when domefticated eat
bread, and will fwallow almoft any thing that is offered
to them.
BUCHAN, a county or diftriA of Scotland, lying
partly in the {hire of Aberdeen and partly in that of
Banff: it gives the title of earl to the noble and an¬
cient family of Erlkine.
BUCHANAN (George), the beft Latin poet of
his time, perhaps inferior to none fince the Auguftan
age, was born in February 1506. This accomplifhed
fcholar and ditlinguilhed wit was not defcended of a
family remarkable for its rank. He had no occafion
for the fplendor of anceftry. He wanted not a re-
flefted greatnefs,. the equivocal, and too often the only
I ornament of the rich and noble. The village of Kil-
learn, in Stirling-Ihire, Scotland,, was the place of his
nativity ; and the abjedf poverty in which his father
died might have confined him to toil at the loweft em¬
ployments of life, if the generofity of an uncle had not
aflifted him in his education, and enabled him. to purfue
for two years his ftudies at Paris. But that fhort
fpace was fcarcely elapfed, when the death of his be-
nefa&or made it neceffary that he fhould return to his
own country^ and forfake, for a time, the paths of
fcience.
He was yet under his 2 oth year, and furrounded with
the horrors of indigence. In this extremity,, he enlifted
as a common foldier under John duke of Albany, who
commanded the troops which France had fent to afiift
Scotland in the war it waged, at this period, againft
England. But nature had not deftined him to be a
hero. He was difgufted with the fatigues of one
campaign; and, fortunately, John Major, then pro-
feffor of philofophy at St Andrew’s, hearing of his ne-
ceffity and his merit, afforded him a temporary relief.
He now became the pupil of John Maiz, a celebrated
teacher in the fame univerfity, under whom he ftudied
the fubtilties of logicand contracting an attachment
to his mafter, he followed him to Paris. There, after Buchans*.
having encountered many-difficulties, he was invited to  v—^
teach grammar in the college of St Barbe. In this
flavifh occupation he was found by the earl of Caffels;
with whom, having remained five years at Paris, he re¬
turned into Scotland. He next a£ted as preceptor to
the famous earl of Murray, the natural fon of JamesV.
But while he was forming this nobleman for public af¬
fairs, he found that his life was in danger; and from
enemies, whofe vindi&ive rage could fuffer no abate¬
ment, and who would not fcruple the moft difhonourable
means of gratifying it.
The fcandalous lives of the clergy had, it feems, ex¬
cited his indignation; and, more than reafoning or ar¬
gument, had eftranged him from the errors of Popery,
The Francifcan monks, in return to the beautiful but
poignant fatires he had written againil them, branded
him with the appellation of atbeiji; a term which the
religious of all denominations are too apt indifcrimi-
nately to lavilh where they have conceived a preju¬
dice ; and, not fatisfied with the outrage of abufe and
calumny, they confpired his deftruftion. Cardinal Bea¬
ton gave orders to apprehend him, and bribed king
James with a very confiderable fum to permit his exe¬
cution. He was feized upon accordingly; and the firft
genius of his age was about to perifh by the halter, or
by fire, to fatisfy a malignant refentment, when, efca-
ping the vigilance of his guards, he fled into England..
Henry VIII. at all times the Have of caprice and paf-
fion, was then burning, on the fame day, and at the
fame Hake, the Lutheran and the Papift. His court
did not fuit a philofopher or a fatyrift. After a fhort
flay, Buchanan croffed the fea to France; and, to his
extreme difappointment,, found, at Paris, cardinal Bea¬
ton, as ambaffador from Scotland. He retired privately
to Bourdeaux, dreading, perhaps* new., misfortunes,
and concerned that he could not profecute his ftudies
in obfcurity and in filence. Here he met. Andrew
Govea, a Portuguefe of great learning and worth, with
whom he had formerly been acquainted during his
travels, and who was now employed in teaching a
public fchool. He difdained not to aA as the afliftant
of his friend ; and. during the three years he refided
at this place, he compofed the tragedies which do
him fo much honour. It was here, alfo, that he wrote
fome of the moft pleafant of thofe poems, in which he
has rallied the mufes, and threatened to forfake them,
as not being able to maintain their votary. About
this time, too, he prefented a copy of verfes to the em¬
peror. Charles V. who happened to pafs through Bour¬
deaux.
His enemies, mean while, were not ina&ive. Car¬
dinal Beaton wrote about him to the archbifliop of
Bourdeaux ; and by every motive which a> cunning
and a wicked heart can invent* he invited him to puniih
the moft peftilential of all heretics. The archbifhop,
however, was not fo violent as the cardinal. On enqui¬
ring into the matter, he was convinced that the poet
had committed a very fmall impropriety; and allowed
himfelf to.be pacified. But fortune was not long to
continue her fmiles. Andrew Govea being called by
the king of Portugal, his mafter, to eftablifh an acade¬
my at Coimbra, he intreated Buchanan to accompany
him. He obtained his requeft; and had not been a
year
B tr C l 758 1 BUG
■Suchanan. year in his own country, when he died, and left his and fome time after lord of the privy council and privy Buchanan
affociate expofed to the malice of his inveterate enemies feal. He was likewife rewarded by queen Elizabeth „ jll
the monks. They loudly objefted to him, that he with a penflon of 100I. a-year. The twelve laft years lore ■
was a Lutheran; that he had written poems againft of his life he employed in compofing his Hiftory of
the Francifcans; and that he had been guilty of the Scotland. After having vied with almoft all the more
abominable crime of eating fieih in lent. He was con- eminent of the Latin poets, he contefted with Livy and
fined to a monaftery till he fhotild learn what thefe Salluft the palm of eloquence and political fagacity.
men fancied to be religion : and they enjoinedTiim to But it is to be remembered with pain, that, like the
tranflate the Pfalms of David into Latin verfe ; a taik former of thefe hiftorians, he was not always careful
which every man of tafte knows with what admirable to preferve. himfelf from the charge of partiality. In
Ikill and genius he performed. the year 1582, he expired at Edinburgh, in the 76th
On obtaining his liberty, he had the offer of a fpeedy year of his age.
promotion from theking of Portugal; the iffue of which, Various writers who have mentioned this author,
his averfion to the clergy did not allow him to wait, fpeak of him in very different language, according
He hallened to England; but the perturbed ftate of to their religious and political principles From his
affairs during the minority of Edward VI. not giving works, however, it is evident, that, both as a Latin
him the promife of any lading fecurity, he fet out for poet and profe writer, he hath rarely been equalled
Trance. There he had not been long, when he pu- fince the reign of Auguftus; nor is he lefs deferving
blilhed his Jephtha, which his neceffities made him de- of remembrance as a friend to the natural liberties of
dicate to the marfhal de Briffac. This patron did not mankind, in oppofition to ufurpation and tyranny,
want generofity, and could judge of merit. He fent “ The happy genius of Buchanan (fays Dr Robert-
him to Piedmont, as preceptor to his fen Timoleon de fon), equally formed to excel in profe and in verfe,
Cofll. In this employ he continued feveral years; and more various, more original, and more elegant, than
during the leifure it afforded him, he fully examined that of almoil any other modern who writes in Latin,
the controverfies which now agitated Europe; and he refiedts, with regard to this particular, the greateftluftre
put the laft hand to many of the moll admired of his on his country.” To his memory an obelilk too feet
fmaller poems. high is at this time ( 1788) eredling by fubfcription,
When his pupil had no longer any ufe for him, he at Killearn the place of his nativity, defigned by Mr
paffed into Scotland, and made an open profefiion of J. Craig nephew to the celebrated poet Thomfon.
the reformed faith. But he foon quitted his native The following is a lift of his works. 1. Rerum
country for France; which appears to have been more Scoticarum, &c. 2. Pfalmorum Davidis paraphrafis
agreeable to his tafte. Queen Maty, however, having poetic a. 3. De jure regni apud Scotos dialogus. 4. Pfal-
■determined that he (hould have the charge of educa- rnus civ. cum judicio Barclaii, See. 5. Pfalmus cxx.
ting her fon, recalled him : and till the prince fliould cum analyji organica Beuzeri. 6. Baptijies, Jive ca-
arrive at a proper age, he was nominated to the prin- lutnnia. 7. Blcajlis, Iragaedia. 8. Tragcedi# facree,
cipality of St Andrew’s. His fuccefs as James’s pre- et extern. 9. De Caleto recepto carmen> apud Stephan.
ceptor is well known. When it was reproached to io. Francifcanus et Fratres, See. 11. Elegite, Sylvice,
him, that he had made his majefty a pedant; “ It is &c. 12. De fphera Herbornee. 13. Poemata. 14. Sa~
a wonder (he replied) that I have made fo much of tyra in cardinalem Lotharingium. 15. Rudimenta
him.” Mackenzie relates a ftory concerning his tute- grammatices, Tho. Linacri ex Anglico Jermone in La-
lageofhis pedantic majefty, which is ftrongly expref- tinum verfte. 1 6. An admonition to the true lords,
five of Buchanan’s charadler as a man of humour, and i^. Deprofidia. Chameleon, 1572. 19. Ad vi-
at the fame time Ihows the degree of his veneration for ros fui feeuli epiftolce. 20. Liter* regin* Scoticx ad
royalty. The yotmg king being one day at play with com. Bothnueli*. 21. A detedlion of the doings of
his fellow-pupil the mailer of Erfitine, Buchanan, who Mary queen of Scots, and of James earl of Bothwell,
was then reading, defired them to make lefs noife. Find- againll Pjenry lord Darnly. 22. Vita ab ipfo feripta
ing that they difregarded his admonition, he told his litnnio a fte mortem, cum comment art 0 D. Rob. Stbbalai,
■majefty, if he did not hold his tongue, he would cer- M. D. 23. Life of Mary queen of Scots. Thefe have
tainly whip his breech. The king replied, he would been feverally printed often, and in various countries,
be glad to fee who would bell the cat, alluding to the An edition of them all colledled together was printed
fable. Buchanan, in a paffion, threw the book from at Edinburgh in 1704, in 2 vols folio,
him, and gave his majefty a found flogging. The old BUCHANNESS, a cape or promontory of Scot-
countefs of Mar, who was in the next apartment, rulhed land, which is the fartheft point of Buchan, not far
into the room, and taking the king in her arms, alked from Peterhead, and the moll eallern of all Scotland,
how he dared to lay his hand on the Lord's anointed, E. Long. o. 30. N. Lat. 57. 28.
Madam (fays Buchanan), I have whipped his a—; BUCHAW, a free and imperial town of Germany,
you may kifs it, if you pleafe.” in Suabia, feated on the river Tederfee, 22 miles fouth-
On the misfortunes which befel the amiable but im- weft of Ulm. Here is a monaftery, whofe abbefs has
prudent Mary, he w ent over to the party of the earl a voice in the diets of the empire. E. Long. 9. 37.
of Murray ; and at his earneft defire he was prevailed N. Lat. 48. 5.
upon to write his “ Dete&ion,” a work which his Buchaw, a fmall territory of Germany, in the
greatell admirers have read w ith regret. Having been circle of the Upper Rhine, which comprehends the
fent with other commiffioners to England, againll his diftridl of the abbot of Flud.
millrefs, he was, on his return, rewarded with the ab- BUCHOREST, a pretty large town of Turky, in
feacy of Crofs Raguelj made direfitor to the chancery; Europe, feated in the middle of Walachia, and the or¬
dinary
#
I •
E U C [ 759 ] BUG
4 Bnchom dlnary refidence of a hofpodar. The houfes are mean
I!. and very ill built, except a few that belong to the prin-
t Tarn-flure c!PaI pe^ons. In 1716, a party of Germans fent from
„ f Tranfylvania entered this town, and took the prince
prifoner with all his court, and carried them off. This
expedition was the more eafily performed, as feveral
lords of the country had a fecret intelligence with the
govetnor of Tranfylvania. This prince had no other
way to regain his liberty, but by giving up that part
of Walachia which lies between the rivet Aluth and
Tranfylvania, to the emperor of Germany, by the peace
concluded at Paffarowitz in 1718 The Germans en¬
tered again into the capital of his dominions, and le¬
vied exceffive contributions. But affairs took another
turn after the fatal battle of Crotzka in 1737 ; for
the emperor was obliged to reftore this part of Wala¬
chia to the hofpodar, in virtue of the treaty of Bel¬
grade. E. Eong. 26. 30. N. Lat. 44. 30.
BUCHOM, a fmall, free, and imperial town of
Suabia in Germany, feated on the lake of Conftance,
In E. Long. 9. 20. N. Lat. 47. 41.
BUCIOCHE, in commerce, a fort of woollen cloth
manufa&ured in Provence in France, which the French
{hips carry to Alexandria and Cairo.
BUCK, in zoology, a male horned bead; of venery
©r chafe, whofe female is denominated a doe. See
Cervus, and Buck-HvNriNG.
Buck, is alfo applied to the males of the hare and
rabbit kind. See Lepus, and Hare-HvNTiNG.
BucK-Bean, in botany. See Menyanthes.
BvcK-Thorn, the Englifh name of the Rhamnus.
BucK-Wbeat. See Polygonum.
BUCKENHAM (Mew), a town of Norfolk in
England, which formerly had a ftrong calUe, but now
demolhhed. It is feated in a flat, in E. Long. 1. 10.
N. Lat. 52. 30.
BUCKET, a fmall portable veffel to hold water,
often made of leather for its lightnefs and eafy ufe in
cafes of fire.—It is alfo the veffel let down into a well,
or the fides of (hips, to fetch up water.
BUCKING, the firft operation in the whitening of
linen yarn or cloth. See Bleaching.
BUCKINGHAM, the chief town of Buckingham-
fhire in England, Hands in a low ground, on the river
Oufe, by which it is almoft furrounded, and over which
there are three handfome {tone-bridges: The town ia
large and populous, fends two members to parliament^
and had the title cf a duchy. It feems, however, to
have been but an inconfiderable place at the conqueft ;
I I for, according to Doomfday-book, it paid only for one
hide, and had but 26 burgeffes. Edward the elder
fortified it in tfie year 918 againft the incurfions of the
Danes, with a rampart and turrets. It alfo had for¬
merly a cafile in the middle of the town, of which no
velliges now remain. The flirine of St Rumbald, the
patron of fifhermen, preferved in the church, was held
in great veneration. The county-goal Rands in this
town, and here the affizes are fometimes kept. It was
formerly a ftaple for wool, but that advantage it hath
now loft. It is governed by a bailiff anfl 1 2 burgtifes,
l who are the foie ele&ors of the members. In its neigh¬
bourhood are many paper-mills upon the Oufe. W.
Long, a 58. N. Lat. 51. 30.
BuCKiNGHAM-Skire (fuppofed to derive its name
t from the Saxon wcrd Buc, denoting a hart or buck),
an inland county of England. During the time prior Eucking-
to the landing of the Romans it was included in the hani
divifion of Catieuchlani ; and after their conqueft it Buckler,
was included in their third province of Flavia Caefa- ■ t ■
rienfis. During the heptarchy it belonged to the king¬
dom of Mercia, which commenced in 582, and termi¬
nated in 827, having had 18 kings ; and it is now in¬
cluded in the Norfolk circuit, the diocefe of Lincoln,
and the province of Canterbury. It is bounded on
the north by Northamptonffiire ; fouth by Berkfhire ;
eaft by Bedfordffire, Hertfordfhire, and Middlefex j
and weft by Oxfordfhire. It is of an oblong form,
whofe greatell extent is from north to fouth. It con¬
tains 441,000 acres, has above 111,400 inhabitants,
185 parifhes, 73 vicarages, is 39 miles long, i8 broad,
and 109 in circumference. It has 15 market towns,
viz. Buckingham and Ayleftmry the county towns,
Marlow, Newport Pagnel, Winflow, Wendover, Bea-
consfieldjWiccomb, Cheftiara, Amerfham, Stony Strat¬
ford, Colnbrook, Ivingho, Oulney, Rifborough ; be-
fides the confiderable villages of Eaton and Fenny Strat¬
ford, and 613 others inferior. It is divided into eight
hundreds, provides 560 men for the militia, fends 14
parliament-men, and pays 12 parts of the land-tax.
Its rivers are the Thames, Oufe, Coin,. Wicham, A-
merfiiam, Ifa, Tame, and Loddon. Its chief producer
is bone-lace, paper, corn, fine wool, and breeding rams.
The moft noted places are the Chiltern Hills,. Vale of
Aylefbury, Bernwood-Foreft, Wooburn-Heath,and 15
parks. The air is generally good, and the foil moftly
chalk or marie.
Buckingham (George Villiers duke of). See Vil-
LIERS
Buckingham (John Sheffield duke of). See Shef¬
field.
BUCKLE, a well known utenfil, made of divers
forts of metals, as gold, filver, fteel, brafs, &c.
The fafhion or form of buckles is various } but their
ufe, in general, is to make faft certain parts of drefs,, «
as the (hoes, garters, &c.
Buckle, in heraldry. The buckle was fo much,
efteemed in former times, that few perfons of repute
and honour wore their girdle without it ^. and it may
be confidered, in coats of arms, as a token of the fure-
ty, the faith, and fervice of the bearer.
BUCKLER, a piece of defenfive armour ufed by
the ancients. It was worn on the left arm ; and com-
pofed of wickers woven together, or wood of. the lighteft:
fort, covered with hides, and fortified with plates of
brafs or other metal. The figure was fometimes round,,
fometirnes oval, and fometimes almoft fquare. Moft
of the bucklers were curioufly adorned with all forts
of figures of birds and beads, as eagles, lions ; nor of
fhefe only, but of the- gods, of the celeftial bodies,,
and all the works of nature ; which cuftom was deri¬
ved from the heroic times, and from them communi¬
cated to the Grecians, Romans, and Barbarians.
The ft,: turn, or Roman buckler, was of wood, the
parts being joined together with little plates of iron,,
and the whole covered with a bull’s hide. An iron
plate went about it without, to keep off blows ; and
another within, to hinder it from taking any damage
by lying on the ground. In the middle was an iron
bofs or zOTfo jutting out,' very ferviceable to glance off
ftones and darts; and, iometimes to prefs violently upon
BUG [ 760 ] BUD
Votive the enemy, and drive all before them. They are to
Bucklers ke diftinguilhed from the clypei, which were lefs, and
Buda quite round, belonging more properly to other nations,
> though for fome little time ufed by the Romans. The
fcuta themfelves were of two kinds ; the ovata, and the
imbricata : the former is a plain oval figure ; the other
oblong, and bending inward like half a cylinder. Po¬
lybius makes the fcuta four feet long, and Plutarch
calls them reaching down to the feet. And it
is very probable that they covered almoft the whole
body, fince in Livy we meet with feldiers who flood
on the guard, fometimes fleeping with their head on
their fliield, having fixed the other part of it in the
earth.
Votive Bucklers : Thofe confecrated to the gods,
and hung up in their temples, either in commemoration
of fome hero, or as a thankfgiving fora vi&ory obtained
over an enemy ; whofe bucklers, taken in war, were
offered as a trophy.
BUCKOR, a province of Afia, fubjeft to the great
mogul. It is feated on the river Indus, on the banks
of which there are corn and cattle ; but the weft part,
which is bounded by Sageftan in Perfia, is a defert.
The inhabitants are ftrong, robuft, and apt to mutiny ;
for which reafon the mogul has a garrifon at the chief
town, called Buckor, which is feated in an ifland made
by the river Indus. They are all Mahometans^ and
drive a great trade in cotton cloth, and other Indian
commodities. E. Long. 70. 5. N. Lat. 28. 20.
BUCKRAM, in commerce, a fort of coarfe linen
cloth ftiffened with glue, ufed in the making of gar¬
ments to keep them in the form intended. It is alfo
ufed in the bodies of womens gowns ; and it often
ferves to make wrappers to cover cloths, ferges, and
fuch other merchandifes, in order to preferve them and
keep them from the duft, and their colours from fa¬
ding. Buckrams are fold wholefale by the dozen of
fmall pieces or remnants, each about four ells long, and
broad according to the piece from which they are cut.
Sometimes they ufe new pieces of linen cloth to make
buckrams, but moft commonly old fheets and old pieces
of fails.
BUCKSTALL, a toil to take deer, which muft
not be kept by any body that has not a park of his
own, under penalties.
BUCOLIC, in ancient poetry, a kind of poem re¬
lating to (hepherds and country affairs, which, accord¬
ing to the moft generally receiv. d opinion, took its
rife in Sicily. Bucolics, fays Voffius, have fome con¬
formity with comedy. Like it, they are pictures and
imitations of ordinary life ; with this difference, how¬
ever, that comedy reprefents the manners of the inha¬
bitants of cities, and bucolics the occupations of coun¬
try people. Sometimes, continues he, this laft poem
is in form of a monologue, and fometimes of a dia
logue. Sometimes there is adfion in it, and fometimes
only narration ; and fometimes it is compofed both of
adtion and narration. The hexameter verfe is the moft
proper for bucolics in the Greek and Latin tongues.
Mofchus, Bion, Theocritus, and Virgil, are the moft
renowned of the ancient bucolic poets.
BUD, in botany. See the article Gemma.
BUDA, the capital city of Hungary, called Ofen
by the inhabitants, and Buden by the Turks. It is
large, well fortified, and has a caftle that is almoft im-
N°59. 3
pregnable. The houfes are tolerably handfome, being Buda
moft of them built with fquare ftone. It was a much _ II
finer place before the Turks had it in their poffeffion ;
but they being mafters of it 135 years, have fuffered
the fineft buildings to fall to decay. The lower city,
or Jews town, extends like fuburbs from the upper
city to the Danube. The upper town takes up all
the declivity of a mountain ; and is fortified with good
walls, which have towers at certain diftances. The
caftle, which is at the extremity of the hill, on the
eaft fide, and commands the greateft part of it, is fur-
rounded with a very deep ditch, and defended by an
old-fafliioned tower, with the addition of new for¬
tifications. There is alfo a fuburb, inclofed with
hedges, after the Hungarian manner. The moft fump-
tuous ftruftures now are the caravanferas, the mofques,
bridges, and baths. Thefe laft are the fineft in Eu¬
rope, for the magnificence of the building, and plenty
of water. Some of the fprings are ufed for bathing
and drinking; and others are fo hot, that they can¬
not be ufed without a mixture of cold water. The
Danube is about three quarters of a mile in breadth;
and there is a bridge of boats between this city and
Peft, confifting of 63 large pontoons. The Jews have
a fynagogue near the caftle-gardens. The adjacent
country is fruitful and pleafant, producing rich wines;
though in fome places they have a fulphureous fla¬
vour.
This city was the refidence of the Hungarian mo-
narchs till the Turks took it in 1526. Ferdinand arch¬
duke of Auftria recovered it the next year; but in 1529
the Turks became mafters of it again. In 1684 the
Chrillians laid fiege to it; but they were obliged to
raife it foon after, though they had an army of 80,000
men. Two years after, the Turks loft it again, it
being taken by affault in the fight of a very numerous
army. The booty that the Chriftians found there was
almoft incredible, becaufe the rich inhabitants had
lodged their treafury in this city as a place of fafety.
However, part of thefe riches were loft in the fire oc-
cafioned by the affault. This laft fiege coft the Chri¬
ftians a great deal of blood, becaufe there were many in
the camp who carried on a fecret correfpondence with
the Turks When the feraflcier faw the city on fire,
and found he could not relieve it, he beat his head a-
gainft the ground for anger. In 1687, this city had
like to have fallen into the hands of the Turks again,
by treachery. After this, the Chriftians augmented
the fortifications of this place, to which the Pope con¬
tributed 100,000 crowns, for this is looked upon as the
key of Chriftendom. It is feated on the Danube, 105
miles fouth-eaft of Vienna, < 63 north by weft of Bel¬
grade, and 563 north-weft of Conftantinople. E.
Long. 19. 22. N. Lat. 47. 20.
Buda (the beglerbeglic of), was one of the chief
governments of the Turks in Europe. It included all
the countries of Upper Hungary between the rivers
Teiffe and Danube, and between Agria and Novi-
grad all Lower Hungary, from Gran and Canifca, the
eaftern part of Sclavonia, and almoft all Servia: but
a good part of this government now belongs to the
queen of Hungary.
BUD^EUS (William), the moft learned man in
France in the 15th century, was defcended of an an¬
cient and illuftrious family, and born at Paris in 1467.
He
B tT D [ 761 ] BUD
! B'jddscus He was placed young under mailers ; taut barbarifm
Ij. • prevailed fo much in the fchools of Paris, that Budscus
. u ini!;’ took a diilike to them, and fpent hie whole time in
I - idlenefs, till his parents Cent him to the univerfity of
Orleans to ftudy law. Here he pafled three years
without adding to his knowledge 5 for his parents fend¬
ing for him back to Paris, found his ignorance no lefs
than before, and his reludlance to ftudy, and love to
gaming and other ufeful pleaftires, much greater.
They talked no more to him of learning of, any kind ;
and as he was heir to a large fortune, left him to fol¬
low his own inclinations. He was paffionately fond
of hunting, and took great pleafure in hdrfes, dogs,
and hawks. The fire of youth beginning to Cool, and
his ufual pleafures to pall upon his fenfes, he was
feized with an irrefiftible paffion for ftudy. He im¬
mediately difpofed of all his hunting equipage, and
even abftrafted himfelf from all bufinefs to apply him-
felf wholly to ftudy ; in which he made, without any
afiiftance, a very rapid and amazing progrefs, parti¬
cularly in the Latin and Greek languages. The work
which gained him greateft reputation was his trea-
tife ds sijfe. His erudition and high birth were not
his only advantages ; he had an uncommon {hare of
piety, modefty, gentlenefs, and good-breeding. The
French king Francis I. often fent for him; and at his
perfuafion, and that of Du Bellay, founded the royal
college of France, for teaching the languages and
fciences. The king fent him to Rome with the cha-
radter of his amhaflador to Leo X. and in 1522 made
him mafter of requefts. The fame year he was chofen
provoft of the merchants. He died at Paris in 1540.
His works, making four volumes in folio, were printed
at Bafil in 1557.
BUDDiEUS (John Francis), a celebrated Luthe¬
ran divine, and one of the molt learned men Ger¬
many has produced, wasbotnin J667, at Anclam, a
town of Pomerania, where his father was minifter.
1 He was at firft Greek and Latin profefibr at Colburg$
afterwards profeffor of morality and politics in the'uni¬
verfity of Hall; and at length, in 1705, profeflbr of
divinity at Jena, where he fixed, and where he died,
after having acquired a very great reputation. His
piincipal works are, 1. A large hiftdrical German
didtionary. 2. Hijioria ecde/iaftica Veter is Teji anient i,
2 vdls. 410. 3. Elementa philcjhphice pratticse, injiru-
inentalis, et theoretic#, 3 vols. 8vo, which has had a
great number of editions, becaufe, in molt of the uni-
verfities of Germany, the profeflbrs take this work for
the text of their leflbns. 4. Selefta juris naturee et
gentium. 5. Mifcellanea facra, 3 vols. 4to. 6. Ifagoge
hiftorico-theologica ad theologian, univerfam, Jingulafque
ejus partes, 2 vols. 410; which is much valued by the
Lutherans. 7. A treatife on atheifm and fuper-
ftition.
BUDDESDALE, or Bettisdale, a town of
/Suffolk in England, feated in a dale or valley, and its
Itreet takes in a good part of Ricking, all which to¬
gether make up the town, for of itfelf it is but a ham-
det, having a fmall chapel, and an endowed grammar-
fchool, to which belong certain fcholarlhips, afligned
to Bennet or Corpus Chrifti-college in Cambridge, be¬
ing the gift of Sir Nicholas Bacon, lord keeper of the
great feal. E. long. I. 8. N. Lat. 52. 25.
I BUDDING, in gardening. See Engrafting.
Vol. III. Part II.
BUDDLE, in mineralogy, a large fquare frame of Buddie ,
boards, fifed in walking the tin ore. Jl
BUDDLEIA, in botany : a genus of the monogy- < u
nia order, belonging to the tetrandria clafs of plants.
The calyx and corolla are quadrifid ; the ftamina
placed at the incifures of the carolla. The capfule is
bifulcated, bilocular, and polyfpermous. There are
two fpecies, viz. the americana, and occidentalis. The
firft is a native of Jamaica and moft of the other Ame¬
rican iflands ; where it rifes to the height of ten or
twelve feet, with a thick woody ftem covered with a
grey bark ; and fends out many branches towards the
top, which come out oppofite : at the ends of the
branches the flowers are produced in long clofe fpikea
branching out in clufters, which are yellow, confiding
of one leaf cut into four fegments ; thefe are fucceeded
by oblong capfules filled with fmall feeds. The fe-
cond grows naturally at Carthagena ; and rifes much
higher than the other, dividing into a great number
of {lender branches covered with a ruflet hairy bark,
garnifhed with long fpear-lhaped leaves ending in {harp
points : at the end of the branches are produced
branching fpikes of white flowers growing in whorls
round the ftalks, with fmall fpaces between each.—
Thefe plants grow in gullies, or other low ftieltered
fpots ; their branches being too tender to refill the
force of ftrong winds. They may be propagated by
feeds procured from thofe places where they are na¬
tives ; and are to be managed like other exotics : only
their feeds muft be fown in pots as foon as they arrive,
and very lightly covered ; for if they are buried deep
in the earth, they will all pefiflr.
BUDELICH, a town of Germany, in, the de&oral
circle of the Rhine and archbiftiopric of Treves, feated
on the little river Traen, in E. Long. 6. 55- N. Lat.
49. 52.
BUDGE-barrels, among engineers, fmall barrels
well hooped, with only one head; on the other end is
nailed a piece of leather, to draw together upon firings
like a purfe. Their ufe is for carrying powder along
with a gun or mortar ; being lefs dangerous, and eafier
carried, than whole barrels. They are hkewife ufed
upon a battery of mortars, for holding meal-powder.
BUDGELL (Euftace), Efq; an ingenious and
polite writer, was the fon of Gilbert Budgell, do&or
of divinity ; and was born at St Thomas, near Exeter,
about the year 1685. He was educated at Chrift-
church college, Oxford ; from which he removed to
the Inner Temple, London: but inftead of ftudying
the law, for which his father intended him, he ap¬
plied to polite literature ; kept company with the gen-
teeleft perfons in town ; and particularly contracted a
ftrift intimacy with the ingenious Mr Addifon, who
was firft coufin to his mother, and who, on his being
made fecretary to lord Wharton lord lieutenant of Ire¬
land, took him with him as one of the clerks of his
office. Mr Budgell, who was about 20 years of age,
and had read the daffies, and the works of the belt
Englilh, French, and Italian authors, now became
concerned with Sir Richard Steele and Mr Addifon in
writing the Tatler, as he had, foon after, a {hare in
writing the Spectators, where all the papers written
by him are marked with an Xand when that work
was completed, he had likewife a hand in the Guar¬
dian; where his performances are marked with an afte-
BUD [ 762 ] B U E
Budge1!, ri/k. He was afterwards made under-fecretaiy to Mr
Addifon, chief fecretary to the lords juftices of Ire¬
land, and deputy-clerk of the council. Soon after,
he was chofen member of the Irifh parliament; and in
1717, Mr Addifon, having become principal fecretary
of Hate in England, procured him the place of ac¬
countant and comptroller general of the revenue in
Ireland. But the next year, 'the duke of Bolton be¬
ing appointed lord-lieutenant, Mr Budgell wrote a
lampoon againft Mr Webfter, his fecretary, in which
his Grace himfelf was not fpared ; and upon all occa-
fions treated that gentleman with the utmoft contempt.
This imprudent ftep was the primary caufe of his
ruin : for the Duke of Bolton, in fupport of his fe¬
cretary, got him removed from the poll of accountant-
general ; upon which, returning to England, he, con¬
trary to the advice of Mr Addifon, publilhed his cafe
in a pamphlet, intitled, “ A letter to the lord * * *,
from Euftace Budgell, Efq; accountant-general,” &c.
Mr Addifon had now refigned the feals, and was re¬
tired into the country for the fake of his health : Mr
Budgell had alfo loft feveral other powerful friends,
who had been taken off by death; particularly the
lord Halifax and the earl of Sunderland: he, ho\V-
ever, made feveral attempts to fucceed at court, but
was conftantly kept down by the duke of Bolton. In
the year 1720 he loft 20,0001. by the South-fea
fcheme, and afterwards fpent 50Q0I. more in unfuc-
cefsful attempts to get into Parliament. This com¬
pleted his ruin. He at length employed himfelf in
writing pamphlets againft the miniftry, and wrote
many papers in the Craftfman. In 1733, he began a
weekly pamphlet, called The Bee } which he continued
for above too numbers, printed in eight volumes Bvo.
During the progrefs of this work, Dr Tindal’s death
happened, by whofe will Mr Budgell had 2000I. left
him ; and the world being furprifed at fuch a gift from
a man entirely unrelated to him, to the exclufion of
the next heir, a nephew, and the continuator of Ra-
pin’s hiftory of England, immediately imputed it to
his making the will himfelf. Thus the fatyrift ;
Let Budgell charge low Grub-ftreet on my quill,
And write whate’er he pleafe, except my will.
It was thought he had fome hand in publilhing Dr
Tindal’s Chrijlianity as old as the creation ; for he
often talked of another additional volume on the fame
fubjed, but never publifhed it. After the ceffation of
the Bee, Mr Budgell became fo involved in law-fuits,
that he was reduced to a very unhappy fituation. He
got himfelf called to the bar, and attended for fome
time in the courts of law ; but finding himfelf unable
to make any progrefs, and being diftreft to the utmoft,
he determined at length to make away with himfelf.
Accordingly, in the year 1736, he took a boat at
Somerfet-ftairs, after filling his pockets with ftones;
ordered the waterman to Ihoot the bridge; and, while
the boat was going under, threw himfelf into the river.
He had feveral days before been vifibly diftra&ed in
his mind. Upon his bureau was found a flip of paper,
on which were thefe words:
What Cato did, and Addifon approv’d,
Cannot be wrong.
Jefides the above works, he wrote a Tranflation of
Theophraftus’s Chara&ers. He was never married ;
but left one natural daughter, who afterwards affumed
his name, and became an aftrefs in Drury-lane.
BUDINUS (anc. geog.), a mountain of Sarma-
tia Europsea, from which the more northern fpring
of the Boryfthenes is faid to take its rife, according to
Ptolemy. But this is contradi&ed by later accounts".
Now Poddia.
BUDNiEANS, in ecclefiaftical hiftory, fo called
from-the name of their leader, Simon Budnseus. They
not only denied all kind of religious worlhip to Jefus
Chrift, but afferted, that he was not begotten by any
extraordinary aft of divine power; being born, like
other men, in a natural way. Budnaeus was depofed
from his minifterial functions in the year 1584, and
publicly excommunicated, with all his difciples ; but
afterwards abandoning his peculiar fentiments, he was
readmitted to the communion of the Socinian feft.
Crellius aferibes the origin of the above opinion to
Adam Neufer.
BUDOA, a maritime town of Dalmatia, with a
biftmp’s fee, fubjeft to the Venetians. It is feated
between the gulf of Cattaro and the city of Dulugno,.
on the coaft of Albany ; and is an important fortrefs,
where the Venetians always keep a ftrong garrifon. In
1667, it fuffered greatly by an earthquake : and in
1686 was befieged by Soliman, balha of Scutari ; but
general Cornaro obliged him to raife the fiege. E.
long. 19. 22. N. lat. 42. 12.
BUDRIO, a town of Italy, in the Bolognefe. The
adjacent fields produce large quantities of fine hemp,
which renders the town of more confequence than
larger places. E. long. 11. 35. N. lat. 44. 27.
RUDUN, is the name of one of the Ceylonefe
gods ; he is fuppofed to have arrived at fupremacy,
after fucceffive tranfmigration from the loweft (late of
an infeft, through the various fpecies of living ani¬
mals. There have been three deities of this name,
each of which is fuppofed to reign as long as a bird
removes a hill of fand, half a mile high, and fix miles
round, by a fingle grain in a thoufand years. Sec-
Sakradawendp.a.
BUDWEIS, a royal city of Bohemia, in Germany.
It is pretty large and well built, furrounded with ftrong
walls, fortified with a good rampart, and might be
made an important place. It was taken by the king
of Pruflia in 1744, but he did not keep it very long.
E. long. 14. 19. N. lat. 42. 15.
BUDZIAC tart ary, lies on the rivers Neifter^
Bog, and Nieper; having Poland and Ruffia on the
north, Little Tartary on the eaft, the black fea on
the fouth, and Beffarabia on the weft. The chief
town is Oczakow. It is fubjeft to Turky.
BUENA vista, one of the Cape de Verd iflands,
lying in N. lat. 15. 56. It is alfo called Bomijia,.
and Bonnevue; but the firft is -the true appellation,
the others being only abbreviations and corruptions of
the original name, which fignifies a goodprefpeft, in¬
timating the beautiful appearance it makes to fttips at
fea. This ifland is reckoned near 20 leagues in cir¬
cumference,. and is diftinguilhed on the north fide by ■
a ridge of white rocks that bound it. The coaft that
ftretches eaft and north-weft is terminated with fundry
banks to the fea 5 but the interior part is chiefly
mountainous* From the northern point there is a large
Buena*
B U F [ ] B U F
Buenos ridge of rocks projecting near a whole league into the
fea, againft which the waves break with incredible
' . fury. Another point of rocks ftretches into the fea
on the fouthern point of the ifland eaftward, a league
and a half beyond that point j and in that bay is the
beft road for (hipping.
BUENOS ayres, a country of South America,
belonging to the Spaniards. This name, given from the
pleafantnefsofthe climate, is extended to all that coun¬
try lying between Tucuman on the eaft, Paraguay on
the norths and Terra Magellanica on the fouth, or to
the vertex of that triangular point of land which com-
pbfes South America. The country is watered by the
great river La Plata; firft difcoveredin 1515 by Juan
Diaz de Solis, who with two of his attendants was
maffacred by the natives ; and partly fubdued by Se-
baiiian Gaboto, whs gave the great river the appella¬
tion of La Plata, from the abundance of the precious
metals he procured from the inhabitants, imagining
them to be the produce of the country, though in faft
they were brought from Peru.— No country in the
world abounds more in horned cattle and horfes than
Buenos Ayres, where the greateft expence of a horfe
or cow is in the batching it, and they are frequently
to be had at the fmall price of two or three rials. In
fuch abundance are thefe ufeful animals, that the hide
alone is deemed of any value, as thisconflitutes a main
article in the trade of the country. All rove wild in the
fields ; but they are now become more difficult of ac-
cefs, the terrible havock made among them having
taught the cautious brutes to keep at a greater diftance.
All kinds of fifh are in the fame abundance ; the fruits
produced by every quarter of the globe grow up here
in the utmoft perfe&ion ; and for the enjoyment of
life, and the falubrity of the air, a finer country cannot
be imagined. The principal cities are Buenos Ayres
the capital, Monte Video, Corienteo, and Santa Fe.
Buekos-Ayres (Nueftra Sennora de), the capital of
the country called Buenos Ayres, in South America,
was founded in the year 1535, under the direftion
of Don Pedro dc Mendoza, at that time governor. It
{lands on a point called Cape Blanco, on the fouth fide
of the Plata, fronting a fmall river, on S. Lat. 340
34'. 38". according to the obfervations of Father Fe-
ville. The fituation is in a fine plain, rifing by a gentle
afcent from the river ; and truly paradifaical, whether
we regard the temperature of the climate, the fertility
of the foil, or that beautiful verdure which overfpreads
the whole face of the country, of which the inhabitants
have a profpedl as far as’ the eye can reach. The city-
is very confiderable in extent, containing 3000 houfes,
inhabited by Spaniards and others of different com¬
plexions. The ftreets are ftraight, broad, and pretty
equal in the heights and dimenlions of the buildings ;
one very handfome fquare adorns it, the front being a
callle in which the governor holds his court, and pre-
lides over a garrifon of 3000 foldiers. Moft of the
buildings are of chalk or brick, except the cathedral,
a magnificent ftrubture, compofed chiefly of (tone.
BUFALMACO (Boramico), an Italian painter ;
the firft who put labels to the mouths of his figures,
with fentences; fince followed by bad matters, but more
frequently in caricatura engravings. He died in j 34a.
BUFF, in commerce, a fort of leather preparedfrom
the fldn of the buffalo-; which dreffed with oil, after the Buffaie
manner of (hammy, makes what we call buff-jkin. This II
makes a very confiderable article in the French,Engli(h, B«ffoon'
and Dutch commerce at Conftantinople, Smyrna, and ^
all along the coaft of Africa. The (kins'of elks,
oxen, and other like animals, when prepared after the
fame manner as that of the buffalo, are likewife called
buffs.
Of buff-(kin, or buff-leather, are made a fort of coats
for the horkorgens (Parmes of France, bandaliere, belts,
pouches, and gloves.
In France, there are feveral maHufaftories defigned
for the dreffing of thofe forts of hides, particularly at
Corbeil, near Paris; at Niort, at Lyons, at Rone, at
Etanepus, at Cone.
BUFFALO, in zoology. See Bos.
BUFFET was anciently a little apartment, feparated
from the reft of the room by (lender wooden columns,
for the difpofing of china, glafs-ware, itSc.
It is now properly a large table in a dining-room,
called alfo a ftde-board, for the plate, glaffes, bottles,
bafons, &c. to be placed on, as well for the fervice of
the table as for magnificence. In houfes of perfons of
diitinftion in France, the buffet is a detached room,
decorated with pi&ures relative to the fubjeft, with
fountains, citterns, and vafes. It is commonly faced
with marble or bronze.
BUFFIER (Claude), a French writer, in (6<5r,
became a Jefuit in 1679, and died at Paris in 1737.
There are many works of this author, which (how deep
penetration and accurate judgment; the principal of
which is, “ Un Cours des Sciences,” &c. that is, a
Courie of Sciences upon principles new and fimple, in
order to form language, the underftanding, and the
heart, 1732,” in folio. This colle&ion includes an ex- •
cellent “ French grammar upon a new plan ; a philofo-
phic and practical treatife upon eloquence ; an art of
poetry,” which however is not reckoned the beft part
of this mifcellany ; “ elements of metaphyfics ; an exa¬
mination into-vulgar prejudices ; a treatife of civil fo-
ciety ; and an expofition of the proofs of religion
all full of reflections, juft as well as new. He was the
author of other works, in verfe and profe, of which no
great account is had ; and it is remarkable, that his
ftyle in both is rather eafy than accurate and correct,
notwithftanding the precepts in his “ grammar,” which
is really philofophic.
BUFFON (Count de). See Clerc*
BUFFOON, a droll, ormimic, whodiverts thepublic
by his pleafantries and follies. Menage, after Salmafius,
derives the word from buffo ; a name given to thofe who
appeared .on the Roman theatre with their checks
blown up; that, receiving blows thereon, they might
make the greater noife, and fet the people a laughing.
Others, as Rhodiginus, makes the origin of buffoon¬
ery more venerable; deriving it from a feaft inftituted
in Attica by K. Eridtheus, called buphonia.
^ Buffoons are the fame with what we otherwife find
denominated fcurra, gelafiani, tnimilogi, minijh-lli, goli-
ardi, joculatores. See. whofe chief feene is laid at the
tables of great men. Gallienus never fat down to
meat without a fecond table of buffoons by him ; Til-
lemont alfo renders pantomimes by buffoons. In which
fenfehe obferves, the (hows of the buffoons were taken
5 D 2 away
BUG
[ 74 1
BUG
Bufonia away by Domitian, rellored by Nerva, and finally abo¬
il li/hed by Trajan.
Remember always to fiiake the mixture together very
well, whenever you ufe it, which muft be in the day-
BUFONIA, toad-grass : A genus of the mono- time, not by candle-light, left the fubtlety of the mix-
gynia order, belonging to the diandria clafs of plants j ture fhould catch the flame as you are ufing it, and oc-
and in the natural method ranking under the zzd ordefp cafion damage.
Caryophyllea. The calyx is quinquedentate ; there is no
corolla ; the berry is monofpermous. There is but one
fpecies, viz. the tenuifolia, a native of Britain.
BUFONITA, in natural hiftory, the toad-ftone.
This has been received not only among the lift of na¬
tive ftones by the generality of authors, but even has
held a place among the gems, and is ftill worn in pings
by fome people ; though undoubtedly it is an extraneous
foffil. There has been a ftrong opinion in the world,
that it was found in the head of an old toad; and
that this animal voided it at the mouth, on being put
on a red cloth. The general ccjour of the bufonitre is
a deep dulky brown ; but it varies greatly in this re-
ipedt in feveral fpecimens, fomeof which are quite black,
others of an extremely pale, fimple brown, a chefnut
colour, liver colour, black, grey, or whitifti. The bu-
fonitae are ufually found immerfed in beds of ftone;
and fo little doubt is there of what they have originally
been, viz. the petrified teeth of the lupus pifcis, or
wolf-fifh, that part of the jaw of the fifli has fometimes
been found with the teeth petrified in it. The bufo-
Early in the fpring, even in February, the larva of
thefe creatures begins to burft from the egg ; and it is
at this feafon that attention is fo very requifite. The
bed ought to be ftripped of all its furniture ; which
fhould be wafhed, and even boiled, if linen ; if fluff, it
fhould be hot-prefled. The bed-ftead fhould be ta¬
ken to pieces, dulled, and wafhed with fpirit of wane
in the joints; for in thofe parts the females lay theireggs.
This done, the joints, crevices, cavities, dec. fhould be
well filled with the heft foft foap mixed with verdi¬
gris and Scots fnuff. On this fubftance the larva, if
any efcape the cleanfing, or any, which is-common in
old houfes, creep into the bedftead, will feed at firft,
and of courfe be deftroyed : this laft will effeft the pur-
pofe in houfes where thefe vermin are not fo numerous,
by repeating the operation every three months.— Pro-
felfor Kalm f mentions, that, from repeated trials, he|
has been convinced that fulphur, if it be properly em- A
ployed, entirely deftroys bugs and their eggs in beds
or walls, though they were ten times more numerous
than the ants on an ant-hill. His tranflator. Dr For-
nitae are faid to be cordial and aftringent: many other fter, adds, that a ftill more effedlual remedy is, to w'afh
fanciful virtues are aferibed to them, which the prefent all the iirfefted furniture with a folution of arfenic.
pradtice has rtjedled.
BUG, or bugg, in zoology, the Englifh name of
a fpecies of cimex. See Cimex.
Cheap, eafy, and clean mixture fir effeftually deftroy-
iyig Bvggs. Take of the higheft redlified fpirit of wine,
{viz. lamp-fpirits) that will burn all away dry, and leave
not the leaft moifture behind it, half a pint; new diilil-
led oil, or fpirit, of turpentine, half a pint: mix them
together; and break into it, in fmall bits, half an ounce
of camphire, which will diflblve it in a few minutes:
fliake them well together ; and with a piece of fponge,
or a brufh dipt in fome of it, wet very well the bed or
ftxrniture wherein thofe vermin harbour and breed, and
it will infallibly kill and deftroy both them and their
nits, although they fwarm ever fo much. But then the
bed and furniture muft be well and thoroughly wet with
it (the duft upon them being firft brufhed and ihook off),
by which means it will neither foil, ftain, nor in the
leaft hurt, the fineft filk or damalk bed that is. The
quantity here ordered of this mixture (that cofts but
about a Hulling) will rid any one bed whatever, tho’ it
See further the article Cimicifuga.
BUGEYi, a province of France, bounded on the eaft
by Savoy, on the weft by Brefle, on the fouth by Dau-
phiny, and on the north by the territory of Gex and
the Franche Compte. . It is about 40 miles long and.
25 broad. Though it is a country full of hills and ri¬
vers, yet it is fertile in fome places, the rivers abound
with trouts, and there are plenty of all forts of game.
The chief places are Bdley the capital, Seifel, St Ram¬
bert, Fort 1’Eclufe, and Chateau-Neuf.
BUGGERS, anciently fignifiedakiudofhe-
retics, otherwife called Paterini, Catbari, and Albigenfes. -
The word is formed of the French Bougres, and
that from Bougria or Bulgaria., the country where
they chiefly appeared. Among other errors, they held,,
that men ought to believe no feripture but the New
Teftament ; that baptifm was not neceffary to infants;
that hufbands who converfed with their wives could
not be faved; and that an oath was abfolutely un¬
lawful. They were ftrenuoufly refuted by Fr. Ro¬
bert, a Dominican, furnamed the Bugger, as having
fwarms with buggs* If any buggs ffiould happen to ap- formerly made profeffion of this herefy.
pear after once ufing it, it will only be for want of well
wetting the lacing, &c. of the bed, or the folding of the
linens or curtains near the rings, or the joints or holes
in and about>the bed or head-board, wherein the bugs
and nits neftle and breed; and then their being wetted
all again with more of the fame mixture, which dries in
The Buggers are mentioned by Matthew Paris, in
the reign of Henry III. under the name of Sugar eu
Circa dies autem illcs invaluit hxretica pravitas eoi urn
qui vulgar iter dicuntur Paterini 'iff Bugares, de quorum
errorbus mala tacere quam loqui.
Bugger, or Buggerer, came afterwards to be
as fall as you ufe it, pouring fome of it into the joints ufed for a Sodomite •, it being one of the imputations
and holes where the brufh or fponge cannot reach,
aid, right or wrong, on the Bulgarian heretics, that
never fail abfolutely to deftroy them all. Some beds they taught, or at leaft prafitifed, this- abominable-
that have much wood-work can hardly be thoroughly crime.
cleared without being firft taken down; but others that Bugger (Bulgarius) \s alfo a denomination given
can be drawn out, or that you can get well behind, to to ufurers; ufury being a vice to which the fame he-
"   reties are faid to have been much addifted.
BUGGERY, or Sodomy, is defined by Sir Ed¬
ward Coke to be a carnal copulation againft nature, ei¬
ther
be done as it ftiould be, may. The fmell this’ mixture
occafions will be all gone in two or three days ; which
yet is very wholefome, and to many people agreeable.
B . U I [ 765 ] B U K
l' .Bugia ther by a confufion of fpecies, that is to fay, either a
1 B' 'lllin man °r woman a t>rute beaft ; or fexes, as a man
’j* . 111 ^ a with a man, or a man unnaturally with a woman. It
is faid this fin again ft God and nature was firft brought
into^England by the Lombards. As to its punifhment,
the voice of nature and of reafon, and the exprefs law
[ f Levit. xx. of God f, determine it to be capital. Of this we have
i£,,3)i4- a fignal inftance, long before the Jewilh difpenfation,
by the deftruftion of two cities by fire from heaven ; fo
that this is an univerfal, not merely a provincial, pre¬
cept. Our ancient law, in fome mealure, imitated
this puniihment, by commanding fuch mifcreants to be a
burnt to death ; though Fleta fays, they fhould be bu¬
ried alive ; either of which punifhments was indifferent¬
ly ufed for this crime among the ancient Goths. But
now the general punifhment of all felonies is the fame,
namely, by hanging : and this offence (being in the
times of Popery only fubjeft to ecclefiaftieal cenfures)
was made felony without benefit of clergy by ftatute
25 Hen. VIII. c. 6. revived and confirmed by 5 Eliz.
q. 17. And the rule of law herein, is, that, if both
parties are arrived at the years of difcretion, agentes et
confenticntes pari pcena p left ant ur, “ both are liable to
the fame punifhment.”
BUGIA, a province «f the kingdom of Algiers in
Africa. It is almoft furrounded with mountains; and
is divided into three parts, Benijubar, Auraz, and La-
bez. Thefe mountains are peopled with the moft an¬
cient Arabs, Moors,, or Saracens. The province is
very fertile in corn.
Bugia, by the Africans called Bugeiahy a maritime
town of Africa, in the kingdom of Algiers, and once
the capital of the province of that name. It is fuppo-
|| fed to be the Sald&oi Strabo, built by the Romans. It
hath a handfome port formed by a narrow neck of land
running into the fea; a great part of whofe promontory
was formerly faced with a wall of hewn ftone t where
was likewife an aqueduft, which fupplied the port with
water, difcharging it into a capacious bafon ; all which
now lie in ruins. The city itfelf is built on the ruins
of a large one, at the foot of a high mountain that
looks towards the north-eaft ; a great, part of whofe
walls run up quite to. the top of it; where there is al-
fo a caflle that commands the whole town, befides two
others at the bottom, built for a fecurity to the port.
The inhabitants drive a confidei able trade in plough-
fhares, mattocks, and other iron.tools, which they ma-
nufa&ure from the neighbouring mines. The towp is
watered by. a large river, fuppofed to be the Nafava of
Ptolemy. The place is populous, and hath a confide*
rable market for iron work.,, oil, and wax, which is car¬
ried on with great tranquillity ; but is no fooner over
than the whole place is in an uproar, fo that the day
feldom concludes without fome flagrant inftance of bar¬
barity. E. Long. 4. N. Lat. 35. 30.
BUGIE, a town of Egypt, fituated on the weftern
ftiore of the Red Sea almoft oppofite to Ziden, the port-
town to Mecca, and about 100 miles weft, of it. E.
Long. 36. N. Lat. 23. 15.
BUGLE, in botany. See A|uga.
BUGLOSS,* in botany. See Anchusa.
Vipers Bugloss, in botany. See Echium.
BUILDING, a fabric erefted by art, either for de¬
votion, magnificence, or conveniency.
Buiicinc is alfo ufed for the art of conftrufting and
raifing an edifice; in which fenfe it comprehends as Building
well the expences as the invention and execution of the _ .'
defign. See Architecture. .Bukharia‘
The modern buildings are much more commodious,
as well as beautiful, than thofe of former times. Of
old they ufed to dwell in houfes, moft of them with a
blind ftair-cafe, low ceilings, and dark windows; the
rooms built at random, without any thing of contri¬
vance, and often with fteps from one to another; fo
that one would think the people of former ages were
afraid of light and frefh air: whereas the genius of
our times is altogether foi light ftair-cafes, fine fafh-
windows, and lofty ceilings. And fuch has been our
builders induftry in point of compaftnefs and unifor¬
mity, that a houfe after the new way will afford, on
the fame quantity of ground, almoft- double the con¬
veniences which could be had from an old one.
By a£l 11 Geo. I. and 4. Geo. III. for the regula¬
tion of building within the weekly bills of mortality,
and in other places therein fpecified,. party walls are
required to be eredted of brick or ftone, which fhall
be two bricks and a half thick in the cellar, two bricks
thick upwards to the garret floor, &e. and other limi¬
tations are enafted refpetting the difpofition of the
timbers, &c. And every building is to be furveyed;
and the perfon who offends againft the ftatute in any
of the particulars recited, is liable to a forfeit of 2501.
to be levied by warrant of juftices of the peace. The
other principal ftatutes relating to building are 19
Gar. II. c. 3. 22 Car. II. c. 11. 5 Eliz. c. 4. 35EHZ.
c. 6. 6 Ann. c. 31. 7 Ann. c. 17. 33 Geo. II. c. 30.
and 6 Geo. III. c. 37.
Building of Ships. See Ship-building.
BUlLTH, or Bealt, a town of South-Wales in
Brecknocklhire, pleafantly feated on the river Wye,
over which there is a wooden bridge that leads into
Radnorfhire.. W. Long. 3.. 10. N. Lat. 52. 8.
BUIS, a territory of France, in Dauphiny. It is a
fmall mountainous country, but pretty fertile; and Buis
and Nions are the principal places.
BUKARI, a fmall well-built town of Hungarian
Dalmatia, fituated on the Golfo di Bikeriza, in E.
Long. 20. 53. N. Lat. 45. 20.
BUKHARIA, a general name for all that vaft tra&
of land lying between Karazm and the great Kobi, or
fandy defart bordering on China. It derives its name of
Bukharia from -the mogul word Bukhar, which figni-
fies a learned man ; it being formerly the cuftom for
thofe who wanted inftrudHon in the languages and
fciences to go into Bukharia. Hence this name ap¬
pears to have been given to it^by the Mogul, who un¬
der Jenghiz Khan conquered the country. It is nearly
the fame with that called by the Arabs Ma<waralnahr,
which is little other than a tranflation of the word
Tranfoxana, the name formerly given to thefe pro¬
vinces.
This region is divided into Great and Little Buk¬
haria.
Great Bukharia (which feems to comprehend the ,
Sogdiana and BaSlriana of the ancient Greeks and
Romans with their dependencies) is fituated between
the 34th and 46th degrees of north latitude, and be¬
tween the 76th and gid degrees of eaft longitude. It
is bounded on the north by the river Sir, which fepa-
rates it from-tire dominions of the Eiuths or Kalmucks;
the
B U
-Bukharia. the kingdom of Kajhgi
eait; by the dominions of the great Mogul and Per-
fia on the fouth ; and by the country of Karazm
K [ 76S ] B U K
Little Bukharia, on the habits of the men differ very little from thofe of the Bukharis
Tartars. Their girdles arc like thofe of the Poles.
The garments of the women differ in nothing from
the weft: being about 770 miles long from weft to 'thofe of the men, and are commonly quilted with cot-
call, and 730 miles broad from fouth to north. It is
an exceeding rich and fertile country 5 the mountains
abound with the richeft mihes ; the valleys are of an
aftonifhing fertility in all forts of fruit and pulfe ; the
fields are covered with grafs the height of a man ; the
ton. They wear bobs in their ears, 12 inches long ;
part and twift their hair in treffes, which they lengthen
with black ribbands embroidered with gold or Silver,
and with great taffels of filk and filver, which hang
down to their heels ; three other tufts of a fmaller fize
rivers abound with excellent fi(h; and wood, which is cover their breafts. Both fexes carry about v/ith them
fcarce over all Grand Tartary, is here in great plenty.
But all thefe benefits are of little ufe to the Tartar in¬
habitants, who are naturally fo lazy, that they would
rather go rob and kill their neighbours, than apply
themfelves to improve the benefits which nature fo li¬
berally offers them. This country is divided into three
large provinces, viz. Bukharia proper, Samarcand, and
Balk; each of which generally has its proper khan.
The province of Bukharia proper is the molt weftern
of the three ; having on the weft Karazm, on the
north a defert called by the Arabs Gaznah, on the call
the province of Samarcand, and on the fouth the river
Amu. It may be about 390 miles long, and 320
broad. The towns are Bokhara, Zam, Wardanfi, Ka¬
rakul, Siunjbala, Karfhi, Zarjui, Nerfem, Karmina,
&c.
Little Bukbaria is fo called, not becaufe it is lefs in
dimenfions than the other, for in reality it is larger ;
but becaufe it is inferior to it as to the number and
beauty of its cities, goodnefs of the foil, &c. It is fur-
rounded by-defarts : it has on the weft, Great Bukha¬
ria ; on the north, the country of the Kalmucks; on
the eaft, that of the Moguls fubjeft to China ; on the
fouth, Thibet, and the north-weft corner of China. It
is fituated between the 93d and 118th degrees of eaft
longitude, and between 350. 30'. and 450 of north la¬
titude ; being in length from eaft to weft about 850
miles, and in breadth from north to fouth 580 : but if
prayers written by their priefts, which they keep
fmail leathern purfe by way of relics. The girls, and
fame of the women, tinge their nails red withthe juice of
an herb called by them kena: they dry and pulverize it;
then mixing it with powder-alum, expofe it in the air
for 24 hours before they ufe it, and the colour lafts a
long time. Both fexes wear dole breeches, and boots
of Rufiia leather, very light, and without heels, or
leather foies ; putting on galloches, or high-heeled flip¬
pers like the Turks, when they go abroad. They wear
alfo the fame fort of bonnets and covering for the head;
only the women fet off theirs with trinkets, fmail pieces
of money, and Chinefe pearls. Wives are diftinguifhed
from maids by a long piece of linen worn under their
bonnets ; which folding round the neck, they tie in a
knot behind, fo that one end of it hangs down to the
waift.
The Bukhar houfes are of ftone, and pretty good ;
but their moveables confift moftly of fome China trunks
plated with iron. Upon thefe, in the day-time, they
fpread the quilts they have made ufe of at night, and
cover them with a cotton carpet of various colours.
They have likewife a curtain fprigged with flowers and
various figures ; alfo a fort of bedftead half a yard high,
and four yards long, which is hidden in the day-time
with a carpet. They are very neat about their viAuak;
which are dreffedin the mailer’s chamber by his Haves,
whom the Bukhars either take or buy from the Ruf-
its dimenfions be taken according to its femicircular fians, Kalmucks, or other neighbours. For this pur-
 r_ c .c. .L -1- —OL 1.—.u —-n p0fe there are in the chamber, according to the large-
nefs of the family, feveral iron pots, let in a kind of
range near a chimney. Some have little ovens, made,
like the reft of the walls, with a ftiff clay or bricks.'
courfe from the fouth to the north-eaft, its length will
be 1 zoo miles. It is fufficiently populous and fertile;
but the great elevation of its land, joined to the height
of the mountains which bound it in feveral parts, par¬
ticularly towards the fouth, renders it much colder Their utenfils confift of fome plates and porringers
than from its fituation might naturally be expedled. --J -* ,gs  1 ^
It is very rich in mines of gold and filver; but the
made of Cagua wood or of China, and fome copper
veflels. A piece of coloured calico ferves them inftead
habitants reap little benefit by them, becaufe neither of a table-cloth and napkins. They ufe neither chairs
the Eluths nor Kalmucks, who are mailers of the
country, nor the Bukhars, care to work in them. Ne-
verthelefs, they gather abundance of gold from the
beds of the torrents formed by the melting of the fnow
in the fpring ; and from hence comes all that gold dull
nor tables, knives nor forks ; but lit crofs-legged on
the ground ; and the meat being ferved up, they pull
it to pieces with their fingers. Their fpoons refemble
our wooden ladles. Their ufual food is minced meats,
of which they make pies of the form of a half-moon :
which the Bukhars carry into India, China, and Sibe- thefe ferve for provifion when the Bukhars go long
ria. Much mulk is likewife found in this country ; journeys, efpecially in winter. They carry them in a
and all forts of precious Hones, even diamonds; but bag, having firft expofed them to the froft; and when
the inhabitants have not the art of either cutting or boiled in water, they make very good broth. Tea is
polifliing them. their common drink, of which they have a black fort
The inhabitants both of Great and Little Bukharia, prepared with milk, fait, and butter ; eating bread with
are generally thofe people called Bukhars. They are it, when they have any.
commonly fun-burned and black-haired ; although fome As the Bukhars buy their wives, paying for them
of them are very fair, handfomc, and well made. They more or lefs according to their handfomenefs ; fo the
do not want politenefs, and are addidled to commerce; fureft way to be rich is to have many daughters. The
which they carry-on with China, the Indies,Perfia, and perfons to be married muft not fee or fpeak to each
Ruflia : but thofe who deal with them will be fure of other from the time of their contradl to the day of
■ being overrreached, if they do not takegpeat care. The marriage. This is celebrated with three days feailing.
B U K [ 767 ] B U L
Bultharia as they do great annual feftivals. The evening before
“ J the wedding, a company of young girls meet at the
bride’s houfe, and divert themfelves till midnight, play¬
ing, dancing, and finging. Next morning the guefts
affemble, and help her to prepare for the ceremony.
Then, notice being given to the bridegroom, he ar¬
rives foon after, accompanied by ten or twelve of his
relations and friends. Thefe are followed by fome
playing on flutes, and by an Abus (a kind of prieft),
who fings, while he beats two little timbrels. The
bridegroom then makesa horfe-race; which being end¬
ed, he diftributes the prizes, fix, eight, or twelve, in
number, according to his ability. They confift of da-
malks, fables, fox-lkins, calico, or the like. The par¬
ties do not fee each other while the marriage ceremo¬
ny is performing, but anfvver at a diftance to the que-
ftions alked by the prieft. As foon as it is over, the
bridegroom returns home with his company ; and after
dinner carries them to the bride’s houfe, and obtains
leave to fpeak to her. This done, he goes back, and
returns again in the evening, when he finds her in bed ;
and, in prefence of all the women, lays himfelf down
by her in his cloaths, but only for a moment. The
• fame farce is afted for three days fuccefiively ; but the
third night he paffeswith her entirely, and the next day
carries her home.
Although the prevailing religion throughout all
Little Bukharia is the Mahometan, yet all others en¬
joy a perfeft toleration. The Bukhars fay that God
firft communicated the koran to mankind by Mofes
and the prophets; that afterwards Mahomet explained,
and drew a moral from it, which they are obliged to
receive and pra£life. They hold Chrift to be a prophet,
but have no notion of his fufferings. Yet they believe
in the refurreftion, but cannot be perfuaded that any
mortal (hall be eternally damned: on the contrary, they
believe, that as the daemons led them into fin, fo the
punifhment will fall on them. They believe moreover,
that at the laft day every thing but God will be an¬
nihilated ; and, confequently, that all creatures, the
devils, angels, and Chrift himfelf, will die. Likewife,
tliat, after the refurreftion, all men, excepting a few of
the eledt, will be purified or chaftifed by fire, every one
according to his fins, which will be weighed in the ba¬
lance. They fay there will be eight different paradifes
for the good and feven hells, where finners are to be
purified by fire: that"thofe who will fuffer moft, are
liars, cheats, and others of that kind: that the ele&
who do not feel the fire will be chofen from the good ;
viz. one out of 100 men, and one out of 1000 women;
which little troop will be carried into one of the para¬
difes, where they (hall enjoy all manner of felicity, till'
it flrall pleafe God to create a new world. It is a fin,
according to them,, to fay, that God is in heaven.
God, fay they, is every where ; and therefore it dero¬
gates from his omniprefence to fay that he is confined
to any particular place. They keep an annual faft of
3.0 days, from the middle of July to the middle of Au-
guft, during which time they tafte nothing all day; but
eat twice in the night, at fun-fet and midnight; nor
do they drink any thing but tea, all ftrong liquors be¬
ing forbidden. Whoever tranfgreffes thefe ordinances
is obliged to emancipate his moft*valuable flave, or to
give an entertainment to 60 people: he is likewife to
receive 85. ftrokes on the back with a leathern ftrap
called dura. The common people, however, do not
obferve this faft exa&iy, and workmen are allowed to
eat in th^ day-time. The Bukhars fay prayers five . ‘
times a-day; before morning, towards noon, afternoon,
at fun-fet, and in the third hour of the night.
Jenghis Khan, who conquered both the Bukharias
from the Arabs, left the empire of them to his fon Ja-
gatay Khan. He died in the year 1240, and left the
government to his fon Kara Kulaku, and of Little
Bukharia to another called Amul Khoja Khan. A long:
fucceffion of khans is enumerated in each of thefe fa¬
milies, but their hiftory contains no interefting parti¬
culars. They are long fince extinft, and the Kalmuck
Tartars are mafters of the country.
BUL, in the ancient Hebrew chronology, the eighth
month of the ecclefiaftical, and the fecond of the civil,
year; it has fince been called Marjhevan, and anfwers
to our O&ober.
BUL AC, a town of Egypt, fituated on the eaftern
Ihore of the river Nile, about two miles weft of Grand
Cairo, of which it is the port town, and contains about
4000 families. It is a place of great trade, as all the
veflels going up and down the Nile make fome ftay
here. It is alfo at this place that they cut the banks
of the river every year, in order to fill their canals and
overflow the neighbouring grounds, without which the
foil would produce neither grain nor herbage. E. Long.
32. N. Lat. 30.
BULAFO, a mufical inftrument, confifting of fe-
veral pipes of wood tied together with thongs of lea¬
ther, fo as to form a fmall interftice between each pipe.
It is ufed by the negroes of Guinea.
BULARCHUS, a Greek painter; the firft who in¬
troduced (among the Greeks at leaft) different colours
in the fame-pi&ure. He flourilhed 740 B. C.
BULB, in the anatomy of plants, a kind oflarge
bud, generally produced under the ground, upon or
near the root of certain herbaceous plants, hence deno¬
minated bulbous.
A bulb is defined by Linnasus to be a fpecies of hy-
bernaculum, produced upon the defcending caudex or-
root; confifting of ftipula;, petioli, the rudiments of
the former leaves, and fcales or bark.
To elucidate this definition, it is proper; to remark,
that every bud contains, in miniature or embryo, a
plant, in every refpeft fimilar to the parent plant upon
which it is feated. Plants therefore are perpetuated,
in the buds, as well as in the feeds; and the fpecies-
may be renewed with equal efficacy in either way.
The tender rudiments of the future vegetable of
which the bud is compofed, are inclofed, and during,
the feverities of winter defended from,cold and other
external injuries,, by a hard bark or rind which gene¬
rally confiits of a number of fcales placed over each o-
ther like tiles, and fafteped together by means of a te¬
nacious, refinous, and frequently odoriferous, fubflance.
Thus defended, the buds remain upon different parts of
the mother plant, till the enfuing fpring; and are,
therefore, with great propriety, denominated by Lin-
nseus the kybernaculum or winter-quarters of the future
vegetable.
With refpeft to their place, buds are fituated either
upon the Item and branches, or upon the roots : the
former are fly led gemma, or buds properly fo called 4:
but as they fubfift feveral years by their roots, may be
furniiked:
B U L [ 768 ] B U L
furniflied with the other fpecies of hybernaculum, called
bulbs, which, according to the definition, are feated
upon the defcending caudex or root.
Again, trees which are perennial, with a woody and
durable ftem or trunk, have generally proper buds or
gemmae, but no bulbs.
In bulbous plants, as the tulip, onion, or lily, what
we generally call the root, is in fa£l a bulb or hyberna¬
culum, which inclofes and fecures the embryo or fu¬
ture fhoot.
At the lower part of this bulb may be obferved a
flefhy knob or tubercle, from whence proceed a num¬
ber of fibres or threads. This knob, with the fibres
attached to and hanging from it, is, properly fpeak-
ing, the true root; the upper part being only the
cradle or nurfery of the future ftem, which after the
bulb has repaired a certain number of times, it pe-
rifties ; buf not till it has produced at its fides a num¬
ber of fmaller bulbs or fuckers for perpetuating the
fpecies.
One part of Linnaeus’s definition ftill remains ob-
fcure. The bulb, fays he, is compofed of the remains
or rudiments of the former leaves of the plant; e rudi-
mento foliorum prxteritorwn.
It is eafy to comprehend that buds contain the ru¬
diments of the future leaves: but how can bulbs be faid
to contain the rudiments of leaves that, to all appear¬
ance, are already periftied? To explain this, let it be
obferved, that, in the opinion of very eminent botanifts,
the root, in a very great number of perennial herbs, is
annually renewed or repaired out of the trunk or ftalk
xtfelf; in which fenfe only, roots are properly faid to
defcend.
In the perennials alluded to, the bafts of the ftalk
.continually, and by infenfible degrees, defcends below
the furface of the earth, and is thus changed into a true
root; which root, by the continuance of the faid mo-‘
tion of the ftalk, alfo defcends; and thus, according to
the durablenefs of its fubftance, becomes a longer or
ftiorter root; the elder or lower part rotting off in pro¬
portion as the upper is generated out of the ftalk.
Thus, in brown wort, the bafts of the ftalk, finking down
by degrees till it is hid under the ground, becomes the
upper part of the root ; and continuing ftill to fink,
the next year becomes the lower part, and the follow¬
ing year rots away.
This is exadlly wrhat obtains in bulbous roots, as
wTell as in the far greater number of other herbaceous
perennials, as arum, valerian, tanfy, famphire, prim-
rofe, woodforrel, iris, and others.
The immediate vifible caufe of this defcent is the
ftring-roots which this kind of trunks frequently puts
forth; which defcending themfelves dire&ly into the
ground, ferve like fo many ropes for pulling the trunk
after them. Hence the tuberous roots of iris are
fometimes obferved to reafcend a little upon the rot¬
ting or fading away of the ftring-roots which hang at
them.
In bulbous roots, where the ftalk and former leaves
of the plant are funk below, and formed into what is
called the bulb or wintering of the future vegetable,
the radicles or fmall fibres that hang from the bulb are
to be confidered as the root; that is, the part which
furmihes nourifhment to the plant: the feveral rinds
and fhells whereof chiefly the bulb conftfts, fucceffively
N° 60. +
perifh, and ftmnk up into fo many dry fkins; betwixt Bnlbrcafti
which, and in their centre, are formed other leaves and num
fhells, and thus the bulb is perpetuated. Bulgar-
What has been faid of the defcent of roots by the v—
finking of the ftalk, is further confirmed by the ap¬
pearance of certain roots; as of valerian, plantago ma¬
jor, and devil’s-bit, in which the lower part appears
bitten or chopped off. In thefe the lower part rot¬
ting off as the upper defcends, the living remainder
becomes flumped, or feems bitten.
All bulbous roots, fays the learned Dr Grew in his
anatomy of-plants, maybe confidered as hermaphrodite
roots, or root and trunk both together1: for the ra¬
dicles or firings only are abfolute roots; the bulb ac¬
tually containing thofe parts which fpringing up make
the body, or leaves of the plant ; fo that it may be re¬
garded as a large bud under ground.
Bulbous roots are faid to be folid, when compofed
of one Uniform lump of matter: tunicated, when form¬
ed of multitudes of coats furrounding one another j
fquamofe, when compofed of, or covered with, leffer
flakes^ duplicate, when there are only two to each
plant; and aggregate, when there is fuch a congeries
of fuch roots to each plant.
BULBOCASTANUM, in botany. See Bu-
'Hrim.
BULBOCODIUM, MOUNtAiN-sAFFRON: A ge¬
nus of the monogynia order, belonging to the hexan-
dria clafs of plants ; and, in the natural method, rank¬
ing under the 9th order, Spathaceje. The corolla is
funnel-fhaped, and hexapetalous, with the heels nar¬
row, fupporting the ftamina. There are tvro fpecies,
the alpinum and vernum. The firft fort grows natu¬
rally on the Alps, and alfo on Snowdon in Wales. It
hath a fmall bulbous root, which fends forth a few
long narrow leaves fomewhat like thofe of faffron, but
narrower. In the middle of thefe the flower comes
out, which Hands on the top of the footftalk, growing
eredf, and is fhaped like thofe of the crocus, but
fmaller ; the foot-ftalk rifes about three inches high,
and hath four or five ftiort narrow leaves placed alter¬
nately upon it below the flower. This flowers in March,
and the feeds are ripe in May. The fecond is a native
of Spain. It hath a bulbous root ftiaped like thofe of
the fnow-drop, which fends out three or four fpear-
fhaped concave leaves, between which comes out the
flower, Handing on a very flrort footftalk. The flow¬
ers appear about the fame time with the laft; at firft
they are of a pale colour, but afterwards change to a
whitiftr purple. Thefe plants may be propagated by
off-fets at the decay of the flower and leaf every fecond
or third year; alfo, by lowing the feed in pots in au¬
tumn, flickering them in a frame from froft ; and the
plants will appear in the fpring, which, at the decay
of the leaves, may be taken up for planting in the
borders in O&ober, where they will flower the year
following.
BULBOSE, or Bulbous. See Bulb.
BULEUTiE, in Grecian antiquity, were magi-
ftrates anfwering to the decuriones among the Romans.
See Decurio.
BULFINCH, in ornithology. See Loxia.
BULGARIA, a fmall province of Turky in Eu¬
rope, bounded on the north by Wallachia, on the eaft
by the Black fea, on the fouch by Romania and Ma¬
cedonia,
B U L [ 7S9 1 B U 1,
Bulgaria cedonia, and on the weft by Servia. It is very narrow, BULL (Dr John), a celebrated mufician and com-
but 325 miles long on the fide of the Danube, from pofer, was born in Somerfetftiire about the year 1563,
1, ^ ' 1 Servia till it falls into the Black fea. and, as it is faid, was of the Somerfet family. He
The Bulgarians anciently inhabited the plains of was educated under Blitheman. In 1586, he was ad-
Sarmatia that extended along the banks of the Volga, xuitted at Oxford to the degree of bachelor of mufic
Thence they migrated, about the middle of the 7th having praCtifed in that faculty 14 years; and in 1532,
century of the Chriftian sera, in queft of new fettle- was created do&or in the’ univerfity of Cambridge,
merits. A large body of them paffed the Danube, In 1591, he was appointed org-anift of the Queen’s
and took poffeffion of the country adjacent to the
weftern coaft of the Euxine fea. Several attempts
were made by the Romans to difpoflefs and extirpate
them: But they defended themfelves with equal
591, he was appointed organift of the queen’s
chapel, in the room of his mafter, Blitheman.
Bull was the firft Greftram profeffor of mufic, and
was appointed to that ftation upon the fpecial recom¬
mendation of queen Elizabeth. However fkilful he
folution and fuccefs. Conftantine III. being defeated might be in his profeffion, it feems he was not able to
and intimidated, concluded an ignominious peace with read his leftures in Latin ; and therefore, by a fpeciai
them (A. D. 678), and purchafed their friendlhip by provifion in the ordinances refpedting the Greftiam
the payment of an annual tribute. Juftinian II. re- profefibrs, made anno 1597, it is declared, that be-
fufed to comply with thefe difhonourable terms, and caufe Dr Bull is recommended to the plaJt of mufic-
invaded their territories (A. D. 687); but he was profeflbr by the queen’s moft excellent majefty, being
defeated, and conftrained to renew the treaty. War not able to fpeak Latin, his leftures are permitted to
was carried on, almoft without interruption, between be altogether Engliih, fo long as he ihall continue
them and the eaftern emperors, during the courfe of mufic-profeflbr there.
feveral centuries. After a longtmd doubtful ftruggle, In the year 1601, he went abroad for the recovery
the Romans prevailed ; and the emperor Bafil reduced of his health, which at that time was declining ; and
Bulgaria to the form of a province (A. D. 1019). during his abfence was permitted to fubftitute, as his
From this time the Bulgarians remained in fubje&ion, deputy, a fon of William Bird, named Thomas. He
and were governed by Roman dukes, until the reign travelled incognito into France and Germany ; and
of Ifaac Angelas, when they revolted (A. D. 1186). Wood takes occafion to relate a ftory of him while a-
The hiftory of Bulgaria, in the fubfequent period, broad, which the reader ftiall have in his own words,
fcarcely merits attention. Stephen IV. king of Hun- “ Dr Bull hearing of a famous mufician belonging
gary, having defeated the Bulgarians, obliged them to to a cathedral in St Omer’s, he applied himfelf, as a
acknowledge him as their fovereign. His fucceflors notice, .to him, to learn fomething of his faculty, and
were ftyled kings of Hungary and Bulgaria ; and this to fee and admire his works. This mufician, after
title was tranfmitted, together with the kingdom of fqme difcourfe had pafled between them, conducted
Hungary, to the houfe of Auftria. Bull to a veftry or mufic-fchool joining to the cathe-
By the aid of the eaftern emperors they threw off oral, and ftiewed him a leffon or fong of 40 parts ; and
the Hungarian yoke ; and, in return, they aflifted then made a vaunting challenge to any perfon in the
their ally in an attempt to recover Adrianople (A. D. world to add one part more to them, fuppofing it to
1369). Provoked by this combination, Amurath in- be fo complete and full, that it was impoflible for any
vaded their country ; and Bajazet, his fucceffor, com¬
pleted the conqueft of it (A. D. 1396).
Bulgaria ftill remains a province of the Ottoman em-
mortal man to correft or add to it. Bull thereupon,
defiring the ufe of pen, ink, and ruled paper, fuch as
we call muficalpaper, prayed the mufician to lock him
4>ire. The inhabitants are Chriftians ; but extremely up in the faid fchool for two or three hours; which
ignorant, infomuch that they feem to know nothing being done, not without great difdain by the mufi-
of Chriftianity but baptifm and failing. It is divided cian, Bull, in that time or lefs, added 40 more parts
into four fangiacates; Byden, Sardice, Nicopolis, and to the faid leffon or fong. The mufician thereupon
-Siliftria. The chief towns are of the fame names, ex- being called in, he viewed it, tried it, and retried it ;
cept Sardice, which is now called Sophia. at length he burft out into a great ecftafy, and "wore
Bulgarian Language, the fame with the Scla- by the great God, that he that added thefe 40 parts
-voNic. muft either be the devil or Dr Bull. Whereupon Bull
BULIMY, a difeafe in which the patient is affefted making himfelf known, the mufician fell down and
with an infatiable and perpetual defire of eating ; and, adored him. Afterwards, continuing there and in
unlefs he is indulged, he often falls into fainting fits, thofe parts for a time, he became fo much admired.
It is alfo called fames ciinina, canine appetite. See that he was courted to accept of any place of piefer-
Medicine-/«^x. ment fuitable to his profefiion, either within the do-
BULITHUS, a ftone found either in the gall- minions of the emperor, the king of France, or Spain;
bladder, or in the kidneys and bladder, of an ox. but the tidings of thefe tranfa&ions coming to the
See Bos. Englifh court, queen Elizabeth commanded him home.”
BULK c/b* Ship, the whole content in the hold Fafit, anno 1586.
-for the ftowage of goods. Dr Ward, who has given the life of Dr Bull, in his
BuiK-Heads are partitions made athwart the (hip lives of the Greflram profeffors, relates, that upon the
with boards, by which one part is divided from the
other; as the great cabbin, gun-room, bread-room,
and feveral other divifions. The bulk-head afore is the
partition between the fore-caftle and gratings in the
head.
Vol. III. Fart II,
deceafe of queen Elizabeth he became chief organift to
king James, and had the honour of entertaining his
majefty and prince Henry at Merchant Taylor’s hall
with his performance on the organ. The fame author
proceeds to relate, that in 161.3 Bull quitted Eng-
5 E land
B U L [ 77° 1 B U L
land and went to refide in the Netherlands, where he
was admitted into the fervice of the archduke. He
fuggefts, as the reafon of Bull’s retirement, that the
fcience began to fink in the reign of king James; which
he infers from that want of court-patronage, which, it
feems, induced the muficians of that day to dedicate
their works to one another. But furely Bull had none
of thefe reafons to complain of being flighted that o-
thers had. He was in the fervice of the chapel, and at
the head of the prince’s muficians; and in the year 1604
his falary for the chapel-duty had been augmented. The
circumftances of his departure from England may be
colledled from the following entry now to be feen in the
cheque book : “ 1613, John Bull dodlor of mu!ic went
beyond leas without licence, and was admitted into the
archduke’s fervice, and entered into pa-ie there about
Mich, and ter Hopkins a bafe from Paul’s was fworn
into his place the 27th of December following. His
wages from Mich, unto the day of the fwear>g of the
faid Peter Hopkins was difpofed of by the deane of his
majefty’s chapel.” Wood fays, that Dr Bull died at
Hamburgh : others have faid at Lubeck.
The only works of Bull in print are leflbns in the
“ Parthenia, or the maiden-head of the firft mufic that
ever was printed for the virginals.” An anthem of his,
Deliver me, O God,” is to be found in Bernard’s
colleftion of church-mufic. Dr Ward has given a long
lift of compofitions of Dr Bull in manufcript in the col-
le&ion of the late Dr Pepufch, by which it appears
that he was equally excellent in vocal and inftrumental
harmony. By fome of the leflbns in the Parthenia it
feems that he was poflefied of a power of execution on
the harpfichord far beyond what is generally conceived
of the mafters of that time. As to his leffons, they
were, in the eftimation of Dr Pepufch, not only for
the harmony and contrivance, but for air and modula¬
tion, fo excellent, that he fcrupled not to prefer them
to thofe of Couperin, Scarlatti, and others of the mo¬
dern compofers for the harpfichord.
Bull (George), biftiop of St David’s, was born at
Wells, in 1634; and educated at Exeter college, in
Oxford. The firft benefice he enjoyed was that of St
George’s, near Briftol, whence he rofe fuccefiively to be
reftor of Suddington in Gloucefterlhire, prebendary of
Gloucefter, archdeacon of LlandafF, and in 1705 bi-
Jhop of St David’s. This dignity he enjoyed about
four years, and died in 1709, During the ufurpation
of Cromwell, he adhered fteadily, though ftill with
great prudence, to the forms of the church of England ;
and in the reign of James II. preached very ftrenuoufly
againft the errors of Popery. He wrote, 1. A. de¬
fence of the Nicene faith. 2. Apoftolical harmony.
3. Primitive apoftolical tradition ; and other works.
Bull, in zoology. See Bos.
Wild Bulls. The wild bulls now fo numerous on
the continent of America, are faid to havefprung from
one bull and feven cows, which were carried thither by
fome of the firft conquerors. For the manner of hunt¬
ing thefe, fee Bucankers.
Bull, in aftronomy. See Astronomy, n° 4o6.
Bull’s-Eye, among feamen, a fmall, obfcure, fub-
lime cloud, ruddy in the middle, that fometimes ap¬
pear to mariners, and is the immediate forerunner of a
great florin at fea.
Bull-Fighting, a fport or exercife much in vogue a¬
mong the Spaniards and Portuguefe, confifting in a kind BuIL
of combat of a cavalier or torreadore againft a wild bull, '-—-v—
either on foot or on horfeback, by riding at him with
a lance. The Spaniards have bull-fights, i. e. feafts
attepded with fhews, in honour of St John, the Virgin
Mary, &c. This fport the Spaniards received from
the Moors, among whom it was celebrated with great
eclat. Some think that the Moors might have received
the cuftom from the Romans, and they from the Greeks.
Dr Plot is of opinion, that the a-
mong the Theflalians, who firft inftituted this game,
and of whom Julius Caefar learned and brought it to
Rome, were the origin both of the Spanifh and Portu¬
guefe bull-fighting, and of the Englifh bull-running.
This pra&ice was prohibited by Pope Pius V. under
pain of excommunication incurred ipfo fafho. But fuc-
ceeding popes have granted feveral mitigations in be¬
half of the toradors.
From the following account of a bull-feaft in the
Colifeum at Rome 1332, extradled from Muratori by
Mr Gibbon, the reader may form fome idea of the
pomp, the ceremonies, and the danger, which attend¬
ed thefe exhibitions. “ A general proclamation as far
as Rimini and Ravenna invited the nobles to exercife
their fkill and courage in this perilous adventure. The
Roman ladies were marfhalled in three fquadrons, and
feated in three balconies, wjnich on this day, the third
of September, were lined with fcarlet cloth. The fair
Jacova di Rovere led the matrons from beyond the
Tiber, a pure and native race, who ftill reprefent the
features and charafter of antiquity. The remainder
of the city was divided between the Colonna and Ur-
fini families : the two faftions were proud of the num¬
ber and beauty of their female bands : the charms of
Savella Urfini are mentioned with praife ; and the Co¬
lonna regretted the abfence of the youngeft of their
houfe, who had fprained her ancle in the garden of
Nero’s tower. The lots of the champions were drawn
by an old and refpe&able citizen ; and they defcended
into the arena, or pit, to encounter the wild-bulls, on
foot as it fliould feem, with a fingle fpear. Amidfl
the crowd, our annalift has felefled the names, colours,,
and devices, of 20 of the moft confpicuous knights.
Several of the names are the moft illuftrious of Rome
and the ecclefiaftical ftate ; Malatefta, Polenta, della
Valle, Cafarello, Savelli, Capoccio, Conti, Annibaldi,.
Altieri, Corfu The colours were adapted to their tafte
and fittiation. And the devices are expreffive of hope or
defpair, and breathe the fpirit of gallantry and arms.
“ I am alone, like the youngeft of the Horatii,” the
confidence of an intrepid ftranger: “ I live difconfo-
late,” a weeping widower: “ I burn under the afttes,”
a difcreet lover t “ I adore Lavinia or Lucretia,” the
ambiguous declaration of a modern paffion: “ My
faith is as pure,” the motto of a white livery : “ Who
is ftronger than myfelf ?” of a lion’fc hide : “ If I am
drowned in blood,, what a pleafant death!” the wilh
of ferocious courage. The pride or prudence of the
Urfini reftrained them from the field, which was oc¬
cupied by three of their hereditary rivals, whofe in-
fcriptions denoted the lofty greatnefs of the Colonna
name : “ Though fad, I am ftrong “ Strong as I
am great“ If I fall (addrefling himfelf to the fpeo
tators) you fall with me —intimating (fays the wri¬
ter), that while the other families were the fubjefts of
B U L C 77* 1 B U L
Bull, tlie Vatican, they alone were the fupporters of the
' Capitol. The combats of the amphitheatre were dan¬
gerous and bloody. Every champion fucceffively en-
; countered a wild bull; and the vi&ory may be afcribed
to the quadrupeds, fince no more than eleven were left
on the field, with the lofs of nine wounded and i8
killed on the fide of their adverfaries. Some of the
nobleft. families might mourn; but the pomp of the fu¬
nerals, in the churches of St John Lateran and St
Maria Maggiore, afforded a fecond holiday to the peo¬
ple.”— Doubtlefs it was not in fuch confh&s that the
blood of the Romans fhould have been fhed: yet, in
blaming their rafhnefs, we are compelled to applaud
their gallantry ; and the noble volunteers, who difplay
their magnificence and rifle their lives under the bal¬
conies of the fair, excite a more generous fympathy
than the thoufands of captives and malefaftors who
were reluctantly dragged to the fcene of daughter.”
A ftriking relic of barbarity in the Spanifh man¬
ners of the prefent day, is the exceffive attachment of
that nation to bull-fights, a fpeftacle which {hocks the
delicacy of every other people in Europe. Many Spa¬
niards confider this practice as the fure means of pre-
ferving that energy by which they are chai aCterifed,
and of habituating them to violent emotions, which
are terrible only to timid minds. But it feems diffi¬
cult to comprehend what relation there is between bra¬
very and a fpeftacle where the affiftants now run no dan¬
ger ; where the adtors prove by the few accidents which
befal them, that theirs has nothing in it very interefl-
ing; and where the unhappy viSims meet only with cer¬
tain death as the reward of their vigour and courage.
Another proof that thefe fpeCtacles have little or no
influence on the difpofition of the mind is, that chil¬
dren, old men, and people of all ages, fiations, and
charafters, affift at them ; and yet . their being accd-
ftomed to fuch bloody entertainments appears neither
to correft their weaknefs and timidity, nor alter the
mildnefs of their manners.
The bull-fights are very expenfive ; but they bring
great gain to the undertakers. The worft places coft
two or four rials, according as they are in the fun or
x in the fhade. The price of the highefi: is a dollar.
When the price of the horfes and bulls, and the wages
of the Tsrreadores, have been paid out of this money,
the reft is generally appropriated to pious foundations :
St Madrid it forms one of the principal funds of the
hofpital. It is only during fummer that thefe combats
are exhibited, becaufe the feafon then permits the fpec-
tators to fit in the open air, and becaufe the bulls are
then more vigorous. Thofe which are of the beft
breed are condemned to this kind of facrifice ; and
connoifteurs are fo well acquainted with their diftin-
gulftiing marks, that as foon as a bull appears upon the
arena, they can mention the place where he was rear¬
ed. This arena is a kind of circus furrounded by about
a dozen of feats, riling one above another; the high-
eft of which only is covered. The boxes occupy the
lower part of the edifice. In fome cities, Valladolid
for example, which have no place particularly fet apart
for thefe combats, the principal fquare is converted in¬
to a theatre. The balconies of the houfes are widen¬
ed, fo as to project over the ftreets which end there ;
and it is really a very interefting fight to fee the diffe¬
rent claffes of people affembled around this fquare, wait¬
ing for the fignal when the entertainment is to com¬
mence, and exhibiting every external fign of impatience
and joy. The fpe&acle commences by a kind of pro-
ceffion around the fquare, in which appear, both on
horfeback and on foot, the combatants who are to at¬
tack the fierce animal ; after which two alguazils, dref-
fed in perukes and black robes, advance with great
gravity on horfeback; who go and aflt from the
prefident of the entertainment an order for it to’com¬
mence. A fignal is immediately given ; and the ani¬
mal, which was before fliut up in a kind of hovel
with a door opening into the fquare, foon makes his
appearance. The officers of juftice, who have nothing
to do with the bull, prudently haften to retire, and
their fright is a prelude to the cruel pleafure which
the fpeftators are about to enjoy. The bull, however,
is received with loud flrouts, and almoft ftunned by the
noify expreffions of their joy. He has to’fcontend firft
againft the picadores, combatants on horfeback, who,
dreffed according to the ancient Spanifh manner, and
as it were fixed to their faddles, wait for him, each
being armed with a long lance. This exercife, which
requires ftrength, courage, and dexterity, is not con-
fidered as difgraceful. Formerly the greateft lords
did not difdain to pra&ife it ; even at prefent fome of
the hidalgos folicit for the honour of fighting the bull
On horfeback, and they are then previoufly prefented
to the people, under the aufpices of a patron, who is
commonly one of the principal perfonages at court.
The picadores, whoever they may be, open the fcene.
It often happens that the bull, without being provoked,
darts upon them, and every body entertains a favour¬
able opinion of his courage. If, notwithftanding the
{harp pointed weapon which defends his attack, he re¬
turns immediately to the charge, their {bouts are re¬
doubled, as their joy is converted into enthufiafm ; but
if the bull, ftruck with terror, appears pacific, and
avoids his perfecutors, by walking round the fquare in
a timid manner, he is hooted at and biffed by the
whole fpe&ators, and all thofe near whom he paffes
load him with blows and reproaches. He feems then
to be a common enemy, who has fome great crime to
expiate ; or a viftirn, in the facrifice of which all the
people are interefted. If nothing can awaken his
courage, he is judged unworthy of being tormented
by men ; the cry of perros, perroj, brings forth new
enemies againft him, and large dogs are let loofe upon
him, which feize him by the neck and ears in a furious
manner. The animal then finds the ufe of thofe wea¬
pons with which nature has furnilhed him ; he toffes
the dogs into the air, who fall down ftunned, and
fometimes mangled ; they however recover, renew the
combat, and generilly finifli by overcoming their ad-
verfary, who thus periflres ignobly. If, on the other
hand, he prefents himfelf with a good grace, he runs
a longer and nobler, but a much more painful career.
The firft aft of the tragedy belongs to the comba¬
tants on horfeback ; this is the moll animated and
bloody of all the fccnes, and often the moft difgufting.
The irritated animal braves the pointed fteel which
makes deep wounds in his neck, attacks with fury the
innocent horfe who carries his enemy, rips up his fides,
and overturns him together with his rider. The lat¬
ter, then difmounted and difarmed, would be expofed
to imminent danger, did not combatants on foot, called
5 E 2 chubst
B U L [ 772 J B U L
chubs, come to divert the bull’s attention, and to pro- ftens his robufl Tides; and when the people, tired of
voke him, by fhaking before him different pieces of one objedl, demand another vidtim ; the prelident of'-
cloth of various colours. It is, however, a their own the entertainment gives the fignal of death, which is
rilk that they thus fave the difmounted horleman ; for announced by the found of trumpets. The matador
the bull fometimes purfues them, and they have then then advances, and all the reft quit the arena ; with
need for all their agility. They often efcape from him one hand he holds a long dagger, and with the other
by letting fall in his way the piece of ftuff which was a kind of flag, which he waves backwards and for-
their only arms, and againft which the deceived animal wards before his adverfary. They both Hop and gaze,
expends all his fury. Sometimes he does not accept at-one another ; and while the agility of the matador
this fubftitute, and the combatant has no other refource deceives the iiqpetuofity of the bull, the pleafure of
but to throw himfelf fpsedily. over a barrier, fix feet the fpeftators, which was for fame time fufpended, is
high, which inclofes the interior part of the arena, again awakened into life. Sometimes the bull remains
In fome places this barrier is double, and the interme- motionlefs, throws up the earth with his foot, and ap-
diate fpace forms a kind of circular gallery, behind, pears asdf meditating revenge. -
which the purfucd torreadore is in fafety. But when The bull in this condition, and the matador who
the barrier is Angle, the bull attempts to jump over it,
and often fucceeds. The reader may eafily imagine
in what confternation the neareft of the fpedlators,
then are ; their hafte to get out of the way, and to
calculates his motions and divines his projects, form a,
group which an able pencil might not difdain to deli¬
neate. The afie'mbly in filence behold this dumb fcene.
The matador, at length gives the mortal blow ; and if
crowd to the upper benches, becomes often more fatal the animal immediately falls, a thoufand voices pro¬
to them than even the fury of the bull, who, Humbling claim with loud fhouts the triumph of the conqueror ;
at every ftep, on account of tire narrownefs of the but if the blow is not decifive, if the bull furvives and
place and the inequality of the ground, thinks rather, feeks ftill to brave the fatal fteel, murmurs fucceed to
of his. own fafety than of revenge, and befides foon applaufe, and the matador, whofe glory was about
falls under the blows which are given him from all to be raifed to the Ikies, is confidered only as an un-
fldlful butcher. He endeavours to be foon revenged,,
and to difarm his judges of their feverity. His zeal
quarters.
Except in. fuch cafes, which are very rare, he im¬
mediately returns. His adverfary recovered, has had
time to get up ; he immediately remounts his horfe,
provided the latter is not killed or rendered unfit for
fervice, and the attack commences t but he is often
obliged to change his horfe feveral times. Expreffions
cannot then be found to celebrate thefe a&s of prow-
cfs, which for feveral days become the favourite topic
ofconverfation. The horfes, very affe&ing models of pa¬
tience, courage, anddoeility, may be feen treading under
their feet their own bloody, entrails, which drop from
their tides half torn open, and yet obeying, for fome
time after, the hand which condudb them to new tor¬
tures. Spettators of delicacy are then filled with dif-
guft, which converts their pleafure into pain. A new
aft is however preparing, which reconciles them to
the entertainment. As foon as it is concluded that
the bull has been fuificiently tormented by the comba¬
tants on horfeback, they retire and leave him to be
irritated by thofe on foot. The latter, who are called
fometimes degenerates into blind fury, and his parti-
zans tremble.for the confequences of his imprudence.
He at length direfts his blow better. The animal vo¬
mits up blood ; he flaggers and falls, while his con¬
queror is intoxicated with the applaufes of the people.
Three mules, ornamented with bells and ftreamers,
come to terminate the tragedy. A rope is tied around
the bull’s horns, which- have betrayed his valour, and.
the animal, which but a little before >was furious and.
proud, is dragged ignominioufly from the arena which
he has honoured, and leaves only the traces of his-
blood and the remembrance of his exploits, which are.
foon effaced on the appearance of his fucceffor. On
each of the days fet apart for thefe entertainments,
fix are thus facrificed in the morning, and twelve in
the afternoon, at lead in Madrid. The three laft are
given exclufively to the matador, who, without the
afliftance of the picadores, exerts his ingenuity to va¬
ry the pleafure of the fpeftators. Sometimes he caufes.
landerilleros, go before the animal; and the moment them to be combated by fome intrepid ftranger, who
he darts upon them they plunge into his neck, two by attacks them mounted on the back of another bull,,
two, a kind of darts called banderillas, the points of and fometimes he matches^them with a bear : this laft.
which are hooked, and which are ornamented with method is generally deftined for the pleafure of the po-
fmall ftreamers made of coloured paper. The fury of pulace. The points of the bull’s horns are concealed,
the bull is now redoubled t he roars, toffes his head, by fomething wrapped round them, which breaks their-
and the vain efforts which he makes ferve only to in- force. The animal, which in this ftate is -called Em-.
creafe the pain of his wounds: this laft feene calls forth bolado, has power neither to pierce nor to tear his an-
all the agility of his adverfaries. The fpeftators at tagonift. The amateurs then defeend in great num-
firft tremble for them, when they behold them braving bers to torment him, each after his own manner, and.
fo near the horns of this formidable animal; but their often expiate this cruel pleafure by violent contulions '
hands, well exereifed, aim their blows fo fkilfully, and but the bull always falls at length under the ftroke of
they avoid the danger fo nimbly, that after having the matador. The few. fpeftators who are not in-
feen them a few times, one neither pities nor admires fefted by the general madnefs for this fport, regret that
them, and their addrefs and dexterity feem only to thofe wretched animals do not, at leaft, purchafe their
be a fmall epifode of the tragedy, which concludes in lives at the expence of fo many torments and fo many
the following manner : When the vigour of the bull efforts of courage; they would willingly aflift them to
appears to be almoft exhaufted; when his blood, iffuing efcape from their perfecutors. In the minds of fuch.
from twenty wounds, ftreams along his neck and moi-- fpeftators difguft fucceeds compaffion, and fatiety fuc¬
ceeds
F TJ L [ 773 ] B U L
BulU reeds difguft. Such a feries of unifofm fcenes makes
—v-m/ that intereft become languid, which this i'pe&acle, on
its commencement, feemed to promife. But tocon-
noiffeurs, who have thoroughly ftudied all the ftrata-
gems of the bull, the refources of his addrefs and fury,
and the different methods of irritating, tormenting,
and deceiving him, none of thefe fcenes refembles
another, and they pity thofe frivolous obfervers who
cannot remark all their varieties.
The Spanifh government are very fenfible of the
moral and political inconveniences arifing from this
fpecies of phrenfy. They have long fince perceived,
that among a people whom they wifh to encourage to
labour, it is the caufe of much diforder and diffipation ;
and that it hurts agriculture, by deftroying a great
number of robuft. animals, which might be ufefully
employed: but they are obliged to manage with cau¬
tion a tafte which it might be dangerous to attempt
to abolifh precipitately. They are, however, far from
encouraging it. The court itfelf formerly reckoned
bull-fights among the number of its fetlivals, which
were given at certain periods. The Plaza-Mayor was
the theatre of them, and the king and the royal fa¬
mily honoured them with their prefence. His guards
prefided there in. good order. His halberdiers formed
the interior circle of the fcene ; and their long wea¬
pons, held out in a defenfive pofture, were the only
barrier which they oppofed againft the dangerous ca¬
prices of the bull. Thefe entertainments, which, by
way of excellence, were called Fiejlas Reales, are be¬
come very rare. Charles III. who endeavoured to polifh
the nation, and to diredt their attention to ufeful objects,
was very defirous of deftroying a tafle in which he faw
nothing but inconveniences , but he was too wife to
■, employ violent means for that purpofe. He, however,
confined the number of bull-fights to thofe, the pro¬
fits of which were applied to the fupport of fome cha¬
ritable inllitution, with an intention of fubftituting for
thefe other funds afterwards. Bull-fights, by thefe
means being rendered lefs frequent, will, perhaps, gra¬
dually lofe their attra&ions, until .more favourable cir-
cumftances permit the entire abolition'of them.
BvLL-Runntng, denotes a feudal cuftom obtaining
in the honour of Tutbury in StafFordfhire ; where, an¬
ciently, on the day of the affumption of our Lady, a
bull is turned loofe by the lord to the minilrels ; who,
if they can catch him before he paffes the river Dove,
are to have him for their own, or, in lieu thereof, to
receive each 40 pence ; in confideration of which cu-
Horn they pay 20 pence yearly to the faid lord.
Bull and Boar. By the cuftom of fome places,
the parfon is obliged to keep a bull and. boar for the
ufe of his parifhion.ers, in confideration of his having
tithes of calves and pigs, &c.
BuLL-Frog, in zoology. See RanA.
BuLL-Head, or Miller’s Thumb, in ichthyology.
See Cottus.
Bull, among ecclefiaftics, a written letter, dif-
patched, by order of the Pope, from the Roman chan-
lj,) eery, and fealed with lead, being written on parch-
li*' ‘ ment, by which it is partly diftinguiftied from a brief :
fee the article Brief.—It is a kind of apoftolical re-
feript, or edift; and is chiefly in ufe in matters of ju-
llice or grace. If the former be the intention of the
bull, the lead is hung by a hempen chord; if the lat- Bulb
ter, by a filken thread. It is this pendent lead, or-v-
feal, which is, properly fpeaking, the bull, and which
is imprefled on one fide with the heads of St Peter
and St Paul, and on the other with the name’of the
Pope and the year of his pontificate. The bull is writ¬
ten in an old, round, Gothic letter, and is divided in¬
to five parts, the narrative of the fadt, the conception,
the claufe, the date, and the falutation, in which the
Pope ftyles himfelffervus fervorum, i. e. the fervant of
fervants. Thefe inftruments, befides the lead hanging
to them, have a crofs, with fome text of feripture, or
religious motto, about it. Bulls are granted for the
confecration of bifhops, the promotion to benefices, and
the celebration of jubilees, &c.
Bull in cccna Domini, a particular bull read every
year, on the day of the Lord’s flipper, or Maundy
Thurfday, in the Pope’s prefence, containing excom¬
munications and anathemas againft heretics, and all who
difturb or oppofe thejurifdi&ion of the holy fee. Af¬
ter the reading of the bull, the Pope throws a burning
torch in the public place, to denote the thunder of
this anathema.
Golden Bull, an edift, or imperial conflitution, made
by the emperor Charles IV. reputed to be the tnagna
charta, or the fundamental law of the German empire.
It is called golden, becaufe it has a golden feal, in
the form of a pope’s bull, tied with yellow and red
cords of filk: upon one fide is the emperor reprefented
fitting on his throne, and on the other the capital of
Rome. It is alfo called Caroline, on Charles IV’s ac¬
count. Till the publication of the golden bull, the form
and ceremony of the ele&ion of an emperor were du¬
bious and undetermined, and the number of the ele&ors
not fixed. Thisfolemn edict regulated the functions,
rights, privileges, and pre-eminences, of the eleftors;-
The original, which is in Latin, on vellum, is preferred
at Francfort: this ordonnance, containing 30 articles
or chapters, was approved of by all the princes of the
empire, and remain ftill in force.
Silver Bulls mere not in fo frequent ufe ; tho’ we
do not wanr inftances of them.
Leaden Bulls wexe. fent by the emperors of Conftan-
tinople to defpots-, patriarchs, and princes ; and the
like were alfo ufed by the grandees of the Imperial
court, as well as by the kings of France, Sicily, &c.
and by biftiops* patriarchs, and popes. It is to be ob-
ferved, that the leaden bulls of thefe laft had, on one
fide, the name of the pope or bilhop inferibed. P,oly-
dore Virgil makes pope Stephen III. the firft who ufed
leaden bulls, about the year 772. But others find
inftances of them as early as Silvefter, Leo. I. and
Gregory the Great. The latter popes, befide their
own names, ftrike the figures of St Pdter and St Paul
on their bulls; a pra&ice firft introduced by Pope Paf-
chal II. But why, in thefe bulls, the figure of St Paul
is on the right, and that of St Peter on the left fide*
is a queftion which has occafioned manyconjeAures
and difputes.
Waxen Bulls are faid to have been firft brought
into England by the Normans. They were in fre¬
quent ufe among the Greek emperors, who thus fealed
letters to their wives, mothers, and fons. Of thefe
there were twx> forts, one red, and the other green.
BULLAv
B U L t 774 ] B U L
BULLA, or dipper, in zoology, a genus belong- and difeafes, and even means of acqairing glory, and Bullet, j
ing to the order of vermes teftacese- It is an animal of other advantages. The like may perhaps be extended B'dleyn.
to the bullie on doors, which were probably placed v
there as a fecurity to them from being broken or vio¬
lated.
Bull.®: alfo denoted a table hung up in the public
courts, to diftinguilh which days were fafti, and which
nefalfi ; anfwering in fome meafure to our kalendar.
BULLET, an iron or leaden ball or (hot, where¬
with fire arms are loaded. Bullets are call in iron
moulds, confiding of two concave hemifpheres, with a
, ’ the fnail-kind: the (hell confifts of one valve, convo¬
luted, and without any prickles; the aperture is nar-
rowifh, oblong, longitudinal, and entire at the bafe ;
the colomella is fmooth and oblique. There are 23
fpecies; four of them found in the Britilh feas; the relt
chiefly natives of the Afiatic and Atlantic oceans.
BULLvE, in antiquity, a kind of ornaments much
* Uijlory of in ufe among the ancient Romans. Mr Whittaker *
JV?anchejler, is of opinion that they were originally formed of leather
Wd. l.p. 79 among all ranks of people ; and it is certain that they handle whereby to hold them ) and between them is a
hole, called the gate, at which to pour in the melted
metal. The chap* or hemifpheres of bullet-moulds are
firft punched, being blood-red hot, with a round ended
punch, of the (hape and neatly of the fize of the in-
the figure of the fexual parts. It is univerfally afferted tended bullets. To cleanfe the iniides, they make ufe
by the critics, that the bullae were made hollow for the of a bullet bore, which confifts of a fteel (hank, having
continued fo to the laft among the commonalty. He
alfo imagines, that at firft the bulla was intended as an
amulet rather than an ornament; as a proof of which
he tells us that the bullae were frequently impre(fed with
•reception of an amulet ; but this Mr Whittaker con-
tradi&s from the figure of a golden one lately found at
Manchefter, which had no aperture whereby an amu¬
let could have been introduced.—Pliny refers the ori¬
ginal of the bulla to the elder Tarquin, who gave one
with the praetexta to his fon, becaufe at the age of 14
he had with his own hand killed an enemy ; and in
imitation of him it was afterwards affumed by other pa¬
tricians. Others affirm that the bulla w’as given by
that king to the fons of all the patricians who had
borne civil offices. Laftly, others allege that Ro¬
mulus firft introduced the bulla, and gave it to Tul-
lus Hoftilius, the firft child born of the rape of the
Sabines.—As to the form, of the bullae, Mr Whit¬
taker informs us that they were originally made in the
ihape of hearts; but they did not always retain the
form of an heart, any more than they were always
made of leather. As the wealth of the (late and the
riches of individuals increafed, the young patrician di-
ftinguifired himfelf by a bulla of gold, while the com¬
mon people wore the amulet of their anceftors. The fi¬
gure of an heart then became fo generally round, fome
even having the impreffion of an heart upon them, that
there are not many of the original form to be found in
the cabinets of the curious. The form is naturally varied
a globe at one end, wherewith to bore the infide of a
mould clean, and of the intended fize.
BULLEYN (William), a learned phyfician and
botanift, was born in the ifle of Ely, in the former part
of the reign of Henry VIII. and educated at Cam¬
bridge. Botany being his favourite ftudy, he travelled
through various parts of England, Scotland, and Ger¬
many, chiefly with an intention to improve his know¬
ledge in that fcience. In the reign of Edward VI. or
of queen Mary, Mr Bulleyn appears, from his re¬
marks on the natural produdfions of that country, to
have redded at Norwich, or in that neighbourhood, and
alfo to have fpent fome time at Bloxhall in Suffolk;
hut he afterwards removed into the north, and fettled at
Durham, where he praftifed phyfic with confiderablc
reputation and fuccefs. His great patron at this time
was Sir Thomas Hilton, knight, baron of Hilton,
who was governor of Tinmouth caftle in the reign of
Philip and Mary. In 1560, he came to London; and,
foon after his arrival, was accufed by William Hilton
of Bidick, of having murdered his brother Sir Thomas,
our author’s friend and patron. He was arraigned be¬
fore the duke of Norfolk, and honourably acquitted.
This Hilton afterwards hired fome villains to affaffinate-
the dodfor; but this attempt proving ineffedtual, he had
Prom a complete circle to that of a fegment; and this him arrefted on an adlion for debt, and he remained for
•was the (hape of the abovementioned bulla found at
Manchefter. When the youth arrived at 15 years of
age, they hung up their bulke about the necks of their
gods lares. We are further informed, that the bullae
were not only hung about the necks of young men, but
of horfes alfo. We may add, that bulla: were fometimts
allowed to ftatues ; whence the phrafe flatua bullat*.
Bull.® was alfo the denomination given to divers o-
a long time in prifon. During this confinement, Dr
Bulleyn compofed feveral of thofe rvorks which railed
his reputation as a medical writer. He died in January
1576, and was buried in St Giles’s Cripplegate, in the
fame grave with his brother the divine, who died 13
years before, and in which John Fox the martyrologift
was interred 11 years after. Dr Bulleyn appears from
his writings to have been well acquainted with the
ther metalline ornaments made after the fame form; and works of the ancient Greek, Roman, and Arabian phy-
in this fenfe bulLe feem to include all gold and filver or¬
naments of a roundifh form, whether worn on the ha¬
bits of men, the trappings of horfes, or the like. Such
ficians. According to the modern pra&icc, his books,
they generally known, would be of little ufe; but
as he was a man of genius and fertile imagination, they
were thofe decorations ufed by the ancients on their are by no means barren of entertainment. He wrote, :
-doors and belts. The bullae of doors were a kind of The government of health, 1559, 8vo. 2. A regimen a-
large-headed nails faftened on the doors of the rich, and
kept bright with great care. The doors of temples
gainft the pleurify, 8vo. London, 1562. 3. Bulleyn’sbul*
warkof defence againft all ficknes, forenes. and wounds
were fometimes adorned with golden bullae. Mr Ban- thatdooe daily affault mankinde, Londonprinted by John
delot takes the bullae worn by foldiers on their belts to
be fomething more than mere ornaments. They feem
Kingfton, 1562, folio. This includes. The government
of health. 4. A dialogue both pleafaht and pietifull,
$0 have been confidered as prefervations from dangers wherein is a goodlie regimen agaiuft the fever pefti-
5 knee,
B U L L 775 1 BUN
BulliaWus lence, with a confolation and comfort againft death,
Bumic'lii •^'on<^on» I5<^4» ^V0, I5^9» ^v0' Very fcarce. There
. K1'' , is a wooden print of the author prefixed to the firft edi¬
tion of his government of health ; alfo a fmall one en¬
graved by Stukeley in 1722.
BULLIALDUS (Ifmael), an eminent afironomer,
was born at Laon in the ifle of France in 1605. He
travelled in his youth for the fake of improvement; and
afterwards publilhed feveral works, among which are,
I. De natura lucis. 2. Philolaus. 3. /ijlrommia phi-
lolaica, opus nwum, in quo motus planctarum per novam
et veram bypotbefin demonjiranlur. 4 AJlronomiee pbi-
lolaicee fundament a clarius explicata et ajferta adverfus
Zothi Wardi impugnationevt. He alfo wrote a piece or
two upon Geometry and Arithmetic. In 1661, he paid
Hevelius a vifit at Dantzic, for the fake of feeing his
optical and allronomical apparatus. Afterwards he be¬
came a prefbyter at Paris, and died there in 1694.
BULLINGER (Henry), born at Bremgarten in
Swifferland in 1504, was an eminent Zuinglian mini-
iter, a great fupporter of the reformation, and em¬
ployed in many ecclefiaftical negociations. He eompo-
fed many books, one againft Luther in particular. He
died in 1575.
BULLION, uncoined gold or filver in the mafs.
Thofe metals are called fo,‘’either when fmelted from
the native ore, and not perfectly refined; or when they
are perfectly refined, but melted down in bars or in¬
gots, or in any unwrought body, of any degree of
finenefs.
When gold and filver are in their purity, they are
fo foft and flexible, that they cannot well be brought
into any faihion for ufe, without being firft reduced and
hardened with an alloy of feme other bafer metal.
To prevent thefe abufes which fome might be tempt¬
ed to commit in the making'of fuch alloys, the legif-
lators of civilized countries have ordained, that there
fhall be no more than a certain proportion of a bafer
metal to a particular quantity of pure gold or filver, in
order to make them of the finenefs of what is called the
ftandard gold or filver of fuch a country.
According to the laws of England, all forts of
wrought plate in general ought to be made to the le¬
gal ftandard; and the price of our ftandard gold and
filver is the common rule whereby to fet a value on
their bullion, whether the fame be ingots, bars, duft, or
foreign fpecie : whence it is eafy to conceive that the
value of bullion cannot be exadlly known, without be¬
ing firft effayed, that the exadi quantity of pure ^etal
therein contained may be determined, and confequently
whether it be above or below the ftandard.
Silver and gold, whether coined or uncoined (though
ufed for a common meafure of other things), are no lefs
a commodity than wine, tobacco, or cloth ^ and may,
in many cafes, be exported' as much to the national ad¬
vantage as any other commodity.
BULLOCK, the fame with an ox, or gelded bull.
See Bos.
BULTER, a term ufed to denote the refufe of meal
after dreffing, or the cloth wherein it is dreffed, other-
wife called bulter-cloth.
BULWARK, in the ancient fortification. See
Rampart.
BUMICILLI, a religious feft of Mahometans in
Egypt and Barbary, who pretend to fight with devils,
and commonly appear in a fright and covered with Bundle
wounds and bruifes. About the full moon they coun- A.
terfeit a combat in the prefence of all the people, which uiuing‘
lafts for two or three hours, and is performed with affa- ” " ,v~" "'1
gaias, or javelins, till they fall down quite fpent; in a
little time, however, they recover their fpirits, get up,
and walk away.
BUNDLE, acolle&ion of things wrapped up toge¬
ther. Ofbafte-ropes, harnefs. plates, and glovers knives,,
ten make a bundle; of Hamburgh yarn, twenty fkeans;
of bafleet rods, three feet the band.
BUNEL (Peter), a native of Touloufe, was one of
the moft elegant writers of the Latin tongue in the 16th
century, but was ftill more confpicuous for the regula¬
rity of his manners. He did not feek either for riches
or lucrative employments; but, contented with the bare
neceffaries of life, applied himfelf wholly to the im¬
provement of his mind. He died at Turin in 1547,
aged 47 ; erd has left behind him fome Latin epiftles,
which are written with the utmoft purity. The magi-
ftrates of Touloufe have a bull of him in marble, pla¬
ced in their town-houfe. The moft correft edition of
his Letters is that of Henry Stephens in 1581.
BUNGAY, a market-town of Suffolk, fituated on
the river Wavenny, about 32 miles north-eaft of Bury.
E. Long. 1. 35. N. Lat. 52. 35.
RUNIAS, in botany; a genus of the 39th natural
order, Siliquof#, belonging to the tetradynamia clafs of
plants, for which there is no Englilh name. The fili-
cula is deciduous, four-fided, muricated, or fhagreened
with unequal pointed angles. There are eight fpecies;.
all of them annual plants, but none of them poffeffed
of any remarkable property.
BUNIUM, pig-nut, or earth-nut, in botany: A
genus of the digynia order, belonging to the pentan-
dria clafs of plants; and in the natural method ranking
under the 45th order, Umbellatce. The corolla is uni¬
form, the umbel thick, and the fruit ovate! There
is but one fpecies, the bulbocaftaaum, with a glo¬
bular root. This grows naturally in moift paftures
in many parts of Britain. It hath a tuberous folid
root, which lies deep in the ground. The leaves are
finely cut, and lie near the ground. The ftalk rifes a
foot and an half high; is round, channelled, and folid ;
the lower part being naked; but above, where k
branches out, there is one leaf placed below every
branch. The flowers are white, and ftiaped like thofe
of other umbelliferous plants; the feeds are fmall, ob¬
long, and when ripe are channelled. The roots of this
fort are frequently dug up, and by fome people eaten
raw. They have much refembknee in tafte to a chef-
nut, whence the plant obtains the name of bulbocajla-
num.
BUNT of a iSk/ij.the middle part of it, formed de-
fignedly into a Bag or cavity, that the fail may gather
more wind. It is ufed' moflly in top-fails, becaufe
coarfes are generally cut fquare,, or with but fmall al¬
lowance for bunt or compafs. The bunt holds much
leeward wind ; that is, it hangs much to leeward.
Bum-Lines ate fmall lines made faft to the bottom
of the fails, in the middle part of the bolt-rope, to a
cringle, and fo are reeved through a fmall block, feized
to the yard. Their ufe is to trice up the bunt of the
fail for the better furling it up.
BUNTING, in ornithology. See Emberiza.
BUNT,
BUN I 776 ] B U P
Btmting. BUNTINGFORD, a town of Hertfordfture, with
1 a market on Mondays, and two fairs, on June 29th,
liuoy an<^ November 30th, for pedlars ware. It is a good
t —. ‘ . thoroughfare town, but fmall, and is accounted only a
large hamlet. W. Long. o. 6. N.- Lat. 51. 55.
BUNTZEL, or Bunt.zlau, a town of Silefia, in
the duchy of Jauer. The greateft part of the houfes are
built with ftone, and there were formerly-rich mines in
the neighbourhood. It is in the common road to Leip-
fic ; and their trade is earthen ware, of which they make
great quantities. E. Long. 15. 50. N. Lat. 51. 12.
BUNYAN (John), author of the Pilgrim’s Pro-
grefs, was born at Elftow, near Bedford, in 1628. He
was the fon of a tinker ; and, in the early part of his
life, was a great reprobate, and a foldier in the parlia¬
ment army : but being at length deeply ftruck with a
fenfe of his guilt, he laid afide his profligate courfes,
became remarkable for his fobriety, and applied himfelf
to obtain fome degree of learning. About the year
1655, he was admitted a member of a Baptift congre¬
gation at Bedford, and was foon after chofen their
■preacher : but, in 1660, being taken up, and tried for
prefuming to preach, he was cruelly fentenced to per¬
petual baniihment ; and in the mean time committed
■to jail, where neceflity obliged him to learn to make
long-tagged thread-laces for his fupport: to add to his
.diftrefs, he had a wife and feveral children, among
whom was a daughter who was blind. In this unjuft
and cruel confinement he was detained twelve years and
a half, and during that time wrote many of his trafts ;
but he was at length difcharged, by the humane inter-
pofition of Dr Barlow. When king James’s declaration
for liberty of confcience was publifhed, he was chofen
paftor of a congregation at Bedford. He at length died
of the fever at London, on the 31ft of Auguft 1688,
aged 60. He alfo wrote an allegory, called The Holy
War. His Pilgrim's Progrefs has been tranflated into
moft European languages ; and his works have been
collefted together, and printed in two volumes folio.
BUONOCARSI, or Pierino del Vaga. See Pie-
RINO.
BUOY, in fea affairs, a fort of clofe cafk, or block
of wood, faftened by a rope to the anchor, to deter¬
mine the place where the anchor is fituated, that the
fhip may not come too near it, to entangle her cable
about the flock or the flukes of it.
Buoys are of various kinds; as,
Can-Buors •. thefe are in the form of a cone; and
of this conftru&ion are all the buoys which are floated
over dangerous banks and fhallows, as a warning to
pafling fhips, that they may avoid them. They are ex¬
tremely large, that they may be feen at a diftance ; and
are faftened by ftrong chains to the anchors which are
funk for this purpofe at fuch places. See Plate CVIII.
■fig. 6.
Nun-Buors are fhaped like the middle fruftum of
two cones, abutting upon one common bafe, being
x:aflcs, which are large in the middle, and tapering nearly
to a point at each end. Plate CVIII. fig. 7.
Wooden Buoys are folid pieces of timber, fometimes
in the fhape of a cylinder, and fometimes in that of a
nun-buoy ; they are furnifhed with one or two holes,
an which to fix a fhort piece of rope, whofe two ends,
being fpliced together, make a fort of circle or ring
called the Jlrop.
N° 60.
Cable-Buoys, are common calks employed to buoy Buoyant |
up the cables in different places from rocky ground. II . |
In the harbour of Alexandria in Egypt, every fhip is BuP
moored with at leaft three cables, and has three or four
of thefe buoys on each cable for this purpofe.
Slings of the Buoy, the ropes which are faftened
about it, and by which it is hung: they are curioufly
fpliced round it, fomething refembling the braces of a
drum.
To ftream the Buoy, is to let it fall from the fhip’s
fide into the water ; which is always done before they
let go the anchor, that it may not be retarded by the
buoy-rope as it finks to the bottom.
BuoY-Rope, the rope which faftens the buoy to the
anchor : it fhould be little more than equal in length
to the depth of the water where the anchor lies, as it
is intended to float near, or immediately above, the bed
of it, that the pilot may at all times know the fituation
thereof. See Plate XXIX. fig. 1. n° 3. where b is
■the anchor, c the buoy-rope, and ifthe buoy floating
on the furface of the water. The buoy-rope is often
extremely ufeful otherwife, in drawing up the anchor
when the cable is broke. It fhould always, therefore,
be of fufficient ftrength for this purpofe, or elfe the
anchor may be loft through negligence.
Buoy of the Nore, is a buoy placed at the mouth of
the river Thames, to dire ft mariners how to avoid a
dangerous fand.
BUOYANT, fomething which, by its aptnefs to
float, bears up other more ponderous and weighty
things. See Buoy.
BUPALUS, a celebrated fculptor, and native of the
ifland of Chios, was fon, grandfon, and great-grandfon
of fculptors. He had a brother, named Athenis, of the
fame profeffion. They flouriflied in the 60th Olympiad;
and were cotemporary with Hipponax, a poet of an
ugly and defpicable figure. Our fculptors diverted
themfelves in reprefenting him under a ridiculous form.
But Hipponax wrote fo fharp a fatire againft them,
that they hanged themfelves, as fome fay. Pliny, how¬
ever, does not allow this; but fays, on the contrary,
that, after Hipponax had taken his revenge, they made
feveral fine ftatues in feveral places; particularly a Diana
at Chios, which was placed very high, and appeared
with a frowning countenance to thofe that came in, and
with a pleafant one to thofe that went out. There were
feveral ftatues at Rome made by them; and they worked
only in the white marble of the ifle ofParos. Paufanias
mentions Bupalus as a good architeft as well as fculp¬
tor ; but fays nothing of Athenis.
BUPHAGA, in ornithology, a genus belonging tOp'a.e
the order of picae. The beak is ftraight and quadran¬
gular ; the mandibles are gibbous, entire, and the
gibbofity is greater on the outfide. The feet are of
the ambulatory kind. The body is greyifh above, and
of a dirty yellow below; the tail is ftiaped like a wedge.
There is but one fpecies,- viz. the africana, a native of
Senegal. It frequently perches upon oxen, and picks
out the worms from their backs.
BUPHONIA (from ox, faughter), in
antiquity, an Athenian feaft or ceremony, denominated
from a bullock flain therein, with quaint formalities.
For the origin of the buphonia, we are told it was
forbidden by the laws of Attica to kill an ox: but it
once happened, at the feaft of the diipolia, that an ox
1 eat
B U P [7
Buphthal- eat the corn, others fay the cakes, which had been
m'||m dreffed for the facrifice. Thaulon the prieft, enraged
Bupreftis. at this, prefently killed him, and fled for it. On
u—j which the Athenians, fearing the refentment of the
gods, and feigning themfelves ignorant who had com¬
mitted the faff, brought the bloody axe before the
judges, where it was folemnly arraigned, tried, found
guilty, and condemened. And, in memory of this
event, a feaft was inftituted under the denomination of
buphonia. In which it was Hill cuftomary for the prielt
to fly, and judgment to be given about theflaughter
of the ox.
BUPHTHALMUM, ox-eye: A genus of the po-
lygamia fuperflUa order, belonging to the fyngenefia
clafs of plants; and in the natural method ranking
under the 49th order, Compoftla. The receptacle is
paleaceous; the pappus an indifferent rim; the feeds,
efpecially thofe of the radius, emarginated on the fides;
the ftigmata of the hermaphrodite florets undivided.
There are ten fpecies ; of which the following are the
moft remarkable.
Species. 1. The helianthoides, a native of North
America. This hath a perennial root, and an annual
llalk, jvhich rifes fix or eight feet high, garnilhed at
each joint with two oblong heart-fhaped leaves, which
have three longitudinal veins, and the bafe on one/fide
fhorter than the other The flowers come out at the
extremities of the branches, and are of a bright yellow
colour, refembling a fmall fun-flower. 2. The arbo-
refcens, rifes with feveral woody items to the height of
eight or ten feet, garniihed with leaves very unequal
in fize ; fome are narrow and long, others are broad
and obtufe; thefe are intermixed at the fame joint, and
often at the intermediate one ; they are green, and
placed oppofite: The flowers are produced at the ends
of the branches ; they are of a pale yellow colour, and
have fcaly empalements.
Culture. All the fpecies may be propagated by
feeds; and thofe which do not, by parting their roots,
or cutting of their branches. Some of the fpecies are
tender, and require to be raifed on a hot-bed.
BUPLEURUM, hare’s ear, or Thorough-'wax:
A genus of the digynia order, belonging to the pentan-
dria clafs of plants; and in the natural method ranking
under the 45th order, Umbellatte. The irivolucra of
the partial umbels are large in proportion, and penta-
phyllous ; the petals involuted or rolled inwards; the
fruit roundifh, compreffed, and ftriated. The principal
fpecies is the fruticofum or flirubby Ethiopian hart wort.
This rifes with a flirubby ftem, dividing into numerous
Branches, forming a bufliy head five or fix feet high,
adorned with oblong, oval, entire leaves of a pale green
colour, placed alternate, with yellow flowers in umbels
at the ends of the branches, which appear in July and
Auguft, and are fometimes fucceeded by ripe feeds. It
may be propagated by cuttings.
BUPRESTIS, in zoology, a genus of infe&s be¬
longing to the order of coleoptera. The antennas
are fetaceous, and as long as the thorax : The head is
half drawn back within the thorax ; to which may be
added, that the antennse are ferrated: The mouth is
armed with jaws, and furniflied with palpi: The elytra
are margined, and cover the abdomen ; and the tarfi
have five articulations: The feet are faltatorii. There
are 2 7 fpecies of this infedi, moft of them natives of
Vot. III. Part II.
77 1 BUR
the Indies. The French have given the name of Buquoi
Richard to this genus, on account of the beautiful rich II
colours with which moft of the infe&s belonging to it Bi:rdcn-
are adorned. Infe&s of this genus are not common in
England. They are of the richeft fplendor; and fome
appear, when alive, to be united in colour with the re¬
fulgent particles of emeralds, rubies, diamonds, and
gold. Applied to the microfcope, the fplendor is fo
great as to dazzle the eye. The guttata is one of the
moft: oblong fpecies. The whole body is green and
gold, with a bluifh call underneath ; but what diftin-
guifhes it, are four white dents or depreffed fpots that
are feen upon the elytra, two upon each. One of thofe
dots is on the outward rim of the elytrum, about the
middle of it, near the abdomen, and is the larger one.
The other is on the inner edge, clofe to the future,
about three-fourths of that future downwards, and ex-
a&ly oppofite its fellow on the other elytrum. This
latter one is the fmaller. The whole upper part of
the infeft, viewed through a glafs, appears finely
dotted. This fpecies has been found in timber-
yards.
BUQUOI, a town of Artois, in the French Nether¬
lands, fituated on the confines of Picardy. E. Long.
2. 40.. N. Lat. 50. t2.
BUR, a broad ring of iron, behind the place made
for the hand on the fpears ufed formerly in tilting ;
which bur was brought to reft, when the tilter charged
his fpear.
BURBAS, in commerce, a fmall coin at Algiers*
with the arms of the dey ft ruck on both fides: it is
worth half an afper.
BURCHAUSEN, a town of Germany, in the
Lower Bavaria, fituated on the river Saltz. E. Long.
13. 25. N Lat. 48. 5.
BURDEGALA, or Burdigala, (ante, geog.) ; a
trading port town of Aquitania, fituated on a lake of
the fea, formed by the mouth of the Garumna. It
was a famous feat of the Mufes, as appears by Aufo-
nius’s book entitled Profejfores; and birth-place of
Aufonius : Now Bourdeaux, capital of the Bourdelois,
on the river Garonne. W. Long. 40', Lat. 44J 54.
BURDEN, or Burdon, in mufic, the drone or bafs,
and the pipe or firing which plays it : hence that part
of a fong, that is repeated at the end of every ftanza,
is called the burden of it.—A chord which is to be di¬
vided, to perform the intervals of mufic, when open and
undivided, is alfo called the burden.
Burden properly fignifies a heavy weight or load.
Ringelberg recommends the bearing burdens as the
beft fort of exercife ; efpecially to ftrengthen men of
ftudy. To this end, he had a gown lined with plates
of lead, which he could juft lift with both his hands.
This load he bore fix or feven days together, either tn-
creafing or diminiftiing it as he found occafion ; by
which means he could both write and exercife at the
fame time.
Burden alfo denotes a fixed quantity of certain
commodities. A burden of gad-fteel is two fcore, or
120 pounds.
Burden 6f a Ship h its contents, or number of tons
it will carry. The burden of a flrip may be determi¬
ned thus : Multiply the length of the keel, taken with¬
in board, by the breadth of the (hip, within board, ta¬
ken from the midfliip-beam, from plank to plank ; and
5 F multiply
BUR I 778 ] BUR
Burdock multiply the produdt by the depth of the hold, taken
II from the plank below the keelfon, to the under part
. ur^a^e‘, of the upper deck plank ; and divide the laft produft
by 94 : the quotient is the content of the tonnage re¬
quired. See Freight.
BURDOCK, in botany. See Arctium and Xan-
THIUM.
BURELL, or Civita Burrella, a town of Ita¬
ly in the kingdom of Naples, and in Abruzzo Citra,
near the river Sangro. E. Long. 15. 5. N. Lat. 41.
56-
BUREN, a town of the United Provinces, in
Guelderland. It gives the title of count de Buren to
the prince of Orange. E. Long. 5. 22. N. Lat. 52. o.
Buren, a town of Germany, in the circle of Weft-
phalia, and bilhopric of Paderborn. It is feated on
the river Alme, five miles fouth of Paderborn. E.
Long. 8. 25. N. Lat. 51. 35.
BURFORD, a town of Oxfordfhire, feated on an
afcent on the river Windruih, is a handfome place,
chiefly noted for the making of faddles. The Downs
near it, noted for horfe-races, are of great advantage to
the town. Burford is an earldom in the family of St
Albans. It is 23 miles weft-north-weft of Banbury,
and 85 weft of London. W. Long. /. 43. N. Lat.
51. 40.
BURG, Burgh, or Dun. in northern topography.
See Dun. S P 7
Burg, a town of Lincolnfhire, feated in a marfti,
12 miles fouth-eaft of Bofton, and 127 north of Lon¬
don. E. Long. o. 5. N. Lat. 53. 12.
Burg, a town of the Dutch Netherlands, in Zut-
phen, feated on the old Iffel, 18 miles eaft of Nime-
guen. E. Long. 6. 12. N. Lat. 52. o.
BvRG-CaJile, or Borough-Cajile, a fortrefs on the
edge of the county of Suffolk, three miles weft of Yar¬
mouth, where the rivers Yare and Waveny meet. It
was formerly a delightful place; but now only the
ruins of its walls remain, near which Roman coins are
often dug up.
BURGAGE, or Tenure in Burgjge, is where the
king, or other perfon, is lord of an ancient borough,
in which the tenements are held by a rent certain. It
is indeed only a kind of town foccage ; as common foc-
f See Soc- cage f, by which other lands are holden, is ufually of
a rural nature. A borough is diftinguifhed from other
towns by the right of fending members to parliament ;
and where the right of ele&ion is by burgage-tenure,
that alone is a proof of the antiquity of the borough.
Tenure in burgage, therefore, or burgage-tenure, is
where houfes or lands which were formerly the fcite of
houfes in an ancient borough, are held of fome lord in
common foccage, by a certain eftablifhed rent. And
thefe feem to have withftood the Ihock of the Norman
encroachments principally on account of their infigni-
ficancy, which made it not worthwhile to compel them
to an alteration of tenure, as 100 of them put together
waul/d fcarce have amounted to a knight’s fee. Be-
fides, the owners of them, being chiefly artificers, and
perfons engaged in trade, could not with any tolerable
propriety be put on fuch a military eftablifhment as
the tenure in chivalry was. The free foccage, there¬
fore, in which thefe tenements are held, feems to be
plainly a remnant of Saxon liberty; which may alfo
account for the great variety of cuftoms affedling ma¬
ny of thefe tenements fo held in ancient burgage j the
principal and moft remarkable of which is that called Burgau
Borough-Englijb. See the article Borough-Englifh. H
BURGAU, in natural hiftory, the name of a large BurgfaV^
fpecies of fea-fnail, of the lunar or round-mouthed kind. ^
It is very beautifully lined with a coat, of the nature
of the mother of pearl; and the artificers take this out,
to ufe under the name of mother of pearl, though fome
call it after the name of the ftiell they take it from,
burgaudine.
BURGAUDINE, the name given by the French
artificers to what we call mother of pearl. In their
works, they do not ufe the common nacre- ftiell for this,
but the lining of the American burgau. Hence fome
call the mother of pearl burgaudine, and others the bur- •
gaudine mother of pearl.
BURGDORF, a handfome and pretty large town
of Switzerland, in the canton of Bern, feated on an e-
minence. The river Emma is about a piftol-ftiot from
the town; and as it often changes its bed, it frequent¬
ly does a great deal of mifchief. It runs at the foot
of a rock of a prodigious height, and there is a ftone-
bridge over it. Near the town there is a fulphureous
fpnng which fupplies their baths with water, which is
good againft paliies and difeafes of the nerves. E.
•Long- 7- 35- N. Lat. 47. 6.
BURGEON, in gardening, a knot or button put
forth by the branch of a tree in the fpring. The word
is formed from the French bourgeon, which fignifies
the fame, formed from the Latin burrio, of hurra.
Bourgeon amounts to the fame with wfcat is otherwife
called eye, bud, or germ. Frofts are chiefly dangerous
when the burgeons begin to appear. The burgeons
have the fame Ikin, fame pith, fame ligneous body,
and the fame infertions as the ftalk ; that is, all the
parts are the fame in both, only more contra&ed in
the former.
BURGESS, an inhabitant of a borough, or walled
town, or one who poffeffes a tenement therein. The
word is alfo applied to the magiftrates of fome towns ;
as the bailiff and burgelfes of Leominlter.
Anciently, burgeffes were held in great contempt;
being reputed fervile, bafe, and unfit for war; fo that
the gentry were not allowed to intermarry in their fa¬
milies, or fight with them ; but, in lieu thereof, were
to appoint champions. A burgefs’s fon was reputed
of age, when he could difthaiy count money, meafure
cloth, &c.
Burgess is now ordinarily ufed for the repre-
fentative of a borough-town in parliament. Bur¬
geffes are fuppofed to reprefent the mercantile part
or trading intereft of the nation. They were for¬
merly allowed, by arate eftabliftiedin the reign of Ed¬
ward III. two (hillings a day as wages. It is much
to be regretted, that the members for boroughs bear
above. a quadruple proportion to thofe for counties.
The right of ele&ion of burgeffes depends on feveral
local charters and cuftoms : though, by 2 Geo. II. c.
24. the right for the future ftiall be allowed according
to the laft determination of the houfe of commons con¬
cerning it: and by 3 Geo. III. c. 15. no freeman, ex¬
cept fuch as claim by birth, fervitude, or marriage, ftiaft
be intitled to vote, unlefs he hath been admitted to
his freedom twelve months before. No perfon is eli¬
gible as a burgefs, who hath not a clear cftate of L. 300
a-year.
SURGGRAVE, properly denotes the hereditary
governor
BUR E 779 3 BUR
Burgh governor of a caflle, or fortified town, chiefly in Ger-
_ II many. The word is compounded of bourg, town, and
. Ur^ ary' graf, or grave count. The burggraves were originally
the fame with what we otherwife call cajiellans, or co¬
mites cajidlani ; but their dignity was confiderably ad¬
vanced under Rudolph of Hapiburgh; before his time
they were ranked only as counts, and below the prin¬
ces, but under him began to be efteemed on a footing
with princes. In fome parts, the dignity is much de¬
generated, efpecially in the palatinate. There were
formerly, according to Leti, fifteen families who en¬
joyed the title of burggraves, thirteen of which are now
extinft. But this is differently reprefented by others.
In Bohemia the title of burggrave is given to the chief
officer, or to him that commands in quality of viceroy.
In Priifiia, the burggrave is one of the four chief of¬
ficers of the province. In Guelderland, the burggrave
of Nimeguen is prefident of the flates of the province.
BURGH. See Borough.
Burgh, or Dun. See Dun.
j9usGH-.50tefignifiesacontribution towards the build¬
ing or repairing of caflles, or walls, for the defence of
a borough or city.
By the law of king Athelftan, the caflles and walls
of towns were to be repaired, and burgh-bote levied
every year within a fortnight after rogation days. No
perfon whatever was exempt from this fervice; the king
himfelf could not exempt a man from burgh-bote: yet,
in after times, exemptions appear to have been fre¬
quently granted ; infomuch, that, according to Cowel,
the word burgh-bote came to be chiefly ufed to denote
not the fervice but the liberty or exemption from it.
BuRGti-Breche, or brech, a fine impofed on the com¬
munity of a town, or burgh, for the breach of peace
among them.
Bvrgh Mails, were yearly payments to the crown of
Scotland, introduced by Malcolm III. and refembling
the FEE-fann rente of burghs in England. See Mail.
BvRGH-MaJler, an officer in the tin-mines, who di-
refts and lays out the meers for the workmen, 6?c.
otherwife denominated bailiff and bar-mafter.
BURGHERMASTERS. See Burgomaster.
BURGHMOTE, the court of a borough. By the
laws of king Edgar, the burghmote was to be held
thrice in the year ; by thofe of Henry I. f 2 times.
BURGLARY, or nocturnal house-breaking,
(burgi latrocinium,) which by the ancient Englifh law
was called hamefucken, a word alfo ufed in the law
of Scotland, but in a fomewhat different fenfe, has
always been looked upon as a very heinous offence : not
« only becaufe of the abundant terror it carries with it,
but alfo as it is a forcible invafion and diflurbance of
that right of habitation which every individual might
acquire even in a ftate of nature; an invafion which,
in fuch a ftate, would be fure to be punifhed with
death, unlefs the affailant were ftronger. But, in civil
fociety, the laws come in to the affiftance of the weaker
party: and, befides that they leave him this natural
right of killing the aggreflbr if he can, they alfo pro-
tedl and avenge him in cafe the affailant is too power¬
ful. And the law has fo particular and-tender a regard
to the immunity of a man’s houfe, that it ftyles it his
cajile, and will never fuffer it to be violated with im¬
punity ; agreeing herein with the fentiments of ancient
Rome. For this reafon no outward doors can in gene¬
ral be broken open to execute any civil procefs; though Burglary,
in criminal caufes the public fafety fuperfedes the pri-  v—
vate *. Hence alfo in part arifes the animadverfion of« See the
the law upon eaves-droppers, nufancers, and incendia- article Ar*
ries: and to this principle it muft be affigned, that a^-
man may affemble people together lawfully (at leaft
if they do not exceed 11), without danger of raifing
3 riot, rout, or unlawful affembly, in order to proteft
his houfe ; which he is not permitted to do in any 0-
ther cafe.
The definition of a burglar, as given us by Sir Ed¬
ward Coke, is, “ he that by night breaketh and enter-
eth into a manfion houfe, with intent to commit a fe¬
lony.” In this definition there are four things to be
confidered; the time, the place, the manner, and the
intent.
x. The time muft be by night, and not by day ; for
in the day-time there is no burglary; i. e. if there be
day-light or crepufculum enough, begun or left, to dif-
cern a man’s face withal. But this does not extend to
moonlight; for then many midnight burglaries would
go unpunifhed : and befides, the malignity of the offence
does not confift fo much in its being done in the dark,
as at the dead of night; when all the creation, except
beafts of prey, are at reft ; when fleep has difarmed the
owner, and rendered his caftle defencelefs.
2. As to the place. It muft be, according to Sir
Edward Coke’s definition, in a manfion-houfe: for no
diftant barn, warehoufe, or the like, are under the »
fame privileges, nor looked upon as a man’s caftle of
defence ; nor is a breaking open of houfes wherein no
man refides, and which for the time being are not
manfion-houfes, attended with the fame circumftances
of midnight terror. A houfe, however, wherein a man
fometimes refides, and which the owner hath left only
for a fhort feafon, animo revertendi, is the objedl of
burglary, though no one be in it at the time of the
fadt committed. And if the barn, liable, or ware¬
houfe, be parcel of the manfion-houfe, though not un¬
der the fame roof or contiguous, a burglary may be
committed therein ; for the capital houfe protects and
privileges all its branches and appurtenants, if within
the curtilage or homeftall. A chamber in a college,
or an inn of court, where each inhabitant hath a di-
ftindl property, is, to all other purpofes as well as this,
the manfion-houfe of the owner. So alfo is a room or
lodging in any private houfe, the manfion for the time
being of the lodger j if the owner doth not himfelf
dwell in the houfe, or if he and the lodger enter by dif¬
ferent outward doors. But if the owner himfelf lies in
the houfe, and hath but one outward door at which he
and his lodgers enter, fuch lodgers feem only to be in¬
mates, and all their apartments to be parcel of the one
dwelling-houfe of the owner.
3. As to the manner of committing burglary: there
muft be both a breaking and an entry to complete it.
But they need not be both done at once ; for if a hole
be broken one night, and the fame breakers enter the
next night through the fame, they are burglars. There
muft be an adtual breaking; as, at leaft, by breaking
or taking out the glafs of, or otherwife opening, a win¬
dow ; picking a lock, or opening it with a key ; nay,
by lifting up the latch of a door, or unloofing any other
faftening which the owner has provided. But if a per¬
fon leaves his doors or windows open, it is his own folly jr
5 F 2 and
BUR [ 780 ] BUR
Burglary and negligence j and if a man enters therein, it is no
II burglary; yet, if he afterwards unlocks an inner or
■ u ^00‘ , chamber door, it is fo. But to come down a chimney
is held a burglarious entry ; for that is as much clofed
as the nature of things will permit. So alfo, tp knock
at a door, and, upon opening it, to rufh in with a felo¬
nious intent; or, under pretence of taking lodgings to
fall upon the landlord and rob him ; or to procure a
conltable to gain admittance in order to fearch for trai¬
tors, and then to bind the‘conftable and rob the houfe ;
all thefe entries have been adjudged burglarious, though
there was no a&ual breaking : for the law will not fuf-
fer itfelf to be trifled with by fuch evafrons, efpecially
under the cloak of legal procefs. As for the entry, any
the lead degree of it, with any part of the body, or
with an inftrument held in the hand, is fufficient: as,
to llep over the threflrold, to put a hand or hook in at
a window to draw out goods, or a piftol to demand
one’s money, are all of them burglarious entries. The
entry may be before the breaking, as well as after ; for
by ftatute 12 Anne c. 7. if a perfon enters into the
dwelling houfe of another, without breaking in either
by day or by night, with an intent to commit felony,
or, being in fuch houfe, fhall commit any felony ; and
fhall in the night break out of the lame ; this is-declared
to be burglary.
4. As to the intent; it is clear that fuch breaking
and entry mud be with a felonious intent, otherwife it
is only a trefpafs. And it is the fame, whether fuch
iatention be actually carried into execution, or only de-
mondrated by fome attempt or overt aft, of which the
jury is to judge.
Burglary is a felony at common law, but within the
benefit of clergy. Burglary in any houfe belonging to
the plate-glafs company, with intent to deal the dock
or utenfils, is by datute 1 3 Geo III. c. 38. declared4o
be Angle felony, and punifhed with tranfportation fe-
yen years.
BURGOMASTER, Burghermaster, Bourger-
ntejier, or Burgmejier, the chief magidrate of the
great towns in Elanders, Holland, and Germany. The
power and jurifdiftion of the burgomader is not the
fame in all places, every town having its particular cu-
ftoms and regulations at Amderdam there are four
chofcn by the voices of all thofe people in the fenate
who have either been burgomaders or echevins. They
difpofe of all under offices that fall in their time, keep
the key of the bank, and enjoy; a falary but of 500
guildres; all feads, public entertainments, &c. being
defrayed o.ut of the common treafury. The word is
formed from the two Elemifh words, borger, hurgefs, cr
citizen ; and mefier, maffer. Some txprefs it in Latin
by confut, others by fenator.—Nl. Bruneau obferves,
that burgherm'afier in Holland,.anfwers to what is cal¬
led alderman and Jheriff in England, attorney at
Gompeigne, capitoul at Thclaufe, conful at Languedoc,
&c.
BURGOO, or Burgout, a fea-fanng diftr, made
of whole oatmeal, or groats, boiled in water till they
burd then mixed with butter. It is a cheap and
drengthening diet, Burgoo, othevwife called loblolly^
is held by Cockburn very proper to correft that thick-
nefs of humours and codivenefs to which the other diet
of failors much difpofes them. Yet the burgoo vic¬
tualling is the lead liked of all their providons, becaufe
of the fcanty allowance of butter to it. The fame Burgo*
author thinks it might be worth the confideration of Bu^a]
thofe to whom the care of the feamen is commit-,
ted, to contrive to render this food more agreeable to
them.
BURGOSf a city of Spain, the capital of Old Ca-
dile, with an aichbifhop’s fee, erefted in 1574. It is
furrounded with mountains, which render the air very
cold nine months in the year, and the other three ex-
ceffive hot. It is feated on the declivity of a hill, on
the top of which there is a drong cadle, and the lower
part of the town is watered by the river Alangon. The
principal avenue to the city is by a handfome bridge
over this river, which leads: to a beautiful gate, adorn¬
ed with the datues of feveral kings of Spain. The
town is large and populous ; but the houfes are il] built,,
and the dreets are narrow and dirty, except fome few,
efpecially that which leads to the cathedral. There are
feveral fquares, adorned with fountains and datues^
The great fquare in the middle of the city is furround¬
ed with fine houfes, with piazzas to each. The cathe¬
dral church is a mader-piece of Gothic architefture,.
and one of the fined in all Spain. The church of the
Augudines is remarkable for its beautiful and rich cha¬
pel of the holy crucifix. There are feveral fine con¬
vents and nunneries; one of which lad contains'150
nuns, who mud all He of noble extraftion. They have
likewife a royal hofpital, very richly endowed ; and at
this place they fpeak the bed Cadilian, that is, the pu-
red Spaniih in the kingdom. W. Long. 4. 7. N. Lat.
42. 20.
BURjGUNDIONES, a part or branch of the Vin-
dili or Wandili. Gluverius places them about the-
Warta, a river of Poland : though the conjeftures on
the feat of thefe people are doubtful; and .no wonder,
becaufe the Roman expeditions terminated at the Elbe..
They afterwards removed to the Gifalbin, Germany*
and at length to Celtic Gaul, and gave name to the
duchy and county of Burgundy.
BURGUNDY, a province or government of France.
It contains, befides the government of Burgundy, La
Brede, La Bugy, and the diflrift of Gex ; having
Champagne on the north, Lyounois on the fouth.
Tranche Comte on the ead, and Nivernois and Bour-
bonnois on the wed. Its length from north to fouth
is about 45 leagues, and its breadth from ead to wed
about 30. It is very fertile in corn, wine, fruit, and
tobacco; being watered by the Seine, the Dehune
which falls into the Soane, the Brebince or Bourbince,
the Armanjon, the Oucke, and the Tide. There are
fome noted mineral fprings in it, with fubterraneous
lakes, and plenty of ochre. For a long time it had.
dukes of its own,- fubordinate to the crown of France ;
but at lad, Louis XI. upon the failure of the heirs male,,
feized upon it, and annexed it to his crown. The whole
government lies within the jurifdiftion of the parlia- ■»
ment of Burgundy, except a fmall part that is fubjtft
to that of Paris. The dates meet regularly every three
years, to raife the money required of them by the court.
The principal places are Dijon, Auxerre, Autun,.
Bourbon, L’Ancy, &c.
BURIAL, the interment of a deceafed perfon.
The rites of burial are looked upon in all countries,,
and at all times, as a debt fo facred, that fuch as ne-
glefted to difeharge it were thought accurfed : hence
the
BUR [ 781 1 BUR
the Romans called them jufla, asd the Greeks »»/-«-
,«a, Jixaiot.oo-ia, words implying the inviolable obliga¬
tions which nature has laid upon the living to take
care of the obfequies of the dead. Nor are we to
wonder, that the ancient Greeks and Romans were ex-
trerntdy felicitous about the interment of their deceafed
friends, fince they were llrongly perfuaded, that their
fouls could not be admitted into the Elyfian fields till
their bodies were committed to the earth; and if it hap¬
pened that they never obtained the rites of burial, they
were excluded from the happy manfions for the term
of 100 years. For this reafon it was confidered as a
duty incumbent upon all travellers who fhould meet
with a dead body in their way, to cad dull or mould
upon it three times; and of thefe three handfuls one
at lead was cad upon th$ head. The ancients likewife
confidered it as a great misfortune if they were not^laid
in the fepulchres of their fathers; for which reafon,
fuch as died in foreign countries^ had ufually their adres
brought home, and interred with thefe of their ance-
dors. But notwithdanding their great care in the
burial of the dead, there were fome perfons whom
they thought unworthy of that lad office, and to whom
therein they refufed it: fuch were, l. Eublic or pri¬
vate enemies. 2. Such as betrayed or confpired againd
their country. 3. Tyrants, who were always looked
upon as enemies to their country. 4. Villains guilty
of facrilege. 5. Such as died in debt,, whofe bodies be¬
longed to their creditors. And, 6 Some particular
offenders, who fuffered capital punidtment.
Of thofe who were allowed the rites of burial, fome
were didinguifhed by particular circumdances of dif-
grace attending their interment: thus perfons killed
by lightning were buried apart by themfelves, being
thought odious to the gods; thofe who waded their
patrimony, forfeited the right of being buried in the
fepulchres of their fathers ; and thofe who were guilty
of felf-murder were privately depofited in the ground,
without the accudomed folemnities. Among the Jews,
the privilege of burial was denied only to felf-murder-
ers, who were thrown out to rot upon the ground. In
the Chridian church, though good men always defired
the privilege of interment, yet they were not, like the
heathens, fo concerned for their bodies, as to think it
any detriment to them, if either the barbarity of an
enemy, or fome other accident, deprived them of this
privilege. The primitive Chridian church denied the
more folemn rites of burial only to unbaptized perfons,
felf-murderers, and excommunicated perfons who con¬
tinued obdinate and impenitent, in a manifeft contempt
©f the cimrch’s cenfures.
The place of burial among the Jews was never par¬
ticularly determined. We find they had graves in the
town and country, upon the highways, in gardens, and
upon mountains. Among the Greeks, the temples were
made repofitories'for the dead in the primitive ages;
yet the general cudom in latter ages, with them, as
well as with the Romans and other heathen nations,
was to bury their dead without their cities, and chiefly
by the highways.. Among the primitive Chridians, bu¬
rying in cities was not allowed for the fird 300 years,
nor in churches for many ages after, the dead bodies
being fird depofited in the atrium or churchyard, and
porchts and porticos of the church: hereditary bury-
ing-places were forbidden till the 12 th century. As to
the time of burial, with all the ceremonies accompany- BurkK
ing it, fee the article FuNKRAL-Rites. li
BURICK, a town of Germany, in the circle of ^ur e
Wedphalia, and duchy of Cleves, fubjeft to the king
of Pruffia. It was taken by the French in 1672, who
demolifhed the fortifications. It is agreeably feated on
the river Rhine, over againd Wefel, in E. Long. 6. 8.
N. Lat. 51. 38.
BURIDAN (John), a native of Bethune, in Artois,
wa^ one of the mod celebrated philofophers of the 14th
century. He taught in-the univerfity of Paris with
great reputation ; and wrote commentaries on logic,
morality, and Aridotle’s metaphyfics. Aventinus re¬
lates, that he was a difciple of Ockam ; and that, be¬
ing expelled Paris by the power of the Realids, which
was fuperior to that of the Nominalids, he went into-
Germany, where he founded the univerfity of Vienna.
From him came the proverb of the' afs of Buridan, fo
famous in the.fchocls. Buridan fuppofed an hungry
afs fixed at an exadlly equal didance between two bu-
drels of oats; or an afs, as much preffed by third as
hunger, between a bulhel of oats and a pail of v.%ter,
each of them adling equally on his fenfes. Having
made this fuppofition, he delired to know what the afs
would do? If he was anfwered that he would remain
immoveable, then he soncluded he would die of hunger
between two budiela of oats, or of both hunger and
third, with both corn and water within his reach. This
Appeared abi'urd, and brought the laugher on his lide;
but if it was replied, that the afs would not be fo ftu-
pid as to die of hunger or third in fuch a fituation.
Then (faid he), the.afs has free will, or is it polfible
that of two equal weights one fhould outweigh the o-
ther ? Thefe two confequencfis appeared equally ab-
furd ; and thus Buridan, by this fophifm, perplexed,
the philofophers, and his afs became famous in the
fchools.
BURKITT (William), a celebrated commentator
on the New Tedament, was born at Hitcham in North-
amptonfliire, July z^th 1650, and educated at Pem¬
broke-hall, Cambridge. He entered young upon the
minidry, being ordained by bifhop Reynolds: and the '
fird employment which he had was at Milden in Suf¬
folk, where he continued 21 years a condant preacher,,
fird as a curate, and afterwards as reftor of that
church. In the year 1692, he had a call to the vicar¬
age of Dedham in Effex, where he continued to the
time of his death, which happened in the latter end of
October 1.703. He was a pious and charitable man.
He made great collections for the French Protedants
in the years 1687, &c. and by his great care, pains,
and charges, procured a worthy minider to go and
fettle in Carolina. Among other charities, by his lad
will and tedament, he bequeathed the houfc wherein
he lived, with the lands thereunto belonging, to be an
habitation for the leftnrer that fhould be chofen from
time to time, to read the. lethire at Dedham. Befides
his Commentary upon the New Tedament, written in
the fame plain, practical, and affeftionate manner in
which he preached, he wrote a volume, entitled, Tke
poor man’s help, and rich man’s guide.
BURLAW. See Br-Lasw.
BURLEIGH. See Cecil.
BURLESQUE, a fpecies of compofition, which,
though a great engine of ridicule, is.not confined to-
that.
BUR
[ 782 ]
BUR
Burlefijue that fubjeft ; for it is clearly diftinguifhable into bur- ofhisfather, was inftfufted by him in the Latin tongue: Burnet.
Burnet t^at exc‘tes laughter merely, and burlefque that at ten years of age he was fent to continue his {Indies ' 
excites derifion or ridicule. A grave fubjeft, in which at Aberdeen, and was admitted M. A. before he was
there is no impropriety, may be brought down by a
certain colouring fo as to be rifible, as in Virgil tra-
•veftie; the author hiftlaughsat every turn, in order to
make his readers laugh. The Lutrin is a burlefque
poem of the other fort, laying hold of a low and trifling
incident to expofe the luxury, indolence, and conten¬
tious fpirit, of a fet of monks. Boileau, the author,
turns the fubjedt into ridicule, by drelTxng it in the he-
14. His own inclination led him to the ftudy of the
civil and feudal law; and he ufed to fay, that it was
from this fludy he had received more juft notions con¬
cerning the foundations of civil fociety and government,
than thofe which fome divines maintain. About a year
after, he changed his mind, and began to apply to di¬
vinity, to the great fatisfaftlon of his father. He was
admitted preacher before he was 18; and Sir Alexander
roic ftyle, and affedting to confider it as of the utmoft Burnet, his coufm-german, offered him a benefice j but
dignity and importance. Though ridicule is the poet’s he refufed to accept of it.
aim, he always carries a grave face, and never once be¬
trays a fmile. The oppofition between the fubjeft and
the manner of handling it, is what produces the ridi¬
cule ; and therefore, in a compofition of this kind, no
image profeffedly ludicrous ought to have quarter, be-
caufe fuch images deftroy the contrail.
In t66$, about two years after the death of his fa¬
ther, he came into England'; and after fix months
ftay at Oxford and Cambridge, returned to Scotland ;
which he foon left again to make a tour for fome
months, in 1664, in Holland and France. At Amfter-
dam, by the help of a Jewiflt rabbi, he perfedled him-
Though the burlefque that aims at ridicule produces felf in the Hebrew language ; and likewife became
its effe&s by elevating the ftyle far above the fubjeft;
yet the poet ought to confine himfelf to fuch images as
are lively, and readily apprehended. A {trained eleva¬
tion, foaring above the ordinary reach of fancy, makes
not a pleafant impreffion. The mind is foon difgufted
by being kept long on the ftretch. Machinery may be
employed in a burlefque poem, fuch as the Lutrin, the
acquainted with the leading men of the different per-
fuafions tolerated in that country; as Calvinifts, Ar-
minians, Lutherans, Anabaptifts, Brownifts, Papifts,
and Unitarians; amongft each of which he ufed fre¬
quently to declare, he met with men of fuch unfeigned
piety and virtue, that he became fixed in a ftrong
principle of univerfal charity, and an invincible abhor-
Diipenfary, ot Hudibras, with more fuccefs and pro- rence of all feverities on account of religious diffen-
priety than in any other fpecies of poetry. For bur- fions.
iefque poems, though they aflume the air of hiftory,
give entertainment chiefly by their pleafant and ludi¬
crous pidlures: it is not the aim of fuch a poem to raife
fympathy; and for that reafon, a ftridt imitation of na¬
ture is not neceffary. And hence, the more extrava¬
gant the machinery in a ludicrous poem, the more en¬
tertainment it affords.
BURLINGTON, afea-port town in the call riding
of Yorkfture, fituated on the German ocean, about 37
miles north-eaft pf York. E. Long. 10. and N. Lat.
54. 15. It gave the title of earl to a branch of the
noble family of Boyle, but the earldom is now ex-
tinft.
Nenxy Burlington, the capital of New-Jerfey, in
'North America; fituated in an ifland of Delawar river,
about 20 miles north of Philadelphia. W. Long. 74. o.
N, Lat. 40. 40.
BURMAN (Francis), a Proteftant minifter, and
learned profeffor of divinity at Utrecht, was born at
Leyden in 1628 ; and died on the 10th of November
*679, after having publilhed a courfe of divinity, and
feveral other works.
Upon his return from his travels, he was admitted
minifter of Salton ; in which ftation he ferved five
years in the moft exemplary manner. He drew up a
memorial, in which he took notice of the * principal
errors in the conduct of the Scots biftiops, which he
obferved not to be conformable to the primitive infti-
tution ; and fent a copy of it to feveral of them. This
expofed him to their refentments: but, to {how he was
not aftuated with a fpirit of ambition, he led a retired
courfe of life for two years ; which fo endangered his
health, that he was obliged to abate his exceflive ap¬
plication to ftudy. In 1669, he publiftied his “ Mo-
deft and free conference between a conformift and non-
conformift.” He became acquainted with the duchefs
of Hamilton, who communicated to him all the papers
belonging to her father and her uncle ; upon which he
drew up the “ Memoirs of the dukes of Hamilton.”
The duke of Lauderdale, hearing he was about this
work, invited him to London, and introduced him to
king Charles II. He returned to Scotland, and mar¬
ried the lady Margaret Kennedy, daughter of the earl
of Caffilis ; a lady of great piety and knowledge, highly
He is not to be confounded with Francis Burman^ by the prefbyterians, to whofe fentiments Ihe
his fon ; or with Peter Burman, a laborious commen¬
tator on PKaedrus, Lucan, Petronius, and other pro¬
fane authors, who died in 1741.
BURN, in medicine and furgery, an injury received
in any part of the body by fire. See Surgery.
BURNET (Gilbert), bifliop of Salilbury in the lat¬
ter end of the 16th century, was born at Edinburgh,
in 1643, an ancient family in the {hire of Aberdeen.
His father being bred to the law, was, at the reftora-
was ftrongly inclined. As there was fome difparity
in their ages, that it might remain paft difpute that
this match was wholly owing to inclination, and not
to avarice or ambition, the day before their marriage
our author delivered the lady a deed, whereby he re¬
nounced all pretenfions to her fortune, which was very
confiderable, and muft otherwife have fallen into his
hands, fire herfelf having no intention to fecure it. The
fame year he publiftied his “ Vindication of the autho-
tion of king Charles II. appointed one of the lords of rity, conftitution, and laws of the church and ftate of
feftion, with the title of lord Crimond, in reward for his Scotland which at that juncture was looked upon
conftant attachment to the royal party during the trou- as fo great a fervice, that he was again offered a biftiop-
bles of Great Britain. Our author, the youngeft fon ric, and a promife of the next vacant archbilhopric;
but
BUR [7
Burnet, but did not accept of it, becaufe he could not approve
—"v ' of the meafures of the court, the grand view of which
he faw to be the advancement of popery.
Mr Burnet’s intimacy with the duke of Hamilton
and Lauderdale occafxoned him to be frequently fent
for by the king and the duke of York, who had con-
verfations with him in private. But Lauderdale con¬
ceiving a referrtment againft him on account of the
freedom with which he fpoke to him, reprefented at
laft to the king, that Dr Burnet was engaged in an
oppofition to his meafures. Upon his return to Lon¬
don, he perceived that thefe fuggeftions had entirely
thrown him out of the king’s favour, though the duke
of York treated him with greater civility than ever,
and diffuaded him from going to Scotland. Upon this,
he refilgned his profeflorihip at Glafgow, and ftaid at
London. About this time the living at Cripple-gate
being vacant, the dean and chapter of St Paul’s (in
whofe gift it was), hearing of his circumdances, and
the hardlhips he had undergone, fent him an offer of
the benefice ; but as he had been informed of their firft
intention of conferring it on Dr Fowler, he generoufly
declined it. In 1675, at recommendation of lord
Hollis, whom he had known in France, ambaffadorat
that court, he was, by Sir Herbottle Grimftone, matter
of the rolls, appointed preacher of the chapel there,
notwithftanding the oppofition of the court. * He was
foon after chofen a lecturer of St Clement’s, and be¬
came one of the preachers that were moll followed in
town. In 1697, he publilhed his Hijiory of the re¬
formation, for which he had the thanks of both houfes
of parliament. The firft part of it was publilhed in
1679, and the fecond in 1681. Next year he pub¬
lilhed an abridgement of thefe two parts.
Mr Burnet about this time happened to be fent for
to A woman in fickncfs, who had been engaged in an
amour with the earl of Rochefter. The manner in
which he treated her during her illnefs, gave that lord
a great curiofity for being acquainted with him.
Whereupon, for a whole winter, he fpent one evening
in a week with Dr Burnet, who difcourfed with him
upon all thofe topics upon which fceptics and men of
loofe morals attack the Chriftian religion. The happy
effeft of thefe conferences occafioned the publication
of his account of the life and death of that earl. In
1682, when the adminiftration was changed in favour
of the duke of York, being much reforted to by per-
fons of all ranks and parties, in order to avoid return¬
ing vifits, he built a laboratory, and went for above a
year through a courfe of chemical experiments. Not
long after, he refufed a living of 300I. a-year offered
him by the earl of Elfex, on the terms of his not re¬
fitting there, but in London. When the inquiry con¬
cerning the popilh plot was on foot, he was frequently
fent for and confulted by king Charles with relation to
the Hate of the nation. His majefty offered him the
bifhopric of Chichefter, then vacant, if he would en¬
gage in his interefts; but he refufed to accept it on
thefe terms. He preached at the Rolls till 1684,
when he was difmiffed by order of the court. About
this time he publittied feveral pieces.
On king James’s acceffion to the throne, having ob¬
tained leave to go out of the kingdom, he firft went
to Paris, and lived in great retirement, till contra&ing
an. acquaintance with brigadier Stouppe, a Proteftant
83 ] BUR
gentleman in the French fervice, he made a tour with Burnet,
him into Italy. He met with an agreeable reception *—
at Rome. Pope Innocent II. hearing of our author’s
arrival, fent the captain of the Swifs guards to acquaint
him he would give him a private audience in bed, to a-
void the ceremony of kiffing his holinefs’s flipper.
But Dr Burnet excufed himfelf as well as he could.
Some difputes which our author had here concerning
religion, beginning to be taken notice of, made it
proper for him to quit the city ; which,, upon an in¬
timation given him by prince Borghefe, he accordingly
did.
He purfued his travels through Switzerland and Ger¬
many. In 1688,.he came to Utrecht, with an in¬
tention to fettle in fome of the feven provinces. There
he received an invitation from the prince and princefs
of Orange (to whom their party in England had re¬
commended him) to come to the Hague, which he-
accepted. He was foon made acquainted with the fe-
cret of their counfels, and advifed the fitting out of a
fleet in Holland fufficient to fupporr their defigns and
encourage their friends. This, and the Account of his
travels, in which he endeavoured to blend Popery and
tyranny together, and reprefent them as infeparable,
with fome papers refle&ing on the proceedings of Eng¬
land, that came out in fingle ftieets, and were dif-
perfed in feveral parts of England, moft of which Mr
Burnet owned himfelf the author of, alarmed king
James; and were the occafion of his writing twice
againft: him to the princefs of Orange, and infilling,
by his ambaflador, on his being forbid the court
which, after much importunity, was done, though he
continued to be trufted and employed as before, the
Dutch miniller confulting him daily. To put an end
to thefe frequent conferences with the minifters, a pro-
fecution for high treafon was fet on foot againft him
both in England and Scotland. But Burnet receiving
the news thereof before it arrived at the States, he a-
voided the ftorm, by petitioning, for, and obtaining
without any difficulty, a bill of naturalization, in order
to his intended marriage with Mary Scot, a Dutch
lady of confiderable fortune, who, with the advan¬
tage of birth, had thofe of a fine perfon and under-
ftandiag.
After his marriage with this lady, being legally un¬
der the proteftion of Holland, when Mr Burnet found:
king James plainly fubverting the conllitution, he o-
mitted no method to fupport andpromote the defign
the prince of Orange had formed of delivering Great
Britain, and came over with him in quality of chap¬
lain. He was foon advanced to the fee of Salilbury.
He declared for moderate meafures with regard to the
clergy who fcrupled to take the oaths, and many were
difpleafed with him for declaring for the toleration of
nonconformifts. His palloral letter concerning the
oaths of allegiance and fupremacy to king William and
queen Mary, 1689, happening to touch upon the right
of conqueft, gave fuch offence to both houfes of parlia¬
ment, that it was ordered to be burnt by the hands of
the common executioner. In idgS he loft his wife by
the fmall-pox ; and, as he was almoft immediately af¬
ter appointed preceptor to the duke of. Gloucefter, in
whofe education he took great care, this employment,,
and the tender age of his children, induced him the fame
year to fupply her lofs by a marriage with Mrs Berke.-
BUR [ 784 ] B U R
ly, eld eft daughter of Sir Richard Blake, knight. In
1699 pnblifhed his Expofition of the 39 articles;
which occafioned a reprefentation againft him in the
lower houfe of convocation in the year 1701 ; but he
was vindicated by the upper houfe. His fpeech in the
houfe of lords in 1704 againft the, bill to prevent occa-
■fional conformity was feverely attacked. He died in
1715, and was interred in the church of St James,,
Clerkenwell, where he has a monument erefted to him.
He formed a fcheme for augmenting the poor livings;
which he prefted forward with fuch fuccefs, that it
ended in an aiSt of parliament pafled in the 2d year of
queen Anne, “ for the augmentation of the livings
of the poor clergy.”
Burnet (Thomas), a polite and learned writer in
the end of the 17th century, was born in Scotland, but
educated in Cambridge under the tuition of Mr John
Tillotfon, afterwards archbifhop of Canterbury. In
the beginning of 1685, he was made matter of Sutton’s
hofpital in London, after which he entered into holy
orders. During the reign of king James, he made a
noble Hand in his poll as matter of the charter-houfe
againft the encroachments of that monarch, who would
have impofed one Andrew Popham, a Papift, as a pen-
fioner upon the foundation of that houfe. In 1680 he
publifhed his Tellur is theoria facra, fo, univerfally ad¬
mired for the purity of the ftyle and beauty of the
fentiments, that king Charles gave encouragement to
a tranflation of it into Englifti. This theory was how¬
ever attacked by feveral writers. In 1692 he publiftred
his Archueologia phiHfophica, dedicated to king William,
to whom he was clerk of the clofet. He died in 1715.
Since his death hath been publifhed, his book Be Jla-
tu mortUorum et refurgentium, and his treatife De fide
et ofiiciis Chrijliamrum.
Burnet, in botany. See Poterium and Sangui-
sorea.
BURNHAM, a market town of Norfolk in Eng¬
land, fituated in E. Long. o. 50. N. Lat. 53.0.
BURNING, the adlion of fire on fome pabulum or
fuel, by which the minute parts thereof are put into
a violent motion, and fome of them affuming the nature
of fire themfelves, fly off in orbem, while the reft are
diffipated in form of vapour or reduced to afhes. See
Ignition.
Extraordinary Cafes of Burning. We have inftances
of perfons burnt by fire kindled within their own bo¬
dies. A woman at Paris, who ufed to drink brdhdy to
excels, was one night reduced to afties by a fire from
within, all but her head and the ends of her fingers.
Signora Corn. Zangari, or, as others call her, Corn.
Bandi, an aged lady, of an unblemifhed life, near Ce-
fena in Romagna, underwent the fame fate in March
1731. She-had retired in the evening into her chamber
fomewhat indifpofed ; and in the morning was found
in the middle of the room reduced-to afhes, all except
her face, legs, fkull, and three fingers. The {lockings
and {hoes fhe had on were not burnt in the leaft. The
aihes were light; and, on preffing between the fingers,
vaniftied, leaving behind a grofs flinking moifture with
which the floor was fmeared ; the walls and furniture
of the room being covered with a moilF cineritious
foot, which had not only ftained the linen in the chefts,
but had penetrated into the clofet, as well as into the
room overhead, the walls of which were moiltened with
the fame vifcous humour.—We have various other rela¬
tions of perfons burnt to death in this unaccountable
manner.
Sig. Mondini, Bianchini, and Maffei, have written
treatifes exprefs to account for the caufe of fo extraor¬
dinary an event: common fire it could not be, fince this
would likewife have burnt the bed and the room; befides
that it would have required many hours, and a vaft
quantity of fuel, to reduce a human body to-alhes; and,
after all, a confiderable part of the bones would have
remained entire, as they were anciently found after the
fiercett funeral fires. Some attribute the effedt to a mine
of fulphur under the houfe ; others, to a miracle; while
others fufpedl that art or villany had a hand in it. A
philofopher of Verona maintains, that fuch a conflagra¬
tion might have arifen from the inflammable matters
wherewith the human body naturally abounds. Sig.
Bianchini accounts for the conflagration of the lady
above mentioned, from her ufing a bath or lotion of
camphorated fpirit of wine when The foutid herfelf out
of order. Maffei fuppofes it owing -to lightning, but
to lightning generated in her own .body, agreeable to
' his doblrine, which is, That lightning does not pro¬
ceed from the clouds, but is always produced in the
place where it is feen and its effedls perceived. We
have had a late attempt to eftablilh the opinion, that
thefe deftroying internal fires are caufed in the entrails
of the body by inflamed effluvia of the blood ; by juices
and fermentations in the ilomach; by the many com-
bultible matters which abound in living bodies for the
purpofes of life ; and, finally, by the fiery evaporation's
which exhale from the fettlings of fpirit of wine, bran¬
dies, aijd other hot liquors, in the tunica villofa of the
ftomach and other adipofe or fat membranes; within
which thofe fpirits engender a kind of camphor, which
in the night-time, in fleep, by a full refpiration, are
put in a Itronger motion, and are more apt to be let on
fire. Others afcribe the'caufe of fuch perfons being
fet on fire to lightning; and their burning fo entirely,
to the greater quantity of phofphorus and other com-
buftible matter, they contained.—Eor our own part,
we can by no means pretend to explain the caufe of
fuch a phenomenon : but for the interetts of humani¬
ty we wiih it could be derived from fbmething exter¬
nal to the human body ; for if, to the calamities of
human life already known, we fuperadd a fufpicion '
that we may unexpe&edly and without the leaft warn¬
ing be-confumed by an internal fire, the thought is too
dreadful to be home.
Burning, or Brenning, in our old cuftoms,denotes
an infeblious difeafe, got in the ftews by converfing
with lewd women, and fuppofed to be the fame with
what we now call the venereal difeafe.
In a manufcript of the vocation of John Bale to the
bifhopric of Offory, w ritten by himfelf, he fpeaks of
Dr Hugh Wefton, who was dean of Windforin 1556,
but deprived by cardinal Pole for adultery, thus: “At
this day is leacherous Wefton, who is more pra&ifed in
the arts of breech-burning, than all fhe whores of the
ftews. He not long ago brent a beggar of St Botolph’s
parilh,” See Stews.
Burning, in antiquity, a way of difpofing of the
dead much pradlifed by the- ancient Greeks and Ro¬
mans, and. ftill retained by feveral nations in the
Eaft and Weft Indies. The antiquity of this cuftom
3 ' rifes
Burning.
BOR r 7% ] BUR
-Burning, rlfss as high as the Theban war, where we are told of
—v the great folemnity accompanying this ceremony at
the pyre of Menasceus and Archemorus, who were co¬
temporary with Jair the eighthjudgeof Ifrael. Homer
abounds with funeral obfequies of this nature. In the
inward regions of Afia, the praftice was of very ancient
date, and the continuance long : for we are told, that,
in the reign of Julian, the king of Chionia burnt his
fon’sbody, and depofrted the afhes in a filverurn. Co¬
eval almoft with the firft inftances of this kind in the
eaft, was the pra&ice in the wellern parts of the world.
The Herulians, the Getes, and the Thracians, had all
along obferved it; and its antiquity was as great with
the Celtse, Sarmatians, and other neighbouring nations.
The origin of this cuftom feems to have been out of
friendfhip to the deceafed : their allies were preferved
as we preferve a lock of hair, a ring, or a feal, which
had been the property of a deceafed friend.
Kings were burnt in cloth made of the albedos done,
that their afhes might be preferved pure from any mix¬
ture with the fuel and other matters thrown on the fu¬
neral pile. The fame method is dill obferved with the
-princes of Tartary. Among the Greeks, the body was
placed on the top of a pile, on which were thrown di¬
vers animals, and even Haves and captives, befides un¬
guents and perfumes. In the funeral of Patroclus we
find a number of Iheep and oxen thrown in, then four
horfes, followed by two dogs, and ladly by 12 Trojan
prifoners. The like is mentioned by Virgil in the fune¬
rals of his Trojans ; where, befides oxen, fwine, and all
manner of cattle, we find eight youths condemned to
the flames. The fird thing was the fat of the beads
wherewith the body was covered, that it might con-
fume the fopner; it being reckoned great felicity to be
quickly reduced to alhes. Tor the like reafon, where
numbers were to be burnt at the fame time, care was
taken to mix with the red fome of humid conditutions,
and therdfore-more eafily to be inflamed. Thus we are
allured by Plutarch and Macrobius, that for every ten
•men it was cudomary to put in one woman. Soldiers
ufually had their arms burnt with them. The garments
worn by the living were alfo thrown on the pile, with
-other ornaments and prefents ; a piece of extravagance
which the Athenians carried to fo great a height, that
fome of the law-givers were forced to redrain them,
by fevere penalties, from defrauding the living by their
liberality to the dead.—In fome -cafes, burning was ex-
prefsly forbid among the Romans, and even looked up¬
on as the highed impiety. Thus infants, who died be¬
fore the breeding of teeth, were intombed unburnt in
the ground, in a particular place fet apart for this pur-
-pofe, c-d&z&fuggrundarium. The like was pra&ifed with
.regard to^thofe who had been druck dead with light¬
ning, who were never to be burnt again. Some fay
. that burning was denied to filicides.—The manner of
burning among the Romans was not unlike that of the
Greeks: the corpfe, being brought out without the
city, was carried direftly to the place appointed for
burning it; which, if it joined to the fepulchre, was
called buftum ; if feparate from it, ujtrina ; and there
laid on the rogus or pyra, a pile of wood prepared on
which to burn it, built in fhape of an altar, but of dif¬
ferent height according to the qualtity of the deceafed.
The wood ufed was commonly from fuch trees as con¬
tain mod pitch or rofxn; and if any other were ufed,
Voi.III. Part II.
they fplit it for the more eafy catching fire : round the Burning;
pile they fet cyprefs trees, probably to hinder the ——v—-1
noifome finell of the cprpfe. The body was not placed
on the bare pile, but on the couch or bed whereon it
lay. This done, the next of blood performed the cere¬
mony of lighting the pile; which they did with a torch,
turning their faces all the while the other way, as if it
were done with reluftance. During the ceremony, de-
curfions and games were celebrated ; after which came
the offiligium, or gathering of the bones and aflies ; al¬
fo wafhing and anointing them, and repofiting them
in urns.
Burning, among furgeons, denotes the application
of an adlual cautery, that is, a red-hot iron indrument,
to the part affc&ed; otherwife denominated cauteriza¬
tion.—The whole art of phyfic among the Japanefe
lies in the choice of places proper to be burnt; which
are varied according to the dileafe. In the country of
the Mogul, the colic is cured by an iron ring applied
red-hot about the patient’s navel. Certain it is, that
fome very extraordinary cures have been performed ac¬
cidentally by burning. The following cafe is recorded
in the Memoires of the academy of fciences by M. Hom-
berg. A woman of about 3 5 became fubjeft to a head-
ach, which at times was fo violent, that it drove her out
of her fen-fes, making her fometimes ftupid and foolifh,
at other times raving and furious. The feat of the pain
was in the forehead, and over the eyes, which were in¬
flamed, and looked violently red and fparkling; and
the moft violent fits of it were attended with naufeas
and vomitings. In the times of the fits, Are could take
no food; but, out of them, had a very good ftomach.
Mr Homberg had in vain attempted her cure for three
years with all kinds of medicines.: only opium fuc-
ceeded ; and that but little, all its effedt being only the
taking off the pain for a few hours. The rednefs of her
eyes was always the fign of an approaching fit. One
night, feeling a fit coming on, (he went to lie down
upon the bed; but firft walked up to the glafs with
the candle in her hand, to fee how her eyes looked; in
obferving this, the candle fet fire to her cap; and as
flie was alone, her head was terribly burnt before the
fire could be extinguifhed. Mr Homberg was fent for,
and ordered bleeding and proper dreffings: but it was
perceived, that the expedted fit this night never came
on ; the pain of the burning wore off by degrees; and
the patient found herfelf from that hour cured of the
head-ach, which had never returned in four years after,
which was the time when the account was communica¬
ted.—Another cafe, not lefs remarkable than the for¬
mer, was communicated to Mr Homberg by a phyfi-
cian at Bruges. A woman, who for feveral years
had her legs and thighs fwelled in an extraordinary
manner, found fome relief from rubbing them before
the fire with brandy every morning and evening.
One evening the fire chanced to catch the brandy fli£
had rubbed herfelf with, and flightly burnt her. She
applied fome brandy to her burn ; and in the night all
the water her legs and thighs were fwelled with was
entirely difcharged by urine, and the fwelling did not
again return.
Burning-Bu/h. See Bush.
Burning- Glafs, a convex glafs commonly fphertcal,
which being expofed direftly to the fun, collects all the
rays falling thereon into a very fmall fpace called the fo-
5G cuss
BUR [ 786 ] BUR
Burning. Cusi where wood or any other combuflible matter be-
Jng pufj will b.e fet on fire. The term burningglafs
is alfo ufed to denote thofe concave mirrors, whether
compofed of glafs quick-filvered, or of metalline matters,
which burn by refleftion, condenfing the fun’s rays in¬
to a focus fimilar to the former.
The ufe of burning-glaffes appears to have been very
ancient. Diodorus Siculus, Lucian, Dion, Zonaras,
Galen, Anthemius, Euftathius, Tzetzes, and others,
atteft, that by means of them Archimedes fet fire to
the Roman fleet at the fiege of Syracufe. Tzetzes is
fo particular in his account of this matter, that his de¬
scription fuggefted to Kircher the method by which it
was probably accomplilhed. That author fays, that
“ Archimedes fet fire to Marcellus’s navy, by means
of a burning-glafs compofed of fmall fquare mirrors,
moving every way upon hinges ; which, when placed in
the fun’s rays, diredled them upon the Roman fleet, fo
as to reduce it to afhes at the diftajrce of a bow-fhot.”
A very particular teftimony we have alfo from Anthe- •
mins of Lydia, who takes pains to prove the pofiibility
©f fetting fire to a fleet, or any other combuitible body,
at fuch a difiance.
That the ancients were alfo acquainted with the ufe
of catoptric or refrafting burning-glafles, appears
from a paflage in Ariftophanes’s comedy of the clouds,
which clearly treats of their effedls. The author in¬
troduces 3b.crates as examining Strepfiades about the
method he had difcovered of getting clear of his debts.
He replies, that “ he thought of making ufe of a burn¬
ing-glafs which he had hithetto ufed in kindling his
fire;” “ for (fays he) fhould they bring a writ againft
me, I’ll immediately place my glafs in the fun at feme
little diftance from it, and fet it on fire.” Pliny and
Laclantius have alfo fpoken of glafles that burnt by
refraclion. The former calls them balls or globes of
lafs or cr'yflal, which, expofed to the fun, tranfmit a
eat fufficient to fet fire to cloth, or corrode the
dead flefli of thofe patients who ftand in need of cau-
ftics; and the latter, after Clemens Alexandrinus, takes
notice that fire may be kindled by interpofing glafles
filled with wTater between the fun and the objedt, fb as
to tranfmit the rays to it.
It feems difficult to conceive how they fhould know
fuch glafles would burn without knowing they would
magnify, which it is granted they did not, till towards
the clofe of the 13th century, when fpedtacles were firft
thought on. For as to thofe paflages in Plautus which
ffeem to intimate the knowdedge of fpeftacles, M. de
la Hire obferves, they do not prove any fuch thing ;
and he folves this, by obferving, that their buming-
glafles being fpheres, either folid or full of water, their
foci would, be one-fourth of their diameter diftant from
them. If then their diameter were fuppofed half a foot,
which is the moft we can allow, an objedt muft be at
an inch and a half difiance to perceive it magnified;
thofe at greater diftances do not appear greater, but
only more confufed through the glafs than out of it.
It is no wonder, therefore, the magnifying property of
convex glafies was unknown, and the burning one
known. It is more wonderful there fhould be 300
years between the invention of fpeftacles and telefcopes.
Among the ancients, the burning mirrors of Ar¬
chimedes and Proclus are famous: the former we have
already taken notice of; by the other, the navy ofVi-
tellius befieging Byzantium*, according to Zonaras, was Bt
burnt to allies. —
Among the moderns, the moft remarkable burning
mirrors are thofe of Settala, of Villette, of Tfchinv*
haufen, of Buffon, of Trudaine, and of Parker.
Settala, canon of Padua, made a parabolic mirror,
which, according to Schottus, burnt pieces of wood
at the diftance of 15 or 16 paces. The following thing»
are noted of it in the Ada Eruditorum. 1. Green wood'
takes fire inftantaneoufly, fo as a ftrong wind cannot
extinguilh it. 2. Water boils immediately; and eggs-
in it are prefently edible. 3. A mixture of tin and
lead, three inches thick, drops prefently ; and iron and
fteel plate becomes red-hot prefently, and a little after
burns into holes. 4. Things not capable of melting,
as Hones, bricks, &c. become foon red-hot, like iron.
5. Slate becomes firft white, then a black glafs. 6. Tiles
are converted ,inta a yellow glafs,, and (hells into a
blackilh yellow oq^ 7. A pumice ftone, emitted from a-
volcano, meltsint»whiteglafs; and, 8. Apiece of cru¬
cible alfo yitriirfS'^n eight minutes. 9. Bones are foon-
turned into ^d -dpaque glafs, and earth into a black one.
The breadth of .thrf mirror is near three Leipfic ells,,
its focus two ells from it; it is made of copper, and its
fubftance is not above double the thicknefs of the back
of a knife.
Villette, a French artift of Lyons, made a large-
mirror, which was bought by Tavernier, and pre-
fented to the king of Perfia; a fecond, bought by the
king of Denmark; a third, prefented by the French'
king to the royal academy ; a fourth has been in Eng--
land, where it was-publicly expofed. The effects here¬
of, as found by Dr Hanis and Dr Defaguliers, are,,
that a filver fixpence is melted in 7'' and !, a king
George’s halfpenny in 16", and runs with a hole in 34..
Tin melts in 3 ', call iron in 16", (late in 3"; a fof-
fil fhell calcines in 7 '; a piece of Pompey’s pillar at
Alexandria vitrifies the black part in 50''', in the white
in 54"; copper ore in 8'; bone calcines in 4", vitri¬
fies in 33. An emerald melts into a fubftance like a
torquois ftone ; a diamond weighing four grains lofes
^ of its weight: the albeftos vitrifies; as all other bo¬
dies will do, if kept long enough in the' focus; but:
when once vitrified, the mirror can go no farther with
them. This mirror is 47 inches wide, and is ground
to a fphere of 76 inches radius; fo that its focus is
about 38 inches from the vertex. Its fubllanee is a
compolition of tin, copper, and tin-glafs.
Every lens, w-hether convex, plano-convex, or con¬
vexo-convex, collefts the fun’s rays, difperfed over its
convexity, into a point by refra&ion; and is there¬
fore a burning-glafs. The moft confiderable of this
kind is that made by M. de Tfchirnhaufen: the dia¬
meters of his lenfes are three and four feet, the focus at:
the diftance of 12 feet, and its diameter an inch and a:
half. To make the focus the more vivid, it is collected
a fecond time by a fecond lens parallel to the firft, and
placed in that point where the diameter of the cone of
rays formed by the firft lens is equal to the diameter
of the fecond; fo that it receives them all; and the
focus, from an inch and a half, is contrarfed into the
fpace of eight lines, and its force increafed proportion-
ably.
This glafs vitrifies tiles,, flates,. pumice-ftones, Src-
in. a moment. It melts fulphur, pitch, and all rofins, *
\ under
BUR l 787 ] BUR
under water ; the afhes of vegetables, woods, and other may all coincide in one point. By this means they are Burning,
matters, are tranfmuted into glafs; and every thing capable of being accommodated to various heights of
applied to its focus is either melted, turned into a calx, the fun, and to different diflances. The adjufting them
or into fmoke. Tfchirnhaufen obferves, that it fuc- in this manner takes up a c'onfiderable time ; but after
ceeds beft when the matter applied is laid on a hard they are fo adjufted, the focus will continue unaltered
for an hour or more.
Fig. 4. reprefents a contrivance of M. Buffon’s for
dlminifhing the thicknefs of very large refra&ing lenfes.
He obferves, that in large lenfes of this kind, and
which are molt convenient for many putpofes, the
thicknefs of the glafs in the middle is fo great, as very
much to diminifh their force. For this reafon he pro¬
charcoal well burnt.
Sir Ifaac Newton prefented a burning-glafs to the
■royal fociety, confiding of feven concave glaffes, fo
placed, as that all their foci join in one phyfical point.
Each glafs is about 11 inches and a half in diameter :
fix of them are placed round the feventh, to which
they are all contiguous; and they form a kind of feg-
ment of a fphere, whofe fubtenfe is about 34 inches pofes to form a burning-glafs of concentric circular
“ 1 - ' ir - J ■1 " ’ ~'-r~ 1—*■ — r— pieces of glad, each retting upon the other, as repre-
fented in the figure. His method is to divide the con¬
vex arch of the lens into three equal parts. Thus, fup-
and a half, and the central glafs lies about an inch far¬
ther in than the reft. The common focus is about 22
inches and a half diftant, and about an inch in diame-(
ter. This glafs vitrifies brick or tile in 1", and melts pofe the diameter to be 26 inches, and-the thicknefs
gold in 30".
It would appear, however, that glafs quickfilvered
in the middle to be three inches : By dividing the lens
into three concentric circles, and laying the one over
is a more proper material for burning-glaffes than me- the other, the thicknefs of the middle piece needs be
tals; for the effefts of that fpeculum wherewith Mr only one inch ; at the fame time that the lens will have
Macquer melted the platina, feem to have been fupe- the fame convexity, and almoft the fame focal dittance,
rior to thofe above mentioned, though the mirror it- as in the other cafe ; while the effects of it mutt be much
■ felf was much fmaller. The diameter of this glafs was greater, on account of the greater thirinefs of the glafs.
only 22 inches, and its focal dittance 28. Black flint, M. Trudaine, a French gentleman, conftrudfed a
when expofed to the focus, being powdered to prevent burning lens on a new principle. It was compofed of
its crackling and flying about, and fecured in a large two circular fegments of glafs fpheres, each four feet in
piece of charcoal, bubbled up and ran into tranfparent diameter, applied with their concave iides towards each
glafs in lefs than half a minute. Heffian crucibles, and other. The cavity was filled with fpirit of wine, of
glafs-houfe pots, vitrified completely in three or four which it contained 40 pints. It was prefented by the
feconds. Forged iron fmoked, boiled, and changed in- maker to the royal academy of fciences, but was, not
a vitrefcent fcoria as foon as it was expofed to the
focus. The gypfum of Montmartre, when the flat
fides of the plates or leaves of which it is compofed
were prefented to the glafs, did not fhow the leatt dif-
pofition to melt; but, on prefenting a tranfverfe fec-
tion of it, or the edges of the plates, it melted in an
inftant, with a hilling noife, into a brownilh yellow
matter. Calcareous ftones did not completely melt:
but there was detached from them a circle more com¬
pact than the reft of the mafs, and of the fize of the
focus ; the feparation of which feemed to be occafioned
by the Ihrinking of the matter which had begun to en¬
ter into fufion. The white calx of antimony, common¬
ly called diaphoretic antimony, melted better than the
long after, broken by accident. The expence of con-
ftru&ing it amounted to about loool. fterling. After
all, it does not appear that the effedls of this lens were
very great. Mr Magellan informs us, that it could on¬
ly cpagulate the particles of platina in 20 minutes,
while Mr Parker’s lens entirely melted them in lefs than
two.
A large burning lens, indeed, for the purpofe of fu-
fing and vitrifying fuch fubftances as refift the fires of
ordinary furnaces, and efpecially for the application of
heat in vacuo, and in other circumftances in which heat
cannot be applied by any other means, has long been a
defideratum among perfons concerned in philofophical
experiments: And it appears now to be in a great de-
calcareous ftones, and changed into an opaque pretty gree accomplilhed by Mr Parker. His lens is three
glofly fubftance like white enamel. It was obferved, feet in diameter, made of flint glafs, and which, when
that the whitenefs of the calcareous ftones and the an- fixed in its frame, expofes a furface two feet eight
timonial calx was of great difadvantage to their fufion, inches and a half in the clear. .
by reafon of their reflecting great part of the fun’s rays; In the Elevation reprefented on the plate, A is the pjate ^x,
fo that the fubjeft could not undergo the full a&ivity lens of the diameter mentioned : thickuefs in the
oi the heat thrown upon it by the burning-glafs. The centre, 3 inches and one fourth: weight, 212 pounds:
cafe was the fame with metallic bodies, which melted length of the focus, 6 feet 8 inches; diameter of
fo much the more difficultly as they were more white ditto, 1 inch. B, a fecond lens, whofe diameter in
and poliflied; and this difference was fo remarkable, the frame is 16 inches, and fliows in the clear 13
that in the focus pf this mirtor, fo fufible a metal as inches: thicknefs in the centre, 1 inch five-eighths:
filver, when its furface was poliflied, did not melt at weight 21 pounds: length of focus, 29 inches: diame-
all. ter of ditto, three-eighths of an inch. When the two a-
Plate CIX. fig. 3. reprefents M. Buffon’s burn- bove lenfes are compounded together, the length of the
ing mirror, which he with great reafon fuppofes to be focus is 5 feet 3 inches; diameter of ditto, half an inch,
of the fame nature with that of Archimedes. It con- C, a truncated cone, compofed of 21 ribs of wood ; at
fifts of a number of fmall mirrors of glafs quickfilvered, the larger end is fixed the great lens A, at the fmaller
all of which are held together by an iron frame. Each extremity the leffer lens B: hear the fmaller end is
of thefe fmall mirrors is alfo moveable by a contrivance alfo fixed a rack, D, patting through tue pillar L,
on the back part of the frame, that fo their refle&icns moveable by a pinion turning in the faid pillar, by
5 G 2 means
BUR [ 7
Burning, fmeans of the handle E, and thus giving a vertical rao-
tion to the machine. F, a bar of wood, fixed between
tthe two lower ribs of the cone at G ; having,, within a
chaced mortice in which. it moves, an apparatus, H,
with the iron plate, I, fixed thereto; and this part
turning on a ball and focket, K, a .method is thereby-
obtained of placing the matter under experiment, fo as
to be afted upon by the focal rays in the moil diredt
and powerful manner. L L, a ilrong mahogany frame,
moving on caftors, M M. Immediately under the table
N are three fridlion. wheels, by which the machine
moves horizontally. O, a ftrong iron bow, in which
the lens and the cone hang.
Seflion. a, The great lens marked A in the eleva¬
tion. b. The frame which contains the lens, c, The
fmall lens marked 13. d. The frame which contains
the fmall lens, e, The truncated cone, marked C.
f, The bar on which the apparatus marked F. moves.
g. The iron, plate marked I. h, The cone of rays
formed by the refra&ion of the great lens a, and falling
on the lens c. i, The cone of rays formed by the ~re-
fraftion of the lens c. Front-view, k, The great lens.
1, The frame containing it. m, The ftrong iron bow
in which it hangs.
From a great number of experiments made with this
lens, in the prefence of many fcientific perfons, the
following are feledled as fpecimens of its powers.
Subftances fufed, with their weight and
time of fufion.
&6 i §
!> _ c IH co.
Gold, pure,
Silver, do.
Copper, do.
Platina, do.
Nickell,
Ear iron, a cube,
Cafl: iron, a cube,
Steel, a cube,
Scoria of wrought iron,
Kearfh,
Cauk, or terra ponderofa,
A topaz, or chryfolite,
An oriental emerald,
Cryllal pebble,
White agate,
Flint oriental,
Rough cornelian,
Jafper, -
Onyx,
Garnet,
White rhomboidal fpar,
Zeolites,
Rotten ftone.
Common flate,
Albeftos,
Common lime-ftone,
Pumice ftone,
Lava,
Volcanic clay,
Cornifh moor-ftone,
Burning Mountains. See ^Etna, Etna, Hecla
Vesuvius, and Volcano, with the plates accompany
ing them.
88 ] BUR
Burning Springs. Of thefe there are many in dif- Burning*'
ferent parts of the world; particularly one in Dau-
phiny near Grenoble; another near Hermanftadt in
Tranfylvania; a third at Chermay, a village near
Switzerland; a. fourth.in the canton of Friburg; and
a fifth not fat from the city of Cracow in Poland.
There alfo is, or was, a famous fpring of the. fame
kind at Wigan in Lancaihire, which, upon the ap¬
proach of a- lighted candle, would take fire and burn
like fpirit of wine for a whole day. But the moft re¬
markable one of this kind, or at leaft that of which we
have the moft particular defcription, was:difcovered in
1711 at .Brofelyin Shropfhire. The following account
of this remarkable fpring was given -by the reverend
Mr Mafon Woodwardianprofeffor at Cambridge, dated
February 18th 174$. “ The well for four or five feet
deep is fix or feven feet wide ; within that is another
lefs hole of like depth dug in the clay, in the bottom
whereof is . placed a cylindric earthen .veffel, of about
four or five inches diameter at the mouth, having the
bottom taken off, and the fides well fixed in the clay
rammed clofe . about it. Within the pot is a brown -
water, thick as puddle, continually forced up with a
violent motion beyond that of boiling water, and a
rumbling hollow noife, rifing or falling by fits five or
fix inches ; but there wis no appearance of any vapour '
rifing, which perhaps might have been vifible, had not
the fun (hone fo bright. “ Upon putting a candle,
down at the end of a ftick, at about a quarter of a yard
diftance, it took fire, darting and flafhing after a very
violent manner for about half a yard high, much in the
manner of fpirits in a lamp, but with great agitation.
It was faid, that a tea-kettle had been made to boil in
about nine minutes time, and that it had been left burn¬
ing for 48 hours without any fenfible diminution. It
was extinguiftied by putting a wet mop upon it; which ■:
muft be kept there for a little time, otherwife it would
not go out. Upon the removal of the mop there arifes
a fulphureous fmoke lafting about a minute, and yet the
water is very cold to the touch.” In 1755, this well
totally difappeared by the finking of a coal-pit in its
neighbourhood.
The caufe of the inflammable property of fuch wa¬
ters, is with great probability fuppofed to be their
mixture with petroleum, which is one of the moft in¬
flammable fubftances in nature, and has the property of
burning on the furface of water.
Burning of Colourst among painters. There are
feveral colours that require burning ; as,
Firft, Lamp-black, which is a colour of fo greafy a
nature, that, except it is burnt, it will require a long
time to dry. The method of burning, or rather dry¬
ing, lamp-black, is as follows : Put it into a crucible
over a clear fire, letting it remain till it be red hot,
or fo near it that there is no manner of fmoke arifes
from it.
Secondly, Umber, which if it be intended for co¬
lour for a horfe, or to be a fliadow for gold, then
burning fits it for both thefe purpofes. In order to
burn umber, you muft put it into the naked fire, in
large lumps, and not take it out till it is thoroughly
red hot; if you have a mind to be more curious, put
it into a crucible, and keep it over the fire till it be
red hot.
Ivory alfo muft be burnt to make black, thus: fill
two
Plate CIX.
f ^//y/ V W/jfA'J :j * //*<■/////ts .
, (-YYi^iY%^i./YaY\ /<**////< > / /m/ '
tzscZAs e/&iMiZl<y*txf.
' X<^. /.
tY/Aes (d&c4 iwvcAs.
'5$it
n
Z ff r/ter./ .
Plate (X.
VV •f/Z/z /l
4,y/U/.i/iv„yMJ Jr.
BUR 1 789 J BUR
Burnlfher two crucibles with (havings of ivory, then clap their
tl two mouths together, and bind them fa(l with «n iron
Bur*, wire, and lute the joints clofe with clay, fait, and
. *ollg s 5 horfe-dung, well beaten together ; then fet it over the
- fire, covering it all over with coals ; let it remain in
the fire till you are fure that the matter inclofed is tho¬
roughly red-hot: then take it out of the fire ; but do
not open the crucibles till they are perfe&ly cold ; for
were they opened while hot, the matter would turn to
afhes; and fo it will be if the joints are not luted clofe.
BURNISHER, a round polifhed piece of fteel,
ilrving to fmooth and give a hi fire to metals.
Of thefe there are different kinds of different figures,
flraight, crooked, See. Half burnilhers are ufed to fol¬
der filver, as well as to give a luflre.
Burnifhers for gold and filver are commonly made
of a dog’s or wolf’s tooth, fet in the end of an iron or
wooden handle. Of late, agates and pebbles have
been introduced, which many prefer to the dog’s tooth.
The burnifhers ufed by engravers in copper, ufually
■ferVe withone end toburnifh and w ith the other to ferape.
BURNISHING, the art of fmoothing or polifhing
a metalline body, by a brifk rubbing of it with a bur-
n i/her.
Book-binders burnifh the edges of their books, by
rubbing them with a dog’s tooth.
BURNLEY, a town of Lancafhire in England, fi-
tuated in W. Long. 2. 5. N. Lat. 51. 38.
BURNTISLAND. See Brunt is land.
BURNTWOOD, a town of EiTex in England, fi-
tuated cn a hill, in E. Long. o. 25. N. Lat. 51. 38.
BURR, the round knob of a horn next a deer's
head.
BURRE, Bqur.ee, or JBaree, a kind of dance com-
pofed of three fieps joined together in two motions,
begun wfth a crotchet rifing. The firft couplet con¬
tains twice four meafures, the fecond twice eight. It
confifts of a balance and coupee.
BURR pump, or BiLEGE-Pump. See Bildge.
BURROCK, a fmall wier, or dam, where wheels
are laid in a river, for the taking of fifh.
BURROUGHS’S machine, invented by Mr Bur¬
roughs of Southwark, and for which the fociety for the
encouragement of arts gave him a premium of L. 70.
Hate CIX This machine confifts of a cog wheel A (fig. 5.),
' 12 feet in diameter, carrying 72 cogs; which turn a
trundle-head B, one foot four inches in diameter, and
furirifhed with eight rounds ; and alfo an horizontal
fpur-wheel C, of 12 cogs, and one foot eight inches
in diameter. The trundle-head B turns a fpur-wheel
D of ten cogs, and two feet eight inches in diameter.
This fpur-wheel has two cranks, a by in its (haft; one of
which a gives motion to a ■wooden frame c, about 34
inches long and 19. broad. On the under fide of this
frame are faftened by ferews twelve pieces of polilhed
metal, each five inches and a half long, and three
broad, covered with leather; and underneath thefe po-
liftiers, a glafs plate cemented in another frame is pla¬
ced on the bench «/, and poliftied with tripoli by the
motion given to the upper frame by the crank a. The
nuts of the ferews which fallen the poliftiers to the up¬
per frame are not ferewed clofe to the wood, in order
to give the frame room to play ; by which contrivance
the perpendicular rife of the crank is avoided, and the
motion of the polifliers always parallel and equal. The
Under, frame may be moved by the hand in any direc¬
tion without (lopping the machine; by which means Bur-
the plate, when larger than the polifhing frame can co- rough!'%
ver in its motion, will be equally poliftied in every part, .
The other crank <5 gives motion to two other po- v
liftiers marked n, 0, which have an alternate motion by
the bending of the crank ; they move upon the fame
plate, and have an equal number of poliftiers as that al¬
ready deferibed.
The fame crank alfo gives motion to a contrivance
reprefented at e for poliftiing fpe&acle-glalfes. It con-
fifts of two fegments of the fame fphere ; one concave
and the other convex. On the latter the glaffes are ce¬
mented ; and poliftied by the former, which is moved
by the crank b. The convex fegment may be moved
round by the hand without (lopping the machine, fo
that all the glades on its fuperfieeswill beequally poliflied-.
The other fpur-wheel C, by means of a crank in it&
(haft, gives motion to another frame g, employed in
grinding the glafs plates. The rod h, extended from
the crank /to the frame o-, is faftened to the latter by-
means of a pivot, in order to admit of a rotatory mo¬
tion, as well as that given it by the crank in a longitu¬
dinal dire&ion. This rotatory motion is effe&ed by-
means of a rod of iron », called a trigger, (harp at the-
extremity next the frame, where it touches the teeth of
an horizontal fpur-wheel, or circular piece of wood,
fixed on the grinding-plate, while the other end is exr
tended three feet two inches to the centre of motion.
But this contrivance, in which the merit of the ma¬
chine principally confifts, will be much better conceived
from a fmall delineation of it by itfelf (fig. 6.), where
F is the crank marked /in fig. 5. and turned by the
fpur-wheel C in the fame figure. G is the trigger, three
feet two inches long. I, a roll fixed on the trigger for
the rod to Aide on. H, the horizontal fpur-wheel, ele¬
ven inches in diameter, fixed on the grinding-plate ; the
teeth of which is touched by the trigger ; but with a
very unequal force, as it will wholly depend upon the
grinding-plate’s being farther from, or nearer to, the
centre of motion of the trigger. By this fimple con¬
trivance, the grinding-plate has a very compound mo¬
tion, never moving exadlly in the fame traft, and there¬
fore muft grind the plates equally in every part. Se¬
veral attempts have been made by others for producing
the fame effedt: but without fuccefs;. the grinding-
plate always follows the fame tradl, and confequently
the plates were ground unequally.
BURROW (Sir James), mafter of the crown of¬
fice, was eledled F. R. S. and F. A. S. 1751. On the
death of Mr Weft in 1772, he was prevailed on to fill
the prefident’s chair at the. royal fociety till the annL
verfary election, when he refigned it to Sir John
Pringle ; and Auguft 10. 1773, when the fociety pre-
fented an addrefs to his majeiiy, he received the ho¬
nour of knighthood. He publifhed two volumes of
Reports in 1766; two others in 1771 and 1776; and
a volume of Decifions of the Court of King’s Bench
upon fettlement cafes from 1732 to 1772 (to which
was fubjoined An Eflay of Pundluation), in three
parts, 410, 1768, 1772, 1776. The effay was alfo
printed feparately in 410, 1773. He published, with¬
out his name, “ A few Anecdotes and Obfervation*-
relating so Oliver Cromwell and his family, ferving to
redlify feveral errors concerning him,” publifhed by
Nicol. Comn. Papadopoli, in his Hiftoria Gymnafii Pa*
tavini, 1763, 4(0. He died in 1782,
' ” nTTr»_
BUR r
BURROWS, holes in a warren, ferving as a coven
for rabbits, &c. A coney’s coming out of her burrow
, is callfct} bolting. To catch coneys, rhcy fometimes lay
ptirfe-nets over the burrows, then put in a terrier dole
muzzled, which making the creature bolt, fhe is caught
in the net.
BURROWSTOUNNESS.orBoRRowsrouNNEss,
a fea-port town of Weft Lothian, fituated on the Forth,
i 8 miles weft from Edinburgh. It is a fmal! town^nd
continually enveloped in fmoke from the numerous fait.
790 ] BUR
bought a houfe or apartment to meet in, at which was
the fign of the purfe. From this city the name was
afterwards transferred to the like places in others, as in ,
Antwerp, Amfterdaim, Bergen in Norway, and Lon-~
don. This lait, anciently-known by the name of the
cononon bwfe - of merchantsr had the denomination fince
given it by queen Elizabeth, of the royal ■ exchange*
The moft confiderabie burfe ns that of Amfterdam,
nvhich is a large,building ?.^o feet long and > 30 broad,
round which'runs.a periftyle io feet wide. i'he co¬
works and coaleries that are near it ; but is a place‘of Tumns of the periftyle, which are 46, are numbered, for.
confiderabie trade, and has a very commodious harbour, the conveniency of finding people. It will hold 45%
The town-houfe is built in form of a cattle, -and ftands .perfons.
behind a great refervoir ufed for cl&anfmg the harbour > In the times of the Romans there were pubiicplaces
when it is much choaked with mud‘and- fand. —Next f«r the meeting of. merchants in mott of the trading
to Leith, Borrowftounnefs was the principal trading cities of the empire; that built at Rome, in the 259th
town on the Forth before the canal was nniftied between
it and the Clyde ; and it is Rill much frequented by {hip¬
ping : its exports in. fait and coals are very great, and
it has alfo feveral vefiels employed in the Greenland
fifherv.
year after its fotuidatior.,- under theconfuiate.of Appius
Claudius and Publius Servilius, was denominated the
college of merchants:; Aoiw remains of it are , ftiil to be
feen, and are known .by the modern Romans under the
.name loggia. The Hans towns, after the example of
BURSA, or Prusa, in geography, the capital of the Romans, gave the name of colleges to their burfes.
Bithinia in Afia Minor, fituated in a fine fruitful plain,
■at the foot of mount Olympus, about 100 miles.fouth
of Conftantinople. E. Long. 29. o. N. Lat. 40. tjQL
Bursa Paflofu* in botany. See Thlaspi.
Bursa, Burfe; originally figrfifiesa putie. In middle-
age writers it is more particularly ufed for a little cob
lege or hail in an univerfity, for the refidence of Un¬
dents, called burfales or lurfani. In th? French univer-
fities it ftiil denotes a foundation for the maintenance
of poor fcholars in their ftudies. The nomination to
buries is in the hands of the patrons and founders
thereof. >The burfes of-colleges are not benefices, bat
mere places affigned to certain countries and perfons. A
burfe becomes vacant by the burfer’s being promoted
t to a cure. ' >
BURS^l mucosa. See Anatomy, n° 8.
BURSAR, or Burser, (Burfarius), is ufed in
-middle age writers for a treafurer or cafh-keeper. In
this fenfe we meet with burfara of colleges. Conven-
BURSERA, in botany a genus.of the inonogynta
order, belonging to the hexandria ciafs.of plants. The
calyx is triphyllous ; the corolla.! ripetakms; * he cap-
fule carnous, trivalved, and monofpermous. There is
but one fpecies, the gummifera, or gum elemi. This
is frequent in woods in mott of the Bahama iflands, and
grows fpetdily to a gr?at height and thicknefs. Xhe plate em¬
bark is brown, aud very like the birch of Britain. The
wood is- foft and uftlefs, except when pieces of the
limbs are put into, the ground as fences, when it grows
readily, and becomes a durable barrier. The leaves
ate pinnate, the huddle rib five or fix inches long, with
.the;pinnae* fet oppofite to one another on footftalks half
an inch long. It has yellow flowers, male and female
on different trees. Tbefe are fucceeded by purple co¬
loured berries bigger than large peas, hanging in clu¬
tters on a ftalk'of about five inches long, to which each
-berry is joined by a footflalk of half an inch long. The
feed is hard, white, and of a triangular figure, inclofed
tual burfars were officers in monafteries, who were to -within a thin capfule, which divides in three parts, and
deliver up their account yearly on the day after Mi¬
chaelmas. The word is formed from the Latin burfat
whence alfo the Englifh vioxA purfe ; hence alfo the of¬
ficer, who iu a college is called burfar, in a fhip is called
purfer.
Bursars, or Burfors, [Barfaril), alfo denote thofe
to whom ftipends are paid out of a burfe or fund ap¬
pointed for that purpofeJ
BURSAR1A, the burfary, or exchequer of colle¬
giate and conventual bodies ; or the place of receiving,
paying, and accounting by the burfarii or burfers.
BURSE, in matters of commerce, denotes a public
edifice in certain cities, for the meeting of merchants
to negociate bills, and confer on other matters relating
to money and trade. In this fenfe, burfe amounts to
the fame'with what we otherwife call on exchange.
difeharges the feed. The fruit, when cut,, diicharges
a clear balfam or turpentine, efteeroed a good vulnerary,
particularly for horfes. On wounding the back, a
thick milky liquor is obtained, which loon concretes
into a refin no way different from the gum tlemi of the
.{hops (fge Amyris).^ Dr Browne, and. after him
Linnaeus, have, according to Dr Wright, miftaken the
bark of the roots for the fimarouba, which, is a fpecies
of Quassia.
BURTON u/>os .Trent, a town of Stafford (hire,
in England. It had formerly a large abbey ; and;over
the river Trent it has now a famous bridge of free (lone,
about a quarter of a mile in length, fupporred by 3?
arches. It confifts chiefty of one, long, fteeet,. which
runs from the place where the abbey Rood to the bridge-;
and has a good market for corn -and provifious. Bur-
The firft place of this kind to which the name Burfe ton ale is reckoned the bell of any brought to London.
was given, Guieohardin affures us was at Bruges; and
it took its denomination from an hotel adjoining to it,
4>uilt by a lord of the family de la Bourfe, who fie arms*
which are three purfies, are ftiil found on the crowning
over the portal of the houfe. Cattel’s account is fome-
jwhat different, viz. that the merchants of‘ Bruges
E. Long. 1. 36. N. Lat. 52. 48.
Burton, a town of Lincolnfhire in England, feateri
on a hill near the river Trent.- It is but a fmaii
place, and fituated in W. Long. o. 30. N. Lat.
53- 40-
Burton, a town of Weftmoreland in England, feat-
cd
! #
BUR [ 791 ] BUR
Burton, cd in a valley near a large hill called Farleton-knot-
V"“ bill. It is pretty well built, and lies on the great, road
from Lancafter to Carlifle. W. Long. 2. 35. N. Lat.
54. 10.
Burton (Robert), known to the learned by the
name of Democritus junior, was younger brother to
William Burton who wrote “ The antiquities of Lei-
cefterfhireand born of an ancient family at Lindley,
in that county, upon the 8th of February 1576. He
was educated in grammatical learning in the free fchool
of Sutton Colfield in Warwickfhire; in the year 1593
was fent to Brazen-nofe college in Oxford; and in
1599 was elected ftudent of Chrilt-church. In 1616, he
had the vicarage of St Thomas, in the weft fuburb of
Oxford, conferred upon him by the dean and canons of
Ghrift-church, to the parifhioners of which, it is faid,
that he always gave the facrament in wafers; and
this, with the redtory of Segrave in Leicefterfliire, gi¬
ven him fome time after by George lord Berkeley, he
held to the day of his death, which happened in Ja¬
nuary 1639.
He was a man of general learning; a great philofo-
pher; an exact mathematician; and (what makes the
peculiarity of his charadter) a very curious calculator
of nativities. He was extremely ftudious, and of a me¬
lancholy turn ; yet an agreeable companion, and very
humorous. The anatomy of melancholy, by Democritus
junior, as he calls himfeif, fhows, that thefe different
qualities were mixed together in his compofition. This
book was printed firft in 4to, afterwards in folio, in
1624, 1632, 1638, and 1652, to the great emolument
of the bookfeller, who, as Mr Wood tells us, got an
eftate by it. Some circumftances attending his death
occafioned ftrange fufpicions. He died in his chamber
at or very near the time which, it feems, he had fome
years before predicted from the calculation of his nati¬
vity ; and the; exadtnefs made it whifpered about, that
for the glory of aftrology, and rather than his calcula¬
tion fhould fail, he became indeed a felo de fe. This,
however, was generally diferedited; he was buried with
due folemnity in the cathedral of Chrift-church, and
Had a fair monument eredled to his memory. He left
behind hi*n a very choice colleftion of books. He be¬
queathed many to the Bodleian library; and 100/.
to Chrift-church, the intereft of which was to be laid
out yearly in books for their library.
Burton ( John), D. D. a late worthy and learned
divine, was born in 1696, at Wembworth, in Devon-
fliire, his father being reft or of that pariili; and was
educated at Corpus Chrifti college, Oxford. In 1725,
being then pro-proftor and mafter of the fchools, he
fpoke a Latin oration before the determining bachelor,
which is entitled “ Hdi; or, An inftance of a magi-
ftrate’s erring through unfeafonable lenity ;” written
and publiihed with a view to encourage the falutary ex-
ercife of academical difeipline ; and afterwards treated
the fame fubjeft ftill more fully in four Latin fermons
before the univerfity, and publiftied them with appen¬
dixes. He alfo introduced into the fchools, Locke,
and other eminent modern philbfophers, as fuitable
companions to Ariftotle; and printed a double feries
of philofophical queftions, for the ufe of the younger
ftudente; from which Mr Johnfon of Magdalene college,
Cambridge,, took the hint of his larger work of the
fame kind, which has gone through feveral editions.
When the fettling of Georgia was in agitation, Dr Button
Bray, juftly revered for his inftitution of parochial li- J
braries, Dr Stephen Hales, Dr Berriman, and other B"ry‘ng*.
learned divines, intreated Mr Burton’s pious afiiftance
in that undertaking. This he readily gave, by preach¬
ing before the fociety in 1732, and publifhing his fer-
rnon, with an appendix on the ftafe of that colony; and
he afterwards publiihed an account of the defigns of the
affociates of the late Dr Bray, with an account of their
proceedings.
About the fame time, on the death of Dr Edward
Littleton, he was prefented by Eton college to the vi¬
carage of Maple-Derham, in Oxfordlhire. Here a me¬
lancholy feene, which tpo often appears in the manlions
of the clergy, prefented itfelf to his view; a widow,
with three infant daughters, without a home, without
a fortune : from his compaffion arofe love, the confe-
quence of which was marriage ; for Mrs Littleton was
handfome, elegant, accomplilhed, ingenious, and had
great fweetnefs of temper. In 1760, he exchanged his
vicarage of Maple-Derham, for the reftory of Worplef-
don in Surry. In his advanced age, finding his eyes
begin to fail him, he collefted and publiihed, in one
volume, all his fcattered pieces, under the title of O'puf-
cula mifcellanea ; and foon after died, February nth,
1771.
Burton, in the fea-language, a fma’ft tackle con-
fifting of two fingle blocks, and may be made fall: any
where at pleafure, for hoifting fmall things in and out.
BURY, is fometimes ufed to denote the hole or den
.of fome animal under ground. In this fenfe we fay
the bury of a mole, a tortoife, or the like. The grillo-
talpa, or mole-cricket, digs itfelf a bury with its fore¬
feet, which are made broad and ftrong for that pur-
pofe. Naturalifts fpeak of a kind of urchins in the
illand of Maraguan, which have two entries to their
buries, one towards the north, the other to the fouth,
which they open and Ihut alternately as the wind hap¬
pens to lie.
Bury, in geography, a market town of Lancashire,,
about 30 miles fouth-eaft of Lancafter. It jsra barony
in the family of Albemarle. W. Long. 2. 20. N. Lat..
53* 36-
Bury (St Edmund’s), or. St Edmund's bury, the
county town of Suffolk, about 12 miles call of New¬
market, and 70 north-eaft of London; E. Long. o. 45..
N. Lat. 5-2. 20.
BURYING, the fame with interment or Burial.
Burying Alive was the punilhment of a veftal who.
had violated her vow of virginity.. The unhappy prieftefs
was let down into a deep pit, with bread, water, milk,:
oil, a lamp burning, and a bed to lie on. But this
was only for fliew; for the moment fixe was let down,
they began to, call in the earth upon her till the pit was
filled'up*. 'Some middle-age writers feem to make* Seethe*
buiying alive (dsfoffio) the punifhment of womariartic!e
thief. Lord Bacon gives inftances of the refurreftion
of perfons who have been buried alive. The famous
Duns Scotus is of the number; who, having been
feized with a catalepfis, was thought dead, and laid to
fleep among his fathers, but raifed again by his fer*ant
in whofe abfence he had been buried. Bartholin gives
an account of a woman, who, on recovering from an ;
apoplexy, could not be convinced but that fixe was,
dead, and folicited fo long and fo earneftly to be bu*
6 tied,.
B TJ R '[ 791 ] BUR
tied, that they were forced to comply; and performed
the ceremonies, at lead; in appearance. The famous
emperor Charles V. after his abdication, took it into
his head to have his burial celebrated in his lifetime,
•and affifted at it. See Charles. V.
BuRYiNG-P/rfc<?. The ancients buried out of cities
and towns; an ufage which we find equally among
Jews, Greeks, and Romans. Among the laft, bury¬
ing within the walls was exprefsly prohibited by a law
of the 12 tables. The ufual places of interment were
in the fuburbs and fields, but efpecialiy by the way-
■fides. We have inftances, however, of perfons buried
in the city; but it was a favour allowed only to a few
,qf Angular merit in the commonwealth. Plutarch fays,
thofe who had triumphed were indulged in it. Be this
as it will, Val. Publicola, and C. Fabricius, are faid to
■have had tombs in the forum; and Cicero adds Tubertus
to the number. Lycurgus allowed his Lacedemonians
to bury their dead within the city and around their
temples, that the youth, being inured to fuch fpecta-
cles, might be the lefs terrified with the apprehenfion of
.death. Two reafons are alleged why the ancients bu¬
ried out of cities : the firft, an opinion, that the fight,
touch, or even neighbourhood, of a corpfe defiled a
man, efpecially a prieft ; whence that rule in A. Gel-
lius, that the flamen Dialis might not on any account
enter a place where there was a grave : the fecond, to
•prevent the air from being corrupted by the ftench of
putrefied bodies, and the buildings from being endan¬
gered, by the frequency of funeral fires.
Burying cin churches was not allowed for the firft
•300 years after Chrift and the fame was feverely pro¬
hibited by the Chriftian emperors for many ages after¬
wards. The firft ftep towards it appears to have been
the practice of,erecting churches over the graves of
fome martyrs in the country, and tranflating the
relics of others into churches in the city : the next was,
allowing kings and .emperors.to be buried in the atrium
or church-porch. In the 6th century, the people be¬
gan to be admitted, into the church-yards; and fome
princes, founders, and bifhops, into the church. From
that time the matter feems.to have been left to the dif-
t cretion of the bifhop.
vBUSBEC (Auger Gillen, lord of), a perfon il-
luftrious on account of his embaffies, was born at Corn-
mines, in the year 1522; and educated at the moft
famous univerfities, at Louvain, at Paris, at Venice,
at Bologna, and at Padua. He was engaged in feve-
ral important employments and negociations, and par¬
ticularly was twice fent ambalfador by the king of the
Romans to the emperor Soliman. He collected in-
feriptions; bought manuferipts; fearched after rare
plants; enquired into the nature of animals; and, in
his fecond journey to Conftantinople, carried with him
a painter, that he might be able to communicate to
the curious, the figures, at leaft, of the plants and
animals that were not well known in the weft. He
wrote a Difcourfe of the ftate of the Ottoman empire,
and a Relation of his two journeys to Turkey, which
.are much efteemed. He died in 1592.
BUSBY (Dr Richard), fon of a gentleman in
Weftminfter, was born at Lutton in Lincolnlhire, in
a 606, He palled through the claffes in Weftminfter
fchool, as king’s fcholar ; and completed his itudies at
.No. 60.
Chrift-church, Oxford. In 1640, he was appointed Bath,
mailer of Weftminfter fchool; and by his Ikill and di-
ligence in the difeharge of this important and laborious
office, for the fpace of 55 years, bred up the greateft
number of eminent men in church and ftate that ever
at one time adorned any age or nation. He was ex¬
tremely fevere in his fchool; though he applauded wit
in his fcholars, even when it reflected on himfelf. This
great man, after a long and healthy life purchafed by
temperance, died in 1695, aged 89; and was buried
in Weftminfter abbey,- where there is a fine monument
eredted for him, with a Latin infeription. '*He com-
pofed feveral books for the ufe of his fchool.
BUSH (Paul), the firft bilhop of Briftol, became
a ftudent in the univerfity of Oxford about the year
1513, and in 1518 took the degree of bachelor of arts.
He afterwards became a brother of the order called
bonhoms ; of which, after ftudying fome time among
the friars of St Auftin (nowWadham college), he was
elected provincial. In that ftation he lived many years;
till at length king Henry VIII. being informed of his
•great knowledge in divinity and phyfic, made him his
chaplain, and in 1542 appointed him to the new epif-
copal fee of Briftol: but having in the reign of Ed-
-ward VI. taken a wife, he was, on the acceffion of
Mary, deprived of his dignity, and fpent the remainder
of his life in a private ftation at Briftol, where he died
in the year 1558, aged 68, and was buried on the
north fide of the choir of the cathedral. Wood fays,
that while he was a ftudent at Oxford, he was num¬
bered among the celebrated poets of that univerfity ;
and Pits gives him the character of a faithful catholic,
his want of chaftity notwithftanding. He wrote, 1.
An exhortation to Margaret Burges, wife to John
Burges, clothier, of King’s-wood, in the county of
Wilts. Lond. printed in the reign of Edward VI.
8vo. 2. Notes on the Pfalms. 3. Treatife in praife
of the crofs. 4. Anfwer to certain queries concerning
the abufes of the mafs. Records, No. 25- 5. Dia¬
logues between Chrift and the Virgin Mary. 6. Trea¬
tife of falves and curing remedies. 7. A little treatife
in Englifh, called The extirpation of ignorancy, &c.
in verfe, Lond. by Pinfon, qto. 8. Carmina diver fa.
BUSH, a term ufed for feveral ffirubs of the fame
kind growing clofe together: thus we fay, a furze-
bujh, bramble-bujh, &c.
Bush is fometimes ufed, in a more general fenfe,
for any affemblage of thick branches interwoven and
mixed together.
Bush alfo denotes a coronated frame of wood hung
out as a fign at taverns. It takes the denomination
from hence, that, anciently, figns where wine was fold
were bujhes chiefly of ivy, cyprefs, or the like plant,
which keeps its verdure long. And hence the Eng¬
lifh proverb, “ Good wine needs no buJh.,7
Burning-lbush, thatbufh wherein the Lord appeared
to Mofes at the foot of mount Horeb, as he was feed¬
ing his father-in-law’s flocks.
As to the perfon that appeared in the bufh, the text
fays, “ That the angel of the Lord appeared unto him
in a flame of fire, out of the middle of the bufh;” but
whether it was a created angel, fpeaking in the perfon
of God, or God himfelf, or (as the moft received opi¬
nion is) Chrift the fon of God, has been matter of
ibmc
BUS [ 793 1 BUS
B- fli, feme controverfy among the learned. Thofe who fup-
.pofe it no more than an angel feem to imply that it
/ould be a diminution of the majefty of God, to ap¬
pear upon every occafion, efpecially when he has fuch
s number of celeftial minifters, who may do the bufi-
as as well. But confidering that God is prefent e-
very where, the notification of his prefence by fome
outward fign in one determinate place (which is all
we mean by his appearance), is in our conception lefs
laborious (if any thing laborious could be conceived of
God) than a delegation of angels upon every turn from
heaven, and feems in the main to illuftrate rather than
debafe the glory of his nature and exiftence. But how¬
ever this be, it is plain that the angel here fpoken of
was no created being, from the whole context, and e-
fpecially from his faying, “ I am the Lord God, the
Jehovah,” &c. fince this is not the language of angels,
who are always known to exprefs themfelves in fuch
humble terms as thefe, u I am fent from God; I am
thy fellow-feryant,” See. It is a vain pretext to fay,
that, an angel, as God’s ambaffador, may fpeak in God’s
name and perfon ; for what ambaffador of any prince
ever yet faid, “ l am the king?” Since therefore no
angel, without the guilt of blafphemy, could affume
thefe titles; and fince neither God the Father, nor
the Holy Ghoft, are ever called by the name of angel,
i. e. “ meffenger, or perfon fent,” whereas God the
Son is called by the prophet Malachi (chap. iii. i.),
“ The angel of the covenantit hence feems to fol¬
low, that this angel of the Lord was God the Son,
who might very properly be called an angel, becaufe
in the fulnefs of time he was fent into the world in our
fielh, as a melfenger from God, and might therefore
make thefe his temporary apparitions, prefages, and
forerunners, as it were, of his more folemn million.
The emblem of the burning-bulh is ufed as the feal of
the church of Scotland, with this motto : /. e. “ Tho’
“ burning, is never confumed.”
BUSHEL, a meafure of capacity for things dry ;
as grains, pulfe, dry fruits, &c. containing four pecks,
or eight gallons,' or one-eighth of a quarter.
DmCange derives the word from bufjellus, buftellus,
or Hfj'ellus, a diminutive oi buz, or buza, ufed in the
. corrupt Latin for the fame thing ; others derive it
from btiffulus, an urn, wherein lots were call; which
feems to be a corruption from huxului. BuJfelluj ap¬
pears to have been firft ufed for a liquid meafure of
wine, equal to eight gallons. Ofto libra faciunt galo-
■ nem vini, <fo oflo galones vini faciunt buffellum London,
qua eft ottava pars quarterii. It was foon after tranf-
ferfed to the dry meafure of corn of the fame quantity
—Pondus o£io librarum frumenti facit buffellum, de
quibus vtto conftftit quarterium.
By 12 Hen. VII. cap. 5. a bulhel is to contain
eight gallons of wheat; the gallon eight pounds of
wheat troy-weight; the pound twelve ounces troy-
weight; the ounce twenty fterlings ; and the fterling
thirty-two grains, or corn of wheat, growing in the
midft of the ear. This ftandard bulhel is kept in the
Exchequer; when being filled with common fpring
water, and the water meafured before the houfe oi
commons in 1696, in a regular parallelopiped, it was
found to contain 2145,6 folid inches; and the faid
water being weighed, amounted to 1131 ounces and
14 penny weights troy. Befides the Itandard or legal
Vol. III. Part II.
bulhel, we have feveral local bulhels, of different dx- BufM
menfions in different places. At Abingdon and An- II .
dover, a bulhel contains nine gallons ; at Appleby and u"ltuu
Penrith, a bulhel of peafe, rye, and wheat, contains
16 gallons; of barley, big, malt, mixt malt, and oats,
20 gallons. A bulbel contains, at Carlifle, 24 gallons;
at Cheller, a bulhel of wheat, rye, &c. contains 32
gallons, and of oats 40; at Dorcheller, a bulhel of
malt and oats contains 10 gallons; at Falmouth, the
bulliel of ftricken coals is x 6 gallons, of other things
20, and ufually 21 gallons; at Kingllonupon Thames,
the bulhel contains eight and a half; at Newbury 9 ;
at Wycomb and Reading, eight and three-fourths;
at Stamford 16 gallons. Houghton. Collect, tom.
i. n. 46. p. 42.
At Paris, the bulhel is divided into two half bulhels;
the half bulhel into two quarts ; the quart into two
half quarts; the half quart into two litrons ; and the
litron into two half litrons. By a fentence of the pro-
volt of the merchants of Paris, the bulhel is to be eight
inches two lines and an half high, and ten inches ii)
diameter; the quart four inches nine lines high, and
fix inches nine lines wide; the half quart four inches
three lines high, and five inches diameter; the litron
three inches and an half high, and three inches ten
lines in diameter. Three bulhels make a minot, fix a
mine, twelve a feptier, and an hundi-ed and forty-four
a muid. In other parts of France, the bulhel varies :
fourteen one-eighth bulhels of Amboife and Tours
make the Paris feptier. Twenty bulhels of Avignon
make three Pai-is feptiers. Twenty bulhels of Blois
make one Paris feptier. Two bulhels of Bourdeaux
make one Paris feptiei-. Thirty-two bulhels of Rochel
make nineteen Paris feptiers. Oats are meafured in a
double proportion to other grains; fo that twenty-
four bulhels of oats make a feptier, and 248 a muid.
The bulhel of oats is divided into four picotins, the
picotin into two half quarts, or four litrons. For fait
four bufixels make one minot, and fix a feptier. For
coals eight bulhels make one minot, fixteen a mine, and
320 a muid. For lime, three bulhels make a minot,
and forty-eight minots a muid. See Measure and
Weight.
BUSIRIS, (anc. geog.) ; a city of the Lower E-
gypt, to the fouth of Leontopolis, on that branch of
the Nile called Bufiriticus: Built by Bufiris, noted for
his cruelty, and llain by Hercules, (Ovid, Virgil, Dio¬
dorus Siculus). Strabo denies fuch a tyrant ever ex-
ifted ; Tfocrates has written his panegyx-ic. In this
city there Hood a grand temple of ifis, which gave
it the appellation of the city of Ifis. It was deftroyed
on a revolt by Dioclefian.
BUSIRITICUS eluvius, (anc. geog.) that
branch of the Nile which empties itfelf at the mouth,
called O Ilium Pathmeticum, or Phatniticum,(Ptolemy);
alfo a part, according to an ancient map, at the Odi¬
um Mendefxum ; this rivei', or branch, dividing itfelf
at Diofpolis into two branches; called Bufiriticus,
from the city of Bufiris, which Hood on its left, or
well branch. It is the fecond branch of the Nile,
reckoning from the eaft.
Busiriticus Nomos, (anc. geog.), a prefe&ure, or
divifion of the Lower Egypt; fo called from the city Bu¬
firis, (Herodotus, Pliny, Ptolemy )
BUSITIS, (anc. geog.), a diftria of Arabia De-
5 H ferta ;
BUS [ 794- J BUT
Bulkin ferta ; fb called from Bus, or Buz, Nahor's fecond fon;
Bulla t^’e country Elihu, the fourth interlocutor in Job ;
^ called Buzites,hy the Septuagint.
BUSKIN, a kind of (hoe, fomewhat in manner of
a boot, and adapted to either foot, and worn by either
fex. This part of drefs, covering botli the foot and
mid-leg, was. tied underneath the knee; it was very
rich and fine, and principally ufed on the ftage by ac¬
tors in tragedy. It was of a quadrangular form ; and
the foie was fo thick, as that, by means thereof, men
of the ordinary ftature might be raifed to the pitch and
elevation of the heroes they perfonated. The colour
was generally purple on the ftage ; herein it was diftin-
guiftied from the fock worn in comedy, that being on¬
ly a low common (hoe. The bulkin feems to have been
worn not only by aftors but by girls, to raife their
height; travellers and hunters alfo made ufe of it, to
defend themfelves from the mire. In claflic authors,
we frequently find the buflcin ufed to fignify tragedy
itfelf, in regard it was a mark of tragedy on the ftage.
It was alfo to be underftood for a lofty (train or high
ftyle.
BUSS, in maritime affairs, a fmall fea-veffel, ufed
by us and the Dutch in the herring filhery, commonly
from 48 to 60 tons burden, and fometimes more: a
bufs has two fmall (beds or cabins, one at the prow and
the other at the (tern ; that at the prow ferves for a
kitchen. Every bufs has a mafter, an affiftant, a mate,
and feamen in proportion to the veffel’s bignefs ; the
mafter commands in chief, and without his exprefs or¬
ders the nets cannot be caft nor taken up ; the aflift-
ant has the command after him ; and the mate next,
whofe bufinefs is to fee the feamen manage their rigging
in a proper manner, to mind thofe who draw in their
nets, and thofe who kill, gut, and cure the herrings, as
they are taken out of the fea : the feamen do general¬
ly engage for a whole voyage in the lump. The pro-
vifion which they take on board the buffes, confift com¬
monly in bifket, oat-meal, and dried or fait fi(h ; the
crew being content for the reft with what freflt fi(h
they catch. See Fisheries.
BUST, or Busto, in Sculpture, denotes the figure
or portrait of a perfon in relievo, (bowing only the head,
(houlders, and ftomach, the arms being lopped off; or¬
dinarily placed on a pedeftal, or confole.
In fpeaking of an antique, we fay the head is marble,
and the buff porphyry, or bronze, that is, the ftomach
and (houlders. Felibien obferves, that though in paint¬
ing, one may fay a figure appears in bufto, yet it is not
properly called a buft, that word being confined to
things in relievo.
The buft is the fame with what the Latins called
Henna, from the Greek Hermes, Mercury, the image
of that god being frequently reprefented in this man¬
ner among the Athenians.
Bust is alfo ufed, efpecially by the Italians, for the
trunk of an human body, from the neck to the hips.
Busta Gallic a, was a place in ancient Rome, where¬
in the bones of the Gauls, who firft took the city,
and were (lain by Camillus, were depofited. It dif¬
fered from
Busta Gallorurn, a place on the Apennines, thus
called by reafon of many thoufand of .Gauls killed there
by Fabius*
BUSTARD, in ornithology. See Otis. Bufkrd
BUSTUARLE moechie., according to tome, wo- I!
men that were hired to accompany the funeral and la- , l't-'’ie!'
ment the lofs of the deceafed: but others are of opi¬
nion, that they were rather the more common pr.ifti-
tues, that ftood among the tombs, graves, and other
fuch lonely places.
BUSTUARII, in Roman antiquity, gladiators who
fought about the buftum or funeral pile of a perfon of
diftinction, that the blood which was fpilt might ferve
as a facrifice to the infernal gods, and render them
more propitious to the manes of the deceafed. Thiscu-
ftom was introduced in the room of the more inhuman
one of facrificing captives at the buftum, or on the
tombs of warriors.
BUSTUM, in antiquity, denotes a pyramid or pile
of wood, whereon were anciently placed the bodies of
the deceafed, in order to be burnt.
The Romans borrowed the cuftom of burning their
dead from the Greeks. The deceafed, crowned with
flowers, and dreffedin his richeft habits, was laid on the
buftum. Some authors fay, it was only called bujlum,
after the burning, quafi bene ujiuvt: before the burning
it was more properly calledduring it, rngus 1 and
afterwards, bujlum. When the body was only burnt
there, and buried elfewhere, the place was not proper¬
ly called bujlum, but ujlrina, or ujlrinum.
Bustum, in the Campus Martius, was a ftrufture
whereon the emperor Auguftus firft, and, after him,
the bodies of his fucceffors were burnt. It was built
of white (lone, furrounded with an iron palifade, and
planted withinfide with alder trees.
Bustum was alfo figuratively applied to denote any
tomb. Whence thofe phrafes, facere bujlum, violare
bujlum, &c.
Bvstum of an altar, was the hearth or place where
the fire was kindled.
BUTCFIER, a perfon who (laughters cattle for the
ufe of the table, or who cuts up and retails the fame.
Among the ancient Romans, there were three kinds
of eftabliftied butchers, whofe office it was to furniffi the
city with the neceffary cattle, and to take care of pre¬
paring and vending their flefti. The fuarii provided
hogs; the pecuarii or boarii, other cattle, efpecially
oxen ; and under thefe was a fubordinate clafs, whofe
office was to kill, called lanii, and carnijices.
To exercife the office of butcher among the Jews
with dexterity, was of more reputation than to under-
ftand the liberal arts and fciences. They have a book
concerning (hamble-conftitution ; and in cafe of any
difficulty, they apply to fome learned rabbi for advice :
nor was any allowed to pradlife this art, without a li¬
cence in form ; which gave the man, upon evidence of
his abilities, a power to kill meat, and others to eat
what he killed ; provided he carefully read eveiy week
for one year, and every month the next year, and once a
quarter during his life, the conftitution abovementioned.
We have fome very good laws for the better regula¬
tion and preventing the abufes committed by butchers.
A butcher that fells fwine’s ftefti meafled, or dead of
the murrain, for the firft offence (hall be amerced ; for
the fecond, have the pillory; for the third, be impri-
foned, and make fine ; and for the fourth, abjure the
town. Butchers not felling ment at reasonable prices.
BUT [ 795 ] B U T
Batcher fliall forfeit double the value, leviable by warrant of two
if juftices of the peace. No butcher ill all kill any flefli in
i.t er.^ jijs fcalding-houfe, or within the walls of London, on
pain to forfeit for every ox fo killed, x 2 d. and for every
other beaft, 8 d. to be divided betwixt the king and the
profecutor.
Butcher-Bird, in ornithology. See Lanius.
Butcher-Broom, in botany. See Ruscus.
Butcher's IJland, in the Eaft Indies, a fmall ifland
about two miles long and fcarce one broad. It has its
name from cattle being kept there for the ufe of Bom¬
bay, from which it is about three miles dill ant. It
lias a fmall fort, but of very little confequence.
BUTE, an ifland lying to the weft of Scotland, be-
ing feparated from Cowal, a diftrifl of Argylefhire, on¬
ly by a narrow channel. In length it is about x 8 miles;
the broadeft part from eaft to weft is about five. Part
of it is rocky and barren ; but from the middle fouth-
wards, the ground is cultivated, and produces peafe,
oats, and barley. Here is a quarry of red ftone, which
the natives have ufed in building a fort and chapel in
the neighbourhood of Rothfay, which is a very ancient
royal borough, head town of the (hire of Bute and A-
ran ; but very thinly peopled, and maintained chiefly
by the herring fifliery, with the profits of which all the
rents of this ifland are chiefly paid. On the north fide
of Rothfay are the ruins of an ancient fort, with its
draw-bridge, chapel, and barracks. Here are likewife
the remains of fome Danilh towers. The natives are
healthy and induftrious, fpeak the Erfe and the dia¬
led! of the Lowlands indifferently, and profefs the Pro-
teftant religion. The ifland Is divided into two pari flies,
accommodated with four churches; and belongs chiefly
to the earl of Bute, who poffeffes an elegant feat near
Rothfay. This ifland, with that of Arran, the greater
and leffer Cumbray, and Inch-marnoc, form a county
under the name of Bute. This (hire and that of Caith-
nefs fend a member to parliament alternately. The
earl of Bute is admiral of the county, by commiflion
from his majefty; but no way dependent on the lord
high admiral of Scotland: fo that if any maritime cafe
occurs within this jurifdidlion, (even crimes of as high
a nature as murder or piracy), his lordlhip, by virtue
of the powers as admiral, is fufficient judge, or he may
-delegate his authority to any deputies. The name of
this ifle has by feveral authors, and in different pe¬
riods, been very differently written, as Bote, Both,
Bothe, Boot, but now generally Bute. Our ancient
writers fuppofe that it derived its name from a cell
eretled therein by St Brendan, an Irifli abbot who
flouridied in the 6th century, becaufe in his language
fuch a cell was called Both. It is, however, probable,
that this name was of greater antiquity, fince we find
it denominated Both by the anonymous geographer of
Ravenna. It was from very early times part of the pa¬
trimony of the Stuarts: large poffeffions in it were
granted to Sir John Stuart, fon of Robert II. by his
beloved miftrefs Elizabeth More ; and it has continued
in that line to the prefent time.
BUTEO, in ornithology, the trivial name of a fpe-
cies of Falco.
BUTLER (Charles), a native of Wycomb in the
county of Bucks, and a mafter of arts in Magdalen
college, Oxford, publiftied a book with this title, “ The
principles of mufic in fxnging and fetting; with the
two-fold ufe thereof, ecclefiaftical and civil.” 'Quarto, But’*.
London 1636. The author of this book was a perfon ‘ 1'
of Angular learning and ingenuity, which he manifefted
in fundry other works enumerated by Wood in the
Bthen. Ox on. Among the reft is an Englifh grammar,
publiflied in 1633, in which he propofes a fcheme of
regular orthography, and makes ufe of chara&ers, fome
borrowed from the Saxon, and others of his own in¬
vention, fo Angular, that we want types to exhibit
them : and of this imagined improvement lie appears to
have been fo fond, that all his tra&s are printed in like
manner with his grammar; the confequence whereof
ha^ been an almoft general difguft to all that he has
written. His “ Principles of mufic” is, however, a
very learned, curious, and entertaining book ; and, by
the help of the advertifement from the printer to the
reader, prefixed to it, explaining the powers of the fe¬
veral cbarafters made ufe of by him, may be read to
great advantage, and may be confidered as a judicious
fupplement to Morley’s introduction.
Butler (Samuel), a celebrated poet of the laft cen¬
tury, was the fon of a reputable Worcefterfliire farmer,
and born in 1612. He paffed fome time at Cambridge,
but was never matriculated in that univerfity. Return¬
ing to his native country, he lived fome years as clerk
to a juftice of peace ; where he found fufficient time to
apply himfelf to hiftory, poetry, and painting. Being
recommended to Elizabeth countefs of Kent, he enjoy¬
ed in her houfe, not only the ufe of all kinds of books,
but the converfation of the great Mr Selden, who oft¬
en employed Butler to write letters, and tranflate for
him. He lived alfo fome time with Sir Samuel Luke,
a gentleman of an ancient family in Bedfordfliire, and
a famous commander under Oliver Cromwell: and he
is fuppofed at this time to have wrote, or at leaft to
have planned, his celebrated Hudibras ; and under that
character to have ridiculed the knight. The poem it*
felf furniflies this key ; where, in the firft canto, Hu¬
dibras fays,
“ ’Tis fung, there is a valiant mamaluke
“ In foreign land yclep’d — —
“ To whom we oft have been compar’d
“ For perfon, parts, addrefs, and beard.”
After the reftoration, Mr Butler was made fecretary
to the earl of Carbury, lord-prefident of Wales, who
appointed him fteward of Ludlow caftle, when the court
was revived there. No one was a more generous friend
to him than the earl of Dorfet and Middlefex, to
whom it was owing that the court tafted his Hudibras.
He had promifes of a good place from the earl of
Clarendon, but they were never accompliflied; though
the king was fo much pleafed with the poem, as oft¬
en to quote it pleafantly in converfation. It is in¬
deed faid, that Charles ordered him thefumof 3000I. :
but the fum being expreffed in figures, fomebody
through whofe hands the order paffed, by cutting oft'
a cypher, reduced it to 3001. which, though it paffed
the offices without fees, proved not fufficient to pay
what he then owed; fo that Butler was not a flixlling
the better for the king’s bounty. He died in 1680 ;
and though he met with many difappointments, was
never reduced to any thing like want, nor did he die
in debt. Mr Granger obferves, that Butler “ ftands
without rival in burlefque poetry. His Hudibras (fays
5 H 2 he j
BUT L 796 1 BUT
Butler, he) iss in its kind, almoft as great an effort of genius,
*Ba:.ki-age, as tjie parachfe Loft itfelf. It abounds with uncom-
' v mon learning, new rhimes, and original thoughts. Its
images are truly and naturally ridiculous. There are
many ftrokes of temporary fatire, and fome charadters
and allufions which cannot be difcovered at this dillance
of time.”
Butler (Jofeph), late bifhop of Durham, a pre¬
late dittinguifhed by his piety and learnings was the
youngeft fon of Mr Thomas Butler, a reputable fhop-
keeper at Wantage, in Berklhire, where he was born
in the year 1692. His father, who was a prefbyterian,
obferving that he had a ftrong inclination to learning,
after his being at a grammar-fchool, fent him to an u-
cademy in Gloucefterihire, in order to qualify him for
a diffenting minifter; and while there, he wrote fome
remarks on Dr Clerk’s firft fermon at Boyle’s ledlure.
Afterwards, refolving to conform to the eftablifhed
church, he ftudied at Oriel college, where he contrac¬
ted an intimate friendfiup with Mr Edward Talbot, fon
cf the bifhop of Durham, and brother to the lord chan¬
cellor, who laid the foundation of his fubfequent ad¬
vancement. He was firft appointed preacher at the
Rolls, and reftor of Haughton and Stanhope, two rich
benefices in the biihopric of Durham. He quitted the*
Rolls in 1726 ; and publifhed in 8vo a volume of fer-
mons, preached at that chapel. After this he con-
ftantly refided at Stanhope, in the regular difcharge of
all the duties of his office, till the year 1733, when he
was called to attend the lord chancellor Talbot as his
chaplain, who gave him a prebend in the church of
Rochefter, In the year 1736, he was appointed clerk
of the clofet to queen Caroline, whom he attended
every day, by her majefty’s fpecial command, from fe-
ven to nine in the evening. In 17 3 8 he was appointed
to the biihopric of Briftol; and not long afterwards to
the deanery of St Paul’s, London. He now refigned his
living of Stanhope. In the year 1746, he was made
clerk of the clofet to the king; and in 1750, was
tanfiated to Durham. This rich preferment he en¬
joyed but a fliort time ; for he died at Bath June 16th,
1752. His corpfe was interred in the cathedral at
Briftol; where there is a monument, with an infcrip-
tion, eredted to his memory. He died a bachelor.
Hi's deep learning and comprehenfive mind appear Ef¬
ficiently in his writings, particularly in that excellent
treatife intitled, The Analogy of religion, natural and
revealed, to the confiituticn and courfi of nature, pub-
Eflied in 8vo, 1736.
Butler, the name anciently given to an officer in
the court of France, being the fame as the grand echan-
fon, or great cup-bearer of the prefent times.
Bugler, in the common acceptation of the word,
is an officer in the houfes of princes and great men,
whofe principal bufinefs is to look after the wine, plate,
&c.
BUTLERAGE of wine, is a duty of 2 s. for every
ton of wipe imported by merchants ftrangers; being a
compofition in lieu of the liberties and freedoms grant¬
ed to them by king John and Edward I. by a charter
called charta mercatoria.
Butlerage was originally the only cuftom that was
payable upon the importation of wines, and was taken
and received by virtue of the regal prerogative, for the
proper ufe of the crown. But for many years patt,
there having been granted by parliament fubfidies to Butment
the kings of England, and the duty of butlerage not II
repealed, but confirmed, they have been pleafed to grant Butter>
the fame away to fome nobleman, who, by virtue of * "
fuch grant, is to enjoy the full benefit and advantage
thereof, and may eaufe the fame to be collected in the
fame manner that the kings themfelves were formerly
wont to do.
BUTMENT. Butments of arches are the fame with
buttreffes. They anfwer to what the Romans call fub-
licas, the French culees and lutees.
Butments, or Abutments, of a bridge, denote the
two maffives at the end of a bridge, whereby the two
extreme arches are fuftained and joined with the ftiore
on either fide.
BUTOMUS, the Flowering-rush, or Water,
gladiole : A genus of the hexagynia order, belonging to
the enneandria clafs of plants. There is no calyx, but
it has fix petals, and as many monofpermous capfules.
There is but one fpecies, viz. the umbellatus ; of
which there are two varieties, the one with a white, the
other with a rofe-coloured, flower. Though common
plants, they are very pretty, and are worth propagating
in a garden where there is conveniency for an artificial
bog, or where there are ponds of Handing water, as is
many times the cafe. Where thefe conveniences are want¬
ing, they may be planted in cifterns, which ftiould be kept
filled with water, with about a foot thicknefs of earth in
the bottom; and into this earth-the roots fhould be plant¬
ed, or the feeds fown as foon as they are ripe.
BUTRINTO, a port-town of Epirus, or Canina,
in Turky in Europe, fituated oppofite to the ifland of
Corfu, at the entrance of the gulph of Venice. E.
Long. 20. 40. N. Lat. 39. 45.
BUTT is ufed for a veffel, or meafure of wine, con¬
taining two hogiheads, or 126 gallons; otherwife call¬
ed pipe. A butt of currans is from 15 to 2,200 weight.
Butt, or Butt-ends, in the fea-language, are the
fore-ends of all planks under water, as they rife, and
are joined one end to another.—Butt-ends in great (hips
are moft carefully bolted; for if any one of them fhould
fpring or give way, the leak would be very dangerous
and difficult to flop.
Butts, the place where archers meet with their
bows and arrows to (hoot at a mark, which we call
fhooting at the butts: (See Archery.)—Alfo butts.
are the (hort pieces of land in arable ridges and furrows.
BUTTER, a fat un&uous fubftance, prepared from
milk by heating or churning.
It was late ere the Greeks appear to have had any
notion of butter; their poets make no mention of it,
and yet are frequently fpeaking of milk and cheefe.
The Romans ufed butter no otherwife than as a me¬
dicine, never as a food.
The ancient Chriftians of Egypt burnt butter in
their lamps inftead of oil; and in the Roman churches,
it was anciently allowed, during Chriftmas time, to
burn butter inftead of oil, on account of the great con-
filmption of it otherwife.
Butter is the fat, oily, and inflammable part of the
milk. This kind of oil is naturally diftributed through
all the fubftanee of the milk in very fmall particles,
which are interpofed betwixt the eafeous and ferous
parts, amongft which it is fufpended by a flight adhe-
fion, but without being diffolved. It is ia the fame Hate
BUT I 797 1 BUT
Butter, in which oil is in emullions: hence the fame white-
—v  nefs of milk and emullions; and hence, by reft, the
oily parts feparate from both thefe liquors to the fur-
face, and form a cream. See Emulsion.
When butter is in the ftate of cream, its proper oily
parts are not yet fufficiently united together to form
an homogeneous mafs. They, are ftill half feparated by
the interpofition of a pretty large quantity of ferous
and cafeous particles. The butter is completely formed
by preflirig out thefe heterogeneous parts by means of
continued percuffion. It then becomes an uniform foft
mafs.
Frelh butter which has undergone no change, has
fcarcely any fmell; its tafte is mild and agreeable, it
melts with a weak heat, and none of its principles are
difengaged by the heat of boiling water. Thefe pro¬
perties prove, that the oily part of butter is of the na¬
ture of the fat, fixed, and mild oils obtained from many
vegetable fubftances by expreffion. -See Oils.—The
half fluid confiftence of butter, as of moft other con¬
crete oily matters, is thought to be owing to a con-
iiderable quantity of acid united with the oily part ;
which acid is fo well combined, that it is not perceptible
while the butter is frelh and has undergone no change ;
but when it grows old, and undergoes fome kind of
fermentation, then the acid is difengaged more and
more ; and this is the caufethat butter, like'oils of the
fame kind, becomes rancid by age.
Butter is conftantly ufed in food, from its agreeable
tafte : but to be wholefome, it muft be very frelh and
free from rancidity, and alfo not fried or burnt; other-
wife its acrid and even cauftic acid, being difengaged,
diforders digeftion, renders it difficult and painful,
excites acrid empyreumatic belchings, and introduces
much acrimony into the blood. Some perfons have
ftomachs fo delicate, that they are even affedted with
thefe inconveniences by frelh butter and milk. This
obfervation is alfo applicable to oil, fat, chocolate,
and in general to all oleaginous matters.
For the making of butter: When it has been churned,
open the churn, and with both hands gather it well to¬
gether, take it out of the butter-milk, and lay it into a
very clean bowl, or earthen pan ; and if the butter be
defigned to be ufed fweet, fill the pan with clear water,
^tnd work the butter in it to and fro, till it is brought
to a firm confiftence of itfelf, without any moifture.
When this has been done, it muft be fcotched and lliced
over with the point of a knife, every way as thick as
poffible, in order to fetch out the fmalleit hair, mote,
bit of rag, ftrainer, or any thing that may have hap¬
pened to fall into it. Then fpread it thin in a bowl,
and work it well together, with fuch a quantity of fait,
as you. think fit, and make it up into difties, pounds,
half pounds, &c.
In the Georgical Eflays, Vol. V. p. 209. we have the
following method of making well-tafted butter from
the milk of cows fed on turnips. “ Let the bowls,
cither lead or wood, be kept conftantly clean, and well
fcalded with boiling water before ufing. When the
milk is brought into the dairy, to every eight quarts
mix one quart of boiling water; then put up the milk
into the bowls to ftand for cream.”
The trade in butter is very confiderable. Some com¬
pute 50,000 tons annually confumed in London. It
is chiefly made within 40 miles round the city. Fifty
thoufand firkins are faid to be fent yearly from Cam- Butter,
bridge and Suffolk alone ; each firkin containing 56 "t"-"ir
lbs. Utoxeter in Staffordfhire is a market famous for
good butter, infomuch that the London merchants have
eftablifhed a factory there for that article. It is bought
by the pot, of a long cylindrical form, weighing 141b.
But no butter is efteemed equal to that which is made
in the county of Effex, well known by the name of
Epping butter, and which in almoft eveiy feafon of
the year yields at London from one {billing to 14 pence
per pound averdupoife. The following directions
concerning the making and management of butter, in¬
cluding the Epping method, are extrafted from the 3d
volume of the Bath Society Papers.
In general it is to be obferved, that the greater the
quantity made from a few cows, the" greater will be
the farmer’s profit; therefore he fhould never keep any
but what are efteemed good milkers. A bad cow will
be equally expenfive in her keep, and will not perhaps
(by the butter and cheefe that is made from her) bring
in more than from three to fix pounds a-year; whereas
a good one will bring from feven to ten pounds per an¬
num : therefore it is obvious that bad cows fhould be
parted with, and good ones purchafed in their room.
When fuch are obtained, a good fervant fhould be
employed to milk them; as through, the neglect and
mifmanagement of fervant s, it frequently happens that
the heft cows are fpoiled. No farmer fhould truft en¬
tirely to fervants, but fometimes to fee themfelves that
their cows are milked clean ; for if any milk is fuflfer-
ed to remain in the udder, the cow will daily give lefs,
till at length fhe will become dry before the proper
time, and the next feafon fhe will fcarce give milk fuf-
ficient to pay for her keep.
It fometimes happens that fome of a eow’s teats
may be fcratched or wounded fo as to produce foul or
corrupted milk : when this is the cafe, we fhould by
no means mix it with the fweet milk, but give it to
the pigs ; and that which is conveyed to the dairy-
houfe fhouH remain in the pail till it is nearly cool, be
fore it be ftrained, that is, if the weather be warm ;
but in frofty weather it fhould be immediately ftrain¬
ed, and a fmall quantity of boiling water may be mix¬
ed with it, which will caufe it to produce cream in
abundance, and the more fo l if the pans or vats have
a large furface.
During the hot fummer-moriths, it is right to rife
with or before the fun, that the cream may be fkim-
med from the milk ere the dairy becomes warm ; nor
fhould the milk at that feafon ftand longer in the vats,
&c. than 24 hours, nor be fkimmed in the evening tiM
after fun-fet. In winter milk may remain unfkimmed
for 36 or 48 hours; the cream fhould be depofited in
a deep pan, which fhould be kept during the fummer
in the cooleft part of the dairy ; or in a cool cellar
where a free air is admitted, which is ftill better.
Where people have not an opportunity of churning
every other day, they fhould fhift the cream daily in¬
to clean pans, which will keep it cool, hut they fhould
never fail to churn at leaft twice in the week in hot
weather; and this work fhould be done in a morning
before the fun appears, taking care to fix the churn
where there is a free draught of air. If a pump-churn
be to be ufed, it may be plunged a foot deep into a
tub of cold water, and fhould remam there during the
whole
BUT l 798 ] BUT
Butter, whole time of churning, which will very much harden
 1 the butter. A ftrong rancid flavour will be given to
butter, if we churn fo near the lire as to' heat the wood
in the winter feafon.
After the butter is churned, it Ihould be immedi¬
ately waftied in many different waters till it is perfeft-
ly cleanfed from the milk ; but here it muft be remark¬
ed, that a warm hand will foften it, and make it ap¬
pear greafy, fo that it will be impofiible to obtain the
belt price for it. The cheefemongers ufe two pieces of
wood for their butter; and if thofe who have a very
hot hand were to have fuch, they might work the
butter fo as to make it more faleable.
The Epping butter is- made up for market in long
rolls, weighing a pound each; in the county of So-
merfet they tlifli it in half pounds for fale ; but if they
forget to rub fait round the infide of the difh, it will
be difficult to work it fo as to make it appear hand-
fome.
Butter will require and endure more working in
winter than in fummer; but it is remarked, that no
perfon whafe hand is warm by nature makes good
butter.
Thofe who ufe a pump-churn muft endeavour to
keep a regular ftroke ; nor fhould they admit any per¬
fon to affift them, except they keep nearly the fame
ftroke : for if they churn more flowly, the butter will
in the winter go back, as it is called; and if the ftroke
be more quick and violent in the fummer, it will caufe
a fermentation, by which means the butter will im¬
bibe a very difagreeable flavour.
Where people keep many cows, a barrel-churn is
to be preferred; but if this be not kept very clean,
the bad effe&s will be difcovered in the butter; nor
muft we forget to fhift the fituation of the churn when
we ufe it, as the feafons alter, fo as to fix it in a warm
place in winter, and where there is a free air in fum¬
mer.
In many parts of this kingdom they colour their
butter in winter, but this adds nothing to its good-
nefs ; and it rarely happens that the farmers in or near
Epping ufe any colour, but when they do, it is very
innocent. They procure fome found carrots, whofe
juice they exprefs through a fieve, and mix with the
cream when it enters the churn, which makes it ap¬
pear like May butter; nor do tliey at any time ufe
much fait, though a little is abfolutely neceflary.
As they make in that country but very little cheefe,
fo of courfe very little whey-butter is made : nor in¬
deed ftiould any perfon make it, except for pcefent ufe,
as it will not keep good more than two days ; and the
whey will turn to better account to fatten pigs with.
Nothing feeds thefe fafter, nor will any thing make
them fo delicately white. At the fame time it is to
be obferved, that no good bacon can be made from
pigs thus fatted; where much butter is made, good
cheefe for fervants may be obtained from Ikimmed milk,
•and the whey will afterwards do for ftore pigs.
The foregoing rules will fuffice for making good
butter in any country ; but as fome people are partial
to the weft-country method, it ihall be defcribed as
briefly as pofiible.
In the firft place, they depofite their milk in earthen
pans in their dahy-houfe, and (after they have flood
twelve hours in the fummer, and double that fpace in
the winter) they remove them to ftoves made for that Butrer.
purpofe, which ftoves are filled with hot embers; on y——
thefe they remain till bubbles rife, and the cream
changes its colour, it is then deemed heated enough,
and this they call fcalded cream; it is afterwards removed
fteadily to the dairy, where it remains twelve hours more,
and is then fkimmed from the milk and put into a tub or
churn : if it be put into a tub, it is beat well with the
hand, and thus they obtain butter; but a cleanlier
way is to make ufe of a churn. Some fcald it over
the fire, but then the fmoke is apt to affect it; and in
either cafe, if the pans touch the fire, they will crack
or fly, and the milk and cream will be wafted.
The Cambridgeftiire fait butter is held in the high-
eft efteem, and is made nearly after the fame method
as the Epping; and by wafhing and working the fait
from it the cheefemongers in London often fell it at a
high price for frefh butter. They depofite it when
made into, wooden tubs or firkins, which they expcfe
to the air for two or three weeks, and often walh them;
but a readier way is to feafon them with unflaked lime,
or a large quantity of fait and water well boiled will
do : with this they muft be fcrubbed feveral times, and
afterwards thrown into cold water, where they fhould
remain three or four days, or till they are wanted ;
then they ftiould be fcrubbed as before, and well rinfed
with cold water; but before they receive the butter,
care muft be taken to rub every part of the firkin with
fait; then if the butter be properly made, and per fect¬
ly fweet, it may be gently prefled into the firkin ;
but it muft be well falted when it is made up, and the
fait fhould be equally diftributed through the whole
mafs, and a good handful of fait muft be fpread on
the top of the firkin before it is headed, after .which
the head fliould be immediately put on.
They purfue nearly the fame method in Suffolk and
Yorkfhire; nor is the butter that is made in thefe
counties much inferior to that made in Cambridgefhire ;
indeed it is often fold in London for Cambridge but¬
ter ; and no people make more butter from their cows
than the Yorkfhire farmers do, which is certainly owing
to the care they take of their cows in the winter ; as
at that feafon they houfe them all, feed them with
good hay, and never fuffer them to go out (except to
water) but when the weather is very ferene ; and when
their cows calve, they give them comfortable malt
mefhes for two or three days after; but thefe cows
never anfwer if they are removed to other counties,
except the fame care and attendance be given them,
and then none anfwer better.
Land whereon cows feed does very often affedl the
butter. If wild garlic, charlock, or May-weed, be
found in a pafture ground, cows fhould not feed there¬
in till after they have been mown, when fuch perni¬
cious plants will appear no more till the following
fpring ; but thofe cows that give milk muft. not par¬
take of the hay made therefrom, as that will alfo dif-
fufe its bad qualities.
Great part of the Epping butter is made from cows
that feed during the fummer months in Epping foreft,
where the leaves and fhrubby plants contribute greatly
to the flavour of the butter. The mountains of Wales,
the highlands of Scotland, and the moors, commons,
and heaths in England, produce excellent butter where
it is properly managed; and though not equal in
I quantity,
!
Rutt;r,
Butterfly.
£dward's
Si/lory of
Birds,
Vol. It.
f>. 122.
BUT L 799 ] BUT
quantity,, yet far fuperior in quality to tliat which is
produced from the richeft meadows ; and the land is
often blamed when the butter is bad through mifma-
nagerftent, fluttiihnei's, or inattention.
Turnips and rape affeft milk and butter, but brew¬
ers grains are fvveet and wholefome food, and will make
cows give abundance of milk; yet the cream thereon
will be thin, except good hay be given at the fame
time, after every meal of grains. Coleworts and cab¬
bages are alfo excellent food ; and if thefe and favoys
were cultivated for this purpofe, the farmers in gene¬
ral would find their account in it.
Cows fhould never be fuffered to drink improper
water ; ftagnated pools, water wherein frogs, &c. fpawn,
common fewers, and ponds that receive the drainings
of ftables, are improper.
Divers abufes are committed in the packing and
faking of butter, toincreafe its bulk and weight, againft
which we have a ftatute exprefs. Pots are frequently
laid with good butter for a little depth at the top, and
with bad at the bottom ; fometimes the butter is fet in
rolls, only touching at top, and Handing hollow at
bottom. To prevent thefe cheats, the factors at U-
toxeter keep a furveyor, who, in cafe of fufpicion,
tries the pots with an iron inilrument called a butter-
bore, made like a cheefe-tafter, to be llruck in obliquely
to the bottom.
Shower of Butter. Naturalifts fpeak of Ihowers
and dews of a butyraceous fubftance. In 1695, there
fell in Ireland, during the winter and enfuing fpring,
a thick yellow dew, which had the medicinal properties
of butter.
Butter, among chemifts, a name given to feveral
preparations, on account of their confiftence refembling
that of butter ; as butter of antimony, &c. See Che-
MISTRY-/WeX.
BuTTER-Bur, in botany. See Tussilago.
Butter-Milk, the milk which remains after the but¬
ter is come by churning. Butter-milk is efteemed an
excellent food, in the fpring efpecially, and is particu¬
larly recommended in hettic,fevers. Some make curds
of butter-milk, by pouring into it a quantity of new
milk hot.
BuTTER-Wort, in-botany. See Pinguicula.
BUTTERFLY, the Englifh name of a numerous
genus of infefts. See Papilio.
BuTTRRFLY-Shell, in natural hiftory. See-VoufTA.
Method of preferving Butterflies. See Insects.
Method of making Pictures of Butterflies. “ Take
butterflies -or field-moths, either thofe catcher! abroad,
or fuch as are taken in caterpillars and nurfed in the
houfe till' they be flies; clip off their wings very clofe
to their bodies, and lay them on clean paper, in the
form of a butterfly when flying ; then have ready pre¬
pared gum arabic that hath been fome time diffolved in
wrater, and is pretty thick; if you put a drop of ox¬
gall into a fpoanful of this, it will be better for the
ufe ; temper them well'with your finger, and fpread a
little of it on a piece of thin white paper, big enough
to take both fides of your fly ; when it begins to be
clammy under your finger, the paper is in proper order
to take the feathers from the wings of the fly; then
lay the gummed fide on the wings, and it will take
them up 5 then double your paper fo as to have all the
wings between the paper; then lay it on a table, pref-
fing it clofe with your fingers; and you may rub it
gently with fome fmooth hard thing; then open the
paper and take out the wings, which will come forth
tranfparent: the down of the upper and under fide of
the wings, flicking to the gummed paper, form a juft
likenefs of both fides of the wings in their natural
fhapes and colours. The nicety of taking off flies de¬
pends on a juft degree of moifture of the gum’d paoer :
for if it be too wet, all will be blotted and confufed;
and if too dry, your paper will flick fo fall together,
that it will be torn in feparation. When you have
opened your gum’d papers, and they are dry, you mull
draw the bodies from the natural ones, and paint them
in water-colours: you muft take paper that will bear
ink very well for this ufe ; for finking paper will fe-
parate with the reft, and fpoil all.”
BUTTERIS, in the manege, an inftrument of flee!,
fitted to a wooden handle, wherewith they pare the
foot, or cut off the hoof, of a horfe.
BUTTOCK of« Ship, is that part of her which is
her breadth right aftern, from the tack upwards ; and-
a Ihip is faid to have a broad or a narrow buttock,,
according as (he is built broad or narrow at the tran-
fum.
BUTTON, an article in drefs, whofe.form and ufe
are too well known to need defcription. They are;
made of various materials, as mohair, filk, horfe-hair,
metal, &c.
Method of making common Buttons. Common but¬
tons are generally made of mohair; fome indeed are
made of filk, and others of thread; but the latter are
of a very inferior fort. In order to make a button,
the mohair muft be previoufly wound on a bobbin ;
and the mould fixed to a board by means of a bodkin
thruft through the hole in the middle of it. This be¬
ing done, the workman wraps the mohair round the
mould in three, four, or fix columns, according to the-
button.
Horfe-hair Buttons. The moulds of thefe buttons
are covered with a kind of fluff compofed of filk and
hair; the warp beingbelladine filk, and the Ihoot horfe-
hair. This ftuffis wove with tv/o felvedges, in the fame
manner and in the fame loom as ribbands. It is then
cut into fquare pieces proportional to the fize of the
button, wrapped round the moulds, and their felvedges
ftitched together, which form tjje under part of the
button.
Cleanfng of Buttons, A button is not finilhed
when it comes from the maker’s hands; the fuperfluous
hairs and hubs of filk muft be taken off, and the but¬
ton rendered gloffy and beautiful before, it can be fold.
This is done in the following manner: A quantity of
buttons are put into a kind of iron fieve, called by
workmen a Jingeing box. Then a little fpirit of wine
being poured into a kind of fhallow iron di!h, and fet
on fire, the workman moves and fhakes the fingeing
box; containing the buttons, brilkly over the flame of
the fpirit, by which the fuperfluous hairs, hubs of filk,
&c. are burnt off, without damaging the buttons.
Great care, however, muft be taken that the buttons-
in the fingeing box be kept continually in motion ; for
if they are fuffered to reft over the flame, they will im¬
mediately burn. When all thefe loofe hairs, &c. are
burnt oft’ by the flame of the fpirit, the buttons are ta¬
ken out-of the fingeing box, and put, with a proper
. quantifr-
BUT [ Soo ] BUT
Button, .quantity of the crumbs of bread, Into a leather bag,
about three feet long, and of a conical {hape; the mouth
or fmaller end of which being tied up, the workman
takes one of the ends in one hand and the other in the
other, and ihakes the hand briikly with a particular
jerk. This operation cleanfes the buttons, renders them
very gloffy, and fit for fale.
. Gcld-tnuijl Buttons. The mould of thefe buttons
is firft covered in the fame manner with that of common
buttons. This being done, the whole is covered with
a thin plate of gold or iilver, and then wrought over
of different forms, with purle and. gimp. The former
'• is a kind of thread compofed of filk and gold-wire
twilled together; and the latter, capillary tubes of
gold or filver, about the tenth of an inch long. Thefe
are joined together by means of a fine needle, filled
with filk, thruft through.their apertures, in the fame
manner as beads or bugles.
The manner of making Metal-BurroNS. The metal
with which the moulds are intended to be covered is
firfl call into fmall ingots,'and then flatted into thin
plates or leaves, of the thicknefs intended, at the flat¬
ting mills; after which it is cut into fmall round pieces
proportionable to the fize of the mould they are intend¬
ed to cover, by means of proper punches on a block
of wood covered with a thick plate of lead. Each piece
of metal thus cut out of the plate is reduced into the
form of a button, by beating it fucceffively in feveral
cavities, or concave moulds, of a fpherical form, with
a convex puncheon of iron, always beginning with the
fhalloweft cavity or mould, and proceeding to the deep¬
er, till the plate has acquired the intended form : and
the better to manage fo thin a plate, they form ten,
twelve, and fometimes even twenty-four, to the cavities,
or concave moulds, at once; often nealing the metal
during the operation, to make it more ductile. This
plate is generally called by workmen the cap of the
button.
The form being thus given to the plates or caps,
they flrike the intended impreffion on the convex fide,
by means of a fimilar iron puncheon, in a kind of mould
engraven en creux, either by the hammer or the prefs
ufed in coining. The cavity or mould, wherein the
impreflion is to be made, is of a diameter and depth
fuitable to the fort of button intended to be ftruck in
it; each kind requiring a particular mould. Between
the puncheon and the plate is placed a thin piece of
lead, called by workmen a hob, which greatly contri¬
butes to the taking off all the flrokes of the engraving;
the lead, by reafon of its foftnefs, eafily giving way to
the parts that have relievo, and as eafily infinuating it-
felf into the traces or indentures.
The plate thus prepared makes the cap or (hell of
the button. The lower part is formed of another plate,
in the fame manner, but much flatter, and without any
impreflion. To the lalt or under plate is foldered a
fmall eye made of wire, by which the button is to be
faftened.
The two plates being thus finifhed, they are foldered
together with foft folder, and then turned in a lathe.
Generally indeed they ufe a wooden mould, inftead of
the under plate ; and in order to fallen it, they pafs a
thread or gut acrofs, through the middle of the mould,
and fill the cavity between the mould and the cap with
cement, in order to render the button firm and folid;
for the cement entering all the cavities formed by the Button
relievo of the other fide, fuftains it, prevents its flat- B (I
tening, and preferves its bofle or defign. , ujus'
Button, in the manege. Button of the reins of a
bridle, is a ring of leather, with the reins paffed thro’
it, which runs all along the length of the reins. To
put a horfe under the button, is when a horfe is flop¬
ped without a rider upon his back, the reins being laid
on his neck, and the button lowered fo far down that
the reins bring in the horfe’a head, and fix it to the true
pqflure pr carriage. It is not only the horfes which are
managed'in the hand that mud be put under the but¬
ton; for the fame method mud be taken with fuch
horfes as are bred between two pillars, before they arc
backed.
BUTTONiJVood. See.CEPHALANTHUS. '
Button’s-Bay, the name of the north part of Hud-
fon’s bay, in North America, whereby Sir Thomas
Button attempted to find .out a north-wed pafiage to
the Ead Indies. It lies between 8o° and too0 wed
longitude, and between 6o° and 66? north latitude.
BvTTON-Stone, in natural hidory, a kind of figured
done, fo denominated from its refembling the button
of a garment. Dr Hook gives the figure of three forts
of button-dones, which feem to have been nothing elfe
but the filling up of three feveral forts of (hells. They
are all of them very hard flints ; and have this in com¬
mon, that they confid of . two bodies, which feem to
have been the filling up of two holes or vents in the
(hell. Dr Plot defcribes a fpecies finely driated from
the top, after the mariner of feme hair buttons. This
name is alfo given' to a peculiar fpecies of (late found
in the marqijifate of Bareith, in a mountain called
bichteiberg; which is extremely different from the
common forts of (late, in that it runs with great eafe
into glafs in five or fix hours time, without the addi¬
tion of any fait or other foreign fubdance, to promote
its vitrification, as other dones require. It contains in
itfelf all the principles of glafs, and really has mixed in
its fubdance the things neceffary to be added to pro¬
mote the fufion of other dony bodies. The Swedes
and Germans make buttons of the glafs produced from
it, which is veiy black and fliining, and it has hence its
name buitm-Jlone. They make feveral other things al¬
fo of this glafs, as the handles of knfves and the like,
and fend a large quantity of it unwrought in round
cakes as it cools from the fufion into Holland.
BUTTRESS, a kind of butment built archwife, or
a mafs of done or brick, ferving to prop or fupport the
fides of a building, wall, Stc. on the outiide, where it is
either very high, or has any confiderable load to fuitain
on the other fide, as a bank of earth, &c.—Buttreffes
are uied againd the angles of fleeples and other build¬
ings of done, &c. on the outfide, and along the walls
of fuch buildings as have great and heavy roofs, which
would be fubjedl to thrud the walls out, unlefs very
thick, if no buttreffes were placed againd them. They
are alfo placed for a fupport and butment againd the
feet of fome arches, that are turned acrofs great halls
in old palaces, abbeys, &c.
BUTUS (anc. geog.), a town of Lower Egypt, on
the weft fide of the branch of the Nile, called Ther-
muthiacus; towards the mouth called OJlium Sebennyti-
cum: in this town dood an oracle of Latona, (Strabo,
Herodotus). Ptolemy places Butus in the Nomos
5 Phthenotes:
B tr x
Butzaw Phthenotes: it is alfo called Bute, us, (Herodotus,
Buxton Stephanus). It had temples of Apollo and Diana,
. , ° ’ kut the largeft was that of Latona where the oracle
flood.
BUTZAW, a town of lower Saxony, in Germany;
[ 801 ] B U X
continues. It is 12 feet long, and as many broad, fet
round with ftone flops on the infide. In the midft of this '
dome the water now fprings up into a ftone bafon two
feet fquare. St Peter’s or Bingham well rifes about 20
yards fouth-eaft of St Ann’s. It is alfo called Lefoh’s
C   r 1_   • 1 r • , 6
it ftands upon the river Varnow, on the road from we//, from a memorable cure received from it by a gen-
Schwerin to Roftock, lying in E. Long. 13. 12. N.
Hat. 54. 50.
BUVETTE, orBEuvETTE, in the French laws, an
eftabliflied place in eveiy court, where the lawyers
and counfellors may retire, warm themfelves, and take
a glafs of wine by way of refrefhment, at the king’s
charge. There is one for each court of parliament,
but thefe are only for perfons belonging to that body 5
tleman of that name. It rifes out of a black limeftone,
in a very dry ground; and is not fo warm as St Ann’s
well.
From the great refort of company to the waters,
this place has grown into a large ftraggling town,
which is daily increafmg. The houfes are chiefly, or
rather folely, built for the reception of invalids ; and
many of them are not only commodious, but elegant.
there are othersin the palait, whither other perfons alfo The duke of Devonfhire has lately erected a moil
refort. M) magnificent building in the form of a crefcent, with
T>TTvr<-*.TmTTnr rr • *t_h • - r«, i , piazzas,.under which the company walk in wet or cold
weather- It is divided into different hotels, (hops,
&c. with a public coffee-room, and a very elegant room
for affemblies and concerts.
The hot water refembles that of Briftol. It has a
fweet and pleafant tafte. It contains the calcareous
BUXENTUM, (Livy',' Velleius, Ptolemy, Mela,
Pliny) ; Pyxus, (Strabo, Pliny): a town of-Lucania,
firft built by the people of Meffana, but afterwards de-
ferted, (Strabo). A Roman colony was fent thither,
(Livy, Velleius): and when found ftill thin of inhabi¬
tants, a new colony was fent by a decree of the fenate.
Its name is from buxus, the box-tree, growing plenti- earth, together with a fmall quantity of fea fait, and
fully" there. Strabo fays, the name Pyxus includes a
promontory, port, and river, under one. Now Poii-
cafkro, in the Hither Principato of Naples. E. Long.
15.40. N. Lat. 40. 20.
BUXTON, a place in the peak of Derbyfliire, ce¬
lebrated for its medicinal waters, and lying in W. Long.
O. 20. N. Lat. 53. 20.
It has been always believed by our antiquaries, that
an inconfiderable portion of a purging fait; but no
iron can be difeovered in it. This water taken in¬
wardly is efteemed good in the diabetes; in bloody
urine ; in the bilious cholic; in lofs of appetite, and
coldnefs of the ftomach ; in inward bleedings ; in atro¬
phy ; in contraftion of the veffels and limbs, efpeci-
ally from age; in cramps and convulfions ; in the dry
afthma without a fever; and alfo in barrennefs. In¬
the Romans were acquainted with thefe wells, and had wardly and outwardly, it is faid to be good in rheu-
frequented them much, as there is a military way ftill matic and fcorbutic complaints ; in the gout; in in-
vifible, called the Bath-gate, from Burgh to this place. a  c *l’“ 1:"~ J  4 ; r-—
This was verified about 50 years ago, when Sir Thomas
Delves, of Chefliire, in memory of a cure he received
here, caufed an arch to be erefted; in digging the
foundations for which, they came to the remains of a
folid and magnificent ftru&ure of Roman workman-
fhip ; and in other places of the neighbourhood, very
.capacious leaden veffels, and other utenfils, of Roman
workmanlhip, have been difeovered. Thefe waters have
always been reckoned inferior to thofe in Somerfetlhire;
but feem never t^rhave been totally difufed. They are
mentioned by Leland, as well known 200 years ago ;
but it is certain they were brought into greater credit
by Dr Jones in 1572, and by George earl of Shrews¬
bury, who eredted a building over the bath, then.com-
pofed of nine fprings. This building was afterwards
pulled down, and a more commodious one erefted at
the expence of the earl of Devonlhire. In doing this,
however, the ancient regifter of cures drawn up by the
flammation of the liver and kidneys, and in confump-
tions wf the lungs ; alfo in old ftrains ; in hard callous
tumours; in withered and contracted limbs; in the
itch, fcabs, nodes, chalky fwellings, ring-worms, and
other fimilar complaints.—Befides the hot water, there
is alfo a cold chalybeate water, with a rough irony
tafte It refembles the Tunbridge water in virtues.
For the methods of compofing artificial Buxton
water, or of impregnating the original water with a
greater quantity of its own gas or with other gafes, fee
Waters (Medicinal).
Buxton (Jedediah), a prodigy with refpeft to flcill
in numbers.. His father, William Buxton, was fchool-
mafter of the fame parifh, where he was born in 1704 :
yet Jedediah’s education was fo much neglecled, that
he was never taught to write ; and with refpeft to any
other knowledge but'that of numbers, feemed always
as ignorant as a boy of ten years of age. How he
came firft: to know the relative proportions of numbers,
bath-warden, or phyfician. attending the baths, and and their progreffive denominations, he did not remefn-
\ J v • 0 i 1 i 1 i* j r—^ l: • j
fubferibed by the hands of the patients, was loft.
The warm waters of Buxton are, the bath, confift-
itig of nine fpririgs, as already mentioned, St Ann’s well,
and St Peter’s or Bingham well. St Ann’s well rifes
at the diftance of fomewhatmore than 32 yards north-
eaft from the bath. It is chiefly fuppliedfrom a fpring
ber; but to this he applied the whole-force of his mind,
and upon this his attention was conftantly fixed, fo that
he frequently took no cognizance of external objeCts,
and when he did it, it was only with refpect to their
numbers. If any fpace of time was mentioned, he would
fbon after fay it was fo many minutes; and if any di-
on the north fide, out of a rock of black limeftone or ftance of way, he would affign the number of hairs
' " -■ - - * '• " breadths, without any queftion being afleed, or any cal¬
culation expefted by the company. When he once un-,
derftood a queftion, he began to work with' amazing
facility, after his own method, without the ufe of a pen,
pencil, or chalk, or even underftanding the common
5 I rules.
baftard marble. It formerly rofe into a ftone bafon,
fhut up within an ancient Roman brick wall, a yard
fquare within, a yard high, on three fides, and open on
the fourth. But, in 1709, Sir Thomas Delves, as al¬
ready mentioned, erefted an arch over it which ftill
Vox.. III. Part II.
B U X [ 802 1 B U X
Buxton, rules of arithmetic as taught in the fchools. He would
Buxtorf. over a piece of land or a field, and tell you the
' contents of it almolt: as exact as if you had meafured it
by the chain. In this manner he meafured the whole
lordfiiip of Elmton, of fome thoufand acres, belonging
to Sir John Rhodes, and brought him the contents, not
only in acres, roods, and perches, but even in fquare
■ inches. After this, for his own amufement, he reduced
them into fquare hair-breadths, computing 48 to each
fide of the inch. His memory was fo great, that while
refolving a queftion, he could leave off, and refume the
operation again where he left off the next morning, or at
a week, a month, or at feveral months, and proceed
regularly till it was completed. His memory would
doubtlefs have been equally retentive with refpect to
other objefta, if he had attended to other objects with
equal diligence; but his perpetual application to figures
prevented the fmallefl: acquifition of any other know¬
ledge. He was fometimes afked, on his return from
church, whether he remembered the text, or any part
of the fermon, but it never appeared that he brought a-
way one fentence; his mind, upon a clofer examination,
being found to have been bufied, even during divine fer-
vice, in his favourite operation, either dividing fome
time, or fome fpace, into the fmalleft known parts, or
refolving fome queftion that had been given him as a
tell of his abilities.
This extraordinary perfon living in laborious pover¬
ty, his life was uniform and obfcure. Time, with re-
fpe£t to him, changed nothing but his age; nor did the
feafons vary his employment, except that in winter he
ufed a flail, and in fummer a ling-hook. In the year
1754, he came to London, where he was introduced
to the royal fociety, who, in order to prove his abili¬
ties, alked him feveral queftions in arithmetic, and he
gave them xfuch fatisfaftion, that they difmifled him
with a handfome gratuity. In this vifit to the metro¬
polis, the only object of his curiofity, except figures,
was his defire to fee the king and royal family ; but
they being juft removed to Kenfington, Jedediah was
difappointed. During his refidence in London, he
was taken to fee King Richard III. performed at
Drury-lane playhoufe ; and it was expected, either
that the novelty and the fplendor of the Ihow would
have fixed him in aftonifliment, or kept his imagina¬
tion in a continual hurry, or that his paffions would,
in fome degree, have been touched by the power of ac¬
tion, if he had not perfectly underftood the dialogue.
But Jedediah’s mind was employed in the playhoufe
juft as it was employed in every other place. During
the dance, he fixed his attention upon the number of
fteps 5 he declared, after a fine piece of mufic, that the
innumerable founds produced by the inftruments had
perplexed him beyond meafure; and he attended even
to Mr Garrick, only to count the words that he ut¬
tered, in which he faid he perfectly fucceeded. Jedi-
diah returned to the place of his birth, where, if his en¬
joyments were few, his wilhes did not feem to be more.
He applied to his labour, by which he fubfifted with
cheerfulnefs; he regretted nothing that he left behind
him in London ; and it continued to be his opinion, that
a flice of rufty bacon afforded the moft delicious repaft.
BUXTORF (John), a learned profeffor of Hebrew
at Bafft, who, in the 17th century, acquired the higheft
reputation for his knowledge of the Hebrew and Chal¬
dee languages. He died of the plague at Bafil in 1629, Buxtorf,
aged 65. His principal works are, i. A fmall but ex- Buxus.
cellent Hebrew grammar ; the beft edition of which is  v—-
that of Leyden in 1701, revifed by Leufden. 2. A
treafure of the Hebrew grammar. 3. An Hebrew con¬
cordance, and feveral Hebrew lexicons. 4. Injiitutio
epijiolaris Hebraic a. 5. De abbreviaiuris Hebrxerum,
GV.
- Buxtorf (John), the fon of the former, and a learn¬
ed profeffor of the oriental languages at Bafil, diftin-
guiflied himftlf, like his father, by his knowledge of
the Hebrew language, and his rabbinical learning. He
died at Bafil in 1664, aged 65 years. His principal
works are, i. His tranflation of the More, Nevochim,
and the Cozri. 2. A Chaldee and Syriac lexicon.
3. An anticritic againft Cappel. 4. A treatife on the
Hebrew points and accents ragaioft the fame Cappel.
BUXUS, the box-tree: A genus of the tetrandrja
order, belonging to the monoecia clafs of plants; and
in the natural method ranking under the 38th order,
Tricacc.e. The male calyx is tnphyoUus, the ger-
men an embryo, or imperfedl rudiment. The female
calyx is tetraphyllous: there are three petals, and as
many ftyles: the capfule three beaked and trilocular,
with three feeds.
Species. 1. The arborefcens, with oval leaves. 2. The
anguftifolia, or narrow-leaved box. Thefe two forts
grow in great plenty upon Boxhill near Dorking in
Surry in England. Here were formerly large trees of
that kind; but now they are much fewer in number.
There are two or three varieties of the firft fort which
are propagated in gardens ; one with yellow, and the
other with white ftriped leaves. Another hath the
tips of the leaves only marked with yellow, and is
called tipped box. 3. The fuffruticofa, dwarf, or Dutch
box, commonly ufed for bordering of flower-beds.
Culture. The two firft forts may be railed from
feeds; and may be alfo propagated by cuttings, which
are to be planted in the autumn in a fliady border. The
beft feafon for removing thefe trees is in Odtober;
though, if care be ufed to take them up with a good
ball of earth, they may be tranfplanted almoft at any
time except the middle of fummer. The dwarf box is
increafed by parting the roots, or planting the flips;
but as it makes fo great an increafe of itfelf, and fo
eafily parts, it is hardly worth while to plant the flips
that have no roots.
Ufes. The tree or large box is proper to intermix,
in clumps of evergreens, &c. where it adds to the va¬
riety of fuch plantations: they are a very great orna¬
ment to cold and barren foils where few other things
will grow. The dwarf kind of box is ufed for bordering
flower-beds, or other purpofes of that nature ; and
for this it far excels any other plant, being fubjeA to
no injuries from cold or heat. It is of long duration ;
is eafily kept handfome; and, by the firmnefs of its
rooting, keeps the mould in the borders from wafhing
into the gravel walks more effectually than any plant
whatever.—Boxwood is. extremely hard and fmooth,
and therefore well, adapted to the ufe of the turner.
Combs, mathematical mltruments, knife-handles, and
button-moulds, are made of it. It may properly enough
be ftibftituted in default of ebony, the yellow alburnum
of which it pefedtly refembles. In the Ephemerides
of the curious there is the following account of the ef-
2 ficacy.
BUZ
[ 803 ]
B Y N
Buying ficacy of boxwood in making hair grow. “ A young BUZZARD, in ornithology, the name of feveral ■
Bum vroman Gunherg in Lower Silefia, having had a fpecies of the hawk- kind. See Falco.
i ’ . malignant dyfentery which occafioned the falling off" BYBLUS, (anc. geog.) a town of Phoenicia, fitu-
of all her hair, was advifed by a perfon, fome time af- ated between Berytus and Botrys: it was the royal re-
ter her recovery (as her hair was not likely to grow lidence of Cinyras; facred to Adonis. Pompey deli-
again of itfelf, her head being then as bare as the vered it from a tyrant, whom he caufed to be behead-
hand), to wafh it all over with a decoction of boxwood; ed. It ftood at no great diftance from the fea, oij an
which (he readily did, without the addition of any other eminence, (Strabo); near it ran the Adonis into the
drug. Hair of a chefnut colour grew on her head, as (he Mediterranean. Now in ruins.
was told it would do; but having ufed no precaution to BYCHOW, a fmall town of Lithuania in Poland,
fecure her neck and face from the lotion, they became fituated on the river Nieper, in E. Long. 30. 2. N. Lat.
covered with red hair to fuch a degree, that (lie feemed 53- 57*
little different .om an apeor a monkey.” Thisdeco&ion BY-laws, are laws made obiter, or by the by; fuch
has been recommended by fome as a powerful fudorific, as orders and conftitutions of corporations for the go-
preferable even to guiacum; but the tafte readily difeo- verning of their members, of court-leets, and courts
vers that it wants the qualities of that wood. Neither baron ; commoners, or inhabitants in vills, &c. made
the wood nor the leaves of the box-tree at prefent are by common affent, for the good of thofe that made
ufed for any other medicinal purpofe than the diftilla- them, in particular cafes whereunto the public law doth
tion of an empyreumatic oil; and an oil of nearly not extend ; fo that they bind farther than the common
the fame quality is obtained from almoft every other or ftatute law : guilds and fraternities of trades' by
wood. letters patent of incorporation, may likewife make by-
BUYING, the aft of making a purchafe, or of ac- laws for the better regulation of trade among them-
quiring the property of a thing for a certain price. felves or with others. In Scotland thefe laws are called
Buying (lands oppofed to felling, and differs from laws of birlanu, or burlaw, which are made by neigh-
borrowing or hiring, as in the former the property of hours elefted by common confent in the birlaw-courts,
the thing is alienated for perpetuity, which in the lat- wherein knowledge is taken of complaints betwixt
ter is not. By the civil law, perfons are allowed to neighbour and neighbour; which men fo chofen are
buy \ioye,fpem pretio emere, that is, to purchafe the e- judges and arbitrators, and ftyled birlawmen. And
vent or expeftation of any thing. E. gr. The fi(h or birlaws,- according to Skene, are leges rujlicorum, laws
birds a perfon (hall catch, or the money he (hall win in made by hufbandmen, or townfhips, concerning neigh¬
gaming. bourhood among them. All by-laws are to be reafon-
There are different fpecies of buying in ufe among able, and for the common benefit, not private advantage
traders; as, buying on one’s own account, oppofed to of particular perfons, and muff be agreeable to the pub¬
buying on commiffion; buying for ready money, which be laws in being.
is when the purchafer pays in aftual fpecie on the BYNG (George), lord vifcount Torrington, was
fpot; buying on credit, or for a time-certain, is when the fon of John Byng, Efq; and was born in 1663.
the payment is not to be prefently made, but, in lieu At the age of 15, he went volunteer to fea with the
thereof, an obligation given by the buyer for payment king’s warrant. His early engagement in this courfe of
at a time future ; buying on delivery, is when the bfe gave him little opportunity of acquiring learning or
goods purchafed are only to be delivered at a certain cultivating the polite arts ; but by his abilities and afti-
time future. vity as a naval commander he furnilhed abundant matter
Buying the refufal, is giving money for the right or for the pens of others. After being feveral times advan-
liberty of purchafing a thing at a fixed price, in a cer- eed, he was in 1702 raifed to the command of the Naf-
tain time to come ; chiefly ufed in dealing for (hares fau, a third rate, and was at the taking and burning the
in (lock. This is fometimes alfo calledby a cant name, French fleet at Vigo ; and the next year he was made
buying the bear. ’ rear-admiral of the red. In 1704, he ferved in the grand
Buying the fmall-pox, is an appellation given to a fleet fent to the Mediterranean under Sir Cloudefly
method of procuring that difeafe by an operation fi- Shovel, as rear-admiral oFthe red; and it was he who
milar to inoculation ; frequent in South Wales, where commanded the fquadron that attacked, cannonaded,
it has obtained time out of mind. It is performed and reduced Gibraltar. He was in the battle of Ma-
either by rubbing fome of the pus taken out of a puf- laga, which followed foon after ; and for his behaviour
tule of a variolous perfon on the (kin, or by making a in that aftion queen Anne conferred on him the honour
punfture in the (kin with a pin dipped in fuch pus. of knighthood. In 1705, in about two months time,
BUYS, a town of Dauphiny in France, fituated on he took 12 of the enemies larged privateers, with the
the borders of Provence. E. Long. 5. 20. N. Lat. Thetis, a French man of war of 44 guns ; and alfo fe-
44. 25.
BUZANCOIS, a fmall town of Berry in France,
fituated on the borders of Tourain, in E. Long. 1. 29.
N. Lat. 46. 38.
veral merchant (hips, mod of them richly laden. The
number of men taken on board was 2070, and of guns
334. In 1718, he Was made admiral and commander
’n chief of the fleet; and was fent with a fquadron into
BUZBACH, a town of Germany, in Wederavia and the Mediterranean for the proteftion of Italy, accord-
the county of Holmes, one the confines of Hanau. E.
Long. 10. 51. N. Lat. 50. 22.
BUZET, a fmall town of France, in Languedoc,
featedon the river Torne, in E. Long. x. 45. N. Lat.
43*-47*
ing to the obligation England was under by treaty,
againd the invafion of the Spaniards ; who had the year
before furprifed Sardinia, and had this year landed an
army in Sicily. In this expedition he difpatched cap¬
tain Walton in the Canterbury, with five more (hips in
5 I 2 purfuit
B T R [ 804 ] B Y S
Byng purfuit of fix Sapnifh men of war, with galleys, fire-
11 fhips, bomb-veffels, and ftore-fhips, who feparated from
Byrom‘ , the main fleet, and flood in for the Sicilian Chore. The
captain’s laconic epiftle on this occafion is worthy of
notice; which fliowed that fighting was his talent as
well as his admiral’s, and not writing.
“ Sir,
“ We have taken and deftroyed all the SpainCh Chips
“ and veffels which were upon the coaft, as per margin.
Canterbury, off Syracufe, “ I am, &c.
Auguft 16th, 1718. G. Walton.”
From the account referred to, it appeared that he
had taken four SpaniCh men of war, with a bomb-vef-
fel and a Chip laden with arms ; and burned four, with
a fire-fliip and bomb-veffel. The king made the admiral
an handfome prefent, and feat him plenipotentiary
powers to negociate with the princes and ftates of Italy
as there Chould be occafion. He procured the emperor’s
troops free accefs into the fortreffes that ftill held out
in Sicily ; failed afterwards to Malta, and brought out
the Sicilian gallies, and a Chip belonging to the Turky
company. Soon after he received a gracious letter from
the emperor Charles VI. written with his own hand,
accompanied with a picture of his imperial majefty,
fet round with very large diamonds, as a mark of the
grateful fenfe he had of his fervices. It was entirely
Owing to his advice and affiftance that the Germans
retook the city of Meffina in 1719, and deftroyed the
Chips that lay in the bafon ; which completed the ruin
cf the naval power of Spain. The Spaniards being
much diftreffed, offered to quit Sicily ; but the admiral
declared, that the troops Chould never be fuffered
to quit the ifland till the king of Spain had acceded
to the quadruple alliance. And to his condutt it
was entirely owing that Sicily was fubdued, and
his Catholic majefty forced to accept the terms pre-
fcribed him by the quadruple alliance. After per¬
forming fo many fignal fervices, the king received him
with the moft gracious expreffions of favour and fatis-
faftion ; made him rear-admiral of England and trea-
furer of the navy, one of his moft honourable privy-
council, baron Byng of Southill in the county of
Bedford, vifcount Torrington in Devonfhire, and one
of the knights companions of the Bath upon the re¬
vival of that order. In 1727, George II. on his ac-
ceflion to the crown, placed him at the head of his na¬
val affairs, as firft lord commifiioner of the admiralty;
in which high ftation he died January 15th 1733, in
the 70th year of his age, and was buried at Southill in
Bedfordlhire.
Btng (the honourable George), Efq; the unhappy
fon of the former, was bred to fea, and rofe to the rank
■ci admiral of the blue. He gave many proofs of cou¬
rage ; but was at laft (hot, upon a dubious fentence for
negleftof duty, in 1757. See Britain, N ’ 433.
BYRLAW or Burlaw-Laws in Scotland. See
By-laws.
BYROM (John), an ingenious poet of Manchefter,
born in 1691. His firft poetical effay appeared in the
Spectator, N° 603, beginning, “ My time, O ye mufes,
was happily fpentwhich, with two humorous letters
on dreams, are to be found in the eighth volume. He
was admitted a member of the royal fociety in 1724 ;
and having originally entertained thoughts of pra&ifing
jihyfic, to which the title of dofior is incident, that was
the appellation by which he was always known: but Byrrhus,
reducing himfelf to narrow circumftances by a precipi- a)'®us-
tate marriage, he fupported himfelf by teaching a new r""’J
method of writing Ihort-hand, of his own invention j
until an eftate devolved to him by the death of an el¬
der brother. He was a man of lively wit; of which,
whenever a favourable opportunity tempted him to in¬
dulge it, he gave many humorous. fpecimens. He
died in 1763 ; and a colle&ion of his Mifcellaneous
poems was printed at Manchefter, in 2 vols 8vo.
1773*
BYRRHUS, in zoology, a genus of infefts belong¬
ing to the order of cgleoptera. The feelers are clava-
ted, pretty folid, and a little compreffed: There are
five fpecies, all of which are to be found on particular
plants ; and principally diftinguifhed from one another
by the colour and figure of the elytra, or cruftaceous >
wing-cafes.
The byrrhus fcrophularise, which is very common
upon flowers, it is very hard to defcribe properly. Its
body is almoft oval; the ground colour black ; but the
under part of the abdomen appears almoft entirely
white, owing to an infinite number of minute fcales,
of that colour with which it is covered. The head is
fmall, and often drawn back under the thorax, which
latter is broad, covered with white and reddilh fcales,
through which the black ground in fome places ap¬
pears. The elytra are bent in, and even rather inclofe
the fides and under part of the body. They are
black, with white and red fcales, which form a kind
of embroidered work. Firft, there is sbfervable a
white tranfverfal ftripe, fomewhat broad oh the top
of the elytra ; at the bottom of them, there are two
white diftincft fpots near the future, one upon each ely-
trum. The ruddy colour occupies chiefly the lower
end of the future of the elytra, and the upper part of
them, near their connexion with the thorax. This
fpecies is common in gardens. If rubbed, the finall
coloured fcale comes off, and the infecl appears almoft
entirely black.
The Byrrhus verbafci is much ftnaller than the pre¬
ceding fpecies; its figure and form are however the
fame ; only that the fcales which cover the elytra are
more numerous and clofer fet, fo that the black colour,
which conftitutes the ground of the elytra, is no where
to be feen. The fcales form three ftnpes, white, tranfi
verfal, and undulated, between which intervene ftnpes
of a reddilh brown ftiaped in the fame manner. They
are fometimes to be met with ftripped of part of their
fcales, which renders them fo different as not to be
known for the fame creatures. The larvce of this in-
fedt, as alfo thofe of the preceding fpecies, are ex¬
tremely voracious, and much refemble thofe of the
dermeftse. People who coll@<ft fubjecte of natural hif-
tory, are greatly peftered, and but too well acquainted
with them.
BYSSUS, in botany : A genus of the 57th natural
order, viz. sUgx, belonging to the cryptogamia clais of
plants. It has a down, qr very fine uniform powder.
The charadfer is taken from this circumftance, that
they are covered with a fimple capillary filament or
down, refembling foft duft. There are 15 fpecies, all
natives of Britain, growing upon rotten wood, old walls,
See.
Byssus, or Byjfum, a fine thready matter produced
3 ^
B Y Z
Byffus, In India, Egypt, and about Elis in Achaia, of which
Bygantium. ^ rjcjje{^ apparel Was anciently made, efpecially that
 v "wore by the priefts both jewilh and Egyptian. Sdme
intrepreters render the Greek Bue-or®-, which occurs both
in the Old and New Ttftament, by fine linen. But
other verfions, as Galvin’s* and the Spanifh printed at
Venice in 1556, explain the word by filk ; and yet
byffus muft have been different from our filk, as appears
From a multitude of ancient writers, and particularly
from Jul. Pollux. M. Simon, who renders the word by
fine linen,adds a note to explain it; viz. “ that there was
a fine kind of linen very dear, which the great lords a-
[ 8°5 1
B Y 2
baffled all the attempts of the affailants, killed great
numbers of them, crufhed fuch as approached the walls
with large ftones ; and when flones began to fail, they
ufed the flatues of their gods attd heroes. At laft they
were obliged to fubmit, through famine, after having
been reduced to the neceffityof devouring one another.
The conqueror put all the magiftrates and foldiers to
the fword ; but fpared the engineer Perifciis. Before
this fiege, Byzantium was the greateft, moft populous,
and weahhieft city of Thrace. It was furrounded by
walls of an extraordinary height and breadth ; and de¬
fended by a great number of towers, feven of which
lone wore in this country as well as in Egypt.” This were built with fuch art, that the le:ft noife heard in
account agrees perfectly well with that given by Hefy-
chius, as well as what is obferved by Bochart, that the
one of them was immediately conveyed to all the reft.
Severus, however, no fooner became mafter of it, than
byffus was a finer kind of linen, which was frequently he commanded it to be laid in allies. The inhabitants
dyed of a purple colour. Some authors will have the
byffus to be the fame with our cotton ; others take it
for the linurn ajbeftinuni; and others for the lock or
bunch of filky hair found adhering to the pinna ma¬
rina, by which it faftens itfelf to the neighbouring Si-
dies. Authors ufually diftinguilh two forts of byffus ;
that of Elis ; and that of Judcea, which was the fineft.
Of this latter were the prieftly ornaments made. Bon-
frerius notes, that there mull have been two forts of
byffus, one finer than ordinary, by reafon there are two
Hebrew words ufed in Scripture to denote byffus; one
of which is always ufed in fpeaking of the habit of the
priefts, and the other of that of the Levites.
Brssvs AJbefiinitty a fpecies of afbeftus or incombuf-
tible flax, compofed of fine flexible fibres parallel to
one another. It is found plentifully in Sweden, either
white, or of different lhades of greem At a copper mine
in Weftmannland it forms the greateft part of the vein
out of which the ore is dug ; and by the heat of the
furnace which fmelts the metal, is changed into a pure
femitranfparent flag or glafs.
BYZANTIUM, an ancient city of Thrace, fitu-
ated on the Bofphorus. It was founded, according to
Eufebius, about the 30th Olympiad, while Tullus Hof-
tilius reigned in Rome. But according to Diodorus
Siculus, the foundations of this metropolis were laid in
the time of the Argonauts, by one Byfas, who then
reigned in the neighbouring country, and from whom
the city was called Byzantium. This Byfas, accord¬
ing to Euftathius, arrived in Thrace a little before the
Argonauts came into thofe feas, and fettled there with
were ftripped of all their effe&s, publicly fold for flaves,
and the walls levelled with the ground. But by the
chronicle of Alexandria we are informed, that foon af¬
ter this terrible cataftrophe, Severus himfelf caufed a
great part of the city to be rebuilt,calling it Antonina,
from his fon Caracalla, who affumed the furname of
Antoninus. In 262, the tyrant Gallienus wreaked his
fury on the inhabitants of Byzantium. He intended
to befiege it ; but on his arrival, defpaired of being able
to make himfelf mafter of fuch a ftrong place. He was
admitted the next day, however, into the city ; and
without any regard to the terms he had agreed to,
caufed the foldiers and all the inhabitants to be put to
the fword. Trebellius Pollio fays, that not a fingleper-
fon was left alive. What the reafon was for fuch an
extraordinary maffacre, we are no where informed. In
the wars between the emperors Licinius and Maximin,
the city of Byzantium was obliged to fubmit to the
latter, but was foon after recovered by Licinius. In
the year 323, it was taken from Licinius by Conftan-
tine the Great, who in 330 enlarged and beautified
it, with a defign to make it the fecond, if not the firft,
city in the Roman empire. He began with extending
the w’alls of the ancient city from fea to fea ; and while
feme of the workmen were bufied in rearing them,
others were employed in raifing within them a great
number of (lately buildings, and among others a palace
no way inferior in magnificence and extent to that of
Rome. He built a capitol and amphitheatre, made a
circus maximus, feveral forums, porticoes, and public
baths. He divided the whole city into 14 regions, and
a colony of Megarenfes. Velleius Paterculus aferibes granted the inhabitants many privileges and immunities.
the founding of Byzantium to the Milefians, and Am-
mianus Marcellinus to the inhabitants of Attica. Some
ancient medals of Byzantium, which have reached our
times, bear the name and head of Byfas, with the prow
By this means Byzantium became one of the moft flou-
rifhing and populous cities of the empire. Vaft num¬
bers of people flocked thither from Pontus, Thrace,
and Ada, Conftantine having by a law, enabled this
of a (hip on the reverfe. The year after the deftruc- year (330), decreed, that fuch as had lands in thofe
tion of Jerufalem by Titus, Byzantium was reduced
to the form of a Roman province- In the year 193
this city took part with Niger againft Severus. It
countries (hould not be at liberty to difpofe of them,
nor even leave them to their proper heirs at their death,
unlefs they had an houfe in his new city. But how-
was ftrongly garrifoned by Niger, as being a place of ever defirous the emperor was that his city (hould be
the utmoft importance. It was foon after invefted by
Severus; and as he was univerfally hated on account
of his cruelty, the inhabitants defended themlelves with
the greateft refolution. They had been fupplied with
a great number of warlike machines, moft of them in¬
vented and built by Perifcus a native of Nicaea, and
the greateft engineer of his age. For a long time they
filled with people, he, lid not care that it (hould be in¬
habited by any but Chriftians. He therefore caufep •
all the idols to be pulled down, and all their churches
confecrated to the true God. He built befides an in¬
credible number of churches, and caufed croffes to bo
ere&ed in all the fqi.ru us and public places. Moft of
the buildings being furhhed, it was folemnly dedicated
to
B Z O [
Jy?antimn,to the Virgin Mary, according to Cedrenu*, but, ac>
Bzovius. cording to Eufebius, to the God of Martyrs, At the
^ 1 ’ 1 fame time Bjfzantium was equalled to Rome. The
fame rights, immunities, and privileges, were granted
to its inhabitants as to thofe of the metropolis. He
eftablifhed a fenate and other magiftrates, with a pow¬
er and authority equal to thofe of old Rome. He
took up his refidence in the new city ; and changed
its name to Constawtinople.
BZOVIUS (Abraham), one of the moft celebrated
8o« ] B Z O
writers in the 17th century, with refpe# to the afto- Bzcviui.
nilhing number of pieces compofed by him. His chief ’’■■-"v "**
work is the continuation of Baronius's annals. He was
a native of Poland, and a Dominican friar. Upon his
coming to Rome, he was received with open arms by
the Pope, and had an apartment afligned him in the
Vatican. He merited that reception, for he has imi¬
tated Baronius to admiration in his defign of making
all things confpire to the defpotic power and glory of
the papal fee. He died in 1637, aged 70.
END OF THE THIRD VOLUME,
ERRATA in ASTRONOMY, Vol.II. Part II.
The following otniffions and miftakes in the Plates and References the Reader will be pleafed to reftify with
his pen.
Page 531. col. I. under ^367. 1. 8. of the paragraph For 4, write 194.
In fig. 156. (Plate LXXV.), ^ is wanting at the Sun’s place, and C at the centre of the Earth.
P. 550. margin. For 157, T58, write 30, 31.
P. 556. 1. 21. from bottom. For fig. 204 write 205. In the figure itfelf, the circle moft to the left hand wants
N at the North Pole, and M at one extremity of the Equator. The circle next to it wants likewife N at
the North Pole, and JEQjit the Equator, reprefented there by a double arch of a circle. S is wanting at the
fouthern extremity of the axis, and T at the extremity of the Tropic of Cancer, reprefented by a black Angle
arch of a circle. In the next circle Qjs wanting at the right-hand extremity of the Equator, reprefented
there by a double ftraight line. And in the fourth circle to the right hand, Qjuight to be fublfituted in the
place of O at the right-hand extremity of the Equator.
P. 580. N° 489, line 1. For fig. 209, write 210.
P..581. col. t. middle. For fig. 210, wr. 211.
Ib. col. 2. For 211, wr. 212 ; and for 209, wr. 2X0.
P. 584. col. 2. middle. For 217, wr. 216.
P. 585. col. 1. For fig. 218, wr. 217.
Ibid* col. 2. For fig. 218, wr. 217 j and for 2X 7,wr. 216.
DIRECTIONS roR placing the PLATES o.v VOL. III.
Plate
XCII. to face
XCIII.
XCIV.
xcv.
XCVI.
XCVII.
XCV1II.
XCIX.
c.
Part. L
Page
25
48
52
80
136
2^3
32 >
332
Part II.
Page
408
437
40
556
788,
794
£In all, 20 Plates.}