esentei) xu V. - *, ;• • . r' - ” ' . * x - .. « r' KM S-. ' Cntpclopartita Brttanmca: OR, A DICTIONARY ARTS, SCIENCES, AND MISCELLANEOUS LITERATURE; ENLARGED AND IMPROVED. THE FIFTH EDITION. 3!lluieitrateti toitl) nearly sir ijunateti (JEngratiinga. VOL. IV. 1NDOCTI discant; ament meminisse periti. EDINBURGH: Printed at the Encyclopedia Press, FOR ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE AND COMPANY, AND THOMSON BONAR, EDINBURGH: GALE, CURTIS, AND FENNER, LONDON ; AND THOMAS WILSON AND SONS, YORK. F t : .? . ' • . '‘'V' ' - . ro ^fthv.'cm y<.o ■ oe «> \ (t* ■ -ivod a k \ -.ja/'. f/.s ^ -i . y ■■ '■ c\ 15'3 3 ^ Encyclopedia Britannica. BOO Book- T) OOK-Binding is the art of gathering together Binding, an£j fewjng the fheets of a book, and covering it with a back, &c. It is performed thus : The leaves are firft folded with a folding-flick, and laid over each other in the order of the fignaiure $ then beaten on a lione with a hammer, to make them fmooth and open well ; and afterwards prelfed. They are fewed upon . bands, which are pieces of cord or packthread ; fix bands to a folio book ; five to a quarto, odfavo, &c. ; which is done by drawing a thread through the middle of each flreet, and giving it a turn round each band, beginning with the firft and proceeding to the laft. After this the books are glued, and the bands opened and fcraped, for the better fixing the pafteboards ; the back is turned with a hammer, and the book fixed in a prefs between two boards, in order to make a groove ' for fixing the pafteboards; thefe being applied, holes are made for fixing them to the book, which is preffed a third time. Then the book is at laft put to the cut¬ ting prefs, between two boards ; the one lying even with the prefs, for the knife to run upon ; the other above it, for the knife to run againft j after which the pafteboards are fquared. BOO The next operation is the fprinkling the leaves of ®0°k- the book j which is done by dipping a brufti into . ^nt^ing» vermilion and fap-green, holding the brufti in one hand, and fpreading the hair with the other ; by which motion the edges of the leaves are fprinkled in a regu¬ lar manner, without any fpots being bigger than the other. ' ; . Then remain the covers, which are either of calf- fkin or of fheep-fkin : thefe being moiftened in water, are cut out to the fize of the book $ then fmeared over with pafte made of wheat flour ; and afterwards ftretch- ed over the pafteboard on the outfide, and doubled over the edges withinfide 5 after having firft taken off the four angles, and indented and platted the cover at the head-band : which done, the book is covered, and' bound firmly between two bands, and then fet to dry,, Afterwards it is waflied over with a little pafte and wa¬ ter, and then fprinkled with a fine brufti, unlefs it ftiould be marbled $ when the fpots are to be made larger by mixing the ink with vitriol. After this the book is glazed twice with the white of an egg beaten, and at laft poliftied with a poliftiing iron paffed hot over the glazed cover. BOOK-KEEPING TS the art of recording mercantile tranfa&ions in a re- gular and fyftematic manner. 1. A merchant’s books ftiould contain every parti¬ cular which relates to the affairs of the owner. They fhould exhibit the ftate of all the branches of his bufi- nefs, the connexion of the different parts, the amount and fuccefs of the whole. They ftiould be fo full and fo well arranged, as to afford a ready information in every point for which they may be confulted. The matter which the books ftiould contain is com¬ prehended under the three following heads : Firft, The debts which are owing to the owner, and the debts which he owes to others. Secondly, The goods and other articles of property which belonged to him ; the quantity and value fold, or otherwife difpofed on j and the quantity and value which ftill remain in his poffef- lion. Thirdly, The amount of his flock when the books were opened ; the profits he has obtained, and Vol. IV. Part I. the Ioffes he has fuffered, fince j and the mount of hi* ftock at prefent. That method of book-keeping which anfwers thefe purpofes moft clearly and concifely, is the beft. The Italian method, by double entry, is generally preferred ; at leaft, it is founded upon the moft univerfal princi¬ ples, and is the moft convenient in extenfive and com¬ plicated bufinefs; and the accountant who underftands it, will find little difficulty in following, or even in in¬ venting, other methods that are better accommodated to any particular purpofe. The Italian method requires three principal books $ the Wafte-Book, Journal, and Leger. Sect. I. Of the Waste-Book. 2. Tup: wafte-book, or day-book, contains an exaiff regifter of all occurrences in bufinefs in the fame order A as BOOK-KEEPING. Wafte- as they take place. It begins with an Inventory of Book. every thing belonging to the owner, a lift of the debts v due to him, and of the debts he owes to others : It is carried on with a full relation of all the money he re¬ ceives or pays; of all the goods he buys or fells •, and of every other occurrence in his bufinefs. Each arti¬ cle ftiould be entered as fuon as the tranfadlion takes place, and ftiould be clearly expreffed in the plaineft language. It ftiould require no fupply from the ac¬ countant’s memory, but ftiould be fully intelligible to any perfon, however unacquainted with the buiinefs ; at the fame time, it ftiould be written with all conve¬ nient brevity •, and, therefore, fometimes refers to in¬ voices and other accounts, for particulars. The ac¬ countant’s fir ft care ftiould be to have nothing defec¬ tive or ambiguous ; his fecond, to have nothing fuper- fluous. 3. The date is written in text on the top of each page. The articles are feparated from each other by a line : and the tranfatfiions of one day are feparated from thoft of another by a double line, in the middle of which there is left a blank fpace for inferting the. day of the month. This book muft be kept with the greater care, as it contains the materials from which the other books are compofed ; and any error or defeft will oecafion a like one in the others. Befides, it is the book whofe authority is trufted to, and which muft be exhibited to judges, or arbiters, when an account is difputed. As the journal is filled up from the wafte- book, the authority of the former is efteemed more authentic, unlefs there be an obvious miftake through hurry 5 and either of thefe books is depended on ra¬ ther than the leger, which, from its form, is more liable to error, and may be more eafily vitiated by a fraudulent defign. 4. As the wafte-bnok contains the whole fubftance of the bufinefs, it may be applied fo as to afford any information that can be wanted : but the labour of eon- fulting it would be very great. For inftance, if it were required to know how much any perfon owes us, we muft look over the book from the beginning, and mark down every article in which we have dealt with him; or, if it were required to know what quantity of goods we ftiould have on hand, we muft look over the whole book, and mark down every article bought or fold. This operation would not only be found very tedious, but much expofed to the rilk of omif- fions. To prevent thefe inconveniences, another book is ufed, in which the articles are arranged in a metho¬ dical order. This book is called the Leger, and we lhall confider it next ; becaufe the journal, though it comes before it in the order of writing, cannot be well underftood, till the nature of the leger be ex¬ plained. Sect. II Of the Leger. 5. In the leger, articles of the fame kind are colleft- ed together • and, for that purpofe, it is divided into many accounts, under which the different branches of bufinefs are arranged. Each account is introduced by a proper title, to explain the nature of the articles it contains; and articles of oppofite kinds, which belong to the fame account, are placed on the oppofite pages of the fame folio : for infiance, money received on the one fide, and money paid on the other; or goods bought on the one fide, and goods fold on the other. The left- hand page is called the Debtor or Dr. fide of the ac¬ count, and the right-hand page the Creditor or Cr. fide. The difference between the fums of the Dr. and Cr. fides is called the Balance. Accounts in the leger are of three kinds, which anfwer to the three purpofes of book-keeping mention- ed § I. 6. Fir ft, Perfonal Accounts. It is neceffary to open an account for every perfon or company with whom there are any dealings on credit. At opening the books, if they be indebted to the owner, the debt is entered on the Dr. ; but if he be indebted to them, it is entered on the Cr. During the courfe of the bufi¬ nefs, goods fold on truft, money paid, and every thing for wh ith they are accountable to him, is entered on the Dr. ; but goods bought on truft, money received, and every thing for which he is accountable to them, is entered on the Cr. The balance ftiows how much they owe him, when the Dr. fide is greateft : and how much he owes them, when the Cr. fide is greater. 7. Secondly, Real Accounts. By this we underftand accounts of property, of whatever kind, fuch as ready money, goods, houfes, lands, ftiips, (hares in public companies, and the like. The account of ready money is entitled Cajh. On the Dr. fide, the money on hand at opening the books is entered, and afterwards every article of money re¬ ceived. On the Cr. fide there is entered every article of money paid out ; and the balance ftiows how much ought to be on hand. Fhe fum of the Dr. fide of this account is ahvays greater than that of the Cr. fide. . ' 8. Accounts of goods are generally ruled with in¬ ner columns for entering the quantities. When the books are opened, the goods on hand are entered on the Dr. fide of the refpeftive accounts; the quantities being placed in the inner, and the values in the outer column. Goods bought are entered in the fame man¬ ner, and goods fold are entered on the Cr. fide ; the quantities and values being placed in the proper co¬ lumns. Charges laid out on goods are entered on the Dr. fide ; and, when an incidental advantage arifes from them, fuch as public bounty, it is entered on the Cr. „ If the fums of the inner columns on the oppofite fides be equal, it (hows that the goods are all fulL and then the balance of the money-column ftiows the gain or lofs. If the Cr. fide be greater, it is gain : if the Dr. fide be greater, it is lofs. If the fum of the inner column be greater on the Dr. fide, it (hows that part of the. goods are on hand ; and their value muft be added to the fum of the Cr. fide, in order to determine the gain or lofs. 6. If there be two or more kinds of the fame fort of goods, they may be entered in the fame account, al¬ lowing as many inner columns as there are kinds, and entering the quantities of each kind in the inner co¬ lumn referved for it. This method exhibits the gain or lofs on the whole goods ; but does not (how how much of it arifes from each kind. Or, BOOK-KEEPING. Or, a feparate account may be opened for each kind, diftinguifhing the titles by the qualities, or by feme other mark. Thus, one account may be kept for fine linen, another for coarfe linen one for port-wine crop 1787, another for port-wine crop 1788; one for rum from Jamaica, another for rum from Barbadoes. This method (hows the gain or lofs on each kind. When there are more kinds than can be conveniently introduced in the fame account, they may be divided into feveral claffes, each clafs being placed in a feparate account; and the particular kinds diftinguilhed in in¬ ner columns. Thus the account of fine linen may be divided into feveral columns, for different kinds, di- flinguilhed by the number of threads in the breadth, or by any other convenient character. 10. Accounts of (hips contain on the Dr. the value of the (hip when the books are opened, and all expences laid out thereon ; on the Cr. all freights received. In like manner, accounts of houfes or lands have the va¬ lue of the fubjeft, and all repairs or other charges, en¬ tered on the Dr. and all rents or other profits received on the Cr. If the fubjeft be fold in whole or in part, the fale is entered on the C. And the balance after valuing the fubjeft (if any) on hand, (hows the gain or lofs. Accounts of property in the public funds, or (hares in companies, public or private, contain the value, or money paid in, on the Dr. and the dividends re¬ ceived on the Cr. and are balanced as other real ac¬ counts. Some perfons open accounts for houfehold furniture, plate, jewels, books, or the like. The entries on thefe accounts are made in the fame manner. In general, real accounts contain the value of the property, and all charges, on the Dr. and the fales and other returns on the Cr. When the account is to be balanced, if any property remains, the value thereof is placed on the Cr. ; and then the balance (hows the lofs or gain, according as the Dr. or Cr. fide is great- eff. 11. Thirdly, Accounts of Stock, Profit and Loss, and its fubfidiary accounts, which are fometimes called JiBitious accounts. The Jiock account contains on the Dr. the amount «f the debts which the owner owes when the books are opened ; and on the Cr. the amount of ready mo- ney, goods, debts, and property of every kind be¬ longing to him : therefore the balance (hows what his nett (lock is; or, in cafe of bankruptcy, how much his debts exceed his effefts. There is nothing further entered on this account till the books are balanced : and then, if the bufinefs has yielded profit, the nett gain is entered on the Cr.; if it has been unfuccefsful, the nett lofs is entered on the Dr. : after which, the balance (hows the nett (lock at the time the books are clofed. 12. The Profit and Lofs account contains every ar¬ ticle of gain on the Cr. and every article of lofs on the Dr. The balance (hows the nett gain or lofs, and is transferred to the proper fide of the dock-account, as mentioned above. I his account i« partly compofed of articles that occur while the books are running. For example, legacies received are entered on the Cr. goods deflroyed on the Dr. The reft of the articles are thofe of gain and lofs, arifing from the real accounts, which are collected when the books are balanced. 13. It has been found convenient to open feveral fubfidiary accounts, in order to fhorten and methodize that of profit and lofs. Thefe contain certain articles of gain or lofi, which may be reduced under diltindl heads. They are in effedt fo many parts of the profit and lofs account, and their balances are entered on the proper fide of that account when the books are clofed. The chief of thefe accounts are the following. Interef account, Which contains on the Dr. fums paid or incurred for interell ; and on the Cr. fums re¬ ceived, or become due for the fame. Commiffon account. Which contains on the Cr. ar- tides of gain received or owing us for our trouble in tranfattihg bufinefs for others. There are feldom any entries on the Dr. Charges mcrchandife, Which contains on the Dr. all charges paid or incurred on the bufinefs, which do not belong to any particular account, as (hop-rent, public burdens for trade, clerks wages, poflages, and the like. If any of thefe (hould afterwards be charged to fome other account, the fum fo charged is entered on the Cr. Proper expences, Which contains on the Dr. money or any thing elfe, withdrawn from the trade for our private ufe. There are feldom any entries on the Cr. The amount of this account, as well as the former, is not properly lofs ; but as it has the fame effedt in dimi- nifhing the (lock, it is placed in the fame manner to the Dr. of profit and lofs. Lofs by bad debts, Which contains on the Dr. fuch debts as we reckon defperate ; and on the Cr. any of thefe which may happen to be unexoediedly reco¬ vered. Account of abatements. Which contains on the Dr. difeounts allowed by us on payments received ; on the Cr. difeounts (if any) allow'ed to us on payments made. It is particularly ufeful in retail bufinefs, where dif¬ eounts are often given, to (how how much they amount to. Infurance account. Which contains on the Cr. pre¬ miums received for making infurances ; and, on the Dr. Ioffes fuftained on the fame. There may be feveral ac¬ counts of this kind, fuch as infurance againft fea-hazard, which is the mod common ; infurance againfi: fire ; in¬ furance of lives ; and infurance of debts. The balance (hows the gain or lofs which arifes from being con¬ cerned in infurance. More or fewer of thefe accounts may be ufed, ac¬ cording as the articles are frequent; and others may be invented to fuit the purpofes of the bufinefs which the books are kept for. 14. Every fimple tranfadlion in bufinefs belongs to two accounts, and muft be entered on the Dr. of the one and on the Cr. of the other. Thus, when a per- fon becomes indebted to us, the article he owes muft be entered on the Dr. of his account ; and, if it be for money paid him, it is alfo entered on the Cr. of cadi; if for goods fold, it is entered on the Cr. of the account of goods ; if for any thing delivered him by another perfon at our defire, it is entered on the Cr. of the de¬ liverer’s account; if for any wager or bargain, by which we are gainers, it is entered on the Cr. of profit and A 2 lefs. 4 bgok-k: Leger. lols. Thus, in whatever way the debt arifes, it is en~ tered on the Cr. of fome other account, as well as on the Dr. of the perfon’s account who owes it. In like manner, when we become indebted to any perfon, the article we owe mutt be entered on the Cr. of his account. If it be for money received, it is alfo entered on the Dr. of cafh y if for goods bought, it is entered on the Dr. of the account of goods ; it for any thing delivered to another perfon at our defire, it is entered on the Dr. of the receiver’s account; and if it be in confequence of a lofing bargain, it is entered on the Dr. of profit and lofs. Again, when goods are received, the tranfa£lion is entered on the Dr. of the account of goods. If they be bought for ready money, it is alfo entered on the Cr. of cafh j if on truft, it is entered on the Cr. of the feller *, if they be exchanged for other goods, it is en¬ tered on the Cr. of the goods delivered j if they be ob¬ tained by fome profitable bufinefs, without any return, it is entered on the Cr. of profit and lofs. When goods are delivered, the tranfaflion is entered on the Cr. of the account of goods y and, if they be fold for ready money, it is alfo entered on the Dr. of cafh j if on credit, it is entered on the Dr. of the pur- chafer •, if exchanged for other goods, it is entered on the Dr. of the goods received ; and, if they be given gratis, or deflroyed, it is entered on the Dr. of profit and lofs. Laflly, When any article of lofs occurs, the tranf- affion is entered on the Dr. of profit and lofs j and as we muff either pay it in money or goods, or remain in¬ debted to fome perfon for it, it mult be entered on the Cr. of cafh,.or of goods delivered, or of the perfon en¬ titled to receive it. And, when an article of gain oc¬ curs, it is entered on the Cr. of profit and lofs, and al¬ fo on the Dr of cafh or goods, if money or goods be received j and on the Dr of the perfon accountable for it, if not immediately paid. Thus, every article in any account, whether perfo- nal or real, or belonging to profit and lofs, correfponds to fome other article on the oppofite of a different ac¬ count. The fame fum is entered on the Dr. of one account and on the Cr. of the other ; and it follows from thn, that, If all the accounts in the leger be added, the amount of the fums of the Dr. will be equal to thofe of the Cr. Sect. III. Of the Journal. 15.. The journal is a fair record of afl the tranfac- tions compiled from the wafle-book, in the fame order as they ftand there ; but expreffed in a technical ftyle, that it may be transferred to the leger with more eafe. When we are to enter any article in the journal, we muft confider which accounts in the leger it will re¬ quire to be placed to, both on the Dr. and Cr. and write \_the former account~\ Dr. to [the latter accounf\ ; then we annex an explanation of the article, and place the fum in the money-column. Example. Wafle-book). Sold for ready money, 30 yards li¬ nen, at 3s. L. 4 10 — T : E P I N G. Journal.) Cajh Dr. to Linen, Sold 30 yards, at Journal. 3s. L. 4 *io H Here we confider, that the article muff be entered on the Dr. of cafh, becaufe money is received $ and on the Cr. of linen, becaufe linen is delivered : Therefore we write Cafh Dr. to Linen, to which we annex the nature of the tranfaflion. The article thus entered is called a journal pof; Caflo is called the Dr. ; Linen the Cr. ; the words “ Cafli Dr. to Linen,” the Entry, and the following words the Narration. The purpofe of expreffing the article in this form, is to point out the accounts in the leger, to which it will require to be polled, and thereby enable the ac¬ countant to write the leger with more eafe than he could do if it were filled up immediately from the wafte-book. The learner will be able, from this example, to en¬ ter any Ample article in the journal, providing he knows the accounts to which it fhould be ported on the Dr. and Cr. of the leger. This muft be collefted from the defcription of the leger accounts already given J 6—13. and the nature and tendency of the article. 16. General Rules ybr///e Journal-entries.. I. Every thing received, or perfon accountable to us, is Dr. II. Every thing delivered, or perfon to whom we are accountable, is Cr. 17. As the whole art of writing the journal depends on a proper choice of the Drs. and Crs. we fhall give fome particular rules for the moft common cafes, and a few examples for the illuftration and practice of each. Rule I. The perfon to whom any thing is delivered is Dr. to the thing delivered, when nothing is received in return. Therefore when money is paid, the receiver is Dr. to cafh. . When goods or other property is fold on credit, the purchafer is Dr. to the thing fold. Thus, Wafte-book.) Paid Jehn Bell in full L. 52—- - Journal.) John Bell, Dr. to Cafh, paid him in full 52 — *"“* Wafte-book.) Sold 50 yards cloth to J. Hill, at 1 2s 30 — •“"* Journal.) J. Hill Dr. to Cloth, fold him 50 yards, at 12s. 30 — 18. Rule II. A thing received is Dr. to\the perfon from whom it is received, when nothing is delivered in return. Therefore, when money is received, Cafh is Dr. to the payer : when goods are bought, the goods are Dr. to the feller. Thus, Wafte-book.) Received from Thomas Gay in full L. 72 " Journal.) Cafh Dr. to Thomas Gay, re¬ ceived in full 72 Wafte-book.) ./ f BOOK-KEEPING. Journal. Wafte-book.) Bought from J. Hawley ; 6olb. wool, at Qd. L. 2 5 ”— Journal.) Woo/ Dr. to J. Hawley, bought 6olb. at gd. 2 5 — 19. Rule III. yf thing received is Dr. to the thing gi¬ ven for it. Therefore goods bought for ready money are Dr. to cafh. When goods are fold for ready money, Calh is Dr. to the goods. When goods are bartered, the goods received are Dr. to the goods delivered. Thus, Wafte-book.) Bought for ready money 10 lids, wine, at 15I. L. 150 Journal.) Wine Dr. to Cajh, bought 10 hds. at 15I. 150 Wafte-book.) Sold for ready money IOO gallons rum, at 9s. 45 — — Journal.) Cafh Dr. to Rum, fold 100 gallons, at 9s. 45 — — Wafte-book.) Bartered 3 hds. wine, at 15I. for IOO gallons rum at 9s. 45 — — Journal.) Rum Dr. to Wine, received roo gallons at 9s. in barter for 3hds. at 15I. 45 — — 20. Rule IV. Goods and other real accounts are Dr. for all charges laid out on them. If money be laid out, they are Dr. to Cafh ; if any thing elfe be delivered, they are Dr. to the thing delivered: if the charge be taken in truf, they are Dr. to the perfon to whom it is due. Thus, Wafte-book.) Paid for repairs to ftiip Traffick L. 18 Journal.) Ship Trojfck Dr. to Cafh, paid for repairs 18 Wafte-book.) Delivered wood from my timber yard for repairing the Angel- tavern j 5 Journal.) Angel Tavern Dr. to Wood, delivered for repairing the fame 13 — — Wafte-book.) Due to William Carpen¬ ter for repairs to the Angel-tavern 12 — — Journal.) Angel-tavern Dr. to William Carpenter, due him for repairs 12 — — 21. Rule V. When rents ofhoufes or lands, freights of flips, bounties on goods, or any other prof ts from real accounts, are received, Cafh is Dr. to the account from which the profit arifes: if any thing befides money be re¬ ceived, the article received is Dr. : if they remain unpaid, the perfon who owes them is Dr. Thus, Wafte-book.) Received freight of the fhip Traffick for a voyage to London L. 35 — — Journal.) Ship Trajfck Dr. to Cafh, received freight to-London 3J “ Wafte-book.) Received roo barrels falmon, being the rent of Inver fifti- ery, at 52s. 260 — — Journal.) Salmon Dr. to Inver ffbery, received the rent, being 100 barrels, at 32s. 260 Wafte-book.) John Public owes me a year’s rent of the Angel-tavern L. 32 ' Journal.) John Public Dr. to Angel ta¬ vern, for a year’s rent due by him 32 22. Rule VI. When an article of lofs occurs, Proft and Lofs, or fame fubfdiary account, is Dr. If the lofs be paid in ready mottey, it is Dr. to Cafo: if it be paid in any thing elfe, it ts Dr. to the thing delivered. If it remain unpaid, it is Dr. to the perfon to whom it is owing. Thus, Wafte-book.) Given my daughter at her marriage L. 300 — — Journal.) Proft and Lofs Dr. to Cafh, given my daughter at her marriage 300 — ~~ Wafte-book.) Taken for family ufe from my granary 3 bolls meal, at 13s. 4d. 2 Journal.) Profit and Lofs [or Proper expences~\ Dr, to Meal, taken for fa¬ mily ufe, 3 bolls, at 13s. 4d. 2 Wafte-book.) Due James Rich for a year’s intereft on 1000I. at 4 per cent. 40 - Journal.) Proft and Lofs [or Interef account] Dr. to James Rich, due him a year’s intereft on 1000I. at 4 per cent. 40 — 23. Rule VII, When an article of gain occurs, that is not immediately conne&ed with any real account, Cajh, the article received, or the perfon accountable for it, is Dr. to Proft and Lofs, or to Jome fubf diary account. Thusj Journal. Wafte-book.) my father Received in a gift from Journal.) Cafl Dr. to Proft and Lofs, received from my father Wafte-book.) Received in like manner at opening (hop, too yards cloth at 12s. Journal.) Cloth Dr. to Prof t and Lofs, received from my father at opening ffiop 100 yards, at 12s. Wafte-book.) James Barbour owes me a year’s intereft of 1000I. Journal.) James Barbour Dr. to Proft and Lofs [or Interef account] due by him for a year’s intereft of 1000I. L. 100 — 100 60 — 60 — — 5° jo 24. Rule VIII. When one perfon pays money, or delivers any thing elfe to another on our account, the perfon who receives it is Dr. to the perfon who pays it. Thus, Wafte-book,) James Goldfmith has paid the bank of Scotland on my account, L.100 “*** Journal.) Bank of Scotland Dr. to James Goldfmith, paid them by him 100 — — Wafte-book.) Arthur Young has deli* vered James Baker 100 qrs. wheat for which I am to account to him, at 30s. 130 — — Journal.) James Baker, Dr. to Arthur Young, for 100 qrs. of wheat deliver¬ ed him on my account, at 30s. 130 _ Payments of this kind are often tranfa&ed by bills of exchange. 25. Thefa 6 BOOK-KEEPING. Journal. 25. Thefe examples will make the learner acquaint- ed with the form of the journal, and the rules extend .to the greateft part of the fimple tranfadtions that oc¬ cur in domeftic trade. We may obferve, that the tech¬ nical fenfe of the words Dr. and Cr. has an analogy to their meaning in common language, but is not precife- ly the fame. Thus in Ex. i. Rule VIII. the jour¬ nal entry is, Bank of Scotland Dr. to James Goldfmith ; by which we are not to underftand that the bank is in¬ debted to James Goldfmith •, for a debt between them has no connedlion with our bufinefs, and therefore ought not to be entered in our books : the meaning of the entry is, that the bank becomes indebted to us by the tranfadlions narrated ; and that we become indebt¬ ed to James Goldfmith by the fame. 26. An article which contains more Drs. or more Crs. than one, is called a joo/?. The form of thefe will appear from the following examples. Ex. I.] Sold William Drapier, 25 pieces cloth, at 15I. per piece L-375 530 Hones wool, at 5s 6d per Hone 35 15 — L.410 15 — If the two articles fold to William Drapier were en¬ tered feparately in the Wafte-book, and transferred to the Journal by Rule I. they would Hand thus : William Drapier Dr. to Cloth, fold him 25 pieces, at 15I. _ L-375 William Drapier Dr. to Wool, fold him 130 Hones, at 5s 6d 35 I5 — And if thefe were pofled to the leger, there would be two articles placed to the Dr. of William Drapier, one to the Cr. of Cloth, and one to the Cr. of Wool. But the fales may be entered in the form of one complex journal pofl, as follows. William Drapier, Dr. to Sundries, To-Cloth, for 2 C pieces, at 15I. L.37J To Wool, for 130 Hones at 5s 6d 35 15 — L.410 15 — And then there is only one article on the Dr. of Wil¬ liam Drapier in the leger. Sundries Drs. to Cloth, W. Drapier, for 10 pieces, at 15I. L.150 — — J. Mercer, for 12 ditto at 15I. 180— — ' — * L.330 22 Journal. Ex. 3.] Bought from H. Hood, 5 puncheons rum, at 42I. L.210 3 hds. claret, at 33, 99 2 pipes tnadeira, at 56, 1x2 L.421 This example falls under Rule II. The articles re¬ ceived, rum, claret, and madeira, are Drs. j and the perfon from whom they are received is the only Cr. Sundries Dr. to Henri/ Hood, Rum, for 5 puncheons, at 42I. L.2XO Claret,, for 3 hds, at 33> 99 Madeira, for 2 pipes, at 56, 112 L.421 — — Ex. 4.] Bt. 50 qrs. wheat from J. Tull, at 35s. L.87 10 — 12 from S. Ellis, 36s. 21 12 — — I..IC9 2 — 62 This example alfo falls under Rule II. There is only one Dr. wheat being the only thing received j and tW9 Crs. becaufe it is received from different perfons. Wheat Dr. to Sundries, To J. Tull, for 50 qrs. at 35s. L.87 10 — To E. Ellis, for 12 qrs. at 36s 21 12 — In like manner, examples might be given of complex pofls under every rule, which contained either feveral Drs. or feveral Crs. ; but as it is unneceffary to en¬ large fo far, we fliall only add a few examples of cafes, in which the different parts of the complex article fall under different rules. Ex. 5.] Sold 130 qrs. beans to A. Arnot, at 13s. 4d. L.100 75 ditto to S. Berry, at 13s. 4d. 50 - 18 ditto for ready money, 13s. 2d. ir 1 7 ~ Ex. 2.3 Sold 10 pieces of cloth to W. Drapier, at 15I. L.l 50 12 ditto to J. Mercer, at do. 180 — l-33° - “ 22 This example alfo falls under Rule I. But whereas there was one Dr. and two Crs. in tire former example 4 there are two Drs. and one Cr. in this; William Dra¬ pier and John Mercer, the purchafers, are Drs. for their refpeftive quantities j and cloth, which is the only thing delivered, is Cr. for the whole quantity. The journal poff is, 243 L.161 17 — Here beans are delivered, feme to different pur¬ chafers on trufl, and feme for ready money. The purchafers are Drs. for the quantity fold to each, by Rule I. ; Cafli is Cr. for the quantity fold for ready money, by Rule III. j and beans are Cr. for the whole. Sundries Dr. to Beans, A. Hr not, for 130 qrs. at i3s.4d.L.ico S. Berry, [ov 7; I2s.4d. CO Cajh, for 18 I3s.2d. II 17 — ■ L.i6i 17 - Ex» Journal. B O O K -K Ex. 6.] Bought from David Young 8 cwt. 3 qrs. copper, at 12l. per cwt. L.105 — Paid in part; L.50 Balance 55 — — L.105 Here the article received, copper, is the only Dr. *, but as it is bought partly for ready money, and partly on credit, it is Dr. to cafh for the value of the former, by Rule III. and to the feller for the value of the latter, by Rule II. Copper Dr. to Sundries. For 8 cwt. 3 qrs. at 12I. per cwt. B.105 To Cafh in part, L.50 To D. Young, for balance due him, 55 L.105 Ex. 7.] James Wilfon being bankrupt, I have ac¬ cepted a compofition on the debt due by him to me of 150I. and difcharged the fame. The compofition received, at 15s. per L. is, L.II2 10 — And the balance loft 37 10 — L.150 Here the whole debt of 150I. due by James Wil¬ fon, is cancelled ; and he muft therefore be ftated as Cr. for that fum. Cafii is Dr. for the fum received, by Rule II. ; and Profit and Lofs, or Lofs by bad debts, for the reft, by Rule VI. Sundries Dr. to James Wilfon, Cafh, for compt, on 150I. at 15s. per L. L. 112 10 — Profit and Zo/}, for balance loft 37 10 — L.150 Ex. 8.] Shipped for William Smith, per the Bonad- venture, Forbes, from Leith to London, 1000 yds linen, at is 2d L.58 6 8 6oalb. leather, bought from J. Currier, at is. 30 Paid charges at ftiipping — 13 4 L.89 Here William Smith is Dr. for the amount of the cargo; he is debtor to linen for the quantity delivered, as by Rule I. and to J. Currier for the leather delivered by him, by Rule VIII. and to cafh for the charges paid by us, by Rule I. William Smith Dr. to Sundries, To Linen, for 1000 yards at is. 2d. L.58 6 8 To J. Currier, for 6oolb. leather at is. 30 __ __ To Cafil), for charg es at fhip- ing 1 __ 13 4 Shipped per the Bonad- venture, Forbes, from Leith to London. .L.89 27. The learner may be affifted in underftanding thefe and other complex pofts, by refolving them into jrfinple ones. Moll of them might have been ftated in E E P I N G. that manner; and the complex form is only preferred Journal, for abridging the leger. In fome articles the diffe- v— rent daffes are fo connected, that they cannot be fe- parated with propriety. The narration is fometimes equally diffufed through the poll, after the Dr. and Cr. as in the five firft exam¬ ples. Sometimes the chief circutnftances are narrated before the Drs. or Crs. be fpecified. as in Ex. 6.; fome¬ times after the firft, as in Ex. 7.; and fometimes at the end, as in Ex. 8. 28. In fome articles, there are both more Drs. and more Crs. than one. Thefe may be entered in one journal-poft, Sundries Dr. to Sundries, fpecifying firft the Drs. and then the Crs. But, as this method is fome what confufed, we would recommend it as a better way to divide the tranfa&ion into two journal-pofts; fo that the firft may contain only one Dr. and the fecond : only one Cr. Ex. Bartered with James Fo- theringal ioq pieces ofna- burgs, at 12s. L.60 — — loolb. thread, at 3s. 6d, 17 10 — For 10 hds. lintfeed, at 50s. 50ayds. linen, at is. 6d. And received the ba¬ lance in money L.25 37 Io — 15 L.77 10 —■ Journal. Sundries Dr. to Sundries. Lintfeed, for 10 hds. at 50s. L. 25 Linen, for 500 yds. at is 6d 37 10 Received in barter from J. Fo- theringal Cajh, for balance 15 L.77 10 —* 10 L.77 10 — To Ofnaburgs, for 100 pieces, at 12s. L.60 To Thread, for loolb. at 3s 6d 17 10 Delivered him in barter — L.77 Or rather, Sundries Dr. to James Fotheringal. Lintfeed, for 10 hds. at 50s. L.25 Linen, for 500 yds. at is 6d 37 10 Received in barter Cajh, received balance 15 L.77 10 — James Fotheringal Dr. to Sundries. To Ofnaburgs, for 100 pieces, at 12 s. L.60 To Thread, for 100 lb. at 3s 6d 1710 — Delivered in barter — B.77 10 26. It is neither prafHcable nor neceffary to enume¬ rate all kinds of complex pofts that may occur in bufi- nefs. We lhall here only mention the entries which occur at opening the books. The firft journal poll contains the fubftance of the inventory. The entry is Sundries Drs. to Stock ; the particular Drs. are Calh, the different kinds of goods and other property belonging to us, and the perfons in¬ debted to us. The 8 BOOK-K Journal.?? The fecond journal-poft contains the debts due by us. v The entry is, Stock Dr. to Sundries ; the particular Crs. are the perfons to whom we are indebted. The form of thefe entries is more fully exhibited at the beginning of the following fets. 30. The journal (hould be written by one perfon, in a fair hand and at leifure hours. The articles are fe- parated, and the titles and dates marked in the fame manner as in the wafte-book, § 3. The entries are written in half-text for ornament and diftinftion. In the inventory, the defignation (or the bufinefs, ftation, and the place of refidence) of every perfon is mentioned j and the fame is done the firft time that any name oc¬ curs in journal-entry. At other times it is fufficient to enter the name without the defignation, unlefs we have dealings with two perfons of the fame name *, in which cafe, it is always necelfary to annex the defigna¬ tion, in order to diftinguifh them. The narration fhould be complete, without referring to the wafte-book 5 and fo clear, that every perfon, acquainted with the ftyle of the journal, may underftand it with eafe. When the poft is written, we mark a dafli / againft the article, on the margin of the wafte-book, to ftiow how far the writing of the journal is advanced. Sect. IV. Of Posting and Balancing the < Leger. 31. The firft thing to be done in the leger, is to allot a proper fpace for each account. The accounts may be either opened in the fame order that they oc¬ cur in the journal j or accounts of the fame, kind may be placed together, the perfonal accounts in one part of the leger, and the real accounts in another. The accounts of Stock and Profit and Lofs are generally placed at the beginning. The room which each will require cannot be exactly known, but it muft be con- jeflured from the number of tranfaflions that are likely to follow. The number of the folio is marked in ftrong text at each corner of the top-line; and the titles of the ac¬ counts are written in fair text through both folios, if necefiary. The defignations of the perfonal accounts may be written in half text, or Italian hand : and fome write the titles in Saxon hand for ornament. The word Dr. is prefixed to the title on the left-hand page : and Contra Cr. annexed to it on the right-hand page. 32. Next, An Index muft be provided for pointing out the folios where the accounts are opened. The titles of the accounts are entered alphabetically in the index, and the number of the folio annexed. Perfonal accounts are entered by the firft letter of the furname ; companies, by the firft letter of the furname of the firft partner •, arid all other accounts by the firft letter of the firft word. The moft convenient kind of index is a long narrow book, of 24 leaves, one for each letter of the alphabet. A is marked on the top of the firft leaf, and the paper pared away below it 5 B is mark¬ ed on the fecond leaf under A ; and the other let¬ ters on the following leaves, in the fame manner j by means of which we can turn at once to any letter re¬ quired. 33. In pofting the leger, proceed by the following ftlre&ions. Firft, look for the Dr. of the journal-poft E E P I N G. in the index, under the proper letter, and this dire&s | p0fHn°- you to the folio of the leger where the account is, if and Balan- it be already opened ; if not, you muft allot a fpace cing tlie for it, write the title, and enter it in the index. Then Legen . enter the article on the left-hand page of the account 'r‘w under the title of the former article, by writing the date on the margin, and the name of the creditor on the line, with the word To prefixed, and a ftiort narra¬ tion of the tranfaftion annexed, and inferting the fum in the money column, and the quantity, if it be an ac¬ count of goods, in the inner column. Then turn to the account of the Cr. of the journal-poft, and enter the article in the right-hand page, prefixing the word By to the name of the Dr. 34. This being done, turn to the journal, and mark on the margin the number of the folios tq, which the article is polled. The figures which point out the re¬ ference to the Dr. and Cr. folios {hould be feparated by a line : for example, if the Dr. entry be on the third folio, and the Cr. entry on the fifth, the refe¬ rence is marked j-. Thefe figures Ihow how far the pofting is advanced, and are ufeful in comparing the books. The figures for dates or references Ihould be written in a lighter hand than the figures in the columns for money or quantity. 35. There is often a reference-column ruled in the leger, for pointing out the other ejjtry, correfponding to any article. In this column, the folio of the Cr. entry is marked againft the Dr. article, and the folio of the Dr. entry againft the Cr. article. Sometimes the accounts are numbered according to their order in the leger ; and the references, both in the journal and leger, point out the number of the ac¬ count inftead of the folio. \ 36. In complex polls turn to the feveral Drs. or Crs. in their order, and enter the articles according to the foregoing dire£lions ; placing the fums belonging to each in the money-column againft their refpeftive entries. 37. An article in the leger is generally comprehend¬ ed in one line. The narration Ihould be as full as can be contained in that bounds. If it cannot be narrated completely, the journal is referred to for further parti¬ culars, by writing per Journal, (or p. Jl), either af¬ ter an incomplete narration, or immediately after the Dr. or Cr. when there is no room for a proper nar¬ ration. In complex polls there can feldom be any nar¬ ration annexed to the fingle Df. or the fingle Cr. The entry is generally To Sundries per J. or, By Sundries per J. If the fenfe of the whole article can be nar¬ rated, it Ihould be done j but it is improper to narrate the firft or any other part of the article, and omit the others. 38. When the fpace allotted for an account in the leger is filled up, the account muft be tranfported to another folio. For this purpofe add the columns on both fides, and write againft the fum, Tranfported to folio , inferting the number of the folio where the new account is opened, in the reference column, or on the hne, if no reference-column be ufed. Then, after titling the new account, and entering the number of the folio in the index, write on the Dr. To amount brought from folio , inferting the number of the fo¬ lio BOOK-KEEPING. Poftmo- Ho where the old account was ; and on the Cr. By a- snd Balan- mount, brought from folio ; and [dace the fums cing the ancl quantities, if any, in the proper columns. Leger. When either fide of an account is full, both fides fhould be tranfported, and diagonal lines drawn, to fill ••up the vacant fpace of the fide which requires it. 39. The books fhould be written up as frequently -as can be done conveniently ; fo that the journal may keep pace nearly with the wafte-book, and the leger with the journal. Each book fhould be carefully re- vifed, and compared with the book from which it is ported. In comparing the leger, obferve the following directions : Begin with the firft journal port, and turn to the fo- Jio of the leger where the Dr. is entered, which you are direfted to by the marginal reference, and compare the date, entry, and fum. If you find them to correfpond, it is well; if not, the leger mult be altered till it cor¬ refpond with the journal. Then place a dot before the reference-figure in the journal, and a mark 4 before the fum in the leger. Proceed in the fame manner to compare the Cr. of the journal-port, and all the following polls in their or¬ der. The dots in the journal (how how far the com¬ panion is advanced, and the marks in the leger fhow what articles are compared. The fums of accounts tranfported fhould be left blank till the books be compared ; as an error in any article will occafion an alteration in the fum. 40. Some accountants correCt all errors in the le¬ ger, without crazing any thing, by the following me¬ thods: ill, If the fum be entered too fmall, they make a fecond entry for the deficiency. 2d, If it be entered too large, they make an entry on the oppofite fide for the excels. 3d, If it be entered on the wrong fide of the account, they enter it twice on the other j once, to counterbalance the error, and a fecond time for the true entry. 4th, If it be entered on a wrong account, they charge the wrong account Dr. to, or Cr. by, the right one. 41. We do not much approve of thefe methods, as they give the books a confufed appearance ; and would rather recommend the following rules ; lit, If an ar¬ ticle be omitted, do not attempt to interline at the place where it fhould have been ; but infert it under the laft article when you difcover the omirtion, and make a crofs X again ft it on the margin, and another at the place where it fhould have been. 2d, If you dif¬ cover a miftake immediately when committed, corredt it without cancelling any thing, as in this example. To Cafj,fay, To James Spiers received to account. 3d, If you have written a line entirely wrong, or in a wrong place, write the word Error at the end, prefix a crofs, and omit or cancel the fum. 4th, Cancel errors, by drawing a line lightly through them, fo that the old writing may ftill be legible ; by which it will be evi¬ dent, that the book has not been vitiated for a fraudu¬ lent purpofe. 1 he fame method fhould be followed in corredting errors in the journal. 42. When the comparifon of the books is finifhed, glance over the leger, to obferve if the mark of com¬ parifon be affixed to every article. If not, you muft turn to the journal, and obferve if the articles be right which had been marked. 43* Becaufe the whole fum of the Dr. fide of the Vox.. IV. Part I. leger fhould be equal to the whole fum of the Cr. § 14. Porting it is proper to try if they correfpond. For this pur- and Baian- pofe, you may add the Dr. of every account, except cinStJie fuch as are already balanced, placing the fums in an ■ Le^er- , inner column, and extending them at the end of one or-, more folios, as you find molt convenient, to the outer column j and as you go along add the Cr. in the fame manner. If the fum total of both fides be equal, it gives a prefumption that the books are right y if they differ, there is certainly fome miftake. This is called the Trial-balance. The labour bellowed upon it is not loft, as the fums may be referved for affifting us to col- kdt the balances : the method of which will be explain¬ ed afterwards. 44. If the fums of the trial-balance do not corre¬ fpond, the books muft be examined again. For this purpofe, begin with the firft article on the Dr. fide of the firft account, and turn to the account where the correfponding entry is, which you will find by the fi¬ gure in the reference-column. If the articles agree, mark them with a dot. Proceed in like manner with the other articles on the Dr. of the firft account j then with the articles on the Cr. of the fame ; and then with the following accounts in their order, till the error or errors be difcovered. In complex entries, obferve if the amount of the fums on one fide be equal to the fum on the other. When you come to a dotted article, you may pafs it by, becaufe it has been examined al¬ ready. If the errors be not difcovered at the firft revifal, you muft repeat the fame operation again, till you bring the books to balance. Marks different from the former ones, or differently placed, may be ufed, to fig- nify that an article has been examined a fecond or third time. As the detection of errors is the molt tedious and difagreeable part of book-keeping, the accountant will be induced to guard againft them with all poffible care, when he has once experienced the trouble which they occafion. 45. Before we explain the method of balancing the books it will be proper to direct the learner how to balance particular accounts. When we fettle accounts with any perfon, and afcertain how much is owing at either hand, it is neceffary to balance his account in the leger, and open a new one, beginning with the fum that was due according to the fettlement; and when we clear accounts again, we muft go back to that article, and no farther. If any articles be charged on either fide,, at the time of fettling, they muft be immediately entered on the wafte-bouk *, from which they will pafs in courfe to the journal and leger ; and a remark muft be entered in the wafte-book, that the account was fettled, and the balance transferred to the proper fide of the new ac¬ count. This remark is tranfcribed in the journal j and the leger account is balanced, when it occurs, in the courfe of polling. If the balance be due to you, write on the Cr. By balance due to him to Dr. new account, and infert the fum due you; after which, the amount of both fides will be equal. Add the account, placing the fums op¬ pofite to each other; and, if the fides be unequal, draw a diagonal line through the vacant fpace of th& ftrorter fide, and dole the old account by drawing lines under the fums. Then open the new account imme- B diately BOOK-KEEPING. Polling dlately under the old one, or in a new folio, if the old and Balan- one be full, by writing on the Dr. To balance of former cing the account due by him. If the balance be due by you to . Leger- _ the entries are made on the oppofite fides, with the ' * 111 neceffary alterations. When the new account is opened in the fame folio, it is unnecelTary to repeat the title; but the year and month, as well as the day, are repeat¬ ed at the date of the firft article. 46. Sometimes when an account is balanced, one or more articles are left out on purpofe : For example, goods lately bought on credit may be left out, and the iettlement may only relate to articles of longer Handing. When this is the cafe, if the articles omitted be on the Dr. of the leger, we write on the Cr. thus, By articles fold him fince if January replaced: and when we have balanced the account, and opened a new one, we write on the Dr. To articles replaced at fettling, furnifhed fince IJl January : or, if the articles were left out. for any other reafon, we explain the fame in the narration. If the omitted articles be on the Cr. the like entries are made on the oppofite fides. It Ihould be noticed in the wafte-book and journal when this operation is ne- ceflary. 4'7> When we poll; any common article from the jour¬ nal, we enter the fum on the Dr. of one account, and on the Cr. of another : when we balance an account, we place the balance fum on the Dr. of the old ac¬ count, and on the Cr. of the new one, or contrarywife : and when we replace an article, as above direfled, to the Dr. or Cr. of the old account, we place it after ba¬ lancing to the Cr. or Dr. of the new one. Thus, in thefe entries, as well as in common polls, there are like fums entered on the Dr. and Cr. of the leger, and the general equality of the fides is Hill preferved. 48. Merchants generally balance their books once a-year. The defign of this operation is, to colledl the various branches of their bufinefs, diffufed through the books, into a concife abftraft ; to afcertain their gain or lofs fince the laft balance ; and exhibit the prefent ftate of their funds. If the bufinefs be of fuch a kind, that moll of the branches naturally come to an iflue at a certain time of year, that time is the proper one for making the balance.. Otherwife the end of the year, or the leaft bufy time, may be chofen. 49. It is proper, before balancing, to fettle as many perfonal accounts as polfible ; to clear all arrears and fmall charges; to take an exaft inventory of the goods on hand, as far as can be done ; and affix a moderate value to each article, according to the current prices at the time; fuch a value as you would be willing at pre¬ fent to buy for. It is more proper to value the goods on hand in conformity to the current prices, than at prime coll ; for the defign of affixing any value is to point out the gain or lofs, and the gain is in reality ob¬ tained fo foon as the prices rife, or the lofs fuffered fo foon as they fall; therefore it is impoffible to make up a juti Hate of the affairs, unlefs the prefent prices be at¬ tended to. 50. Thefe things being done, proceed to make the balance as follows : Prepare two Iheets of paper, ruled with money-columns, in the form of Dr. and Cr. ; write Profit and Lofs as the title of the firlt, and Balance as the title of the fecond. Prepare alfo fome paper for computing the balances, and mark down the folios, titles, and fums of each Leger. account in the leger, in a regular order. If a trial-ba- Pofting lance was made, the fums may be tranfcribed from it. and Balan. Pals by fuch accounts as are already clofed ; alfo the clriS ^ accounts of Stock and Profit and Lofs, which are al- . ways the lalt of being balanced. Then fubtraft the leffer fum from the greater, and enter the difference on either of the Iheets that the nature of the article points out, and on the fide of that ffieet which correfponds to the greater fum of the account. More particu- krly, In perfonal accounts, enter the difference, which is the debt owing to you, or by you, on the proper fide of the balance-fheet. In the cafli account, enter the difference, which is the money in hand, on the Dr. fide of the balance- ffieet. In accounts of goods or other property, if there be nothing remaining on hand, enter the difference, which is the gain or lofs, on the proper fide of the profit and lofs ffieet. If the whole be ftill on hand, enter the prefent va¬ lue on the Dr. of the balance-ftieet ; and if this be different from the prime coft, charges included, enter the difference in the proper fide of the profit and lofs ffieet. If part be fold, and part on hand, place the value of the quantity on hand under the fum of the Cr. and add them. The fum is the whole return that will be ob¬ tained, if the reft of the goods be fold at the eftimated value ; and this, being compared with the fum of the Dr. which is the whole expence, (hows the gain or lofs. Enter the fame in the proper fide of the profit and lofs ffieet, and enter the quantity and value on hand on the Dr. of the balance-fheet. Obferve if the quantities in the inner columns be equal on both fides, when the goods are all fold ; or, if the difference, when only part is fold, be equal to the quan¬ tity on hand. If they correfpond, you have a juft ac¬ count of the goods. If the Dr. be greater, there is fomething amiffing, which you muft enter on the Dr. of the balanee-ffieet, and mark the eaufe of the defici¬ ency, as inlake, wafte, or the like. If the Cr. be great¬ er, there is an excefs, which you muft enter on the Cr. of the balance-flteet, together with the occafion of it, as difference of meafure, or the like. In accounts fubfidiary to profit and lofs, enter the difference on the proper fide of the profit and lofs ffieet. When there is nothing written on one fide of an ac¬ count, enter the fum of the article or articles on that ffieet which the kind of the account points out. 51. When you have colledled all the balances, fum up both ffieets, and add to the profit and lofs ffieet the fums of the profit and lofs account in the leger : then fubtraft the leffer fum of each ffieet from the greater. This being done, mark the fums of the flock-account on your computation paper, and add thereto the ba¬ lance of the profit and lofs ffieet on the fide which cor- refponds with the greater fum of that account : then fubtraft the leffer fum from the greater. The remain¬ der will be equal to the difference of the fides of the balance-fheet, if the books be right, and the balances exa£lly coilefled. 52. We ffiall prove that this equality muft always hold, 11 BOOK-KEEPING, Poftinn- hold, from the nature of the articles collected. The and Balan- Dr. of the balance-flreet contains every kind of pro- ung the perty belonging to you, and every debt owing to you 5 ■ , and the Cr. contains every debt owing by you : there¬ fore the difference of the fides (hows what your nett eftate amounts to. The profit and lofs iheets, when the articles from the leger are included, contain every thing you have gained on the Cr. and every thing you have loit on the Dr. ; and the difference of the fides is your nett gain or lofs. The flock-account contained your effedls and debts at the time the books were opened ; and therefore, when the gain or lofs is added to the pro¬ per fide, it mull fliow the extent of your nett eflate at prefent. Thus the flock-account and the balance-fheet both point out how much you are worth at prefent ; the one from your former flock, allowance being made for your gains or Ioffes j the other from a view of your prefent eifefts and debts j and they will correfpond, be- caufe both mull be agreeable to the truth, if the books be corredl. 53. Though the books mufl balance, if free from error, yet it is fometimes difficult to adjufl them ex¬ actly, efpecially when the bufinefs is extenfive, and the errors trifling. If there be flill a difference, which we de not think it worth while to make further fearch for, we may clofe the books, by making Profit and Lofs Dr. or Cr. for the fame. This introduces an article on one fide of the leger, which has none correfponding to it on the other, but is balanced by fome undifcovered error. 54. The balance being flruck, your next work is to clofe the books. Every article in the leger fhould be pofted from the journal ; therefore, the mofl regular way of finifhing both is by inferting the following arti¬ cles in the journal, and polling them in the common manner to the leger. 1 ft, Profit and Lofs Dr. to Sundries, for lofs, on the following accounts. The particulars are taken from the Dr. of the Profit and Lofs fheet. 2d, Sundries Dr. to Profit and Lofs, for gain, on the following accounts. The particulars are taken from the Cr. of the Profit and Lofs fheet. 3d, Balance-account Dr. to Sundries, for debts and pro¬ perty belonging to me. 4th, Sundries Dr. to balance-account, for debts due by me. The particulars of this and the former are taken from the refpedlive fides of the balance-fheet. 5th, Profit and Lofs Dr. to Stock for nett gain ; or Stock Dr. to Profit and Lofs, for nett lofs. 6th, Balance-account Dr. to Stock for nett flock. 55. When the four firft of thefe articles are pofted in the leger, all the perfonal, real, and fubfidiary ac- p0^fIlg counts will balance, and you may add them as you go and Baian- along. In accounts of goods, if there be any deficiency, cing you mufl enter it on the Cr. in the inner column ; LeSer‘ . and, if there be any outcome, you muft enter it on the ' v Dr. before you add the account. Then the fums of every account and every column on the oppofite fide will be equal. The only accounts that remain open are, Profit and Lofs, Stock and Balance. The fifth poll balances the profit and lofs account, and the fixth balances the flock-account. It was noticed, § 14. that the whole fums of Dr. and Cr. of the leger are equal; and there¬ fore, if the. fides of every account, except one, be ba¬ lanced, that one will balance of its own accord. The balance-account alone remains open, and, upon trial, you will find that the fides are equal. This affords an additional proof, or, at leaft, a different view of what wTas demonftrated, with relpeft to the balance of the books, in § 52. The lines above and under the fums, at a general balance, may be drawn with red ink 5 and, at the ba¬ lancing of particular accounts, with black ink, for di- flindlion. 56. Some choofe to infert the particulars of the pro¬ fit and lofs and balance flieets in the refpedlive accounts of the leger. If this be done, it is unneceffary to enu¬ merate them alfo in the journal.—Some choofe to ba¬ lance the accounts of goods, whenever the quantity is fold off j and we approve of this method, as it leffens the work at the general balance, which is always fuffi- ciently laborious. 57. Thus is the ftate of a perfon’s affairs brought to¬ gether, in a fhort compafs, under his view } and the ar¬ ticles of the balance-fheet fupply materials for a new in¬ ventory. It is convenient, however, tof alter the order, and arrange the real accounts together, and the perfonal ones together. 58. It is not neceffary to begin new books, nor open the accounts anew, unlefs the old folios be full. The ac¬ counts may be continued in the former folios $ but it is beft to begin a new leger, if the old one be not likely to hold all the bufinefs of the next year. When one comes to have feveral fets of books, it is common to di- ftinguifh them by the letters of the alphabet. The firft wafte-book, journal, and leger, are marked A, the fecond B j and fo on. In the following fpecimen, the wafte-book and jour¬ nal are placed on oppofite pages, that the learner may ' eafily compare them 5 and the rules are referred to by their numbers. B 2 WASTE-BOOK. 12 A houfe in Lawn-market Edin. value 300 James Bofwell merch. Edin. owes per account L.73 4 — Thomas Price writer Edin. owes per do. 12 3 8 Henry Hardy merch. Glas¬ gow per bill 75 — — David Miller manufacturer Haddington, per receipt 18 — —- 178 § 29 / / / (0 WASTE-BOOK. Edinburgh, January i. 1789. BOOK-KEEPING. JOURNAL. Edinburgh, January i. 1789. INVEN TORY of ready money, goods, and debts, belonging to James Olwald merchant in Edinburgh Ready money - _ -k-75 200 bolls meal, at 13s L.130 — — 6 hds Port-wine, at 15I 90 — — 70 reams paper, at 10s 6d 36 15 — 120 fp. five-hank yarn, at 2s 3d - 13 10 — 10 — 270 5 7 8 LIST of debts by the faid James Ofwald. To the Royal bank per account L.230 — — To Tho. Smith merchant London perdo. 54 — — I'o Will. Nifbet carpenter Leith per do. 28 7 3 § 29 •3- Bought for ready money 105 yards calicoe, at 3s 2d Rule III. Sold to James Cuthbert merchant Leith, 50 boll: meal, at 13s 3d - Rule I. Bartered 60 fpindles five-hank yarn, at 2s 4d for 8c yards diaper, at is 9d Rule III. •10.. Paid William Nilbet in full Rule I. I3- Bought from Will. Bruce merchant Leith, 200 bufliels fait, at is 8d L.16 13 4 300 ftone iron, at 3s 4d 33 6 Rule II. —15. Sold 30 rms paper to Ja. Bofwell,at I2s L.18 — 12 to John Henderfon ftationer Edinburgh, at I2s 7 4 — 5 for ready money, at 11s 2 I3 — 47 Rule I. III. Sold Will. Hunter merchant Dunbar, 150 bulb, fait, at is 9d L.13 2 6 Received in part - - L.io — And he owes the balance - 326 Rules I. III. 824 312 16 33 28 7° 27 13 12 Sundries Dr. to Stock for articles belonging to James Ofvvald merchant Edinburgh. Cajl) on hand - - ■^'•75 JO — Meal. For 200 bolls at 13s L. 130 Port-wine. For 6hds at 15I 90 — Paper. For 70 rms. at ios6d 36 15 — Yarn. For 120 fp. five-hank, at 2s 3d 13 10 — Houfe in Lawn-market Edin. value /«..B0/W//mer.Ed7perac. L.73 4 — Tho. Pirie writer Ed. per do. 12 3 8 Henry Hardie merchant Glaf- gow per bill - 75 — — David Miller manufacturer Haddington, per receipt 18 — — 27° 5 300 178 7 8 Stock Dr. to Sundries. To Royal Bank per account E.230 — — To Tho. Smith merch. London per ac. 54 — — To/Tz7/.IVjyZ'^carpenter Leith per do. 28 7 3 Calicoe Dr. to Cafh. Bought 100 yards, at 3s 2d James Cuthbert merchant Leith, Dr. to Meal, fold 50 bolls, at 13s-3d Diaper Dr. to Yarn. Delivered 60 fp. five-bank, in barter of 80 yards, at is 9d ■10. William Nifbet Dr. to Cafh. Paid him in full I3- S ndries Dr. to William Bruce merchant Leith Salt. For 200 bufliels, at is 8d L.16 13 4 Iron. For 320 Hones, at 3s 4d 53 6 8 -I5- Sun ries Drs. to Paper. James Bofwell for 30 rms, at 12s L.18 — — John Henderfon flationer Edinburgh, for 12 12S 7 4 — Cajh, For 5 ns 2 15 — 47 -19, CO 824 312 16 33 7 28 7° 27 Sundries Drs. to Salt, for 15 2 bfh. at 1 s 93 L. 13 2 6 Cafh. Received in part - L.io — — William Hunter merchant Dunbar, for balance due by him - 326 12 l9 I3, Edinburgh (2) WASTE-BOOK. Edinburgh, January 22. 1789 / BOOK-KEEPING. JOURNAL. January 22. 1789. Received from Henry Hardy in pay¬ ment of his bill L.75 And for intereft on do. 210 — Rules II. VII. Paid the Royal Bank Rule I. -26.— / / Bought from Alex. Sharp, merch. Dundee 500 fp. four-hank yarn, at is lid L.47 184 Paid him in part L.15 —- — And the balance due him is 32184 77 IOC Rules II. III. -30. Received 150 bolls nieal,at 13s 2d L.98:15s, in bar ter for 6 hds. Port wine, at 16I. L.96 — Paid the balance 2 I5 Rule III. Edinburgh, 2d February 1789. Sold James Bofwell 48 bulb, fait, being the rem. at is 8^d L.4 2 — 60 fp. five-hank yarn, at 2s 3^d 6 17 100 ftone iron, at 3s. 4^-d 16 17 Rule I. -3- Received from James Cuthbert in part Rule II. — Bartered 22 reams paper, at 12s 30 bolls meal, at 13s 6d L.13 4 — 20 5 For 334^- fp. four-hank yarn, at 23 Rule III. ^•33 9 taken for the ufe of my (hop the remaining ream paper, value Rule VI. 16 Received from William Hunter in full L.3 2 6 from James Bofwell in part 70 — — Rule II. Paid the Royal Bank Rule I. .19.— Bartered 100 yards calicoes, at 3s 6d L.17 : 10 For one hd. Port wine Received the balance L.14 10 — 47 98 3° '33 73 100 Rule III. J7 10 .2 — .1 (2) Cajh Dr. to Sundries. ToHevzry Har^Rec. paym. of his bill L.75 — — To Profit and Lofs. Rec. intereft on do. 2 10 — Royal Bank Dr. to Cajh. Paid them -26.- TTarn Dr. to Sundries, for 500 fpindles four-hank, at is nd ^-47 4 To Cajh. Paid in part L.i 5 — — To Alex. Sharp, merch. Dundee for bal. 23 18 4 -30 Meal. Dr. to Sund. for 150 bolls, at 13s 2d L.98: 15s To Port-wine. For 6 hds. delivered in barter, L.16. L.96 — To Cajh. Paid balance 2 I5 77 100 47 Edinburgh, 2d February 1789. James Bofwell Dr. to Sundries. To Salt, for 48 bufli. being the rem. at is 8|d L.4 2 — To Tarn, for 60 fp. five-hank, at 2s 3'4d 617 6 To Iron, for 100 ftones, at 3s. 4^d 16 17 Cajh Dr. to James Cuthbert. Received in part -10.- Tarn Dr. to Sundries. For 3344 fp. four-hank yarn at 2s. L.33 : 9s To Paper. For 22 reams delivered in barter, at 12s L.13 4 To Meal. For 30 bolls, at 13s 6d 20 5 .2 Charges Merchandife Dr. to Paper taken for the ufe of Ihop, 1 ream, value —16.-- Cafh Dr. to Sundries. To William Hunter. Received in full L.3 2 6 To James Bofwell. in part 70 Royal Bank Dr. to Cajh. Paid them Sundries Drs to Calicoes. For 100 yards delivered in barter at 3s 6d L.17 : 10s Port-wine. For I hd. L.14 10 Cajh. Received balance 3 98 33 10 *5 73 100 J7 ic ic Edinburgh^ 14- BO O K - K E (3) WASTE-BOOK. Edinburgh, 19th February, 1789. / Sold 30 bolls meal for ready money, at 13s 8d L. 20 10 — 45 to Henry Hardy, 13s lod 31 2 6 27 to William Hunter, at 13s lod 18 13 6 52 to Baillie and Bell, Borrow- ilownnefs, at 135 lod 35 19 5 / / / / J54 Rules I. III. •23* Drawn on the Ro^al Bank Rule II. 106 120 Paid William Bruce in part L. 50 — -— Alexander Sharp in full 32 18 4 And Tho.Smith’s bill on me at fight 35 — — Rule I. Edinburgh, 2d March, 1789. Paid charges and cellar-rent of fait Charges and loft-rent of meal Rule IV. L. 1 26 3 3 — Received from Thomas Pirie in full L. 12 Difcounted him — 3 8 Rule II. VI. Sold James Dalton, Manchefter 60 fpindles four-hank yarn, at 2s £d L.6 I 3 300 do do at is nj: 29 13 360 Rule I. —12. Received from Jan. Jonkheer Rotterdam, 6 bags clover feed, qt. 200 lb. each, amount per invoice f. 212, at 22d peryi L. 28 12 — Paid freight anS charges 1 5 / Rules II. IV. .17. Bartered with James Bofwell 2 bags clover-feed, at 61. L.12 for 2 hds. lintf. at 55s L. 5 10 Received in money 5 — And he owes the balance 1 10 ■— Rules III. I. Paid Tho. Smith in full And for intereft L. 19 1 10 — Rules I. IV. 21.—— / 12 l8 35 29 12 20 Sold 140 lb. clover-feed to John Scott farmer at Haugh-head, at 7^d L. 4 7 70 to James, Cuthbert at 7^d 239 *120 for ready money, at 312 6 33° Rules I. II. 10 r7 10 E P I N G. ; - JOURNAL. Edinburgh, 19th February, 1789. .2 Sundries Drs. to Meal. Cafh. For 30 bolls, at 3s 8JL.20 10 ■ Henry Hardy. For 45 13s lod 31 2 6 WilliamHunter. For 27 13s lod 18 13 6 Baillie and Bell, Br.r- rowftownnefs. For 52 13s lod 35 19 4 I54 23- Cajh Dr. to Royal Bank. Drawn on them Sundries Drs. to Cafh. William Bruce. Paid him in part L. 50 — — Alex. Sharp. Paid him in full 32 *8 4 Tho. Smith. Paid his bill on me at fight 35 — — (3) 106 120 Edinburgh, 2d March, 1789. Sundries Drs. to Caffj. Salt. Received in full Meal. Paid charges and loft-rent L. 1 2 6 3 3 — Sundries Drs. to Thomas Pirie. Cajh. Received in full L. 12 — — Proft and Lofs. Difcounted him — 3-8 James Dalton, Manchefter, Dr. to Tarn. For 60 fp. four-hank, at 2s |d L. 6 1 3 And 300 do. 360 at is 11% 29 13 9 .1 ■12.- Clover-feed, Drs. to Sundries. To Jan Jonkheer, for 6 bags, qt. 200 lb. each, is 1200 lb. amount per invoice, f. 312, at 22d L. 28 12 — To Cafh. Paid freight and charges 1 5 — -17, Sundries Drs. to Clover feed. For 2 bags, at 61. L. 12 t\Lint feed, for 2 hds. reed, in bart. 55s S 10 — Cei/h. In part 3 —• James Bofwell, for balance 1 10 — Sundries Drs. to Cajh. Thomas Smith, Paid him in full L. 19 — — Proft and Lofs. Paid him intereft. 1 10 ■21. Sundries Drs. to Clover-feed. John Scott, farmer at Haugh-head, for 140 lb. at 7-|d L. 4 7 6 James Cuthbert, for 70 7-Jd 2 3 Cafh for 120 7^d 3 12 33° 18 12 35 15 29 12 20 10 !7 10 Edinburgh, BOOK-KEEPING. 15 /'James Bofwell has paid the Royal Bank on my acct Rule VIII. / / (4) WASTE-BOOK. Edinburgh^ 24th March, 17^9* .25- Bought from William Ainllie merchant Alloa y fliare of the Ihip Hazard, for Rule II. / / / Sold Baillie and Bell, 150 ftone Iron, at 3s yd 1 hd. Port-wine Rule I. L.26 17 6 r5 5 • 4C 3° Edinburgh, 2d April, 1789. Sold for ready money 50 yards diaper, at is lid 30 bolls meal, at 13s yd 1 hd. lint-feed 160 lb. clover-feed, at y^d 30 ftone iron, at 3s 6^d Rule III. 6 L.4 15 10 20 7 6 3 3° 5 3 4 563 Drawn on the Royal Bank for Rule II. Bought for ready money 30 calks train oil, at 22s. ^’33 — — 30 bolls meal, at 13s. L. 19 10 — 40 do. at 13s 2d 26 6 8 45 16 8 70 Rule III. 42 /Sold James Bofwell 20 calks train-oil, at 27s Rule I. / / Sold Will. Ainllie 30 yds. diaper, at 2s L. 3 — And paid him 30 — — Rule I. — 8. Baillie and Bell have paid Will. Ainllie, at my de fire, balance of my fhare of the Ihip Hazard Rule VIII. 11 I4- Sold George Gordon merch. Stirling 10 calks train-oil, at 28s I hd. lint-feed 35 bolls meal, at 13s 8d L. 14 3 5 — 23 18 4 L> 41 3 4 Received in part and he owes the balance L-35 — 6 3 4 Rule I. II. 16. Paid Baillie & Bell’s bill on me to C. Cowan, at fight Rule I. 78 33 11? 27 15 16 11 JOURNAL. Edinburgh, 24th March, 1789. Royal Bank Dr. to James Bofwell. Paid by him .25. Share of fhip Hazard Dr. to William Ainfie mer¬ chant Alloa, bought -j- lhare for -28. .1 — -5 Baillie and Bell Drs. to Sundries. To Iron. For 150 ftone, at 3s yd L. 26 17 To Port-wine. For 1 hd. 15 5 — * Edinburgh, 2d April, 1789. Cafh Dr. to Sundries. To Diaper. For 50 yards, at is lid L.4 15 10 To Meal. For 30 bolls, at 13s yd 20 7 To Lint feed. For 1 hd. 3 3 To Cloverfeed.Yox 160 lb. at y^d 5 3 To Iron. For 30 ftone, at 3s 6|d 5 6 .6.- Cafh Dr. to Royal Bank. Drawn on them for Sundries Drs. to Cajh. Train-oil. For 30 calks, at 22s U. 33 — — Meal. For 30 bolls, at 13s L. 19 10 — And 40 at 13s 2d 26 6 8 45 16 70 (4) 40 150 42 78 William Ainfie Dr. to Sundries. To Diaper. For 30 yards, at 2s L. 3 To Cafh. Paid him 30 -8.- William Ainfie Dr. to Baillie and Bell. Paid him by them on my account, being balance of lhare of Ihip Hazard 11. James Bofwell Dr. to Train-oil. Sold him 20 Calk at 27s r4 George Gordon Dr. to Sundries. To Train oil. For 10 calks, at 28s L. 14 — — To Lint feed. For 1 hd. 3 5 — To Meal. For 35 bolls at 13s 8d. 23 18 Cafh Dr. to George Gordon. Received in part -16.- Baillie and Bell D>. to Cafh. Paid their bill on me to C. Cowan, at fight. r5 16 33 — ri7 27 11 38 iS Edinburgh, BOOK-KEEPING, 16 (5) / / / / Paid for fmall charges on my bufinefs fince firft January 5 3 Perfonal and family expences 32 — / / / / Previous to the balancing of my books, I have ta ken an inventory of the goods in my (hop and warehoufe, WASTE-BOOK. Edinburgh, 18th April, 1789. taken for the ule of my family, the remaining five yards calicoe, at 3s 2d ' Rule VI. The Royal Bank have paid Jan Jonkheer’s bill 01 me, 1 mdt. at my defire. 'Rule VIII. -25- Received my proportion of profits on a voyage t< Rotterdam by the Hazard. Rule V. -30. Rule VI. Due Thomas Sharp, my clerk, for wages Rule VI. Due to the Royal Bank for intereft Rule VI. 124 bolls meal, at 13s 6d. 474 fp. four-hank yarn, at 2s 40 ftone iron, at 3s ^d 300 lb. clover feed, at 6d I value my houfe at And my fhare of fliip Hazard L.83 14 — 47 8 — 6 13 4 7 10 — l-i45 5 4 300 140 L- 585 5 4 28 33 12 10 Sundries Drs. to Cap). Charges Merchandife. Paid fmall char ges fince Jan. 1. L. 5 3 Proper Exp. Paid perf. and family charges 32 — JOURNAL. Edinburgh, 18th April, 1789. Proper expences Dr. to Calicoes. For 5 yards taken for family ufe, at 3s 2d --22. . Jan Jonkheer Dr. to Royal Bank. For his bill on me 1 mdt. paid by them “25- lafh Dr. to Jhare of Ship Hazard. Received m\ proportion of profits on a voyage to Rotterdam -30. .'iiarges of Merchandife Dr. to Thomas Sharp, my clerk. Due him for wages Profit andLofs Dr. to Royal Bank. Due the m for int ^rofit and Lofs Dr. to Sundries, for articles of lofs. / 0 Salt - - L.— 11 4 To Charges Merchandife - 13 14 2 To Proper Ex peaces - 32 15 10 See § 54. Sundries Drs to Profit and Lofs, for articles of gain. Meal Port-wine P aper Tarn Calicoes Diaper Iron Clover feed Lint-feed <- Share of Ship Hazard Train oil L.9 18 6 15 4 2 1 18 3 l3 I5 7 2 5 — — 18 23 ~ 8 — Bal. Account Dr. to Sun. for articles belonging to me. To Ca/h To Meal. For 124 bolls, at 13s 6d To Tarn. For 474 fp. at 2s Amiffing \ fpindle. To Houfe in Lawnmarket To Janies Bofwell To Henry Hardy To David Miller To James Cuthbert To Iron. For 40 ftone at 3s 4ft To John Henderfon To William Hunter To James Dalton To Clover-feed. For 300 lb. at 6d Inlake 10 lb. To John Scott To fhare of Jhip Hazard To George Gordon L. 8 3 83 M 47 ° 10 3°o 37 31 18 5 6 7 18 35 7 4 140 6 11 2 6 *3 4 J3 J5 10 7 6 3 4 BOOK-KEEPING. (6) JOURNAL. Edinburgh, 30th April 1789. Sundries Drs. to Balance-account. .1 Meal. Outcome 3 bolls .zRoyal Bank William Bruce Thomas Sharp L.201 3 20 — 8 Projit and Lofs Dr. to Stock, for nett gain Stock Dr. to Balance-account, For nett flock The next Journal would begin thus Sundries Drs. to Stock. Cajh on hand - - L. Meal. For 124 bolls, at 13s L.83 14 — Yarn. For 474 fp. 4 hank, at 2s 47 8 — Iron. For 40 ftone, at 3s 4d 6 13 4 Clover-feed. For 3001b. at 6d 710 — 3 Houfe in Lawn-market Edin¬ burgh, value L.300 — Share in Ship Hazard. For 140 — — J45 J 4 11 — 2 6 -third James Bofwell Edinburgh. Due by him Henry Hardy Glafgow. David Miller Haddington. James Cuthbert Edith. Do. y 6 John Henderfon Edinburgh. Do. 7 4 William Hunter Dunbar. Do. 18 13 6 James Dalton Manchefter. Do. 35 15 — -440 ^•37 Do. 31 Do. 18 Do. 5 John Scott Haughhead. Do. George Gordon Stirling. Do. ■163 3 Stock Dr. to Sundries. To Royal Bank. Due them To William Bruce, Leith. Due him Thomas Sharpy my clerk. Do. L.201 3 20 — - 8 229 16 528 757 22f Vol. IV. Part I. C ) i8 (0 LEGER. BOOK-KEEPING. FO. LEGER. Dr 1789 Jan. Ap Dr, 3789 Mar Ap: Dr. lySc) Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Dr. 3789 Jan. Mar. Apr. Dr. 3789 Jan. Eeb. Apr. Stock, To Sundries, per J. To Balance-account for nett flock Projit and Lofs. To Thomas Pirie, difcounted him To Cafh, paid Tho. Smith intereft To Royal Bank, for intereft due them To Sundries, per J. To ftock, for nett gain Cafh, To Stock on hand To Paper, for 5 reams, at us To Salt, in part, per J. To Sundries, for Hen. Hardy’s bill, with int To James Cuthbert, in part 16 To Sundries, per J. To Calicoes, for bal. of 100 yards, per J. To Meal, for 30 bolls, at 13s 8d To Royal Bank, drawn on them To Thomas Pirie, in full 7 To Clover-feed, in part, for 2 bags To Clover-feed, 120 lb. at 7^d To Sundries, per J. 6 To Royal Bank, drawn on them 4 To George Gordon, in part 25 To Share of ftrip Hazard, for ftiare profits, p. J. Meal, 7 i To Stock on hand, at 133 To Sundries, per J. at 13s 2d To Cafh, paid charges and loft-rent 6 To Cafh, per J. To profit and lofs, for gain Outcome Bolls 200 70 423 Port-wine, To Stock on hand, at L. 15 9 To Calicoes, in barter To Profit and Lofs, for gain Hds 6 311 528 84c 73 2 10 77 3° 73 3 2C 120 12 5 3 38 60 35 33 16 59945 130 98 3 45 9 287 90 14 12 10 6ji5 1787 Jan. Apr 1789 8 Jan. — Apr. 10 1789 Jan. 3° 6 Feb. — Mar — Apr 6 11 11 1789 Jan. Feb. 21 8 Apr. ^89 Jan. Mar. FO. (1) Contra By Sundries, per J. By Profit and Lofs, for nett gain Cr. Contra Cr. By Cafh, received int. on Hen. Hardy’s bill By Sundries, per J. Contra Cr. By Calicoes, for 106 yards, at 3s 2d By William Nifbet, in full By Royal Bank, paid them 26 By Yarn, in part, for 300 fp. four hank 30 By Meal, paid balance of 150 bolls 6 By Royal Bank, paid them By Sundries, per J. By Sundries, per J. By Clover-feed, paid freight and charges By Sundries paid Tho. Smith, with int. per J By Sundries, per J. By William Ainflie, paid him By Baillie and Bell, paid their bill on me ft. By Sundries, for charges and expences per J. By Balance account Contra By James Cuthbert, at 13s 3d By Yarn, in barter, at 13s 6d By Sundries, per J. By Cafh, at 13s yd By George Gordon, at 13s 8d By Balance account at 13s 4d Cr. Bolls 5° 3° 154 3° 35 124 423 Contra 10 By Meal, in barter, at L.ld 18 By Baillie and Bell Cr. Hds 6 1 824 16 840 65 67 16 28 100 *5 2 100 117 4 1 20 78 3° 38 37 8 599 33 20 106 20 23 83 287 III r9 !5 1S 10 10 2 8 ia 11 Dr» (2) LEGER. BOOK-KEEPING. FO. LEGEK. FO. Dr 1789 Jan. Apr. Dr. 1789 Jan. Feb. Apr, Dr j789 Jan. Dr. 1789 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. 3° Dr. 1789 Jan. 1 Dr. 1789 Jan. Feb. Dr, 1789 Jan. Dr 1789 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Paper, To Stock on hand, at 103 6d To Profit and Lofs, for gain 70 Tarn, To Stock on hand, at 2s 3d Fo Sundries, per J. at is lid Fo Sundries, per J. at 2s To Profit and Lofs, for gain Spindles 4H coo 3344 834; 5« I 20 IOC Houfe in Lawn-Market, To Stock, for value James Bofwell merchant Edinburgh, To Stock due by him, per account To Paper, for 30 reams, at 12s To Sundries, per J. To Clover-feed, for bal. of 2 bags, per J. To Train-oil, for 20 calks, at 27s 36 41 Thomas Price writer Edinburgh, Fo Stock due by him per account Henry Hardy merchant Glafgow, To Stock due by him per bill Fo Meal, for 45 bolls, at 13s lod David Miller manufaBurer Haddington, To Stock due by him per receipt Royal Bank of Scotland, Fo Ctifh, paid them Fo Culh, paid them r0 Ja. Bofwell, paid them by him Fo balance-account 97 300 47 12 IOC IOC 40 20 J 44I x789 Jan. Feb. 1789 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. 1789 Feb. 1789 Feb. Mar. Apr. 1789 8 Mar. 1789 — Jan. 6 Apr 30 * Contra By Sundries per J. By Yarn in barter, at 12s By Charges Merchandife, for ftiop ufe Cr. 70 Contra By Diaper, at 2s 4d By James Bofwell, at 2s 3id By James Dalton, per J. By Balance-account, at 2s Amilfing Cr. Spindles. ah\sh 260 474 8 344 60 6c I 2C Contra By Balance-account Cr. Contra By Calh in part By Royal Bank, paid in by him By Balance Cr. i789 AP i789 Jan. Feb. Apr. 22 30 19 (2) Contra Cr. By Sundries in full, with difcount, per J. Contra By Cafh in full By Balance-account Cr, Contra By Balance-account Cr. Contra Cr. By Calh, drawn on them By Stolid due them per account By Calh, drawn on them By J. Jonkheer, for his bill paid them, p. J. By Profit and Lofs, for interelt due them C 2 7 6 35 47 1 97 30 147 12 18 230 120 60 28 2 441 3 Dr, 0\ *3- O 20 (3) LEGER. Dr. 1789 Feb. Apr. Dr. 1789 Jan. Dr. 1789 Jan. Apr. Dr 1789 Jan. Mar. Dr. 1789 Jan. Apr. Dr. 1789 Jan. Mar. Dr. 1789 Feb. Apr. Dr. 1789 Jan. Apr. 10 3° 21 30 TV/or. .SW//z merchant London, To Cafli, paid his bill on me at fight L'o Calh, in full William Ni/het carpenter Leith, To Calh, paid him in full Calicoes, To Calh, at 3s 2d To Profit and Lofs, for gain Ja. Cuthbert merchant Leith, To Meal, for 50 bolls at 13s 3d To Clover-feed, for 761b. at 7^d Diaper, To Yarn in barter, at is pd To Profit and Lofs, for gain Salt, To William- Bruce, at is 8d To Calh, paid charges and cellar rent William Bruce merchant Leith, To Calh in part To Balance-account Iron, To William Bruce, at 3s 4d To Profit and Lofs, for gain BOOK-KEEPING. TO. Yds 105 i05 Yds. 80 80 Bujh. 200 200 Stones 32c 32c 28 J7 55 r5 lS LEGER. 1789 — Jan. 1789 3 Jan 1789 6 Feb. •4 Apr. 10 10 1789 Feb. Apr. 1789 Apr. lS M 10 1789 Jan. Feb. Apr. 1789 Jan. 1789 Feb. Mar. Apr. Contra 19 By Sundries, per J. at 3s 6d 19 By proptr Expences taken at 3s 2d r9 3° !7 Contra By Stock, due him per account Contra By Stock, due him per account Contra By Cafli in part By balance account Contra By Calh at is nd By William Ainflie, at 2s Contra By Sundries, per J. at is pd By J. Bofwell, for the rem. at is 8|d By Profit and Lofs, Inlake Contra 2 By James Bofvvell, at 4s 4^ 28 By Baillie and Bell, at 3s 7d 2 By Calh, at 3s 6|d 30 By Balance-account, at 3s 4d Cr, FO- (3) 54 Cr. Cr. Yds. 100 5 °5 Cr. Cr. Yds. 5° 3° 80 Cr. Bujh. !50 48 54 28 J7 18 30— 5 6 6 35 J7 70 70 l5 14 Dr> (4) LEGER. BOOK-KEEPING. FO. 21 LEGER. Dr. 1789 Jan. Dr. 1789 Jan. Feb. Dr. 1789 Feb. Dr. 1789 Feb Apr. Dr. 1789 Feb. Mar Apr. Dr. 1789 Mar. Dr. 1789 Mar Apr. Dr. 1789 Apr. Dr. 1789 Mar Apr. Jo. Henderfon Jlationer Edinburgh. 14 To Paper, for 12 reams, at 12s William Hunter merchant Dunbar. 19 To Salt, for balance of 150 buftiels, per J. 19 To Meal, for 27 bolls, at 13s lod 23 10 To Paper taken for fliop-ufe, 1 ream 30To Calh, for fmall charges fince ill Jan. To Tho. Sharp, for wages 9T 6T0 22 30 Alex. Sharp merchant Dundee, To Ca(h, in full Charges Merchandife, Baillie and Bell B orrowjlownefs, o Meal, for 52 bolk at 3s lod Fo Sundries, per J. Calh, pd. their bill on me to C. Cowan, st James Dalton Manchejler, 5 To Yarn, for 360 fpindles four hank, per J. Clover-feed, To Sundries per J. for pr. coft and char. To Profit and Lofs for gain lb. 1200 1200 J. Jonkheer merchant Rotterdam, To Ro. Bank, for his bill on me paid by them 2 Lint-feed, 7T Hds, o Clover-feed, in barter, at 55s To Profit and. Lofs, for gain 24 18 13 35 42 38 XI7 35 34 28 l3 18 FO. (4) 1789 Apr 1789 6 Feb. 6 Apr. 1789 4 Jan. 1789 6 Apr. 8 *5 x7 l7 1789 4 Apr. 6 1789 —.. Apr. 12 6 8 1789 — Mar. Apr 1789 Mar 1789 Apr 3° 12 *4 Contra By Balanoe-account Cr. Contra By Calh in full By Balance-account Cr. Contra Cr. By Yarn, for balance of 300 fpindles, per J. Contra By Profit and Lofs Cr. Contra Cr. By William Ainflie, paid him by them Contra By Balance account Cr. Contra By Sundries, per J. By Sundries, per J. By Calh, at 7^d By Balance-account, at 6d Inlake Cr. lb. 400 33° 160 3 00 ic 120c 3 18 i 32 r3 J3 117 XI7 35 34 l5 Contra By Clover-feed, for 6 bags, per J. Cr. Contra By Calh By George Gordon Cr. Hds. i l7 12 Dr- 22 Dr. i789 Mar. Dr. 1789 Mar Apr. LEGER. BOOK-KEEPING. FO. LEGER. 21 Jofin Scott farmer at Haughhead, To Clover-feed, for 140 lb. at 7~d 4 4 7 Share of /hip Hazard, lo William Ainflie, bought \ ftiare for To Profit and Lofs 5 ti0 — 23- 1789 6 Apr. 1789 Apr 73 3° Dr. ij89 Apr. 10 William Ainfie merchant Alloa, To Sundries, per J. To Baillie and Bell, for bal. paid him for them 33 1789 ■ —- Mar Contra By Balance-account Cr. Contra By Ca(h, for lhare profit of a voyage to Rot. By Balance-account 150 Dr. 1789 Apr. Dr. 1789 Apr, Train oil, 6 To Cafti, at 22s 30 To Profit and Lofs, for gain Cafki 3° 33 8 41 8 1789 Apr. M George Gordon merchant Stirling, To Sundries, per J. Contra - Qr By (hare of Ship Hazard, for £ bt. from him Contra 9 41 Dr. 3789 Ap; Dr. 1789 Apr. 30 Dr. Apr. 3° Proper expences, L'o calicoes, for 5 yards, at 3s 2d To Ca(h, for charges fince lit January Thomas Sharp, my clerk, To balance account Balance account, To Sundries, per J. 1789 4 Apr. 41 3 4 — r5 32 1789 10 Apr. 3C. 321 j 10 8 — 1789 Apr. 30 757 757 12 1789 3 Apr. 30 By James Bofwell, at 27s By George Gordon, at 28s Contra By Ca(h in part By Balance-account Cr. Calk. 2C IC 30 Cr. Contra By Profit and Lofs Cr. Contra (jr B7 Charges Merchandife, due him for wages Contra Cr. By Sundries, per J. By Stock 12 3 (5) 5 4 7 6 1 33 — — 5 H0 — —- *73—— 5 150 150 2 27 5 x4 41 1 35 5 634 41 3 4 1 32 r510 32 ^ jo 1,8- 229 3 2 528 9 1 75712 3 TRIAL. BOOK-KEEPING 23 Dr. 1 Stock Profit and Lofs Cafh 2 Meal Port wine Paper Yarn Houfe in Edinburgh 3 James Bofwell Henry Hardie David Miller Royal Bank 4 Calicoes James Cuthbert Diaper Salt 5 Iron' William Bruce John Henderfon William Hunter Charges Merchandife 6 James Dalton Clover-feed Flax-feed John Scott Share of Ship Hazard 7 Train oil George Gordon Proper Expences Thomas Sharp TRIAL-BALANCE. L.312 4 499 7 3 4 10 J5 “ L.277 104 36 94 30° 14 8 10 — 15 — !7 4 L.16 35 7 n 12 6 L.53 50 7 18 13 l-35 29 5 4 150 l*33 4i 32 3 4 15 10 L.916 8 L.247 11 — 31 2 6 18 — — 140 — — 15 10 6 8 4 — 13 6 14 2 !5 ~ 17 — 10 — 7 6 L.824 2 2 10 591 Cr. 8 L.203 18 8 m 5 — 41 13 6 49 12 6 813 17 — 436 13 6 76 14 7 142 18 4 225 106 19 2 L.no — — 441 3 2 L.18 5 10 3° — — 7 15 10 17 4 6 L.49 1 3 70 — — 27 7 1 6 8 — 33 — — L.41 — — 35 — — L.1418 406 55i 73 up 66 15 8 84 L.2719 — L.2719 — COMPUr- H Cadi 2 Meal Dr. 420 bolls Cr. 299 121 124 3 outcome Port wine Paper Yam Spindles 8344 120 360 120 474f Amifling i Houfe in Edinburgh 3 Ja. Bofwell Henry Hardy David Miller Royal Bank 4 Calicoes J. Cuthbert Diaper BOOK-KEEPING. COMPUTATIONS. Dr. Cr. £•599 J5 11 L‘591 12 1 591 12 1 L. 8 3 10 X.277 14 8 L.203 18 8 83 14 — L.'83 14 — L.287 12 8 277 14 8 Profit L. 9 18 — L.I04 10 — L.m 5 — ■ ■ - . - ■ 104 10 — Profit L. 615 — L. 36 15 — L. 41 13 6 36 15 — Profit L. 4 18 6 L. 94 17 4 L. 49 12 6 47 8 — L- 47 8 — L. 91 — 6 94 17 4 Profit L. 2 3 2 L.300 — — 4 Salt 5 William Bruce Iron 3 20 done 280 40 J. Henderfon W. Hunter Char. Merchan. 6 Ja. Dalton Clover-feed 1200 lb. 890 310 300 10 inlake Lint-feed L.147 11 — L.no — no — — — J. Scott Share Hazard L. 27 11 — L. 31 26 L. 18 L.240 L.441 3 2 240 L.201 3 2 7 Train-oil L. 16 12 6 L. 18 5 10 -" 16 12 6 George Gordon Profit L. I 13 4 £• 35 6 3 30 — — Proper Ex. ■—1 Thomas Sharp £•563 L. 7 L. 7 15 10 STOCK 1 ■ 7 — Balance Profit L. — 15 10 Dr. Cr. L. 17 15 10 L. 17 4 6 17 4 6 Lofs 11 4 £.50 L. 70 50 L. 20 — — £• 53 6 8 L. 49 1 3 x “7 6 13 4 L. 6 13 4 £• 55 14 7 53 6 8 Profit L. 2 7 II £•7 4- L. 18 13 6 L. 13 14 2 lofs £. 35 15 — L. 29 17 — L. 27 7 1 7 10 — L. 7 10 £. 34 17 — 29 17 — Profit L. 5 — 1 L. 5 zo — L. 6 8 —. 5 10 — Profit L. ~ 18 L. 4 7 6 L.150 33 — 140 — L.140 — I5° Profit L. 23 —- — £•33 £• 41 33 Profit L. 8 — — L. 41 3 4 L. 35 35 L. 6 3 4 L. 32 15 10 lofs L. 8 £•312 7 3 £*824 2 8 528 9 1 prof.16 13 8 L.840 16 4 L.840 16 4 PROFIT book-keeping. 25 Salt Charges Merchandife Proper Expences In Leger Nett gam Cafh Meal, 124 b. at 13s 4d Yarn, 474 fp. at 23 Amifling J- Houfe in Edinburgh James Bofwell Henry Hardy David Miller J. Cuthbert Iron, 40 ftone, at 3s 4d J. Henderfon W. Hunter James Dalton Clover-feed, 300 lb. at 6d Inlake 10 lb. J. Scott Share of (hip Hazard George Gordon VOL. IV. Part L PROFIT AND LOSS SHEET. 13 14 2 32 13 10 L.47 1 4 4 4 10 L.51 6 2 Meal Port-wine Paper Y am Calicoes Diaper Iron Clover-feed Lint-feed Share of thip Hazard Train oil L. 9 18 — 6 15 — 4 18 6 232 1 !3 4 — 1 c 10 2 7 11 5 — 1 — 18 — 23 16 13 8 L.67 19 10 L.65 9 10 In Leger - 2 10 1 L.67 19 10 BALANCE-SHEET. L. 8 310 Meal, outcome 3 b. 83 14 ■— Royal Bank. 47 8 William Bruce Thomas Sharp 300 — — 37 11 ~ 31 2 6 18 563 6 J3 4 7 4 — 18 13 6 35 *5 — 7 10 — 476 140 — — 634 STOCK L.201 3 2 20 — — L.229 3 ^ 528 9 1 k* 757 3 L-757 3 D BOOK-K Subfiiliary 3. he prtfent article, it is hoped, will appear fuffi- ■Books. ciently extended for a work of this nature. It contains 41 the general principles of Italian book-keeping 5 and is Sufficient to unfold the nature and defign of that art to the fpeculative inquirer, to direct the accountant in common and eafy cafes, and prepare him for under- Handing thofe that are more complicated. In fadt, if he has a clear apprehenfion of the fenfe of the tranfac- tions, the tendency of the journal entries, and the im¬ port of the balances in the leger, he will feldom be at a lofs how to proceed. Subjidiary BOOKS ufed by Merchants. Though all merchants accounts may be kept by the IVaJle-book, Journal, and Leger, alone; yet men of great bufinefs find it convenient, either for abridging thefe, or for other ends, to ufe fome others, generally called Subfidiary or Subfcrvient Books ; the moft com¬ mon of which are the nine following, viz. 1. Cajh-Book. This book is kept in a folio form, like the leger, and ferves to abridge the caffi-account there. On the left-hand page, or Dr. fide, Cajh is charged Dr. for all the fums received } and on the right- hand page Caflo is made creditor for all the fums paid. Once a week, or, which is more ordinary, once a month, this book is polled to the leger; or, if you pleafe, firfl: to the journal, by two entries, viz. Cajh Dr. to Sun¬ dries, for all the receipts, and Sundries, Drs. to Cajh, Tor all the payments. By this means the cafh account in the leger will be fo far contradlcd as. to confift of 12 lines, viz. one for each month in the year. 2. Book of Charges of Merchandife. This book is only paged, and defigned to abbreviate the caffi-book. It contains particular charges on goods and voyages 5 fuch as carriage, cuftoro, freight, cranage, wharfage, See.: as alfo other expences that affeft trade in gene¬ ral 3 fuch as, warehoufe-rent, fhop-rent, accountant’s wages, poftage of letters, and the like. At the end of each month the money-columns of this book are added up, and the fum carried to the credit-fide of the caffi-book. 3. Book of Houfe-expence. This book is alfo paged, and defigned likewife to cafe the caffi-book. It con¬ tains all diffiurfements for family provifions, fervants wages, houfe-rent, apparel, utenfils, &c. The money- columns of this book are alfo added up at the end of each month, and the fum transferred to the credit fide of the calh-book. 4. Invoice-book. This book, which is ufed chiefly by factors, is paged, and contains doubles or copies of the invoices of goods fent to fea, or of goods received from abroad. 5. Sales-book. This book too is chiefly ufed' by factors 3 and into it are polled, from the wafte-book, the particular fales of every configned cargo ; by which means the feveral articles of a fale, that lie fcattered in the wafte-book, are brought together, and reprefented under one view, and that in a manner more full and minute than they are collefted in the leger account. This book exhibits the fales of every confignment fepa- rately and by themfelves : to which are fubjoined the rtfpeflive charges, fuch as freight, cuftom, the factor’s commiffion, as alfo abatements allowed to buyers, &c. whofe fum fubtradled from the grofs amount of fales gives the neat proceeds. From this book, when a car- 4 £ E P I N G. go is fold otf, an account of fales is drawn out, in order Subfirliarf to be tranfmitted to the employer. Books. 6. Bill-book. The defign of this Bill-book, or Month- —v—> book, is to furnilh a merchant with a ready way of know¬ ing the time when bills or other debts become payable to or by him. It confifts of 12 folios, one for each month in the year. The left-hand page contains the debts that fall due to the merchant in the month on the ton, and the right-hand page contains the debts payable by him to others in the fame month. 7. Receipt-book. In this book a merchant takes re¬ ceipts of the payments he makes. The receipt Ihould contain the date 5 the fum received, expreffed in words at large, and alfo in figures in the money-columns 3 the reafon why 3 and whether in full or in part 3 and muft be figned by the perfon receiving. But there is no oc- cafion to mention the merchant’s name 3 for the book being his own, fufficienlly implies that. 8. Letter-book. It is very imprudent in any perfon to fend away a letter of bufinefs, without keeping a double of it to himfelf 3 and therefore to prevent the bad confequence of fuch a carelefs pra6lice, merchants are provided with a large book in folio, into which is copied verbatim every letter of bufinefs before it be fent off. So that this book, together with the letters received (which muft alfo be carefully kept in files or boxes), makes a complete hiftory of all the dealings that pafs betwixt a merchant and his correfpondents 3 which may be very ufeful and neceflary on many occa- fions. 9. Pocket-book. This is a fmall book, of a portable fize, which a merchant carries in his pocket when bu¬ finefs calls him abroad to a tavern, a fair, the country, or other places. In this he fets down the bargains he makes, the expences he is at, the debts he pays, or fums he receives, with every other part of bufinefs he tranf- adls while abroad 3 as alfo any occurrence or piece of news he thinks worth while to record. And when he comes home to his counting-houfe or (hop, he transfers the things contained in this book, each to their proper places in the wafte-book, or book fubfidiary. Factors of great bufinefs fometimes keep another fmall book called the Memorandum-book. Into this book is copied, from letters as they come to hand, ftiort notes of the feveral commiffions for buying goods contained in them ; and as the commiffions are effec¬ ted, the notes are crofted, or have fome mark affixed to them. This is more convenient in doing bufinefs, than to be continually running to the letters them¬ felves. The above are the fubfidiary books moft in ufe : but a merchant is not tied down or reftri6led to them y he may keep lome, and negledl others, or invent more as the nature of his bufmefs requires, and he finds con¬ venient. New Method o/” Book-KEEPING by Mr Jones. A new method of keeping books, entitled the Eng- lifh Syjlem of Book-keeping, has been propofed by Mr Edward Thomas Jones of Briftol, for which a patent was granted in Januarv 1796. Three books are required in the Englifh fyflem of book-keeping, viz. a Day-book or Journal, an Alphabcty and a leger. The day-book muft have three columns on each page ; one of which to receive the amount of debits BOOK-KEEPING. A new Me-debits and credits j one column to receive the debits thod. only ; and one column to receive the credits only $ or it may be ruled with only two columns on each page, one of which to receive the amount of the debits, and the other to receive the amount of the credits. On each page of the day-book, there muft alfo be four other columns ruled, two on the left fide next the amount of the debits, and two on the right fide next the amount of the credits. Tbefe columns are intend¬ ed for receiving the letter or mark of polling, and the page of the leger to which each amount is to be poll¬ ed. It is not neceflary that the alphabet be ruled, but it mull contain the name of every account in the leger, the letter annexed to it as a mark of polling, and the page of the leger. The leger is to be ruled with three, four, five, or feven columns on each page, as may be moll agreeable, for receiving the amounts of the tranfaflions which are entered in the day-book. T he plan of making up books of accounts, according to this fyllem is the following : When a perfon begins trade, either as an individual or in company, he mull open an account with himfelf in the leger. He muft firft enter in the day-book, and then to the credit of his account in the leger, the amount of the property which he has advanced into the trade. His name only may be placed at the head of the account, or it may be called Jlock-account. When goods are purchafed, give the perfon credit of whom they are bought j when goods are fold, debit the perfon to whom they are fold. When you pay money, debit the perfon to whom it is paid, not only for the a- mount you pay, but alfo for any difcount or abatement that may be allowed, and give the calhier credit for the neat amount paid. When money is received, credit the perfon of whom it is received, not only for what he pays, but alfo for any difcount you have allowed, and debit the calhier for the neat fum received. In thefe entries a plain narrative of the fa£t Ihould only be introduced. Technical phrafes, excepting the terms debit and credit Ihould be avoided. Thefe are the only terms applicable to every tranfadlion, and may be affixed to every entry. In the hurry of bufinefs, entries may be made to the debit inllead of the credit of an account in the day¬ book, and vice verfa. To obviate this evil, Mr Jones propofes to have only one column for receiving the amount of every tranfadion, whether debit or credit, at the time of making the entry ; and that the debits may be conveniently feparated from the credits, previous to polling, which is necefiary to prevent confufion, he has two other columns in the fame page ; the column on the left fide receives the amount of every debit, and the column on the right fide receives the amount of every credit. Thefe columns muft be call up once a- raonth. The column of debits and credits of itfelf forms one amount; the column of debits forms a fe- cond amount; and the column of credits a third a- mount. fhe lecond and third amounts, when added together, it is plain, muft agree with the firlt amount, which includes both the debits and credits, otherwife there muft be forue error, either in making the entry or in the addition. J In this manner the accountant may obtain an ac¬ curate llatement of the tranfadlions recorded in his books for every month, which will Ihow how much 27 he owes for that month, and how much is owing to A new Me- him 5 and by fubtra<£ting the amount of the credit thod. from the whole amount of the debits for any °iven v ^ time, with the value of the Hock of goods on hand, the profits of the trade for that period rvill at once appear. I he next part of the operation in this fyllem is that of polling. An account is opened in the leger with every perfon to whofe debit or credit an entry has been made in the day-book j and to each account a letter is affixed, which is to be ufed as a mark of polling. The name of the perfon, his place of abode, and the folio of the leger, mull then be entered in the alphabet, with the fame leUer prefixed to each name, as is affixed to the account in the leger. The next Hep of the procefs is to affix to each amount in the day-book in the co¬ lumn for that purpofe, the page of the leger on which each account is opened. This will be feen in the al¬ phabet. The date and amount of each debit are then to be polled in the proper columns in the leger, on the. left or debit fide of that account to which it relates 5 taking care to enter as a mark of polling in the day¬ book, againft each amount, the fame letter that is affixed to the account in the leger to which faid amount may be polled. The debits of January, Fe¬ bruary, March, &c. it is to be obferved, muft be poll¬ ed into the column for tbofe months in the leger, and the credits muft alfo be polled in like manner, each ac¬ count being filled up in the centre, at the expiration of every month, with the whole amount of the month’s tranfa6lions. T bus may the whole llatement of each per- fon’s account for the year be included in a fmall fpace. The columns to the right and left contain the feparate amount of each tranfa£Hon. The column in the centre exhibits a monthly llatement. Having Ihewn in what manner the entries are to be made and carried through the different books, accord¬ ing to this fyfiem ; the next thing is to deferibe the me¬ thod of examining them, fo as to afeertafn with cer¬ tainty their accuracy ; and not only to difeover if each tranfattion has been corre£lly polled, with regard to its amount, but alfo that it has been rightly entered to the debit or credit of its proper account. The mode of examination propofed by this fyftem is different from thofe which have been hitherto praetifed, both in ex¬ pedition and accuracy. All that is neceffary is to add together the different fums in the debit and credit co¬ lumns, through the leger; and the amount of thefe columns, if right, muft agree with the columns in the day-book for the fame period. This examination Ihould take place once every month $ and if the a- mounts do not agree, the polling mull be called over, and when the time allotted to each column of the leger| whether it be for one or more months, has expired* the amount of each column Ihould be' put at the bot¬ tom of the firlt page, and carried forward to the bot¬ tom of the next, and fo on to the end of the accounts. The amount in the day-book for each month’s tranf- aftions, mult be brought into one grofs amount, for the fame time. But this procefs, although it proves that the leger contains the whole contents of the day-book, is not to be confidered as complete without fome mode of afeer- taining if each entry be polled to the right account. To difeover this the following method is adopted. It is to be admitted as a rule, that a letter, which mav be D 2 ufed BOOK-KEEPING. 28 A new Mq- ufed alphabetically in any form or fhape, is to be af- fixed to each account in the leger, and the fame letter prefixed to the names in the alphabet. Thefe letters are to be ufed as marks in polling, and affixed to each account in the day-book as it is polled. It is therefore only neceffary to compare and fee that the letter af¬ fixed to each entry in the day-book is the fame as that which is prefixed to the fame name in the alphabet. If there be no difference, it mull be right, othervvife there mull be fome error. When the accounts are to be balanced at the end of the year, or at any other time, if the profits of the trade are to be Hated in the books, the value of the flock of goods on hand at prime coll, either in one fum, or by fpecifying the amount of every article, may be entered in the day-book, and an account opened for it in the leger, to the debit of which it is to be polled. The calling up of the leger is then to be com- A new' \fe. pleted $ and when it is found to agree with the day- thod, book, and the amount placed at the bottom of each column, fubtrafl the credits from the debits, and the difference will Ihow the profit of the trade 5 but if the credits be the greater amount, then a lofs has followed. To avoid error in taking off the balances of the leger, one rule mull be obferved. Firll, find out the differ¬ ence between the whole amounts of the credits and debits on each page for the year, with which the differ¬ ences of the outllanding balances of the feveral accounts on each page mull exa611y agree, otherwife the ba¬ lances have not been taken right. Proceeding in this way every page will be proved, and the balances of any number of legers, according to this plan, cannot be taken off wrong without being obferved. .BOO BOOKSELLER, one who trades in books, whe¬ ther he prints them himfelf, or gives them to be print¬ ed by others. Bookfellers, among us, are the fame with the biblio¬ pole? of the ancients, whofe office, was diltin£l from that of librarii. Petty dealers, or venders of fmall ware, were diltinguiffied by the diminutive appellation libel- liones. At Rome, the Argiletum was the mart of books, as Paul’s Church-yard, or Fleet-llreet, and Pa- ternofter-row, have been in London : whence that of Martial. Argilelanas mams habitare tabernas, Cum tibi, parw liber, ferinia nojlra vacent. Bookfellers in many places are ranked among the mem¬ bers of univerfities, and entitled to the privileges of flu- dents : as at Tubingen, Saltfburg, and Paris, where they have always been diilinguilhed from the vulgar and mechanical traders, and exempted from divers taxes and impofitions laid on other companies. Formerly, the offices of bookfellers and printers were united in the fame perfons. Labbe gives a lilt of learned bookfellers ; moll of whom were alfo authors. Of late, bookfellers have drawn their bufinefs into lefs compafs, and leaving the labour of compoling books to one fet of perfon*, and that of printing them to an¬ other, content themfelves with the gainful part •, thus miniliering to the republic of letters not with the head or the hand, but the purfe only. In this view, they have been very important and ufeful agents between authors and the public ; and have contributed, in no fmall degree, to the encouragement of genius and lite¬ rary indutlry, and the fpread of fcience. There are few authors, who have undertaken the printing and publilh- ing of any work likely to be tranfmitted to pofterity, without being conne&ed with fome bookfeller, or book- lellers, eminent in their profeffi >n. The fairs of Francfort and Leipfic are famous for the ref.trt of bookfellers, not only from all parts of the empire, but Holland. Flanders, &c. They have each their fbop or warehoufe, over which is. inferibed the I BOO name of fome celebrated bookfeller of former times j OJJicina El%eviriana, Frobeniana, Morel/iana, Janfoni- ana, &c. An acquaintance with the bookfellers marks or figns frequently expreffed on the title-page of their books, is of fome ^fe j becaufe many books, efpecially in the lalf century, have no other defignation either of printer, bookfeller, or even city. The anchor is the mark of Raphelengius at Leyden y and the fame with a dolphin twilled round it, of the Manutii at Venice and Rome ; the Arion denotes a book printed by Oporinus at Ba- fil \ the caduceus, or Pegafus, by the Wecheliufes at Paris and Francfort ; the cranes, by Cramoify j the compafs, by Plantin at Antwerp; the fountain, by Vafcofan at Paris; the fphere in a balance, by Janfon or Blaew, at Amtlerdam ; the lily, by the Juntas at Venice, Florence, Lyons, and Rome; the mulberry- tree, by Morel at Paris ; the olive-tree, by the Ste- phenfes at Paris and Geneva, and the Elzeviers at Am- flerdam and Leyden; the bird between two ferpents, by the Frobeniufes at Bafil; the Truth, by the Com- melins at Heidelberg and Paris ; the Saturn, by Coli- nceus; the printing-prefs, by Badius Afcencius, &c. The traffic of books was anciently very inconfider- able, infomueh that the book-merchants of England, France, Spain, and other countries, were diltinguilhed by the appellation of Jlulioners, as having no {hops, but only Halls and Hands in the flreets. During this Hate, the civil magitlrates took little notice of the book¬ fellers, leaving the government of them to the univer¬ fities, to whom they were fuppofed more immediate retainers ; who accordingly gave them laws and regu¬ lations, fixed prices on their books, examined their correflnefs, and puniffied them at diferetion. But when, by the invention of printing, books and book¬ fellers began to multiply, it became a matter of more eonfequence ; and the fovereigns took the direflion of them into their own hands, giving them new Hatutes, appointing officers to fix prices, and granting licenfes, privileges, &c. BOOM, in the fea-language, a long piece of timber with BOO [ 29 ] BOO Boom wjth which the clew of the ftudding-fail is fpread out j ^ and fometimes the boom is ufed to fpread or boom out ®00t' the clew of the main-maft. Boom, denotes alfo a cable ftretched athwart the mouth of a river or harbour; with yards, top mails, battling or fpars of wood laihed to it, to prevent an enemy’s coming in. BOOMING, among failors, denotes the application of a boom to the fails. A ihip is faid to come boom¬ in'* forwards, when ihe comes with all the fail (he can O 7 make. BOONEN, Arnold, portrait painter, was born at Dort in 1669, and at'’firft was a difciple of Arnold Verbuis, a painter of hiftory and portrait. After¬ wards he placed himfelf with Godfrey Schalcken, and continued with that artift for fix years. The fweet- nefs of his colouring, and the neatnefs of his touch, with a ftriking likenefs in his portraits, procured him a number of admirers. He painted in the man¬ ner of his mafter, particularly fubje&s by candle¬ light, which were very delicate, and very natural ; and much more of his work was requefted by the lovers of the art than it was poffible for him to undertake. He had the honour to paint the portraits of the czar of Mufcovy ; of Frederick I. king of Pruflia ; of the victorious duke of Marlborough, as well as many of the princes of Germany; and molt of the noblemen who attended the czar. His ftyle of colouring was extremely good, and he had an elegant manner of dif- pofing the attitudes of his figures : his handling was neat, and the whole had fo much harmony that he was juftly ranked among the ableft artifts of his time. The fmall pictures of Boonen are in the tafte of his mafter Schalcken ; but his exceflive application, to an- fwer the multitude of his engagements, impaired his health, and deftroyed while it enriched him. He died in 1729. BOOPTHALMUS, a kind of agate with large cir¬ cles in it, bearing fome refemblance to an ox’s eye, from whence it has got this name. BOOPS, in Zoology, the trivial name of a fpecies of balaena. See Bal^na, Cetology Index, BOOSHATTER, formerly the city of Utica, fa¬ mous for the retreat and death of Cato, lies about feven miles inland from Porto Farina in the bay of Tunis. Nothing remains of its ancient grandeur ex¬ cept part of a large aqueduCl, fome cifterns, and other magnificent ruins, which cover a large extent of ground, and ftiow it to have been a very confiderable place. The fea, it is known, came up anciently to this city, though now feven miles diftant. BOOT, a leathern cover or defence for the leg, ufed on horfeback,. both to keep the body more firm, and defend the part from the injuries of the weather. Boots feem to have taken their name from the refemblance they bear to a fort of jacks or leathern bottles formerly in ufe, and called bottce, in the old French bouts. Borel derives the name from the old French word bott a flump, by reafon the boot gives the leg this appearance. The Chinefe have a kind of boots made of filk or fine ftuflf, lined with cotton, a full inch thick, which they always wear at home. This people are always booted ; and when a vifit is made them, if they happen to be without their boots, their gueft muft wait till they put them on. They never ftir out of doors without their boots on ; and their fcrupuloufnefs in this refpect is the more remarkable, as they are always carried in their chairs. The boot was much ufed by the ancients, by the foot as well as by the horfemen. It was called by the ancient Romans oerea ; in middle-age writers, grevar g amber in, bainberga, bembarga or benbarga. The boot is faid to have been the invention of the Carians. It was at firft made of leather, afterwards of brafs or iron, and was proof both againft cuts and thrufts. It was from this that Homer called the Greeks brcrzen-booted. The boot only covered half the leg ; fome fay the right leg, which was more advanced than the left, it being advanced forwards in an attack with the fword ; but in reality it appears to have been ufed on either leg, and fometimes on both. Thofe who fought with darts or other miflile weapons, advanced the left leg fore- moft, fo that this only was booted. FiJhing-BOOTS, are a thick ftrong fort ufed in drag¬ ging ponds and the like. Hunting-boots, a thinner kind ufed by fportfmen. Jack-beotSj a kind of very ftrong boots ufed by the troopers. Boot, is likewife a kind of torture for criminals; to extort a confeflion, by means of a boot, flocking, or bulkin of parchment ; which being put on the leg moift, and brought near the fire, in ftirinking fqueezes the leg violently, and occafions intolerable pain. There is alfo another kind of boot ; confiding of four thick ftrong boards bound round with cords : twro of thefe are put between the criminal’s legs, and the two others placed one on the outfide of one leg and the other on the other ; then fqueezing the legs againft the boards by the cords, the criminal’s bones are feverely pinched, or even broken, &c.. The boot is now difufed in England and Scotland y but it fubfifts ftill in fome other countries. BoOT-Tree, or Boot-loft, an inftrument ufed by ftioe- makes to widen the leg of a boot. It is a wooden cylinder flit into two parts, between which, when it is put into the boot, they drive by main force a wedge or quoin. BOOT ES, a conftellation of the northern hemifphere, confifting of 23 ftars according to Ptolemy’s catalogue, of 18 in Tycho’s, of 34 in Bayer’s, of 52 in Helvelius’s, and of 54 in Mr Flamftead’s catalogue. BOOTH, Barton, a famous Englifti addror, bom in Lancalhire in 1681, and educated in Weftminfter fchool under the celebrated Dr Bufliby, where his fuc- cefs in the Latin plays cuftomarily performed by the fcholars gave him an inclination for the ftage. He was intended for the church ; but running away from fchool to Dublin, he there commenced aftor. His firft appearance was in the part of Oroonoko, in which he came off with every teftimonial of approbation from the audience. From this time he continued daily impro¬ ving ; and after two fuccefsful campaigns in that king¬ dom, conceived thoughts of returning to his native country, and making a trial of his abilities on the Eng¬ lifti ftage. To this end, he firft, by letter, reconciled himfelf to his friends ; and then, as a farther ftep to-- wards infuring his fuccefs, obtained a recommendation from Lord Fitzharding (one of the lords of the bed¬ chamber to Prince George of Denmark) to Mr Bet¬ terton, who with great candour and good nature took, him under his care, and gave him all the afliftance in his Booth. BOO w ^1S Power* The firft part Mr Booth appeared 'in at London was that of Maximus in Lord RochefterVVa- lentinian, his reception in which exceeded even his moft fanguine expeftations 5 and very foon after his perform¬ ance of Artaban, in Rowe’s Ambitious Stepmother, which was a new tragedy, eftablilbed his reputation as fecond at lead to his great inftruftor. Pyrrhus, in the Di fire fled Mother, was another part in which he flione^ without a rival. But he was indebted to a happy coincidence of merit and chance, for that height of fame which he at length attained in the charadler of Cato, as drawn by Mr Addifon, in VjX2. For this play being confidered as a party one, the Whigs, in favour of thofe principles it was apparently written, thought it their duty flrongly to fupport it, while at the fame time the Tories, who had too much fenfe to appear to confider it as a refledtion on their adminiftra- tion, were ftill more vehement in their approbation of it, which they carried to fuch a height, as even to make a collefiion of 50 guineas in the boxes during the performance, and prefent them to Mr Booth, with this compliment, “ lhat it was a flight acknowledgment for his honefl: oppofition to a perpetual didlator, and his dying fo bravely in the caufe of liberty.” Befides this, he had a prefent of an equal dim from the mana¬ gers, in confideration of the great fuccefs of the play, which they attributed in a good meafure to his extra¬ ordinary merit in the performance; and certain it is, that no one fince that time has ever equalled, or even nearly approached, his excellence in that charafter. But thefe were not the only advantages which were to accrue to Mr Booth from his fuccefs in this part ; for Lord Bolingbroke, then one of the principal fecretaries of date, in a little time after procured a fpecial licenfe ironi Queen Anne, recalling all the former ones, and nominating Mr Booth as joint manager with Wilkes, Cibber, and Dogget ; none of whom were pleafed at it; but the lad efpecially took fuch difgud as to with¬ draw himfelf from any further fliare in the management. In 17°4* Mr Booth had married a daughter^of Sir William Barkham, Bart, who died in 1710, without iflue. Being now edabliflied in the management, he once more turned his thoughts towards matrimony ; and in the year 1719 united himfelf to the celebrated Mifs Heder Santlow, a woman of a mod amiable dif- pofltion, whtffe great merit as an aetrefs, added to the utmod difcretion and prudential economy, had enabled her to fave up a confiderable fortune. During the 20 years in which Mr Booth continued a manager, the theatre ivas in the greated credit ; and his illnefs and death, which happened on the 10th of May 1733, con¬ tributed not a little to its decline. Mr Booth wrote a dramatic entertainment called Dido and JEneas ; but his maderpiece was a Latin in- fcription to the memory of Mr William Smith, a cele¬ brated adtor, who died while he was young. As an a£!or, his excellency lay wholly in tragedy, not being able to endure fuch parts as had not drong paflion to infpire him. And even in this walk, dignity rather than complacency, rage rather than tendernefs, feemed to be his tade. For a particular idea of his abilities, we mud refer to the defcription Mr Cibber has given of him in his Apology ; and the admirable charafler .drawn of him by that excellent judge of dramatic per- C 3° 1 BOR feflion, Aaron Hill, Efq. in a political paper publilhed Booth by him called the Prompter, which may be feen at [| length in Theoph. Cibber’s Lives of the Poets, and Borax. Chetwood’s Hidory of the Stage. His charafter as a V "" man was adorned with many amiable qualities, among which, a goodnefs of heart? the bafis of every virtue, was remarkably confpicuous; and fo particularly was he diflinguifhed and carefled, and his company fought by the great, that,_as Chetwood relates of him, not one nobleman in the kingdom had fo many fets of horfes at command as he had. BOOJA , whatever is taken from an enemy in time of war. Among the Greeks, the booty was divided in common among the army, the general only claiming a larger Aiare. By the military difcipline of the Ro¬ mans, fpoils taken from the enemy belonged to the re¬ public, particular perfons having no right to them. The generals who piqued themfelves on their probity carried it Wholly to the public treafury. Sometimes indeed they divided it among the foldiery, to animate them, and ferve rn lieu of a reward. But this didribution depended on the generals, who were to condu to°k a mafter of arts degree. In 1720, he wras ordained a prieft ; and, in 1722, inftituted to the redtory of Ludgvan in Cornwall. In 1732, Lord-chancellor King prefented him to the vicarage of St Juft, his native parilh ; and this, with the redlory aforefaid, were all the preferments he ever had. In the parilh. of Ludgvan were rich copper works, which abound with mineral and metallic foffils : and thefe, being a man of an adlive and inquifitive turn, he colledted from time to time, and thence was led to ftudy at large the natural hiftory of his native county. He was ftruck at the fame time with the numerous mo¬ numents of remote antiquity that are to be met with in Cornwall; and enlarging therefore his plan, he de¬ termined to gain as accurate an acquaintance as pof- fible with the Druid learning, and with the religion and cuftoms of the ancient Britons, before their con- verfion to Chriftianity. In 1750 he was admitted a fellow of the Royal Society; and, in I753> publilhed E in Borneo. BOR [ Borlafe in folio at Oxford his “ Antiquities of Cornwalla fecond edition of which was publilhed, in the fame ^ form, at London, 1^6^, with this title, “ Antiquities, hiftorical and monumental, of the county of Cornwall; confiding of feveral effays on the ancient inhabitants, Druid fuperftition, cuftoms and remains of the moft remote antiquity in Britain and the Britilh illes, ex¬ emplified and proved by monuments now extant in Cornwall and the Scilly iflands $ with a vocabulary of the Cornu-Britifh language. Revifed, with feveral additions, by the author. To which is added a map of Cornwall, and two new plates.” His next pub¬ lication was, “ Obfervations on the ancient and pre- fent ftate of the iflands of Scilly, and their import¬ ance to the trade of Great Britain $ Oxf. 1756,” 4to. This was the extenfion of a paper which had been read before the Royal Society in 1753. In 1758 came out his “Natural hiftory of Cornwall j Chef.” fol. After thefe publications, he fent a variety of foffils and remains of antiquity which he had de- feribed in his-works, to be repofited in the Alhmolean mufeum : for which, and other benefactions of the iame kind, he received the thanks of the univerfity, in a letter from the vice-chancellor, Nov. 18. 1758 j and, March 1766, the degree of doCtor of laws. He died in 1772, aged 77 years, leaving two fons out of fix, whom he had by a lady he married in 1724. Befides his literary connexions with many ingenious and learned men, he had a particular correfpondence Avith Mr Pope j and there is ftill exifling a large colleXion of letters written by that poet to Dr Borlale. He fur- niflied Pope with many of the materials Avhich formed his grotto at Twickenham, confining of curious foflils j and there may at prefent be feen Dr Borlafe’s name in capitals, compofed of cryftals, in the grotto. On Avhich occafion Pope fays to Borlafe in a letter, “ I am much obliged to you for your valuable colleXion of Cornilh diamonds : I have placed them Avhere they may beft reprefent yourfelf, z'//a Jhade, but Jhining j'1'1 alluding to the obfeurity of the doftor’s fituation, and the brilliancy of his talents. Befides the above works, he fent many curious papers to the Philofophical TranfaXions, and had in contemplation feveral other works. BORMIO, a county depending on the republic of the Grifons in Switzerland. It is bounded on the fouth by the ftate of Venice, on the eaft by the ter¬ ritory of the houfe of Auftria, and on the north and weft by Caddea. It is 15 miles over both ways j and is divided into five communities, viz. the toAvn of Bor- mio, the valley ’of Forbia, the Interior Valley, the Lower Valley, and the Valley of Luvino. Bormio is the only town in this diftriX 5 and has a governor call¬ ed a podejla, fent by the Grifons to prefide in civil and criminal affairs. It is feated at the confluence of the rivers Addo and Ifalaeua, in E. Long. 10. 10. N. Lat. 46. 45. BORNE, a market town of Lincolnftiire in Eng¬ land. W. Long. o. 20. N. Lat. 52. 40. BORNEO, an ifland of Afia, in the Eaft Indies, and one of the three great Sunda iflands. It is thought to be the largeft ifland in the world, next to New Hol¬ land ; being 1500 miles in circumference. It is feated under the equator, that line cutting it almoft through tlie middle. It is almoft of a circular figure j abounds 3 34 ] BOR Avith gold ; and the fineft diamonds in the Indies, are Borneo found in its rivers, being probably Avaftied doAvn from —y—1 the hills by torrents. Here are alfo mines of iron and tin, and loadftones. Birds nefts* are to be had in this * See Birdt ifland, which are eatable, and reckoned a great deli-A7e/?j. cacy. The beafts are, oxen, buffaloes, deer, goats, elephants, tigers, and monkeys. This ifland has fine rivers, efpecially towards the Aveft and fouth. In their monfoon from April to September, the wind is Avefterly and they have continual heavy rains, attend¬ ed with violent ftorms of thunder and lightning. The rainy feafon continues for eight months of the year 5 and as during that time all the flat country near the coaft is overfloAved, the air is rendered very unhealth¬ ful, and the inhabitants are forced to build their houfes on floats, which they make faft to trees. The houfes have but one floor, Avith partitions made Avith cane j and the roofs are covered with palmetto leaves, the eaves of which reach within four or five feet of the bottom. The weft and north-eaft fides of the ifland are almoft defert, and the eaft is but little known. The inland parts are very mountainous; and the fouth- eaft, for many leagues together, is a ftinking morafs, which, being overflowed in the Avet feafon, is very un¬ healthy. The Portuguefe, Avho firft difeovered Borneo, had arrived in the Indies above 30 years before they kneAV any thing of it more than the name, and its fituation, by reaion of their frequently palling by its coaft. At laft one Captain Edrvard Corril had orders to examine it more narroAvly $ and being once acquainted Avith the worth of the country, they made frequent voyages thither. They found the coafts inhabited by Malayan Moors, Avho had certainly eftablilhed themfelves there by conqueft j but the original inhabitants ftill remain in the mountains, and are ftyled Beajus, Avhich in the Malayan language fignifies a wi/d man. The molt authentic account of thefe people is the folloAving, which was extraXed from the papers of Father Anto¬ nio Ventimiglia, an Italian miflionary. He Avas fent to Borneo from Macao, on board a Portuguefe ftiip, converted great numbers to Chriftianity, and died on the ifland about the year 1691. The Beajus have no kings, but many little chiefs. Some are fubjeX to the Moorifti kings, and pay them tribute $ but fuch as live far up the country are altogether independent, and live according to their oavo cuftoms. They are generally very fuperftitious, and much addiXed to au¬ gury. They do not adore idols j but their facrificss of fweet Avood and perfumes are offered to one God, Avho, they believe, reAvards the juft in heaven, and pu- niflies the Avicked in hell. They marry but one Avife $ and look upon any breach of conjugal faith, either in the man or woman, as a capital offence. The Beajus are naturally honeft and indultrious, and have a bro¬ therly affeXion for one another. They have a notion of property, which yet does not render them covetous. They foAv and cultivate their lands ; but in the time of harveft, each reaps as much as will ferve his family, and the reft belongs to the tribe in common j by Avhich means they prevent neceffity or difputes. With the Moors on the coafts the Portuguefe for fome time car¬ ried on a confiderable trade, and at their requeft fettled a faXory there j Avhich, however, was aftenvards fur- prifed and plundered by the Moor*, who put moft of; the. ' , - / BOR' [ 35 ] BOR the people to the fword. The moft confiderable river in Borneo is called Banjar, at the mouth of which our Eaft India Company have a faftory. BORNHOLM, an ifland in the Baltic fea, to the fouth-eaft of the province of Schonen in Sweden. It is twenty-one miles in length, and above thirteen in breadth. It has three confiderable towns, Rattum, Sandwich, and Nexia ; with a great number of vil¬ lages ; and is fertile and populous. It was conquer¬ ed by the Swedes in 1658 : but the inhabitants, under the conduft of Jens Roefods, voluntarily furrendered it to the king of Denmark, on account of the bad ufage they received from the former. In 1678, a bo¬ dy of 5000 Swedilh troops, in their paffage from Po¬ merania to Sweden, being (hipwrecked on this ifland, fuch of them as remained were made prifoners of war. The inhabitants defend the ifland by their own militia, without any expence to the crown. The commandant, or governor refides at Rattum. E. Long. 14. 56- N. Lat. 55. 15. BORNOU, a kingdom or province of Zaara in Africa, extending from i2to 22 degrees of eaft lon¬ gitude, and from 17 to 21 degrees of north latitude. The northern part is poor, and like the reft: of the pro¬ vinces of Zaara : but all the reft is well watered by fprings and rivers that tumble down with a dreadful noife from the mountains ; rendering the country pro¬ lific in corn, grafs, and fruits, and giving it a pleafing afpeft. The eaftern and weftern frontiers are divided into mountains and valleys, the latter being all cover¬ ed with flocks of cattle, fields of rice and millet, and many of the mountains with wood, fruit-trees, and cotton. On the north-weft ftands the mountain of Tarton, having plenty of good iron mines j and on the fouth flows the river Niger, which, it is faid, after running a great many leagues under a long chain of mountains, rears up its head again, and mingles its ftreams with the waters of the lake Bornou in its courfe, from whence it wafties the walls of the capital of this kingdom. The compilers of the Univerfal Hi- ftory, however, are of opinion, that in thefe moun¬ tains the river Niger hath its fource, becaufe no river hath been traced to the eaftward, except the Nile, which runs in a different courfe from north to fouth, and the White river, on the weftern frontiers of Abyf- flnia, which is a branch of the Nile. The eaftern and weftern parts of Bornou are inhabited by a people of a roving difpofition, who live in tents, and have their women, children, and every thing elfe, in common ; the word property, or any idea equivalent to it, being utterly unknown among them. They have neither re¬ ligion, laws, government, nor any degree of fubordi- nation j and hence they have been fuppofed by Cluve- rius to be the lineal defcendants of the ancient Gara- mantes, and this to have been the refidence of that peo¬ ple. In thefe parts, the natives are almoft to a man fhepherds and hufbandmen. In fummer they go naked, except a ftiort apron before j but in winter they are warmly clothed with the fofteft fheep-fkins, of which they alfo form their bedclothes j and indeed this is Icarce a fufficient defence againft the inclemency of the weather at certain feafons of the year, when a cold piercing wind blows from the northern mountairts, that chills the blood in proportion as the pores of the body have been opened by the fcorching heats of fummer. Baudrand and Draper affirm, that the natives are fcarce Bornou fuperior in their underftanding to brutes; not even ha- H ving any names whereby to diftinguilh each other, ex- Dorough. cept what they take from fome perfonal defe6t or fingu- _ larity 5 fuch as lean, fat, fquinting, humpbacked, &c. In the towns, however, it is acknowledged that they are fomething more civilized and polite, being many of them merchants ; but of thefe towns, or indeed of the kingdom in general, very little is known. BOROMiEUS. See Borromeus. BORONDON, St, an ifland in the Atlantic ocean, mentioned by fome writers, particularly Linf- chotten, in their defcription of the Canary iflands, as fomething fupernatural. It is faid to be about 100 leagues diftant from Ferro, probably weft, though no writer has pretended to lay down its exatt fituation. Here it is affirmed feveral ftiips have touched by acci¬ dent, and all agree in their relations of the ftate of the inhabitants and ifland. They affirm, that it is perpe¬ tually clothed with a great variety of wood, chiefly fruit-trees : that the valleys are in a perpetual ftate of verdure ; and continually decked with flowers, grafs, and plants, the fpontaneous produftions of the earth ; or with corn and pulfe, cultivated with great care by the inhabitants : that the foil is fo prolific as to raife large quantities of corn for exportation 5 and that the flops that call here never fail of meeting with refrelh- ments of every kind. It is faid to be peopled by Chri- ftians, who have a language of their own, apparently combined of a variety of modern languages j for, fay they, whoever underftands the European tongues may make fliift to hold converfation with this people. It is remarkable, that no ftiips, exprefsly fent upon this difcovery, were ever fortunate epough to fall in Avith the ifland of St Borondon, though the Spaniards have feveral times attempted it from the Canaries. Hence it has been called the marvellous ijland; and hence in¬ deed we may conclude, either that it exifts Avholly in imagination, or at leaft that it is furrounded with fuch currents as infenfibly carry (hips out of their courfe, and prevent their meeting with it. Some Avriters af¬ firm that it actually difappears upon certain occafions, and fliifts its pofition : Avhile others, with more appear¬ ance of truth, allege, that it is frequently overcaft Avith thick and impenetrable clouds, Avbich occafion the dif- appointment of all the adventurers Avho have gone in fearch of it. BOROUGH, Burrough, Boroxv, or Burgh, is frequently ufed for a toAvn or corporation which is not a city. Borough, in its original Saxon borge, or borgh, is by fome fuppofed to have been primarily meant of a tithing or company confifting of ten families, Avho were bound and combined together as each others pledge. Afterwards, as Verftegan informs us, bo¬ rough came to fignify a toAvn that had fomething of a wall or inclofure about it : fo that all places Avhich among our anceftors, had the denomination borough, were one Avay or other fenced or fortified. But, in latter times, the fame appellation Avas alfo beftoAved on feveral of the villce injtgniores, or country toAVns of more than ordinary note, though not Availed. The ancient ■ Saxons, according1 to ‘ Spelman, gave, the name burgh to thofe called, in other countries, ci- tics. But divers canons being made for removing the E 2 epifcopal 1 £nglifli. "V BOR [ Borough epifeopal fees from villages and fmall towns to the Borough. c”Ie^c‘t'esi the name city became attributed to epifco- pal towns, and that of borough retained to all the reft; - though thefe too had the appearance of cities, as being governed by their mayors, and having laws of their own making, and fending reprefentatives to parlia¬ ment, and being fortified with a wall and caftle, and the like. Borough, or Burgh, is now particularly appropri¬ ated to fuch towns and villages as fend burgelfes or re- prefentatives to parliament. Boroughs are equally iuch, whether they be incorporate or not 5 there being great numbers of our Englifh boroughs not incorpo¬ rated } and, on the contrary, feveral corporations that are not boroughs j e. gr. Kingfton, Deal, Kendal, &c. Boroughs, in Scotland. See Law. Royal BOROUGHS, in Scotland, are corporations made for the advantage ot trade, by charters granted by fe¬ veral of their kings j having the privilege of fending commifliwners to reprefent them in parliament, befides other peculiar privileges. The royal boroughs are not only fo many diftindf corporations, but do alfo conftitute one entire body, governed by, and account¬ able to, one general court, anciently called the court of four boroughs, held yearly to treat and determine concerning matters relating to the common advantage of all boroughs. The four boroughs which compofed this court were, Edinburgh, Stirling, Roxburgh, and Berwick j which two laft falling into the hands of the Englilh, Linlithgow and Lanark were put in their places; with a faving to the former whenever they fhould return to their allegiance. But this court not being fufficient to anfwer the neceflities of the royal boroughs, they were all empowered under James HI. in 1487, to fend commiflioners to a yearly convention of their own, which was then appointed to be held at Inverkekhing, but is now held at Edinburgh, under the denomination of the convention of boroughs, veiled with great power, and having for their objed the be¬ nefit of trade, and the general intereft of the bo¬ roughs. BOROUGH-Courts, are certain courts held in bo¬ roughs, by prefcription, charter, or ad of parliament : fuch are the ftreriff’s court, and court of huttings, in London. BORO ugh- E nglifh, a cuftomary defcent of lands or tenements, in feme ancient boroughs and copyhold manors, by which the younger fon, and not the eld- eft, fucceeds to the burgage tenement on the death of his father. For which Littleton gives this reafon j be- caufe the younger fon, by reafon of his tender age, is not fo capable as the reft of his brethren to help hira- felf. Other authors have indeed given a much ftran- ger reafon for this cuftom ; as if the lord of the fee had anciently a right to break the feventh commandment with his tenant’s wife on her wedding night; and that therefore the tenement defcended, not to the eldeft, but to the youngeft fon, who was more certainly the offspring of the tenant. But it cannot be proved that this cuftom ever prevailed in England, though it cer¬ tainly did in Scotland, (under the name of mercheta, or tnarcheta), till aboliftied by Malcolm HI. But perhaps a more rational account than either may be brought from the pradice of the Tartars j among 36 ] B O R- whom, according to Father Duhalde, this cuftom of Borough defcent to the youngeft fon alfo prevails. That nation EngliV is compoled totally of Ihepherds and herdfmen ; and II the elder funs, as loon as they are capable of leading a Borromeus* paftoral life, migrate from their father with a certain allotment of cattle, and go to leek a new habitation. 1 he youngeft fon, therefore, who continues latett with his father, is naturally the heir of his houfe, the reft being already provided for. And thus we find, that among many other northern nations it was the cuftom for all the fons but one to migrate from the father, which one became his heir. So that poflibly this cu¬ ftom, wherever it prevails, may be the remnant of that paftoral ftate of the ancient Britons and Germans which Caefar and Tacitus defcribe. BOROUGH Head, or Head Borough, called alfo bo¬ rough-holder, or burjholdtr, the chief man of the de- cenna, or hundred, cholen to (peak and ad in behalf of the reft, Head-borough alfo fignifies a kind of head conftable, where there are feveral chofen as his afliftants, to ferve warrants. &c. See Constable. BOROUGHBRIDGE, a town in the north riding of Yorkfhire in England, feated on the river Your, over which there is a handlome itone bridge. The town is not large, but commodious, and lends two members to parliament. W. Long. 1. 15. N. Lat. 54- «°- BOROZAIL, or the zeal of the Ethiopians, a dif- eafe epidemic in the countries about the river Senegal. It principally affeds the pudenda, but it is different from the lues venerea. It owes its rife to exceflive venery ; in the men this diftemper is called afab, iu women uffabatus, BORRACHIO. See Caoutchouk. BORRAGE. See Borago, Botany Index. BORRELISIS, in church-hittory, a Chriftian fed in Holland, lo denominated from their founder Borrel, a perfon ot great learning in the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin tongues. They rejed the ufe of the facraments, public prayer, and all other external ads of worfhip. They affert, that all the Chriftian churches of the world have degenerated from the pure apoftolical dodrines, becaufe they have fuffered the word of God, which is infallible, to be expounded, or rather corrupted, by dodors who are not infallible. They lead a very auftere life, and employ a great part of their goods in alms. BOhRICHIUS, one of the moft learned men of his age, the fon of a Lutheran minifter in Denmark, was born in 1626. He applied himfelf to phyfic in the univerfity of Copenhagen, and began to pradife during a moft terrible plague that made great havoc in that city. He travelled : but before bus departure, in 1600, he was appointed proieffor in poetry, botanv, and chemiftry j and at his return difoharged his duties with great affiduity, of which the works he publilhed afford full proof. He was raifed to the office of coun¬ cilor in the fupreme council of jultice, in 1686 ; to that of counlellor of the royal chancery, in 1689 j and died of the operation for the ftone, in 1690. He publiffied, 1. Lingua pharmacopesorum. 2. Diferta- tiones de poeticis Greeds et Latinu. 3. De ortu et pro-, greffu chemice; and feveral other works. BORROMEUS, St Charles, cardinal, and arch- bilhop BOR [ . Borromeus. blfliop of Milan ■, a perfonage of great note in the Ro- ^ jnifh kalendar, and whofe fincere piety, fimplicity of manners, and zeal for reformation, render him indeed a character equally interefting and inftru£tive to the members of any church. He was the fon of Gilbert Borromeus count of Arona and of Mary of Medicis, and was born at the cattle of Arona upon Lake Ma¬ jor in the Milanefe, in O&ober 1538. When he was about 12 years old, Julius Caefar Borromeus refigned an abbacy to him of a confiderable revenue, which was confidered as an hereditary inheritance of the family $ which Charles accepted, but applied the revenue whol¬ ly in charity to the poor. Having acquired a fuffi- cient knowledge of the languages at Milan, he ftudied the civil and canon law at Pavia, where he lived like another Lot in Sodom, preferving his innocence among a thoufand fnares by which it was endangered. He received great advantage from the company and con- verfation of Francis Alciat, one of the molt learned men of the age, for whom he afterwards procured the purple. He would accept no new benefice but upon condition that he Ihould be at liberty to apply the re¬ venue to public ufes. In the year 1554, Charles be¬ ing then 16 years old, his father died, an event which brought him back to the caftle of Arona ; where, though he had an elder brother, Count Frederick, he was requefted by the family to take upon him the management of the domeftic affairs, to which at length he confented. After fome time he returned again to his ftudies, which, in the year 1559, being then juft 21, he fi- nifhed by a folemn aft, and took his doftor’s degree. The promotion of his uncle to the pontificate, by the name of Pius IP. which happened the year following, feemed to have very little effeft upon him 5 but he was very foon made protonatory, and entrufted both with the public and privy feal of the ecclefiaftical ftate : he was alfo, at the fame time, created cardinal deacon, and foon after archbifhop of Milan. In obedience to the will of his uncle the pope, he lived in great fplen- dour, having a brilliant retinue and a great number of domeftics ; yet his own temperance and humility were never brought into queftion. In order to render even his amufements ufeful, he eftablifhed an academy of feleft and learned perfons, as well ecclefiaftics as laics, from among his houfehold and dependants, who were employed in foroe exercife which tended to infpire a love of virtue, and to form a juft tafte. Each of them was to write on fome chofen fubjeft, either in verfe or in profe, and to communicate to each other in fre¬ quent conferences the fruits of their ftudies. The works produced by this fociety have been publilhed in many volumes, under the title of No£ies Vatican#, becaufe thefe ufeful affemblies were held at the Vati¬ can, and at night, after the bufinefs of the day was over. About this time Charles alfo formed a defign of founding a college at Pavia, which ftiould at the fame time be a fchool of fcience and an afylum from the vices and vanities of the world. In profecution of this defign, he raifed a large edifice upon the founda¬ tions of feveral houfes which belonged to the family of Borromeus in that city j he obtained from the pope feveral benefices, which he attached to his building ; he provided it with all things neceffary for the young 7 ] BO R fcholars out of his own revenue ; and he dedicated his Borromeus, college to Juftina virgin and martyr. y-—-. Upon the death of his only brother Frederick, his relations, his friends, and even the pope himfelf, ad- vifed him to change his ftate, to quit the church, and marry, that his family might not become extinft. Charles, however, contrary to this advice and the ex¬ pectations of the world, received the priefthood, and addreffed the pope in thefe terms : “ Do not complain of me, Holy Father, for I have taken a fpoufe whom I love, and on whom my willies have been long fixed.” From this time he became more fervent in exercifes of piety and ecclefiaftical knowledge : He perceived that fome literati who had departed from the faith had alfo corrupted the writings of fome holy doftors of the * church, and he thought he Ihould render religion good fervice if he could reftore the genuine reading : He therefore employed Achilles Statius, a Portuguefe of great learning, in this work, whom for that purpofe he retained at Rome. To his zeal and attention alfo is owing the congregation of eight cardinals, ftill fub- fifting, to refolve doubts and obviate difficulties which ffiould arife in explanations of the council of Trent. There was a very intimate friendffiip between Bor¬ romeus and Don Barthelemy des Martyrs archbifhop of Prague, and author of a work entitled Stimulus Pajiorum. This work falling into Borromeus’s hands gave him an earneft defire to become a preacher, as he was now convinced that preaching was one of the principal duties of a prelate. An almoft inconceivable multiplicity of bufinefs, ill health, a feeble voice, and a difficult pronunciation, were no inconfiderable ob- ftacles to his defign, yet he furmounted them all 5 and though his beginnings were weak, yet perfeverance crowned them with fuccefs. Having obtained permiffion to vifit his church, which the pope had hitherto refufed as he found his prefence neceffary at Rome, he prepared to fet out For Milan. He had before fent thither his grand vicar Ormanetus, whofe labours at firft had not been unfuc- cefsful, but who foon found oppofition fo pertinacious and obftinate as to put an end to his hopes : Borromeus therefore faw the neceffity of going in perfon, and he was received with the moft diftinguiffied honours. He was, however, foon recalled to Rome, where many things made his prefence neceffary : the pope was gra¬ dually dying and Charles arrived juft time enough to adminifter to him the laft facraments. Pius IV. died on the 7th of January 1566, and 28 days afterwards Cardinal Alexandrine mounted the papal chair, and affirmed the name of Pius V. the fkill and diligence of Borromeus having contributed not a little to prevent the cabals of the conclave. As foon as this event had taken place, and all was quiet at Rome, Borromeus gave himfelf wholly up to the reformation of his diocefe, where the moft flagi¬ tious irregularities were openly praftifed, having firft made another reform in his own family. He began by making paftoral vifits in his metropolis, where the canons were not diftinguiftred for the purity of their manners. He foon reftored proper decency and dig¬ nity to divine fervice, by a variety of wife and necef¬ fary regulations : In conformity to the decrees of the council of Trent, he cleared the cathedral of many pompous BOR r q Borronicus. pompous toniDs, rich ornaments, banners, arms, and v■ Jn general of all the trophies with which the vanity of man had disfigured the houfe of God 5 and in order to give a fan61 ion to his zeal by his example, he fpared not the monuments of his neareft relations. Nor did his zeal flop here : he divided the nave of the church through its whole length, into two parts, by flrong thick planks, that the two fexes, being feparated, might perform their devotions without any attention to each other, and with a modefty and recolleflion more fui table to the place. This pafloral care extended from the cathedral to the collegiate churches, and even to the fraternities or Societies of penitents, particularly that of St John the Saptifl. The duty of this fociety was to attend cri¬ minals to the place of punifhment, to affift, comfort, and prepare them for death j but the fpirit of the in- flitution was now forgotten, and the wretches who were condemned to death were commonly dragged to execution like beads, without any fpiritual afliftance or confolation. But the archbifhop revived the original fervour of this order, in the exercife of their peculiar duty, and perfuaded many of the nobility and princi* pal perfons of the city to become members of a fociety appropriated to fo eminent a branch of Chriflian cha¬ rity. The reformation of the monafteries followed that of the churches, and the vigilance of the paftor foon extended itfelf from the city to the country round it, which abounded with irregularities that required his correftion. Bhe great abufes and irregularities which had overrun the church at this time arofe prin¬ cipally from the grofs ignorance of the clergy $ in or¬ der therefore to attack thefe evils at the root, Charles eftablithed feminaries, colleges, and communities, for the education of young perfons intended for holy or¬ ders. He met with many difficulties, and much op- pofition in his endeavours to bring about a reformation of manners ; but he prevailed againft every obftacle by an inflexible conftancy, tempered with great fweetnefs of manners. The governor of the province, and many of the fe- nators, were apprehenfive that the cardinal’s ordinances and proceedings would encroach upon the civil jurif- di£Hon, and become inconliftent with the rights of his Catholic majefty, to whom the duchy of Milan was then in fubjeSion. And this was a fruitful fource of remonftrances, reprefentations, and complaints, which long troubled the courts of Rome and Madrid, and which the king of Spain, Philip II. referred entirely to the decifion of the pope. But Borromeus had a more formidable oppofition to ftruggle with, that of feveral religious orders, particularly the Brothers of Humility. Three provofts of the fociety entered into a confpiracy to cut him off; and one of their confe¬ derates, called Jerom Donat, whofe furname was Fa¬ rina, took upon him to carry the defign into execu¬ tion. For this purpofe he mixed with the crowd that went into the archiepifcopal chapel, where the cardinal fpent an hour every evening in prayer with his dome- ftics and other pious perfons j and having watched his opportunity, he fired a harquebufs at him, which W'as loaded with a ball fuited to the bore of the piece, and with a confiderable charge of leaden ffiot. It is faid that the ball ftruck him on the fpinal bone, but fell down at his feet without doing any other damage than foil- 8 ] BOR' ing his rochet, and that one of the (hot penetrated hisB clothes to the Ikin, and there flopped, without im¬ printing any wound, which was confidered as a mi¬ racle, efpecially as another fliot tore away part of a wall, and went quite through a table. In the year the city and diocefe of Milan were vifited by the plague, which fwept away incredi¬ ble numbers ; and the behaviour of Borromeus, on this occafion, was truly Chriftian and heroic : He not only continued on the fpot, but he went about giving di- re6tions for accommodating the fick, and burying the dead, w'ith a zeal and attention that were at once ar¬ dent and deliberate, minute and comprehenfive : and his example flimulated others to join in the good work. He avoided no danger, and he fpared no expence 5 nor did he content himfelf with eltabliffiing proper regu¬ lations in the city, but went out into all the neigh¬ bouring pariflies where the contagion raged, diflribu- ting money to the poor, ordering proper accommoda¬ tions for the fick, and punifliing thofe, efpecially the clergy, who were remifs in the duties of their calling. Charles, notwithftanding the fatigue and perplexity which he fuffered by thus executing his pafloral charge, abated nothing of the ufual auflerity of his life, nor omitted any of his dated devotions j for, whatever ap¬ proached to luxury or magnificence, he confidered as incompatible with the propriety of his chara61er. It happened, that being once on a vifit to the archbifliop of Sienna at his palace, a very fumptuous entertain¬ ment was provided for him. Borromeus, though he had been ufed to content himfelf with bread and wa- ter, yet fat down at the table, where however he ate but little, and gave fufficient intimation that he was much difpleafed with fuch oftentatious prodigality j but what was his furprife when he faw the table again covered with a deffert, confiding of whatever was mod rare, exquifite, and codly ! He immediately rofe ha- dily from his feat, as if he had fuddenly recolledled fome preffing bufinefs, and gave orders for his depar¬ ture, notwithdanding the rain, and the mod earned: entreaties of the arcbbiffiop. “ My lord,” faid the cardinal, “ if I fhould tarry here to-night, you would give me another fuch treat as that I have jud feen, and the poor will then differ another lofs, great numbers of whom might have been fed with the fuperfluities that have been now fet before us.” The continual labours and auderities of Borromeus naturally ffiortened his life ; he went to Vercal to put an end, if poffible, to the divifions which threatened the mod fatal confequenceS ; and, When he was there, he received a meffage from the duke of Savoy, re- queding his prefence at Turin. From Turin he re¬ tired to a place called the Sepulchre, on the mountain Varais, where he was feized with an intermittent fever, which fcarce permitted him to return alive to Milan, where he arrived on the 3d of November 1584, and died the next day. He was lamented by the city and the whole province with fuch marks of fincere forrow as are rarely feen ; and he rvas immediately worffiipped as a faint without waiting for the pope’s approbation. The pope, however, when he was told of it by Cardi¬ nal Baronius, gave diredlions that the devotion of the people ffiould not be redrained, though Borromeus was not canonized till the id of November 1610, in the pontificate of Leo XI. Since that time many churches BOR [ 39 ] BOS Borromeu', churches and chapels have been erected in honour of Borrowing, this faint, and many religious focieties inftituted and put under his prDteftion. The foregoing particulars are extradled from an ac¬ count of the life of Borromeus, written fome years a- go by Father Anthony Touron. Upon a comparifon of this life with that written by Ribadeneira a Spanilh Jefuit above a century ago, it appears that the im¬ provement of knowledge has made a very ftriking dif¬ ference in this kind of biography. Ribadeneira, who lived in the midft of ignorance and fuperftition, did not fufpeft that the time wras at hand when the incre¬ dible and ridiculous fables he recites could not be be¬ lieved : his life of this faint, therefore, abounds with particulars which Touron has juftly omitted. We are told that a miraculous light was feen over the chamber of Borromeus’s mother when die was in labour : That Borromeus, feeing two perfons carried violently down a rapid river on their horfes, and juft ready to perifti, caufed their horfes fuddenly to leap with them out of the water, by giving them his benedi&ion : That Oc- tavian Varefe, a gentleman of Milan, who was con¬ fined to his bed by ficknefs, when Borromeus died be¬ came inftantly well, by recommending himfelf to the faint’s interceflion. That a daughter of Julius Bona- cina was inftantly cured of a diforder in her eye, which had taken away the fight of it, by performing an adl of devotion in honour of this faint : That a count of Ferrara was inftantly feized with a violent difeafe upon fpeaking irreverently of Borromeus’s pidture, but was cured upon confefling his fault. It would certainly be a work of infinite fervice to the Romith church, to new-write the lives of her faints in fuch a manner as can now be believed, fince the lives already written might by that means be gradually fuperfeded, which are a better antidote againft Popery than the arguments of the beft reafoner in the world. BORROWING and Hiring , in Law, are contradls by which a qualified property may be transferred to the hirer or borrower ; in which there is only this dif¬ ference, that hiring is always for a price or ftipend, or additional recompenfe $ borrowing is merely gratuitous. But the law in both cafes is the fame. They are both contradls, whereby the poffeflion and tranfient proper¬ ty is transferred for a particular time or ufe, on con¬ dition and agreement to reftore the goods fo hired or borrowed, as foon as the time is expired or the life per¬ formed, together with the price or ftipend (in cafe of hiring) either exprefsly agreed upon by the parties, or left to be implied by law, according to the value of the fervice. By this mutual contradl, the hirer or bor¬ rower gains a temporary property in the thing hired, accompanied with an implied condition to ufe it with moderation, and not to abufe it j and the owner or lender retains a reverfionary intereft in the fame, and acquires a new property in the price or reward. Thus if a man hires or borrows a horfe for a month, he has the pofleflion and a qualified property therein during that period j on ^ the expiration of which his qualified property determines, and the owner becomes (in cafe of hiring) entitled alfo to the premium or price for which the horfe was hired. There is one fpecies of this price or reward the moft ufual of any, but concerning which many good and learned men have in former times very much perplexed themfelves and other people, by railing doubts about Borrowiat its legality in foro confcicntice. That is, when money [J is lent on a contract to receive not only the principal fum again, but alfo an increafe by way of compenfation *'' v for the ufe, which is generally called interejl by thofe who think it lawful, and ufury by thofe who do not fo. But as to this, fee the article Interest. BORROWSTOWNESS. See Burrowstow- NESS. BORSEHOLDER, among the Anglo-Saxons, one of the lowed: magiftrates, whofe authority extended only over one free burgh, tithing, or decennary, con- fifting of ten families. Every freeman who wilhed to enjoy the proteftion of the laws, and not to be treated as a vagabond, was under the nec#flity of being ad¬ mitted a member of the tithing where he and his fa¬ mily refided; and in order to obtain this admiflion, it was as neceffary for him to maintain a good reputa¬ tion ; becaufe all the members of each tithing being mutual pledges and fureties for each other, and the whole tithing fureties to the king for the good beha¬ viour of all its members, they were very cautious of admitting any into their fociety who were of bad or doubtful characters. Each tithing formed a little ftate or commonwealth within itfelf, and chofe one of its moft refpeCtable members for its head, who was fome- times called the alderman of fuch a tithing or free- burgh, on account of his age and experience, but moft commonly borfeholder, from the Saxon words borft, “ a furety,” and alder, “ a head or chief.” This ma- giftrate had authority to call together the members of his tithing, to prefifte in their meetings, and to put their fentences in execution. The members of each tithing, with their tithing-man or borfeholder at their head, conftituted a court of juftice, in which all the little controverlies arifing within the tithing were deter¬ mined. If any difpute of great difficulty or importance happened, or if either of the parties was not willing to fubmit to a fentence given in the tithing-court, the caufe was referred or appealed to the next fuperior court, or court of the hundred. BORSET, or Borsett, celebrated for its baths, a place about half a league from Aix-la-Chapelle in Germany. The abbey here is a very magnificent pile of building. It was formerly a monaftery ; but ferves for a nunnery, whofe abbefs is a princefs of the empire, and lady of Borfet. The waters are warm, and of the nature of thofe of Aix-la-Chapelle j but they are on¬ ly ufed as baths for the difeafes in which the Avaters laft mentioned are recommended, and alfo in dropfical and oedematous cafes. The waters are diftinguilhed into the upper and lower fprings. The former were found by Dr Simmons to raife the thermometer to 158°, the latter to only 1270. All the baths are fupplied by the firft. Dr Simmons obferved, that thefe waters were much lefs fulphureous than thofe of Aix-la-Chapelle, probably on account of their greater heat. He like- wife found that they abounded much with felenites, which incruft the pipe through which the water paftes, and likewife the fides of the bath. BORYSTHENES. See Boristhenes. BOS, John Baptist du, a celebrated author and member of the French academy, was born at Beauvais ' in 1670, and finilhed his ftudies at the Sorbonne. In 1695, he was made one of the committee for foreign affairs BOS [ 40 ] BOS Bos affairs under Mr Torez; and was afterwards charged |) withfome important tranfa&ions in England, Germany, Bofcawen. Holland, and Italy. At his return to Paris, he was v " handfomely preferred, made an abbe, and chofen per¬ petual fecretary of the French academy. He was the author of feveral excellent works ; the principal of which are, 1. Critical reflections upon poetry and paint¬ ing, 3 vols l2mo. 2. The Hiftory of the four Gor- dians, confirmed and illuftrated by medals. 3. A criti¬ cal Hiftory of the eftablifhment of the French Monar¬ chy among the Gauls, 2 vols 410, 4 vols i2mo. He died at Paris on the 23d of March 1742. Bos, Lewis Jnnjfen, an efteemed painter, was born at Bois-Ie-Duc. Having been carefully inftruCted in the art of painting by the artifts of his native city, he applied himfelf entirely to ftudy after nature, and ren¬ dered himfelf very eminent for the truth of his colour¬ ing and the neatnefs of his handling. His favourite fubjeCls were flowers, and curious plants, which he ufually reprefented as grouped, in glafles, or vafes of cryftal, half filled with water ; and gave them fo lively a look of nature, that it feemed fcarce poflible to ex- prefs them Avith greater truth or delicacy. It Avas fre¬ quent Avith this mafter to reprefent the drops of dew on the leaves of his objeCts, which he executed with an uncommon tranfparence ; and embellifhed his fubjefts Avith butterflies, bees, Avafps, and other infefts, which, Sandrart fays, were fuperior to any thing of that kind performed by his cotemporary artifts. He likewife painted portraits Avith very great fuccefs; and fhowed as much merit in that ftyle as he did in his compofitions of ftill life. He died in 1507. Bos. See Mammalia Index. Bos, in antiquity, Avas peculiarly ufed for an ancient Greek filver coin, which was didrachmus, or equiva¬ lent to tAvo drachms. It was fo called as having on it the impreflion of an ox, and chiefly obtained among the Athenians and Delians $ being fometimes alfo ftruck of gold. From this arofe the phrafe Bos in lin¬ gua, applied to thofe vvho had taken bribes to hold their tongue. BOSA, a maritime toivn in the weftern part of the ifland of Sardinia, Avith a caftle, a good port, and a bifhop’s fee. It is feated on the river Bofa, to the north-eaft of an ifland of the fame name ; and has good fait pits. E. Long. 8. 30. N. Lat. 40. 19. BOSCAGE, the fame with a grove or thicket. Boscage, in a law fenfe, is that food which trees yield to cattle 5 as maft, &c. But Manhood fays, to be quit of bofcage is to be difcharged of paying any duty for Avindfall wood in the foreft. Boscage, among painters, denotes a landfcape re- prefenting much wood and trees. BOSCAN, John, a Spanilh poet of the 16th cen¬ tury, born at Barcelona. He was the friend of Garci- laffo de Vega, another Spanilh poet. Thefe two were the firft who made any great improvement in the poetry of their nation, and their pieces were printed together. Bofcan, who died about the year 1542, principally fuc- eeeded in fonnets. BOSCAWEN, Edward, a brave Britifli admiral, was the fecond fon of Hugh late lord vifcount Fal¬ mouth. Having early entered into the navy, he'was, in 1740, captain of the Shorehamj and behaved with great intrepidity as a volunteer under Admiral Vernon, Bofcawen. at the taking of Porto Bello. At the liege of Car- —v-~- thagena, in March 1740-1, he had the command of a party of leamen who refolutely attacked and took a battery of 15 tAventy-four pounders, though expofed to the lire of another fort of five guns. Lord Aubrey Beauclerk being killed at the attack of Boca-Chica, Captain Bofcawen fucceeded him in the command of the Prince Frederic of 70 guns. In May 1742, he returned to England, and married Frances daughter ®f William Glanville, Efq. and the fame year was e- ledled re prefen tative for Truro in Cornwall. In 1744, he Avas made captain of the Dreadnought of 60 guns j and foon after he took the Medea, a French man of Avar commanded by M. Hoquart, the firft king’s fhip taken in that Avar. May 3. 1747, he fignalized him¬ felf under the admirals Anfon and Warren, in an en¬ gagement Avith the French fleet off Cape Finifterre, and was Avounded in the Ihoulder Avith a mulket ball. Here M. Hoquart, who then commanded the Dia¬ mond of 56 guns, again became his prifoner j and all the French fhips of war, Avhich Avere ten in number, Avere taken. On the 15th of July he Avas made rear- admiral of the blue, and commander in chief of the land and fea forces employed on an expedition to the Eaft Indies; and, on the 4th of November, failed from St Helen’s, Avith fix fliips of the line, five frigates, and 2000 foldiers. On the 29th of July 1748, he arrived at St David’s, and foon after laid liege to Pondicherry ; but the men growing fickly, and the monfoons being expefted, the liege was raifed, and Mr Bofcawen Ihow- ed himfelf as much the general as the admiral in his retreat. Soon after he had news of the peace, and Madras was delivered up to him by the French. In April 1750, he arrived at St Helen’s in the Exeter, and found that in his abfence he had been appointed rear- admiral of the Avhite. He was the next year made one of the lords commiflioners of the admiralty, and chofen an elder brother of the Trinity-houfe. In February 1755, he Avas appointed vice-admiral of the blue. On the 19th of April, failing in order to intercept a French fquadron bound to North America, he fell in with the Alcide and Leys of 64 guns each, Avhich were both taken : on this occafion M. Hoquart became his pri¬ foner a third time, and he returned to Spithead with his prizes and 1500 prifoners. In 1756, he was ap¬ pointed vice-admiral of the Avhite 5 and in 1758, admi¬ ral of the blue, and commander in chief of the expedi¬ tion to Cape Breton 5 when, in conjun£lion Avith Ge¬ neral Amherft, and a body of troops from New Eng¬ land, the important fortrefs of Louilbourg and the whole ifland of Cape Breton Were taken, for which he afterAvards received the thanks of the houfe of com¬ mons. In 1759, being appointed to command in the Mediterranean, he arrived at Gibraltar, Avhere hearing that the Toulon fleet, under M. de la Clue, had paffed the Straits, in order to join that at Breft, he got un¬ der fail, and on the 18th of Auguft faw, purfued, and engaged the enemy. His {hip, the Namur of 90 guns, lofing her main-maft, he Ihifted his flag to the Newark ; and, after a (harp engagement, took three large fhips, and burnt tAvo in Lagos bay, and the fame year arrived at Spithead with his prizes and 2000 pri¬ foners. On December 8. 1760, he was appointed general Bofcatven II Sofcovich BOS [41] BOS general of the marines with a falary of 3000I. per an¬ num, and was alfo fworn one of the privy council. He died in 1761. . .. BOSCH, Jacob Vanden, a painter ot itill lite, was born at Amfterdam, in 1636', and painted fum- mer friiits of various kinds, peaches, pears, apples, plums, ne&arines, and cherries, with extraordinary heatnefs of pencil. He painted all his objefts after nature, and imitated every fort of fruit with fo great truth and delicacy, with fuch natural and tranfparent colour, that they appeared delicious and almoft real. He died in 1676. BOSCHAERTS, Thomas WilleBoBts, a cele¬ brated painter was born at Bergen-op-zoom; and, like the great painters who flourifhed at that time, be¬ gan to draw, when very young, in the books that were intended for other ftudies. Preferring his pencil to every thing elfe, he drew his own picture, by his re- femblance in a looking-glafs, fo like, that thofe who faw it were aftonilhed. This he did before he had the leaft inftruftion from any one, and when he was only x 2 years of age. Upon this his parents lent him to a mailer, that he might follow the bent of his genius ; but his firft mailer being only an indifferent painter, and incapable of fatisfying his earnell defire of learn¬ ing, he left him, and engaged himfelf with Gerard Se- gersj under whom, after four years pra&ice, he proved a moll accomplilhed artift. Antwerp being at that time the feat of arts, where there was a conflux of the moll eminent painters, he thought it the fitteft place for his improvement 5 and there executed fuch a num¬ ber of noble pieces as added greatly to the fplendour of that wealthy city. In 1642, Henry Frederic prince of Orange, and his fon Prince William, employed him in their fervice ; in which he continued feveral years, and made thofe excellent pieces that are to be feen in that prince’s palace at the Hague and other parts of Holland, and painted portraits for moll of the perfons of quality that were then living. He died in the flower of his age, in 1670. BOSCO, or Boschi, a town of Italy, in the Mila- nefe, feated on the river Orbe. E. Long. 9. 44. N. Lat. 44. 53. BOSCOI, or Bosci, in ecclefiaftical hiltory, de¬ notes a fpecies or tribe of monks in Paleltine, who fed on grafs like the beafts of the fields. The word is Greek, £«<««<, q. d. “ graziers formed from /Jm-x#, pafco, “ 1 feed.” The Bofcoi are ranked among the number of Adamites, not fo much on account of their habit, as food. They took no care about provifion $ but when eating-time came, or any of them was hun¬ gry, went into the fields, with each his knife in his hand, and gathered and ate what he could find. BOSCOVICH, Roger Joseph, the founder of an original and fublime theory of natural philofophy, de- ferves to be particularly noticed in a work of this na¬ ture •, but we have to regret that the materials from which our biographical memoir muft be compiled, are infufficient to fatisfy the curiofity concerning the lite¬ rary habits, and the charaflerillic features, of this very Hluflrious man. His rank, indeed, as a philofopher, we are enabled to aporeciate by pi rufiog fome of the immortal works Which he has bequeathed us; but, for a knowledge of feis moral character, difpolition, and temporal con- Vgl. IV. Part I. cerns, we can only have recourfe to the elogies of his Bofcovich. friends. Thefe are certainly entitled to much of our ——y—^ confidence ; and when the names of M; de la Lande, M. Fabroni, Stay, and Zamagna are mentioned, we may be thought fallidious, in implying the leall dit- trull of their teftimony. It is our fefpeft for the pub¬ lic and for truth, and it is our knowledge of the nature of elogies, which have made us fo. We have, therefore* endeavoured, rather to relate the incidents in the life of Bofcovich, than to give a tranfcript of friendly effufion ; and yet perhaps it may¬ be difcovered, that our report is luminous with eulo gium, whilft its outlines are poorly defined. Bofcovich was born on the nth of May I7t:1> Ragufa, a fea-port on the coail of the Adriatic, and capital of a fmall republic of the fame name, under the prote&ion of the Turks and the Venetians. We know fo little of his parents, that we can only conjec¬ ture at their circumftances and capacity, from the edu¬ cation which they gave to their fon being liberal and judicious. It does not appear that our author gave any tokens of fuperior genius, till he was fent to learn grammar and philofophy in the fchools of the Jefuits, who were at that time the principal teachers in Ragufa, and throughout Italy. Amongft them, his docility and obedience could not pafs unnoticed, but were fufficient to mark him as a likely fubjeft for future eminence, and confequently to procure to him particular attention. In his 15th year, after he had gone through the ordi¬ nary courfe of education, and when it was neceflary to determine his further purfuits, application was made to admit him into the order ; and for the reafons we have mentioned, it was readily complied with. 1 his was a- greeable to his own inclination, and proved the fource of that diftindlion in learning to which he afterwards attained. The Jefuits, it is well known, bad much intereft and authority to promote in the city of Rome ; whither it was cuftomary in them to fend thofe members whom they knew to be qualified for that purpofe, and thofe youths of whom they had great expe&ations, for more inftru&ion. As Bofcovich was fent there in the year 1725, we may reafonably imagine he had profited much by his teachers, and was fignalized for his abi¬ lities. This zeal in the cultivation of youth, which the Jefuits ever preferved, and which perhaps tended more to the prefervation of their power than all their religious artifices, was attended with confequences the moft beneficial to humanity; and when we recolleft how many and how great the geniufes were which it dif¬ covered, and foftered and brought to maturity, we are almoft induced to believe that it counterbalanced all the ill effe&s of their order. Had this education been confined to fome limited fphere; had it embraced the prattling doftrines of cafuiftry and the unwieldy mafs of cloiftered theology alone ; unfortunate and melancho¬ ly for the world would have been this zeal: no refuge for the venial penitent, ho fecurity againft boifterous fettarifm would have remained ; an unmanly lethargy would have debafed the mind, and the moral and the intelleftual world would have funk to a dread chaos of confufion. But the Jefuits knew well the benig¬ nant influence of literature, and the falutary elevation of icience ; they faw that wealth, and power, and ho- T nour, BOS [ . jSofcovich. nour, followed philofophy 5 and that pliilofophy had y" driven famine, wretchednefs, and vice, from their ha¬ bitations. We dare not fay that the intefeft and ag¬ grandizement of their order were fecondary confidera- tions; but we will avow it as our opinion, that the Ihort reign of the Jefuits, and the obje&s at which they aimed, and above all the means which they epiployed, were more inflrudlive, promifed better, and effe&ed more to humanity, than all the accumulated humility and fanftity of all the religious focieties of the Romilh church. We have been led into this digreffion by the coincidence of certain confiderations operating at the time on our minds. Bofcovich was of the order of Je¬ fuits ; that order is no more ; its deftruflion took place in his. life-time ; gratitude for the delight and the in- ftrudlion we have received from him and many others of the order ; the prefent difpofition among mankind to detraft from its merits, to magnify its imperfections, and to confound it with the fanatical and enthufiaftic groups of every perfuafion which have difgraced the name and the dignity of religion. But to return; our author* on his arrival in Rome, entered the novicelhip of the order, where his ftudies wore a new afpeCt, but were Hill purfued with diligence. Chriftian morality, the rules and conftitutions of the order, claimed his at¬ tention for two years; after which he was inftrudled in rhetoric, and became well verfed in general literature, In a particular manner in Latin poetry, which at that time was very much cultivated. From the noviciate he was fent to the Roman col¬ lege to ftudy mathematics and phyfics. It was in thefe fciences that his elevated genius and uncommon abili¬ ties (hone forth fo confpicuoufly, and procured to him the admiration of his fuperiors. In three years time he was able to give private leflbns on mathematics; and was then exempted from a law, by which the novici¬ ates were bound to teach Latin and the belles lettres for five years before they commenced the Rudy of theo- logy. This exemption was in confequence of his great predileClion to the mathematics, of which he was foon afterwards made public profeffor. It would appear to us, that the ftience of theology, as it was then incul¬ cated, had little attraction for the mind of Bofeovich; for it is not likely that a mind intimately acquainted With truth, and accultomed to find her ever plain and undifguifed, could relifh the retiring obfcurities of fo- philtry, or the flimfy decorations of a myttical reli¬ gion ; nor can we wonder, that during the four years in which he was conftrained to the Rudy, he fliould be¬ come more familiar with Leibnitz, Maelaurin, and Newton, than with Loyola, and Laynez, and Aqua- viva. For the profeflbrfhip of mathematics he was emi¬ nently qualified, as, befides a thorough knowledge of all the modern productions in the fcience, he had acquired a prifiine feverity of demonftration by ftudying the works of the ancient geometricians; and he conjoined withal an obliging accommodation of his own powers to the deficiencies of his pupils. It was for their be¬ nefit he at this time compofed elementary treatifes on arithmetic, algebra, geometry, and trigonometry. But notwithftanding the arduous duties of his fituation which he invariably fulfilled, he found time to inftruCt and enlighten more than boys; for about this pe- 2 ] B O S riod, he entertained fome of thofe original notions which were deftined to grow up into fyftem, and one day to aftonilh the whole world of fcience. Thefe as they grew,, were ftrengthened by folid arguments in the public difpatations, by anticipating obftacles overcoming and removing them, and by mighty ef¬ forts in extending and applying them to the moil re¬ mote and di.fcretive. aCHons of the univerfe. The ani¬ mating fpint of difcovery and invention led- him to confider every portion of phyfical fcience ; and indeed fo veriatile and fo vigorous was his mind, we would be at a lofs.to fpecify one portion, which, within a few years, it did not comprehend, elucidate, and ad¬ vance. In confirmation of this we beg to prefent our readers with an enumeration of the principal fubje&s to which he turned his attention, and concerning which he publifhed diflertations whilft he continued in the profeflorfliip. The tranfit of Mercury over the fun ; the. fpots in the fun ; the aurora borealis ; the conftrudlion of fpheric trigonometry ; the figure of the earth ; a new telefcope to determine celeftial objects • the. ancient arguments for the rotundity of the earth : ofcillating circles ; on infinites and infinitely little quantities;.the motion of bodies in unrefifting fpaces ; tne aberration of the fixed liars ; the inequalities in terreftrial. gravity; on aftronomy; on the limits of certainty in afironomical obfervations ; on the folid of greateft attradlion; the cycloid; the logiftic curve lines ; the vires vivee; the comets; light; tides; the rain¬ bow ; the calculation of fraflions; the centre of gra¬ vity; the moon’s atmofphere ; the law of continuity; lenfes and dioptrical telefcopes; the objeftive micro¬ meter ; the divifibility of matter. Some of thefe are fliort, but all of them contain curious and valuable matter. It is only by perufing them we are able to difeover the gradual progrefs of his mind ; and to un- derftand the manner in which he arrived at the theory of natural philofophy, which alone will render his name immortal. About this time a tafle for philofophical poetry was much prevalent amongft the learned, and fome of our author’s acquaintances had laboured in it with fuccefs. Of thefe we may mention Father Noceti, who wrote on the rainbow and the aurora borealis, and the juftly ce¬ lebrated Benedift Stay, whofe poems on the philofophy of Defcartes, and on the more modern philofophy, are excellent examples of fine Latin compofition and feien- tifie inveftigation. Bofcovich publilhed their works with annotations and fupplements, in which a fplendid fund of information and learning is difplayed. By fuch undertakings, the fame of our author was widely diffufed, and he became an objeft of general ad¬ miration. The learned focieties of many countries in Europe conferred on him unfolicited honours, and fe- veral foreign princes invited him to their courts. His opinions on various fubjedts of civil architecture, to¬ pography, and hydrodynamics, were alked and enter¬ tained by Pope Benedia XIV. John V. of Portugal, and others. Thefe neceffarily required his prefence in different ftates, where he never failed to increafe his reputation, and often terminated difputes which might otherwife have gone on to open warfare. He was employed to correa the maps of the papal dominions, and to meafure a degree of the meridian paffing - BOS [ 43 1 Jofcovich. pafling tlirougli them. In tins he eyas aflifted by an gotous -y—^ En^lifli Jefuit, Chriftopher Maire. An account or taieir expedition was printed at Rome and Paris, and. is in- terfperfed with form? curious anecdotes, concerning the opinions which the peafants of the Apennines formed of them, and the operations which they had to per¬ form *, but it is valuable on account of the accurate de¬ tail which is given of their obfervations. In the year 1757, he was fent to Vienna by the re¬ public of Lucca, to reconcile fome differences concern¬ ing the draining of a lake, in which the grand duke of Tufcany, the emperor Francis I. and that republic, were concerned. It was after he had fucceeded in the objeft of his vifit to that city, that he publiflied there his Theoria Philofophice Naturalis in 1758 i an^ that he gained the efteem of the emprefs-queen. Another occafion for his mediating powers foon pre- fented itfelf, and which more nearly interefted him, as his native city of Ragufa required them. It had been fufpetted by the Britiffi government, that fome (hips of war were fitted out at that port for the fervice of the French, thereby infringing the neutrality. Such a fu- fpicion having no juft foundation, alarmed the fcnate of Ragufa, and required fpeedy removal, as the confe- quences of it might be extremely prejudicial to their commerce. Bolcovich, who had often been fuccefsful in fimilar circumftances for other powers, appeared to them the moft proper perfon for this purpofe, and was accordingly entrufted with it. He repaired to London, and here a'lfo effbaed the objea of his miffion with ho¬ nour to himfelf. He vifited the Royal Society, which received him with diftinguiftiing marks of refpea, and which he foon afterwards complimented with an ex¬ cellent Latin poem on the folar and lunar eclipfes. This was in the year 1760, when Dr Johnfon was in London. Mr Murphy fpeaks of an interview which took place between our author and Johnfon ; but in or¬ der to magnify the unruly powers of the tremendous companion, he rather unhandfomely tells us of the eafy cant with which * priejl might travel through Italy and France. We are unwilling to mention what effefts on fome minds may have been produced by the formida¬ ble fociety of a Johnfon j but if they are a contempt of elegant fimplicity and ingenuous esre, and an affected devotion to repulfive pomp and authoritative oftenta- tion, be our lot far from his influence, amid the peace and liberty of focial life. Bofcovich was invited Fy the Royal Society to be of the party of their members fent to America, to obferve the tranfit of Venus ever the fun’s difk, which happen¬ ed in the year 1762. I he nature of his embaffy, and the neceflity of returning home, however, prevented his acceptance of the invitation. Soon after his return, and when his embaffy was fulfilled, he was appointed by thefenate of Milan to the mathematical chair in the univerfity of Pavia, and to fuperintend the obfervatory of the royal college of Brera. He continued in this fituation for fix years, when he was made profeffhr of aftronomy and optics in the Palatine fchools of Milan by the emprefs-queen 5 who alfo requefted him to con¬ tinue his attention to the obfervatory. This he ex¬ pelled to be the moft agreeable part of his life. Ad¬ mired by the learned *, beloved by his friends ; having an adequate income, and a conftitution • lound and vi- B O S 7 he promifed to himfelf, happy, becaufe ufeful Bofcovieli. days, in the tranquil cultivation of the fciences : but a —-y—— cloud long impending now burft over his head, and thefe bright days never came. The myfterious regulation in the political conftitu¬ tion of the Jefuits, though it had attrafted the keen curiofity of the world, had, for very fubftantial reafons, never been explored ^ nay, fuch was the influence oi the order over the minds of the moft enlightened ftatei- men, that this impenetrable myftery was. held facred by the civil power in many countries, as if no danger could exift in what was not underftood. But the ra¬ pid progrefs of fcience, and the gradual decay of fupei- ftition, required fome evidence of fecurity, and iome proof that it was ever neceflary to conceal good inten¬ tions, and to cover virtuous principles with any other garb than what truth could bellow. Thefe, it is well known, the Jefuits either could not, or were unwilling to give ; and they, therefore, juftly incurred the fufpi- cion of men. The moft trivial circumftances would augment this fufpicion, and the lead: deviation from retftitude in any of the order would ferve to ju.ftify it: thefe were not wanting, and foon became invincible j the intereft of the Jefuits rapidly declined for many years, and at laft, in 1773, their order was totally abo- lifhed. No exemption from the edift for its downfall could be procured } all who held offices were difmifled ■, and Bofcovich fought refuge in the city of Paris, i hither indeed he rvas invited by the minifter (we believe Turgot), by whofe means he wras made one of the di- reftors of optics for the fea fervice, and received a. penfion : but it does not leem that his fituation was agreeable to him j for it is w'ell known that the peculiar nature of his circumftances was the foie caufe of his long refidence in Paris. Whether his diflike arofe from the envy of fome of the French, his own irritability of temper, or the in¬ congruity of the prevailing manners with his own, we cannot determine: but it is reafonable to imagine, that the ruin of his order, and the fubfidence of his own importance, would leave fome indelible mark in his mind ; and perhaps when he contemplated the ap¬ parent levity and the real fcepticifm of the age, he might be brought to fear that the degradation or the downfall of the world was concomitant. Sentiments very oppofite to thofe of the French would thence naturally arife; morofity and difeontent would invade him, and he wiffied to revifit the feenes of his youth. Be all this, however, as it may, certain it is, he applied for leave of abfence for two years, after he had refided in Paris for ten years: this he eafily procured, and ac¬ cordingly fet out for Baffano in the republic of Venice. At this place he publiflied, in five vols. quarto, a col¬ lodion of the works which he had finiffied in Paris. This forms a body of optical and aftronomical know¬ ledge, well worthy the attention of the philofophical and mechanical cultivators of the fciences. It may be worth mentioning, that by proceeding on the princi¬ ples contained in one of the differtations in this collec¬ tion, an amiable philofopher of our own country (Dr Robifon) believed it poffible to afeertain the motions of the earth, though the obferyer ftmuld be confined in a cellar j in profecuting the fubjed, however, he F 2 found I BOS [ Bofcovich. found that an error into which Bofcovich had fallen, " » - concerning the aberration of light, undermined the principles on which he had erefted fuch a wonderful but legitimate problem. The candid and very intereft- ing acknowledgment of the error, and his extreme dif- appointment in the difcovery of it, which the dodor made in the 3d vol. of the Edinburgh Tranfadions, is at once an evidence of his own liberality, and an un- defeafible teftimony to Bofcovich’s genius. We beg to recommend to our readers the perufal of the works which we have now mentioned j they would tend to form the mind to the true mode of inveftigating the phenomena of nature, and will fatisfadorily Ihfew that this mode is always rewarded by difcovery. The following is a pretty juft account of their contents : A new inftrument for determining the refrading and di- verging forces of diaphanous bodies j a demonftration of the falfehood of the Newtonian analogy between light and found j the algebraic formulae regarding the focufes of lenfes, and their applications for calculating the fphericity of thofe which are to be ufed in achro- matical telefcopes $ the corredions to be made in ocu¬ lar lenfes, and the error of the fphericity of certain glaffes j the caufes which hinder the exad union of the iolar rays by means of the great burning glafies, and the determination of the lofs arifing from it ; the me¬ thod of determining the different velocities of light paf- £ng through different mediums by means of two diop¬ trical telefcopes, one common, the other of a new kind, containing water between the objedive glafs and the place of the image : 3 new kind of objedive micro¬ meters j the defrds and inutility of a dioptrical tele- fcope propofed and made at Paris, which gives two images of the fame objed, the one dired the other in- verfe, with two contrary motions of moveable objeds j maffes floating in the atmofphere, as hail of an extra¬ ordinary fize, feen on the fun with the telefcope, and refembling fpots 5 the aftronomical refradions, and va¬ rious methods for determining them j various methods for determining the orbits of comets and of the new planet, with copious applications of thefe dodrines to other aftronomical fubjeds, and ftill more generally to geometry and to the fcience of calculation $ the errors, the redifications, and the ufe of quadrants, of fextants, of aftronomical fedors, of the meridian line, of tele- Icopes called the inftruments of tranfits, of the meri¬ dian, and of the paralladic machine y the trigonome¬ trical differential formulae, which are of fo much ufe in aftronomy j the ufe of the micrometrical rhombus, ex¬ tended to whatever oblique pofition ; the error arifing from refradions in ufing the aftronomical ring for a fun- dial, and the corredion to be made $. the appearing and the difappearing of Saturn’s ring 5 the methods of de¬ termining the rotation of the fun by means of the fpots, propofed formerly by the author, and now perfeded j 44 ] BOS the greateft exadnefs poflible in determining the length Bofcovick of a pendulum ofcillating every fecond of middle time—y~*— by the comparifon of terreflrial and celeftial gravity ; a compend of aftronomy for the ufe of the marine, con¬ taining the elements of the heavenly motions, and of the aftronomical inftruments, to be explained to a prince in the courfe of one month $ a method for determining the altitudes of the poles with the greateft exadnefs, by means of a gnomon alone, where other inftruments are not to be had ; the determination of the illuminated edge of the moon to be obferved on the meridian ; a method of ufing the retrograde return of Venus to the fame longitude, for determining the lefs certain elements of her orbit 5 a method for correding the elements of a comet, of which the longitude of the node is given, and the inclination of the orbit has been found nearly j an¬ other method for the fame purpofe, and for finding the elliptical orbit, when the parabolic one does not agree with the obfervations $ a method for correding the ele¬ ments of a planet by three obfervations $ the projedion of an orbit inclined in the plane of the ecliptic } the pro¬ jedion of an orbit inclined in any other plane j the cal¬ culation of the aberration of the ftars, arifing from the fucceflive propagation of light; fame beautiful theorems belonging to triangles, which are of great ufe in aftro¬ nomy, reduced to the moft fimple demonftrations. After the publication of thefe works, our author left Baffano, and went to Rome to vifit the companions of his youth. From Rome, he proceeded to Milan, where he revifed fome of his own works, and prepared for. publication the two laft volumes of Stay’s poems. In fuch occupations, and amidft friends whom equal misfortune and temporary feparation had ftill more en¬ deared, he had remained happy, and might perhaps have been ftill further ufeful to the world; but his leave of abfence was now nearly expired, and his dif- like to a refidence in Paris was augmented by the con- traft which his prefent abode afforded. He was too. delicate to apply for more leave of abfenee ; and though he was fenfible of the gratitude which he owed to France, he could not reconcile it with the deftru&ion of his own repofe. About this time alfo he had feveral attacks of gout, but he would admit no medical aid. Under thefe diftreffes, and others which we have before, mentioned, our illuftrious author at laft funk: a me¬ lancholy defpondency feized on and fubjugated his, mind, fo that for five months he remained perfedlly fa¬ tuous y and an impofthume having burft in his breaft, terminated his exiftence on the 13th of February 1787,. in the 76th year of bis age. The following infcription was compofed by Benedift Stay, and engraved on marble by order of the fenate, of Ragufa, in memory of their ufeful citizen the illuf- ; trious Bofcovich.. Rogerio. Nicolai. F. Boscovichiq, Summi. Ingenii. Viro. Pbilofopho. Et. Mathematico. PrEeftantiflimo. Scnptori. Operum. Egregiorum Res. Phyficas. Geometricas. Aftronomicas Plurimis. Inventis. Suis. Auftas. Gontinentium Celebriorum, Europae. Academiarum, Socio Qui. In. Soc. Jefu. Cum. Effet. Ac. Romse. Mathefim. Profiteretur Benedi&o XIV. Mandante. Multo, Bofcovich. BOS t « ] BOS Multo. Lahore. Singular!. Induftria Dimenfus. Ell. Gradum. Terreftris. Circuli Boream. Verfus. Per. Pontificiam. Ditionem. Tranfeuntis Ejufdemque. Ditionis. In. Nova. Tabula. Situs. Omnes. Defcripfit. Stabilitati. Vaticano. Tholo. Reddundae Portubus. Super!. Et. Inferi. Maris. Ad. Juftam. Altitudinem. Redigendis Reftagnantibus. Per Campos. Aquis. Emittendis. Commonftravit. Viam Legatus. A. Luceenfibus. Ad. Francifcum. I. Caefarem. M. Etruriae. Ducem. Ut. Amnes. Ab. Eorum. Agro. Averterentur. Obtinuit Merito. Ab. lis. Inter. Patricios. Cooptatus Mediolanum. Ad. Docendum Mathematicas. Difciplinas. Evocatus Braidenfem. Extruxit. Inftruxitque. Servandis. Aftris. Speculanw Deletae. Turn. Societati. Suae. Superftes Lutetiae. Parifiorum. Inter. Galliae. Indigenas. Relatus Commiffum. Sibi. Perficiundae. In. Ufus. Maritimos. Opticae. Munus. Adcuravit Ampla. A. Ludovico. XV. Rege. Xmo. Attributa. Penfione Inter. Haec. Et. Poefim. Mira. Ubertate. Et. Facilitate. Excoluit Doctas. Non. Semel. Sufcepit. Per. Europam. Peregrinationes Multorum. Amicitias. Gratia. Virorum. Principum. Ubique. Floruit. Ubique. Animum. Chriftianarum. Virtutum Veraeque. Religionis. Studiofum. Prae-fe-tulit Ex. Gallia. Italiam. Revifens. Jam. Senex Cum. Ibi. In. Elaborandis. Edendifque. Poftremis. Operibus Plurimum. Contendiffet. Et. Novis. Inchoandis. Ac. Veteribus. Abfolvendis Sefe. Adcingeret In. Diuturnum. Incidit. Morbum. Eoque. Obiit. Mediolani Id. Feb. An. MDCCLXXXVII. Natus. Annos LXXV. Menfes IX. Dies II. Huic. Optime. Merito. De. Republica. Civi. Quod. Fidem. Atque. Operam. Suam. Eidem. Saepe. Probaverit In. Arduis. Apud. Exteras. Nationes Bene. Utiliterque. Expediundis. Negotiis Quodque. Sui. Nominis. Celebritate. Novum. Patriae. Decus. Adtulerit Poll. Funebrem. Honorem. In Hoc. Templo. Cum. Sacro. Et. Laudations Publice. Delatum Ejufdem. Templi. Curatores Ex. Senatus. Confulta M. P. P. Belides the works which we have mentioned, he wrote feveral others on various fubjefts, as, on the pro- je6t of turning the navigation to Rome from Fiumici- no to Macoarefe 5 a third on two torrents in the terri¬ tory of Perugia ; a fourth on the bulwarks on the river Eonaro ; a fifth on the river Sidone in the territory of Placentia; a fixth on the entrance into the fea of the Adige. He wrote other fuch works on the bulwarks of the Po ; on the harbours of Ancona, of Rimini, of Magna Vacca, and Savona, befides others, almoft all which were printed. He had likewife received a com- miflion from Clement XIII. to vifit the Pomptin lakes, on the draining of which he drew up his opinion in writing, to which he added further elucidations at the defire of Pius VI. Bofcovich’s We have fpoken of Bofcovich as the founder of a Theoria new fyllem of natural philofophy, which has occupied Philofophisemuch of the attention of the learned, and which alone aniru is rencler the name of its author immortal. It be¬ comes us therefore to give fuch a fynopfis of it, as may fatisfy the general reader, or induce the ftudent to fearch for more information in the work from which we our- felves have derived it. In a fubjeft fo abftrufe and remote from obfervation 2- as many-of the principles which we have to confider m* this theory, much difficulty in inveftigation is to be expelled, and perhaps the metaphorical language which we are conilrained to employ, will tend not a little to embarrafs and miflead us. We are alfo aware of the many obftacles which a theory of fuch mag¬ nitude has to encounter in the improved mode of philofophifing. of the prefent day j we are aware that at the bare mention of a new theory in natural phi¬ lofophy, fome of our readers will revolt from our page, affe£l a contempt of our labours, and call to their aid the authority of Bacon. But we would alk fuch, from whence does their fpirit arife ? we have found it in thofe who never ftudied a page of Bacon j and we have known it accompanied by indolence, and by a fupine indifference to aught that dignifies and elevates humanity. It is furely no hard matter to condemn a theory, merely becaufe it is a theory : nor is it at all demonftrable that fuch condemnation re¬ quires any great efibrt of genius or underftanding. Now the fpirit of Bacon is a fpirit of zeal, and labour, and perfeveranee, and above all, of inveftigation. Not then from his writings has this contempt arifen, but from a total ignorance of them ; not from his doc¬ trine, but fcom an imaginary infpiration of his princi¬ ples, Wu BOS '[ 46 Bofcovidi’s We have reafon to believe that the theory of Bof- Syftcm of covich would have received the fanflion of the illuf- Fhilolbphv ^r*ous -Bacon : becaufe the foundation on which it is . 1 •erefted 1 BOS parts; 3 has fome refem- blance to other theories. 4 Leibnit- zian. rVewto- is confecrated by irradiation from his works. Be this, however, as it may, we are convinced that fuch an example of true genius will be acceptable to every friend of humanity, and to every cultivator of fcience. lhat we may do juftice to our author in giving a fynopfis of his theory, we {hall follow the order which he himfelf has adopted ; and {hall fubjoin fome gene¬ ral obfervations and remarks which have occurred to us ^ in the courfe of the‘work. divided in- Bofcovich’s Theoria Philofophice Naturalis is divid- to three ed into three parts *, of which the firjl contains the ex¬ plication of the theoiry, its analytic dedu&ion, and its vindication. TheymW contains the application of the theory to mechanics, and The third the application of the theory to phyfics. Of thefe in order, and fir ft of the explication of the theory. This theory has fomething in common with the Leibnitzian and the Newtonian. With the former it admits that the elements of mat¬ ter are fimple and inextended \ but it differs from it, in denying X\\&~continued extenjion of the elements, and in afferting that the elements are perfectly homogeneous. Like the Newtonian, it allows the exiftence of mu¬ tual powers or forces, which vary according to the diftance by certain laws ; but it goes further, in that it afferts thefe powers are both repulfive and attrac¬ tive, and that when either of thefe terminates the other begins : but it differs from the Newtonian in explain¬ ing by one principle phenomena to which the latter applies three. This one principle may be expreffed by an algebraic formula, or by one continued geometrical curve ; and it is the law by which the powers of repulfion and at¬ traction aft. As continued extenfion of bodies is re- jefted from this theory, it is obvious, that as on the one hand a repuliive power muft render it impoffible, fo on the other an attractive power muft give rife to the apparent examples of it, to the phenomena of cohe- fion : this accordingly is one elfential charafteriftic of the theory. From thefe few remarks we may deduce the princi¬ ples of the theory. The firft elements or atoms of matter are indivifi- ble, inextended, but fimple, homogeneous, and finite in number. They are difperfed in an immenfe fpace, in fuch a manner as that any two or more may be diftant from each other any affignable interval. This inter¬ val may be indefinitely augmented or diminiftied, but cannot entirely vanifh. Aflual contaft of the atoms is therefore impoffible, feeing that the repulfive power which prevents the entire vaniffiing of the interval, muft be fufficient to deftroy the greateft velocities by which the atoms tend to unite. The repulfive power muft encircle every atom, muft be equal at equal di- ftance's from the atoms, and moreover, muft increafe as the diftance from the atoms diminifhes. On the contrary, if the diftance from the atoms increafes, the repulfive power will diminilh, and at laft become equal to nothing, or vanifti j then, and not till then, an at- 1 4 5 Principles of it. traflive potver commences, increafes, diminifties, va- nifties. But the theory does not flop here $ for it fup- pofes, that a repulfive power fucceeds to the fecond or attractive, increafes, diminiihes, vanilhes j and that there are feveral alternations of this kind, till at -the laft an attraCHve potter prevails, and though diminifh- ing fenfibly, as the fquares of the diftances increafe, extends to the moft diftant regions of our fyftem. Such a procefs as we have now mentioned may feem complicated and confufed ; but the curve line which expreffes it is fo fimple, that we are perfuaded, our readers, though unacquainted with geometry, will com¬ prehend, and hence will be able to underftand the theory itfelf. We {hall now proceed therefore to exhibit this curve, and to {hew in what manner it elucidates the principles of the theory. The axis C'AC has an afymptote of a curve in the point A, viz. the indefinite right line AB j on each fide of which are placed two equal and fimilar bran¬ ches of a curve, viz. D'E'F'G', &c. and DEFGHIKL MNOPQRSTV : the latter of thefe having the afymp- totical arch ED, though indefinitely produced towards the right line AB, will never touch it 5 but it accedes to the axis C'AC, and touches it in fome point E. From this point it recedes on the oppofite fide of the axis to fqme point F, bends again to the axis C'AC, and cuts it in the point G ; from this it recedes in a fimilar manner, on the fide of the axis from whence it originated, and arrives at the point H. From the point H it bends to the axis C'AC, and cuts it in the point I; and fo on in alternate fits of acceffion and receffion till it has com¬ pleted the remaining arches IKL,LMN,NOP,PQR, KST $ after which it becomes afymptotical, forming the arch T V, which approaches the axis C'AC on the fide oppofite that from which it originated, in fuch a manner as that the diftances from the axis {hall be in the reciprocal duplicate ratios of the diftances from the afymptote BA. Now, if we raife and let fall perpendiculars on the axis C'AC in the points «, b, d, &c. the fegments of the axis fo formed, viz. A a, A b, A d, &c. are ab- feiffes, and will reprefent the diftances between any two atoms or points of matter ; and the perpendiculars fo conftrufted, viz. b r, d h, are ordinates, and will reprefent the intenfity of the repulfive or attra£Hve powers, according to their fituation with refpedft to the axis C'AC ; for, if on the fame fide with the afymptote AB, as ag, b r, they reprefent the former ; and if on the fide oppofite to the afymptote, as d ft, the latter power. From what we have faid, it is manifeft, that the ordinate ag may be increafed beyond any affignable limit, provided the eorrefponding abfeiffa A <7 be di¬ miniftied beyond any affignable limit 5 feeing that the limb of the curve ED is afymptotical which terminates the ordinate ag, and confequently never touches the right line AB ; but that, if the abfeiffa be increafed as to A b, then the ordinate will be diminiftied \.o b r; and that by perpetually increafing the abfeiffa to the point E, the ordinate will be perpetually diminiftied till at the point E it will totally vanifti. Moreover, if we fhall increafe the abfeiffa to A we {hall find that on the oppofite fide of the axis C'AC, there will appear the ordinate dwhich, by continuing the Bofcovich’s Syftem of Natural Philofophy. 7 A geome¬ trical curve will exprefs the whole of the theory. Plate XCIV. Fig. i. Bofcovich’s Syllem of Natural I*hilofophy. 8 In what manner. 9 t This curve lias fix con¬ ditions. BOS [ the fame increafe of the abfeifia will increafe to the point F, and then will diminifh perpetually, as it ap¬ proaches to the point G, where it will totally vanifh. If the abfeifla be ftill increafed, an ordinate arifes on the oppofite fide, increafes to H, diminilhes to I, and vanilhes, appears again, increafing to K, diminilhing to L, vanilhing; and fo on through ail the remaining points and fituations of ^he curve, till at length coming to o and s v, it continues to diminilh perpetually, but never again totally vanilhes. Such" then is the nature of the curve, and fuch, it muft be admitted, will comply with the defeription of the repulfive and attra&ive powers, and the manner in which they alternate, fo effential to the theory. The firft power or that next the atoms is repulfive, and is greateft at the lead diftances from them } by increaf¬ ing the diftances it diminifties, vanilhes ; is fucceeded by attraftion, which increafes, diminilhes, vanilhes ; is in like manner fucceeded by repulfion ; and thofe two powers alternate repeatedly, when the attraction fuc- ceeding, conftitutes the general gravity of Sir Ifaac Newton, and reaches to the planets, and the far diftant comets of the fyftem of the fun. It is obvious, that the tranfitions which we have de- feribed muft occur in the infenfible diftances, being all comprehended betwixt the atoms and the exterior at¬ tractive power ; but it is alfo obvious that this law of the forces differs much from the Newtonian gravity, as the curve which expreffes the latter is a hyperbola of the third order, dying all on one fide of its axis which it never cuts; confequently it does not admit of any tranfitions, as we have before hinted at. It is of con- fequence to remember this diftindtion, for we ftiall find that on it depends much of our reafoning in the appli¬ cation of the theory to phyfics. . Some further explanation of the curve remains, to be given in the fecond part: in the mean time we pro¬ ceed to take notice of certain geometrical properties effential to it, as anfwering the conditions of the princi¬ ples of the theory. Bofcovich, in an after part of the work, demonftrates, ftricftly that the curve is poffeffed of thefe properties j but we do not think it neceffary to detail his demon- ftration, as it is only accelfible to thofe who are verfed in the high geometry, and as we imagine that a bare ftatement of the Conditions required will fatisfy the ge¬ nerality of our readers. The conditions neceffary in the< curve are fix in num¬ ber. Firft, That it be regular, fimple, and not an ag¬ gregate of arches of different curves. Secondly, That itifhaft cut the axis C'AC in certain given points only, and at the two diftances AE', AE •, AG',. AG, . &c. whic h are equal on both fides of the afymptote, the right line AB. Thirdly, that there fhall be ordinates to correfpond to every abfeiffa. . Fourthly, ,That there fhall be equal ordinates at equal abfeiffes on each fide of AB. Fifthly, That the right line AB be an afymptote to the curves on each fide of it $ the area BAED afymptotical and therefore indefinite. Sixth¬ ly, That the arches which are terminated by any two interfeftions may be varied in any manner, recede from the axis C'AC to any diftance, and accede to what¬ ever arches of whatever curves, cutting, touching, or ofcillating them wherefoever, and howfoever we pleafc. 47 ] B O S If thefe conditions be anfwered, it muft be evident Bofcovich’s that by this curve we can exprefs any intenfity of any Syftem of force, in any direction we pleafe j and of confequence, p^aJ-ura^ that by one law of the forces, every thing in the uni- , verfe, conne&ed in any manner with motion, may be explained. We come now to confider the analytic deduflion of the theory, in which we fhall follow clofely the fteps of Bofcovich. io Bofcovich fets out, by examining the nature of the The analy- law of continuity, and the principles on which it istiededuc- founded. In the year 1745 he publifhed a differtation^j0^” t^ie De Viribus vivis, in which he was led to confider the ‘ ’ phenomenon of the collifion of bodies, and in confe¬ quence, the dilemma into which former philofophers had fallen by their .mode of inveftigating it, and the breach of the law of continuity which fome had al¬ lowed to extricate themfelves from the dilemma. Maelaurin, of whom Bofcovich fpeaks in terms of the higheft refpeft, “ Summus noftri aevi geometra et pbilofophus,” was the principal advocate for the breach of the law of continuity in the collifion of bodies, and fpoke with fome indignation of thofe who afferted, that this law was univerfal. He of courfe believed in the production of motion by iropulfe, and in the immediate contaCl of bodies. Now, Bofcovich, as we have before mentioned, rejeCls both of thefe fuppofi- tions, and confequently explains the phenomenon in a very different manner from JVTaclaurin, and endeavours to prove that the law of continuity is univerfal, and that no inftance of a breach -oi it is ever obfervable or _ poffible. Before proceeding to his reafoning on this fubjeCI, . we fhall explain what is meant by the law of conti¬ nuity, and give one example of it, to which all others are referable. n < The law of continuity (fays Bofcovich) confifts in from the this, that any quantity whilft pafling from one magni-1?w.0^ cori* tude to another, muft pafs through all the intermediatetl iuty* magnitudes of the fame kind : or, according to the law of continuity, all changes-, in nature are produced by infenfible and infinitely fmall degrees; fo that no body can in any cafe pafs from motion to reft, or from reft to motion, without pafiing through all poffible interme¬ diate degrees of motion. Maclaurin’s Newton, b. 1. C’ 4* Let there bearightlineAB(fig. 2.), to which another line CDE.is related; jet AB reprefent the time, and : from any points of it, F, H, let there be ereCled the perpendiculars EG, HI, Avhich (ordinates) may re¬ prefent any quantities continually variable, and will . correfpond to the moments of time F, H ; but to the intermediate moments K* M, other magnitudes KL, MN, will correfpond; and if'from the point G to the point I there goes a continued and finite part of tire line CDE, it is evident that there is no intermedi¬ ate point of. the line AB, as K, to which fome ordinate KL does not correfpond ; and converfely that there is . no ordinate of magnitude intermediate betwixt EG, HI which does not correfpond to fome point intermediate betwixt F, H. Now the variable quantity exprefled by this variable ordinate, changes according to the law of continuity ; becaufe from the magnitude FG, which it has in the moment of time F, to the magni¬ tude HI, which it has in. the moment of time H, it paffes BOS [ 4.8 Borcovich’s gaffes through all the intermediate magnitudes KL, SNaetur°lf correfponding to the intermediate moments, K, m’ and to every moment a determinate magnitude cor- Philofophy. 12 which is difcovered to be uni- verfal. every moment refponds. I his then may be fufficient to explain the nature of the law of continuity, about which, we may remark, there can be no ambiguity j for the terms which ex¬ press it are precife, it is a matter of faft, and one ex¬ ample of it is enough to give us an adequate idea of it* We proceed, therefore, to confider on what its univerfality is founded } and here two queftions natu¬ rally occur: Have We difcovered the univerfality of this law by a laborious induction ? or does it neceflarily refult from the nature of continuity ? Bofcovich an- fwers both of thefe queftions‘in the affirmative. I* It is difcovered by induction. Here we beg to tranfcribe the words of our author, as much more fa- tisfaftory than any thing we can give : “ Quin immo in motibus ipfis continuitas fervatur etiam in eo* quid motus omnes in lineis continuis Hunt nufquam abruptis. Plurimos ejufmodi motus videmus. 'Planetas et co- metce in lineis continurs eurftim peragunt fuutn, et om¬ nes retrogradationes fiunt paullatim, ac in ftationibus femper exiguus quidem motus, fed tamen habetur fem- per, atque hinc etiam dies paullatim per aUroram ve- nit, per vefpertinum crepufculum abit, folis diameter non per faltem, fed continuo motu fupra horizontem afcendit, vel defcendit. Gravia itidem oblique pro- jefta in Hneis itidem pariter continuis motus exercent fuos, nimirum in parabolis feclufa aetis refiftentia, vel ea confiderata, in orbibtis ad hyperbolas potius acce- dentibus, et quidem femper cum aliqua exigua obliqut- tate projiciuntur, cum infinities infinitam improbabili- tatem habeat motus accurate verticalis inter infinities infinitas inclinationes, licet exiguas, et fub fenfum non cadentes, fortuito obveniens, qui quidem motus in hy- pothefi telluris motae a parabolicis plurimum diftant, et curvam continuam exhibent etiam pro cafu projec- tionis accurate verticalis, quo quiefcente penitus tellure, et nulla ventorum vi defleftente motum, haberetur, afcenfus redlilineus, vel defcenfus. Immo omnes alii motus a gravitate pendentes, omnes ab elafticitate, a vi magnetica, continuitatem itidem fervant, cum earn fervent vires illae ipfe, quibus gignuntur. Nam gra- vitas, cum decrefcat in ratione reciproca duplicata dif- tantiarum, et diftantiae per faltum mutari non poffint, mutatur per omnes intermedias magnitudines. Vide¬ mus pariter vim magneticam a diftantiis pendere lege continua-; vim elafticam ab inflexione, uti in laminis, vcl a diftantia, ut in particulis aeris compreffi. In iis, et omnibus ejofmodi viribus, et motibus, quos gig- nunt, continuitas habetur femper, tam in lineis, quEe defcribuntUr, quam in velocitatibus, quae pariter per omnes intermedias magnitudines mutantur, ut videre eft in pendulis, in afcenfu corporum gravium, et in aliis mille ejufmodi, in quibus mUtsftiones velocitatis fiunt gradatim, nec retro curfus refleftitur, nifi immi- nuta velocitate per omnes gradus. Ea diligentiffime continuitatem fervant omnia. Hinc nec ulli in natura- libus motibus habentur anguli, fed femper mutatio di- reftionis fit paullatim, nec vero anguli exafli habentur in corporibus ipfis, in quibus utcunque videatur tenuis acies, vel cufpis, microfcopii faltem ope videri folet tmrvatura, quam etiam habent alvei fluviorum femper, habent arborum folia, et frondes, ac rami, habent la- ] BOS pides quicunque,. nifi forte alicubi cufpides continue £0fccmcV» occurrant, yel primi generis, quas natura videtur affec- Syftem of tare in Ipinis, vel fecundi geheris, quas videtur affedlare Natural in avium unguibus, et roftro, in quibus tamen ma- fhllofoPhr» nente in ipfa cufpide unica tangente continuitatem fer* tr*—^ yari videbimus infra. Infinitum eflet fingula perfequi, in quibus continuitas in natura obfervatur. Satius eft generaliter provocare ad exhibendum cafum in natura, in quo continuitas non fervetur, qui omnino exhiberi non poterit.” (T/ieoria, p. 18.) From tliefe and other examples, in which the law of continuity is manifeftly held, Bofcovich infers, that it is univerfaly and that info far as induction fupports us, we are at liberty to apply it in the explanation of phenomena. Nay, we fere by the fame principle com¬ pelled to admit it in cafes where obfervation fails us becaufe to imagine that in fuch cafes this law is broken and fome other is adopted, is to tranfgrefs one of the fundamental principles of true philofophy : it is to multiply caufes unnecefiarily ; it is to limit the power of the Creator by the imperfeflion of our oWn fenfes; and it will plunge us into difficulties which no effort of human reafon will remove. Befides this, it is very ea- fy to conceive that the law is permanent} and as no abfurdity, therefore, accompanies the fuppofition, and no fad! can be brought to overthrow it, whereas the contrary is unfupported by any fadl, but is plainly re¬ pugnant to all, it is furely rational to make ufe of it, and to hold it as the general principle, till fome high¬ er one be difcovered on which it depends. •From indudlion alone, therefore, we may infer the its unfver- Univerfality of the law } but Bofcovich has other argu- fality evin. ments, which he calls pofitive, to fupport and evince it.ce<1 a This leads us to the fecond queftion, Does this tmiver-pofltlve *r‘ fality neceffarily arife from the nature of continuity ?gument The limit which joins the precedent and confequent of any thing, is common to both, and is therefore indivi- fible. Thus a fuperficies feparating two folids, wants thicknefs, and is that in which a tranfition from the one to the other occurs $ a line dividing two parts of a continued fuperficies wants breadth ; a point difcrimi- nating two fegments of a continued line wants every dimenfion. So it is with regard to time, for the limit of two conjund! portions is common to both, and indi- vifiblte ; and, as every change «f a vai-iable quantity from one magnitude to another muft be made in time, fo every change muft be influenced by the continuity of time. But to every moment of time, a certain magni¬ tude of the variable quantity correfponds, and the li¬ mit of two moments of time is common and indivifible j therefore, the limit of two magnitudes correfponding to thefe two moments, muft be common and indivifi¬ ble. Moreover, it is impoffible for any quantity to have two magnitudes at the fame time, and when con¬ tinually varying, that it ffiall have the fame magnitude at different times; much more impoffible, therefore, that in the limit of two moments of time it (hall have two magnitudes, the one correfponding to the prece¬ dent, and the other to the confequent moment, or (hall not have gone through the intermediate magni¬ tudes in the intermediate moments of time. For the fame reafon, a body cannot have two velocities at the fame time, and therefore cannot have two velocities in the limit common to two moments of time ; and when continually changing its velocity, cannot hare the fame H therefore BOS [ Bofcovlch’s fatne velocity in difFerent moments of time, but mufl Syltem of gQ through all the intermediate velocities in the inter- pri^f rah mediate moments of time. Hence then, in 'paffing ■ from the magnitude s to tlie magnitude 12, the va- riable quantity pafles through the magnitudes 9, 10, ii. In going from the velocity 7 to the velocity 11, a body mu,ft go through the velocities 8, 9, 10. The kscreafe of temperature goes on gradually : the mercu¬ ry in the thermometer rlfes gradually., going through every intermediate degree from one to another. Now as this reafoning is uninfluenced by any confiderations of the hardnefs, foftnefs, elafticity or other property of bodies ; thefe, it is evident, do not influence the uni- verfality of the law as refulting from the nature of con¬ tinuity. From thefe arguments, therefore, and from induc¬ tion, Bofcovich concludes, that the law of continuity is effentially univerfal, and that a breach of it is meta- ph-yfically impoflible. The ufe made of this dedu£Hon in explaining the collifion of bodies, muft at once be underftood by our philofophical readers. If in this actual con- and all other phenomena, the law of continuity is pre- tadt impof- ferved, there can no a&ual contact take place amongft bodies ; and it is from the univerfality of the law fo eftablifhed that Bofcovich derives this original princi¬ ple of his theory. To apply this then in the collifion of bodies, we ar¬ gue in the following manner. Since the bodies can¬ not come into immediate -conta& with the preceding velocities, it is neceffary that their refpeftive velocities be changed before contaft, that either the velocity of the antecedent body (hall be augmented, or that the velocity of the confequent body (hall be diminifhed, or that both of thefe changes fliall occur. Now the caufe operating betwixt the bodies, fo as to retard the one, and to accelerate the other, muft be a power, and muft a£l: from the bodies, and muft alfo be fuffi- cient to overcome the greateft velocities with which the bodies tend to unite, and be mutual, becaufe ac¬ tion and re-aftion are equal. In fine, this is the inte¬ rior repulfive power according to the definition. This mode of explaining the phenomena, we may obferve, is general, fleeing that no hardnefs, foftnefs, or elafti¬ city of the bodies, has any influence on the general principle from which it is deduced j but thefe proper¬ ties will influence the particular cafes of the phenome¬ non, and caufe certain modifications, which, however, do not concern us at prefent. In this manner we derive evidence for the exiflenee of the interior repulfive power-} but for this we have alfo the light of indu&ion to aflift us, as we (hall prove in the conclufion of our article. As the repulfive power may be increafed to infinity, by diminifliing to infinity the diftance betwixt the a- - toms of matter, it is obvious, that no part of matter can be contiguous to another part ; from which it fol- i(5 lows, that the primary elements of matter are fimple Inextenfion and uncompounded. From fimilar arguments, and uLtiT a* ^r°m otliers deducecl from the abfurdities involved in the contrary fuppofition, Bofcovich maintains, that they are alfo inextended and indivifible. The exiftence of an attractive power is allowed on all hands; we need not therefore enumerate Bofco- vich’s arguments on the fubjeCt, For proofs of the Vol. IV. Part I. Natural Philofophy. 15 Repulfive power. I7. Attractive power. 49 ] -BOS tranfitions from one power to another, we are referred Bafcovkh’s to the phenomena of effervefcence, fermentation, co- Syfttna ot hefion, &c. ; the confideration of which belongs to the third part of our fubjedit. To prove the homogeneity of the atoms, Bofcovich 18 makes ufe of the fame reafons which have been em-Homoge- ployed by other philofophers ; and he removes the ob- neity o1" jeClions made to it by Leibnitz, on the principle of the fufficient reafon, and the vifible diverfity of bo¬ dies : the former he contends to be lafe, being found¬ ed on that doftrine of neceflity which Leibnitz main¬ tained } and with refpeCl to the latter, he defcribes a beautiful and ftriking analogy, which we cannot re¬ frain from tranfcribing. “ Fieri poffent nigricantes literse, non duClu atra- menti continuo, fed punClulis rotundis nigricantibus, et ita parum a fe invicem remotis, ut intervalla non nifi ope mifcrofcopii difcerni poffent, et quidem ipfte literarum formae pro typis fieri poffent ex ejufmodi ro¬ tundis fibi proximis cufpidibus conftantes. Concipia- tur ingens quaedam bibliotheca, cujus omnes libri con- ftarent litexis impreffis, ac fit incredibilis in ea multi¬ tude librorum confcriptorum linguis variis, in quibus omnibus forma charaderum fit eadem. Si quis ferip- turse hujufmodi et linguarum ignarus circa ejufmodi ii- bros, quos omnes a fe invicem diferepantes intueretur, obfervationem inftkueret cum diligenti contemplatione, primo quidem inveniret vocum farraginem quandam, quse in quibufdam libris occurw-rent fepe, cum in aliis nufquam apparerent, et inde lexica poffet qusedam componere totidem numero, quot idiomata funt, in quibus fingulis omnes ejufdem idiomatis voces reperi- r-entur, quae quidem numero admodum pauca effent, diferimine illo ingenti tot, tam variorum librorum re- daClo ad illud ufque adeo minus diferimen, quod con- tinerentur lexicis illis, et baberetur in vocibus ipja lexi¬ ca conftituentibus. At inquifitione promota, facile ad- verteret, omnes illas tam varias voces conftare ex 24 tantummodo diverfis literis, diferimen aliquod inter fe habentibus in du£tu linearum, quibus formantur, qua- rum combinatio diverfa pareret omnes illas voces tam varias, ut earum combinatio libros efformaret ufque adeo magis a fe invicem diferepantes. Et ille quidem fi aliud quodcunque fine microfcopio examen inftitueret, nullum aliud inveniret reagis adhuc fimile elementorum genus, ex quibus diverfa ratione combinatis orirentur ipfae literse } at microfcopio arrepto, intueretur utique illam ipfam literarum compofitionem e punblis illis ro¬ tundis prorfiis homogeneis, quorum fola diverfa pofitio ac diftributio literas exhiberet. Hasc mihi qusedam imago videtur effe ebrum quse cernimus in natura. Tam multi, tam warii, illi libri corpora funt, et quae ad diverfa pertinent regna, funt tanquam diverfis confcrip- ta linguis. Horum omnium chemica analyfis princU. pia qusedam invenit minus inter fe difformia, quam fint libri, nimirum voces. Haee tamen ipfse inter fe ha- bent diferimen aliquod, ut tam multas oleorum, terra- rum, falium fpecies eruit .chemica analyfis e diverfis corporibus. .Ulterior analyfis horum veluti vocum li¬ teras minus adhuc inter fe difformes inveniret, et ultima juxta theoriam meam deveniret ad homogenea punftula, quae ut illi circuli nigri literas, ita ipfa di- verfas diverforum corporum .particulas per folam dif- pofitionem diverfam efformarent: ufque adeo analogia G ex .Bofcovieh's Syftem of Natural Philofephy . I9. Objections to the the¬ ory obvi¬ ated. BOS [ 5 ex ipfa naturae confideratione derivata non ad diffor- mitatem, fed ad conformitatem elementorum nos du¬ ck.” (Theoria. p. 49.) It is from thefe Ample principles which we have enumerated that Bofcovich deduces analytically the whole of his fyftem 5 and he now proceeds to remove or explain awa^ the objedlions to it. It has been objedfed in the firft place to the mutual powers, that they are occult qualities, and that they induce adtion at a diftance. But in reply, fo far from being occult they are very manifeft, an idea of them can eafily be formed, their exiftence is evinced by a pofitive argument, and their effedfs are continually be¬ fore our eyes j we may add alfo, that the fame objec¬ tion was made to the Newtonian attradlion, and that the fame arguments ferve to remove it from both. As to the mutual powers inducing adtion at a diftance, much indeed may be faid, but it is very queftionable if all that can be faid will ever clear up the obfcurity that perpetually involves this inextricable phenomenon. We referve fome remarks on the commonly received notions on the fubjedl, for our conclufion ; in the mean time, we may affirm, that it is as eafy to conceive motion produced by the powers we have fpoken of, i. e. at a diftance, as produced by immediate impulfe. We know, indeed, that till of late, philofophers were ac- cuftomed to confidtr the connexion between impulfe and motion fo effential, and their notions on the fub- jedt fo clear and fundamental, that whenever they could reduce any phenomenon to that predicament, they flattered themfelves every difficulty vaniftied, and confequently farther inveftigation was fuperfluous. But we alfo know, that till of late, water was held to be a Ample body, and that when it could be (hewn to arife in any chemical experiment, it was cuftomary in che- mifts to believe it had previoufly exifted in the fubjefts of their experiment. Do we coincide in this belief in the prefent day ? It has been objefted, that the theory itfelf admits a fudden tranfition from one power to another ; but a due infpedlion of the curve, and the explanation of it which we have given, will convince that this is impof- fible, for that every change is made by palling through every intermediate degree. The principal obje&ions, as might have been ex- pe£ted, have been made to the rejeftion of contafl, to the inextenlion of the atoms, and to their indivifibility. But it is allowed, that bodies approach fo near to each other, as to leave no fenfible diftance between them ; and that the refiftance which w® experience is made by the repulfive power which gives us the fame fenfation as adfual contadt. We can form n6 idea, it is true, of an inextended indivifible atom of matter, becaufe all our ideas of matter are affociated with extenfion and parts •, and fo difficult is it to break the aflociation, we imagine thefe are eflential to it. Bofcovich diredts us to conlider the nature of a mathematical point, in which there is involved no notion of extenfion or parts, and that from this we can form no idea of an inextended atom. The notion of an inextended and Ample atom is not peculiar to the theory of Bofcovich. Zeno and his followers among the ancients, and. the modern Leibnitzians, adopted it. But Bofcovich, by denying adlual contadt and continued extenfion, gets rid of the abfurdities which refulted from their opinions. ° ] BOS Some have aflerted that the atoms of this theory do Eofcovlch’s not differ from fpirits, becaufe they have not extenfion, Syftem of which is the charadteriftic of matter. Does then ex- Natural tenfion conftitute matter, and the want of it fpirit ? ^^dofophy. We apprehend not. The difcrimination of matter and v J fpirit confifls in thefe two circumftances: the former is perceptible by our fenfes, and is incapable of thought and volition; whereas, the latter does not affedt our fenfes, but can both think and will. But the percep¬ tibility of matter arifes from its impenetrability, not from continued extenfion. Befides this, the atoms have repullive and attradlive powers, though they do not therefore refemble fpirit. For were we to ad¬ mit the exiftence of a kind of being poffeffed of thefe adlive powers, conjoined with inertia, and having at the fame time cogitation and volition ; it would neither be matter nor fpirit, but a lertium quid, diftinguilhed from the former by cogitation and volition, and from the latter by inertia, and by powers which induce impene¬ trability. Bofcovich treats the other metaphyfical objedtions to his theory in a fimilar manner; but we think it very unneceffary to dwell longer on them, and (hall there¬ fore proceed to the fecond part of our fubjedf. 2Q II. We are obliged to be concife in our account of Applica- the application of the theory to mechanics, becaufe,tlon me“ though very valuable in itfelf, it can hardly be a_chailicss bridged, and would prove interefting to thofe only rvho are verfed in mechanical fcience. There remains, how¬ ever, fome farther circumftances of the curve to be confidered, which are effential to the fully underftand- ing the theory itfelf, and the manner in which it is to be applied either to mechanics or to phyfics. We pro- pofe to deliver them in this place in conformity with our author’s plan, though they are equally fuitable to any of the three parts. The circumftances we mean are of three kinds. Further re- I ft, The arches of the curve. 2dly, The areas com-marks on prehended betwixt the axis, and the arches which the ^ Gurve* ordinates generate by continually flowing. 3dly, The points in which the curve cuts the axis. ~ 22 1. The arches are either repulfive or attradlive, ac-Arches, cording as they are fituated on the fame fide of the ax¬ is with the afymptotic limb ED, or on the fide oppo- fite, and terminate the ordinates exhibiting the repul¬ five or the attradlive powers. The arches may bend towards the axis, and turn again from it without touch¬ ing or cutting it, as in the arch P ef; this bending may be repeated, and may occur on either fide of the axis, and it may admit of many varieties in figure and fize, fo as to exprefs every poffible adlion and mode of ac¬ tion. 2. The areas may be of any magnitude, however Areas, great or fmall, or they may be infinite, according as the arches depart more or lefs from the axis, or become afymptotical with refpedl to it. The abfciffes repre- fent the diftances betwixt the atoms, and the ordinates the prefent force by which they are adling: the areas which the ordinates run through, exprefs the increment or the decrement of the fquares of the velocities which are generated. From thefe principles it is eafy to fee in what manner t’tfe dodtrine of dynamics may be applied in the theory. And from this very circumftance it is clear that this theory does not interfere with principles in mechanics which are deduced from reafoning ab- ftraftedly 23 Bofcovich’s Syttem of N atural Philofophy. 24 Points. 25 Limits of oohefion. 26 Of non-co- hefion. BOS [5 ftraftedly on fpace, velocity, and time, and in which the nature and properties of matter have no place. This remark is momentous, becaufe it ferves us in form¬ ing an adequate opinion of the merits of the theory, and it completely overthrows the fcepticifm concerning mechanical knowledge into which feme have been led by imperfetlly underftanding the obje£l and the prin¬ ciples of Bofcovich. We beg to imprefs this on the minds of our readers, and to affure them, that though the theory of Bofcovich be mod: fatisfadlorily eilabliih- ed, there will not one fundamental principle in the fei- ence of mechanics be overturned. This will no doubt mortify the ignorant fceptic, but it will animate the true iludent to greater exertions, and it may open to him a field in which glory and fame remain yet to be reaped. To return, the afymptotic area included be¬ twixt any afymptote and ordinate may be either infi¬ nite, or finite of any magnitude however great or fmall : or, more generally, the area is infinite if the ordinate increafes in the Ample reciprocal ratio’, but if the ratio be lefs in any degree, the area is finite. 3. The points in which the curve cuts the axis are of two kinds, one where the tranfition is from repulfion to attra&ion, the other where it is from attraftion to re¬ pulfion. Now thefe are called limits, and though they have fomething common with each other, yet do they effentially differ. They have this in common, that if two atoms be placed at the diftance of any limits from each other, no mutual power is exerted by them ; con- fequently if they are rel’peftively at reft, they continue fo. But if they be moved from their refpedlive reft, then an effential difference is obfervable betwixt thefe two kinds of limits. In the limit of the firft kind, viz. where the tranfition is from repulfion to attradlion, the atoms refift further feparation, and endeavour to regain their former diftance by the attraflive power then ope¬ rating ’, and they refift nearer approach then the limit, and endeavour to regain their former diftance, by the repulfive power then operating. This therefore is cal¬ led a limit of cohefon, feeing that if an atom be any way removed from it, it endeavours to regain it. But in the limit of the fecond kind, if the diftance betwixt the atoms be in the leaft increafed, then will thefe atoms tend from each other more and more, by the repulfive power then operating •, and if the diftance be¬ twixt them be in the leaft diminifhed, then they will tend to each other more and more, by the attra6!ive power then operating. This therefore is called a limit cf non-cohefon, feeing that if an atom be any way re¬ moved from, it departs more and more from it. Now the limits of cohefion may be very ftrong or very weak; for if the curve cuts the axis perpendicularly, it is evi¬ dent that the ordinates on each fide of the limit are the greateft, and therefore the forces which they ex- prefs the greateft. On the other hand, if the curve cuts the axis in a very fmall angle, it is alfo evident that the ordinates on each fide of the limit are very fmall, and therefore the forces which they exprefs very fmall, and thefe in any proportion. Of the limits of non-cohefion we may obferve that, in a fimilar man¬ ner, according to the angle formed by the curve in cutting the axis at the points reprefenting them, the atoms will recede from, or acede to each other with greater or fmaller velocity, when their refpe&ive di¬ ftance is changed. Natural Philofophy. 1 ] BOS The remarks which we have now made, together Bofcovitirs with the former explanation of the curve, are fufficient Syftem of to acquaint our readers with the general principles of the theory, and will ferve to exhibit the manner in which it may be applied to mechanics and to phyfics. Of the former, we have already mentioned, it is diffi¬ cult to give even an abridgement ; we propofe then to employ the remainder of this part in enumerating the particular fubje&s in mechanics to which our author has applied his theory, and in giving our opinion of the degree of fuccefs with which his application is attend¬ ed. 27 He commences by fhowing in what manner mafles Combina- of matter may be formed by the atoms, fuppofing them t^ons t*ie endowed with the powers of repulfion and attraflion $atoms and firft of the combination of two atoms, then of three, and fo to the moft complicated bodies. He proves that the mafles fo formed will be poflefled of different properties, in confequence of the difpofition of the powers which in certain cafes will always attraft, in others always repel, and in others again will do nei¬ ther, i. e. will be neutral. From thefe differences will neceffarily refult peculiarities in the mode of the action of different maffes, and thefe fo endlefs and diverfified, as to include every poflible phenomenon in nature. It is eafy to conceive that the varieties in figure will rea¬ dily refiilt from the pofition of the atoms, and the in¬ fluence of the powers in refpedf to each other. Thus a pyramid may be formed of four atoms, and a cube of eight; thefe fmaller or primary maffes may be com- 2S bined to form fecondary, and fo on to any order. Re-forming dif- gular and irregular bodies will thence be formed ; and *e;rent k°* yet it may be fliown that the moft irregular and com-^^5* plicated may be reduced to the primary or original forms, from whence they were conftrudted. The cry- ftallization of falls, for example, may in this manner he accounted for, and the reduftion of them into the pri¬ mitive forms be explained on the principles of the the¬ ory. Thefe phenomena imply compofition and equili¬ brium of forces, which ftridly belong to mechanics j our author therefore proceeds to confider thefe and other fubjedls conne61ed with them : as the centre of gravi¬ ty ; the equality of a6fion and readlion; the collifion of bodies ; the centre of equilibrium ; the centre of ofcil- 29 tation ; the centre of percuflion. In all of thefe we caufing the may obferve his law of the forces is ftridtly applicable; mec^an'ta^ that by it fome very difficult problems are folved, and l)henomena’ fome intricate phenomena explained, with an accuracy and precifion highly creditable to Bofcovich, and ftrongly prefumptive of the value of his theory. The formula which his inveftigations afford are certainly curious and interefting to the fpeculative, and may be ufeful to the praftical mechanic. He adds a few re¬ marks on the preffure and velocity of fluids, which are equally clear, and in our opinion fatisfa£lory. ^ III. We have already anticipated fome of the prin-Application ciples which more properly belong to this part, jn to phyfics. which we confider his application of the theory to phy¬ fics. This neceffarily comprehends all the general nro- perties of matter, fome of which have already engaged our attention when treating of the analytic dedudtion and vindication of the theory, but ftill require fome particular obfervations. ,r The impenetrability of the atoms is a neceffary con- Impenetra fequence of the interior repulfive power increafing asb^lty* G 2 the B O' S . f 52 ] B O S Bofoovich’s the diftance diminhhes j but it alfo arifes from the in- hefion is moft hmply and beautifully explained by this Bofcovfdi’s theory ; but as we have already fpoken of its limits and Syftem of their varieties, we need not now enlarge on it. We Natural have to confider certain other properties of bodies, which |JhllofoPhy» of it, though no repulfive power exifted, feeing that from.not being general have been calledyeco«t/t7ry. Of ^ they may move in an infinite number of the parts of thefe, the principal are folidity and fluidity. Cohefion. fpace which are unoccupied. So that, independent of Fluidity.—Bofcovich imagines that the particles of 39 any repulfive power, it is infinitely improbaSle that any fluid bodies are fpherical, and that their forces are FIu^itir* ()f extenfion of the atoms, and their indivifibility : becaufe i’hiiofoohy as *Pace *s infinitely divifible, it is infinitely improbable < that any two atoms flrould ever meet in the fame part 32 Execution. 33. Figurabi- Jity. 34 Inertia. • 35 Mobility. . Componibi- lity. 37 Gravity. compenetration fliould occur. Phyfical extenfion neceffarily arifes from the impene¬ trability of the atoms ; becaufe by it no two atoms can occupy the fame part of fpace, and are therefore kept without each other $ but it is not mathematical or con¬ tinued extenfion, feeing that fame fpace mufi: intervene- betwixt all the atoms. Our fenfes, it is true,, cannot perceive this fpace on account of its fmallnefs 5 no more can they perceive the diftances betwixt the particles of water or other fluid, and yet from certairr phenomena it is demonftrable that fuch diflances exift. From extenfion arif;s figurability, feeing that by the combination of the atoms certain forms mull be produ¬ ced : it can be eafily (hewn that, on account of the va-r rious limits of cohefion, there may be very different quantities, of matter under the fame figure j and this involves, the confideration of denjity. The mafs of a. body is . the whole quantity of matter pertaining to it, or the number of atoms which compofe it. But it may be remarked that our. idea of the mafs is very vague, arbitrary, and confufed, owing to the apparent hetero-- geneity!. of bodies. The. inertia of bodies is the confequence of the inertia of the atoms and of the mutual powers 5 and by it we underftand the determination to perfevere in the fame ftate of reft or uniform motion in a right line, unlefs- forced by fo me thing external to change from it Mobility, one of the general properties of bodies, be¬ ing eilential to the atoms, is fo to the maffes formed of them. It is a confequence of the mutual powers of the theory. Now all the motion we obferve is merely relative, _ either in refpeft of the earth, the planetary lyftem, or the fyftem of the fixed ftars. From this- perhaps we, may derive an argument for the univerfality of the law of continuity in the cafe of motion, feeing that the inftances where the law appears to be broken, muft be explained by the combined influence of mov¬ ing powers which a£t continually and gradually ; and that there is not one example of abfolute reft in the univerfe.; Though continued extenfion and divifibility be de¬ nied to the atoms, it is allowed that they may be in¬ finitely compounded ; and hence componibility is con- trafted with divifibilky in the theory. General gravity, according to the Newtonian prin¬ ciples, is allowed in this theory, as we have before men¬ tioned ; and we may now remark, that the obje&ion urged againft it, as tending to produce an aggregate of all the matter in the univerfe, by drawing- the planets, comets, and fixed ftars, into one portion of fpace, may be obviated by fuppofing that a repulfive power fucceeds the attractive after it has reached to the comets of our fyftem $ or that as by the curve, the limb T ps\ ceafes to be afymptotical, and cuts the axis fo as to exhibit an arch of repulfion on the oppofite fide. Of all the general properties of matter, that of more directed to their centres than to their furfaces j by which motion is allowed freely when any force is applied to them from without 5 and that when at reft, all the particles are in equilibrium in refpedt of each other, but that the preffure of incumbent bodies, and containing veflels, always caufes fome deviation from it. He fays, there are three kinds of fluids : one in which the particles or maffules have no mutual power j one, in which they have repulfive power, and the other in which they have an attradlive power. Of the firft we have examples in fand, and fine powders 5 of the fecond are the elaftic fluid?,, as air j and of the third, all li¬ quors, as water, mercury, &.c. Now thefe three kinds are produced by the original differences in the primary particles which compofe them ; and we are able on the principles of the theory to fpecify the caufes of the di- verfity in the phenomena which they exhibit* Solidity is the confequence of the irregular figure ofSolidft/, the particles and their great deviation from fphericity, by. which free motion among them is prevented, and their cohefion better fecured. Now the diverfity in folids arifes from the various degrees of ftrength in the li¬ mits of cohefion j and, the fame principles will give rife to a clafs of bodies intermediate betwixt folids and fluids, viz. the vifcous, wbofe particles attraft each other more ftrongly than the fluids, and not fo ftrongly as the folids. If we imagine the particles to be fo formed as to Organiza- attradl on fome fides, and to repel on others, and to at-tion. tra£l certain particles fimilarly conftrmfled, and to re¬ pel others, we may conceive in what manner the re¬ gular bodies denominated organi%ed are compounded j and for thefe the varieties admitted ,in the limits'of co¬ hefion, fituation, and combination of atoms, will abun¬ dantly- fuffice. Humidity is only relative, feeing that water, e.. g. adheres to our fingers, and may be eafily, fpread out on glafs, wood, &c. whereas it does not affedi oleaginous and refinous bodies : now this is in confequence of the partial arrangement of the powers in different bodies, and the varieties in the combination, &c. of the particles. . Of the, chemical operations Bofcovich remarks in-chemica! general, that they may be all traced to the fame prin- phenomena., ciple, the law of , the forces, and the differences in the particles which thence arife j and that were they fub- jedled to the obfervation of our fenfes, a, general rea- fon for them would be difcovered $. but for this there are, required an intimate knowledge of the texture of all the particles, and a power of geometry and analyfis which far exceeds the human mind. He explains fome of them in the following manner : And firft of folution. The particles of feme folids have a lefs attraction for each other than for the particles of fome fluids, and confequently when thefe'are applied to each other, the particles of the former will feparate and combine with thofe of the latter, fo as to form a mixture in, which the two bodies are fufpended in combination. 1 But * BOS t 53 J BOS 5ofcovIch’s But the feparation of the particles cf the folid can on- Syltem of ]y take place fo long as the particles of the fluid are ^Natural jn fphere 0f their attra£Hon ; and when either of liilofophy. heyond it, or when the attraction of the mix- ture fo formed, becomes equivalent to the attraction of the particles of the folid for each’other, then no more folution will take place, and the menftruum is faid to be faturated. But if into this mixture another folid, whofe particles have a greater attraftion for the menftruum than thofe of the former, be thrown, then the menftruum will leave the former folid, or its par¬ ticles, and adhere or combine with the latter j in whifjyafe the former folid in the form of powder will fall to the bottom, or what is called precipitation will occur. In fhort, he gives pretty nearly the common explanation of the phenomena *, and on fimilar princi¬ ples he accounts for the mixture of fluids. Now if the particles of two fluids which are mixed together, come into the limits of cohefion, a folid will be thereby gene¬ rated, of which we have f’ome examples. On the other hand, two folids triturated together may compofe a fluid, in confequence of the particles of each departing from the limits of cohefion. If we confider that the firft limb of the curve exhi¬ bits impenetrability, the laft gravity, and the interfec- tions the various kinds of. cohefion, we may form fome notion of the manner in tvhich fermentation, evapora¬ tion, deflagration, &c. are caufed.j for whilft atoms accede to each other with any velocity, they increafe the velocity in every attraflive arch, but they dimi- • nifli it in every repulfive arch 5, whereas, on the contrary, wbilft they recede from each other, they increafe it in every repulfive arch, and diminiih it in every attrac¬ tive arch, until in the former cafe they arrive at a repulfive arch, or in the latter an attraftive one, which is fufficiently ftrong to extinguifh the whole velocity. When they do fo, they are reflected in the fame courfe, and ofcillate backwards and for¬ wards. Befides.this, if bodies compofed of particles which have different properties, in confequence of the different fituation and combination of the powers* be mixed together, an agitation among them muft necef- .iarily arife in order to obtain an equilibrium j. hence of- cillations, perturbations of various kinds, will follow, and caufe the great diverfity of phenomena which, are obferved. Now all of thefe take place within the fphere of general gravity, which does not immedintely influence the operations. Subftances which are dif- folved may not. only be obtained again by precipita¬ tion, but alfo by evaporation of the menftruum in which they are diffolved. In this latter cafe the bodies generally aflame fome regular forms, denominated cryftals. Now this arifes from the particles coming gradually into the fphere of the attractive power of each other, and confequently attaining to fome limit of cohefion, by the menftruum, which formerly kept them afunder, being gradually removed ; whereas in the former cafe, where we obtain them by precipita¬ tion, the menftruum is fuddenly removed from betwixt the particles, which are confequently left beyond the fphere of attraction of each other, and do not therefore affume any regular form. It will follow from this, that the more flowly evaporation is performed, the more regular will be the cryftals which are depofited j and this is verified by obfervation. We profefs not to underftand Bofcovich’s notions of^ofcovicif's the nature of fire ; but left our readers may require Syftem of it, we beg to tranferibe his own words : “ Ignem ego Natural arbitror effe quoddam fermentationis genus, quod ac- * quirat vel potiffimum, vel etiam {o\^,fulphurea fubjian- ^ tia, cum qua fermentat materia/Ww vehement!{Time, Fire, ft in fatis magna copia colleCta fit. Ignem autem vo- co eum, qui non ta-ntum rarefacit motu fuo, fed et cale- facit, etlucetj quae omnia habentur, quando materia ilia fulphurea fatis fermentefeit.” And he obferves in another place, that if fire be excited only by a fer¬ mentation of fulphureous fubftance, where there is none of this fubftance there is no danger of fire ! Bofcovich retains the Newtonian opinion concerning Light, light, viz. that it is an effluvium or emiffion from the fun, propagated with immenfe celerity, and retained in certain bodies, from which it may be extricated by cer¬ tain means. He holds the atoms of light to be im- menfe,, but ftill finite in number, and endeavours on the. principles'of his theory to account for the wonder¬ ful properties with which light is endowed. In do¬ ing fo, he makes extenfive ufe of the repulfive power, the varieties in the limits of cohefion, and, we may add, with much plaufibility and fuccefs. Sir Ifaac Newton, in explaining. the reflection of light, found it neceffary to admit the exiftence of a repulfive power, for which, however, he had made no provifion in his fyftem. The late experiments in optics by Mr Brougham ferve to confirm the fuppofition of the exiftence of a repulfive power in regard of light at leaft. Bofcovich refers his reader to his differtation De Linnine for more informa¬ tion concerning the reflection, refraCtion, &c. of light and colours, and for the application- of tha principles of his theory.to therm He proceeds to explain many of our fenfations $ Senfations. but we muft confefs there, is very little praifeworthy in his remarks concerning them : indeed , we can fee no reafon why they ftiould be introduced at all into a fyflrem of natural philofophy, ereCted on fuch- or any other foundation which concerns the external world only. In the fmall example of ithe ardour of fyftema- tic. arrangement and application of phyfical principles to the intelleClual world, which Bofcovich has given us,, we obferve a ftriking coincidence with the doCtrine of Hartley j. but our opinion of that doClrine is not in the leaft meliorated by fuch coincidence. It is a doc¬ trine which affedls to teach more than it is given toman to know; a dodlrineby which we are induced to depart from the humble but fecure path of ohfervation, and to wander in the boundlefs incomprehenfible field of tranf- cendentals,. and which, howfoever harralefs its confe- quences may be; as it augments the vanity of man, pre¬ vents the employment of his faculties in the inquiry in¬ to familiar truths. Bofcovich adopts Franklin’s hypothefis of ele£lricity,Eie(qric;{y which he defends on the principles of his theory ; but and mag- we muft refer our readers to the work itfelf, for hisBetftm* reafoning on eleftricity and magnetifm. We would only remark, that as our knowledge of thefe curious phenomena is much augmented even fince the time of Bofcovich, his theory was applied to them with difad- vantage j but,perhaps thefe very phenomena afford the beft proofs of the truth of fome of its principles. We have now. followed Bofcovich through the con-Concludirs- federation of his theory, and we flatter ourfelves that remarks. in BOS [ 54- ] BOS TBofcovich’sin fb doing, \ve have given fucli an exhibition of its Syftem of peculiar principles as will at leaf!; excite the curiofity of our readers, though it may not gratify it j and indeed, f ^ little more could be expefted from us in detailing a fyftem of fuch magnitude, and affe&ing to comprehend fo much. We have, however, engaged ourfelves to give fuch obfervations and remarks as may have been fuggefled to us in the courfe of the work. In confor¬ mity with this, we beg the retrofpedlion of our readers to thofe circumflances in the theory which are moll; pe¬ culiar to it, and which ferve to fix on it the charafte- riftic feature of originality. Of thefe the rejeftion of contaft, as it is the moll confpicuous, fo it requires the moll: particular attention, as on it refts the greateft part of the reafoning and fabric of the fyftem. We have feen that Bofcovich fupports this princi¬ ple on the univerfality of the law of continuity, and on the exiftence of the interior repulfive power. Of the former we have to obferve, that the mode of proving it by induftion is ftriftly philofophical, juft, and con¬ vincing j but that the metaphyfical or pojitive argu¬ ments ufed for the fame purpofe are by no means fo. We do not mean to aflert, that thefe arguments have no weight, but only that they are not fo far removed from a confiderable fource of error and mifconception, as to prevent all fufpicion of their accuracy, and to en¬ title them to an unqualified application to the fubjedt we confider. It is true, indeed, that no appeal to ob- fervation can direftly determine thequeftion, and there¬ fore, it may be faid, we muft have recourfe to fome other authority. But, to us at leaft, it feems as true, that the proof by indudlion is the only fatisfadlory one we can have; and that if we are careful to keep in view that precept of philofophy which teaches us not to multiply caufes unnecelfarily, and to reafon from analogy on the fimplicity and fteady uniformity of na¬ ture, there will be no occafion to have recourfe to other authority. We are difpofed to believe, that the metaphyfical arguments which Bofcovich employs may be retorted on the theory itfelf. Does not the theory feem to ad¬ mit a breach in the law of continuity, when it de¬ nies the continued extenfion of bodies ? Or, as it rejedls the divifibility and extenfion of atoms, muft we not ima¬ gine and believe, on the faith of the law of continuity, that thefe atoms are mere nuclei of repulfive powers ? Or ftiall we admit that the law of continuity depends on fome higher principle not yet difcovered j a princi¬ ple in which extenfion or duration are concerned, that where there is neither extenfion nor duration, the law does not hold; that confequently, in the cafe of the atoms and their mode of union, this law fuffers a breach j i. e. that the metaphyfical arguments do not prove its tmiverfality, or that a breach of it is impoflible ? Such are the myfteries in which we are enveloped, when we wander from that path which is afligned to human reafon. As to the exiftence of the interior repulfive power, it may be obferved, that if it be proved or evinced to us, the impoflibility of contafl muft be admitted. Now we are of opinion, that a power of repulfion does exift in the neareft vicinity of many bodies j but we pretend not to know the law by which it operates, or even that it increafes to infinity on the diminution of the diftance. We are fatisfied that it occalions many very curious phe¬ nomena, fome of which have been explained by it jBofeovich’s and we fincerely believe that the inveftigation of its Syftem of laws and the extent of its influence will fabricate a ^atural crown as unfading as that of Newton. But we are convinced that vrtere the theory of Bofcovich concern¬ ing it tacitly confided in, fuch a crown could never be obtained. Nay we infift further, that though by rea- foning it could be determined that fuch a pow’er does exift, it would be ufelefs to us, till the moft laborious indu£tion be praftifed, to difcover how far it influences obfervable phenomena, and how far it may be fubjedt- ed to human artifice and ingenuity. The phenomena which give evidence of tl^e.exift¬ ence of a power of repulfion are chiefly optical; but it belongs not to this article to explain them. We may however juft mention that we allude to the experiments of the objedl-glafles of long telefcopes, the brilliancy of dew drops while fupported on leaves or rolling on the furface of water, in which it is demonftrable that a certain fpace intervenes betwixt bodies which are ap¬ parently in contact, and that this fpace can be caufed by repulfive power alone. Sir Ifaac Newton himfelf virtually admitted the exiftence of fuch a power, as ap¬ pears from the laft queftion of his Optics } indeed it is very certain that the attradlive power alone will not produce many of the phenomena of which he fpeaks. Concerning the other principles of the theory we have little to remark, feeing that moft of them refult from thofe we have now confidered. The tranfitions of the powers are in our opinion to be afcertained only by obfervation, and this it muft be confefled is no eafy matter : the phenomena of fermentation, effervefcence, &c to which we are referred for proofs of the ex¬ iftence of thefe tranfitions, feem to be eafily explained on fuch a fuppofition ; but it is neverthelefs probable that the fuppofition was prior to the obfervation of the laws by which thefe phenomena are regulated. It may be worth while remarking, that if we are able to con¬ ceive thefe tranfitions as exifting, we can alfo conceive how motion may be produced at a diftance, which was held up as an abfurdity in the fchools. It muft be very evident to our readers that the theory of Bofco¬ vich fuppofes this production of motion, and that any other mode is impoflible, feeing that contadt is fo. But we are not therefore to believe that the repulfive or at¬ tractive powers are efficient caufes j though they cer¬ tainly are phyfical ones, i. e. they are higher principles than the phenomena which fucceed them, and may for aught we know depend on fome one more general principle which this theory does not comprehend. We do not therefore forefee any dangerous confequences of the fuppofition of matter adting on matter at a diftance ; nor can we believe that thefe two expreffions are equi¬ valent or confecutive, viz. if matter adt where it is not, it may adt when it is not. The one is a reference to fpace, the other to time, and betwixt thefe we know no mean of comparifon. We fee then that the theory of Bofcovich is inti¬ mately connedted with the moft abftrufe metaphyfical inquiries and difquifitions that can employ the mind of man ; in particular, that which attempts to difcover the mode in which our perception of the material world is carried on. For fuch, we confefs, we have not ta¬ lents of inveftigation, and indeed we are convinced that no inveftigation has yet been, or ever will be, fuccefs- BOS t Bofcovich’sful j but we are alfo convinced, that if the theory of Syftem of Bofcovich be eftabliihed, many prepofterous dogmas ?S!.atrU1^ will be overturned : as fuch we prefer it to any that , 11 ''|i iy,' has hitherto been offered to the world. But it is to be confidercd as valid, in fo far only as induction fatis- fies us of its principles ; that it can be fatisfaclorily ap¬ plied to the folution of any phenomena where other theories fail us j that it does not in any wife inform us of the nature, or fuperfede inquiry into the laws, of matter. We are of opinion that it was his very inti¬ mate knowledge of thefe laws, and his diligent inquiry into matters of fa£V, that led Bofcovich to the difcove- ry of the law of continuity and of the forces, and made him fee the propriety of erefting fome new fyftem in which thefe might bear a part. The merit of Bofco¬ vich confifts not in having difcovered the caufe of mo¬ tion, or on what it depends. He attempted a more humble ftrain : he inveftigated familiar operations, and acquainted himfelf with vulgar things. No myfterious analogy indeed conduced him either to the harmony or to the beauty of the fpheres; but then, no ftupen- dous vacuum intercepted his path, and no unruly vor¬ tices whirled him from reftitude. That he Hopped not where prudence might have directed, and beyond which his guide could go no farther, was the failing of genius elevated by fuccefs, the lot of the refplendent few who are dazzled by their own luftre. But it would ill become his followers to attempt conti¬ nuing to the end on that path which he pointed out j moderate minds Ihould accompany him as their friend, only fo long as they perceive he is direfted by a friend which is greater than him : let them remember that it is his obfervations alone which are valuable, the fimple arrangement of them which they Ihould efteem ; it is the plain narrative of the honeft traveller which will affill them, not the pompous fabric of the felf-de- luded novelift. The only theory with which we can properly com¬ pare this of Bofcovich, is the Newtonian, and in fo doing its fuperiority will appear ; but for very obvi¬ ous reafons we enter not minutely into the compari- fon, and will only add that in the Newtonian, we 55 J BOS muft have recourfe to the three principles of gravity, Bofcovich’s cohefion, and fermentation, for the explanation of phe- Syftem of nomena ; and even thefe are infufficient in the modern .•r^aJ.ural chemiftry : but we learn from the former that thefe are 11 0 °P ^* only portions of a more general principle, that they refult from one fundamental law, and that to this law may be referred as well the formation of a dew drop, as the rolling of the fpheres (a). Some of the admirers of Bofcovich may be furprifed that we affirm, his theory gives no information of any one efficient caufe in nature, and that all the difcovery he has made is, that of fome events which precede the Newtonian gravity. We have already borne ample teftimony to the merits of Bofcovich, and we think we are fecure from any fufpicion that we endeavour to de¬ preciate the value of his theory ; fuch indeed is far from our thoughts, but we muft fay it is farther from our thoughts to confider it as the ultimatum in natural philofophy, or that it difclofes to us the moft fupreme procefs in nature. We will venture farther; for we will maintain, that though all the principles of the theory were eftablifhed on a firm and invariable foun¬ dation, as they are not, it would be impoffible for any one to determine what fhall be the confequences re- fulting from them, prior to experience of the regulari¬ ty and the conftancy of the conjundlion of events ; and that of confequence the fame, nay greater, labour of induction and obfervation is required in the pheno¬ mena of the material world j greater, becaufe the ob- jefts are increafed in number by the difcovery which Bofcovich has made. But this affertion concerns the laws of nature alone, ntft the laws of human thought, of which, in our opinion, Bofcovich has made too free ufe. He tells us that one confequence of the interior repulfive power is, the impoffibility of contaft, and that another is the impenetrability of the atoms. Now it requires no great exertion of underftanding to perceive that he is difplaying a law of human thought, for thefe confequences of wfiich he fpeaks are parts of the fame conception, and that no reafoning a priori is employed to determine their connexion ; for we cannot poflibly imagine, that contact or penetrability of the atoms fhould (a) It may be a fatisfaffion to our readers to know that Sir Ifaac Newton entertained notions very fimilar s to thofe of Bofcovich concerning the caufes of motion at infenfible diftances, though it is to be regretted that he had made no provifion for them in his fyftem. The laft queftion in his Optics plainly indicates that he himfelf was convinced that no law by which an attradlive force might be fuppofed to aft would be fufficient for the explanation of certain phenomena which take place in the immediate vicinity of the atoms of matter. “ And if all thefe things are fo, then all nature will be very fimple, and confident with itfelf, effe&ing all the great motions of the heavenly bodies by the attra&ion of gravity, which is mutual between all thofe bodies, and almoft all the lefs motions of its particles by another certain attraftive and repulfive force, which is mutual between thofe particles. Now it feems that thefe elementary particles not only have in themfelves the vis inertia?, and thofe paffive laws of motion which necefiarily arife from that force, but that they like wife perpetually receive a motion from certain a&ive principles ; fuch as gravity, and the caufe of fermentation, and of the cohefion of bo¬ dies.^ And I confider thefe principles, not as occult qualities, which are feigned to flow from the fpecific forms of things, but as univerfal laws of nature, by which the things themfelves were formed. For that truly fuch principles exift, the phenomena of nature fhew, although what may be their caufes has not as yet been explain¬ ed. lo affirm that every fpecies of things is endued with fpecific occult qualities, by which they have a certain power, is indeed to fay nothing; but to deduce two or three general principles of motion from the phenomena of nature, and then to explain how the properties and aftion of all corporeal things follow from thofe principles this truly would be to have made a great advancement in philofophy, although the caufes of thofe principles were not as yet known. Wherefore I do not hefitate to maintain the above faid principles of motion, feeing: they extend widely through all nature.” Newton'’s Optics, . a - BOS f 56 ] BOS ^ofcovidi’s fhould occur, if fuch a repulfive power exifts, or that Syfiem of the impoflibility of the former, and impenetrability, rinbf1™1 ^lou^ taufed by any thing elfe than fuch a power. t ’ y ‘ "i he moll; ignorant of the fons of men are as well qua¬ lified to ’underftand this as the great-eft-philofophers who have-adorned humanity; and if it be entitled to the name ofdifcovery, it is one in which all mankind have ftiared : but for having expreflfed it in words, and incorporated it with others which forae kindred genius alone could have made, all are indebted to Bofcovich, and muft acknowledge that in his hands it has ferved to fabricate a lafting monument of genius, induftry, and fagacity. We are not therefore to confider that thefe are inftances wherein any confequences have been determined a priori; and they do not affedf our affer- tion, that prior to experience of the regularity and the oonlfancy of the conjunflion of events, it would be im- poflible for anyone to determine/7 jprzbrf what fliall be the confequences refulting from the principles of the theory. To illuftrate our meaning in the affertion, we {hall fuppofe that the tranfitions of the pow’ers have been difco’uered to exift in the conftitution of matter ; and we then alk, if,-prior to-the knowledge of the phe¬ nomena of fermentation, &c. it could have been de¬ termined that thefe phenomena thould neceflfarily re- fult from them : we apprehend it could not, and our reafon is, that we eannot find any mode of connexion betwixt any tranfitions of any forces and thefe pheno¬ mena ; for We can conceive the former to exift with¬ out the latter, and this might have been the cafe, for aught we know to the contrary ; and we think we are authorized in faying, that thefe tranfitions are only rules or methods obftrved in the prududlion of fuch phenomena, that they are events prior to fermentation, &.c. and remain themfelves to be accounted for. We may fay the fame of the repulfive and attractive powers, and of all the other principles in the theory which are not laws of human thought. Caufation is infcrutable, the labours of every age ferve only Hi add to its my- ftery, feeing that they condufl us nearer to the boun¬ daries of human obfervation, and difcover to us the de- lufive glare of every weak meteor which promifed per¬ manent and enlightening luftre. We have feen that the general properties of matter may be well explained by the theory ; and fo far there¬ fore we muft admit that the theory is applicable to the objefts of inveftigation, and may be ufeful to conneft together fome general principles. There remains to us to make one remark, concerning one of thefe, viz. JNewtonian gravity. The fuppofition that it terminates beyond the comets of our fyftem, and is fucceeded by repulfion, appears to us very unneceflfary, not to fay unlikely, though -highly worthy the accommodating genius of Bofcovich. We are of opinion, that the ob¬ jections urged againft Sir Ifaac Newton on this fub- jeCt, may be much better and more {imply obviated by a ftippofition which the modern improvements in aftrono- my have nearly confirmed, viz. that there are fyfiems of funs and revolving planets, fimilar to, and reaching to the limits qf, our own ; and that thofe are fufficient to counteract the neceffary effeCts of univerfal gravity or attraction. If fuch be the cafe, inequalities in our fyftematic motions, relative to others, may erife from the varying fituations of the other fyftem ; and, if we confider the fixed ftars as forming thefe, we may ob- ferve differences in their pofitions and magnitudes, in Koicovicli's confequence of fitch variations. Our affronomica! Syftem of readers will perceive that we allude to the apparent Natural approach of our fun to the conftellation Hercules the northern henaifphere, the gradual widening of the ftars in that quarter of the heavens, and the confe¬ quence of it. But without any fuch confirmation it muft be acknowledged, that our fuppofition is much more probable,-and gives a more elevated notion of the great Artificer’s {kill than that of Bofcovich, and we are the more anxious to retain it, that one of the principles in the theory may not be broken, that the tranfitions of the powers occur in the infenfihle diftances. We requeft the attention of our readers to Bofcovich’s provident fuppofition on another account. Does it not indicate one of the modes by which the theory was formed ? Does it not plainly ftiew us how far genius will be exerted when obfervation fails ? Does it not fatisfaClorily demonllrate that part of this fplendid theory is the offspring of an imagination heated by fyftematic love, and animated by a reconciling enthu- fiafim ? Indeed when the imagination is the provider, the reafon can be well fatisfied ; for what is wanting can be readily fupplied, what is difpleafing can be eafily reje&ed, what is unftiapely can be fathioned to conformity, and all can be decorated and adorned, till at laft there arifes fome fine fabric to pleafe and to delight. But we require more than delufive orna¬ ment, and yet we expeft not perfe&ion ; '■we know that every theory of natural philofophy has failed hi¬ therto, not from a deficiency but rather from a luxu- riancy in grandeur, which, furpafting, has eclipfed the minute gems that glitter below ; no one has failed in explaining the ftupendous ftru£lure and the mighty rollings of worlds, which no eye ever comprehended and no hand ever approached; but take it from its god¬ like work to the mean purpofes and the trivial ufes of man, and behold the airy phantom {brink from our view. It is in explaining familiar circumftances, or, fo to fpeak, the events of our neighbourhood, that every one has failed ; but it is confoling to mankind to know, that in every fucceeding one, there is greater approximation to perfection, a greater extent and more facility of application ; and we will acknow¬ ledge that this of Bofcovich, though not totally invul¬ nerable, certainly leaves the leaft uncovered. The obfervations which we have now made feem to us very proper to introduce thofe we have to offer on the application of the theory to phyfics. are of opinion that Bofcovich, in his account of folidity and fluidity, has rather given a defeription, and related fome properties, than propofed an explanation or de¬ duction on the principles of his theory : but in a fyftem of fuch extent, and promifing fo much, we re¬ quire more than this, and it is our opinion that more may be given. Without pretending that we have com¬ plete fuccefs in our attempt, or wifliing to preclude others, we offer the following as at leaft a probable one. We can imagine, that any number of atoms (liall come into the limits of cohefion of each other in fuch a manner as that a mafs of fome determined form (hall be produced ; and that the powers on each fideVof thefe limits are fo ftrong, as to withftand confiderable divellent force from without. Now in a mafs fo con- ftruCled BOS [ 57 3 BOS Bofcovich’s ftru&ed every atom is retained in its fituation by Syftem of powers of the fame kind, acting by the fame laws, and Natural which cannot be increafed or diminifhed by any other Philofophy. means than varyjng the diftance betwixt thefe atoms. The povvers fo influenced are thofe only.which belong to the particular atoms whofe refpedtive diftances are changed •, for the powers of the atoms whofe dillances are not changed remain the fame ; therefore a portion of the mafs may be feparated, or the whole mafs may be moved, without caufing any relative motion among the atoms : for, in the former cafe, a few only, in the latter, none, of the limits of cohefion are difturbed. This then is the flmdlure which the atoms of matter would form, did fuch law's as w'e have confidered exift ; and it appears to us that it is the natural ftruc- ture ; for we ourfelves cannot conceive how a fluid body fliould be compofed by fuch laws independent of compwfition of them. But admitting compofition, we would explain fluidity in the following manner : As in a mafs, fuch as we have defcribed, there are fpaces betwixt all the atoms •, it is poflible that other atoms may be introduced within it, or that in the va¬ cant intervening fpace the powers of other atoms may operate. Now, it is eafy to conceive, that in tin? for¬ mer cafe very various effefts will refult in confequence of the differences in the proximity of the atoms; for fome will quit thfe limits of cohefion in which they were prior to the introduction of the adventitious atoms, and will enter into new ones, and will vibrate from one to another, if there be a conftant addition of atoms made, or if any of thofe which have been introduced be removed ; and that in the latter cafe, in confe¬ quence of the compofition of forces, very different ef¬ fects will refult, according as the compofition is of fimilar or different pow’ers aCting in the fame or dif¬ ferent directions, and of different intenfities : in either cafe relative motion among the particles will occur, and the mafs will yield to the leaft extrinfic force ; an equilibrium will fometimes be produced, but it will be deftroyed very readily in different ways, as by the addition or fubtraCtion of the adventitious atoms, and by the application of forces to the mafs. We might fpecify fome of the particular circumftances which would tend to the production of different fluids, did our limits permit ; but as this would be prolix, we fhall only mention fome of the confequences which may be deduced from the principles we have flated, and granting that they are well founded, we fhall con- fider how far they coincide with the phenomena we obferve. Every fluid mujl be a compound body. This will be pretty generally admitted by modern chemifts; for though they well know that the compofition of fe- veral fluids is not yet difcovered, they will allow that the rational prefumption from analogy is, that when our analytical powers are augmented, we fhall be able to difcover the compofition of all of them ; nor is it any objection to the rationality of the prefumption that many of the gafeous fluids are Ample or elementary, for it muft be remembered, that all of them are com¬ bined with caloric or the matter of heat. Nay caloric itfelf, which we hold to be a fubftance, may, for ought we know' to the contrary, be a folid body : it is indeed almoft univerfally believed to be a fluid, and effentially fo ; but, for this belief we can find no other reafon than that it caufes fluidity, and furely that is a very Vo L. IV. Part I. unphilofophical one ; for in a fimilar manner, and, we Bofcovitk* venture to fay, with as much truth, if matter or its Sythmof atoms be conftruCted in the way Bofcovich defcribes, and if they poffefs the power of repulfion and attrac-, w‘° "P 0; tion, then all matter is fluid, for all the atoms of it will caufe fluidity in certain circumftances. We do not deny that when it combines in fufficient quantity with bodies it caufes fluidity ; but we beg to remind our readers that there are cafes of fluids being gene¬ rated by the trituration of folids together, and furely they will acknowledge, that, what is true in the one cafe, is at leaft poffible in the other; but we will even admit, that caloric is the principal caufe of flui¬ dity (though we are aware that in admitting it, we de¬ part from true philofophy), and yet we do not per¬ ceive, that the leaft objection to our fuppofition will thence arife. May not caloric be compofed of the very fmalleft, or the primary atoms of matter, and confequently be more eafily infinuated betwixt the atoms of other bodies which are compofed of the ag¬ gregates of thefe primary atoms ? Do we not find that it correfponds pretty accurately with the defcription of thefe atoms which Bofcovich has given ? Does it not feem in the leaft diftances to repel its own parti¬ cles, and at greater diftances to be attraCled by the particles or atoms of other bodies ? The conftant addition of adventitious atoms to the interftiees in a folid body, as we have before mentioned, will caufe vibrations, and will at laft, by totally fepa- rating the atoms from the limits of cohefion and the fphere of the attractive power, render them fufcepti- ble of the influence of furrounding bodies, fo that they leave each other, and combine with thofe which fur- round them. When caloric is the body added, the moft general effeCt which refults from its repeated and conftant addition is evaporation. Now the particles of an evaporated fluid will recombine if the fuperabun- dant caloric which holds them afunder be withdrawn, provided the bodies with which they unite do not at¬ tract them more powerfully than they do each other. But it is poflible that fuch an addition will in certain cafes ftrengthen the combination of a folid, i. e. that fluidity will not always be the confequence of infinu- ating atoms into the vacant fpaces, for it is poflible to fpecify circumftances, in which a body, already fluid, may be rendered folid by interpofing amongft its par¬ ticles, the particles of another fluid. - When the adventitious atoms are removed, one of two confequences will occur, either the atoms of a fo¬ lid which has been rendered fluid by fuch infinuation, will be left within their fpheres of attraction, and con¬ fequently will enter into limits of cohefion, and form a folid again, or they may be left beyond thefe fpheres, fo as not to enter into limits of cohefion, but to form a loofe uncombined pulverulent fubftance. It may hap¬ pen that, in the latter cafe, the particles being feparated. from each other beyond their fpheres of attraClion, will enter into combinations with other bodies, of whofe in¬ fluence they are now fufceptible. We have inftances of both of thefe in the fufion of metals: fometimes on cooling thefe form again into folids; others, having their atoms too far feparated from each other, cannot fo unite, but combine with other bodies (generally oxygen), and form powders which retain no charaCteriftics of metals; and fome combine with other metals, conftituting alloys. H We B ° S . . [ 5 JJolfovich’s We recommend the profecution of this fubjeft to the Syftcm of philofophical chemift 5 and though we encounter the PhTlofophy cl’ar§e vanity, we cannot help flattering ourfelves i - - t-.' with having pointed out a mode by which, though no¬ thing fliould be difcovered, yet to refolve fome appa¬ rently unconnected phenomena into one general prin¬ ciple, and hence to abridge the labour of acquiring the fcience of chemiftry, and to facilitate the application of it to the praCtical purpoles of life. We are of opi¬ nion that the faCts in chemiftry are nowT fo numerous, as to require a generalizing fpirit to reduce them into fome kind of order, to ftiew their connexion in the chain of nature, and to derive from them by induction, cer¬ tain principles which may be employed in the fynthe- tic procefs. Indeed, without fuch it will foon be found that no ordinary memory can retain ■what may be ufe- ful, but certainly is elegant in the art, and that a great body of evidence is infufficient to enforce conviction, if it be huddled together in chaotic confufion : pillars and porticoes, and carved ftones may be collected, and may aftonifli us by their grandeur ; but Unlefs they be methodized, connected, and combined, our aftonifti- ment will refemble that which we feel, when we con¬ template the prepofterous flruCtureof fome natural mon- Iter, wiiofe limbs are individually elegant, but ferve by their elegance to magnify-the error of their pofition. We do not wifli to depreciate the merits of modern chemifts, but we muft confefs, they appear to us more fcrupulous about afcertaining the few grains of earth in fome cockle Jhel/, than anxious to ereCt a temple to their fcience ; and are themfelves too much elevated by the difcovery of a femi-metal, to be concerned about the deities which prefide. What we have faid may be thought mere declamation, if we do not accompany it with fome example of the employment of fuch a ge¬ neralizing fpirit j we know not how far it may become us to do fo, but as the confideration of the theory of Bofcovich, in which we have been engaged, has na¬ turally led us to thofe phenomena which feem beft qua¬ lified to admit of its application, and as therefore, in fome fort refulting from, or conneCted with our fubjeft, we (hall attempt to give a fmall fpecimen of it. It is well known to chemifts, that although certain indivi¬ dual or Angle bodies of the faline clafs be very foluble in water, the compounds formed of them are very in- foluble in that fluid, i. e. that though alkalies or acids be fingly very foluble in water, the neutral falts formed by them are very infoluble 5 and that many varieties m the degrees of folubility are to be met with in the com¬ pound bodies or neutral falts, which are contrary to what we fhould expeff from reafoning on the varieties of thefe degrees, in the Jimple or elementary bodies which compofe them. For example, the fulphuric acid is very foluble in water, and fo is the vegetable alkali or potafs; but the fulphate of potafs, which is a compound of thefe, is fo difficult of folution, that 16 times its own weight of water, at the temperature of 6o°, is required to effed it. -The acetite of potafs affords another example, though not fo remarkable, requiring only about 10 times its own weight of water at the fame temperature. In- de d, there are many inftances of a compound or neu- tr 1 fait being lefs foluble than either the alkali or the acid which enter into its compofition j but in thofe we have mentioned, the difference is fo great as to have ] BOS merited much attention, though, as far as we know, Eofcovkh’s there has not been Sffigned a reafon for it. Now we Syftem of apprehend the reafon to be, that as both the Ample Iviatlirsl bodies have an attradlion for water, or that as there is FhllolJil'‘h-‘ an attradlion betwixt water and thefe two bodies, the degree'of attra&ion will be equal to the difference only of the feparate attraftions betwixt water and the bo¬ dies individually ; or, in other words, the attradlion betwixt water and one of the bodies will be leffened by the attradlion betwixt water and the other body, fo that the difference only of thefe two will influence. Now, in certain cafes, this difference will be equal to nothing, when the attraftions are equal \ but in every cafe, it is evident, it will be lefs than the greater of the attradlions, and, of confequence, the folubility of the compound will be lefs than that of the Ample bodies which compofe it. Now this confequence is not affect¬ ed by the abfolute folubility of the Ample bodies, but by their folubility in refpeCt to each other, i. e. rela¬ tive alone ; therefore, the compound of Ample bodies, which themfelves are highly foluble, may be no more foluble than the compound of Ample bodies, which themfelves are very little foluble. jfhe principle is univerfal. Other confequences will refult, which are not only curious, but in our opinion important j and we do not in the leaft hefitate to affert, that the principle may be applied to deter¬ mine a priori the degrees of folubility of neutral falts, provided we are fufficiently acquainted with the rela¬ tive folubility of the Ample bodies which compofe them. One confequence will be, that a compound formed of a very foluble and a very infoluble Ample body will be nearly, or quite, as foluble as the former, feeing that the attraClion betwixt it and water will be little or not at all diminiftied by the attraction betwixt the other very infoluble body and water. As a proof of this, we may take the inftance of the fulphat of magnefia, which is foluble in its own weight of water at temperature 6o°: Now, in this cafe, the magneAa is foluble to a very fmall amount only ; but the acid, it is well known, is fo to a great degree ; even the fmall folubility of the magnefia, however, does in a certain degree impair the folubility of the compound. The fame is true of the nitrat and muriat of magnefia ; aud, did, our limits permit, we might adduce very many ex¬ amples of the fame : we might {hew, that the com¬ pounds of very foluble acids with the metallic oxides are foluble, if thefe oxides are not fo ; but if they are, the folubility of the compound is impaired : and we might alfo apply the principle to bodies foluble in al¬ cohol and other menftrua, where it will be found to hold. But we leave the profecution of the fubjeCl to our chemical readers, confefling, however, that we have found exceptions to its univerfality, which as yet we have not been able to reconcile. Perhaps, a prin¬ ciple ftill more general, and higher in the order of e- vents, may influence or modify this which we have fpe- cified ; it may be conneCled with fome of thefe varie¬ ties in the compofition of forces, which mujl take place in the infenfible diftances, changing the limits of co- hefion, and modifying the pofition and the a&ion of the atoms of matter. We have ventured far in the expnfition we have given; did we perfevere, there might be imputed to us temerity. We have attempted to apply Bofcovich’s theory to feveral BOS Bofcovich’s feveral other chemical phenomena Syftem of of eleftive attra&ion and difpofing affinity j but though Natural our fuccefs has been fomewhat flattering, we have not P nloiop iy j3een hitherto to colleft and arrange our principles and refults, fo as to prefent them properly to the pub¬ lic. At fome future Itage of this work, however, fuch may be in our power, when we hope to convince our readers, that the theory is fufficiently accommodated to that objeft, and that it will affift us in deducing princi¬ ples more general, than any yet received in chemical fcience. It is now time for us to conclude our account of the theory of Bofcovich 5 and in fo doing, it becomes us to recommend to our readers, that they endeavour to form a juft and an adequate opinion of its merits, of the objefts which it has in view, and of the meansx which it employs to accompliffi them. Confidered in refpeft to itfelf only, as the produdlion of a great and an enlightened mind, no labour to comprehend it can be in vain or worthlefs, and no one can comprehend it without receiving the moll elevated pleafure j but there is another inducement for us to effeft this purpofe, dif¬ ferent from any we have yet mentioned : we mean the tendency it will have to modify, and to fubvert, njany of the leading do&rines in the metaphyfics of the day. Nor ought this to alarm any of our readers j for if thefe do&rines be true and legitimate, they will be para¬ mount to all obj eft ions, and the improvements made in every other fcience will ferve to confirm them *, but if they are not fo, furely the fooner they are fubverted the better it will be for fcience and for us all; at all events, an inquiry into them is rational, and it may do good. This, however, we dare not now propofe to ourfelves, and will therefore recommend our readers to perufe the Effays on Perception, by Profeffors Reid and Stewart, where they will find fentiments which derive moft of their validity from fome of the Bofeo- vichian principles. They are fentiments in which we have the honour to agree with thefe true philofophers; though it is fomewhat mortifying to us to confefs, that they have convinced us that the phenomenon of which they treat is inexplicable. It is indeed very mortifying to humanity to be con¬ vinced, that for many, very many centuries, our fore¬ fathers have been unceafingly attempting to explain phenomena intelleflual and material by a nullity, on principles which do not exift j but it would be ftill more mortifying to find, that though there is ground for fuch conviflions, men calling themfelves philo¬ fophers fhould perfevere fledfaftly in the fame invaria¬ ble courfe of error and abfurdity. In our own days, a light, clear and authoritative, has arifen to direct and to animate us in the fearch after truth ; it is our own faults if we ffiut our eyes againft its fplendour, and fuf- fer the interior man to be dark and unenlightened. Of this light the theory of Bofcovich forms a part : it has fucceeded and furpaffed that of Newton $ it will be the parent of a greater than either j it profeffes to conduct us to the interior veil of the temple of nature j but it has failed in this very fublime attempt, failed, however, only after it has condufted us beyond Defcartes, Leib¬ nitz, and Newton. BOSEA, Golden-rod tree. See Botany In¬ dex. BOSHIES-MEN, a fpecies of Hottentots, fo call- [ 59 3 BOS particularly thofe ed, according to Dr Sparrman, from their dwelling in woody or mountainous places. They are fworn ene¬ mies to a paftoral life. Some of their maxims are, to live on hunting and plunder, and never to keep any animal alive for the fpace of one night. By this means they render themfelves odious to the reft of the inhabi¬ tants of the Cape 5 and are purfued and exterminated like the wild beafts, whofe manners they have affumed. Others of them again are kept alive, and made Haves of. Their weapons are poifoned arrows, which (hot out of a fmall bow will fly to the diflance of 200 paces, and will hit a mark with a tolerable degree of certain¬ ty at the diftance of 50 or even ioo paces. From this diltance they can by ftealth, as it were, convey death to the game they hunt for food, as well as to their foes, and even to fo large and tremendous a beaft as the lion \ this noble animal thus falling by a v/eapon which perhaps it defpifed, or even did not take notice of. The Hottentot, in the mean time, concealed and fafe in his ambuffi, is abfolutely certain of the opera¬ tion of his poiibn, which he always culls of the mofl: virulent kind ; and it is faid he has only to -wait a few minutes in order to fee the wild beaft languiffi and die. The dwellings of thefe foes to a paftoral life are gene¬ rally not more agreeable than their maxims and man¬ ners. Like the wild beafts, bufnes and clifts in rocks by turns ferve them inftead of houfes ; and fome of them are faid to be fo far worfe than beafts, that their foil has been found clofe by their habitations. A great many of them are entirely naked \ but fuch as have been able to procure the fkin of any fort of animal, great or fmall, cover their bodies with it from the ffioulders downwards as far as it will reach, wearing it till it falls off their back in rags. As ignorant of a- griculture as apes and monkeys, like them they are o- bliged to wander about over hills and dales after cer¬ tain wild roots, berries, and plants (which they eat raw), in order to fuftain a life that this miferable food would foon extinguifli and deftroy, were they ufed to better fare. Their table, however, is fometimes com- pofed of feveral other diffies, among which may be reckoned the larvae of infedls, or that kind of cater¬ pillars! from which butterflies are generated j and in like manner a fort of white ants (the ter me s'), graffiop- pers, fnakes, and fome forts of fpiders. With all thefe changes of diet, the Bofhies-man is neverthelefs fre¬ quently in want, and famifhed to fuch a degree as to wafte almoft to a fhadow. “ It was with no fmall a- ftonifhment (fays Dr Sparrman), that I for the firft time faw in Lange Kloof a lad belonging to this race of men, with his face, arms, legs, and body, fo mon- ftroufly fmall and withered, that I could not have been induced to fuppofe but that he had been brought to that ftate by the fever that was epidemic in thofe parts, had I not feen him at the fame time run like a lapwing. It required but a few weeks to bring one of thefe ftarvelings to a thriving ftate, and even to make him fat; their ftomachs being ftrong enough to digeft the great quantity of food with which they are crammed, as they may rather be faid to bolt than eat. It fome¬ times happens indeed that they cannot long retain what they have taken in $ but this circumftance, it is faid, does not hinder them from beginning again upon a new fcore.” The capture of Haves from among this race of men H 2 is BOS [ 60 ] BOS Bofliies- is by no means difficult ; and is eftefted (Dr Sparrman Men. informs us) in the following manner. “ Several far- v mers that are in want of fervants join together and take a journey to that part of the country where the Boffiies-men live. They themfelves, as well as their Lego-Hottentots, or elfe fuch Boffiies-men as have been caught fome time before, and have been trained up to fidelity in their fervice, endeavour to fpy out where the wild Boffiies-men have their haunts. This is bell: difcovered by the fmoke of their fires. They are found in focieties from 10 to 15 and 100, reckon¬ ing great and fmall together. Notwithftanding this, the farmers will venture in a dark night to fet upon them with fix or eight people, which they contrive to do by previoufly ftationing themfelves at fome diftance round about the craal. They then give the alarm by firing a gun or two. By this means there is fuch a confternation fpread over the whole body of thefe fa- vages, that it is only the molt bold and intelligent a- mong them that have the courage to break through the circle and Heal off. Thefe the captors are glad enough to get rid of at fo eafy a rate 5 being better pleafed with thofe that are ftupid, timorous, and ftruck with amazement, and who confequently allow them¬ felves to be taken and carried into bondage. They are, however, at firll treated by gentle methods ; that is, the vidtors intermix the faireft promifes with their threats, and endeavour, if poffible, to ffioot fome of the larger kinds of game for their prifoners, fuch as buffaloes, fea-cows, and the like. Such agreeable baits, together with a little tobacco, foon induce them, con¬ tinually cockered and feafted as they are, to go with a tolerable degree of cheerfulnefs to the colonift’s place of abode. There this luxurious junketting upon meat and fat is exchanged for more moderate portions, con- filling for the mod part of butter-milk, frumenty, and hally-pudding. This diet, neverthelefs, makes the Bo- ffiies-man fat in a few weeks. However, he foon finds his good living embittered by the maundering and grumbling of his mailer and millrefs. The words PguKeri and t'gaunatji, which perhaps are bell tranf- lated by thofe of ‘ young forcerer,’ and ‘ imp,’ are expreffions which he mull frequently put up with, and fometimes a few curfes and blows into the bargain ; and this for neglcft, remiffnefs, or idlenefs : which laft failure, if it cannot be faid to be born with him, is however in a manner naturalized in him. So that, both by nature and cuftom detelling all manner of la¬ bour, and now from his greater corpulency becoming Hill more flothful, and having befides been ufed to a wandering life fubje£l to no controul, he moll fenfibly feels the want of his liberty. No wonder, then, that he generally endeavours to regain it by making his efeape : but what is really a fubje6l for wonder is, that when one of thefe poor devils runs away from his fer¬ vice, or more properly bondage, he never takes with him any thing that does not belong to him. This is an inllance of moderation in the favages towards their tyrants which is univerfally attelled, and at the fame time praifed and admired by the colonills themfelves ; which, however, I cannot eafily reconcile with what I have learned of the human heart. Is it in confe- quence of their fearing to meet Avith harder ufage in cafe they ffiould be retaken ? This far, however, is certain, that none of this fpecies of Hottentots are much given to violence, or revenge. Free from many Botflies, wants and defires that torment the reft of mankind, Men. they are little, if at all, addifled to thieving, if we except brandy, victuals, and tobacco. It is not im¬ probable likewife, that the advantages accruing from a theft may be overlooked by them, when their thoughts are taken up with regaining their liberty, the greateft of all treafures. It is neceffary to obferve here, that fome of the Hottentots or Boffiies-men, who are thus forced into the fervice of the colonills, live in final! focieties peaceably and quietly in defert trails, where the colonills cannot eafily come at them, and are fome¬ times in the poffeffion of a few cows. Thefe people probably originate from Boffiies-men who have run aw'ay from the colonills fervice. “ I mull confefs (continues our author), that the Boffiies-men in fome huffiandmen’s fervice are treated in the gentleft manner, and perhaps even without ever having a harffi word given them ; live very well with regard to provifions ; are well clad, relatively to their condition in life 5 and are very comfortably lodged, in comparifon of what others are, in their own Ilraw cot¬ tages. The chief of their bufinefs perhaps confills in tending a herd of cattle or flock of Iheep during the heat of the day, when they have an opportunity of getting into a gentle Hate of intoxication by fmoking tobacco ; a Hate which excites in them fenfations of as agreeable a nature as the frenzy produced by fpirituous liquors and opium feems to afford to many others, who are never at eafe but when they can procure to them¬ felves this delicious pleafure. And yet, though they may thus agreeably pafs away the otherwife tedious hours of their lives in fmoking and fleep, they never¬ thelefs generally run away. The colonills wonder at this, as a procedure entirely devoid of reafon j with¬ out perceiving, that in fo doing they fuppofe the Hot¬ tentots not endued with a defire, which has its imme¬ diate foundation in nature, and which is common to the human race, and even to mod brute animals, viz. an earned longing after their birthplace and families, and efpecially after their liberty. “ The fiave bufinefs, that violent outrage to the natural rights of mankind, always in itfelf a crime, and which leads to all manner of mifdemeanors and wickednefs, is exercifed by the colonids in general with a cruelty towards the nation of Boffiies-men which merits the abhorrence of every one ; though I have been told that they pique themfelves upon it : and not only is the capture of thofe Hottentots confidered by them merely as a party of pleafure, but in cold blood they dedroy the bands which nature has knit between huffiands and their wives and children. Not content, for indance, with having torn an unhappy woman from the embraces of her huffiand, her only proteftion and comfort, they endeavour all they can, and that chiefly at night, to deprive her likewife of her infants ; for it has been obferved, that the mothers can feldom per- fuade themfelves to flee from their tender offspring. The amiable tendernefs of the mother, which perhaps glows with a more lively flame in the bread of this poor heathen than in thofe of her Chridian tyrants, is the very circumdance laid hold on by their perfecu- tors in order to rivet the chains of this wretched fe¬ male fo much the fader. There are fome mothers, however, that fet themfelves free, when they have loft all BOS [ 61 Bovhies- all hopes of faving their children. After having made Men their efeape, they fometimes keep fecretly about the 11 neighbourhood, in hopes of finding fome opportunity Bofquets. o£ recover;ng their infants again.” “ v BO SNA SERAGO, a large and ftrong town of Tur¬ key in Europe, and capital of the province of Bofnia. E. Long. 18. 57* 44’ 4°* BOSNIA, a province of Turkey in Europe, feated between Sclavonia and Dalmatia. It belongs entirely to the Turks; but they were on the point of being expelled from it by the Chriftians, when the Spaniards invaded Sicily, and obliged the emperor to conclude the peace of Paffarowitz in 1718, by which he gave up Bofnia to the Turks. It is 200 miles in length, and 75 in breadth. It is a barren country, and but little cultivated : the principal revenue arifing chiefly from the filver mines. Among the game there are falcons, which are held in great efieem. BOSPHORUS, or Bosporus, in Geography, a long and narrow fea, which it is fuppofed a bullock may fwim over. In a more general fenfe, it is a long narrow fea running in between two lands, or feparating two continents, and by which two feas, or a gulf and a fea, are made to communicate with each other ; In which fenfe, bofphorus amounts to the fame with what we otherwife call an arm of the fea, channel, or ftrait ; the Italians,/oro ; the Tuzlms,/return ; and the French pas, manche. The word is Greek, /Satrregej, formed from /S»;, “ bullock,” and wogos, “ palfage.” The name bofphorus, is chiefly confined to two flraits in the Mediterranean fea, viz. the bofphorus of Thrace, commonly called the fruits of Confantinople, or channel of the Black fea ; and the Cimmerian or Scythian bofphorus, fo called, it feems, from its refem- blance to the Thracian •, now more commonly the f rails of Kapha, or Kiderleri, from two cities Handing on it. The origin of the name is better agreed on than the reafon why it was firft given to the Thracian bofpho¬ rus. Nymphius tells us, on the authority of Accari- on, that the Phrygians, defiring to pafs the Thracian ftrait, built a veflel, on whofe prow was the figure of a bullock j and which was hence called “ bul¬ lock $” and ferved them for a ferry-boat. Dionyfius, Valerius Flaccus, Callimachus, Apollodorus, Marcel- linus, &c. fay, that lo, being transformed into a cow by Juno, palled this firait fwimming, which hence was called bofphorus. Arrian tells us, that the Phrygians were enjoined by the oracle, to follow the route which a bullock fhould mark out to them j and that, upon flirring one up, it jumped into the fea to avoid their purfuit, and fwam over this ftrait. Others fay, that an ox, tormented by a gad-fly, threw itfelf in, and fwam over: and others, that anciently the inhabitants of thefe coafts, when they would pafs over, joined lit¬ tle boats together, and had them drawn over by bul¬ locks, &c. BOSQUETS, in Gardening, groves fo called from bofchetto, an Italian word which fignifies a little wood. They are compartments in gardens formed by branches of trees difpofed either regularly injrows, or wildly and irregularly, according to the fancy of the owner. A bofquet is either a plot of ground enclofed with pali- fadoes of hornbeam, the middle of it being filled with tall trees, as elm or the like, the tops of -which make ] BOS a tuft or plume ; or it confifts of only high trees, as Bofquets horfe-chefnut, elm, See. The ground fliould be kept II very fmooth and rolled, or elfe covered with grafs, after , the manner of green plots. In planting bofquets, care fliould be taken to mix the trees which produce their leaves of dift'erent fliapes, and various (hades of green and hoary or mealy leaves, fo as to afford an agreeable profpeft. Bofquets are only proper for fpacious gar¬ dens, and require a great expence to keep them up. BOSS AGE, in Architecture, a term ufed for any ftone that has a proje&ure, and is laid rough in a build¬ ing, to be afterwards carved into mouldings, capitals, coats of arms, &c. Boffage is alfo that which is other- wife called rufic-work ; and confifts of ftones which ad¬ vance beyond the naked or level of the building, by reafon of indentures or channels left in the joinings. Thefe are chiefly ufed in the corners of edifices, and thence called rufic quoins. The cavities or indentures are fometimes round, fometimes chain-framed, or bevel¬ led, fometimes in a diamond form, fometimes enclofed with a cavetto, and fometimes with a liftel. BOSSE, Abraham, an able engraver, born at Tours, was well (killed in perfpedfive and architedure. He wrote two treatifes, which are efteemed j the one on the manner of defigning, and the other upon en¬ graving. BOSSINEY, or Boss-castle, a town of Corn¬ wall, in England, which fends two members to parlia¬ ment. W. Long. 5. o. N. Lat. 50. 40. BOSSU, Rene LE, born at Paris in 1631, was ad¬ mitted a canon regular in the abbey of St Genevive, in 16495 and after a year’s probation, took the habit. He taught polite literature with great fuccefs in feveral religious houfes for 12 years, when he gave up the talk for retirement. He then publifhed a parallel betwixt the principles of Ariftotle’s natural philofophy and thofe of Des Cartes, with a view to reconcile them j which was but indifferently received. His next trea- tife was on epic poetry ; which Boileau declared one of the beft compofitions on that fubjed in the French language, and which produced a great friendfhip be¬ tween them. He died in 1680, and left a great num¬ ber of MSS. which are kept in the abbey of St John de Chartres. BOSSUET, James Benigne, bifhop of Meaux, was born at Dijon, on the 27th of September, 16270 He diftinguifhed himfelf by his preaching, and the zeal he difeovered in his endeavours to bring over the Proteftants of France to the Romifli church; by his oppofition to quietifm ; and by his numerous writings both in French and Latin, which have been colleded together, and printed at Paris in 17 vols 4to. This famous divine died at Paris, in 1704,-aged 77. BOSSUPT, a town of the Auftrian Netherlands, in the province of Brabant. E. Long. 4. 30. N. Lat; 50. 52. BOSSUS, Matthew, diftinguifhed by his virtue and his learning, was born in 1427. Pie devoted him¬ felf to the ecclefiaftical ftate in 1451, in the congre¬ gation of regular canons of Lateran, and afterwards taught divinity at Padua. His orations, his fermons, and his letters, have been often printed. He alfb wrote a fort of an apology for Phalaris, and other works. He died at Padua in 1502, aged 7^. BOST, a very ftrong town of Perfia, and capital of the Boft II Bo(ton. BOS the province of Zableftan. E. Long. 64. 15. N. Lat 31, 50* BOSrANGIS, in the lurkifh aifairs, perfons em¬ ployed in the garden of the feraglio, out of whofe num¬ ber are colle&ed thofe that are to row in the Grand Signior’s brigantines, when he has a mind to divert himfelf with filhing, or to take the air upon the canal. Ihey who row upon the left hand are only capable of mean employments in the gardens; but they who row on the 1 ight hand may be promoted to the charge of boitangi-bachi, who has the general intendency of all the grand fignior’s gardens, and commands above 10,000 bollangis. BOSTON, a corporation town of Lincolnfliire in England, which fends two members to parliament. It is commodioufly feated on both Tides the river Wi¬ lliam, over which it has a handfome high wooden biidge } and, being near the fea, enjoys a good trade. It has a fpacious market place, and the largeft parilh church without crofs aides in Europe, the fteeple of which ferves for a land-mark to failors. Boflon is a barony in the Irby family. E. Long. o. 15. N. Lat 53-3- Boston, the capital of New England in North A- meiica, built in 1630, in a peninfula of about four miles in circumference, at the bottom of Maffachufets bay, in a very convenient fituation for trade. The fol¬ lowing is a defcription of this capital before the com¬ mencement of the late American war. “ The town Hands in W. Long. 71. 5. N. Lat. 42. 24. about nine miles from the mouth of the bay. At the entrance of this bay are feveral fmall rocks which appear above water, and upwards of a dozen of fmall iflands, feme of which are inhabited. I here is but one fafe channel to approach the harbour ; and that fo narrow, that two fhips can hardly fail through abreaft ; but within the harbour there is room for $00 fail to lie at anchor in a good depth of water. On one of the iflands of the bay {lands Fort William, the moil regular fortrefs in Britifli America. Ibis caftle is defended by 100 guns, 20 of which lie on a platform level with the water, fo that it is fcarce poflible for an enemy to pafs the caille. To prevent furprife, they have a guard placed on one of the rocks, at two leagues diftance, from whence they [ 62 ] B O T make fignals to the caftle when any {hips come near it. Ecftou There is alfo a battery of guns at each end of the town. || At the bottom oi the bay is a noble pier near 2000 feet Botallus, in length ; along which on the north fide extends a row of w'arehoufes for the merchants ; and to this pier {hips of the greateft burden may come and unload without the help of boats. The greateft: part of the town lies round the harbour in the form of a half moon, the country beyond it rifing gradually and affording a delightful profpeft. The neck of land which joins the peninfula to the continent is but 40 yards over ^ which fituation, if properly improved, might render the town impregnable on the land fide. Bofton contains onl) about 18,000 inhabitants. Ihey were more nu¬ merous 50 years ago 5 but the furprifing increafe of Newbury port, Salem, Marble-head, Cape Ann, Ply¬ mouth, Dartmouth, and the iflandof Nantucket, check¬ ed the growth and trade of the capital. The trade of Bofton, however, was fo confiderable, that, in 1768, 1300 fail entered and cleared at the cuftom-houfe there. The predominant religion is the Independent ; though there are other perfuafions, and ten churches ferve for them all, but the Independents have fix.” Bofton has frequently fuffered by fire, but the houfes that were thus deftroyed have always been rebuilt to advantage. The late American war began here by the attack at Bunkers-hill, when many brave men loft their lives.” BOS WORTH, a town of Leicefterfhire in Eng¬ land, fituated in W. Long. 1. 24. N. Lat. 52. 25. ' It has a lofty fituation on a hill, and the country about it is fertile in corn and grafs. It is memorable for the decifive battle fought near it between Richard III. and the earl of Richmond, afterwards Henry VII. rvlierein the former loft his crown and life. B01ALLUS, Leonard, phyfician to the duke of Alen^on, and to Henry III. was born at Afti in Piedmont. .He introduced at Paris the pradtice of frequent letting of blood ; which was condemned by the faculty ; but foon after his death it came into pradlice with all the phyficians. He publifhed feveral books in phyfic and furgery ; and the beft edition of his works is that of Leyden, in 1660, odlavo. BOX TS that fcience which arranges, diftinguiflies, and names all plants and vegetables, to enable us to ftudy their properties and ufes. . yegetables confift of an innumerable fucceflion of individuals which it is impoflible to examine, and would be ufelefs if it were poflible. It is therefore neceffary to diminilh the labour by forming them into groups or claffes, that the fame name may apply to a great number of individuals. Now certain individual plants have fo clofe a refemblance to others in their flower, fruit, leaves, and general appearance, that al- moft every man at firft fight would give them the fame name. Thus every man who has feen the cem- mon daify once, and knows its name, will probably apply the fame name without miftake to every other ANY individual of the fame fpecies. This forms the firft ftep in botany, or what is called arranging and naming plants according to their fpecies. Nor is it only the firft, but the eafieft ftep in botany. It is alfo the moft important j for all the individuals of the fame fpecies muft in fimilar circumftances poflefs the fame qualities. For example, we have no reafon to doubt that each individual plant of common hemlock, or of foxglove, poffeffes the fame medical qualities, though from their place of growth thefe. qualities may differ in degree. It is therefore the individuals of the fpecies alone that are ufeful } and the whole value of any arrangement confifts in enabling the botanift to diftinguifti and name the individuals, with the greateft cafe and accuracy. If the number ef fpecies were fmall, definitions or de- fcriptions & O T fcriptions (>f them would alone be lufficient } but as they amount perhaps to 40,000 or 50,000 or more, to fearch for every tingle fpecies amid fuch a multitude would be a talk for which neither human patience nor human life would be fufficient. To thorten the labour, it has been found very ex¬ pedient to arrange plants into various divitions ; firft into fome very general diviiions which may reduce them into a fmall compafs, then to fubdivide thefe ge¬ neral divifions into others lefs comprehenfive, and thefe into others, till we arrive at the particular fpecies which we are in fearch of. Thus the arrangement defcends from a general divifion of all plants to every parti¬ cular fpecies. Many plans of this kind have been attempted by various botanifts, but the arrangement of the celebra¬ ted Linnaeus is incomparably the moll ingenious, molt accurate, as well as the fimpleft and eafieft. That il- luftrious botanift divided all plants into claffes, the clafles into orders, the orders into genera, and the ge¬ nera into fpecies. The orders, too, and the fpecies, when numerous, he frequently fubdivided into fe&ions. Objedtions have been made to the arrangement of Linnaeus, becaufe it admits divifions which do not ap¬ pear natural. But fuch perfons, though diftinguifhed botanifts, feem to us to have mifunderftood the ufe and intention of that arrangement. It is not, and ought not to be, its objedt to give what has been called a na¬ tural arrangement 5 for nature does not clafs her pro- dudtions. She places before us innumerable indivi¬ duals, and leaves us to claffify them according to the purpofe which we have in view. If nature had formed plants into clafles, orders, and genera, the botanift would have nothing to do but to ftudy thefe. But in none of her works has nature done this. Claftification is the work of man ; and it is neceffary for man merely on ac¬ count of the limited nature of the faculties of his mind. Claflification enables us to accompliftr by feveral fteps or operations what we cannot accomplifti by one. But were our faculties much more exalted, were our penetration much more acute, and our memories per- fedlly retentive 5 could we at once furvey all the qua¬ lities of objedts, difeern their relations to one another, and retain the remembrance of thefe accurately, we Ihould have no occafion to generalize at all. As ge¬ neralization or claflification is neceflary to aid our li- A N Y. mited faculties, the bell claftification is that which leads us without error, and by the eafieft procefs, to the particular objedt which we have occafion to inveftigate. The arrangement of Linnaeus is therefore the beft : It is, however, not fo perfedt in fome of its parts as it may yet be rendered. This is the cafe in fome of the genera which are diftinguiftied by marks that are too minute. But when we confider the indefatigable mind of that illuftrious man, the chaos in which he found bo¬ tany, and the beautiful arrangement which he gave to it, we may juftly inroll the name of Linnaeus in the fame lift with Bacon, and Newton, and Locke. A botanical fyftem is a didtionary by which a per- fon who has ftudied the rudiments of the fcience may find out the name of every plant which he meets with. This didfionary has been much enlarged by the labours of the great many eminent botanifts of the prefent time. We ftiall therefore point out the method of confulting it, after giving a very concife view of the principles upon which it is founded. We will give a concife view, becaufe we think moft or perhaps all the elementary books of this fcience tend to confound and difguft beginners by phyfiological definitions, and by the multiplicity of terms which they require to be ftudied at the very firft outfet. Their plan is juft as if a teacher of Latin was to require his pupils firft to make themfelves mafters of a Latin didfionary before he allowed them to tranflate. Our plan is to require of a beginner no more elementary knowledge than what is fufficient to enable him to confult the fyftem a? he would do a didfionary. The meaning of the reft: of the botanical terms we think can beft be learned by having recourfe to an explanation in an alphabetical form, as they occur in the inveifigation. This we in¬ tend to add to the prefent article. And we wifh fin- cerely that every man who publilhes a fyftem of bo¬ tany would do the fame } for we have ftrong reafons to believe that different writers ufe the fame words in different fenfes from one another. Linnaeus, indeed, has defined his botanical terms ; but in his two works, Delineatio Plantarum and Phi/ofophia Botanic a, he fometimes defines the fame word differently. Now we ought to know which of his definitions fucceeding botanifts have adopted. Befides almoft every botanift introduces terms of his own, which we fliall look for in vain in the definitions of Linnseus. ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. The parts of a plant which it is neceffary for the young botanift firft to know, are the flower, and fruit. Thefe include feven ; the calyx, corolla, ftamen, piftil, pericarp, or feed-veffel, feed, and receptacle. We will defcribe thefe in the order which will make them moft eafily diftinguiftied. I. The corolla, which in common language is call¬ ed the flower, and in fruit-trees the bloffom, is the part which is moft beautifully coloured, which is of the fin- eft texture, and is often odorous. It is to be found of every colour, except green, a hue which it very fel- dom affumes. It is white, as in the bloffoms of the cherry ; yellow, as in the primrofe and ranunculus or butter-cup j red, as in the rofe ; blue, as in the violet. It is fometimes of one piece, and fometimes divided in¬ to diftimft pieces, called petals. When the corolla con- fifts of one petal, the outer or upper part, which is broad, is named the limb or border 5 and the lower part, which is narrtiw and hollow, by which it is fixed, is called the tube. When the corolla confifts of more than one petal, the lower part is called a claw, and the upper lamina. In the corolla it is neceffary to attend to its form, its divifions, the number of its petals, its colour and the part to which it is attached. See Plate XCV. Fig. 11. a corolla of one petal j a, the tube; by the laminas. Fig. 13*3 corolla of more than one petal: d, the claw ; b b, the laminas. 2. The calyx is fituated on the outfide of the co¬ rolla, and enclofing it commonly at the bafe. It is ge- 64 EOT Elements, nerally of a grecnifli colour and of a coarfer texture '""—v—than the corolla. It confifts of one part, or of two, three, &c. and is then faid to be one-leaved, two¬ leaved, three-leaved, many-leaved. The calyx is of various lliapes, tubular, globular, inflated, &c. There are feven fpecies of calyx, perianth, involu¬ cre, glume, ament, fpathe, calyptre, and volve. For explanation of thefe, confult the vocabulary and Plate XCV. Fig. 18. «, the calyx. 3. The piflil, or piftils, commonly appear in the centre of the corolla, from which they rife like fo many columns. There are from one to twelve in the fame flower, and fometimes more. A piflil confifts of three parts, the ftigma, the ftyle, and the germen. 1. The ftigma is the higheft part of the piftilj which is fometimes globular, fometimes cleft, fometimes crofs-fhaped, &c. 2. The ftyle is the pillar or thread which fupports the ftigma. 3. The germen is the pedeftal or bale of the piftil, moft commonly of a roundifh or globular fliape ; but fometimes long and llender. Sometimes there are feveral germens together. See Plate XCV. fig. 12. c, the ftigma ; b, the ftyle j «, the germen. 4. The ftamens, which referable threads or pillars, ufually Hand between the corolla and the piftil, are placed in regular order round the piftils, or alternate with the petals. They are in number on one flower from one to feveral hundreds. But it is not neceflary to count them when they are more than twenty. A ftamen confifts of two parts, the anther and the filament. 1. The anther is the fummit of the ftamen, containing a mealy or powdery fubftance called pollen, and is generally of a different colour from the filament. They are of different forms, globular, horned, &c. 2. The filaments are the threads or pillars which fup- port the anthers. The ftamens are attached to the corolla, to the calyx, to the receptacle, or to the ftyle. See Plate XCV. fig. 18. Filaments marked by e, e, e, fituation of the corolla. 2. By the number of leaves, form, and fituation . of the calyx. 3. By the number of cells and feeds of the feed- veffels, and (hape of the feed. 4. By the peculiarities of the ftamens. 5. By the form and number of the ftigmas. The next feven clafles form their genera in fo fimilar a manner to thofe already defcribed, that we omit them. XIV. In the 14th clafs, Didynamia, Order I. Gymnofpermia, the genera are determined, 1. By peculiarities of the anthers and filaments. 2. By peculiarities of the lips and throat of the corolla. 3. By peculiarities of the calyx. 69 Order II. Angiofpermia. Elements. 1. By the number of cells and direftions of the ——y partitions of the capfule or feed-veffel. 2. By the form and number of the feeds. 3. And by other marks of the calyx and corolla, which require no explanation. XV. Tetradynamia. I. Siliculofa, the genera are diftinguifhed, I. By the filicle or (hurt roundilh feed-veflel, by the (hape and pofition of its valves or pieces, by its being entire or notched, and the num¬ ber of feeds it contains. II. Siliquofa. The genera are diftinguiihed, 1. By the (hape of the filique or long feed-veflel, which is compofed of two. valves or pieces, with the feeds fattened to both futures, or joinings of the valves ; by the manner in which the (i- lique opens. 2. By peculiar glands. 3. By the calyx being open or fpreading. 4. By the pofition of the petals. 5. By the ftigma being notched or entire. XVI. In the 16th clafs, Moxadelphia, the ge¬ nera are diftinguilhed, 1. By the number of ftyles. 2. By the divifions of the outer calyx. 3. By the pofition of the.capfules and number of feeds contained in each. 4. By the feeds being beaked fpirally or backwards. XVII. Diadelphia. Here it is neceflary to de- fcribe the corolla, which is called papilionaceous, or pea-blofibmed, and ufually confifts of four petals. The lower petal, (haped like a boat, is called the heel; the upper petal, which fpreads and rifes upwards, is called the ftandard, and the two fide petals are called the wings. The feed-veflel is called a legume, and con¬ fifts of two pieces or valves, and the feeds are fixed to< one of the futures or joinings. In the order Deeandria, the genera are diftin- guiftied, 1. By the form and divifions of the ealyx. 2. By the form and roughnefs of the ftyle and; ftigma. 3. By the peculiarities of the ftandard, keel, and wings. 4. By the legume ; its form, length, and the number of feeds it contains. XIX. In the 19th clafs, Syngenesia, the genera are diftinguilhed, 1. By the nature and form of the receptacle, by its fmoothnefs or roughnefs, its being dotted, or* like a honeycomb. 2. By the nature of the pappus, which is the fea¬ thery, or flying, or winged crown of the feed by which it flies. 3. By the peculiarities of the calyxj its refembling tiles, being double, accompanie with fcales,. &c. 4. By the number of florets in the ray. XX. Gynandria, Diandria, the genera are di- ftinguiftied, By the form of the neftary, which is the lower lip of the corolla. XXI. In the 21ft clafs, MONOECIA, the genera* are diftinguiftied, 1. By 7° B O T Elements. I. By peculiarities in the male or anthered flower v" "-f of the calyx and corolla. 2. By limilar peculiarities in the female or flig- mate flowers. .3. By the form of the ament. The ament is a fpe- cies of flower confining of a thread-form re¬ ceptacle, to which a number of chaffy fcales are attached. A Ipecimcn of it may be feen in the flowers of the fir, birch, hazel, beech, and oak. XXII. XXIII. In the 22d and 23d claffes, Dioe- cia and Poeygamia, the genera are dillinguiftied in a manner fimilar to thofe already defcribed. We have only to remark, that what in other fyftems are called hermaphrodite flowers, in the clafs Polygamia we call anther-ftigmate, or piftil-ftaminal, that is, flowers having both anthers and ftigmas, or piftils and ftamens. OF THE SPECIES. The fpecies confift of fuch groups or colleflions of plants as have certain refemblances, which render it convenient to clafs them under one genus. The fpecies are diftinguilhed from one another, either by marking in a few words the moft ftriking differences, or by giv¬ ing a minute defcription of each fpecies. In the foreign plants, we have adopted the firft method for the fake of brevity. But in the Britifh, which it is of confequence we fhould ftudy more perfe&ly, we have adopted the fecond. The firft is a tranflation of Wildenow’s Spe¬ cies Plantarum, the moft complete fyftem hitherto pub- liftied, and the fecond, or the defcription of the Britifh plants, is a tranflation from Dr Smith’s Flora Britanni- ca, which we have no hefitation in faying is a model of botanical defcription. For precifion it is worthy of Linnaeus, and is fo minute that nothing peculiar to any Ipecies feems to have efcaped the author. The fpecies, when numerous, are formed into fubdi- vifions. This we think (hould always be done, when it can be done with propriety. There are fome emi¬ nent botanifts who difapprove of this praftice, becaufe, fay they, it feparates fpecies that have the clofeft re- femblance to one another. This, however, is of no con¬ fequence ; for it is not the objeft of botanical arrange¬ ment to place thefe plants next one another, which are moft like ; but to point out the fpecies, and moft cer¬ tain method of difcovering the names of fuch plants as we have occafion to examine. We cannot help regret¬ ting, therefore, that Mr Salilbury, in his new arrange¬ ment of Erica, a genus confiding of more than 240 fpecies, (hould, in order to clafs them according to their affinities, have negle&ed to form them into futy- divifions : the fubdivifion ®f the fpecies diminiffies the unneceffary labours of the botanift, and tends to in- creafe the precifion of inquiry. For example, 32 fpe¬ cies of the campanula have leaves fmooth poliffied, and the reft have leaves rough to the touch. This circum- ftance forms a very convenient fubdivifion. Again, 44 fpecies of the folanum have neither prickles nor thorns, 39 are prickled, and one is thorny or fpinous. Thus, in examining a folanum, we can have no occafion to run over 84 fpecies j we are required only to go over 44, or 39, or one. There is as much propriety in form¬ ing the numerous fpecies of a genus into fubdivifions, 3 ANY. as there is in feparating plants that have a clofe refem- blance into different genera. Who would have fuppofed that the botanift who has feparated the Erica vulgaris or common heath, from the genus to which it has hither¬ to belonged, would have thought it improper to arrange fo extenfive a genus into fubdivifions. We can only account for it, by fuppofing that an eminent botanift may fometimes forget the principles of the Linnean claffification, to feek after a natural claffification ; a thing which we fufpeft is like the government of Uto¬ pia, that exifts only in the mind of the inventor. Elements. OF VARIETIES. Every part of a plant is fubjedl to variation from climate, foil, cultivation, and difeafes, or injuries pro¬ duced by infe&s, winds, &c. The corolla and leaves are moft liable to change. Variations arifing from fuch accidents are not permanent ; they may indeed be pro¬ pagated by flips, but vaniffi in thofe plants which are raifed from feeds It is by rearing plants from feeds that we can determine whether a plant be a variety or a diftindl fpecies. Rules for directing the young Botanist in INVESTIGATING A PLANT. After the young botanift underftands the principles upon which the claffification is formed, he ought im¬ mediately to proceed to the examination of plants. 1. I. The botanift ought to feleft flowers in different ftates, fome expanded, fome unopened, and if poffible, fome that are ripened into fruit. 2. If the flower contain both ftamens and piftils, it belongs to fome one of the firft 20 claffes. If either the piftils or ftamens be wanting, it belongs to the 21ft, 22d, or 23d. To this rule there are a few exceptions, which if the young botanift cannot overcome, he may pafs them over till he has made fome progrefs in the art of inveftigation. 3. He muft next examine whether the ftamens be connedted or feparate, and whether two of them be uniformly ffiorter than the reft. If the ftamens be not connefted,' and two of them be not uniformly ffiorter, the plant belongs to one of the firft 13 claffes. If the ftamens do not amount to 12, the number of the fta¬ mens and number of the clafs is the fame. If the fta¬ mens be 12 or more, then, befides counting them, it is neceffary to obferve whether they be fixed at the lower end to the calyx or receptacle. This may be beft known by tearing off the calyx 5 if the ftamens do not come away with the calyx, the plant belongs to the clafs dodecandria. If the ftamens be about 20, lefs or more, and fixed to the calyx, the plant belongs to icofandria. If 20 or more, and attached to the calyx, the clafs is polyandria. In all thefe claffes the orders may be known by exa¬ mining the piftils. 4. If the ftamens be four or fix, and two ffiorter than the reft, the plant belongs to didynamia or tetrady- namia. The corolla in didynamious plants is one petal divided into two lips ; and the corolla of tetradynami- ous plants confifts always of four petals, placed fome- what in the form of a crofs: hence called cruciform. The orders of the clafs didynamia may be known by obferving whether the feeds be enclofed in a feed- veffel. B O T Elements, veflel, be four in number, and naked at the bottom of v—— the calyx. In tetradynamia, the orders are diftinguifhed by the form of the feed-veffel. If long, the order is filiquofa j if roundiih it is hliculofa. 5. If the ilamens be connected by the filaments into one fet round the piftil, but feparated at the top, and the petals five, the clafs is monadelpbia. If the ftamens be formed into two fets, and the corolla like the blof- foms of a pea or bean, the olafs is diadelphia ; and if formed into more than two fets, the clafs is polyadel- phia. The orders depend upon the number of the Ilamens. 6. If the flower be compound, that is, if one calyx contain a great many corollets, each of which has five ftamens united to a cylinder at the anthers, the flower belongs to the clafs fyngenefia. The orders are to be determined by examining the florets, that is, the corollets of the diflc and ray, in or* der to know whether they both contain piftils and fta¬ mens, or anthers and ftigmas, or otherwife. 1. If all the florets contain ftamens and a piftil, the order is polyga- mia aequalis. 2. If the dilk or central part have flo¬ rets with a piftil and ftamens, but the rays contain on¬ ly a piftil, the order is polygamia fuperflua. 3. If the florets of the dilk have ftamens and piftils, or be an- ther-ftigmate, but thofe of the rays have only a ftyle, the order is polygamia fruftranea. 4. If the florets of the dilk have ftamens and ftyles, but no ftigmas, and thofe of the rays a piftil only, the order is polyga¬ mia neceflaria. 5. When each of the florets has a fmall calyx, the order is the polygamia fegregata. 6. And when the flower is not compound, but Angle with anthers united, the order is monogamia. But fuch plants are commonly now added to the clafs pentandria. 7. If the ftamens be fixed to the piftil, the clafs is gynandria. The flower has fomething of a monftrous or irregular appearance. The petals are five, the ftyle grows from the inner petal of the lower lip of the co¬ rolla, fo as fcarcelv to be diftinguilhable. The orders are determined by the number of the ftamens. 8. When the flowers are imperfe&, that is, when fome in the fame individual plant have only piftils and fome only ftamens, the plant belongs to the clafs moncecia. When the piftils are in one plant, and the ftamens on another, the clafs is dioecia • and when perfed and im- perfedt flowers occur on the fame plant, or on two or three different plants, the clafs is polygamia. The orders of moncecia and dioecia, are known by the number of ftamens j and in polygamia, if imperfeft and perfect flowers, that is, anther-ftigmate, and ftig- mate or anthered, be found on the fame plant, the or¬ der is monoecia ; if on two plants, the order is dioecia* and if anther-ftigmate flowers be on one plant, ftig! mate on another, and anthered on a third, the order is trioecia. 9. Different flowers (hould be examined, andefpecially thofe that are unopened, if the number of ftamens and piftils {hould vary And if after this examination, dif¬ ferent unopened or unexpanded flowers fhould vary a preference fhould be given to the flowers that termi- natetheftalk. We 0 gbt always, therefore, to com¬ pare different flowers before we inquire after the clafs or orders. A N Y. II. 1. After determining the clafs and order, the botanift ought to compare with the flower which he is inveftigating the different feftions of the order when it is divided into ie6tions. He may then proceed to ex¬ amine the genus. 2. In the beginning of each clafs he will find all the genera arranged as they agree and differ in fome ef- fential chara&ers of the flower and fruit. But they are numbered in that order which brings thofe that have the clofeft refemblance next to one another. Af¬ ter the feftion is determined, then the flower muft be compared with each of the genera of that fedtion, or of the order when it is not divided into fedions. 3. If none of the effential characters agree with the flower and fruit of the plant which is examined, then the plants which are named at the end of the orders are to be fought for and examined. In this fyftem we have firft given the effential marks of all the genera at the beginning of each clafs in La¬ tin, and alfo in Englifh. 4. After determining the genus, the plant may be compared with the defcription of the fpecies. In foreign plants we have in general given only the ef¬ fential charader of the fpecies. But in fome Britifh plants we have added alfo, from Dr Smith’s Flora Bri- tannica, a minuter and fuller account, as an example of botanical defcription. We have not referred to thofe books which give plates of the fpecies, becaufe they are acceflible but to very few, and becaufe we do not think that a man will ever be a botanift whofe knowledge is indebted to plates. It is much better to confult an experienced botanift than a book of plates. Thofe, however, who wifh to confult plates may do fo from this fyftem as well as from any other, after afcertaining the clafs and order. As to the language which is employed in the fol¬ lowing fyftem, we need fay very little. We have en¬ deavoured to make it as much Englifh as poflible. We have always preferred words of Englifh origin when we thought them fufficiently accurate y but when we had reafon to believe that fuch words were fo vacme that they might lead into error, we thought it beUer to adopt the Linnean terms, and to give them an Eng¬ lifh termination. In a few cafes we have retained the Linnean terms unaltered, as corqjla, bradea, ftipula becaufe we thought any fuch change would be un- pleafant to the ear, as corol, bradle, ftipule. Be- fides it would be no difadvantage to the harmony of our language to have more words ending with vowels. We once intended to have given Englifb names to many of the genera, and to all the fpecies, and had done fo through the firft four or five claffes ; but it was objec¬ ted, that this would increafe the fynonymes, which are already too numerous; and confequent'ly would oftener tend to miflead than to be ufeful. It would certainly be much better that plants were known in all nations by the fame name. Of the Method of forming an Herbarium or Hcrtus Siccus. Every man who wifhes to be a complete botanift will find it neceffary to preferve and to form into a collec¬ tion the plants which he has examined. 71 Elements. The 72 B O T Elements. The bed method of preferring them is by drying v-.- them : fpecimens ought to be collefted when dry, and carried home in a tin box. Plants may be dried by .prefling, in a box of fand, or with a hot fmoothing iron. Each of thefe has its advantages. 1. If preffure be employed, a botanical prefs may be procured. The prefe rs made of two fmooth boards of hard wood, 18 inches long, 12 broad, and two thick. Screws mufl; be fixed to each corner with nuts. If a .prefe cannot eafily be had, books may be employed. Next, fome quires of unfized bloflom blotting paper muft be provided. The fpecimens, when taken out of the tin box, mull be carefully fpread on a piece of pafte- board covered with a fingle fheet of the bloffbm paper quite dry ; then place three or four flieets of the fame paper above the plant, to imbibe the moiflure as it is preffed out; it is then to be put into the prefe. A- many plants as the prefs will hold may be piled up in this manner. At firfl: they ought to be preffed gently. After being preffed for twenty-four hours or fo, the plants ought to be examined, that any leaves or petals which have been folded maybe fpread out, and dry fheets of paper laid over them. They may now be replaced in the prefs, and a greater degree of pref¬ fure applied. The prefs ought to {land near a fire, or in the funlhine. After remaining two days in this fituation, they Ihould be again examined, and dry'ftieets of paper be laid over them. The preffure then ought to be confiderably increafed. After remaining three days longer in the .prefs, the plants may be taken out, and fuch as are fufficiently dry may be put in a dry flieet of writing paper. Thofe plants which are fucculent may require more preffure, and the b^offom paper again renewed. Plants which dry very quickly, ought to be preffed with confiderable force when firft put into the prefs y and if delicate, the bloffom paper Ihould be changed every day. When the ftem is woody it may be thin¬ ned vvith a knife, and if the flower be thick or globu¬ lar, as the thiftle, one fide of it may be cut away; as all that is nectffary, in a fpecimen, is to preferve the cha- rafter of the clafe, order, genus and fpecies. 2. Plants may be dried in £l box of fand in a more expeditious manner, and this method preferves the co¬ lour of fome plants better. The fpe.cimens, after being preffed for.ten or twelve hours, muft be laid within a fheet of bloffom paper. The box muft contain an inch deep of fine dry fand, on which the fheet is to be placed, and then covered with fand an inch thick ; another ftieet may then be depofited in the fame manner, and fo on, till the box be full. The box muft be placed near a fire for two or three days. Then the fand muft be carefully removed, and the plants examined. If not fufficiently dried, they may again be replaced in the fame manner for a day or two. 3. In drying plants with a hot fmoothing iron, they muft be placed within feveral fheets of blotting paper, and ironed till they become fufficiently dry. This me¬ thod anfwers beft for drying fucculent and mucilaginous plants. 4. When properly dried, the fpecimens fhould be placed in fheets of writing paper, and may be (lightly faftened by making the top and bottom of the ftalk pafs through a flip of the paper, cut neatly for the pur- A N Y. pofe. Then the name of the genus and fpecies fhould Element*, be written down, the place where it was found, nature —-y—— of the foil, and the feafon of the yeSr. Thefe fpecimens may be colleffed into genera, orders, and claffes, and titled and preferved in a portfolio or cabinet. The method of preferving many of the cryptogamous plants is more difficult, on account of the greater quantity of moifture which they contain, and the greater delicacy of their texture. We will now conclude this introdu&ion with parti¬ cular reference to tire plates. EXPLANATION of the PLATES. Plate XCIV. exhibits the 24 CLASSES ; fig. 1. reprefenting the firft clafs, or Monandria ; fig. 2. the fecond clafe, or Diandria ; fig. 3. the third clafs, or Triandria ; and fo on, according to the enumeration in the table. Plate XCV. reprefents the parts of a plant upon which the inveftigation of the GENUS depends. Parts of the Flower.—Fig. 1. Spathe. Fig. 2. Spadix. Fig. 3. Gluma, or glume; b b, arifta, or awn. Fig. 4. Umbella and involucrum; a, Umbel/a univcr- Ja/is, or univerfal umbel; b, partialis, or partial um¬ bel : c, Involucrum univerfa/e, univerfal involucre ; d, partiale, ax partial involucre. Fig. 5. Calyptra, calyp- tre or veil ; a, capitulum; b, operculum; parts of moffes. Fig. 6. Amentum. Fig. 7. Strobi/us, ftrobile. Fig. 8. a, Pileus, cap ; b, volva ; c, Jlipes ; parts of fungi or mufhrooms. Fig. 9. a, Receptacu/um commune nudum, the common receptacle or bafe of the flower when the (lamina, piftillum, capfule, &c. are taken off. Fig. 10. Receptaculum commune paleis imbricatum, or common receptacle imbricated with paleae or membra¬ naceous lamellae. Fig. 11. a the tube, b the edge or margin, of a one-petaled corolla. Fig. 12. is a flower laid in a proper pofition for fhowing its dift'erent parts, a, Germen, which includes the feeds and capfule in which they are enclofed ; b, Jlyle, a continuation of the germen ; c,Jligma, or top of the ftylus ; d d d d d d, filaments, or threads ; eeeee, anthers; f f f f f, petals. Fig. 13. a, the claws, b, the lamince or plates, of a many-petaled corolla. Fig. 14. a, Bell-ftiaped nec¬ tary of the narciffus. Fig. 15. Horned nedlaries of monkshood. Fig. 16. Horned ne£lary in the calyx of the tropceolum. Fig. 17. aaaa, The ne£laries of the parnaffia ,grafs, five in number, each of which has 13 ftyles, with round buttons on their tops. Parts of Fructification.—Fig. 18. a, Peri¬ anth; b, germen ; c, fiyle ; d, fiigma ; e e, filaments ; if, anthers, fome (bedding the pollen or duft ; g, the appearance of the anther before it (beds the pollen. Fig. 19. a, (he .filament, and b, the anther, feparated from the flower. Fig. 20. a, one grain of the pollen magnified by a mlcrofcope ; b, an elaftic aura fuppofed to be neceffary for impregnating the feeds. Fig. 21. a, Germen ; h,fiyle; cc, fiigma. Fig. 22. Follicle: The feeds not adhering to the future, are enclofed in a particular receptacle, o. Fig. 23. Legume, or a double- valved pericarp, having the feeds fixed only to one of the futures a a. Fig. 24. Silique, or a double-valvtd pericarp, with the feeds fixed to both futures or mar¬ gins, a b. Fig. 25. Pome, or a flefhy pericarp, contain¬ ing 3* i ITA refill'aldj'cu/p ? Ho. B O TAN Y. b /.eaves CoMPoznrn. 102. LEAVES .IS TO DETERMINATION/ A. Wilson Sculp? botany: PLATE XCVIIL CAULES OR STEALS* STEFORTS ROOTS. .aL Tlttron Sculp f B O T Elements, irig a capfule in which the feeds are enclofed, as in the 'V—-' apple, &c. ; a, the pericarp ; b, the capfule or feed-cafe. Fig. 26. a, Drupe, or pericarp containing a nut or flone, and having no valve, b, The nucleus, or ftone. Fig. 27. Bacca or berry, a pericarp containing naked feeds difperfed through the pulpy part. Fig. 28. A capfule opening at the top to allow the feeds to fall out. Fig. 29. Four capfules included in a common pericarp, a a. The valves 5 b b, the diflepiment, or partition which feparates the different feed-capfules from one another ; c, columella, or central column, by which the capfules are conneffed. Fig. 30. A capfule cut off longitudinally, to (how the receptacle of the feeds. Fig. 31. Pappus, or down j a, long-haired ; b, feathered ; c, feed •, &,JUpe. Pedunculi or Footjialks of Flowers.—Fig. 32. Corymb. 33. Raceme. 34. Spike. 35. Verticil. 36. Panicle. Plates XCVI. XCVII. XCYITI. contain delinea¬ tions relative to the SPECIES of plants. 1. Leaves as to figure. A, Simple.—Fig. 37. Orbicular, of a circular figure. Fig. 38. Subrotun- dum, roundifli or nearly circular. Fig. 39. Ovate. Fig. 40. Oval or elliptical. Fig. 41. Oblong. Fig. 42. Lanceolate. Fig. 43. Linear. Fig. 44. Subulate, or awl-fhaped. Fig. 45. Reniform, or kidney-fhaped. Fig. .46. Cordate, or heart-fhaped. Fig. 47. Lunulated, or crefcept form. Fig. 48. Triangular. Fig. 49. Sagittate. Fig. 50. Cordato-Sagittate, heart-fhaped behind, and fharp like the point of an arrow before. Fig. 51. Haft- ate, or halbert-fhaped. Fig. 52. Cleft. ^ Fig. 53. Three-lobed, or having three (55) lobes. Fig. 54. Prremorfe, fore-bitten. Fig. 55. Lobed. Fig. 56. Quinquangular, or five-angled. Fig. 57. Eroded? Fig. 58. Palmate. Fig. 59. Pinnated. Fig. 60. Laciniate. Fig. 61. Sinuate. Fig. 62. Dent-finuate. Fig. 63. Sinu¬ ate backwards. Fig. 64. Partite or parted. Fig. 65. Repand, or feolloped. Fig. 66. Dentated, or dent¬ ed. Fig. 67. Serrated or fawed. Fig. 68. Doubly fer- rated. Fig. 69. Doubly notched. Fig. 70. Cartilagi¬ nous. Fig. 71. Acutely notched. Fig. 72. Obtufely notched. Fig. 73. Plaited. Fig. 74. Crenate, notch¬ ed. Fig. 75. Curled. Fig. 76. Blunt or obtufe. Fig. 77. Acute. Fig. 78. Acuminate, or awl-pointed. Fig. 79* Obtufe with an acumen, blunt with a fliarp point fuperadded. Fig. 80. Acutely emarginated. Fig. 81. Cuneiform emarginate, wedgeform and notched at the end. Fig. 82. Retufe. Fig. 83. Long-haired. Fig. 84. fomentufe, or cottony. Fig. 85. Hifpid, or bridle- haired.. Fig. 86. Ciliated, Fig. 87. Rugofe or wrink- !y. Fig. 88. Veined. Fig. 89. Nerved. Fig. 90. Pa- pillous. Hg. 91. Linguiform or tongue-fliaped. Fig. 92. Scimitar-fhaped. Fig. 93. Hatchet-fhaped. Fig. 94. Deltoid. Fig. 93. Phree-fided or triquetrous. Fig. 96. Channelled. Fig. 97. Furrowed. Fig. 98. Cylin¬ drical. B. Compound Leaves. Fig. 99. Three-lobed. I'ig. 100. Binate. Fig. loi.Ternate. Fig. 102. Digi¬ tate or fingered. Fig. 103. Pedate. Fig. 104. Pin¬ nated with an odd leaflet. Fig. 105. Abruptly pinnated, fig. 106. Pinnated alternately. Fig. 107. Abruptly pinnated. Fig. 108. Pinnated with a cirrhus. Fig. 109. Pinnated with only two leaflets. Fig. no. Pin¬ nated dtcurfively. Fig. m. Pinnated jointedly. Fig. J 12. Lyre-fhaped. Fig. 113. Biternate, or dupl’ico-ter- Vol. IV. Part I. A N Y. nate, biternate, (100), or doubly ternate, or having three ternate (100) leaves upon one petiole. Fig. I 14. Bipinnate or doubly pinnate, i. e. having the prim a; y pinnae pinnated again a fecond time. Fig. 1 15. Triter- nate, or triple ternate, or confiding of three biternate (113) leaves. Fig. 1 16. Triple pinnated without an odd leaflet, or having the fecondary pinnae pinnated again, and thefe laid pinnae not terminated with an odd leaflet. Fig. 117. Triple pinnated with an odd leaflet. 2. Leaves, as to determination.-—Fig. 11 8. Incnr- vated. Fig. 119. Erefl. Fig. 120. Patent or fpreading. Fig. 121. Horizontal. Fig 122. Reclined or reflex. Fig. 123. Revalute or rolled back. Fig. 124. Seminal leaves, or feed-leaves. Fig. 125. Catiline or ftem-leaf. Fig. 126. A branch-leaf. Fig. 127. Floral ; leaf next the flower; alfo termed a braBea. Fig 128. Peltate, or target-fliaped. Fig. 129. On a leaf-ftalk. Fig. 130. Seffile. Fig. 131. Decurrent. Fig. 132. Stem-clafping. Fig. T33. Perfoliate. Fig. 134. Connate, or united at the bafe. Fig, 135. Sheathing. Fig. 136. Articula¬ ted or jointed. Fig. 137. Stellate, or verticilled. Fig. 138. ^ualerna, quina, fena, &c. denote diffe¬ rent fpecies of ftellated, or verticilled leaves, when there are four, five, or fix, &c. leaves in one verticil or whirl. Fig. 139. Oppofite. Fig. 140. Alternate. Fig. 141, Linear and perfifting. Fig. 142. Imbricated, or tiled. Fig. 143. Fafcicled. Fig. 144. Frond; a fpe¬ cies of flalk or trunk, confifling of branches and leaves, and fometimes the frudlification, all united together ; peculiar to the Filices or Ferns, and the Palmte. fig. 145. (Sauv.) Spatulate, or roundifli above, with a long linear bafe. Fig. 146. Parabolical ; having its longitudinal diameter longer than the tranfverfe, and growing narrower from the bafe till it terminate fome- what like an oval. 3. Caules, or Stems.—Fig. 147. A fcaly culm or ftalk. Fig. 148. Caulis repens, a repent or creeping ftalk or ftem ; appropriated to herbaceous plants. Fig. 149. Scape. Fig. 150. A jointed culm (147)'or ftalk. Fig. iji. A twining ftem. Fig. 152. A dicho¬ tomous or two-forked ftem. Fig. 133. Brachiated. 4. Fulcra, or Supports.—Fig. 134. a, A clafper or tendril ; b, Stipulas, the little .feales at the bafe of the foot-ftalk of the leaf, or at the bafe of the flower- ftalk ; c, fmall hollow glands for the fecretion of fome particular fluid. Fig^ 133. a, Small glands. Fig. 136. a, Braffea; on footftalk, or differing from the other leaves of the plant. Fig. 137. a, A Ample or one- pointed fpine. b, A triple or three-pointed fpine. Fig. 138. A triple or three-pointed prick. Fig. 160. Oppo¬ fite leaves ; a, the axil, or angle betwixt the leaf and the ftalk. 3. Roots.—Fig. 161. A fcaly bulb. Fig. 162. A folid bulb. Fig. 163. A tunicated or coated bulb. F>g* 164. A tuberous root. Fig. 163. Fufiform or fpindle-fhaped. Fig. 166. A branchy root. Fig. 167,, A repent or creeping root. EXPLANATION OF SIGNS. f © Annual. Duration. < one-petaledy irregular. Fruit capfular. 45. P. Cor. 4-cleft, throat bare. Cal. 5-parted. Capf. 2-celled. 46. W. Cor. 4-cleft, throat bearded. Cal. 5-parted, Capf. 2-celled. * 44. V. Cor. limb 4-parted, lower fegment nar- roweft. , y 49. Gratiola, B 0 T 49. CrRATlOLA. Cor. 4-fida bilabiata refupinata. Stamina 4 : duo flerilia. Capf. 2-locul. 50. Schweniua. Cor. fubmqualis : ore pHcato-ftel- lato glandulofo. Stam. 5.: 3 fterilia. Capf. 2 locul. 48. Justicia. Cor. irregularis. Capf. 2 locul. ungue elaftico difliliens : DitTepimentum contrarium adnatum. 47. Cyrtandra. Cor. irregularis. Stam. 4 : 2 tVe- rilia. Bacca 2-locularis. * 53. Pinguicula. Cor. ringens : calcarata. Cal. 5- fidus. Cafp. 1-locul. 51. Calceolaria. Cor. ringens inflata. Cal. 4-fi- dus, Cafp. 2-locula. 4-valvis. 52. Baea. Cor. ringens. Cal. 5-partitus. Capf. 2- locul. 4 valvis. * 54. Utricularia. Cor. ringens calcarata. Cal. 2- phyllus. Capf. i-locularis. 55. Ghinia. Cor. ringens. Cal. 5-ariftatus. Nux carnofa 4-locula. 66. Sciuris. Cor. ringens. Stam. 5 : 3 fterilia. Capf. 5 coalltse. •’f Hemimeris fabulofa, diffufu, montana. Bignonia catalpa, longi/Jima. Se£t. III. Flores inferi monopetali, irregulares. Fruc- tus gymnofpermi. A N Y. Diandria 49. G. Cor. 4-cleft, bilabiate, refupinate. Stam. 4, 2 barren. Capf. 2-celled. 50. S. Cor. fubequal. mouth plaited flellate glandu¬ lar. Stam. 5, 3 barren. Capf. 2-celled. 48. J. Cor. irregular. Capf. 2 celled, hurtling, with an elatlic claw. 47. C. Cor. irregular. 4 tlamens, 2 barren. Berry. *' S3- P- Cor* ringent, fpurred. Cal. 5-cleft, 1-celled. 51. C. Cor. ringent, inflated. Cal. 4-cleft. Capf. 2- celled, 4-valved. 52. B. Cor. ringent. Cal. f-parted. Capf. 2-celled, 4-valved. ■ * 54. U. Cor. ringent, fpurred. Cal. 2-leaved. Capf. I-celled. 55. G. Cor. ringent. Cal. 5 awned. Nut flethv, 4- celled. ' 66. S. Cor. ringent. 5 Stam. 3 barren. Capf. 5, united. Plants apt to be confounded with thofe are, Hemimeris fabulofa, diffufa, montana. Bignonia catalpa, longijjima. Se£t. III. Flowers inferior, one-petaled, irregular. Seeds naked. * 56. Verbena. Cor. fubsequalis. Cal. lacinia fupre- * 56. V. Cor. fubequal. Cal. higheft fegment fliorter. ma breviore. * 57. Lycopus. Cor. 4-fida fubaequalis j lacinia unica * 57. L. Cor. fubequal. Stamens diflant. emarginata. Stam. diftantia. 58. Amethystea. Cor. 5-fida fubaequalis : lacinia 58. A. Cor. 5-cleft fubequal, longeft fegment con- infima concava. Stam. approximata. cave cleft. Stamens near. 60. ZiziPHORA. Cor. ringens : galea reflexa. Cal. 60. Z. Cor. ringent, helmet reflefted. Cal. fili- filiformis. form. 61. Monarda. Cor. ringens : galea lineari obvol- 61. M. Cor. ringent, helmet linear, covering the vente genitalia. piftils and flamens. "62. Rosmarinus. Cor. ringens: galea fornicata 62. R. Cor. ringent, helmet arched, 2-cleft. Stam. bifida. Stam. curva cum dente. crooked. * 63. Salvia. Cor. ringens. Fil. tranfverfe pedi- * *63.8. Cor. ringent. Fil. on a tranfverfe foot-ftalk, cellata. with a dent. 59. Cunila. Cor. ringens galea plana. Stam. 4 : 59. C. Cor. ringent, helmet plane. 4 Stam. 2 bar- 2'fterilia. ren. 64. Collinsonia. Cor. fubringens : labio capillari 64. C. Cor. fubringent, lip capillary many-cleft, multifido. Se£t. IV. Flores inferi poly pet ali. Sedt. IV. Flowers inferior, many-petaled. 42. Fontanesia. Cor. 2-petala. Cal. 4-partitus. Capf. 2-locul. non dehifcens. •68. Lithophila. Cor. 3-petala. Cal. 3-phyllus. Peric. 2-locul. 69. Linociera. Cor. 4 petala. Cal. 4-dentatus. Bacca 2 locul. 39. Dialium. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. nullus. - f- Polycncmum fclerofpermum. 42. F. Cor. 2-petaled. Cal. 4-parted. Capf. 2-celled, not dehifcent. 68. L. Cor. 3-petaled. Cal. 3-leaved. Peric. 2 cells. 69. L. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-dented. Berry 2 cells. 39. D. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. none. Florvers fometimes Diandrous. P olycnemum fclerofpermum. Se£t. V. Floresfaperi. 65. Morina. Cal. fruflus dentato-ariftatus, floris bifidus. % Sedl. V. Flowers Superior. 65. M. Cal. double, that of the fruit dented, that of the flower 2-cleft. 43. ClRC.iEA. 1 l Diandria. B O T * 43. CiRCJfcA. Cal. 2-pliyllus. Cor. 2-petala obcor- data. 67. Globba. Cal. 3-fidus. Cor. 3-fida. Capf. 3- locularis. Flowers fometimes Diandrous, refembling thofe of Sed. V. f Valeriana Cornucopice. Boerhaavia erc&a, hirfuta /can dens.' $e£l. VI. Flores apetali. 70. Ancistrum. Cal. 4-phyllus. Drupa exfucca hifpida 1-local. yr. Aruna. Cal. 5-partitus. Bacca i-locularis. Ordo II. DIGYNIA. * 72. Anthoxanthum. Cal. gluma 2-valvis i-flora. Cor. gluma 2-valvis acuminata ariftata. 73. Crypsis. Gal. gluma 2-valvis l-flora. Cor. gluma 2-valvis mutica. Flower refembling thefe. Saccharum cylindricum, Thunbergii. Ordo III. TRIGYNIA. 74. Piper. Cal. o. Cor. 0. Bacca i-fperma. ANY.', 81 43. C. Cal. 2-leaved. Cor. 2-petaled. 67. G. Cal. 3-cleft. Cor. 3-cleft. Capf. 3-cell- ed. Se£t. VI. Flowers without Petals. 70. A. Cal. 4-leaved. Drppe juicelefs, hifpid4 r celled. 71. A. Cal. 5-parted. Berry 1 cell. Order II. DIGYNIA. 72. A. Cal. a 2-valved glume, 1 flower. Cor. a 2-valved glume, acuminate awned. 73. C. Cal. a 2-valved glume, 1 flower. Cor. a 2-valved glume, awnleTs. 1 » Order III. TRIGYNIA. 74. P. Cal. none. Cor. none. Berry 1 feed- 31. Nyctanthes. » Cor. falver-lhaped, the fegments truncated. Capf. 2- celled marginate. Seeds folitary. arbor !■ N. with a ftem four-cornered, leaves ovate fliarp- tri/lis. pointed, feed-veffels membranaceous and flattened, b . Eafl: Indies. 32. Jasminum, Jaf/nine. Cor. falver-lhaped, from five to eight-cleft. Berry 2- grained. Seeds folitary in a feed-coat. Subdiv. I. Leaves Jimple. fambac. I. J. with leaves Ample, oppofite elliptical ovate, membranaceous and opaque, the branchlets and foot- ftalks pubefcent, the fegments of the calyx awl-fliaped. India. b • et With a Ample flower. /3 With a multiplied flower, fegments oblong acute, Ihorter than the tube. V With full flowers, legments roundilh, longer than the tube. 2. .1. with leaves ovate, (harp-pointed, a Tittle waved, the branches columnar. Malabar. b • hirfutum. 3. J. with leafftalks and fruitflalks. villous. In¬ dia. b • angujlifo- 4. J. with leaves blunt, lanceolate and ovate. In- lium. dia. b • vimtneum. J. with leaves oppofite, ovate dagger-pointed, fruit (Talks axillary, one-flowered, fhofe terminating three * VOL. IV. Part I. 6 flowered, b • Java an(I Malabar. Has a great affi- ' nity to the preceding. 6. J. with leaves oppofite ovate, heart-lhaped, pubefcens. befcent on both (ides. b • Calcutta. 7. J. with leaves oppofite, Ample, ovate-oblong, te-fcandens* pering j panicles right-angled ; fegments of the calyx briftle-lhaped, bent back. Bengal. 8. J. with leaves heart-(haped, lanceolate, acute, zndi elongatum. long; branches columnar. Nyttanthes elongata of Linn. Suppl. E. Indies. 9. J. with leaves oppofite, fimple, lanceolate, glofly^/mw/wra. the fegments of the calyx awl-(haped. NyEianthes glauca of Linn. Suppl. b • Cape of Good Hope. 10. J. with leaves oppofite, fimple, ovate, tapering, trmerve. three-nerved ; footftalks axillary and commonly one- flowered. Java. 11. J. with leaves oppofite, ovate-lanceolate, fimvle.jimplicifo* Friendly iflands. //wm. Subdiv. II. Leaves ternate. 12. J. with leaves ternate oppofite, leaflets ovate, angularc. blunt; branches angular and leafftalks villous, fruit- ftalks axillary, three-flowered. Jafminum capenfe of Thunberg. Cape of Good Hope. 13* J* with leaves oppofite ternate, leaves auricula. the flower-bearing branchlets fimple j the calyxes an- turn. gled, the branches columnar and pubefcent. Mala¬ bar. 14^ L fmooth with leaves'ternate and oppofite, ftem flexile. climbing, branches columnar. E. Indies. I4 15. J. 82 B O T didymurti. 15. J. fmooth with leaves ternate, oppofite, leaflets ovate-lanceolate, branches axillary. Society iflands. azoncutn. 16. J. with leaves ternate, oppofite; leaflets ovate and a little heart-fhaped waved ; branches fmooth, co¬ lumnar, the fegments of the calyx equal to the tube. Azores. fruticans. 17. J. with leaves ternate and alternate, leaflets obovate, wedge-lhaped and blunt, branches angled, feg- ments of the calyx awl-fliaped. South of Europe, and the Levant. liumile. 18. J. with leaves ternate, alternate acuted pinnated, branches angled, the fegments of the calyx very (hort. Obf. Pinnated leaves are feldom found in this fpecies. odorati/Ji- xg. J. with leaves ternate, alternate bluntifli and mum. pinnated, branches columnar, fegments of the calyx very fliort. Madeira. Subdiv. III. Leaves pinnated. officinale. 20. J. with leaves oppofite and pinnated, leaflets fharp-pointed, the buds a little ereft. India and Swit¬ zerland. grandiflo- 21. J. with leaves oppofite and pinnated, leaflets rum. bluntifli, buds horizontal. Eaft Indies. 33. Galipea. Cal. four or five-cornered, four or five-toothed. Cor. falver-fhaped, four or five-parted. Stamens four, two barren. trifoliata* 1. G. Guiana, b 6 feet high with leaves alter¬ nate on footftalks ternate ; leaflets fertile, lanceolate, lharp-pointed, entire. The flowers fmall, grow in a cyme. 34. Ligustrum, Privet. Cor. 4-cleft; berry fuperior, 2-celled, with four feeds. vulgare. * 1. L. leaves ellipfe-lanceolate, obtufe, mucronula- ted. Privet, Print or Prim print. Grows in woods, thickets, and hedges, efpecially in a gravelly moifl: foil. Europe. b . Flowers in V. and VI. The branches are wand-like. The leaves oppofite, fubfef- file, dark green, fmooth, lanceolate, fometimes el¬ liptical, entire, pointed like a dagger, but not very Iharp, fometimes continuing through the winter; pa¬ nicles terminating and crowded with flowers. Flowers milky, ftrong fmelled. Berries black, very bitter, as are alfo the leaves and bark. This plant is not injured by the fmoke of towns. japonicum. 2. L. with leaves ovate, (harp-pointed y panicle ob- tufe-angled. Japan. 35. Phillyrea. Cor. 4-cleft. Berry one feed. media. 1. P. with leaves oblong-lanceolate, ferrated. « P. ligujlrifolia, with leaves oblong-lanceolate. >8 P. virgata, with leaves lanceolate, branches ereft and wand-like. y P. pendula, with leaves lanceolate, branches ob- tufe-angled, hanging. 3 P. olecefolia, with leaves oblong-lanceolate, branches nearly ere6l. s P. buxifolia, with leaves oval-oblong and bluntifli. South of Europe. Mngujifo- 2. P. with leaves linear-lanceolate and very en- Jia. tire. ANY. Diandria « P. lanceolaia, with lanceolate leaves, and ftraight branches. /3 P. rofmarinifolia, with leaves lanceolate awl-ftiap- ed, long ; branches ftraight. y P. brachiata, with leaves oblong-lanceolate (horter; branches obtufe-angled. South of Europe. 3. P. with leaves ovate-heartfliaped ferrated. latifolia, x P. Icevis, with leaves ovate, plane, indiftin&ly fer¬ rated. /3 P.fpmofa, with leaves ovate-oblong acute, (harply ferrated and plane. y P. obliqua, with leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute, ferrated, bending obliquely. South of Europe. 36. Ole a, Olive. Cor. 4-cleft, fegments nearly ovate. Drupe one feed. 1. O. with leaves lanceolate very entire, racemes axillary and condenfed. '9 ed at the apex, trifid; capfules hairy. Malabar. ©. Gratiola chamcedrifolia of Lamarck. > _ # 10. G. with leaves lanceolate, blunt, a little &e.n\.-vii'ginica. ed. Virginia. 11. G. with flowers almoft feflile. Peru. peruviana. 12. G. with (talks decumbent, leaves ovate, tens.-grandi- ted, fruitftalks oppofite, capfules awl-fhaped. Tran-^m. quebar, Madras, Siam, Malacca. 13. G. with ftem afcending, leaves lanceolate, (ex-oppojitt- rated, fruitftalks oppofite to the leaves. 1 ranque-./o//tf. bar. . 14. G. with ftem very little branched; Xezvcspujiiia. ovate, notched, acute ; fruitftalks axillary, bearing one flower, longer than the leaves. India. ©. 50. SCHWENKIA. Cor. nearly equal; throat plaited, glandular. StameiiS three, barren. Capf. 3-celled, with many feeds. 1. Schwenkia. Berbice. $. americana, 51. Calceolaria. Cor. ringent, inflated. Capf. 2-celled, 2-valved. Cal. 4-parted, equal. 1. C. with leaves pinnated- pinnata, Var. with pinnas of the leaves fewer and broader. Peru. ©. 2. C. with leaves lanceolate, wrinkled, ferrated; integrifu» flowers panicled and terminating. Peru. ha. 3. C. with a branched ftem, leaves ovate and cxe-ovata. nated. Peru. ©. Calceolaria dichotoma of Lamarck. C. integrifolia of Lin. Suppl. 4. C. with ftem perfoliate, leaves fagittate, villous^r/o/rWtf, on both fides. New Granada and Peru. 5. C. with leaves feflile oblong, acute, crenated ycrenata. flowers cymous, terminating the ftalk and branches. Peru. 6. C. with leaves linear, very entire, bent back rt-rofmarinu the edge, downy below ; ftem ftnootb. Peru. folia. 7. C. with leaves battledore-lhaped, very entire \fothgrgillii fruitftalks fcape-like, bearing one flower. Falkland iflands. $ . 8. C. with fcapes bearing few flowers, leaves x\iova-plantagi- bous and ferrated. Calceol. biflora of Lamarck. §.nea. America near the ftraits of Magellan. If.. 9. C. with fcapes bearing one flower, leaves ovate nana. and very entire. Calceol. uniflora of Lamarck. "S. America near the ftraits of Magellan. % . 52. Baea. Cor. ringent, tube very (hort, upper lip plain, 3-dented, the lower lip plane and 2-lobed. Cal. 2-celled, 4- valved, contorted. Capf. 5 parted, and equal. I. B. Near the ftraits of Magellan, %, magcllanu ca. 53. Pinguicula, Buttervoort. Cor. ringent, fpur-ftiaped. Cal. 2-lipped, 5-cleft. Capf. i-eell. * 1. P. with a blunt ne£tary (horter than the petal, lujitanicti, the fcape villous, the capfule globular. Synon. Pin- guicula villofa. Viola paluflris. Pale Butterwort. It grows on the fides of marlhes and bogs. Tf.. Flowers in VI. and VII. * 2. P. with a cylindrical nedtary, acute, and vulgaris, of the length of the petal, the capfule ovate. Com- M mon. 9° grandiflo- ra. alpina. villofa. vulgaris. minor.. alpina. foliofa. obtufa. fubulata. gibba. bifid a. capillacea. ccerulea. Jlellaris. fpinofa. mutica. BOX man butterwort, or Yorhjlnre famcle. Grows in fpongy raarfhes. Europe. %. Flowers in V. and VI. The inhabitants of Lapland and of the north of Sweden, give to milk the confiftence of cream, by pouring it when warm from the cow upon the leaves of this plant. They then drain it, and lay it afide for two or three days, till it becomes a little acid. In this date they are extremely fond of it. 3. P. nedtary awl-fhaped, draight; upper lip fpread- ing, emarginate. Alps. %. 4. P. nedtary awl-lhaped, bent down, diorter than the petals. Lapland, Switzerland, and Audria. %. 5. P. fcape did, draight and pubefcent j nedtary verydiortj leaves nerved. Lapland and Siberia. If. 54. Utricularia. The corolla is ringent and fpur-diaped. The calyx has two equal fegments. The eapfule fuperior and one-celled. * 1. U. with a conical nedlary and a fcape with few dowers. Lentibularia of Ray. Common bladder-wort, or hooded milfoil. Grows in dagnant waters. Europe. If.. Flowers in VI. * 2. U. with a nedlary, keel-fhaped, very diort and blunt. Lentibularia minor of Ray. Lefs hooded mil¬ foil. Grows in ditches and mardies, but rarely. Eu¬ rope. If.. Flowers in VI. 3. U. with an awl-diaped nedlary, leaves ovate and very entire. Martinico. 4. U. with a conical nedlary, fruits drooping, root¬ lets without any bottle or bladder. S. America. 5. U. with nedlary bent inwards, blunt, fomewhat emarginate. Jamaica. 6. U. with awl-fhaped nedlary. Virginia. Obf. The leaves are like hairs, the dowers white. 7. U. with gibbous nedlary. Virginia. 8. U. with a fcape naked and bifid. China. 9. U. fcape naked, capillary, commonly bearing three nodding dowers j capfule awl-diaped. India. 10. U. with a naked fcape 5 feales alternate, fcat- tered. awl-fhaped. Ceylon. 11. U. verticillo utriculario braclearum cilari Lin. Suppl. India. 55. Ghinia. Cal. 5-awned. Cor. ringent, limb 5-cleft. Nut defliy, 4-celled. Seeds folitary. 1. G. with fruit having 4 fpines or thorns, leaves fmooth. Verbena curajfavica. Antigua and the Ca- ribbee idands. ©. 2. G. with fruits awnlefs, leaves downy. Guiana. ©. 56. Verbena, Vervain. Cor. funnel-fhaped, almoft equal, curved. Cal. with one dent, truncated. Seeds two or four naked. Subdiv. I. Diandrous ; two anthers, and two feeds. ANY. Diandria. the bafe, dented, downy beneath \ flalk dirubby. South America. h • 5. V. fpikes loofe; calyxes alternate, prifmatic, truncated, awned *, leaves ovate, blunt. Jamaica. Q. 6. V. fpikes loofe j calyxes of the fruit turned mexicana. downwards, rounded and double, hifpid. Mexico. If.. 7. V. fpikes ovate, leaves lanceolate ferrate-plaited, Ilem fhrubby. Jamaica. folia. Subdiv. 2. Tctrandrous, or fpecies with four JIamens. 8. V. fpikes globular, leaves lanceolate, crenated^/o^^on?. wrinkled, fcabrousj ftem fhrubby. South America, b • 9. V. fpikes cylindrical, leaves rhomb-ovate csena-javanica. ted, ftem ere£t. Java. 10. V. fpikes capitate conical, leaves wedge-fhaped#«oc^/?on7. dented j ftalk creeping. Naples, Sicily, E. and W. Indies, and Virginia. %. 11. V. fpikes fafcicled $ leaves lanceolate, Hem-bonanenfs clafping. Buenos Ayres. %. 12. V. fpikes long, {harp-pointed} leaves haftate.^ff/Zata. Canada. If.. 13. V. flowers panicled, leaves in threes, fherntriphylla. fhrubby. Chili, fj . 14. V. calyxes fruit-bearing, roundifh, inflated feeds echinated. Caribbee iflands. 15. V. the calyxes fruit-bearing, roundifh, he?k-forfkaehi. ed, fharp-pointed j feeds rounded, wrinkly. Arabia Felix. 16. V. fpikes thread-fhaped ; leaves undivided, Cflro//‘«z'o- lanceolate-ferrated, feflile. North America, If- na' 17. V. fpikes panicled; leaves undivided, ovate,urticifolia. ferrated, on footflalks. Virginia and Canada, if.. 18. V. fpikes loofe, folitary; leaves trifid, mciie&.aubletia. Virginia. ®. 19. V. fpikes thread-fhaped, leaves multifid-lacini-^jarzh. ated, Items numerous. Canada and Virginia. 20. V. fpikes thread-fhaped, panicled ; leaves mul- officinalis. tifid-laciniated, ftem folitary. Common vervain. Eu¬ rope. ©. 21. V. fpikes thread-fhaped, folitary ; leaves &oob\yfupina. pinnatifid. 57. Lycopus. Cor. four-eleft, one fegment emarginate. Stamens diflant. Seeds four, retufe. * I. L. with finuate-ferrated leaves. L. palufris gla-europeus. her of Ray. Marrubium aquaticum of Gerhard. Water horehound, or gypfywort. Banks of rivers and lakes, Europe. if. Flowers in VII. and VIII. 2. L. leaves pinnatifid-ferrated at the bafe. lta\y. exaltatus. Obf. The ftem is about the height of a man. 3. L. with leaves equally but {lightly ferrated. virginicus, Virginia, if. 58. Amethystea. Cor. five-cleft : loweft fegment more fpreading. Sta¬ mens near. Cal. almoft bell lhaped. Seeds four, gibbous. arubica. 1, V. with fpikes very long and leafy. Oruba in North America. indica. 2. V. fpikes long, flrfhy, naked ; leaves lanceol- ovate, obliquely dented ; ftalk poliflied. Ceylon. ©. jamaicenfs 3. V. fpikes flefhy, naked ; leaves battledore-ovate, ferrated ; ftem rough with hair. Caribbees. mutabilis. 4. V. fpikes flelhy? naked ; leaves ovate, long at A. Siberia. ©. ccerulea.. 59. Cunila. Cor. ringent, upper lip eredt, plane. Filaments two, without anthers. Seeds four. I. C. with leaves linear, rolled back, downy be-fruticofa. neath; flowers axillary ; ftem ftirubby. New Hol¬ land* Diandria. B O 1 land, h • Ob/. This fpecies is not probably well af- certained. capitata. 2. C. with leaves ovate, flowers terminating, umbel roundifli. Siberia. mariana. 3. C. with leaves ovate, ferrated, corymbs termina* ting and dichotomous. Virginia. %. pulegioides. 4. C. with leaves oblong, having two dents, flowers verticilled. Virginia and Canada. ©. thpmoides. 5. C. with leaves oval, very entire, flowers verticil- led, Item four-cornered. Montpelier. ©. 60. ZlZIFHORA. Cor. ringent, upper lip bent back, entire. Cal. thread- fhaped. Seeds four. capitata. 1. Z. with fafcicles terminating, leaver ovate. Sy¬ ria, Armenia, and Siberia. ©. hifpanica. 2. Z. with leaves ovate, flowers raceme-{piked, brafteas obovate, nerved, acute. Spain. ©. tenuior. 3. Z. with flowers lateral, and leaves lanceolate. ©• acinoides. 4. Z. with flowers lateral, leaves ovate. Siberia. ©• 61. Monarda. Cor. unequal, upper lip linear, wrapping the filaments. Seeds four. fifiulofa. I. M. with leaves' oblong-lanceolate, heart-fliaped, villous, plane. Canada. %. oblongata. 2. M. leaves oblong-lanceolate, rounded, and taper¬ ing at the bafe, villous, plane. N. America. % • didyma. 3. M. with leaves ovate fmooth, heads verticilled, flowers approaching to the didynamious, the ftem acute- angled. Pennfylvania and New York, . rugofa-. 4. M. with leaves ovate-lanceolate, heart-ftiaped, fmooth, wrinkled. North America. %. clinopodia. 5. M. with leaves ovate-lanceolate, rounded at the bafe, unequal, fmooth. Virginia. % . Ob/. This re- fembles the preceding, but it bears leaves like Clinopo- diutn. Its fpike is not red but purple, and its leaves very fmooth. punBata. 6. M. with flowers verticilled, corollas dotted, brac- teas coloured. Ob/. The corollas are yellow with pur¬ ple dots. ciliata, 7. M. with flowers verticilled, corollas longer than the involucre. Virginia. i officinalis, chilen/s. 62. Rosmarinus. Cor. unequal, upper lip two-parted. Filaments long, curved, Ample with a dent. 1. R. ivith feflile leaves. S. of Europe. T3 . 2. R. with leaves on footftalks. Chili. b • 0//. This plant has not been properly examined. 63. Salvia, Sage. Cor. unequal. Filaments two, very fliort, fupporting two others fixed tranfverfely upon them almofL by the middle. Seeds four, and naked. praten/u. * !• S. with leaves heart-ftiaped oblong and crenated, the higheft ftem-clafping. The verticils commonly without leaves, the corollas glutinous in the upper lip. Meadow Clary. In dry meadows and under hedges, but rarely. Europe, i;. Flowers in VII. This is a beautiful fpecies, with large corollas of a blue violet colour, arched. A N Y. 91 * 2 S. with leaves ferrated, linuated and fmootbifti, wrea¬ the corollas narrower than the calyx. Wild Englijh cea. clary. Grows in meadows and paftures. Europe. % . Flowers from VI. to X. 3. S. with leaves lanceolate., {lightly dented, flowers cegyptiaca. on"1 footftalks. Melijfa perennis of Forlkael. Egypt and the Canaries. ©. Ob/. The flowers are often tetrandrous. A. S. with leaves linear-oblong, dent-pinnatifid, ver- dentata. ticils two-flowered, fegments of the calyx blunt. Cape of Good Hope. b • 5. S. with leaves linear-lanceolate, flowers with two ere tic a. piftils, calyxes «f two fegments. Crete. b • Ob/. This feems to be a variety of the Salvta officinalis. 6. S. with root-leaves lyrated, dented, the helmet of the corollas very Ihort. Var. 2. Horminum virginicnm, with leaves wedge- oblong, ftem with two leaves. N. America. %. 7. S. with leaves linear-lanceolate, {lightly cvcnat- leucantha* ed, wrinkled, flowers verticil-fpiked, calyxes downy. Mexico. If. 8. S. with leaves linear, very entire, pubefeent, feflile, flowers verticil-fpiked, bra&eas ovate, awl-point¬ ed. Taurea. If. This is a beautiful plant. 9. S. leaves lanceol-ovate, {lightly crenated, verticils officinalist few-flowered, calyx dagger-pointed. S, of Europe. 10. S. with leaves heart-oblong, crenated, verticilsgrandi/lo- many-flowered, calyxes acute. b • reJi 11. S. downy, leaves on footftalks, very wrinkly, triloba. three-lobed, the middle lobe oblong and extended, the fide lobes ovate and blunt. Crete and Syria. b • 12. S. with leaves heart-elliptical, blunt, towvcj,pomifera, {lightly crenate-waved on the margin, verticils crowd¬ ed, calyxes trifid, blunt. Crete and Syria. b * 13. S. wdth leaves ovate-oblong, doubly ferrated ; calyxes three-dented, higheft fegment three-dented. Virginia and Florida. %. Ob/. The corollas are fmall, the upper lip ihort, the piftil longer than the upper lip. 14. S. with leaves ovate, ferrated, fpikes flexible, occAforctau bra&eas heart-fliaped, commonly with three flowers.//r. Caribbees. %. 15. S. with leaves heart-ftiaped, wrinkled, crenated, ti/ice/oha* and equally ferrated, acute ; calyxes fmoothifli, awned. %■ 16. S. with leaves heart-ftiaped, ferrated, foft; flo-wers/et'otina. raceme-fpiked, corollas fcarcely longer than the calyx. 17. S. with leaves heart-ftiaped, ftalk thread-ftiaped,/e«e//tf. creeping, fpikes afeending, Jamaica. ©. 18. S. with leaves oblong crenated, helmet of the viridis. corollas femicircular, calyxes fruit-bearing, turned back. Italy. ©. 19. S. with leaves blunt, crenated, the higheft harminunit bra&eas barren and coloured, and larger. Greece. ©. 20. S. with leaves oblong, heart-ftiaped, wrinkled, virgata. crenated j hairs of the ftem and calyx glandular at the apex. Armenia. %. 21. S. leaves heart-ftiaped, wrinkled, twice-ferrated ffiylve/ris. brafteas coloured, ftiorter than the flower, awl-pointed j hairs of the ftem and calyx fimple. Europe. 2£. 22. S. with leaves heart-ftiaped, lanceolate, ferrated nemoro/a, and plane ■, bra&eas coloured, the lovveft lip of the co¬ rolla turned back. Auftria and Tartary. If. 23. S. with leaves heart-ftiaped and dented, in-fyriaca, M 2 ferior 6 92 B O T ferior leaves repand •, bra&eas heart-fliaped, fliort, a- cute j calyxes downy. The Levant. b • vifcofa. 24. S. with leaves oblong, obtufe, erofe-crenated, vifcid j flowers in verticils j brafteas heart-ftiaped, a- cute. Italy. %. hcematodes 25. S. with leaves heart-ovate, wrinkled, downy j calyxes hifpid j root knobby. Italy and Iftria. %. bicolor, 26. S. with leaves ovate erofe-dented 5 flowers nod¬ ding, the middle fegment of the lower lip of the co¬ rolla hollow. Barbary. If. indica, 27. S. with leaves heart-fhaped, lateral, a little lobed, the higheft leaves feflile, the verticils almoii na¬ ked and very remote. India. %. dominicn. 28. S. with leaves heart-fhaped, blunt, crenated, and fomewhat downy 5 the corolla narrower than the calyx. E. Indies. % • fcabra. 29. S. fcabrous, with leaves lyrated, dented and wrinkled ; Hem panicle-branched. C. of G. Hope, b . runcinata. 30. S. fcabrous; leaves runcina pinnatifid and dent¬ ed j flowers fpiked and verticilled. C. of G. Hope. clandejlina 31. S. with leaves ferrated, pinnatifid, and very much wrinkled j fpike blunt ; the corollas narrower than the calyx. Italy and Africa. $ . eujlriaca. 32. S. with leaves ovate, heart-fhaped, erofe-finu- ated ; the root-leaves on footftalks ; Item almoft leaf- lefs*, the ftamens double the corolla in length. Auftria, Hungary, and Moldavia. % . pijrenaica. 33. S. leaves blunt and erofe; ftamens twice the corolla in length. Pyrenees. difermas. 34. S. leaves heart-oblong erofe 5 the ftamens e- qualling the corolla. Syria. rugofa. 35. S. leaves heart-fhaped, oblong-lanceolate, erofe- crenated, wrinkled, a little hairy $ the ftamens fhorter than the corolla. C. of G. Hope. h • nubia. 36. S. leaves oblong, nearly heart-fhaped j the fides unequal, wrinkled, crenated. Africa, if.. nilotica. 37. S. leaves finuate, angled, crenate-dented; the dents of the calyx fpinous j the angles and edge of the throat ciliated. Egypt, if. mexicana. 38. S. leaves ovate, awl-pointed, ferrated. Mexico. h • amethysti- 39. S. leaves heart-fhaped, acute, ferrated, woolly na. beneath ; verticils naked, calyxes trifid, corollas pu- befcent. New Granada. h • J'ulgens, 40. S. with leaves heart-fhaped, acute, crenated, wrinkled, downy beneath •, verticils naked, calyxes tri¬ fid, helmet of the corollas villous. Mexico, if. formofa. 41. S. leaves fomewhat heart-fhaped, the helmet of the corollas bearded, the calyxes three-lobed, ftem be¬ coming fhrubby. Peru, b • tubijlora. 42. S. leaves heart-fhaped, crenated, fomewhat hairy ; calyxes trifid, corollas very long, and tubular j ftamens protruded. Lima. Tj. longifiora. 43. S. leaves ovate, acute, ferrated, pubefcent; ca¬ lyxes trifid, corollas very long, tubular, pubefcent $ fta¬ mens of the length of the corolla. Mexico, if . Obf. The corolla of this and the preceding is fcarlet. coccinea. 44. S. leaves heart-fhaped, acute, downy, and fer¬ rated j the corollas double the length of the calyx, but narrower. Florida. b • pfeudococ- 45. S. leaves ovate, acute, ferrated, unequal at the cinea, bafe } ftem hairy j corollas double the length of the calyx. S. America, b • hifyanica, 46. S. leaves ovate 5 leafftalks dagger-pointed $ ANY. ' Biandria. fpikes four-cornered, imbricated j calyxes trifid. ©. Italy. 47. S. lower leaves lyrated, higheft heart-ftiaped, flowers verticilled, the calyxes dagger-pointed and ci¬ liated. Africa. If. 48. S. leaves heart-fhaped, crenate-dented j verti-Verticilla, cils almoft naked j ftyle of the corolla leaning upon theta, lower lip. Germany and Switzerland. If . 49. S. leaves heart-fhaped, crenate-dented, the \o\vtr7iapifoliak ones haftate and lyrated •, verticils almoft naked, upper lip fhorter. Italy and France. 50. S. leaves heart-fagittate, ferrated, and acute, glutincfa, Europe. If . Obf. The calyx is three-lobed ; the co¬ rolla fickle-fhaped, yellow, dotted with brown $ the middle lobe of the lower lip crenated. 51. S. leaves unequally dented, awl-pointed, heart-barrelieri, fhaped, angle-haftate at the bafe ; verticils almoft na¬ ked. Spain, if. 52. S. leaves haftate-triangular, oblong, crenated,fd/tanV//- blunt. Canaries. b • Ar* 53. S. villous, with leaves ovate, dented, ear-fhap-owr/ta. ed ; flowers verticil-fpiked. C. of G. Hope. 54. S. leaves roundifh, ferrated, truncated at theafricana. bafe and dented. Cape of Good Hope. b 55. S. leaves roundifh and very entire, truncated ataurea. the bafe and dented. C. of Good Hope, if . 56. S. leaves elliptical, almoft quite entire, downy \ colorata, the limb of the calyx membranaceous and coloured. C. of G. Hope, if . 57. S. leaves obovate-wedge-fhaped, flightly &ente&>paniculata and naked } ftem fhrubby. Africa. b • 58. S. leaves obovate and dented j calyxes bell-fha-flceta^a- ped, forming an acute angle, hairy j ftem fhrubby./o/a. Levant. b • 59. S. leaves oblong and repand; calyxes thorny \fpinofa. brafteas heart-fhaped, dagger-pointed, hollow. Egypt. Of. 60. S. leaves heart-fhaped, erofe-dented j calyxes tin git ana. thorny y bra&eas very entire, heart-fhaped, dagger- pointed, hollow, ciliated. Africa. b • Obf Smell very fetid. 61. S. leaves wrinkled, heart-fhaped, oblong, \i\-fclarea. lous, ferrated : floral brafteas longer than the calyx, hollow, awl-pointed. Syria and Italy. $ . 62. S. leaves ovate-lanceolate, ferrated j Rowersinvolucra- fpiked, terminating, the largeft brafleas coloured, ta. Mexico. If. Obf. This is a very beautiful plant in the number and magnitude of its flowers. 63. S. leaves wrinkled, pinnatifid, woolly ; the high-ciiiare, lineare, cimicinum, diitachyon, fquarrofum, hifpidulum, compofitum, ela- tius, dichotomum, ramofum, deuftum, coloratum, repens, ifehcemoidt s, remotum, ariftatum, miliaceum, antido- tale, notatum, muricatum, capillare, flexuofum, groffa- rium, acuminatum, rigens, fufeum, laxum, latifolium, flavefeens, diffufum, oryzoides, clandeftinum, arboref- cens, curvatum, virgatum, patens, trigonum, pallens, lanatus, arundinaceum, polygamum, glutinofum, brevi- folium, radicans, tricoides, and divaricatum. Chiefly hot climates. 128. Phi LEU M, or Cads-tail-grafs. Cal. 2-valved, fitting, ftrap-fhaped, lopped, ending in 2 dagger points enclofing the cor. 1. P. fpike egg-fhaped, fringed ; ftraw branched. arenariun\ 2. P. panicle cylindrical, fpike-like ; hulks naked ;/>««zWa- ftraw fometimes branched. tum. 3. P. fpike cylindrical, very long; calyx fringed,p/vj/fTT/e. and awned ; ftraw upright.—This grafs is reprefented by all travellers in America as the great fupport of cattle, &c. wherever meadows are found. It is there called timothy-grafs. It is beft adapted to clayey foils, moift loam, and efpecially peat. The feeds are to be had very clean drefled, at about one guinea a bufhel. 4. P. fpike cylindrical ; ftraw afeending j Izwes nodofum. flanting ; root bulbous. 5. P. fpike egg-cylindrical. alpinum. \ 129. Alopecurus, or Foxtail-grnfs. Cal. 2-valved. Cor. 1 valve. Ne6I. none. Some kinds of this grafs are very valuable. 1. P. fpiked ; ftraw upright. Cal. hairy. Cor. nv/n-pratenfs,\ ed. This grafs (meadow foxtail) has fcarcely a fupe- rior for the ufe of the farmer. It is very early, and abides on the farm, when fown, for many years. It produces few feed-ftalks. It is difficult to procure the feed in any degree of plenty, on account of an infeft that feeds upon it and deftroys it. * 2. P. fpiked ; ftraw upright; calyx not hairy; its agrefis. \ hufks united at the bafe. * 3. P. ftraw upright; fpike cylindrical; root bulbofus. i bous. * 4. P. fpiked ; ftraw knee-jointed. genicui'am * 5. P* panicle fpike-like. Cal. rough. Cor. awned. wzoff/p^- I * 6. P. panicle fpike-like. Cal. fet with foft hairs, lienjis. Cor. awned. To thefe may be added the followingyiff/z/aW. j fpecies, viz. indicus, capenfis, and echinatus, being all foreign plants. - *30, Triandria. 103 B O T 130. Milium, or Millet. Cal. 2-valved, i-flowered; valves nearly equal. Cor. very fliort: furamits pencil-fhaped. lendigerum 1. M. panicle fpike-like $ flowers with awns. ejfufum. 2. M. flowers in panicles fcattered j awnlefs. The foreign fpecies are, capenfe, pun&uatum, compreflum, digitatum, panicum, confertum, globofum, paradoxum, villofum, and ramofum. Globofum is found in Japan. The reft tropical. 131. Agrostis, or Bent-grafs. Cal. 2-valved, 1-flowered, rather fmaller than the cor.; outer petal fmooth; fummits fetlengthways, with ftififth hairs. It is otherwife defcribed thus : Cal. i-flowered, 2- valved, fpear-ftiaped, acute, generally rough on the heel; longer than the cor. Cor. 2-valved ; fummits hairy. Of the Britfth fpecies the following have awns : * 1. A. cal. hulks nearly equal ; cor. valves equal; awn twice the length of the cal. fixed juft beneath its point. * 2. A. cal. hulks equal. Cor. outer valve twice the length and breadth of the inner awn, Ihorter than the cor. fixed juft beneath its point. * 3. A. cal. hulks nearly equal; cor. valves very un¬ equal. Awn twice as long as the cor. fixed juft be¬ neath its middle. * 4. A. cal. hulks equal; cor. valves nearly equal; awn as long as the cor. fixed juft beneath its middle. * 5. A. cal. hulks unequal; cor. inner valve hair-like, very Ihort; awn rather longer than the cor. fixed be¬ neath its middle. * 6. A. cal. hulks unequal; cor. without hairs at the bale ; awn twice the length of the blolfom, fixed near its bafe. * 7. A. panicle fpike-like ; cal. awned. The following Britilh plants have no awns : * 8. A. panicle large fpreading; cal. both valves fer- rulated on the heel. * 9. A. panicle fcattered, branches bare at the bafe ; florets few ; cal. inner valve fmooth. ,* 10. A. panicle compaciliaris, filu- mofa. Chiefly of the warmer climates. 135. Briza, or flaking-grafs. Cal. 2-valved, many-flowered; fpikets 2-rowed; valve heart-ftraped, blunt ; the inner minute. minor. * 1. B. fpikets triangular ; cal. longer than the flo¬ rets. media, * 2. B. fpikets egg-draped, forming a bunch. Add virens, of S. Europe; genieulata and capenfis, of C. of Good Hope ; and eragroftis, of S. Europe. 136- Uniola, or Sea-fde Oats of Carolina, Has three fpecies, viz. paniculata, mucronata, fpi¬ cata, of America or India. if at a. minima rigida. rupefris. mantima. glauca. 137. Dactylis, or CocVs-foot Grafs. Cal. 2-valved, many-flowered; valves broader on one fide. Cor. 2-valved, inclofing the feed. Nec¬ taries 2. Jfricia. * 1, D. fpikes terminating fometimes in pairs; florets ./n0t expanding; ftraw and leaves ftiff and ftraight. A N Y. Triandria. * 2. D. panicle crowded, pointing one way.—'Tlinglomerata. | grafs is cultivated to advantage on wet loams on a clayey marl bottom, upon which the finer grades are apt to give way to the indigenous produce. If fuffer- ed to rife high, it is very coarfe ; but, when fed clofe, is a very valuable (heep-pafture. Women and chil¬ dren are faid to make good earnings in gathering the feed at 4s. a bufhel. Upon an Englilh acre two budiels may be fown, with ten pounds of common red clover. When the clover wears out, the grafs covers the land, and abides well in it. It grows well in win¬ ter. Add the fpecies cynofuroides, cefpitofa, littoralis, laevis, villofa, ferrata, ciliaris, hifpida, geniculata, brevifolia, lagopoides, pungens, of America, India, and Africa. 138. CYNOSURUS, or Dogs-tail Grafs. Gal. 2-valved, many-flowered, equal; cor. 2-valved ; 1 valve concave, longer. Nedh 2-leaved. * 1. C. floral leaves, with winged clefts.—The crefled crifatut, dogs-tail is highly fpoken of in the Milanefe. The Rev. Arthur Young fpeaks thus of it: “ To ^uAge-Communica- from the appearance of the bents of this grafs, in poor upland but moift paftures, a man would think it a very A^icul- unpromifing plant; but the rich marflies of Bridge-turtxVol.iii, water and Bofton ; the famous pafturages of Paniton in Devonfhire, and thofe clofe to Mr Bullet’s eaftle near Lelkeard in Cornwall; Mr Thorne’s bullock ground, on Dunftone bottom, near Taviftock ; Mrs Williams’s at Little Malvern in Worcefterflnre, (which are among the richett paftures in the kingdom) all abound very greatly in this grafs; in fome of them it is the predo¬ minant herbage. Mr Marlhall places it as the moft prevailing plant in the bed: grafs meadows of the vale of Pickering ; fome of which will feed a large cow from Mayday to Michaelmas. Very fortunately it abounds much with feed ; fo that I have had many budrels gathered in a feafon by poor women and chil¬ dren, at Is. a pound, and laid down many acres of it fuccefsfully. Attention fliould be paid to its being ripe ; for I once ordered eight buftiels to be fown on eight acres, and it failed from deficiency in ripenefs.” 2. C. floral leaves winged, fegments awned. echitiatus. 3. C. floral leaves entire ; fpike nearly egg-fliaped. The remaining fpecies are the following : calcatus, of Cape of Good Hope ; crucaeformis of Europe ; pani- culatus, of C. of G. Hope ; lima of Spain; olurus, of Europe ; retroflexus, fphmrocephalus, uniola:, filifor¬ mis, monoftachyos, coracanus, floccifolius, penicillatus, pafpaloides, segyptius, indicus, virgatus, aureus. 139. Festuca, or Fefcue-grafs. Cal. 2-valved ; fpikes oblong, roundidi; hulks ta¬ pering to a point, or terminating in an awn. * 1. H..fpikes upright, fmooth. Cal. valves, one en-bromoidet tire, the other tapering to an awn-like point. * 2. H. panicle fpike-like, drooping. Cal. fmaller, myurus, valve very minute ; florets rough, awns-very long. * 3. H. panicle compaft, awned ; ftraw four corner-rubra. ed, almoft naked ; leaves briftle-lhaped.—It flourilhes beft in a dry fandy foil. Cows, horfes, and goats will eat it; but it is the favourite food of (heep : they pre¬ fer it before all other grafs, and are faid fooneft to grow fat upon it; for, though fmall, it is fucculent. The Tartars, who lead a wandering life, tending their flocks t T riandria, flocks and herds, always choofe thofe fpots where this grafs abounds. Such may be its juft charaaer in the uncultivated wilds of nature j and, as it prefers a dry foil, its growth is an indubitable indication of the fa- lubrity of fuch places for flocks of fheep $ but in a more rich and cultivated country, it is faid to be of little value as a pafture grafs, being extremely diminutive j nor will it remain long in the ground if fown, but will foon give place to mere luxuriant graffes. rubra, * 4. F. panicle rough j fpikets 6 flowered, awned j floret at the end awnlefs j ftraw femi cylindrical. duriufcula. * 5. F. panicle oblong j fpikes oblong, fmooth j leaves brittle-(haped.—-A very excellent grafs for the agricul- turift, as fpringing very early, being productive, and grateful to all kinds of cattle, and is found in molt good meadows and paftures. dimidorum. * 6. F. panicle fpike-like, pubefcent j leaves thread- Ihaped. glabra. * 7. F. panicle branched, upright, compaCt 5 fpikets awl-lbaped, flowered, awned, fmooth. cambrica. * 8. F. panicle oblong, upright, branched j fpikets awned, fmooth j leaves flat, naked. tenuifolia. * 9. F. leaves like briftles, rather long, upright $ ftraw naked, fpikets rough. elatior. * 10. F. panicle upright} fpikets fcarcely awned, the outer ones cylindrical. It makes an excellent paf¬ ture, but requires a rich foil. Horfes, cows, Iheep, and goats eat it. Jluitans. * II. F. panicle branched, upright} fpikets nearly fitting, cylindrical, awnlefs.—The feeds are final], but very fweet and nourifliing. They are colleCled in fe- veral parts of Germany and Poland under the name ofv manna feeds ; and are efteemed a delicacy in Ibups and gruels, on account of their nutritious quality and excel¬ lent flavour. When ground to meal, they make bread very little inferior to that in common ufe from wheat. The bran, feparated in preparing the meal, is given to horfes that have the worms } but they muft be kept from W'ater for fome hours afterwards. Geefe are very fond of the feeds, and well know where to look for them. The plant affords nourifhment to the phaleena fejlucae. Horfes and fwine will run rilks to get at it, lohacea. * 12. F. fpiked } fpikets alternate, fitting, comprelfed, awnlefs. decwnbens.* 13. F. panicle upright } fpikets nearly egg-fhaped, awnlefs } cal. larger than the florets \ ftraw lying down. pinnata. * 14. F. fpikets fitting } ftraw undivided } awn fhort- er than the bloffoms. fyhatica. 15. F. fpikets fitting ; ftraw undivided } awn as long as the bloffom. To thefe add the following fpecies } viz. tenella, pumila, amethyftina, reptatrix, hetero- phylla, fciuroides, mioglumis, fpadicea, fcabra, fufca, pauciflora, criftata, mifera, indica, calycina, pungens. Mild climates. 140. Bromus, or Brome-grafs. Cal. 2-valved ; fpikets oblong, cylindrical, 2-row- ed ; awn beneath the point. This genus includes 33 fpecies } viz. fecalinu^, multiflorus, mollis, pedlinatus, lanceolatus, alo^ecurus, fquarrofus, japonicus, bifidus, purgans, cathartieus, inermis, afper, littoreus, ciliatus, fterilis, arvenfis, geniculatus, tedorum, giganteus, ru- bens, fcoparius, rigens, racemofus, triflorus, madritenfis, rigidus, ramofus, gracilis, pinnatus, criftatus, difta- chyos, ftipoides. Chiefly European, The following are thus defcribtd. VOL. IV. Part I. 105 * B. panicle expanding} fpikets egg-fhaped} wnpohjmor- ftraight.—Its merit or demerit in an agricultural viewphus. does not feem fufficiently afcertained. It is faid to be difliked by farmers, as being in corn fields a trouble- fome weed, and in paftures and mowing grounds of little value, fince it has generally Ihed its leed by the time of mowing, and produces very few root leaves. * B. panicle drooping} fpikets egg-ftiaped} aw ns fquarrofus, ftraddling } panicle imbranched. * B. panicle upright, ending abruptly} fpikets eb-ereSlus. long, hairy, awned, about 5 florets in each} ftraws upright } leaves hard. A coarfe grafs, difliked by cat¬ tle, as are all the bromes. Properly a fefcue, but has the habit of a brome. * B. panicle diffufe, upright but open } fpikets Skrzy-madriten- fiiaped, the middlemoft in pairs } pedicles thickeft zijis. the top. * B. panicle drooping, rough } fpikets hairy, awned } afper. leaves rough, * B. panicle fpreading ; fpikets oblong } florets two-y?m7fr. rowed } cal. taper-pointed } awns very long. * B. panicle drooping} fpikets egg-oblong. arvenfs. * B. panicle drooping} fpikets four-flowered, (hosierglganteuf. than the awns. * B. ftraw undivided} fpikets alternate, nearly lil-pinnatus. ting} cylindrical, fomewhat awned. 141. Stipa, or Featker-grafs. Cal. 2-valved, I-flowered. Cor. outer valve ending in an awn } awn jointed at the bafe. This genus in¬ cludes 11 fpecies} viz. pennata, juncea, capillata, arif- tella, paleacea, tenaciflima, capentis, fpicata, bicolor, avenacea', membranacea. Europe, and Cape ol Good Hope. The following is thus defcribed. * S. awns woolly. pennata, 142. A VENA, or Oats* Cal, 2-valved, many-flowered. Awn from the back of the cor. twilled. The genus includes 34 fpecies} viz. fibirica, elatior, ftipiformis, ariftidoides, triftata, pallida, penfylvanica, loeHingiana, brevis, alba, ftri- gofa, orientalis, fativa, forlkaeli, nuda, fatua, elephan- tina, fequitertia, lutea, tenuis, pubefcens, fterilis, fla- vefcens, lupulina, purpurea, antar£la, fragilis, hifpida, pratenfis, verficolor, diftichophylla, filiformis, Ipica, bromoides. Chiefly C. of Good Hope and mild cli¬ mates. The following are thus defcribed. * A. panicled } cal. 3-flowered} male floret elatior, hermaphrodite floret fomewhat awnlefs. Cows, fheep, and goats eat it. The roots are fometimes very trou- blefome to the farmers in arable lands, producing a kind of fquitch. It produces a large crop, but is un¬ palatable to cattle, efpecially to horfes, as are the avence in general. * A. panicled} cal. 3-flowered, fhorter than the re-nuda. ceptacle } petals avvned upon the back } the third flo¬ ret awnlefs. This is nearly as good as the cultivated oat; it will make gruel or oat cake, and feed cattle, as well as that. Bay fays it fells in Cornwall at the price of wheat. * A, panicled} cal. 3-flowered, all the florets awned/ataff* and haiiy at the bafe. Horfes, {heep, and goats eat it. The awns are ufed for hygrometers. Sometimes fo prevalent amongft barley as aimoft entirely to choke it. It may be extirpated by repeated fallowing, or lay¬ ing down the land in gral's. O * A. BOTANY. / io6 BOTANY. Triandria. ,puhefcens. * A. panicle fpike-like j cal. 3-flowered j cor. beard¬ ed at the bafe j leaves flat, downy. Jlavefcens, * A. panicle loofe j cal. 3-flowered, ftiort, all the flo¬ rets awned. praienjis. * A. panicle fpike-like \ cal. 3-flowered. jlrigofa, * A. panicle oblong, compaft, pointing one way 5 flo¬ rets in pairs, with 2 awns at the end, and a jointed awn on the back. 143. Lagurus, or Hare's-tail Grafs. Cal. 2-valved, awn woolly. Cor. entire, petal with 2 awns at the end, and a twifted awn at the back. This genus includes one fpecies $ viz. watus, * L. fpike egg-lhaped, awned. 144. Arundq, or Reed. Cal. 2-valved. Cor. awnleis, furrounded with down at the bafe. This genus includes 11 fpecies j viz. do- nax, phragmites, bifaria, benghalenlis, tenax, karka, confpicua, epigejos, calatnagroftis, colorata, arenaria. Chiefly of warm climates, except the following, which are thus defcribed. phragmites * A. cal. 5-floweFed *, panicle fpreading.-—The pani¬ cles are faid to be ufed by the country people in Swe¬ den to dye woollen green. The reeds are much more durable than ftraw for thatching : Screens to keep off the cold winds in gardens are made of them ; and they are laid acrofs the frame of wood-work as the founda¬ tion for plafter floors. * A. cal., i-flowered j panicle upright j leaves fmooth underneath. * A. cal. i-ftowered, fmooth j bloffoms woolly ; ftraw branched. * A. cal. 1-flowered j leaves rolled in at the edges, fliarp-pointed. 145. Pappaphorum Has one fpecies j viz. alopecuroideum. 146. Aristida, or Oat-grafsy Includes ten fpecies vis. adfcenlionis, americana, gigantea, hyftrix, veftita, plumofa, capenfis, fetacea, deprefla, arundinacea. Cape, and milder climates. 147. Lolium, or Darnel or Rye-grafs. Cal. I. leaf fixed, many-flowered; fpikets alternate. This genus includes five fpecies ; viz. perenne, tenue, temulentum, mafimum, dlftachyon.. The following are thus defcribed : * L. fpike awnlefs ; fpikets compreffed, many-flower¬ ed, longer than the cal.—It makes an excellent hay upon dry chalk or fandy foils. It is cultivated with advantage along with clover, and fprings earlier than the other grafles, thereby fupplying food for cattle at a feafon when it is moft difficult to be obtained. Cows, horfes, and Iheep eat it. Goats are not fond of it. Though it fucceeds beft upon light foils, it will flourifll on any land except ftiff clay, and will grow even on that ; but upon rich fands and loams it be¬ comes not only a good fpring grafs, but if properly managed by due mixtures, turns out well as permanent pafture land ; always, however, moft valuable by be¬ ing flieep-fed, for which it is Angularly adapted. It is worthy of remark, however, that there is reafon to think that the common cultivated rye-grafs has dege¬ nerated from its natural qualities ; and that it is infe¬ rior in many refpe&s, particularly in its duration, to the " I epigejos. ca/ama- grq/lis.' arenaria. perenne. rye-grafs which grows naturally in the beft Britilh meadows and paftures. * L. fpikes awned. compreffed, many-flowered, t\o\. temulen» longer than the cal.; ftraw rough.—The feeds mixed/»/». with bread corn produce but little effect, unlefs the bread be eaten hot ; but if malted with barley, the ale foon occafions drunkennefs. * L. fpikets awnlefs, rather ffiorter than the cz\yx jOrvenfe. cal. 2-valved ; ftraw fmooth.—It is very injurious to a wheat crop, but may readily be avoided as it is fown along with the feed. * L. panicle undivided, pointing one way; fpikets awned. 148. Rottboeixia, or Sea hard-grafs. Cal. of x or 2 valves, egg-fpear-ftvaped, flat. Florets alternate, on a zigzag fpike-ftalk. Cor. 2-valved, awnlefs. This genus includes 16 fpecies; viz. incur- vata, filiformis, cylindrica, thomaca, repens, laevis, pi- lofa, compreffa, hirfuta, cymbaehne, coelorachis, dimi- diata, exaltata, corymbofa, muricata, fanguinea. Chief¬ ly of Europe and India. The following is thus de¬ fcribed. * R. fpike cylindrical, awl-fliaped ; cal. hulk •&\A-incur!uata. fliaped, contiguous, divided into two. 149. Elymus, or Lime-grafs. Cal. lateral, 2-valved, feveral together, many-flower¬ ed. This genus contains 12 fpecies; viz. arenarius, giganteus, fibiricus, tener, philadelphicus, canadenfis, caninus, virginicus, ftriatus, europaeus, caput medufae, hyftrix. Chiefly of Europe and America. The fol¬ lowing are thus defcribed. * E. fpike upright, compaft ; cal. woolly, longer than arenarius. the floret.—It refifts the fpreading of the loofe fand on the fea ftiore. It is not capable of being formed into ropes as the ftipa tenaciffima is in Spain. Cows, horfes, and goats eat it; ffieep refufe it. * E. fpike compaft, leaning ; fpikets upright without caninus* an involucrum, the lowermoft in pairs. * E. fpike upright; fpikets 2 florets in each, as long europeus, as the cal. 150. Secale, or Rye, - Contains four fpecies ; viz. cereale, villofum, orien- tale, creticum. . 151. Hordeum, or Barley. Cal. lateral, 2-valved, x-floWered ; three together. This genus includes ten fpecies ; viz. vulgare, hexafti- chon, diftichon, zeocriton, bulbofum, nodofum, muri- num, fecalinum, maritimum, jubatum. The following are thus defcribed. * H. lateral florets male, awned, fmooth on the heel \ murinutn* involuerum of the intermediate florets fringed. Sheep and horfes eat it. It feeds the brown moth (phaleena granellaj, and the barley fly (mufea fritj. * H. lateral florets.male, awnlefs; involucrum briftle-pnj/eff/e. ffiaped, rough. In moift meadows it produces a confi- derable quantity of hay, but is. not to be recommended as one of the beft graffes for the farmer. * H. lateral florets male, awnlefs; middle floret her- mariti- maphrodite, with a long awn. mum. * H. all the florets hermaphrodite, awned : cal. glow-fylvaticutn ing together at the bafe, fhorter than the awns. 152. Triticum, or Wheat. Cal. 2-valved, folitary, moftly 3-flQwered; floret bluntiftn * \ T^trandrla. B O T bluntifti. This genus includes 18 fpecies ; viz. »fti- vutn, bybernum, compofitum, turgidum, polonicum, fpelta, monococcum, hifpanicum, proftratum, pumiluin, iunceum, diftichum, repens, maritimum, tenellum, uni- oloides, loliaceum, unilaterale. Of mild climates. The following are thus defcribed : iunceum * T. Cal. 5-flowered, lopped j leaves edges rolled in. Jremiu ' * T. Cal. 4-flowered, awl (haped^ tapering te a point \ ‘ 1 ’ leaves flat.r—It is a moft troublefome weed in arable lands, and can only be deftroyed by fallowipg in a dry fhmmer. At Naples the roots are collefted in large quantities, and fold in the market to feed horfes j they have a fweet talle, fomething approaching to that of liquorice •, when dried, and ground to meal, they have been made into bread in years of fcarcity. The juice of them drank liberally is recommended by Boerhaave in obftiuftions of the vifcera ; particularly in cafes of fcirrhous liver and jaundice. Cattle are frequently found to have fcirrhous livers in the winter, and they feon get cured when turned out to grafs in the fpring. Dogs eat the leaves to excite vomiting; horfes eat them when young, but leave them when fully grown ; cows, ftieep, and goats eat them. caTiinum. * T. cal. pointed, moftly 4-flowered; awns longer than the cor.; fpikets upright. toliaceum. * T. fpike Ample, comprefled ; fpikets egg-fliaped, but pointed ; cal. many-flowered. 153. Lappago Has one fpecies, called racemofa. Europe, India, and Arabia. Order III. TRIGYNIA. 154. Eriocaulon, or Net-Work, Has eight fpecies ; viz. triangulare, quinqQangulare, fexangulare, fetaceum, decangulare, repens, fafcicula- tum, umbellatum. India, and S, America, A N Y. 155. Monti A, or Small Water Chick-weed. Cal. 2 leaves. Cor. 1 petal, irregular. Capf. 1-celled, 2-valved. It has only one fpecies, called * fontana. 156. Proserpinaoa. One fpecies, called paluftris. Virginia. 157. Holosteum Has five fpecies; viz. cordatum, diandrum, fucculen- tum, hirfutum, * umbellatum. Chiefly hot climates. 158. Koenigia. One fpecies, called iflandica. Iceland. 159. Polycarpon, One fpecies, called tetrapbyllum. Europe. 160. Donatia. One fpecies, called fafcicularis. Ter. del Fuego, 161. Mollugo, or African Chick-weed, Has five fpecies; viz. oppofitifolia, ftridta, hirta, pen- taphylla, verticillata. Hot climates. 162. Minuartia Has three fpecies ; viz. dichotoma, campeflris, mon-= tana. Spain. 163. Queria Has three fpecies; viz. hifpanica, canadenfis, tricho- toma. The laft of Japan. 164. Lechea Has three fpeoies; viz. minor and major, of Candia ; verticillata of E. Indies. In the clafs Triandria are 90 Genera, including 920 Species, of which 14 are found in Britain. IO7 CLASSIS IV. TETRANDRIA. Ordo I. MONOGYNIA. Se£l. I. Flores monopetaliy monofpermi, inferu 169. Globularia. Cor. i-petahe, irregulares. Sem. pappo nudis. Se£t II. Flores monopet alt, monofpermi, fuperi, ag¬ gregate. * I7i« Dipsacus. Cal. communis foliaceus. Recept, conicum, paleaceum. Sem. columnaria. * 172. Scabiosa. Cal. communis. Recept. elevatum, fubpaleaceum. Sem. coronata, involuta. 173. Knautia. Cal. communis obiongus. Recept. ,planum, nudum. Sera, apice villofa. CLASS IV. TETRANDRIA. Order I. MONOGYNIA. Se£l. I. Flowers with one petal, if ceded, inferior* G. or Blue Daify. Cor. i-petal, irregular; feed with* out down. Se£L II. Flowers' monopet alous, if ceded, incorpora¬ ted. * D, or Teasel. Cal. common, leafy. Receptacle co¬ nical, chaffy. The feeds columnar. * S. or Scabious. The cal. common. The recep¬ tacle elevated, fomewhat chaffy. The feed crowned, rolled inwards. K. Cal. common, oblong. Receptacle flat, naked. Seeds with a woolly top. O 2 174, Allionxa, io8 B O T 174. ALlionia. Cal. comm, triphyllus, 3-florust proprius fuperus o. Sem. nuda. •f Valeriana Sibirica. Boerhaavia tetrandra. Seel. III. Flores monopetaliy tetrafpermi. 188. Mattuschkea. Cor. 4-fida hypocraterifor- . mis. Cal. 4-partitas. Se£t. IV. Flores monopet ally monocarpiy tnferi.) 203. Pyrostria. Cor. campanulata. Cal. 4-dent. Drupa nucibus 8-fceta. 202. Myokima. Cor. tubulofa. Cal. integerri- mus. Drupa nuce 4-locul. 4 fperma. 201. Petitia. Cor. tubulofa. Cal. 4-dentat. Drupa nuce 2 locul. 210. Aquartia. Cor., rotata. Cal. fubquadrifi- dus. Racca polyfperma. 190. Roussea. Cor. campanulata. Cal. 4-phyIl. Bacca 4-angul. polyfperma. - 209. Callicarfa. Cor. tubulofa. Cal. 4-fidus. Bacca 4-fperma. 208. Wallenia. Cor. tubulofa. Cal. 4-fid. Bac¬ ca i-fnerma. 211. Witheringia. Cor. fubcampanulata. Cal. obfolete 4-dentat. Pericarp. 2-locul. 205. Aegiphila. Cer. hypocraterif. Cal. 4-den- tatus. Bacca 2-locul. Stylus femibifidus. 170. Cephalanthus. Cor. infundibuliformis. Cal. 4-fidus. Capf. 4-locul. non dehifeens. 215. Lasiostoma. Cor. infundibuliformis, fauce villofa. Cal. 5-fid. Capf. 1 locul. 2-fperma. 223. Scoparia. Cor. rotata. Cal. 4-partitus. Capf. i-locularis, 2-valvis. 224. Centunculus. Cor. rotata. Cal. 4.-partitus, i-locularis, circumfcilfa. * 222. Plantago. Cor. nefra&a. Cal. 4-partitus. Capf. 2-locularis, circumfciflfa. 213. Polypremum. Cor. rotata. Cal. 4-phyllus. Capf. bilocularis, emarginata. 220. Buddleia. Cor. campanulata. Cal. 4-fidus. Capf. 2 locularis bifulca. 221. Exacum. Cor. fubcampanulata. Cal. 4- pliyllus. Capf. 2-locularis compreflfa. 212. Myrmecia. Cor. tubulofa. Cal. 5-dentatus. Capf. 2-locul. polyfperma. 214. Labatia. Cor. fubcampanulata. Cal. 4- pbyll. Capf. 4-locularis. 218. Peis'^ea. Cor. campanulata. Cal. 2-phyllus. Capf. 4-locularis, 4-valvis. 219. BLyERIa. Cor. fubcampanulata. Cal. 4- partitus. Capf. 4 locularis, angulis dehifeens. f Jufticia pulcherrima, lycium tetrandruniy cordia tetran¬ dra. Seel. V. Flores monopelaliy monocarpiy fuperu 200. Chomelia. Cor. tubulofa. Cal. 4-fidus. Drupa nuce 2-locul. 204. Cunninghamia. Cor. infundibuliformis. Cal. 4-dentat. Drupa mice a-locul. 4 A N Y. Tetrancfea. A. Cal. common, 3-leafed j 3-fiowered \ the proper fuperior wanting. Seed naked. Seel. III. Flowers monopetalouSy j\-feeded. M. Cor. 4-cleft, falver-fhaped. Cal. quadripartite. Se£t. IV. Flowers monopetalousy one fruit-’vefj'ely in- ferior. P. Cor. bell-lhaped. Cal. 4-toothed. A drupe 8- feeded with nuts.. % M. Cor. tubular. Cal. entire. A drupe with a nut, and 4 cells and 4. feeds. P. Cor. tubulous. Cal. 4-toothed. A drupe with a 2 celled nut. A. Cor. wheel-fhaped. Cal. nearly 4-cleft. A berry many-feeded. R. Cor. bell-lhaped. Cal. 4-leafed. A berry 4- angular, many-feeded. C. or Tonfonia. Cor. tubulous. Cal. 4-cleft. Berry 4- feeded. W. Cor. tubulous. Cal. 4-cleft. Berry I feed. W. Cor. nearly bell-lhaped. Cal. obfeure, 4-tooth¬ ed. Seed-veflel 2-celled.- A. Cor. falver-lhaped. Cal. 4-toothed. Berry 2- celled. Style half-cleft. C. or Button-wood. Cor. funnel-lhaped. Cal. 4- cleft. Capf. 4-celled ; not wide. L. Cer. funnel-lhaped, with a woolly mouth. Cal*. 5- cleft. Capf. i-celled, 2-feeded. S. Cor. wheel-lhaped. Cal. 4-parted. Capf. I- celled, 2-valved. C. or Bafe Pimpernel. Cor. wheel-lhaped. Cal. 4- cleft. Capf. i-eell, cut round. * P. or Plantain. Cor. bent back. Cal. 4-cleft. Capf. 2-celled, cut round. * P. or Carolina Flax. Cor. wheel-lhaped. Cal. 4- leaved. Capf. 2-cells, notched.. B. Cor. bell-lhaped. Cal. 4-cleft. Capf. 2-celled, ^furrowed. E. Cor. nearly bell-lhaped. Cal. 4-leaved. Capf. 2-celled, comprelfed. M. Cor. tubulous. Cal.. 5-toothed. Capf. 2-celled, many-feeded. L. Cor. nearly bell-lhaped. Cal.. 4-leaved., Capf. 4-celled.' P. Cor. bell-lhaped. Cal. 2-leaved. Capf. 4-cell¬ ed, 4-valved. B. Cor. nearly bell-lhaped. Cal. 4-partite. CapC 4-celled, with open angles. Se£l. V. Flowers monopetalousy 1 feed-vtfjely fuperior* C. Cor. tubulous. Cal. 4-cleft. A drupe with a 2-celled nut. C. Cor. funnel-lhaped. Cal. 4-cleft, A drupe with a 2-celled nut. *82/ Tetrandna* “ ^ J 182. Scolosakthus. Cor. tubulofa, limbo revolu. to. Cal. 4-fid. Drupa i-fperma. ig$. Pavetta. Cor. tubulofa. Cal. 4-dentalus. Bacca i-fperma. . 194. Ixora. Cor. tubulofa. Cal. 4-partitus. Bac¬ ca 2-locularis. Sem. 2. 188. Petesia. Cor. tubulofa. Cal. 4-dentatus. Bacca 2-locuIaiis potyfperma. 193. Catesieea. Cor. tubulofa. Cal. 4-dentatu5. Bacca 1 loculari4', polyfperma. 191. Froelichia. Cor. tubulofa. Cal. 4-partit. Bacca 1 fpcrma exfucca. Sem. arillatum. 199. Hoffmannia. Cor. tubulofa. Cal. 4-denta- tus. Filamenta 0. Bacca 2-locul. polyfperma. 196. Ernodea. Cor. tubulofa. Cal. 4-partitus. Bacca 2-locul'. Sem. folitaria. 197. SlDERODENDRUM. Cor. tubulofa. Cal. 4- dentatus. Bacca 2-locul. Sem. folitaria. 207. Coccopcysilum. Cor. infundibulif. Cal. 4- fid. Bacca inflata 2-locul. polyfperma. 2c6. Mitchella. Cor. 2, tubulofae. Cal. 4-den¬ tatus. Bacca 4 fperma, bidora, bifida. 176. Hedyotis. Cor. tubulofa. Cal. 4-partitus* Capf. didyma, polyfperma, apice dehifcens. 240. Oldenlandia. Cor. tubulofa. Cal. 4-par¬ titus. Cafp. didyma, polyfperma, debifcens inter den- tes. 181. HYDROPHYLAX. Cor. infundibulif. Cal. 4- partit. Capf. angulata, 2-locul. dilfepimentis contrariis. Sem. folitar. 216. Manettia. Cor. tubulofa. Cal. 8-pliyllus. Capf. i-locularis. 183. Carphalea. Cor. tubulofa, intus hirta. Cal, 4-fid. Capf. 2-locul. polyfperma. 217. Bellardia. Cor. 4>fida. Cal. 4-fid. Capf. 2-lacul. 2-partibil. polyfperma. *■ 225. Sanguisorba. Cor. plana fupera. Cal. 2- pnyllus inferus. Capf. 4-gona inter calycem et oorol- lam. f Coffea occidentalis. Bonde/etia pilofa, virgata. Hi/- Ha tetrandra. Guettarda elliptica, membranacea. Port/andia tetrandra. Sett. VI. Flores moncpetaliy dieoceiy inferi. 184. Houstonia. Cor. tubulofa. Cal. 4-denta¬ tus. Capf. 2-locularis, 2-valvis. Sett. VII. Flores monopetaliy dicocciy fitperi. Stella- tee. * 187. Rubia. Cor. eampanulata. Fruttus baccati. * 185. Galium. Cor. plana. Fruflus fubglobofi. * 179. Asperula. Cor., tubulofa. Fru&us fubglo¬ bofi. * 178. Sherardia. Cor. T&bulofa. Fru&us coro- natus. Sem. 3 dentatis. 177. Spermacoce. Cor. tubulofa, Fru£lus coro- natus. Sem. 2-dentatis. 182. Knoxia. Cor. tubulofa. Fruttus bipartibilis fulcatus. ANY. 109 S. Cor. tubulous, with a border rolled back. Cal. 4-cleft. A drupe with I feed. P. Cor. tubulous. Cal. 4-toothed. A berry with 1 feed. I. or American JeJJamine. Cor. tubulous. Cal. 4- partite. A 2-celled berry ; 2 feeds. P. Cor. tubulous. Cal. 4-toothed, A 2-celled berry, many-feeded. C. or Lihi Thorn. Cor. tubulous. Cal. 4rtoothed. A berry with I cell, many feeds. F. Cor. tubulous. Cal. 4 partite. Berry 1 dry feed. Seed coated. H. Cor. tubulous. Cal. 4-cleft; no filaments. A berry with two cells and many feeds. E. Cor. tubulous. Cal. 4-"left. A 2-celled berry, 1 feed. S. Cor. tubulous. Cal. 4-toothed. A berry with 2 cells j 1 feed in each.. C. Cor. funnel-lhaped. Cal. 4-cleft. A berry in¬ flated, with 2 cells and many feeds. M. Cor. double,, tubulous. Cal. 4-toothed. A berry 4-feeded, double-flowered, cleft. H. Cor. tubulous. Cal. 4-partite. Capf. double ; many feeds j with an open top. O. Cor. tubulous. Cal. 4 partite. Capf. double j many feeds j opening between the teeth. H. Cor. funnel-fhaped. Cal. 4 partite. Capf. an¬ gular, 2-celled, with oppofite partitions. The feeds fo- litary. M, Cor. tubulous. Cal. 8-leaved. Capf. 1 cell. C. Cor. tubulous, rough-haired within. Cal. 4-clext. Capf. 2 cells, many feeds. B. Cor. 4-cleft. Cal. 4-cleft. Capf. 2-celled, divi- fible into two. Many feeds. * S. or Greater Wild Burnet. Cor. flat above. CaL 2-leaved 5 bent downwards.. Capf. 4-gonous between the cal. and the cor. Sett. VI. Flowers monopetalous, 2 capfules unitedt each with one celly inferior. H. Cor, tubulous. Cal. 4-toothed. Capf. 2-celled j 2-valved. Sett. VII. Flowers monopetalousy 2 capfules unitedy each with one celly fuperior. Star like. * R. or Madder. Cor. bell-fhaped. Fruit a berry. * G. or Ladies Bed-fraw. Cor. flat. Fruit nearly round. * A. or Wood-roof Cor. tubulous. Fruit nearly round. * S. or Little Yield-madder. Cor. tubulous. Fruit crowned, Seed 3-toothed. S. or Butter-weed. Cor. tubulous. Fruit crowned. Seed 2-toothed. K. Cor. tubulous. Fruit divifible j furrowed. 180* no B 0 T 180. Diodia. Cor. tubulofa, Fruftus tetragonus, , connatus, 2-valvis. 186. Crucianella. Cor. tubulofa, ariftata, Fruo tus nudus. Sem. linearia. Se£l. VIII. Flores moncpetaliy tetracocci, inferi. 189. Siphonanthus. Cor. tubulofa. Cal. 5-par- * titus. Baccae 4, i-fpermae. Se£t. IX. Flores tetrapetaliy inferi. 227. Epimedium. Petala ne£tar. 4 incumbentia. 'Cal. 4-phylIus. Siliqua i-locularis. 235. Pteeea. Pet. coriacea. Cal. 4-partitus. Stig¬ mata 2. Samara monofperma. 234. Blackburnia. Petala oblonga. Cal. 4-den- tat. Stigma fimplex. Bacca i-fperma. 236. Skimmia. Pet. concava. Cal. 4-partit. Bac¬ ca 4-fperma. 233. Monetia. Pet. linearia. Cal. 4-fid. Bac¬ ca 2-locul. 230. Samara. Pet. bafi lacuna. Cal. 4-partitus. ‘Drupa fubrotunda. Stigma infundibuliforme. 232. Hartogia. Pet. patentia. Cal. 5-fid. Dru¬ pa mice 2-fperma. 247. CurtisiA. Pet. obtufa. Cal. 4-part. Drupa nuce 4 f. 5-locul. 231. Faga-rA. Pet. ftaminibus breviora. Cal. 4- fidus. Capf. 4-valvis, r-fperma. 237. Othera. Pet. lanceolata. Cal. 4-part. Stig¬ ma feflile. Capf. 238. Orixa. Pet. lanceolata. Cal. 4-part. Stig¬ ma capital. Capf. 241. Amannia. Pet. rarifiime prefentia. Cal. tu- Tjulofus, 8-dentatus. Capf. 4-locularis. f Evomjmus curopceus, japonicus. Portulaca meridiana. Melajloma, tetrmdra. Cardamine hirfuta. Se£t. X. Flores tetrapetaliy fnperi. 243. Trapa. Cal. 4-partitus. f^ux armata fpinis conicis oppofitis. 226. Cissus. Cal. cingens. germen. Bacca i-fper- Ordo III. TRIGYNIA. 266. Boscia. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4*dentatus. Capf. 4-locularis. Ordo IV. TETRAGYNIA. 267. Ilex. Cor. i-petala. Cal. 4-dentatus. Bac- ca 4-fperma. 268. Coldenia. Cor. i-petala. Cal. 4-phyllus. Sem. 2, bilocularia. 271. Sagina. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-phyllus. Capf. 4-locularis, polyfperma. 272. TiLLiEA. Cor. 3 f. 4-petala. Cal. 3 f. 4- phyllus. Capf. 3 f. 4, polyfperroae. 273. Myginda. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-partitus. Drupa i-fperma. 269. POTAMOGETON. Cor. O. Cal. 4-phyllus. Sem. 4, feflilia. 270. Rupfia. Cor. 0. Cal, o. Sem. 4, pedicel- lata. ANY. Tetrandria, Order III. TRIGYNIA. B. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-toothed. Capf. 4-cell- ed. Order IV. TETRAGYNIA. I. or Holly. Cor. i-petal. Cal. 4-toothed. A berry, 4-feeded. C. Cor. 1-petal. Cal. 4-leaved. Two feeds, 2- celled. S. or Pearlwort. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-leaved, Capf. 4-celled, many feeds. T. or Small Annual Houfeleek. Cor. 3 or 4-pe- taled. Cal. 3 or 4-leaved. Capf. 3, or 4, many 'feeds. M. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-partite. A drupe witfc I feed. P. No cor. Cal. 4-leaved. Seeds 4, fitting. R. or Sea ox TaJJel-grafs. No cor. No cal. Seeds 4, on a pedicle. decumbens. Jlorida. cyanoides. patula. pulchella. fphaero- cephala. ferraria. iriternata. ghmerata. Order I. MONOGYNIA. 165. Protea, or Silver-tree. Cor. 4-cleft. The anthers ftrap-fhaped, inferted in the petals beneath the apex. Na proper calyx. A nut. One feed. 1. P. with leaves 3-cleft, thread-fiiaped $ the Item decumbent. C. of G. Hope, b . 2. P. with leaves 3-cleft, winged, tbread-ihaped $ ftem erefr, with folitary little heads, furrounded by leaves. C. of G. Hope. b • 3. P. with leaves 3-cleft, winged, thread-fiiaped j ftem ere£t, naked, folitary, little heads. C. of G. Hope. b. 4. P. with leaves 3-cleft, thread-fiiaped j ere£l ftem, little heads incorporated. C. of G. Hope. b • 5. P. with leaves double-winged, fmooth, thread- fiiaped, with terminal heads, club-ftiaped, without floral leaves. New Holland. b • 6. P. with double-winged thread-fiiaped leaves j fruit- ftalks ftiorter than the tops, with the fcales of the cal. oval, woolly at the bafe. C. of G. Hope. Tj. 7. P. with double-winged thread-fiiaped, hairy leaves ; fruitftalks longer than the tops; with the fcales of the cal. egg-fpear-fiiaped and hairy. Cape of Good Hope. b • 8. P. with double-winged, thread-fiiaped, fmooth leaves. The fruitftalks longer than the head, with the fcales of the cal. fpear-ftiaped and hairy. C. of Good Hope. T? • 9. P. with double-winged thread-fiiaped leaves ; and naked, common, elongated fruitftalk ; the pedicles longer than the knobs. C. of G. Hope. b • r 10. P. with double-wipged, thread-fiiaped leaves ; and terminal knobs, fiilitary, and cottony. C, of G. Hope. b » 31. P. with double-winged, thread-ftiaped leaves; andlagoput, aggregate knobs in fpikes. C. of G. Hope. b • 12. P. with double-winged thread-fiiaped leaves'jfpicata. and heads fpiked and diftinft. C. of G. Hope. b • 13. P. with double-winged inferior leaves ; the fa-fceptrum, perior being 3-cleft and entire. C. of G. Hope, b • 14. P. with fmooth 5-cleft leaves; ftem ere minal knob, sand many-cleft floral leaves. C. of G. Hope. b • 26. P. w’ith inferior thread-fhaped leaves, the cotnofa. rior fpear-lhaped, and a terminal or terminating knob. C. of G. Hope. b • 27. P. with ftrap-fiiaped, bent-back leaves, cxookodpurpurea terminal v pro hftra. corymbcfa. tiana. lanata. torta. Tetrandria. B O T terminal knots, and decumbent ftem, b • C* G* Hope. 28. P. with awl-diaped comprefled leaves, and a flower-bearing ftem. b • Hope. 29. P. with ftrap-awl-ftiaped -contiguous leaves, and little flat-topped branches m whirls. C. G* Hope. . 30. P. with ftrap-awl-ftiaped leaves, a terminal knob and coloured calyx, -f? • C. of G. Hope. 31. P. with contiguous 3-fquare leaves, and a woolly- terminal knob, -f? • C. of G. Hope. 32. P. with oblique, ftrap-ftiaped, obtufe leaves, b • C. of G. Hope. 33. P. with ftrap-fliaped, ftlky, cottony leaves, b • C. of G. Hope. 34. P. with ftrap-battledore-fhaped, fmooth leaves; flowers in bunches ; Angle calyx, b • G* Hope. 35. P. with ftrap-battledore-ftiaped, fmooth leaves ; terminal knobs, many-cleft; floral leaves. b • C. of G. Hope. 36. P. with ftrap-battledore-ftiaped fmooth leaves; a cottony terminal knob. b • C. of G. Hope. 3y, P. with ftrap-wedge-ftiaped Alky leaves, and a Alky terminal knob. b • C. G- Hope. 38. P. with (harp fpear-ftiaped leaves, and a round terminal knob or head. b • G °f G. Hope. 39. P. with fpear-ftiaped leaves, obtufe and flender at'the bafe, and a hemifpherical terminal knob. b* AbyiTinia. 40. P. with ftrap-elliptical-fhaped leaves, and an ob¬ long terminal knob. b* C. of G. Hope. 41. P. with fpear-elliptical-ftiaped fmooth leaves, an oval knob, and (hurt decumbent ftem. b • G G* Hope. 42. P. with fpear-wedge-ftiaped hoary leaves, an ob¬ long terminal knob, petals fmooth beneath, and hairy above, b • C. of G. Hope. 43. P. with ftrap-fpear-ftiaped, callous, fmooth, ob¬ lique leaves, and a terminal knob belonging to the ftem. b . C. of G. Hope. jparviflora. 44. P. with elliptical obtufe, callous, oblique leaves, and fmooth terminal heads of little branches. b • G of G. Hope. 45. P. with leaves fpear-ftiaped, flender at the bafe, fmooth, (harp, callous; and a terminal knob fenced with a pale cover. b • G of G. Hope. 46. P. with leaves fpear-ftiaped, attenuate at the bafe, ftfiooth, (harp, callous, and a terminal head, fenced with a long (harp cover of the fame colour. b • G of G. Hope. 47. P. with leaves inverfely egg-fliaped, obtufely tapering, tiled fmooth, a hairy ftem, and a head with an obtufe long covering. b • C. of G. Hope. 48. P. with elliptical leaves, blunt, callous, fmooth, and a terminal knob. b • C. of G. Hope. 49. P. with leaves fpear-ftiaped, fmooth, fcoredr tiled, and a terminal knob. b • G of G. Hope. 50. P. with leaves fpear-ftiaped ; fllkv, thread-ftia- ped branches ; ftem decumbent. b • G of G. Hope. 51. P. with fpear-ftiaped Alky leaves ; a (hrubby ftem ; and oblong enveloped knobs. b • G of G. Hope. 52. P. with leaves fpear-ftiaped, Alver-cottony, frin¬ ged, with woody ftem and globular knobs, b G of G. Hope. • Vol. IV. Part L alba. aulacea. umbellata. linearis. cinerea. fcolymus. abyffnica. mellifera. repens. plumofa. obliqua. pollens. conifera. levifanus. Jlrobilina. imbricata. fericea. faligna. argent ea. A N Y. <13 53. P. with leaves oblong and fmooth; a globular 0£OT///.r. knob or head ; and a (liort decumbent ftem. b • G of G. Hope. 54. P. with oblong fmooth leaves ; and aggregate myrtifoha, terminal knobs. b • C. of G. Plope. 56. P. with fmooth oblong leaves without veins, zglabra. hemifpherical knob, and a ftirub-hke ftem. b • G of G. Hope. •- 57. P. with oblong fmootli leaves, an oblong kx'.obfpeciofci. the feales of the calyx barbed at the point. b • G of G. Plope. 58. P. with oval, fmooth, callous leaves ; cor. hairy, and cylindrical. b • G of G. Hope. 59. P. with fmooth, oval leaves ; and lateral flowers, hirta. (2 . C. of G. Hope. 60. P. with oval leaves ; and cottony terminal knobs.^^ww. b. C. of G. Hope. 61. P. with hairy oval leaves, terminal knobs, and divaricate. ftradling branches. b • G of G. Hope. 62. P. with fmooth, battledore conical leaves. b Jpatnulata. C. of G. Hope. 63. P. with leaves nearly round; and fmooth leaf- (talks. b • G of G. Hope. des. 64. P. with heart-ftiaped leaves, b • G °f G. Hope, corz/zzto, 166. Banksia. Hecept. common, elongated, fealy. Cor. 4 petals. The (tamens inferted in the border. T-he capf. 2-val- f ved, 2-feeded. A moveable partition between the feeds, which are winged. Of this genus there are 8 fpecies, viz. ferrata, gran- dis, integrifolia, pyriformis, dentata, fpinulofa, ericae- folia, gibbofa. N. Holland. ? 167. Rupala. This jjenus has two fpecies; viz. montana, and fef- Afolia. 168. Embothrium. Eight fpecies; viz. fpecioftflimum, coccrneum, gran- diflorum, umbellatum, hirfutum, buxifolium, fericeum, Alaifolium. / 169. Globularia, or Blue Daify. Four fpecies ; viz. longifolia, nana, nudicaulis, 0- rientalis. S. Eur. 170. Cephalanthus, or Button-’ivood, Has one fpecies ; viz. occidentalis. N. America. 171. Dipsacus, or Teaz* l. Has four fpecies ; viz * fullonum, * fylveftris, laci- niatus, and * pilofus. * D. leaves fitting, ferrated ; chaff bent backwards.yzz//o«»w. It is cultivated for the ufe of the clothiers, who employ the heads with crooked awns, to raife the knap upon woollen cloths. For this purpofe they are fixed round the circumference of a large broad wheel, which is made to turn round, and the cloth is held againft them. The plant flowers in June and July, and the heads are colledled in Auguft. It is fometimes fown along with caraway and coriander; by which means three crops are on the foil at once, without inconvenience, as they ripen at different periods. 172. Scabiosa, or Scabious, Has 41 fpecies ; viz. alpina, uftulata, rigida, atte- nuata, fcabra, tranfylvanica, fyriaca, leucanthia, * fuc- cifa, integrifolia, amplexicaulis, humilis, decurrens, P tatarica, ii4 B O T tatarica, *arven(is, uralenfis, fylvatica, grarauntia, ^co¬ lumbaria, pyrenaica, ficula, rutaefolia, * maritima, ftel- lata, prolifera, atropurpurea, argentea, indurata, afri- cana, monfpelienfis, pumila, cretica, limonifolia, gra- minifolia, lyrata, paleftina, ifetenfis, ucranica, ochroleu- ca, pappofa, and pterocephala. S. Eur. Ind. Afr. fuccifa. * S. bloffbms 4-cleft, equal •, ftem undivided 5 branches approaching ; leaves fpear-eggfhaped.—The dried leaves are ufed to dye wool yellow or green. (Linn.) A ftrong decodlion of it continued for a eonfiderable length of time, is an empirical fecret for gonorrhceas. arvenfis. * s. bloflbms 4-cleft, radiating ; leaves wing-cleft, and jagged j Item rough with ttrong hairs. Sheep and goats eat this fpecies. Horfes and cows are not fond of it. It is flightly aftringent, bitter, and faponaceous. 173. Knautia, Has four fpecies ; viz. orientalis, propontica, palsef- tina, and plumofa. Levant, Archipelago. 174. Allionia, Has two fpecies 5 viz. violacea, and incarnata. Am. 175. Opercularia, Has three fpecies j viz. umbellata, afpera, diphylla. N. Holland. 176. Hedyotis, Has 11 fpecies; viz. fruticofa, racemofa, auricularia, hyfpida, maritima, pumila, diffufa, herbacea, gramini- folia, virgata, rupeftris. E. and W. Ind. S. Amer. 177. Spermacoce, or Button-weed, Lias 20 fpecies 5 viz. tenuior, latifolia, ccerulefcens, alata, hexagona, proftrata, radicans, longifolia, verti- cillata, fumatrenfis, afpera, hirta, villofa, hifpida, fca- bra, articularis, ftrifta, linifolia, procumbens, fpinofa. E. Ind. Afr. Amer. 178. Sherardia, or Little Field-madder, Contains three fpecies ; viz. arvenfis, muralis, fruti¬ cofa. Eur.. I fie of Afcenfion. 179. Asperula, or Woodrocf, Has feven fpecies 5 viz. odorata, hexaphylla, arven¬ fis, taurina, craffifolia, calabrica, ariftata, tinftoria, pyrenaica, cynanchica, laevigata. Eur. odorata. A. leaves 8 in a whirl, fpear-fhaped; flowers in bun¬ dles on fruitftalks. The fcent of it is faid to drive away ticks and other infe£ls. (Linn.) It gives a grateful flavour to wine. Cows,, horfes, fheep, and goats eat it. 180. Diodia, Has 6 fpecies 5 viz. virginica, fimplex, verticillata, proftrata, fcandens, farmentofa. Amer. Jamaica. 181. Hydrophylax, Contains only one fpecies ; viz. maritima. 182. Knoxia, Has under it two fpecies 3 viz. zeylanica, and co- rymbofa. Ceylon. 183. Carfhalea, Has one fpecies j viz. corymbofa. Madagafcar. 184. Houstonia, Has three fpecies 3 viz. coerulea, longifolia, and pur¬ purea. N. America. 185. Galium, or Ladies Bed-Jlraw, Includes 50 fpecies 3 viz. rubiodes, *paluftre, trifi- dum, fruticofum, *montanum, tinftorium, capenfe, mu- cronatum, expanfum, afperum, glabrum, auftriacum, bocconi, vifcofum, faxatile, tenue, jufliei, pyrenaicum, ANY. Tetrandria, minutum, *pufillum, *fcabrum, *verum, mollugo, fyl- vaticum, linifolium, rigidum, ariftatum, hierofolymi- tanum, pafchale, glaucum, purpureum, rubrum, mega- lofpermum, fpurium, harcynicum, *uliginofum,. * bo- reale, rotundifolium, bermudianum, ericoides, hirtumr ruthenicum, aparine, * aparine, album, microcarpum, parifienfe, pilofum, maritimum, graecum. Eur. Arab. N. Amer. Of thefe the following deferve notice. * G. leaves 8 in a whirl, ftrap-fhaped, furrowed 3 flower- verum* ing branches fliort.—The flowers will coagulate boiling milk 5 and their juice changes blue infufions to a red colour, thereby difcovering marks of acidity. The French prefcribe them in hyfteric and epileptic cafes. Boiled in alum-water they tinge wool yellow. The roots dye a very fine red, not inferior to madder, and are ufed for this purpofe in the ifland of Jura. (Pen¬ nant 1772. p. 212). Sheep and goats eat it. Horfes and fwine refufe it. Cows are not fond of it. It is fubjeft to a difeafe, in which the ftem and leaves are fet with flefhy balls, about the fize of a pea, hollow within and covered with a purplifh fkin. * G. leaves 4 in a whirl, fpear-fhaped, fmooth, 3-fibred 3 borea/e. ftem upright.—The roots afford a red dye for woollens. * G. leaves 8 in a whirl, fpear-fhaped 3 keel rough aparine* with prickles pointing backwards 3 joints woolly.— I he branches are ufed by the Swedes inftead of a foi to ftraiu milk. Young geefe are very fond of them. The feeds may be ufed inftead of coffee, i he plant is eaten by horfes, cows, fheep, and goats. Swine refufe it. (Linn.) The expreffed juice of the ftem and leaves, taken to the amount of four ounces night and morning, is very efficacious in removing many of thofe cutaneous erup¬ tions, which are called, although improperly, fcorbutic. It mult be continued for feveral weeks. 186. Crucianella, or Petty madder. Nine fpecies 3 viz. anguftifolia, latifolia, aegyptiaca, patula, ciliata, pubefcens, maritima, capita, monfpeli- aca. S. Eur. Arab. 187. RuBIA, or Madder. Seven fpecies 3 tin&orum, or dyers madder, with an¬ nual leaves and a prickly ftem, % 3 chilenfis, peregri- na, lucida, fruticofa, anguftifolia, cordifolia. Siber. S. Eur. Canar. 188. Mattuschkjea. One fpecies 3 viz. hirfuta. Carolina. 189. SlFHONANTHUS. Two fpecies 3 viz. indica, and anguftifolia. India.. 190. Roussea. One fpecies 3 viz. fimplex. Mauritius. 191. Froelichia. One fpecies 3 viz. paniculata. 192. SCOLOSANTHUS. One fpecies 3 viz. verficolor. 193. Catesb^ia, or Lily Thorn. Two fpecies 3 viz. fpinofa, and parviflora. Jamaica* Ifle of Providence. 194. Ixora, or American Jejfamine. Six fpecies 3 viz. coccinea, parviflora, alba, america- na, fafciculata, and multiflora. E. Ind. Jam. S. Am. 195. Pavetta. Five fpecies 3 viz. indica, villofa, longiflora, caffra* pentandra. C, of G. Hope, 196. Tetrandria. B O T 196. Ernodea. One fpecies j viz. littoralis. Jamaica. 197. SlDERODENDRUM. One fpecies j viz. triflorum. S. Amer. 198. Petesia. Three fpecies; viz. ftipularis, carnea, tomentofa. 199. Hoffmaxnia. One fpecies j viz. pedunculata. Jamaica. 200. Chomelia. One fpecies; viz. fpinofa. 201. Petitia. One fpecies ; viz ; domingenfis. St Domingo. 202. MyoNIMA. Two fpecies j viz. obarata, lanceolata. Ifle of Bourb. 203. Pyrostria. One fpecies ; viz. falicifolia. 204. Cunninghamia. Two fpecies; viz. farmentofa, verticillata. Guiana, Ille of Bourbon. 205. TEgiphila. Eight fpecies ; viz. martinicenfis, elata, mixia, vil- lofa, arborefcens, Isevis, foetida, trifida. W. Indies. 206. Mitchella. One fpecies ; viz. repens. N. America. 207. CoCCOCYPSIEUM. Three fpecies; viz. repens, uniflorum, biflorum. Jam. 208. Wallenia. One fpecies ; viz. laurifolia. Jamaica. 209. Callicarpa, or Johnfoma. Ten fpecies; viz. americana, cana, lanata, macro- phylla, ferruginea, reticulata, longifolia, integrifolia, villofa, japonica. N. Amer. Jap. Jamaica. 210. Aquartia. Two fpecies ; viz. aculeata, microphylla. S. Am. 211. WlTHERINGIA. One fpecies; viz. folanacea. S. Am. 212. Myrmecia. One fpecies ; viz. fcandens. Guiana. 213. PolyfhrEMUM, or Carolina Flax. One fpecies; viz. procumbens. N. Amer. 214. Labatia. Two fpecies ; viz. feffilidora, pedunculata. Hifpan. 215. Lasiostoma. One fpecies; viz. cirrhofa. Guiana. 216. Manettia. Five fpecies ; viz. reclinata, lygiftum, coccinea, pic- ta, lanceolata. S. Amer. Jam. 217. Bellardia. One fpecies ; viz. repens. Guiana. 218. Penaca. Nine fpecies ; viz. farcocolla, mucronata, marginata, lateriflora, tomentofa, fucata, fquamofa, fruticulofa, myrtoides. C. of G. Hope. 219. Blairia. Nine fpecies ; viz. cricoides, fcabra, fafcicula, articti- lata, purpurea, mufcofa, pufilla, glabella, ciliaris. Cape. 220. Buddleia. Nine fpecies; viz. americana, occidentalism globofa, ANY. us falvifoiia, madagafcarienfis, falicifoiia, diverfifolia, vir* gata, incompta. Cape, S. Amer. W. Indies. 22 r. Exacum. 18 fpecies; viz. vifcofum, pedunculatum, albens, aureum, feflile, cordatum, punftatum, quadrangulare, gujanenfe, diffufum, tenuifolium, * filiforme, aphyl- lum, heteroclitum, fpicatum, ramofum, verticillatum, hyffopifolium. Afia, Africa. 222. Plant ago, or Plantain. 33 fpecies; viz. * major, crafla, afiatica, maxima, * media, virginica, altiffima, * lanceolata, capenfls, la- gopus, lufitanica, patagonica, albicans, hirfuta, alpina, bellardi, cretica, barbata, * maritima, fubulata, recur- vata, macrorhiza, ferraria, * coronopus, loeflingii, cor- nuti, amplexicaulis, pfyllium, fquarrofa, indica, pumi- la, cynops, afra. Eur. Egypt, China, N. Amer. * P. leaves fpear-lhaped ; fpike nearly egg-fliaped, na- lanceoiatu- ked ; ftalk angular.—It is ufually called rib-wort or rib-grafs. Linnaeus fays it is eaten by horfes, fheep, and goats, and that cows refufe it ; but Haller attri¬ butes the richnefs of the milk in the famous Alpine dai¬ ries to this plant, and to the alchemilla vulgaris. The total abfence of this plant in marftiy lands, is a certain criterion of the wretched quality thereof: in proportion as fuch foils are meliorated by draining, this plant will flourilh and abound. When fown for pafturage upon rich fands and loams, this plant gives a confiderable herbage ; and on poorer and drier foils, it does well for fheep, but is inferior to fome others. Mr Marfliall ob- ferves that it has flood the tell of 20 years eftablilhed pra£lice, in Yorkfnire, and is in good eftimation, though not well affefted by horfes, and bad for hay from re¬ taining its fap. The plantago major or great plantain, is called feptinervia, from its having 7 large nerves or ribs running along each leaf; the narrow-leaved fort, above defcribed, has only five ribs, and hence it is cal¬ led quinquenervia. The leaves are lightly aftringent, and the feeds are faid to be fo ; and hence they ftand recommended in hsemorrhagies and other cafes of this kind, where medicines of this kind are proper. The leaves bruifed a little are the common application of the common people to flight frefh wounds. Plantain has been alleged to be a cure for the bite of the rattlefnake ; but for this there is probably little foundation, although it is one of the principal ingre¬ dients in the remedy of the negro Csefar, for the difco- very of which he received a confiderable reward from the aflembly of S. Carolina. 223. Scoparia. Three fpecies ; viz. dulcis, procumbens, arborea. Egypt, N. America. 224. Centunculus, or Bafe Pimpernel. One fpecies ; called minimus. Germ. S. Eur. 225. Sanguisorba, or Great Wild Burnet. Three fpecies; viz. * officinalis, media, canadenfis. Europe, N. America. 226. Cissus. 18 fpecies ; viz. vitiginea, capenfis, repanda, lati- folia, cordifolia, rdtundifolia, ficyoides, quadrangula- ris, acida, cirrhofa, trifoliata, microcarpa, crenata, car- nofa, obovata, japonica, pentaphylla, pedata. Arabia, Ind. Jam. 227. Epimedium, Barren-wort. One fpecies; viz. * alpinum. N P 2 228. I 116 fanguinea B O T 228. CoRNUS, or Dog-wood, Cornel Cherry. 12 fpecies j viz. * fuecica, canadenfis, florida, maf- cula, japonica, * fanguinea, alba, fericea, circinata, ftri- ata, paniculata, alternifolia. Alia, Amer. * C. branches ftraight; leaves egg-lhaped, green on both fides ; tuft flatted.—The wood is very hard and fmooth, fit for the purpofes of the turner. The leaves change to a blood-red in autumn : the berries are bit¬ ter and flyptic 5 they dye purple. Horfes, ftieep, and goats eat it. Swine and cows refufe it. 229. Glossoma. « One fpecies $ viz. arborefcens. Guiana. 230. Samara. Four fpecies; viz. laeta, coriacea, pentandra, flori- bunda. Cape, E. Ind. Jam. Guiana. 231. Fagara. 12 fpecies, viz. triphylla, evodia, pterota, piperita, tragodes, zanthoxyloides, horrida, capenfis, armata, avi- cennse, oftandra, elaphrium. W. Ind. Japan. 232. Hartogia. One fpecies j viz. capenfis. C. of G. Hope. 233. Monetia. Two fpecies ; viz. barlerioides, diacantha. E. Ind. 234. Blackburvia. One fpecies $ viz. pinnata. 235. Ptelea, or Shrub Trefoil. One fpecies j viz. trifoliata. N. Amer. S, S. ifles. 236. Skimmia. One fpecies j viz. japonica. Japan. 237. Othera. One fpecies j viz. japonica. Japan. 238. Orixa. One fpecies j viz. japonica. 239. Ludwigia, or Bnfe Virginian Loofe-frife. Five fpecies j alternifolia, hirfuta, juffiacoides, op- pofitifolia, erigata. India, Amer. Jam. 240. Oldenlandia. 13 fpecies*, viz. verticillata, digynia, trinervia, de- preffa, capenfis, uniflora, biflora, pentandra, umbella- ta, corymbofa, hirfuta, debilis, foetida. 241. Ammania. Seven fpecies *, latifolia, ramofior, debilis, fanguino- lenta, oftandra, baccifera, pinnatifida. Ind. Virginia. 242. IsNARDIA. One fpecies ; viz. paluftris. Eur. China, N. Amer. W. Ind. 243. Trapa, or Floating Water-caltrops. Two fpecies j viz. natans, bicornis. Eur. China. 244. Dorstenia, or Contrayerva. Ten fpecies j viz. cordifolia, brafilienfis, arifolia, houftoni, contrajerva, drakena, caulefcens, lucida, pin- befcens. Arab. S. Amer. 245. Pothos, or Scunk-weed. 12 fpecies j viz. fcandens, acaulis, lanceolata, cre- nata, violacea, craflinervia, cordata, macrophylla, pin¬ nata, palmata, digitata, pentaphylla. Ind. Amer. 246. Cometes. One fpecies $ viz. alternifloria. E. Ind. Surat. A N Y. Tetrandria, 247. CuRTiSlA, or Haffagay-tree, One fpecies 4 faginea. C. of G. Hope. 248. Chloranthus, or Tea-leaved Chu-lan. One fpecies j viz. inconfpicuus. Cape, China, Jap.. 249. Eleagnus, or Oleofer or Wild Olive. Ten fpecies *, viz. anguftifolia, orientalis, fpinofa, pungens, latifolia, crifpa, multiflora, umbellata, glabra, macrophylla. S. Eur. China, Japan. 250. Gonatocarpus, One fpecies j viz. micranthus. Japan. 251. Sant alum, or Sanders. One fpecies ; viz. album.—What is ufually called White Sanders wood, is brought from the Eaft Indies, in billets about the fize of a man’s leg, of a pale whitifh colour. It conftitutes the outer part of the timber, or that part of the tree which is neareft the bark. This white part has little fenfible fmell or tafte. The inner part of the timber, which ufually receives the appella¬ tion of Yellow Sanders wood, is of a pale yellowifti colour, of a pleafant fmell and a bitterilh aromatic tafte^ accompanied with an agreeable fort of pungency. Di- ftilled with water it yields a fragrant effential oil, which thickens in the cold to the confiftence of a balfanu. Digefted in pure fpirit it imparts a rich yellow tincture, which being committed to diftillation, the fpirit arifes without bringing over any thing confiderable of the virtues of the fanders. The refiduum contains the virtues of fix times its weight of the wood. Hoffman looks upon this extract as a medicine of fimilar virtues to ambergris, and recommends it as an excellent reffo*- rative in great debilities. 252. Struthiola. Five fpecies j viz. virgata, nana, juniperina, ereda^ ovata. C. of G. Hope. 233. Krameria. One fpecies j viz. ixina. S. Amer. 234. Acuena. One fpecies $ viz. elongata. Mexico. 253. Rivina. Four fpecies ; viz. humilis, laevis, brafilienfis, o£lan~. dra. W. Indies. 236. Salvadora. One fpecies $ viz. perfica. Perfia, India. 237. Camphorosma. Five fpecies ; viz. paleacea, monfpeliaca, acuta, gla¬ bra, pteranthus. S. Eur. Cape. 238. Alchemilla, or Ladies-mantle. Six fpecies j viz. capenfis, * vulgaris, * alpina, pen¬ taphylla, aphanoides, aphanes. Alps of Eur. * A. leaves gaftied.—The whole of this plant is aftrin- vulgaris* gent. In the province of Smolandia in Gothland, they make a tin&ure of the leaves, and give it in fpafmodic or convulfive difeafes. Horfes, ffieep, and goats eat it. Swine refufe it. Cows are not fond of it. Order II. DIGYNIA. 259. Cruzita. One fpecies 5 viz. hifpanica. 260. Bufonia, or Toad-grafs. One fpecies y viz. * tenuifolia. 261^ Pentandria. B O T 261. HamamELIS, or Witch Ha%el. * One fpecies j viz. virginica. Carolina, Virginia. 262. Cuscuta, or Dodder. Five fpecies} viz. europea, americana, africana, mo- nogynia, chinenfis. * C. flowers fitting, moftly 4-cleft.—The feeds of this fpecies fown in a pot produce plants, but which foon die, unlefs they can attach themfelves to fome other plant. As foon as the Ihoots have twined about an adjoining plant, they fend out from their inner fur- face a number of little veficles -or papillse, which at¬ tach themfelves to the bark or rind of the plant. By degrees the longitudinal vefiels of the ftalk, which ap¬ pear to have accompanied the veficles, fhoot forth from their extremities and make their way to the fofter plant, by dividing the vefiels and infinuating themfelves into the tendereft part of the ftalk ; and fo intimately are they united with it, that it is eafier to break than to difengage them from it. 263. Hypecoum. Four fpecies j viz. procumbens, littorale, pendulum, ere&um. 264. Nerteria. One fpecies j viz. deprefia. S. America* 265. Galopina. One fpecies $ viz. circaeoides. C. of G. Hope. Order III. TRIGYNIA*. A N Y/ 117 variegation of the leaves or thorns, and the colour of the berries. Sheep are fed in the winter with the croppings, as are alfo deer. Birds eat the berries. The bark fermented, and afterwards waftied from the woody fibres, makes the common bird-lime. It makes an impenetrable fence, and bears cropping ; nor is its verdure, or the beauties of its fcarlet berries, ever ob- ferved to fuffer from the fevereft of our winters. The wood is ufed in veneering, and is fometimes ftained black to imitate ebony^ Handles for knives and cogs for mill-wheels are made of it.—It is faid to have been: obferved by Linnaeus, that the lower branches within reach of cattle bear thorny leaves, whilft the upper ones which ftand in need of no fuch defence are ■with¬ out thorns. 268. Coldenia. # One fpecies ; viz. procumbens. E. Indies. 269. Potamogeton, or Pond-weed. 14 fpecies; viz. natans, fluitans, heterophyllum, per- foliatum, denfum, * lucens, * crifpum, ferratum, * com- prefliim, ^pe&inatum, * fetaceum, * gramineum, * ma- rinum, * pufillum. Europe, N. America. * P. leaves oblong egg-fhaped, on leafftalks, floating. —The leaves of this plant floating upon the furface of water, afford an agreeable fhade to fifti, and are the habitation and food of the phalaena potamogeton. The roots are a favourite food of the fwan. 270. Ruppia. One fpecies j viz. * maritima. 266: Boscia. One fpecies ; viz. undulata. Order IV. TETRAGYNIA. 267. Ilex, or Holly. 19 fpecies; viz* * aquifolium, japonica, opaca*, croi- cea, ferrata, latifoliay perado, prinoides, cafline, vo- mitoria, crenata, emarginata, falicifolia, afiatica, inte- gra, rotunda, obcordata, acuminata, cuneifolia. Afia, N. America. iquifo- * I* leaves egg-ftiaped, acute, thorny, on leaf-ftalks ; (tun. flowers in a kind of umbel, axillary.—All the varieties which gardeners reckon, to the amount of 40 or 50; -are derived from this one fpecies, and depend upon the ' 271. Saguja, or Pearl-wort. Five fpecies ; viz. * ceraftoides, * procumbens, * a- petala, * ere6ta, and virginica of Virginia. 272. TlLLJEA, or Small Annual Houfe-leek. Five fpecies; viz. aquatica, proftrata, vaillantii, capenfis, perfoliata, umbellata, decumbens, mufcofa. Eur. C. of G. Hope. 273. Myginda. Three fpecies ; viz. vragoga, rhacoma, latifolia. N. America, W. Indies. In the clafs Tetrandria are 117 Genera, which include 638 Species. Of thefe 56 fpecies are found in Britain. CLASSIS V. CLASS V. PENT AND RI A; PENT AND RI A* Ordo I. MONOGYNIA. Se£L I. Flores tnoncpetali, inferi^ tnonofpermi. 373. Mirabilis. Nux infra corollam. Cor. in- fundibulif. Stigma globofum papillofum. 295. Tricratus. Nux 5-angularis. Cor. infundi- bulif. laciniis bilobis. Cal. o. Order I. MONOGYNIA. Se£t. I. Flowers monopetalousi inferior, one-feeded.. M. Nut beneath the cor. The cor. funnel-fliaped. Stigma globular pimpled. T. Nut 5-angular. Cor. funnel-fliaped with 2-lobed fegments. No calyx. 318. EOT 318. Plumbago. Sem.i. Siam, valvis inferta. Cor. infundibulif. Stigma 5-fidum. 317. Weigelia. Sem. 1. Cor. infundibulif. Stylus a latere germinis. 470. Quinchamala. Sem. t. Cor. tubolofa. An- therae feffiles. 408. Corymbum. Sem. 1, lana involut. Cor. in- fundibuiif. Cor. 2-phyll. Anth. connatae. Se6l. II. Flores monopetali, inferiy difpermi. Af~ perifolice. 281. Cerikthe. Cor. fauce nuda ventricofa. Nuc. 2, offeae, 2-loculares. 287. Messerchmidia. Cor. fauce nuda, infundib. Nuc. 2, fuberofae. Se£t. III. Flores tnonopetaliy inferiy tetrafpermi. Af- perifoluz. 286. Echium. Cor. fauce nuda, irregularis, cam- panulata. 274. Heliotropium. Cor. fauce nuda, hypocrate^ rif. lobis dente interjedHs. Sem. 4. 279. Pulmonaria. Cor. fauce nuda, infundib. Cal. prifmaticus. 276. Lithospermum. Cor. fauce nuda, infundib. Cal. 5-partitus. 282. Onosma. Cor. fauce nuda, ventricofa. Sem. 4. 280. Symphytum. Cor. fauce dentata, ventricofa. 283. Borago. Cor. fauce dentata, rotata. 285. Lycopsis. Cor. fauce fornicata, infundib. tubo curvato. 284. Asperugo. Cor. fauce fornicata, infundib. Frudtus compreffus. 278. Cynoglossum. Cor. fauce fornicata, infun¬ dib. Sem. depreffa, latere affixa. 277. Anchusa. Cor. fauce fornicata, infundib. tubo ball prifmatico. 275. Myosotis. Cor. fauce fornicata, hypocraterif. lobis emarginatis. Se&. IV. Flores monopetaliy inferiy pentafpermi. 289. Nolana. Cor. monopetala. Nuces 5, 2 f. 4-loculares. Se£l:. V. Flores monopetaliy inferi. Angiofpermi. 374. Coris. Capf- i-locularis, 5-valvis. Cor. ir¬ regularis. Stigma capitatum. 303. Hydrophyllum. Capf. 1-locularis, 2-valvis. Cor. nedtariis 5, exarata. Stigma bifidum. 434. Galax. Capf. I-locularis, 2-valvis. Cor. hy- pocrat. Stigma fubrotundum. 432. Barreria. Capf. ? Cor. rotata. Anth. co- hserentes. Stigmata 3. 294. Cortusa. Capf. i-locularis, oblonga. Cor. rotata. Stigma fubcapitatum. 306. Anagallis. Capf. i-locularis, circumfcif. Cor. rotata. Stigma capitatum. 2 ANY. Pentandria P. Seed 1. Stamen inferted in the valves. Cor. fun- nel-lhaped. Stigma 5-cleft. W. 1 Seed. Cor. funnel-lhaped. Style with lateral feed-buds. £. 1 Seed. Cor. tubular. Another fitting. C. I Seed, covered with wool. Cor. funnel-lhaped. Cal. 2-leaved. Anthers united at the bafe. SedE II. Flowers monopetalousy inferiort i feeded. Rough leaves. C. Cor. with a naked mouth, diftended. Nuts 2, hard as bone, 2-celled. M. Cor. with a naked mouth, funnel-fliaped. Nuts 2, eroded beneath, 2-feeded. Sedh III. Flowers monopetalousy inferiory /\-feeded. Rough leaves. E. Cor. with a naked mouth, irregular, bell-fliaped. H. Cor. with a naked mouth, and lobes divided by a falver-thaped tooth. Seeds 4. P. Cor. with a naked mouth, funnel-lhaped. Cal. prifm-lhaped, i. e. differing from cylindrical in the cup being angular. L. Cor. with a naked mouth, funnel-lhaped. Cal. 5-partite. O. Cor. with a naked mouth, diftended. Seeds 4. S. Cor. with a toothed mouth, diftended. B. Cor. with a toothed mouth, wheel-lhaped. L. Cor. with a vaulted mouth, funnel-lhaped ; tube curved. A. Cor. with a vaulted mouth, funnel-lhaped 5 fruit compreffed. C. Cor. with a vaulted mouth, funnel-lhaped. Seed depreffed, fixed in the fide. A. Cor. with a vaulted mouth, funnel-lhaped } the tube prifmatic at the bafe. M. Cor. with a vaulted mouth, falver-lhaped ; lobes notched at the end. Se61. IV. Flowers monopetalousy inferiory 5-feeded. N. Cor. monopetalous. 5 Nuts, 2 or 4-celled. Seel. V. Flowers monopetalousy inferior. Seeds in a capfule. C. Capf. i-celled, 5-valved. Cor. irregular. The ftigmas growing in heads. H. Capf. 1-celled, 2-valved. Cor. furrowed with 5 neftaries. Stigma 2-cleft. G. Capf. i-celled. 2-valved. Cor. falver-lhaped. Stigma nearly round. B. Capf. ? Cor. wheel-lhaped. Anthers cohering. Stigmas 3. C. Capf. i-celled, oblong. Cor. wheel-lhaped. Stig¬ ma nearly growing in heads. A. Capf. 1-celled, cut round. Cor. wheel-lhaped. Stigma, growing in a head. 305* Pentandria. B ^ ^ 305. Lysimachia. Capf. i-locularis, 10-valvis. Cor. rotata. Stigma obtufum. 300. Doroena. Capf. i-locul. i-valv. polyfperma. Cor. $-fida. Stigma emarginatum. 298. Cyclamen. Capf. i-locularis, intus pulpofa. Cor. reflexa. Stigma acutum. 297. Dodecatheon. Capf. i-loeul. oblonga. Cor. reflexa. Stigma obtufum. 296. Soldanella. Capf. i-locularis. Cor. lace- ra. Stigma fimplex. 395. Lita. Capf. i-locul. 2-valv. Cor. hypocra- terif. Anth. in tubo fefliles. Stigma truncatum. 293. Primula. Capf. i-locularis. Cor. infundib. fauce pervia. Stigma globofum. 291. Aretia. Capf. i-locul. Cor. hypocraterif. Stigma depreflb capitatum. 302. Bacopa. Capf. i-locul. Cor. hypocraterif. Cal. incequal. Stigma capitatum. 301. Hottonia. Cor. fauce fornicata, infundib. Sem. depreffa, latere aflixa. 313. Sheefieldia. Capf. i-locul. 5-valv. Cor. campanulata. Stam. alterna fterilia. 299. Menyanthes. Capf. i-locularis. Cor. vil- lofa. Stigma bifidum. 479. Allamanda. Cafp. i-locularis, lentiformis, bivalvis, valvulis cymbiformibus. Sem. imbricata. 507. Theophrasta. Capf. i-locularis, maxima. Cor. campanulata. Stigma acutum. 371. Geniostoma. Capf. 2-locul. Cor. infundi- bulif. fauce villofa. 308. Spigelia. Capf. 2-locularis, didyma. Cor. infundib. Stigma fimplex. 334. Sphenoclea. Capf. 2-locul. circumfcifl*a. Cor. 5-fid. calyce minor. Stigma capitatum. 309. Ophiorhiza. Cafp. 2-locularis, 2-partita. Cor. infundib. Stigma 2-fidum. 321. Retzia. Capf. 2-locul. Cor. cylindrica, ex- tus villofa. Stigma 2-fidum. 323. Convolvulus. Capf. 2-locularis, 2-fperma. Cor. campanulata. Stigm. 2-fidum. 310. Lisianthus. Capf. 2-locularis, polyfperma. Cor. infundib. ventricofa. Styl. perfiftens. 377. Datura. Capf. 2-locul. 4-valvis. Cor. in¬ fundib. Cal. deciduus. 378. Hyosciamus. Capf. 2-locularis operculata. Cor. infundib. Stigma capitatum. 379. Nicotiana. Capf. 2-locularis. Cor. infun¬ dib. Stigm. emarginatum. 376. Verrascum. Capf. 2-locular. Cor. rotata. Stigma obtufum. Stam. declinata. 394. Chironia. Capf. 2-locular. Cor. tubo urce- olato. Antherae defloratae fpirales. 322. Porana. Fru&us bivalvis. Calyx in fruftu grandifa&us. Stylus elongatus femibifidus. 290. Diapensia. Capf. 3-locularis. Cor. hypo- crat. Cal. 8-phyllus. 320. Phlox. Capf. 3-locularis. Cor. hypocrater. tubo curvo. Stigm. trifidum. 326. Polemonium. Capf. 3-locularis. Cor. 5-par¬ tita. Stam. valvis impofita. 324. Cantua. Capf. 3-locul. 3-valv. Sem. alata. Cor. infundibulif. Stigm. 3-fid. 325. Ipomoea. Capf. 3-locularis. Cor. infundib. Stigma capitatum. A N Y. L. Capf. 1-celled, with 10 valves. Cor. wheel- fhaped. Stigma blunt. D. Capf. 1-celled, i-valved, many-feeded. Cor. 5- cleft. Stigma notched at the end. C. Capf. i-celled, pulpy within. Cor. bent back. Stigma ftiarp. Dn Capf. i-celled, oblong. Cor. bent back. Stig¬ ma blunt. S. Capf. i-celled. Cor. ragged. Stigma undivid¬ ed. L. Capf. i-celled, 2-valved. Cor. falver-fliaped. Anthers fitting in the tube. Stigma lopped. P. Capf. i-celled. Cor. funnel-fliaped with a per¬ vious mouth. Stigma globular. A. Capf. i-celled. Cor. falver-fhaped, flat-headed. B. Capf. i-celled. Cor. falver-fhaped. Cal. un¬ equal. Stigma headed. - H. Cor. with a vaulted mouth, funnel-fliaped. Seed funk, fixed in the fide. S. Capf. i-celled, 5-valved. Cor. bell-fliaped. Al¬ ternate ftamens barren. M. Capf. i-celled. Cor. woolly. Stigma 2-cleft. A. Capf. i-celled, globular, but compreffed, 2-val¬ ved, with boat-fliaped valves. Seed tiled. T. Capf. i-celled, very large. Cor. bell-fliaped. Stigma acute. G. Capf. 2-celled. Cor. funnel-fhaped, with woolly mouth. S. Capf. 2-celled, double. Cor. funnel-fhaped. Stig¬ ma undivided. S. Capf. 2-celled, cut round. Cor. 5-cleft, lefs than the calyx. Stigma headed. O. Capf. 2-celled, 2-partite. Cor. funnel-fhaped. Stigma 2-cleft. R. Capf. 2-celled. Cor. cylindrical, outfide woolly. Stigma 2-cleft. C. Capf. 2-celled, 2-feeded. Cor. bell-fhaped. Stig¬ ma 2-cleft. L. Capf. 2-celled, many-feeded. Cor. funnel-fhaped. diftended. Style permanent. D. Capf. 2-celled, 4-valved. Cor. funnel-fhaped. Cal. deciduous. H. Capf. 2-celled, covered with a lid. Cor. fun¬ nel-fhaped. Stigma headed. N. Capf. 27celled. Cor. funnel-fliaped. Stigma notched at the end. V. Capf. 2-celled. Cor. wheel-fliaped. Stigma obtufe. Stamens bent. C. Capf. 2-celled. Cor. with a piteher-fhaped tube. Anthers twifted after having flied their pollen. P. Fruit 2-valved. Calyx fwelling with the fruit. Style elongated, half-cleft. D. Capf. 3-celled. Cor. falver-fhaped. Cal. 8- leaved. P. Capf. 3-celled. Cor. falver-fhaped, w'ith a crook¬ ed tube. Stigma 3-cleft. P. Capf. 3-celled. Cor. 5-partite. Stamens placed on valves. C. Capf. 3-celled, 3-valved. Seeds winged. Cor. funnel-fliaped. Stigma 3-cleft. I. Capf. 3-celled. Cor. furmel-fhaped. Stigma with a little head,. 375* 120 BOTANY. 3-75. BRGSS.EA. Capf. 5-locul. Cor. truncata. Cal. carnofus. 312. Azalea. Capf. 3-locul. Cor. campanulata. Stigm. obtufum. 315. Ep^ris. Capf. 5-locul. Cor. infundibulif. villofa. Squama neftarif. 481. Nerium. Follic. 2, ere£H. Cor. fauce coro- nata. Sem. pappofa. 482. EchitEs. Follic. 2, eretti. Cor. infundib. fauce nuda. Sem. pappofa. 483. PlumierSa. Follic. 2, retradli. Cor. infun¬ dib. Sem. alata. 484. Cameraria. Follic. 2, lobati. Cor. hypo- crat. Sem. alata. 485. XABERNiEMONTANA. Follic. 2, pulpofi. Cor. hypocrat. Sem. fimplicia. 480. VlNEA. Follic. -2, eredli. Cor. bypocrat. -Sem. fimplicia. 475. CerBera. Drupae 2, nuces fubmonofpermae. Cor. infundibulif. 339. Thouinia. Drupa. Cor. campanulataj extus hifpida. Cal. 5-phyll. 402. Tectona. Drupa ficca, nuce 3-locul. Cor. infundibulif. 391. Ardisia. Drupa i-fperma. Cor. hypocra- terif. limbo reflexo. 401. Bumelia. Drupa i-fperma. Cor. hypocra- terif. limbo dentibus interjedlo. Nedl. 5-phyll. 474. Gynopogon. Drupa nuce femibilocul. Cor. hypocraterif. Stigma globofum villofum. -399. Laugeria. Drupa i-fperma. Nux 5-l°cu" lar. Stigm. capitatum. 398. Varronia. Drupa i-fperma. Nux 4-locul. Stigm. 4-plex. 396. Cordia. Drupa i-fperma. Nux 4-locularis. Stigma dichotomum. Cal. baccae accretus. 386. Ignatia. Drupa polyfperma. Cor. infundi¬ bulif. tubo longiflimo. 397. Ehretia. Drupa 4-fperma. Nux 2-locular. Stigm. emarginatum. 316. Stiphelia. Drupa 5-locularis. Cor. tubu- lofa. 478. Willughbeja. Cor. hypocraterif. Stigm. capitatum. 473. Carissa. Baccae 2, polyfpermae. 392. Jaquinta. Bacca i-fperma. Cor. 10-fida. Ne£l. 5-phyll. 421. Myrsine. Bacca i-fperma. Cor. campanu- lat. Stigm. villofum. 422. Bladhia. Bacca i-fperma. Sem. arillatum. Cor. rotata. 472. P^EDERIA. Bacca 2-fperma, inflata, fragilis. 471. Rauwolfia. Bacca 2-fperma. Sem. ctyda- ta. 415. Arduina. Bacca 2-fperma. Sem. oblonga. Cor. curvata. Stigm. 2-fidum. 387. Cestrum. Bacca i-locularis. Filamenta dente notata. 311. Pragma. Bacca 2-locul. carnof. Cor. infun¬ dibulif. tubo longo. Stigm. capitatum. 288. Tournefortia. Bacca 2-locul. loculis 2-fper- mis, apice perforata. 385. Strychkos. Bacca 2-locularis corticofa. Stigma capitatum. Pentandria, B. Capf. 5-celled. Cur. lopped. Cal. flefhy. A. Capf. 5-celled. Cor. bell-fhaped. Stigma blunt* E. Capf. 5-celled. Cor. funnel-fhaped, ivoolly. A fcale honey-bearing. N. Air-bags 2, eredt. Cor. with a crowned mouth. Seeds downy. E. Air-bags 2, ere£l. Cor. funnel-fhaped, with a naked mouth. Seeds downy. P. Air-bags 2, drawn back. Cor. funnel-fhaped. Seeds winged. C. Air-bags 2, gaflied. Cor. falver-lhaped. Seeds winged. T. Air-bags 2, pulpy. Cor. falver-fhaped. Seeds undivided. V. Air-bags 2, ereft. Cor. falver-fhaped. Seeds undivided. C. Drupes 2, nuts nearly i-feeded. Cor. funnel- fhaped. T. A drupe. Cor. bell-fhaped, rough without, with fliff briftly hairs. Cal. 5-leaved. T. A drupe dry, with a 3-celled nut. Cor. funnel- fhaped. A. A drupe i-feeded. Cor. falver-fhaped, border turned back. B. A drupe with I feed. Cor. falver-fhaped, border notched with teeth. Neft. 5-leaved. G. A drupe with a nut half 2-celled. Cor. falver- fhaped. Stigma globular, woolly. L. A drupe with 1 feed. A nut 5-celled. Stigma with a knob. V. A drupe i-feeded. Nut 4-celled. Stigma 4-fold» C. A drupe i-feeded. Nut 4-celled. Stigma forked. Cal. growing to the berry. I. A drupe. Many feeds. Cor. funnel-fliaped, with a very long tube. E. A drupe, 4-feeded. Nut 2-celled. Stigma notch¬ ed at the end. S. A drupe, 5-celled. Cor. tubular. W. Cor. falver-fhaped. Stigma with a little head or knob. C. Berries 2, many-feeded. J. Berry i-feeded. Cor. 1 o-cleft. Nedlary 5- leaved. M. Berry I feed. Cor. bell-fhaped. Stigma wool- ly. B. Berry 1 feed. Seed coated. Cor. wheel-fhaped. P. Berry 2 feeded, inflated, brittle. R. Berry 2-feeded. Seeds heart-fhaped. A. Berry 2-feeded. Seeds oblong. Cor. crooked. Stigma 2-cleft. C. Berry i-celled. Filaments toothed. F. Berry 2-celled, flefhy. Cor. funnel-fhaped, with a long tub£. Stigma with a knob. T. Berry 2 celled, with 2-feeded cells perforated at the point. S. Berry 2-celled, bark-like. Stigma with a knob. 384. Pentandria* B O T 384. Capsicum. Bacca 2-locul, exfucca. An- therse conniventes. * 383. Solanum. Bacca 2-locularis. Antherse bi- perforatae. 382. PHYSALIS. Bacca 2-locul. Calyce inflate. Anther® approximate. 380. Jabarosa. Bacca? Cor tubulofa longiflima. * 381. Atropa. .Bacca 2-locul. Siam, diftantia, incurvata. 304. Ellisia. Bacca 2-locul. Sem. 2, altero fuperiore. 388. Licium. Bacca 2-locular. Seen, ball villofa claudentia. 390. Cryptostomum. Bacca 3-locul. Cor. in- fundibulif. calyci inferta. Nett, i-phyllum, corollam claudens. 416. Camax. Bacca 4-locul. villof. polyfp. Cor. rotata. Cal. j-part. 319. Triguera. Bacca 4-locul.; locul. 2 fperm. Cor. campanulata. Cal. 5-dent. 341. Solandra. Bacca 4-locul. polyfperma. Cor. infundibulif. Cal. ringens. 369. Menais. Bacca 4-locular. Cal* 3-phyllus. Stigm. duo. 449. Leea. Bacca 5-fperma. Cor. rotata. Nett, urceolat. 5-fid. ftaminiferum. 403. Sideroxylon. Bacca 5-fperma. Cor. 10- fida, laciniis interioribus conniventibus. « 400. ChrysoPhylLum. Bacca 10-fperma. Cor. lO-fida, laciniis exterioribus patentiflimis. 393. Bassonia. Bacca polyfperma nodulofa. Cor. rotata. 364. BtEobotrus. Bacca polylperma. Gor. tu- bulof. Cal. duplex. Sett. VI. Flores monopetaliy fuperi. * 233* Samolus. Capf. i-locularis, apice 5-valvis. Cor. hypocrat. Stigm. capitatum. 352. Virecta. Capf. i-locul. Cor. infundibulif. Cal. 5-dent, dentibus interjettis. 338. Beleonia. Capf. 1-locul. umbilico roftrato. .Cor. rotata, fligm. acutum. 337* Macrocnemum. Capf. 2-locul. turbinata. Cor. camp. Stigm. bilobum. Sem. imbricata. 35Dentella. Capf. 2-locul. Cor. infundibu¬ lif. laciniis. 3-dentat. 350* Chimarrhis. Capf. 2-locul.; locul. 1-fperm. Cor. infundibulif. Stigm. 2-part. 336. Rondeletia. Capf. 2-locular. fubglobofa. Cor. infund. Stigm. obtufum. 346. Cinchona. Capf. 2-locular. intus dehifeens. Cor. hirfuta. Stigm. fimplex. 340. Portland 1 a. Capf. 2-locul. coronata. Cor. ventricofa. Stigm. fimplex. Sem. imbricata. 330. Roella. Capf. 2-locul. coronata. Cor. ro¬ tata. Stigm. 2-fidum. # 344* Goodenia. Capf. 2-locul. Cor. i-petal. lon- gitudinaliter fifla. * 331. Phyteuma. Capf. 2 f. 3-locul. perforata. Cor. 5.partita. Stigm. 2 f. 3-fidum. 332* Ihachelium. Capf. 3-loeul. perforata. Cor. infundibulif. Stigm. capitatum. 329- Campanula. Capf. 2 f. 3*l°cul. Cor. 1, per¬ forata. Cor. campanul. Stigm. 3-fidum. VOL. IV. Part I. 6 ^ ANY. C. Berry 2-celled, dry. Anthers converging. * S. Berry 2-celled. Anthers double perforated. P. Berry 2-celled. Calyx bellied. Anthers ap¬ proaching. J. Berry ? Cor. very long, tubular. * A. Berry 2-celled. Stamens diftant, bowed inwards. E. Berry 2-celled. Seeds 2, one fuperior. L. Berry 2-celled. Stamens clofing with a hairy bafe, C. Berry 2-celled. Cor. funnel-lhaped, inferted in the calyx. Ne&ary i-leaved, clofing the corolla. C. Berry 4-celled, woolly, many-feeded. Cor. wheel- fihaped. Cal. 5-partite. T. Berry 4-celled, cells 2-feeded. Cor. bell-ftiaped. Cal. 5-toothed. S. Berry 4-celled, many-feeded. Cor. funnel- fhaped. Cal. gaping. M. Berry 4-celled. Cal. 3 leaved. Stigmas 2. E. Berry 5-feeded. Cor. wheel-ftiaped. Nedlary pitcher-fhaped, 5-cleft, bearing the ftamens. S. Berry 5-feeded. Cor. lo-cleft, the inner feg- ments converging. C. Berry 10-feeded. Cor. 10-cleft, the outer feg- ments very open. B. Berry many-feeded, knotted. Cor. wheel-fhaped. B. Berry many-feeded. Cor. tubular. Cal. double. Se£l. VI. Flowers tnonopetalousy fuperior. * S. Capf. 1-celled, with 5 valves at the top. Cor. falver-lhaped. Stigma with a knob. V. Capf. 1-celled. Cor. funnel-lhaped. Cal. 5- toothed, the teeth interjected. B. Capf. i-celled, dimple-beaked. Cor. wbeel- Ihaped. Stigma lharp. M. Capf. 2-celled, turban-lhaped. Cor. bell-lhaped. Stigma 2-lobed. Seeds tiled. D. Capf. 2-celled. Cor. funnel lliaped, with feg- ments 3-toothed. C. Capf. 2-celled j cell i-feeded. Cor. funnel-lhaped. Stigma 2-partite. R. Capf. 2-celled, nearly globular. Cor. funnel- lhaped. Stigma obtufe. C. Capf.. 2-celled, gaping within. Cor. lhaggy. Stigma undivided. P. .Capf. 2-celled, crowned. Cor. bellied. Stigma undivided. Seeds tiled. R. Capf. 2-celled, crowned. Cor. wheel-lhaped. Stigma 2-cleft. G. Capf. 2-celled. Cor. 1 petal, cleft lengthwife. * P. Capf. 2 or 3-celled, perforated. Cor. 5-partite. Stigma 2 or 3-cleft. JT. Capf. 3-celled, perforated. Cor. funnel-lhaped. Stigma with a knob. C. Capf. 2 or 3-celled, perforated. Cor. bell-lhaped. Stigma 3-cleft. Q, 342* 122 B O T A N Y. Pentandria, * i_j2. Lokelia. Capf. 2 f. 3-locul. Cor. i-petal. irregul. Anti), connatoe. 345. Sc^evoea. Drupa x-fperma. Cor. irregula¬ ris flabelliformis, fiffura longitudinali. 367. SchoEPFIA. Drupa ]-fperma. ^ Cor. campa- nulata. Cal. duplex, alter inferus, alter fuperus. . 372. Matthiola. Bacca i-fperma. Cor. infun- dibulif. indivifa. Stigm. obtufum. 263. Morinda. Bacca i-fperma, aggregata. Cor. infundib. Stigma 2-fidum. on 349. Psychotria. Bacca 2-fperma. bem. luica- ta. Cor. infundib. Stigm. emarginatum. 353* CoFFEA. Bacca 2-fperma. Sem. arillata. Cor. hypocrat. Stigm. 2-partitum» 354" Chiococca. Bacca 2-fperma. Cor. infun¬ dib. Stigm. fimplex, ~ • c vu 389. Serissa. Bacca 2-fperma. Cor. intundibu- lif. fauce ciliata, laciniis limbi fubtrilobis. 3 ^7. CepHjELIS. Bacca 2-fperma. Cor. tubulofa. Involucr. fubtetraphyll. Recept. paleaceum. 3 1^5. Vakgueria. Bacca 4 f. 5-fperma. Cor. hy- pocraterif. tubo globofo, fauce pilofa. 347. Solena.. Bacca i-locul. Cor. hypocratenr. tubo longiffimo. Stigm. 3-fid. 356. Canephqra. Fruft. 2-locul. Cor. cam pan u- lata. Cal. communis tubulofus multiflorus. 9r8. BertieRA. Bacca 2-locul. Cor. hypocra- terif. Stigm. 2 lamellat. Stam. tubo inferta. * 361. LoniceRA. Bacca 2-locularis fubrotunda. Cor. inaequalis. Stigm. capitatum. 476. Webera. Bacca 2-locul y locul. i-fperm. Cor. infundibulif. ... i r 477. GardeKia. Bacca 2-locularis polylperma. Cor. infundibulif. , _ . . 04.8. Ucriana. Bacca 2-locul. Cor. hypocrate- rif. tubo longiflfimo. Stigm. 2-lamellat. Stam. fauci inferta. , . . 362. Triosteum. Bacca 3-locul. conacea. Cor. inaequalis. Stigm. oblongum. _ 467. Plocama. Bacca 3-locul. 5 locul. i-fpermis. Corolla campanulata. , . , . r „ 370. MussiENDA. Bacca 4-locularis, oblonga. t-or. infundib. Stigm. 2-part. . . . f 360. SCHWENCFELDIA. Bacca 5-locul. polylperm. Cor. hypocraterif. Stigm. 5-part. 359. Hamexxia. Bacca 5-locular. polyfperma. Cor. tubo longo. Stigm. lineare. 368. Erithalis. Bacca 10-loeul. fubgloboia. Cor. rotata. Stigm. acuium. f Ixia pentandra, fiavetta pentandra, oldenlandia, digy- ! na pentandra, rubies et crucianellce nonnullce, pnnos. Sett. VII. Flores tetrapctali. * L. Capf. 2 or 3-celled. Cor. I petal, irregular. Anthers twins, that is, united at the bafe. S. A drupe i-feedcd. Cor. irregular, fan-fiiaped, ■with a longitudinal fifiure. S. A drupe i-feeded. Cor. bell-(haped. Cal. double, one inferior, the other fuperior. M. Berry i-feeded. Cor. funnel-ihaped undivided. Stigma obtufe. ' M. Berry i-feeded, incorporated. Cor. funnel- fhaped. Stigma 2-cleft. P. Berry 2-feeded. Seeds furrowed. Cor. funnel- fhaped. Stigma notched at the end. C. Berry 2-feeded. Seeds coated. Cor. falver- {haped. Stigma 2-partite. C. Berry 2-feeded. Cor. funnel-lhaped. Stigma undivided. S. Berry 2-feeded. Cor. funnehfhaped, with a fringed mouth, the fegments of the border nearly 3- lobed. _ C. Berry 2-feeded. Cor tubular. Involucrum nearly 4-leaved. Receptacle chaffy. V. Berry 4 or 5-feeded. Cor. falver-fhaped, with a globular tube and hairy mouth. S. Berry l-celled. Cor. falver-fhaped, with a very- long tube. Stigma 3-cleft. C. Fruit 2-celled. Cor. bell-fhaped. Cal. common, tubular, many-flowered. B. Berry 2-celled. Cor. falver-fliaped. Stigma 2-gilled. The ft a mens inferted in a tube. * L. Berry 2-celled, nearly round. Cor. unequal. Stigma with a knob. W. Berry 2-celled, cell i-feeded. Cor. funnel- fhaped. G. Berry 2-celled, many-feeded. Cor. funnel- fhaped. U. Berry 2-celled. Cor. falver-fhaped, with a very long tube. Stigma 2-gilled. The ftamens inferted in the mouth. T. Berry 3-celled, leather-like. Cor. unequal. Stig¬ ma oblong. P. Berry 3-celled, cells i-feeded. Corolla bell- fhaped. M. Berry 4-celled, oblong. Cor. funnel-fhaped. Stigma 2-partite. S. Berry 5-celled, many-feeded. Cor. falver-fliaped. Stigma 5-cleft. H. Berry 5 celled, many feeded. Cor. with a long tube. Stigma ftrap-fhaped. E. Berry 10-celled, nearly globular. Cor. wheel- fhaped. Stigma acute. Sett. VII. Flowers 4-petated. ,6,. Stroemia. Bacca cortlcofa S-valv. Cal. 4- S. Bark-like berry with 2 valves. Cal. 4.leaved. vbylb Nea.ligulat. Neflary ftrap-lhaped. Sett. VIII. Flores pentapetali, inferu Sett. VIII. Flowers y-petaled, inferior. m2. Hirtella. Bacca i-fperma. Stylus latera- H. Berry . I-feeded. Style lateral. Stamens per- ♦S’405.ttoAPMNulentBaccara3-locularis, rotunda. Cal. ^TVerry 3-celled round. Cal. tubular. Cor. bear- iubuL Corollifer. petala 5 convergent^ mg 5 converging petals. ^ \ Pentandria. B O I 412. CeaNOTHus. ' Bacca 3-cocca. Cal. tubul. Corollifer petala fornicata. * 424. Evonymus. Bacca capfularis, lobata. Cal. patens. Sera, baccato-arillata. 423. Celastrus. Bacca 3-cocca. Cal. planus: Sem. arillata. 429. ST A AVI A. Bacca j^fperma corticata. Recept. paleaceo-villofum. Stam. calyci inferta. 454. Euparea. Bacca exfucca i-locul. polyfp. Petal. 5-12. 440. Billardiera. Bacca polyfpenna. Stigm. £mpl. 414. Ruyschia. Bacca polyfperma. Styl. o. Cor. reflexa. 453. Vitis. Bacca 5-fperina. Cor. fepe connata.. Stylus nullus. 439. Escalonia. Bacca 2-locularis. Stigma.capitat. 441. Mangifera. Drupa reniformis. Cot. peta- lis lanceolat. Nux lanuginofa. 406. Ziziphus. Drupa nuce 2-locul. Cal. tubul. corollifer. Petala oris 5,.convergentia. 404. Schrebera. Drupa ficca nuce 2-locul. Ne£t, margo elevat. 438. El^Eodendrum. Drupa nuce 2-lbcul. Pe¬ tal. fubrotund. Glandula fub germine. 430. Walkera. Drupae 5, monofpermae. Cal. 5- part. 451. Corynocarpus. Nux clavata. Neft. 5, petaliformia ball glandulofa. 43 9. Humboldtia. Legumen. Petal. 5, lanceo- lata. Cal. 4-part. 425. Pilocarpus. Capf. 2-5, inferne coalitae. Stam. infra germen inferta. 436. Cedrela. Capf. 5-locularis, ball dehifcens. Cor. receptaculo unita. Sem. alata. 437. Calodendrum. Capf. 6-locul. 5-angulat. petal, lanceolat. Germen pedicellat. Nedt. 5-phyll. 413. Scopoli A. Capf. baccata 5-locul. j locul. 1- fperm. Stigm. capitat. 420. Polycardia. Capf. 5-locul. Sem. arillata. Petala rotundata. Stigm. lobatum. 431. Pittosporum. Capf. 2-5-locuI. 5-valv. Sem. tedla pulpa. Petala conniventia in tubum. 417. Buttineria. Capf. 5-cocca. Cal. petalis aurietilatus. Stam. nedlario annexa. 418. Ayenia. Capf. 5-locul. Petala in ftellulam connata. Neft. urceolus piftillum tegens ftaminife- rum. 419. Glut A. Capfula ? Petala pedicello germinis inferta. Cal. campanulat. deciduus. 426. Diosma, Capf. 5-plex. Nedlar. germ, coro- nans. Sem. arillata. 314. Sprengelia. Capf. 5-locul. 5-valv. polyfper- ma. Anth. connatae. 427. Hovenia. Capf. 3-lQcul. 3-valv. Petala obo- vata. Stigm. 3. 335* Nauclea. Capf. 2-locul. polyfperm. Recept. commun. pilofum. 447. Impatiens. Capf. i-locul. 5-valv. Cor. ir- regul, calcarat. Cal. 2-phyll. Anth. cobasrentes. * 446. Viola. Capf. i-locul. 3-valv. Cor. irregul. calcarata. Cal. 5-phyll. Anth. cohoerentes. 459. Claytonia. Capf. i-locul. 3-valvis. Cal. 2-valvis. Stigm. 3-fidum. A N Y. C. Berry 3-celled. Cal. tubular. Cor. bearing vaulted petals. * E. Berry capfular, lobed. Cal. extending. Seeds berried-coated. C. Berry 3^celled. Cal. flat. Seeds coated. S. Berry 5-feeded, barked. Receptacle chaffy- woolly. Stamens inferted in the calyx. E. Bferry dry, i-celled, many-feeded. Petals 5-12. B. Berry many-feeded. Stigma undivided. R. Berry many-feeded. No ftyle. Cor. bent back. V. Berry 5-feeded. Cor. often united at the bafe. No ftyle. E. Berry-celled. Stigma with a little head. M. A drupe kidney-fhaped. Cor. with fpear-fhaped petals. Woolly nut. Z. A drupe with a 2'celled nut. Cal. tubular, bearing the cor. Petals of the mouth 5, converging. S. A dry drupe, with a 2-celled nut. The margin of the neftary elevated. E. A. drupe, with a 2 celled nut. Petals nearly round. A gland beneath the germen. W. 5 drupes, i-feeded. Cal. 5-partite. C. Club-fhaped- nut.. Ne&aries 5, petal-fhaped,. with a glandular bafe. H. A leguminous plant. Petals 5, fpear-fhaped. Cal. 4-partite. P. Capf. 2-5 uniting beneath. Stamens inferted be¬ neath the germen. C. Capf. 5'-celled, ga-ping at the- bafe. Cor. united to the receptacle. Seeds wfrtged. C. Capf. 6-celled, 5-angled. Petals fpear-fhaped. Germen on a pedicle. Ne£tary 5-leaved. S. Capf. berried, 5-celled. Cells i-feeded. Stigma with a little head. P. Capf. 5-celled. Seeds coated. Petals rounded.. Stigma lobed. P. Capf. 2-5-celled, 5-valved. Seeds covered with pulp. Petals converging into a tube. B. Capf. 5-celled. Cal. ear-fhaped with petals. Sta¬ mens annexed to the nedlary. A. Capf. 5-celled. Petals united at the bafe into a- ftar. A pitcher-ftiaped neftary covering the piftil which bears the ftamens. G. Capfule ? Petals inferted in the pedicle of the germen. Cal. bell-fhaped, deciduous. D. Capf. 5-fold. Nedlary crowning the germen.. Seeds coated. S. Capf. 5-celled, 5-valve.d, many-feeded. Anthers united at the bafe. H. Capf. 3-celled, 3-valved. Petals egg-fhaped with the fmall end downwards. Stigm. 3. N. Capf. 2-celled, many feeded. The common re¬ ceptacle hairy. I. Capf. l-celled, 5-valved. Cor. irregular having a fpur. Cal. 2 leaved. Anthers cohering. * V. Capf. i-celled, 3-valved. Cor. irregular, fpur- red. Cal. 5-lea.ved. Anthers cohering. C. Capf. 1 celled, 3-valved. Cal. 2-valved. Stig¬ ma 3-cleft. 457- 124 B O T 457. Roridula. Capf. i-locul. 3-valvis- Ne£la- rium fcrotiforme. 433. Itea. Capf- i-locul. 2-valvis. Cal. corolli- fer. Stigm. obtufum. 455. TEgiceras. Capf. i-locul. arcuata, i-valv. I-fperma. Cal. 5 fid. 458. Sauvagesia. Capf. i-locul. Neclarium 5- phyllum. Petala imbricata. 407. Ventieago. Samara i-fperma, apice alata. Cal. 5-fid. corollifer. 428. Brunia. Sem. 1, villofum, Recept. com¬ mune villofum. Stam. unguibus petal, inferta. -f- Ccefalpinia pentandra. Bombax pentandrum. CaJJla niSiitans. Se£t. IX. Flores pentapetali, fuperh * 445. Rises. Bacca polyfperma. Cal. corollif. Styl. 2 fidus. * 452. Hedera. Bacca 5-fperma. Cal. cingens fruft. Stigm. fimplex. 444. Plectronia. Bacca 2-fperma. Cal. ungui¬ bus claufus. Antherae inclufae geminatae. 443. Strumpfia. Bacca i-fperma. Cal 5-dent. Anth. in corpus ovatum coalitae. 409. Phyeica. Bacca 3-cocca. Cal. tubulofus, corollifer, fquamis 5 convergentibus. 410. Carpodetus. Bacca ficca, 5-locul. petala calycis margin! inferta. 448. Gronovia. Capf. i-fperma, colorata. Cal. coloratus. Petala minuta. * 328. Jasione. Capf. 2-locul. Involuc. 10-fid. Cal. 5-part. Anth. bafi cohserentes. 343, Cyphia. Capfula? Petala aequalia linearia. Filamenta pilofa, bafi cohaerentia. Stigm. cavum, gib- bum. 450. Argophyllum; Cafp. 3-locul. Petala lan- ceolata. Ne£t. 5-angul. pyramidatum. 327. Lightfootia. Capf. 3-5-locul. Cor. fundo claufa, valvis ftaminiferis. Cal. 5-phyll. 458. Lagoecia. Sem. 2, nuda. Cal. pinnato-pec- tinatus. Pet. bicornia. 366. Conocarpus. Sem. 1, depreffum. Recept; aggregens. Petala conniventia. Se£t. X. Tlores incompleti, inferu 462. Achyranthes. Sem. 1, oblongum. Cal. exterior, 3-phyllus, nudus. 464. Chenolia. Utriculus depreffus, i-fpermus. 463. Celosia. Capf. 3-fperma. Cal. exterior, 3* phyllus; coloratus. * 465. Ii.lecebrum. Capf. i-fperma, 5-valvis. Cal. fimplex, rudis. * 466. Geaux. Capf. 5-fperma, 5Tvalvis. Cal. fim. plex, rudior, campanulatus. 411. Colletia. Fruft. 3-coccus. Cor. campanu- lata, 5-fida, plicis 5 fquamiformibus inftrufta. Cal. O. Polygonum tvnphibium, lapathifoliutn. Polycnetnum oppojit{folium. Samara pentandra, jloribunda. Ce¬ ra tonia. ANY. Pentandria, R. Capf. i-celled, 3-valved. Neftary purfe-fiiaped. I. Capf. 1-celled, 2-valved. Cal. bearing the co¬ rolla. Stigma obtufe. 7E. Capf. l-celled, bowed, with 1 valve, 1 feed. Cal. 5 clett. S. Capf. l-celled. Ne&ary 5-leaved. Petals tiled. V. Clofe feed-veffel, l-feeded, winged at the point. Cal. 5-cleft, bearing the corolla. B. Seed I, woolly. Common receptacle woolly. The ftamens inferted in the claws of the petals. Se£t. IX. Flowers $-petaIed, fuperior. * R. Many-feeded berry. Cal. bearing the corolla. Style 2-cleft. * H. Berry 5-feeded. Cal*, furrounding the fruit. Stigma undivided. P. Berry 2-feeded. Cal. ending in claws. An¬ thers in pairs, fhut up. S. Berry i-feeded. Cal. 5-toothed. Anthers unit¬ ing into an egg-lhaped body. P. Berry 3-celled. Cal. tubular, bearing the co¬ rolla with 5 converging fcales. C. Berry dry, 5-celled. Petals inferted in the ex¬ tremity of the calyx. G. Capf. i-feeded, coloured. Cal. coloured. Pe¬ tals minute. * J. Capf. 2-celled. Involucrum 10-cleft. Cal 5- partite. Anthers cohering at the bafe. C. Capfule ? Petals equal, ftrap-lhaped. Filaments hairy, cohering at the bale. Stigma hollow, bulging. A. Capf. 3 celled. Petals fpear-ftiaped. Ne£lary 5-angled, pyramidal. L. Capf. 3-5-celled. Cor. with a (hut bottom, the valves bearing the ftamens. Cal. 5-leaved. L. Seeds 2, naked. Cal. comb-like, winged. Pe¬ tals 2-horned. C. Seed 1, depreffed. Receptacle incorporating. Petals converging. Se&. X. Flowers incomplete, inferior, A. Seed 1, oblong. Cal. exterior, 3-leaved, naked. C. A little bag, depreffed, i-feeded. G. Capf. 3-feeded. Cal. exterior, 3-leaved, colour¬ ed. * I. Capf. i-feeded, with 5 valves. Cal. undivided, rough. * G. Capf. 5-feeded, 5-valved. Cal. undivided, con- fiderably rough, bell-fhaped. C. Fruit 3-celled. Cor. bell-ftiaped j 5-cleft, with 5 fcaly plaits. No cal. Se£t» 1 Pentandria. BOTANY. Se&. XI. Flores incompleti, fuperi. * 469. Thesium. Sem. 1, coronatum. Cal. ftami- nifer. 460. Heliconia. Capf. 3 cocca, locul. r-fperm. Cor. 3-petala. Ned. 2 phylL 461. Strelitzia. Capf. 3-cocca, locul. polyfperm. Col. 3 petal. Ned. 3-phyll. Ordo H. DIGYNIA. Se£t. I. Flores monopetali^ inferi, 494. Stapella. Folliculi 2. Cor. rotata, nec- tariis ftellatis. 488. Cynanchum. Folliculi 2. Cor. rotata. Nec- tario cylindrico. 487. Periploca. Folliculi 2. Cor. rotata. Nec- tariis 5 filiformibus. 491. Hostea. Folliculi 5, angulares. Cor. rotata. 489. Apoctnum. Folliculi 2. Cor. campan. Nedariis glandulofis 5. Setis 5. 486. Pergularia. Folliculi 2. Cor. hypocrate- rif. Ned. 5, femi-fagittata. 490. Asclepias. Folliculi 2. Cor. reflexa. Nec- tariis 5, auriformibus unguiculatis. 493. Ceropegia. Folliculi 2. Cor. limbus conni- vens. 492. MeloDinus. Bacca 2-locul. polyfperma. Faux corollae coronatus. * 511. Swertia. Capf. i-locul. 2-valvis. Cor. ro¬ tata, poris 5 nedariferis. * 512. Gentiana. Capf. i-locul. 2-valvis. Cor. tubulofa indeterminata. 502. Cress a. Capf. i-fperma, 3-valvis. Cor. liy- pocrater. Limbo reflexo. 506. Nama. Capf. i-locul. 4-gona, 2-valvis. Cor, longitudine calycis tubulofa. 507. Hydrolea. Capf. 2-locul. 2-valvis. Cor. rotata. 508. Rochefortia. Frud. 2-locul. polyfperm. Cor. infundibuliform. 5I3* Dichondra. Capfulae 2. Cor. campanulata. f Cufcutce nonnullce. Se«d. II. Flores pentapetaliy inferi, 510. VFlzia. Capf. i-locul. i-valvis. Cor. 5- petala. Cal. tubulofus. 495' Linconia. Capf. 2-locul. Petalis lacuna. Cal. 4-phyllus. 515' Bumaeda. Capf. 2-locul. 2-roftris. Cor. 5- petal. germini inferta. Styli villofi. 509. FIeuchera. Capf. 2-locul. 2-roftrata. Cor. 5-petala, calyci inferta. 501« Anabasis. Bacca i-fperma. Cor. 5-petala, minima. f Staphylea pinnata. Se£t. III. Flores incomplete. * 500. Salsola, Sem. 1, cochleaturo, tedum. Cal. 5-pbyllus. Seel. XI. Flowers incomplete, fuperior. * T. Seed 1, crowned. Cal. bearing the ftamens. H. Capf. 3-celled, cells i-feeded. Cor. 3-petaled. Nedary 2-leaved. S. Capf. 3-celled, cells many-feeded. Cor. 3-pe- taled. Nedary 3;-leaved. Order II. DIGYNIA. Se£l. I. Flowers monopetalous, inferior. S. Air bags 2. Cor. wheel-fliaped j with ftar-like nedaries. C. Air-bags 2. Cor. w'heel-ftiaped. A cylindrical nedary. P. Air-bags 2, Cor. wheel-fhaped,- with 5-thread- fhaped nedaries. H. Air-bags 5, angular. Cor. wheel-lhaped. A. Air-bags 2. Cor. bell-fhaped, with 5 glandu¬ lar nedaries. Bridles 5. P. Air-bags 2. Cor. falver-fhaped. Nedaries 5, half-arrow-lhaped. A. Air-bags 2. Cor. bent back, with 5 nedaries ear-lhaped, with claws. C. Air-bags 2. Cor. the border converging. M. Berry 2-celled, many-feeded. The mouth of the cor. crowned. * S. Capf. i-celled, 2-valved. Cor. wheel-lhaped, with 5-honey-bearing little holes. f G. Capf. i-celled, 2-valved. Cor. tubular, not bordered. C. Capf. i-feeded, with 2-valves. Cor. falver- fhaped ; the border bent back. N. Capf. i-celled, 4-gon. 2-valved. Cor. tubular, of the length of the calyx. H. Capf. 2-celled, 2-valved. Cor. wheel-lhaped. R. Fruit 2-celled, many-feeded. Cor. funnel-lhap- ed. D. Capfules 2. Cor. bell-lhaped. Se£t. II. Flowers ^-leaved, inferior. V. Capf. i-celled, i-valved. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal, tubular. L. Capf. 2-celled, with a pit in the petals. Cal. 4-leaved. B. Capf. 2-celled, with 2 beaks. Cor. with 5 pe¬ tals inferted in the germen. Styles woolly. H< Capf. 2-celled, 2-beaked. Cor. 5 petals infert¬ ed in the calyx. ^ A. Berry i-feeded. Very fmall 5-petaled cor. Se£l. III. Flowers incomplete. * S. Seed 1, Ihell-like, covered. Cal. 5-leared. *497*. B O T *' 497. Chekopodium. Sem. 1, orbiculare. Cal. 5- phyllus, foHolis concavis. * 498. Beta. Sem. 1, renlforme. Cal. 5-phyllus, ball femen fovens. * 496. HerniarTa. Sem. 1, ovatum, teftum. Cal. 5-partituc. FHam. 5, fterilia. 503. Gomphrena. Capf. i-fperma, clrcumfcifla. Cal. dipbyllus, compreffu?, coloratus. 504. Bosea. Bacca l-fperma. Cal. 5-phyllus. * 505. Ulmus. Samara comprefla. Cal. i-phyllus, emarcefcens. 499. Microtea. Drupa ficca echinata. Cal. 5- phyll. patens. * ‘Polygonum virginianum. Zi’ziphi nonnullce fpecies, Trianthema pentandra. Seel IV. Flores pentapetali, fuperiy capfulares. 514. Vahlia. Capf. truncata i-locul. 2-valv. Pe¬ tal. ovata. Cal. 5-phyll. Se£l. V. Flores pentapetali, fuperiy difpermiy umbel¬ late?. A. Involucro unlverfall partialiqite. A N Y. Pentandria * C. 1. round and flat feed. Cal. 5-leaved, with con¬ cave leaflets. * B. 1 feed, kidney-fliaped. Cal. 5-leaved, feed ad¬ hering to the bafe. * H. 1 oval covered feed. Cal. 5-partite. 5 barren filaments. G. Capf. 1 feeded, cut round. Cal. 2-leaved, com- prefled, coloured. B. A berry 1-feeded. Cal. 5-leaved. * U. Seed-veflel comprefled. Cal. 1 leaf, fading. M. A drupe, dry, prickly. Cal. 5-leaved, ex¬ panding. 5e£l. IV. Flowers ^-petaled, fuperior3 eapfular. V. Capf. lopped, 1-celled, 2-valved. Petals oval. Cal. 5-leaved. Se£l. V. Flowers with 5 petals, fuperior, 2-feeded, umbellated. A. With an univerfal and partial involucrum. 516. Phyllis. Flor. difperfi-, * 518. Eryngium. FI. capitati. Recept. palea- ceum. * 519. HydrocotylE. FI. fubumbellati, fertiles. Sem. compreffa. 520. Azorella. FI. fubumbellati, fertiles. Sem. fubglobofa, tridentata, fulcata. 517. Cussonta. F. fubumbellati. Margo recep- taculi in calicem 5-dentatum dilatus. * 521. Sanicula. Flor. fubumbellati, abortivi. Sem. muricata. 522. Astrantia. Flor. umbellati, abortivi. In- vol. coloratura. Sem. rugofa. * 541. HeracleuM. FI. radiati, abortivi. Invol. deciduum. Sem. membranacea. * 548. Oenanthe. FI. radiati, abortivi radio. In¬ vol. fimplex. Sem. coronata, feffilia. * 525. Echinophora. FI. radiati, abortivi. In¬ vol. fimplex. Sem. feffilia. * 528. Caucalis. FI. radiati, abortivi. Invol. fim¬ plex. Sem. muricata. 529. ARTEDIA. FI. radiati, abortivi. Invol. pin- natum. Sem. margine crenis foliaceis. * 530. Daucus. FI. radiati, abortivi. Invol. pin- natum. Sem. hifpida. * 527. Tordylium. FI. radiati, fertiles. Invol. fimplex. Sem. margine crenata. 540. Laserpitium. FI. flofculofi, abortivi. Pet. cordata. Sem. 4-alata. * 536. PeuceDanum. FI. flofculofi, abortivi. In¬ vol. fimplex. Sem. depreffa, ftriata. 531. Ammi. FI. flofculofi, fertiles. Invol. pinna- tum. Sem. gibba, laevia. 526. Hasselquistia. FI. flofcul. fertiles. Pe- tala cordata. Sem. radii plana j difei urceolata. P. Flowers difperfed. * E. Flowers with little heads. Receptacle chaffy. * H. Flowers nearly umbellated, fertile. Seeds com- preffed. A. Flowers nearly umbellated, fertile. Seeds near¬ ly globular, 3-toothed, furrowed. C. Flowers nearly umbellated. The extremity of the receptacle dilated into a 5-toothed calyx. * S. Flowers nearly umbellated, barren. Seeds co¬ vered with fharp points. A. Flowers umbellated, barren. Involucrum co¬ loured. Seeds wrinkled. * H. Flowers radiated, barren. Involucrum decidu¬ ous. Seeds membranaceous. * O. Flowers radiated, outer florets barren. Involu¬ crum undivided. Seeds crowned, fitting. * E. Flowers radiated, barren. Involucrum undi¬ vided. Seeds fitting. * C. Flowers radiated, barren. Involucrum undivid¬ ed. Seeds covered with fharp points. A. Flowers radiated, barren. Involucrums winged. Seeds in the border with fcolloped leaves. * D. Flowers radiated, barren. Involucrum winged. Seeds rough, with brillly hairs. * T. Flowers radiated, fertile. Involucrum undivided. Seeds fcolloped at the border. L. Flowers with tubular florets, barren. Petals heart-thaped. Seeds 4-winged. * P. FI. tubular florets, barren. Involucrum undivid¬ ed. Seeds depreffed, fcored. A. FI. tubular florets, fertile. Involucrum winged. Seeds bulging, level. H. FI. tubular florets, fertile. Petals heart-fhaped. Seeds of the ray flat ; of the difk pitcher-ihaped. * 533.* 4 Pentandria. BUI * 533. Cokium. FI. flofcul. fertiles. Pet. cordata. Sem. glbba, coliato-fulcata j involucella dinaidiata. 524. Exoacantha. FI. flofcul. fertiles. Petal, cerdata. Sem. ovata, ftriata. Involucrum et involu¬ cella fpinofa. * 532. Bunium. Flor. flofc. fert. Pet. cordata. Involucella fetacea. * 535. At’hamanta. FI. flofc. fert. Pet. cordata. Sem. convexa, ftriata. =* ^23. BUPLEURUM. FI. flofc. fert. Pet. involuta (plerilque folia indivifa, f, involucella petaliformia). * 544. Sium. FI. flofc. fert. Pet. cordata. Sem. fubovata, ftriata, * * 534* Selinum. FI. flofc. fert. Pet. cordata. Sem. deprefia, ftriata. 547. CuMINUM. FI. flofc. fert. Pet. cordata. Umb. 4-fid. Invol. fetacea, longiflima. 539. Ferula. FI. flofc. fert. Pet. cordata. Sem. plana. ■* 537. CritHMUM. FI. flofc. fert. Pet. planiufcula. Invol. horizontale. 546. Bubon. FI. flofc. fert. Pet. planiufc. In¬ vol. 5 phyllum. 538. Cochrys. FI. flofc. fert. Pet. planiufc. Sem. Cortice fuberofo. * 542. Ligusticum. FI. flofc. fert. Pet. involuta. Invol. membranacea. * 543. Angelica. FI. flofc. fert. Pet. planiufc. Umbellulae globofte. * 545. Sison. FI. flofc. fert. Pet. planiufc. Um- bell. depauperata. B. Involucris partiaiibus ; univerfali nul/o. * 551. tEthusa. Flor. fubradiati, fertiles. Invol- lucella dimidiata. * 552. Coriandrum. FI. radiati, abortivi. Fr. fub- globofi. * 553. Scandix.. Flor. radiat. abort. Fr. oblongi. * 554. Ch^rophyllum. FI. flofcul. abort. Fr. fubgloboli. * 549. Phellandrium. FI. flofcul. fert. Fr. co- ronati. * 555. Imperatoria. FI. flofc. fert. Umbell. ex- panfo-plana. 556. Seseli. FI. flofc. fert. Umbell. rigidula. * 550. Cicuta. FL. flofc. fert. Pet. planiufcula.. f Bupleurum rotundifolium. Apiutn petrofclirmn et atti- fum. C. Involucro nullo ; nec univerfali, nec partiaiibus, * 559. Smyrnium. Flor. flofcul. abortivi. Sem. re* niformia angulata, * 561. Carum. FI. flofcul. abortivi. Sem. gibba, ftriata. 557. Thapsia. FI. flofc. fert. Sem. membrana- eea, alata, emarginata. * 558. Pastinaca. FI. flofc. fert. Sem. depreffo plana. * 560. Anethum. FI. flofc. fert. Sem. raarginata, ftnata. ANY. * C. Flowers with tubular florets, fertile. Petals heart- (haped. Seeds bulging, rib-furrowed 5 the fmall invo- lucrums extending half round. E. FI. tubular florets, fertile. Petals heart-fhaped. Seeds oval, fcored. The total and partial involucrums thorny. * B. FI. tubular florets fertile. Petals heart-ftiaped. Seeds convex, ftriped. * A. FI. florets fertile. Petals heart-fhaped. Seeds convex, (cored. * B. FI. florets fertile. Petals rolled inwards (ufual- ly the leaves undivided, or the involucella or fmall in¬ volucrums petal-Ihaped). * S. FI. florets fertile. Petals nearly heart-Ihaped. Seeds nearly egg-fhaped, fcored. * S. FI. florets fertile. Petals heart-fhaped. Seeds depreffed, fcored. C. FI. florets fertile. Petals heart-Ihaped. An um¬ bel 4-cleft. Involucrums very long, briftly. F. FI. florets fertile. Petals heart-fliaped. Seeds flat. * C. FI. florets fertile. Petals little planes. Involu¬ crum horizontal. B. FI. florets fertile. Petals flattened. Involu¬ crum 5-leaved. C. FI. florets fertile. Petals flattened. Seeds with a gnawed bark. * L. FI. florets fertile. Petals rolled inwards in a membranaceous involucrum. * A. FI. florets fertile. Petals flattened. Small glo¬ bular umbels. * S. Fl. florets fertile. Petals flattened. Slender, umbel.. B. With partial involucrums ; none univerfal. * Al. Flowers nearly radiated, fertile. Small involu¬ crums going half round. * C. Flowers radiated, barren. Fruits nearly globu¬ lar. * S. Flow'ers radiated, barren. Fruits oblong. * C. Flowers are florets, barren. Fruits nearly globu¬ lar. * P. Flowers are florets, fertile. Fruits crowned. * 1. Flowers are florets, fertile. An umbel expand¬ ing, flat. S. Flowers are florets, fertile. Inflexible umbel. * C. Flowers are florets, fertile. Petals flattened. Co With no involucrum, neither univerfal nor partial, * S. Flowers barren florets. Seeds kidney-flhaped, angular. * C. Flowers barren florets. Seeds bulging, fcored. T. Flowers fertile florets. Seeds membranaceous, notched at the end. * P. Flowers fertile florets. Seeds funk flat. * A. Flowers fertile florets. Seeds bordered, fcored. BOTANY, Pentandm. * 564. JEcgFODIUM. FI. flofc. fert. Sem. gibba, ftriata. Pet. cordota. * 563. Apium. FI. flofc. fert. Sem. minuta, ftriata. Pet. inflexa. * 562. Pimpinella. FI. flofc. fert. UmbelL ante - florefcentiara nutantes. Pet. cordata. Ordo III. TRIGYNIA. Se£t. I. F/ores fuperu 567. Viburnum. Cor. 5-fida. Bacca i-fpertna. * 569. Sambucus. Cor. 5-fida. Bacca 3-fpem)a. Se£l II. Flores infern 565. Semicarpus. Cor. 5-petala. Nux i-fpefma in receptaculo compreflb carnofo magno. 566. Rhus. Cor. 5-petala. Bacca i-fperma. 568. Cassine. Cor. 5-petala. Bacca 3-fperma, 574. Reichelia. Cor. i-petala, campanulata. Capf. 3-locul. circumfcifla. 570. SpathElia. Cor. 5-petala. Capf. 3-locularis. 3-gona, i-fperma. Filamenta bafi dentata. * 571. Staphylea. Cor. 5 petala. Capf. 2 f. 3-fida, inflata. * 572. Tamarix. Cor. 5-petala. Capf. i-locularis. Sen), coma pappiformi coronata. 581. Drypis. Cor. 5-petala, coronata. Capf. I- fperma, circumfciffa. 576. Turnera. Cor. 5-petala. Capf. i-locularis. Cal. i-pbyllus, corollifer. 575. Salmasia. Cor. 5-petala. Styl.o. Capf. 3- locul. 3-valv. 583. Sarothra. Cor. 5-petala. Capf. i-locul. colorata. Cal. i-phyllus. * 580. Alsine. Cor. 5-pet. Capf. i-locul. Cal. 5- phyllus. Pet. 2-fida. 577. Telephium. Cor. 5-pet. Capf. i-locul. tri- quetra. Cal. 5-phyllus. * 578. Corrigiola. Cor. 5-pet. Seni. 1, triquetrum. Cal. 5-partitus. 584. Portulacaria. Cor. 5-petala. Sem. i,alato- triquetrum. Cal. 2-pbyllus. 579. Pharnaceum. Cor. nulla. Cal. 5-phyllus. Capf. 3-locularis. 573. Xylophylla. Cal. 5-partitus. Capf. 3-cocc. feminibus binis. 582. Basella. Cor. nulla. Cal. 6-fidus, Sem. I globofum, calyce baccato. f Xmlphus paliurus. Celaflrus, Ordo IV. TETRAGYNIA. * 585. Parnassia. Cor. 5-petala. Capf. 4-valvis. Neft. 5, ciliato-glandulofa. 586. Evolvulus. Cor. i-petala. Capf. q-locul. Ordo V. PENTAGYNIA. Se£I. I. Flores fuperi. 587. Arabia. Cor. 5-petala. Bacca 5-locul. j locul. i-fperma. * 7E. Flowers fertile florets. Seeds bulging, fcored. Petals heart-fliaped. * A. Flowers fertile florets. Seeds minute, fcored. Petal bent inwards. * P. Flowers fertile florets. Umbels drooping before the flowering. Petals heart-fliaped. Order III. TRIGYNIA. Se£l. I. Flowers fuperior. * V. Cor. 5-cleft. Berry i-feeded. * S. Cor. 5-cleft. Berry 3-feeded. Se£t. II. Flowers inferior. S. Cor. 5-petaled. Ne61. I feed in a large flelhy com prefled receptacle. R. Cor. 5 petals. Berry i-feeded. C. Cor. 5 petals. Berry 3-feeded. R. Cor. I petal, bell-lhaped. Capf. 3-celled, cut round. S. Cor. 5 petals. Capf. 3-celled, 3-gon. One feed. Filaments toothed at the bafe. * S. Cor. 5 petals. Capf. 2 or 3-cleft, inflated. * T. Cor. 5 petals. Capf. i-celled. Seeds crowned with a down-like comb. D. Cor. 5 petals, crowned. Capf. i-feeded, cut round. T. Cor. 5 petals. Capf. 1-celled. Cal. 1-leafed, bearing the corolla. S. Cor. 5 petals. No ftyle. Capf. 3-celled, 3- valved. S. Cor. 5-petaled. Capf. 1-celled, coloured. Cal. 1- leafed. * A. Cor. 5 petals. Capf. i-celled. Cal. 5-leaved. Pet. 2-cleft. T. Cor. 5 petals. Capf. 1-celled, 3-cornered. Cal. 3-leaved. * C. Cor. 5 petals. Seed 1, 3-cornered. Cal. 5- pardte. P. Cor. 5 petals. Seed I, winged at 3 fxdes. Cal. 2- leaved. P. No cor. Cal. 5-leaved. Capf. 3-celled. X. Cal. 5-partite. Capf. 3-celled, with two feeds in each. B. No cor. Cal. 6-cleft. Seed 1, globular, with a berried calyx. Order IV. TETRAGYNIA. * P. Cor. 5 petals. Capf. 4-valved. Ne&aries 5, fringed, glandular. E. Cor. i petal. Capf. 4-celled. Order V. PENTAGYNIA. SedL I. Flowers fuperior. A. Cor. 5 petals. Berry 5-celled, each cell I-feed- ed. 588. Pentandria. B 0 T 588. GlossopetaluM. Cor. 5-petala. Bacca I- locul. 5- fperma Se£l. II. Flores inferi. 594. Crassula. Cor. 5-partita. Capf. 5, poly- fperma. 593. Gisechia. Cor. o. Cal. 5-phyllus. Capf. 5 rotund*, 5-fperma. * 590. Linum. Cor. 5-petala. Capf. 10-locularis, 2-fperma. 591. Aldrouanda. Cor. 5-petala. Capf. i-locu- laris, 10-fperma. * 592. Drosera. Cor. 5-petala. Capf. i-locularis, apice dehifcens. 595. Mahernia. Cor. 5-petala. Capf. 5-locula- ris, glabra. 596. Commersonia. Cor. 5-petala. Capf. 5-I0- cul. echinata. * 597. Sibbaldia. Cor. 5-petala. Sem. 5. Cal. 1 o-fidus. * 589. StatIce. Cor. 5-partita. Sem. I, calyce infundib. veftitum. f Cerajlvum pentanarum. Spergula pentandra. Erodfum. Ordo VI. DECAGYNIA. 598. Schefflera. Cor. 5-petala. Capf. 10 loeul. 5 locul. l-fpermis. Ordo VII. POLYGYNIA. * 599. Myosurus. Cal. 5-pbyllus. Ne&. 5, lingu- lata. Sem. numerofa. 560. Zanthorhiza. Cal. o. Petala 5. Ne&. 5, pedicellata. Capf. 5, monofperm*. ANY. sag G, Cor. 5 petals. Berry I cell, 5 feeds. Se£t. I. Flowers inferior. C. Cor. 5-partite. Capf. 5, many-feeded. G. No cor. Cal. 5-leafed. Capf. 5, round, 5-feed- ed. * L. Cor. 5-petaled. Capf. 10-celled, 2-feeded. A. Cor. 5-petaled. Capf. i-celled, 10-feeded, * D. Cor. 5-petaled. Capf. 1-celled, opening at the top. M. Cor. 5-petaled. Capf. 5-celled, fmooth. C. Cor. 5-petaled. Capf. 5 celled, prickly. * S. Cor. 5-petaled. Seeds 5. Cal. 10-cleft. * S. Cor. 5-partite. Seed 1, covered by a funnels fhaped calyx. Order VI. DECAGYNIA. S. Cor. 5-petaled. Capf. 10-celled, with I feed in each cell. Order VII. POLYGYNIA. * M. Cal. 5-leafed. Ne&aries 5, tongue-fhaped. Seeds numerous. Z. No cal. Petals 5. Ne&aries 5, on pedicles. Capf. 5, i-feeded. Order I. MONOGYNIA. 274. Heliotropium, or Turnfo/e, Includes 22 fpecies 5 viz. peruvianum, amplexicaule, indicum, parvidorum, inundatum, villofum, europceum, coromandelianum, malabaricum, marifolium, fupinunij undulatum, lineatum, ftrigofum, curaffavicum^ zeylani- t;um, perficum, fcabrum, orientale, gnaphaloides, terna- turn, pinnatum. S. Eur. Afia, W. Indies, Peru. 275. Myosotts. 12 fpecies $ viz, fcorpioides, * arvenfis, nana, fruti- cofa, fpathulata, rupeftris, virginiana, lappula, fquar- rofa, echinophora, fpinocarpos, peftinata. Europe^ N. America. 276. LithosPERMUM, or Cromwell. 16 fpecies j viz. * officinale, arvenfe, incanum, pa- pillofum, virginianum, tinclorium, apulum, fcabrum, orientale, * purpureo-cosruleum, fruticofum, callofum, ciliatum, tenuiflorum, difpermum, retortum. Europe, Egypt, Virginia. trvenfe. * L. ieeds wrinkled j corolla or bloffoms hardly longer than the calyxes or cups.—The girls in the north of Voe. IV. Part I. Europe, it is laid, paint their faces with the juice of the toot of this plant upon days of feflivity. The bark of the root tinges wax and oil of a beautiful red, fimilar to that Which is obtained from the root of the foreign alkanet that is kept in the Ihops. Sheep and goats eat it. Cows are not fond of it. Horfes and fwine refufe it. * L. feeds fmooth j corol. fcarcely longer than the ofcinak, calyx ; leaves lanceolate or fpear-fhaped.—This fpecies is found wild in dry fields and hedges. Its feeds are roundiffi, hard, of a wbitifh colour, like little pearls ; and from thefe circumftances, they were at one time fuppofed peculiarly ferviceable in calculous diforders. Their tafte is merely farinaceous. 277. AnchusA, or Buglofs. 13 fpecies-, viz. paniculata, capenfis, officinalis, ita- lica, anguftifolia, undulata, tinaoria, hifpida, virginica, lanata, ^fempervirens, parviflora, cefpitofa. Europe’ Madeira, N. America. 278. Cynoglossum. or Flounds-tongue. 24 fpecies 5 viz, * officinale, piftum, lanceolatum, virginicum, limenfe,cheinfolium, apenninum, hifpidum, hirfutum, echinatum, muricatum, anguflifolium, kevi- & gatunij A Pentaiidria 130 officinale. officinalis. •fficinale. •fficinalis. b o T gatum, glaflifolium, criftatum, lufitanicurn, linifoliura, lanatum, japonicum, lateriflorum, fcorpioides, ompha- lodes, cappadocicum, myofotoides. S. Europe, Japan, Virginia. * C. ftamens fhorter than the bloflom j leaves broad, fpear-fhaped, fitting, cottony.—Both the root and leaves of this plant have been fufpefted to poffefs nar¬ cotic properties, but fome will not admit of the fa£h It is difcarded from the prefent practice ; though fome individuals are faid to ufe a decoftion of the roots in¬ wardly, and cataplafms of them outwardly, in ftrumous and fcrophulous cafes. Its fcent is very difagreeable, and very much refembles that of mice. Goats eat it. Cows, horfes, (beep, and fwine, refufe it. It furnifhes food to the phalcena domina. 279. Pulmonaria, or Lungwort. Seven fpecies ; viz. * anguftifolia, * officinalis, fuf- fruticofa, paniculata, virginica, fibirica, * maritima. Europe, N. America. * P. root-leaves egg-heart-ffiaped, rough; upper leaves egg-ffiaped, acute.—This plant, when burnt, is faid to afford a larger quantity of allies than almoft any other vegetable ; often i-7th of its weight. Sheep and goats eat it. Cows are not fond of it. Horfes and fwine refufe it. The chnjfomela nemorutn feeds upon it. 280. Symphytum, or Comfrey. Three fpecies ; viz. officinale, * tuberofum, orientale. Ger. Fr. Spain, India. * S. leaves egg-lhaped, decurrent.—The particles-of the pollen are laid to appear in the microfcope like two globules united together. The leaves give a grateful flavour to cakes and panada, and the young ftems and leaves are excellent when boiled. The roots are glu¬ tinous and mucilaginous, and a decoftion of them is ufed by dyers to extra# the colouring matter of gum lac. Cows and ffieep eat it. Horfes, goats, and fvvine refufe it. 281. Cerinthe, or Honey-wort. Three fpecies •, viz. major, afpera, minor. Auftria, S. Europe. 282. Onosma. Eight fpecies; viz. fimpliciffima, orientalis, echioides, fericea, ccerulea, tenuiflora, cafpica, micrantha. Europe, India. 283. Borago, or Borage. Seven fpecies 5 viz. officinalis, indica, africana, lon- gifolia, zeylanica, orientalts, cretica. E. Indies, A- frica. * B. all the leaves alternate *, cal. expanding.-—It ap¬ pears by experiment that the juice of this plant affords a true nitre. It is feldom ufed inwardly, but as an ingredient in cool tankards for fummer drinking, though the young and tender leaves are good in fal- lads, or as a pot herb. It is faid to afford nourifhment to the phalcena gamma. Horfes are faid to have eaten it. 284. Asperugo, or Small Wild Buglofs. Two fpecies; viz. * procumbens and aegyptiaca. Europe, Egypt. 285. Lycopsis. Nine fpecies ; viz. veficaria, pulla, ciliata, obtufifo- lia, variegata, * arvenfis, echioides, orientalis, virginica. Germ, S. Eur. Virginia. N Y. 286. EcHIUM, or Vipers Buglofs. 26 fpecies ; viz. fruticofum, candicans, giganteum, ftri#eum, argenteum, fericeum, fetofum, trichotomum, hifpidum, paniculatum, trigonum, capitatum, laeviga- tum, glabrum, incanum, fpicatum, caudatum, plantagi- neum, * italicum, rubrum, * vulgare, * violaceum, ma- ritimum, creticum, orientale, lufitanicum. S. Europe, Cape, Canaries. * E. ftem rough with bridles and tubercles; vulgare. leaves fpear-ffiaped, rough with hair ; flowers in late¬ ral fpikes.—Cows and ffieep are faid not to be fond of this plant. Horfes and goats refufe it. Bees are fond of the flowers, but get their wings torn by its firong hairs. 287. Messerschmidia. Three fpecies; viz. fruticofa, arguzia, cancellata. Siber. Canaries. 288. Tournefortia, or Bafket Withe. Eleven fpecies ; viz. ferrata, hirfutiffima, volubilis, fyringsefolia, foetidiffima, humilis, bicolor, cymofa, argentea, fericea, fuffruticofa. Ceylon, Weft Indies, S. America. 289. Nolana. One fpecies ; viz. proftrata. Peru. 290. Diapensia. One fpecies ; lapponica. Lapland. 291. Aretia. Three fpecies; viz. helvetica, alpina, vitaliana, Alps, Pyrenees. 292. Androsace. Ten fpecies ; viz. maxima, elongata, filiformis, fep- tentrionalis, odoratiffima, villofa, cbamajafme, obtufi- folia, la#ea, carnea. N. Eur. Archipelago. 293. Primula, or Brimrofe. 18 fpecies ; viz. verticillata, * veris, * elatior, * farinofa, cortufoides, villofa, nivalis, longiflora, gluti- nofa, marginata, auricula, gigantea, minima, integri- folia, carniolica, finmarchica, vifcofa, fibirica. Europe. * P. leaves toothed, wrinkled, fcape many-flowered, lumbus of the cor. concave.—This is a low plant, grow¬ ing wild in woods and hedges, and producing pale yellow flowers in the fpring. The leaves have an her¬ baceous tafte. The roots are flightly bitter, with a kind of aromatic flavour, which fome compare to that of anifefeeds ; their expreffed juice purified by fettling is fometimes ufed as a fternutatory. The flowers have an agreeable flavour, but very weak ; an infufion of them in wine, and a fpirit diftilled from them, are ufed in fome places as cordial and nervine. 294. Cartusa, or Bears-ear Sanicle. Two fpecies ; viz. mathioli, gmelini. Alps of Sibe» ria and Auftria. 295. Tricra-jus. One fpecies ; viz. admirabilis. 296. SoLDANELLA, or Soldanel, One fpecies; viz, alpina. Alps of Auftria and. Switzerland. 297. DoDECATHEON, or Virginian Cowfip. One fpecies; viz meadia. North America. 298. Cyclamen, or Sow-bread. Five fpecies ; viz. coum, * europseum, perficum, hederaefolium, indicum. Auftria, S. Europe, Ceylon. Pentandria. U O 1 299. MENYAKTHES, ox Bog-bean. Four fpecies; viz. * nymphoides, ovata, indica, ^trifoliata. Europe, Cape, Ceylon, Malta. rifoliata * M. leaves growing by threes j cor. fegments entire J ' at the edge, lhaggy on the upper furface.—An in- fufion of the leaves of this plant is faid to. be ex¬ tremely bitter, and is prefcribed in rheumatifms and dropfies. A dram of them in powder, purges and vomits. It is fometimes given to deftroy worms. In a fcarcity of hops, this plant is ufed in the north of Europe to bitter the alie. Two ounces fupply the place of a pound of hops. Some people ftnoke the dried leaves. The powdered roots are fometimes ufed in Lapland inftead of bread, but they are unpalatable. Some people fay that Iheep will eat it, and that it cures them of the rot. But from the ufual experiments, it appears that though goats eat it, Iheep foinetimes will and fometimes will not. Cows, horfes, and fwine, re- fufe it. 300. DoRAlNA. One fpecies *, viz. japonica. 301. Hottonia, or Water-violet. Four fpecies; viz. * paluftris, feffiliflora, indica, fer- rata. North of Europe and India. 302. Bacopa. One fpecies ) viz. aquatica. Guiana, Cayenne. 303. Hydrophyllum, or Water-leaf. Two fpecies j viz. virginicum, canadenfe. North America. 304. Ellisia. One fpecies j viz. nyftelea. Virginia. 305. Lysimachia, or Loofe-frfe. 13 fpecies 5 viz. * vulgaris, decurrens, ephemerum, alro-purpurea, dubia, ftri&a, * thyrfiflora, quadrifolja, pun&ata, linum, ftellatum, mauritiana, * nemorum, ja¬ ponica, * nummularia. Europe, Japan, N. America. tiummii- * L. leaves fomewhat cordate, flowers folitary, Item /aria. creeping.—This fpecies, called Moneywort, or Herb Twopence, grows fpontaneoufly in moift watery places, and creeps on the ground with two little roundilh leaves at each joint. Their tafte is fubaftringent and very (lightly acid *, hence they (land recommended by Boerhaave in the hot fcurvy, and in uterine and other hemorrhagies. But their effe&s are fo inconfiderable, that common praftice takes no notice of them. 306. Akagallis, or Pimpernel. Six fpecies *, viz. * arvenfis, pumila, monelli, lati- folia, linifolia, * tenella. Europe, Jamaica. 307. Theophrasta. Two fpecies •, viz. americana, longifolia. Amer. 308. Spigelia, or Worm-graft. Two fpecies j viz. anthelmia, marilandica. North America, W. Indies.—This laft fpecies grows wild in the fouthern parts of North America. The roots are celebrated as an anthelmintic, particularly for the ex- puHion of lumbrici from the alimentary canal. Some order it in dofes of ten or fifteen grains, and allege it is apt to occafion nervous affe&ions if given in larger dofes •, while others order it in dram dofes, alleging that the bad effe&s mentioned more readily happen from fmall, as the large ones often purge or puke: fome prefer the form of infufion. An emetic is gene- ANY. rally premifed •, and its purgative effe<*l aflifted by fome fuitable additions. 309. Ophiorrhiza, or Serpents-tongue. Three fpecies ; viz. mungos, mitreola, fubumbellata. E. Indies, S. America. 310. Lisianthus. 15 fpecies ; viz. longifolius, glaucifolius, coerulef* cens, alatus, chelonoides, purpurafcens, grandiflorus, exfertus, glaber, frigidus, latifolius, umbellatus, cordi- folius, carinatus, trinervius. Weft Indies, Surinam. 311. FAGRiEA. One fpecies j viz. zeylanica. Ceylon. 312. Azalea, or Amer. Upright Honeyfuckle. Six fpecies $ viz. pontica, indica, nudiflora, vifcofa, lapponica, * procumbens. N. Europe, N. America. 313. Sheffieldia. One fpecies j viz. repens. 314. Sprengelia. One fpecies j viz. incarnata. 315. Epacris. Fowr fpecies j viz. granditlora, longifolia, rofmarini- folia, puma Caribbee Ides. 316. Styphelia. Eight fpecies; viz. tubiflora, ericoides, flrigofa, fcoparia, daphnoides, lanceolata, elliptica, juniperina. 317. Weigelia. Two fpecies; viz. japonica, coraeenfis. Japan. 318. Plumbago, or Lead-wort. Seven fpecies; viz. europaea, lapathifolia, capenffi, zeylanica, rofea, fcandens, auriculata. S. Europe, E. Indies, S. America. 319. Trigger a. Two fpecies; viz. ambrofiaca, inodora. Ifle of Bourbon. 320. Phlox, or Bafe Lychnis, Lichmdea. 12 fpecies ; viz. paniculata, undulata, fuaveolens, maculata, pilofa, Carolina, glaberrima, divaricata, ovata, fubulata, fibirica, fetacea. Siberia, N. America. 321. Retzia. One fpecies ; viz. fpicata. Cape of Good Hope. 322. Porana. One fpecies ; volubilis. Eaft Indies, 323. Convolvulus, or Bind-weed. 120 fpecies ; viz. * arvenfis, * fepium, wheleri, fcammonia, involucratus, fibiricus, rupeftris, farinofus, lanuginofus, incanus, emarginatus, medium, filicaulis,tri- dentatus, anguftifolius, japonicus, haftatus, panduratus, bra&eatus, bicolor, trilobus, platanifolius, acuminatus, carolinus, hederaceus, nil, purpureus, obfcurus, flavus, angularis, batatas, maximus, bifloru^, gemellus, (hiatus, pentanthus, gujanenfis, capitatus, hifpidus, parvifiorus, triflorus, verticillatus, violaceus, umbellatus, tuguriorum, cordifolius,bifidus, malabaricus,coeleftis, canarienfis, fer- rugineus, muricatus, triqueter, anceps, turpethuro, gran¬ diflorus, fpeciofus, trinervius, peltatus,jalapa, macrofper- mus, tenellus, fericeus, tomentofus, quinqueflorus, her- manniae, arenarius, althaeoides, cairicus, quinquelobus, copticus, vitifolius, diffe&us, mucronatus, macrocarpus, R 2 paniculatus, I31 132 fepium. folda- nella. jalap. A N Y. Pentandria, fels are lax, and their food f!>ft and lubricating, bear thefe kinds of medicines, as Geoffrey obferves, better than adults -, and, accordingly, inoculators make much ufe of the tin&ure mixed with fimple fyrup. A com¬ pound powder of it is employed in dropfy as a hydra- gogue purge; and where ftimulus is not contra-indi¬ cated, jalap is conftdered as a fafe cathartic. The fpecies of the genus convolvulus, called fcam-fcammomj, morria, is a climbing plant, which grows in Aliatic Turkey, and affords a gum refin. The bett forts of the gum refin come from Aleppo, in light fpongy maf- fes, eafily friable, of a Ihining afh-colour verging to black ; when powdered, of a light gray or whitilh co¬ lour. An inferior fort is brought from Smyrna in more compact ponderous pieces, of a darker colour, and full of fand and other impurities. This juice is chiefly of the refinous kind. Redtified fpirit of wine diffolves five ounces out of fix ; the remainder is a mu¬ cilaginous fubftanee mixed with drofs : proof fpirit to¬ tally diffolves it, the impurities only being left. It has a faint and unpleafant fmell, and a bitterilh fome- what acrimonious tafte. Scammony is an efficacious and aftrong purgative. Its dofe is from three to 12 grains. 324. Cantua. Four fpecies; viz. pyrifolia, buxifolia, hoitzia, co» ronopifolia. Peru. 325. Ipomoea, or Quamoclit. 28 fpecies; viz. quamoclit, diffedla, umbellata, Ca¬ rolina, coccinea, lacunofa, leucantha, folanifolia, tu- berofa, digitata, bona nox, campanulata, violacea, verticillata, carnea, repanda, filiformis, haftata, glau- cifolia, fimplex, hederacea, triloba, fanguinea, hederi- folia, parviflora, hepaticifolia, tamnifolia, pes tigridis. E. and W. Indies, America. EOT paniculatus, macrorhizos, quinquefolius, venofus, gla- ber, pentaphyllus, tenuifolius, liculus, pentapetaloides, lineatus, faxatilis, cneorum, linearis, cantabrica, aman- ni, pilofellaefoliu-, dorycnium, proliferus, lanatus, hy- itrix, fpinofus, fcoparius, oenotheroides, floridus, cu- neatus, corymbofus, fpithamaeus, perlicus, tricolor, acetofaefolius, repens, reptans, edulis, hirtus, * foldanel- la, imperati, pes caprae, brafilienfis, multifidus, fubloba- tus, capenfis, fagittatus, littoralis, martinicenfis. Eu¬ rope, Afia, Africa, America. * C. leaves arrow-fhaped, lopped at the bafe ; fruit- ffalk four-cornered, bearing 1 flower.—The infpiffated juice of this plant, in dofes of 20 or 30 grains, is faid to be a powerful draftic purge. Scammony is the in¬ fpiffated juice of a fpecies of convolvulus, fo much re- fembling this, that they are with difficulty diftinguiffi- ed. Though an acrid purgative to the human race, it is eaten by hogs in large quantities without any detri¬ ment. Sheep, goats, and horfes eat it. Cows refufe it. * C. leaves kidney-fkaped y fruitflalks with 1 flower.— It is faid, that half an ounce of the juice, or a drachm of the powder of this plant, is an acrid purge. The leaves applied externally, are faid to diminiffi dropfical fwellings of the feet. The different fpecies furniffi nouriffiment to the fphinx convolvuli, and phalccna el- penor. The root of the fpecies termed ja/fl/Ja, is brought to us in thin flices from Xalpa, a province of New Spain. Such pieces ffiould be chofen as are mofi: compafl, hard, weighty, dark-coloured, and abound molt with black circular ftriae. Slices of bryony root are faid to be fometimes mixed with jalap. Thefe may be eafily diftinguilhed by their whiter colour and lefs compaft texture. This root has no fmell, and very little tafte upon the tongue ; but when fwallowed it affefls the throat with a fenfe of heat, and occafions a plentiful difcharge of faiiva. Taken in fubftance in a dofe of about half a drachm, (lefs or more, according to the circumftances of the patient) in plethoric or cold phleg¬ matic habits, it proves an effe&ual, and, in general, a fafe purgative ; performing its office mildly, feldom oc- cafioning naufea or gripes, which too frequently ac¬ company other ftrong cathartics. In hypochondriacal cafes, and hot bilious temperaments, it gripes violent¬ ly if the jalap be good; but rarely takes due effe£t as a purge. An extraft made with water purges almoft univerfally, but weakly y and, at the fame time, has a confiderable effect by urine t the root remaining af¬ ter this procefs gripes violently. The pure refin, pre¬ pared by fpirit of wine, occafions moft violent gripings and other diftreffing eircumftanees, but proves fcarce at all cathartic. Triturated with fugar or with al¬ monds, into the form of an emuifion, or diffolved in fpirits and mixed with fyrups, it purges plentifully in a fmall dofe, without occafioning much diforder. The part of the jalap remaining after the feparation of the refin, yields to water an extra<51, which has no effedl as a cathartic, but operates powerfully by urine. Frederic Hoffman particularly cautions againft giv¬ ing this medicine to children, and affures us that it will deftroy appetite, weaken the body, and perhaps occafion death. In this point this celebrated practi¬ tioner was probably deceived. Children, whofe vef- 326. Polemonium, or Greek Valerian. Five fpecies ; viz. * cceruleum, reptans, dubium,. roelloides, campanuloides. N. Eur. Afia, C. of G. Hope America. 327. Lightfootia. Two fpecies ; viz. oxycoccoides, fubulata. Cape of Good Hope. 328. Jasione, or Sheep's Scabious. One fpecies ; viz. * montana. Europe, C. of Go Hope. 329. Campanula, or Bellflower. 85 fpecies ; viz. cenefia, uniflora, bellardi, pulla, zoyfii, gracilis, glauea, grandiflora, tetraphylla, tri- phylla, verticillata, * rotundifolia, linifolia, pubefcens, linarioides, earpatica, lobelioides, porofa, undulata, linearis, fefliliflora, * patula, * rapunculus, unidentata, fafciculata, perficifolia, pyramidalis, americana, niti- da, latifolia, enfifolia, rhomboidea, * latifolia, urtici- folia, ftylofa, rapunculoides, bononienfis, vefula, ptar- miccefolia, graminifolia, * trachelium, * glomerata, cervicaria, marginata, thyffoidea, petraea, adpreffa, fubulata, hifpidula, paniculata, cinerea, peregrina,. cernua, allionii, punCVata, medium, barbata, fpicata, ftrigofa, alpina, mollis, faxatilis, alliariaefolia, fibirica, tridentata, laciniata, ftrifta, aurea, fruticofa, fpecu- lum, * hybrida, prifmatocarpus, cochlearifolia, limoni- folia, pentagonia, perfoliata, capenfis; procumbens, tenella** 1 fentandna. 15 U I tenella, elatines, difFufa, * hederacea, crinoides, hete- rophylla, erinus. Europe, N. -America, Cape, Ja- Pan* apuncu- * C. eaves waved j root-leaves fpear-oval ; panicle us. compaft. The roots of this plant are faid to be eaten raw in falads, or boiled like afparagus. In gardens they are blanched. 330. Roella. Five fpecies $ viz. ciliata, fquarrofa, decurrens, mu£ cofa, fpicata. Africa. 331. Phyteuma, or Rampions. 16 fpecies *, viz. pauciflora, fcheuchzeri, michelli, hemifphaerica, comofa, * orbicularis, nigra, betonicae- folia, fpicata, ovata, virgata, lobelioides, lanceolata, rigida, amplexicaulis, pinnata. Europe. 332. Trachelium. Three fpecies ; viz. coeruleum, difFufum, tenulfoli- um. Italy, Levant, Cape. 333. Samolus, Water Pimperne/. One fpecies *, viz. * valerandi. Europe, Afia, Ame¬ rica. * 334. Sphenoclea. One fpecies $ viz. zeylanica. 335. Nauclea. Six fpecies j viz. orientalis, purpurea, parvifolia, africana, aculeata, cordifolia. E. Indies, Guiana. 336. Rondeletia. 13 fpecies j viz. americana, odorata, trifoliata, vir¬ gata, pilofa, thyrfoidea, racemofar laurifolia, tomen- tofa, umbellulata, incana, hirfuta, hirta. Eaft and Weft Indies. 337. Macrocnemum. Three fpecies ; viz. jamaicenfe, candidiflimum, coc- cineum. Jamaica. 338. Bellonia. Two fpecies j viz. afpera and fpinofa. America. 339. Thouinia. One fpecies j viz. fpeflabilis. Jamaica, Hifpanio- la. 34O. PORTLANDICA. Four fpecies j viz. tetrandra, grandiflora, coccinea, hexandra.' Jamaica, S. America. 341. Solandra. One fpecies ; viz. grandiflora. Jamaica. 342. Lobelia, or Cardinal-Jlower. 48 fpecies ; viz. linearis, fimplex, pinifolia, * dort- manna, tupa, kalmii, paniculata, graminea, grandis, cornuta, depreffa, columneae, arborea, bellidifolia, tri- quetra, cinerea, longiflora, tomentofa, fecunda, acu¬ minata, ftrifta, patula, afFurgens, cardinali*;, ferrugi- nea, debilis, fiphilitica, furinamenfif, inflata, clifFor- tiana, * urens, minuta, laurentia, radicans, campanu- loides, evinus, erinoides, anceps, repens, thermalis, pubefcens, zeylanica, lutea, angulata, hirfuta, pygmaea, coronopifolia, crenata. Cape, Eaft and Weft Indies, America. The fpecies called Jiphi/itica grows in moift places in Virginia, and bears our winters. It is perennial, lj.s an ereft ftalk three or four feet high, blue flowers, ANY. a milky juice, and a rank fmell. The root confifts of white fibres about two inches long, refembles tobacco in the tafte, which remains on the tongue, and is apt to excite vomiting. It is ufed by the North American Indians as a fpecific for the venereal difeafe. The form is that of deco&ion ; the dofe of which is order¬ ed to be gradually increafed till it bring on very con- fiderable purging, then to be intermitted for a little, and again ufed in a more moderate degree till the cure be completed. The ulcers are alfo wafhed with the decodlion, and the Indians are faid to fprinkle them with the powder of the inner bark of the fpruce tree. The fame ftriflnefs of regimen is ordered as during a falivation or mercurial eourfe. The benefit to be de¬ rived from this article has not, fo far as we know, been confirmed either in Britain, or by the prattitioners of Virginia; for there, as well as in this country, re- courfe is almoft univerfally had to the ufe of mercury. Hence the London college have omitted it in their lift of medical plants ; though in fome cafes it would feem to deferve trial. 343. Cyphia. Six fpecies ; viz. volubilis, digitata, bulbofa, car- damines, incifa, phyteuma. 344. Goodenia. Nine fpecies j viz. ovata, albida, laevigata, panicu¬ lata, bellidifolia, ftrhfta, ramofiflima, heterophylla, hederacea. 345. SCjEVOLA. Three fpecies j viz. lobelia, koengii, fericea. South America. 346. Cinchona, or Jefuits-bark Tree. Nine fpecies $ viz. officinalis, pubefcens, macrocar- pa, caribaea, corymbifera, lineata, floribunda, bra- chycarpa, anguftifolia. Peru, Weft Indies, South fea. The cinchona officinalis (Peruvian - or Jefuits-bark tree) is defcribed as being in general about 15 feet high and fix inches thick. It fomewhat refembles our cherry tree, grows promifcuoufly in forefts, parti¬ cularly in the hilly parts of Quito in Peru, and is fpontaneoufly propagated from its own feeds. The bark has fome odour, to moft people not unpleafant, and very perceptible in the diftilled water, in which floating globules, like effential oil, have been ob- ferved. Its tafte is bitter and aftringent, accompanied with a degree of pungency, and leaving a confiderably lading impreffion on the tongue. Two forts are men¬ tioned, viz. the coloured and the white. The colour¬ ed includes the pale, the red, the yellow, and the knotty; their barks being coloured, having the cin¬ chona tafte and fmell, and the trees having very fmooth leaves and purplifh flowers. The white includes four varieties, their barks being of a whitifh colour, with very little tafte or fmell, and the trees having broad hairy leaves, very fragrant red flowers, with hairs on the infide. The proper red bark, and one of the white kinds, have been found in the province of Santa - Fe. Dr Wright has defcribed very accurately a fpecies of cinchona, under the appellation of cinchona jamai- cenjis, from its being found chiefly in Jamaica. It is there called the fea jide bsechy .an& groivs from 20 to 40 EOT 40 feet high. The white-furrowed thick outer bark is not ufed; the dark-brown inner bark has the com¬ mon flavour, with a mixed kind of tafte at firft of the horfe-radifli and ginger, becoming at laft bitter and aftringent. It feems to give out more extradtive mat¬ ter than the officinalis. Some of it was imported from St Lucia, in confequence of its having been fuccefsful- ly ufed in the army and navy 5 and Dr Kentiffi has treated of it at great length, under the name of St Lu¬ cia bark. When frefli, it is confiderably cathartic and emetic, but is faid to lofe thefe properties on drying. The pale and the red are chiefly ufed in Britain. The pale is brought to us in pieces of different fizes, either flat or quilled, and the powder is rather of a lighter colour than that of cinnamon. The red is ge¬ nerally in much larger thicker flattifh pieces, but fometimes alfo in the form of quills, and its powder is reddith, like that of the Armenian bole. It is much more refinous, and pofi'elfes the fenfible qualities of the cinchona in a much higher degree, than the other forts 5 and the more nearly the other kinds refemble the red bark, the better they are now confidered. The red bark is heavy, round, and dry 5 friable between the teeth ; does not feparate into fibres; and breaks, not fhivery, but fliort, clofe, and fmooth. It has three layers *, the outer is thin, ragged, of a reddifh- brown colour, but frequently covered with mofiy mat¬ ter ; the middle is thicker, more compaft, darker-cp- loured, very refinous, brittle, and yields firft to the peftle. The inmoft is more woody, fibrous, and of a brighter red. The Peruvian bark yields its virtues both to cold and boiling water ; but the deco£tion is thicker, gives out its tafte more readily, and forms an ink with a chalybeate more fuddenly, than the frefti cold infufion. This infufion, however, contains at leaft as much ex¬ tradtive matter, but more in a ftate of folution j and its colour, on ftanding fome time with the chalybeate, be¬ comes darker, while that of the decodtion becomes more faint. When they are of a certain age, the addition of a chalybeate renders them green 5 and when this is the cafe, they are found to be in a ftate of fermentation, and effete. Mild or cauftic alkalies, or lime, precipitate the extradlive matter, which in the cafe of the cauftic alkali is re-dilfolved by a farther addition of the alkali. Lime-water precipitates lefs from a frefti infufion, than from a frefti decodtion j and in the precipitate of this laft fome mild earth is perceptible. The infufion is by age reduced to the fame ftate with the frefti decodfion, and then they depofite nearly an equal quantity of mild earth and extradfive matter j fo that lime-water, as well as chalybeate, may be ufed as a teft of the relative ftrength and perilhable nature of the different preparations, and of different barks. Ac¬ cordingly, cold infufions are found, by experiments, to be lefs periftiable than decodfions; infufions and decodfions of the red bark than thofe of the pale ; thofe of the red bark, however, are found, by length of time, to feparate more mild earth with the lime-water, and more extradlive matter. Lime-water, as precipitating the extradl, appears an equally improper and difagreeable menftruum. The power of different menftrua, as adling upon Peruvian bark, is comparatively in the following order } the moft powerful folvent being placed firft. 3. A N Y. Pentandria. 1. Dulcified fpirit of vitriol, 6. Dulcified fpirit of nitre, 2. Cauftic ley, 7. Mild volatile alkali, 3. French brandy, 8. Redlified fpirit of wine, 4. Soft water, 9. Mild vegetable alkali, 5. Vinegar and water, 10. Lime water. The antifeptic powers of vinegar and bark united, are double the fum of thofe taken feparately. The aftringent power of the bark is increafed by acid of vi¬ triol 5 the bitter tafte is deftroyed by it. The officinal preparations of the bark are, 1. The powder. - Of this, the firft parcel that paffes the fieve, being the moft refinous and brittle layer, is the ftrongeft. 2. The extradl. The watery and fpirituous extradls conjoined form the moft proper preparations of this kind. 3. Spirituous tindlure. This is beft made with proof fpirit. 4. The decodlion. This preparation, though fre¬ quently employed, is inferior to a Ample watery infu¬ fion. The beft form is that of powder 5 in which the con- ftituent parts are in the moft effedlual proportion. The cold infufion, which can be made in a few minutes by agitation, the fpirituous tindlure, and the extradl, are likewife proper in this refpedl. For covering the tafte, different patients require different vehicles, liquorice, aromatics, acids, port-wine, fmall beer, porter, butter milk, brandy, rum, currant-jelly, &c. According to fome, the Peruvians learned the ufe of the bark, by obferving certain animals affedled with intermittents, inftindlively led to it; while others fay, that a Peruvian, having an ague, was cured by having drank of a pool, in which fome felled trees had fo long foaked, as to give the tafte of their bark to the water ; and its ufe in gangrene is faid to have originat¬ ed from its curing one in an aguifh patient. About the year 1640, the lady of the Spanifh viceroy, the Comitiffa del Cinchon, was cured by the bark, which has therefore been called cortex or pulvis comitiJJcer cinchona^ chinachina or chine kin a, kinakina or kinkinar quinaquina •r quinquina ; and from the intereft which the cardinal de Lugo and the Jefuits took in its diftri- bution, it has been called cortex or pulvis Cardinalis de Lugo, Jefuiticus, Pat rum, &c. As it was firft introduced into practice for the cure of intermittent fevers, fo it feldom fails of fuccefs, when properly exhibited in thefe. Praftitioners, how¬ ever, have differed as to the beft mode of exhibiting it •, fome prefer giving it juft before the fit, fome dur¬ ing the fit, others immediately after it. Some again, order it in the quantity of an ounce between the fits, the dofe being the more frequent and larger, according to the frequency of the fits : and this mode of exhibition, although it may fometimes lead to the employment of more bark than is neceffary, is thought, upon the whole, preferable, from being the beft fuited to moft ftomachs. The requifite quantity is very different in different cafes, and in many vernal intermittents it feems even hardly neceffary. It often pukes and purges, and fometimes oppreffes the ftomach. Thefe, or any other irregular effedls that may take place, are to be countera6led by reme¬ dies particularly appropriated to them. Thus, vomit- ing Pentandria. B Q i ing is often retrained by exhibiting it in wine ; loofe~ nefs, by combining it with opium ; and oppreflion at ftomach, by combining it with an aromatic. But, un- lefs for obviating particular occurrences, it is more fuccefsful when exhibited in its fimpleft date, than with any addition. It is now given from the very commencement of the difeafe, and is to be continued, not only till the pa- roxyms ceafe, but till the natural appetite, ftrength, and complexion, return. Its ufe is then to be gra¬ dually left off, and repeated at proper intervals to fe- cure againft a relapfe, to which there is a tendency, efpecially when the wind blows from the eaft. An emetic is often advantageoufly employed before com¬ mencing the ufe of it, but other evacuants feem hurt¬ ful. The Peruvian bark feems not only fuited to inter¬ mittent fevers, both latent and formed, but to that ftate of the conftitution on which all difeafes, rigidly periodical, feem to depend ; as periodical pain, inflam¬ mation, haemorrhagy, fpafm, cough, lofs of external fenfe, &c. Bark is now ufed by fome in ali continued fevers, taking care to keep the bowels clean, and to promote, when necelTary, the evacuation of redun¬ dant bile. In confluent fmallpox it promotes languid eruption and fuppuration, diminilhes the fever through the whole courfe of it, and prevents or corredts putref- cence or gangrene. In gangrenous fore throats it is much ufed, as it is externally and internally in ali cafes of gangrene. In contagious dyfentery, after due evacuation, it has been ufed by the mouth, and by injedlion, with and without opium. In all thofe hemorrhagies called paffive, which all hemorrhagies are very apt to become, and likewife in all other increafed difeharges, it is much ufed ; and, in certain undefined cafes of haemoptyfis, fome allege that it is remarkably effedtual, when joined with an abforbent. It is ufed for obviating the difpofition to nervous and convulfive difeafes ; and fome have great confidence in it, joined with the acid of vitriol, in cafes of phthifis, fcrofula, ill conditioned ulcers, rickets, feur- vy, and in ftates of convalefcence. In thefe cafes, however, it ought, in general, to be joined with a milk diet. In dropfy, not depending on any particular local af- feftioh, it is often alternated or conjoined with diure¬ tics or other evacuants 5 and by its early exhibition af¬ ter the water is drawn off, or even begins to be freely difeharged, a freth accumulation is prevented, and a radical cure obtained. In obftinate venereal cafes, particularly thofe which appear under the form of pains in the bones, the Peruvian bark is often fuccefTully fubjoined to mercury, or even given in conjunction with it. On the whole this remedy is ufeful in fuch a vaft variety of cafes, that its virtues cannot be fuffi- ciently explained, by confidering it merely as an ordi¬ nary tonic or aftringent; and hence many praClitioners confider it as poflefling fpecific qualities peculiar to it- felf, the nature of which is by no means well under- ftood. 347. SOLENA, One fpecies ; viz, longiflora. 348. UCRJANA. One fpecies j vi?,. fpeciola. ANY. 349. Psychotria, or Ipecacuanha. 39 fpecies j viz. afiatiea, glabrata, axillaris, lauri- folia, parviflora, hirfuta, foetens, citrifolia, nitida, mar- ginata, tenuifolia, nervofa, carthaginenfis, myriftiphyl- lum, laxa, paralitica, horizontalis, nutans, fpeciofa, involucrata, flexuofa, raeemofa, violacea, brachiata, grandis, patens, uliginofa, ferpens, herbacea, emetica, corymbofa, pubefeens, pedunculata, crocea, alpina, paniculata, palicurea, lutea, longiflora. E. and W. Indies, S. America, China. The root of the Pfychotria emetica, or commog ipe- cacuan is brought from the Spanilh W. Indies. It is divided into two forts, the Peruvian and Brazilian : but the eye diftinguilhes three \ alh-coloured or gray, brown, and white. The alli-coloured or Peruvian ipecacuan of the (hops is a fmall wrinkled root, bent and contorted into a great variety of figures ; brought over in ihort pieces full of wrinkles, and deep circular fif- fures, quite down to a fmall white woody fibre that runs in the middle of each piece. The cortical part iscom- paCl, brittle, looks fmooth and relinous upon breaking. It has very little fmell : the tafte is bitterifh and fub- acrid, covering the tongue as it were with a kind of mu¬ cilage. The brown is fmall and fomewhat more wrink¬ led than the foregoing j of a brown or blackilh colour without and white within : this is brought from Brafil. The white fort is w'oody and has no wrinkles, and no perceptible bitternefs in tafte. The firft fort, the alh- coloured or gray ipecacuan, is that ufually preferred for medicinal ufe. The brown has been fometimes obfer- ed, even in a fmall dofe, to produce violent effefts. The white, though taken in a large one, has fcarce any effedt at all: Mr Geoffrey calls this fort baftard ipe¬ cacuan, and complains that it is an impolition upon the public. Geoffrey, Newman, Dale, and Sir Hans Sloane inform us, that the roots of a kind of Apocy^ num (dog’s-bane) are frequently brought over inftead of it ; and inftances are given of ill confequences fol¬ lowing from the ufe of thefe roots. If the marks above laid down, particularly of the aih-colour, brittlenefs, deep wrinkles, and bitterilh tafte, be carefully attend¬ ed to, all miftakes of this kind may be prevented. Ipecacuan was firft brought to Europe about the middle of the century before the laft, and an account of it publilhed about the fame time by Pifo 5 but it did not come into general ufe till about the year 1686, when Helvetius, under the patronage of Lewis XIV. introduced it into practice. This root is one of the mildeft and fafeft emetics with which we are acquainted; and has this peculiar advantage, that if it fliould not operate by vomit, it paffes off by the other emundlories. It was firft introduced among us with the charatfter of an almoft infallible remedy in dyfenteries and other in¬ veterate fluxes, as menorrhagia and leucorrhoea, and alfo in diforders proceeding from obftruftions of long Handing : nor has it loft much of its reputation by time. In dyfenteries it almoft always produces happy effefls, and often very fpeedily performs a cure. In other fluxes of the belly, in beginning dyfenteries, and fuch as are of a malignant kind, or where the patient breathes a tainted air, it has not been equally fuccefsful: in thefe cafes it is neceffary to continue the ufe of this medicine for feveral days, and to join with it opiates, diaphoretics, and the like. This root given in fubftance is as effectual, if not more fo, than any of the prepa¬ rations 135 Pentandria, B O T rrations of it: the pure refm a&s as a ftrong irritating •emetic, but is of little fervice in dyfenteries •, whilft an extraft prepared with water, is almoft of equal feryice t in thefe cafes with the root itfelf, though it has little effeft as an emetic. Geoffrey concludes from hence that the chief virtue of ipecacuan in dyfenteries depends upon its gummy fubftance, which, lining the intellines with a foft mucilage when their own mucus has been abraded, occafions their exulcerations to heal, and de¬ fends them from the acrimony of the juices $ and that the refinous part, in which the emetic quality refides, is required where the morbific matter is lodged in the glands of the ftomach and inteftines. Water affifted by a boiling heat takes up from all vegetables a confiderable portion of refinous along with the gummy matter : if the ipecacuan remaining after the a6tion of water be digeited with pure fpirit, it will not yield half fo much refin as at firft ; fo that the aqueous extract differs from the crude root only in degree, being proportionably lefs refinous, and having lefs effect both as an etnetic, and in the cure of dyfenteries. The virtues of ipecacuan in this diforder depend on its producing perfpiration, the freedom of which here is of the utmoft importance, and an increafe «f which, even in healthful perfons, is gene¬ rally obferved to decreafe the evacuation by ftool. In dyfenteries the fkin is for the moft part dry and tenfe, and perfpiration obftru£ted : the common diaphoretics pafs off without effedl through the inteftinal canal; but ipecacuan, if the patient after a puke or two be covered up warm, brings on a plentiful fweat. After the remo¬ val of the dyfentery, it is neceffary to continue the ufe of the medicine for feme time longer, in order to pre¬ vent a relapfe *, for this purpofe a few grains divided into feveral dofes, fo as not to occafion any fenfible eva¬ cuation, may be exhibited everyday: by this means the cure is effedually eftablilhed. And indeed fmall dofes given even from the beginning have been found to have better effefls in the cure of this difeafe than lar¬ ger ones. The only officinal preparation of this root is a tinfture made in wine, which has the appellation of Vinum Ipecacuanha both in the London and Edinburgh Pharmacopoeias. Ipecacuan, particularly in the {fate of powder, is now advantageoufly employed in almoft every difeafe in which full vomiting is requifite *, and when combined with opium, it furnilhes us with the moft ufe- ful and a&ive fweating medicine that we poffefs. It is alfo often given with advantage in fmall dofes, fo as nei¬ ther to operate by vomiting, purging, nor fweating. The full dofe of the powder is a fcruple or half a dram, and double that in form of watery infufion. The full dofe is recommended in the paroxyfm of fpafmodic aftl> ma, and a dofe of three or four grains every morning in habitual afthmatic indilpofition : a dofe of one-third or half a grain rubbed with fugar, and given every four Lours or oftener is recommended in uterine htemorrha- gy, cough, pleurify, haemoptoe, &c» and has often been found highly ferviceable. Dr Irving found that by long boiling, the activity of the root is almoft totally deflroyed 5 but that its emetic property was moft effec¬ tually counterafted by means of the acetous acid ; info- much that 30 grains of the powder, taken in two ounces of vinegar, produced only fome loofe ftools. 330. Chimarrhis. Onefpeciesj viz. cymofa. Martinico. A N Y. 351. Dentella. One fpecies ; viz. repens. SouthTea Hies. 352. VlRECTA. 'One fpecies 5 viz. biflora. Cayenne, Surinam. 353. CoFFEA, or Coffee-tree. Eight fpecies) viz. fambucina, opulina, odorata, ara- bica, triflora, gujanenfis, paniculata, occidentalis, Ye¬ men in Arabia, W. Indies, S. America. The coffea arabica, though it came originally from Arabia, is now cultivated in the Weft Indies. Its fruit is employed rather as food than as a medicine. The medical effe&s expe&ed from it are to affift digeftion, promote the natural fecretions, and prevent or remove a tendency to fleepinefs. It has been recommended in fpafmodic afthma ; and in fome cafes it is found highly ufeful in alleviating fevere headach. In the influenza, or epidemic complaint of fpring 1803, the ufe of coffee as the chief article of food was found to be attended with the beft effe6ls, particularly in removing that ex¬ treme debility which was the moft univerfal and remark¬ able fymptom of the difeafe. 354. Chiococca, or Snow-berry. Two fpecies) viz. racemofa and barbata. Jamaica, S. America. 355. Vangueria. One fpecies ) viz. edulis. Ifle of Madagafcar. 356. Canephora. Two fpecies) viz. axillaris and capitata. Madagaf¬ car. 357. CePHjELIS. 12 fpecies) viz. violacea, tomentofa, punicea, elata, axillaris, purpurea, alba, glabra, involucrata, tetrandra, feffiliflora, mulcofa. 358. BertiErA. One fpecies ) viz. gujanenfis. 359. Hamellia. Five fpecies) viz. patens, axillaris, chryfantha, ven- tricofa, feffiliflora. S. America, W. Indies. 360. SCHWENKFELDIA. Three fpecies) viz. hirta, cinerea, afpcra. Weft Indies. 361. LonicERA, or Honeysuchle. 20 fpecies ) viz. caprifolium, dioica, fempervitens, grata, implexa, * periclymenum, japonica, nigra, qua- drifolia, tatarica, * xylofteum, pyrenaica, alpigena, coe- rulea, orientalis, flexuofa, fymphoricarpos, diervilla, bu- balina, corymbofa. Eur. Cape, Japan, N. Amer. * L. heads egg-ffiaped, tiled, terminating) leaves Ai-penclyW ftinft, deciduous ) bloffom gaping.'*—The beauty andnww. fragrance of the flowers of this plant render it a pleafing ornament to our gardens, hedges, and arbours. . Cows, goats, and ffieep, eat it) horfes refufe it. Various in¬ fects feed upon it, * L. fruitftalks 2-flowered) berries diftinQ ) leaves very entire, pubelcent. In the north of Europe this is a common plant) Linnaeus informs us it makes excel¬ lent garden hedges in a dry foil: that the clear parts between the joints of the (hoots are ufed in Sweden as tubes for tobacco pipes, and that the wood being ex¬ tremely hard makes teeth for rakes, &c. 362. entandria* B O T 362. TriostEum, or Fevcr-rcot, Tinker's Weed, Three fpeeies j viz. perfoliatum, anguftifolium, tri- fiorum. 363. Morinda. Three fpecies; viz. umbellata, citrifolia, royoc. 364. B^dotrus. Two fpecies j viz. nemoralis and lanceolate. 365. Stroemia. Four fpeeies j viz. farinofa, tetrandra, glandulofa, rotundifolia. Arabia. 366. Conocarpus, or Button-tree. Three fpecies ; viz. erefta^ procumbens, racemofa, W. Indies, Brazil. 367. ScHOEPFlA. One fpecies j viz. americana. 368. Erithalis. Two fpecies; viz. fruticofa, polygatna. Jamaica, S. America. 369. Menais. One fpecies j viz. topiaria. S. America. 370. MuSSjENDA. Two fpecies \ viz. frondofa, glabra. 371. Geniostoma. One fpecies *, viz. rupeftris. South fea Hies. 372. Mathiola. One fpecies ; viz. fcabra. 373. Mirabilis, ov Marvel of Peru. Three fpecies; viz. dichotoma, longiilora, and iala- pa. E. and W. Indies, Mexico, Peru. 374. Coris, or Heath Low Pine. > One fpecies j viz. monfpelienfis. S. of Europe. 375. Brosstea. One fpecies; viz. coccinea. S. America. 376. Verbascum, or Mullein. 17 fpecies ; viz. * thapfus, * thapfoides, boerhaavii, hcemorrhoidale, phomoides, * lychnitis, ferrugineum, * nigrum, phoeniceum, * blattaria, gallicum, finuatum, pinnatifidum, barnadefii, olbechii, fpinofum, myconi. S. of Europe, Madeira. * V. leaves decurrent, cottony on both fides*, ftem un¬ branched ; fummit globular.—This plant externally ufed is faid to be emollient. Dr Home advifes a de- codlion of it, two ounces to a quart, in diarrhoeas of an old Handing. It eafes the pains of the inteftines : it is ufed as an injedfion in tenefmus with advantage ; and is often applied externally to the piles. It is faid to intoxicate fifh fo that they may be taken with the hand. In Norway they give it to cows that are con- lumptive. The down ferves for tinder. Neither cows, goats, fheep, horfes or fwine will eat it. 377. Datura, or Thorn-apple. Seven fpecies ; viz. ferox, * Hramonium, tatula, faf- tuofa, metel, laevis, arborea. Europe, Alia, Africa, America. x * D. feed-veffel thorny, upright, egg-lhaped ; leaves egg-fhaped, fmooth.—At night the leaves, particularly the upper ones, rife up and enclofe the flowers. An ointment prepared from the leaves gives eafe in exter- Vol. IV. Part I. 1iapfus. ratno- vum. A N Y. 137 nal inflammations and hemorrhoids. The Edinburgh college directs an extract to be prepared by evapora¬ ting the expreffed juice of the leaves. This has been given with great advantage in convulfive affeflions and epilepfis: out of 14 epileptic patients 8 were en¬ tirely cured by it at Stockholm. The dofe from 2 to 16 grains a day. The feeds or leaves given internally bring on delirium, tremors, fwelling, itching, eruption, and inflammation on the fkinj thefe effeffs were produ¬ ced by a dofe of a drachm and a half in a girl nine years old. Cows, goats, flieep, and horfes, refufe it. 378. Hyoscyamus, or Henbane. Eight fpecies j viz. * niger, reticulatus, albus, au¬ reus, muticus, pufillus, phyfaloides, fcopolia. S. Eu¬ rope, Siberia, Perfia. * H. leaves embracing the ftem, indented flowers &t-niger. t ting.— The feeds, the leaves, and the roots taken in- . ternally are reputed poifonous 5 and well-attefted in- ftances of their bad effe&s are recorded : madnefs, con- vulfion, and death, are the general confequences. But Dr Smith fays, he has often eaten the feeds with impu¬ nity. It is faid that the leaves fcattered about a houfe will drive away mice. The Edinburgh college order the exprefled juice of the plant to be evaporated to an extract : and perhaps in this Hate it may be advan- tageoufly joined with opium, where the effe£b of that medicine are defirable, and coftivenefs is to be avoided. There is no doubt of its being an ufeful medicine under proper management. The dofe is from half a fcruple to half a drachm. Goats are not fond of it ; horfes, cows, fheep, and fwine refufe it j (beep are, however, faid fometimes to eat it when young : Chryfomela hy- ofcyami and the cimex hyofcyami are found upon it. 379. Nicotiana, or Tobacco. Seven fpecies; viz. tabaccum, fruticofa, * ruftica, paniculata, urens, glutinofa, pufiila. America, China. The fpecies called N. tabaccum was firft brought in¬ to Europe about the year 1560 from the ifland of To¬ bago in America; and is now fometiaaes cultivated for medicinal ufes in our gardens, but in general imported from America in large quantities. The leaves are about two feet long, of a pale green colour while frefti, and when carefully dried of a lively yellowilhcaft. They have a ftrong difagreeable finell, like that of the narco¬ tic plants, and a very acrid burning tafte. Taken in¬ ternally, they prove virulently cathartic and emetic, occafioning almoft intolerable cardialgic anxieties. By boiling water their virulence is abated, and at length deftroyed : an extraft made by long co&ion is recom¬ mended by Stahl and other German phyficians, as a fafe and moft effe&ual aperient, expeflorant, detergent, &c. ; but this medicine, which is extremely precarious and uncertain in ftrength, has never come into efteem among us. Of late, however, tobacco, under the form of a vinous or watery infufion, and taken in fuch fmall dofes as to produce little effeft from its aftion on the ftomacb, has been recommended by Dr Fowler. He found it to be a very ufeful and powerful diuretic, and publifhed many cafes of dropfy and dyfury in which its employment was attended with the beft effefts. Thefe good effects have been confirmed by the obfervation of other phyficians. Tobacco is fometimes ufed e'xternally in uaguents for deftroyingcutaneous infers, ckanfing old ulcers, &c, S Beateii 138 B O T Beaten into a mafli Avith vinegar or brandy, it has foraetimes proved ferviceable in removing hard tumours of the hypochondres. Injections by the anus of the fmoke or decoftion have been ufed with advantage in cafes of obftinate conftipation threatening ileus, of in¬ carcerated hernia, of afcarides, of fpafmodic afthma, and of perfons apparently dead from drowning or other fudden caufes. It has been ufed internally in form of fyrup, conferve, and infufion, in cafes of worms, epi- lepfy, amenorrhea, afthma, &c. } but it is certainly too active to be thus ventured on. The N. rujiica is found wild on dunghills in feveral parts of England. It is faid to be often fubftituted in the market for true tobacco, from which, however, it may be known by the leaves being much fmaller and the flowers not reddifh like thofe of the proper fort, but of a yellowifh green colour. 380. Jaborosa. Two fpecies 5 viz. integrifolia, runcinata. Monte Video, Buenos Ayres. 381. Atrofa, or Deadly Nightjhade. Seven fpecies •, viz. mandragora, * belladonna, phy- faloides, procumbens, folanacea, arborefcens, frutefcens. Europe, Peru, Lima. belladon- * A- ^em herbaceous 5 leaves egg-fhaped, entire.-— The whole of this plant is poifonous } and children, al¬ lured by the beautiful appearance of the berries, have too often experienced their fatal effe&s. I umours of the breafts, even of the cancerous kind, are faid to have been refolved by a topical application of the frefh leaves. Dr Graham fays he found great benefit from a poultice made of the roots, boiled, in milk, and applied to hard ill-conditioned tumours and ulcers : and relates a deplorable cafe in which this poultice eflfefted a per- Med. Com- fed cure. There is no doubt but their external appli- mun. vol. i. cation may be productive of good effects in feveral P'4IS>- cafes, but the following inftance fhows us that their application is dangerous when the fkin is broken : A lady who had a fmall ulcer, a little below one of her eyes, which was fuppofed to be of a cancerous nature, put a fmall bit of the green leaf upon it. In the morn¬ ing the uvea of that eye was lb affefted, that the pupil would not contrail even by the brighteft light •, whilft the other eye retained its ufual powers. The leaf be¬ ing removed, the eye was gradually reftored to its former ftate. This could not be an accidental effeft, for it was repeated three feparate times, and the fame circumflances attended each application. The juice of the ripe berries ftains paper of a beautiful and du¬ rable purple. ^ 382. PHYSALIS, or Alkekengi Winter Cherry. I*7 fpecies j viz. fomnifera, ariftata, flexuofa, arbo¬ refcens, curaffavica, tomentofa, vifcofa, pennfylvanica, alkekengi, peruviana, angulata, pubelcens, barbadenfis, chenopodifolia, minima, pruinofa, proftrata. Europe, E. and W. Indies, Carolina. 383. Solanum, or Nightjhade. 83 fpecies •, viz. laurifolium, verbafcifolium, auri- culatum, pubefcens, bombenfe, pfeudo-capficum, micro- carpum, terminale, pauciftorum, diphyllum, fugax, ge- minatum, retrofraitum, ftellatum, * dulcamara, tri¬ quetrum, fcandens, lyratum, tegore, quercifolium, la- einiaturo;radicans,havannenfe, trifle, racemofum,coryta- 4 A N Y. Pentandria, bofum, quadrangulare, repandum, bonarienfe, macro- carpon, tuberofum, pimpinellifolium, lycoperficum, pfeudo-lycoperfieum, peruvianum, montanum, rubrum, nodiflorum, * nigrum, sethiopicum, melongena, fub- inerme, longiflorum, muricatum, infanum, torvum, volubile, ferox, campechienfe, lufcatum, mammofum, hirtum, paniculatum, aculeatiflimuro, virginianum, aquini, xanthocarpum, coagulans, jamaicenfe, indi- cum, carolinenfe, finuatum, fodomeum, capenfe, mar¬ ginatum, ftramonifolium, vefpertilio, fanitum, hybri- dum, tomentofum, polygamum, bahamenfe, obfcurum, giganteum, flexuofum, lancesefolium, lanceolatum, eleagnifolium, polyacanthos, igneum, milleri, triloba- tum, lycioides. Eur. Afia, Africa, Amer. * S. Item without prickles, rather (hrub-like, zigzag : dulcamara upper leaves halberd-lhaped: flowers in tuft-like bunches. Boerhaave fays it is a medicine far fuperior to china and farfaparilla as a fvveetener and reftorative. Linnams fays, an infufion of the young twigs is an admirable medicine in acute rheumatifms, inflammations, fevers, and fuppreffion of the lochia. Dr Hill fays he has found it very efficacious in the afthma. Dr Hallen- berg advifes it in ifchiatic and rheumatic pains, jaun¬ dice, fcurvy, and lues venerea. He directs a pint of boiling water to be poured upon two drachms of the (talks diced and dried after (landing half an hour. It muft be boiled 15 minutes. The dofe is two cups full or more, morning and evening. 1 he (talks may be gathered early in fpring, or at the end of autumn. The root has the fmell of the potato. Sheep and goats eat it •, horfes, cows, and fvvine refufe it. * S. (tern without prickles, herbaceous j leaves egg-nigrum. (haped, toothed, angular, bunches nodding, pointing two ways From one to three grains of the leaves in- fufed in boiling water and taken at bed-time occafions a copious perfpiration, increafes the fecretion by the kidneys, and generally purges more or lefs.the following day. Thefe properties judicioufly applied render it capable of doing effential fervice in feveral difeafes. But its effects on the nervous fyftem are fo uncertain, and fometimes fo confiderable, that it muft ever be- adminiftered with the greateft caution. The leaves, externally applied, abate inflammation and affuage pain. The flowers fmell like mulk. Horfes, cows, goats, (Keep, and fwine refufe it. 384. Capsicum, or Guinea Pepper. Six fpecies j viz. annuum, baccatum, finenfe, groffum, frutefcens, cerafiforme. E. and W. Ind.—-The capjicum annuum is cultivated in our gardens. It ripens its feeds in September and 06tober. Thetafteof capficum is ex¬ tremely pungent and acrimonious, fetting the mouth as it were on fire. It is chiefly employed for culinary purpofes, and has long been ufed in that way j but of late it has been employed alfo in the pra&ice of medi¬ cine. And there can be little doubt that it furnilhes us with one of the pureft and ftrongeft ftimulants which can be introduced into the human ftomach, while at the fame time it has nothing of the narcotic effect of ardent fpirit. Dr Mackitrick Adair, who was perhaps the firft that employed it as a medicine, diretfs its being given to the extent of fix or eight grains under the form of pills, or under the form of timffure, by infufing half an ounce in a pound of re£li- fied fpirit, and giving this from one to three drachms, diluted. Pentandna. B O 1 diluted, for a dofe. He found it ufeful in a variety of affetfions, particularly in that morbid difpofition which he calls the cachexia africanct, and which he confiders •as a moft frequent and fatal predifpofition to difeafe among the Haves. This pepper has alfo been fuccefs- fully employed in a fpecies of cynanche maligna (pu¬ trid fore throat), which proved fatal in the W. Indies, refilling the ufe of Peruvian bark, wine, and the other remedies commonly employed. A variety of it, called in the Weft Indies bird pepper, is the bafts of a pow¬ der brought us from thence under the name of cayan pepper. 385. StRYCHNOS, or Poifon-nut. Three fpecies ; viz. nux-vomica, calubrina, potato¬ rum. E. Indies. 386. IGNATIA, or St Ignatius's Beans. One fpeeies ; viz. amara. India. 387. Cestrum. II fpecies. viz. laurifolium, noflurnum, parqui, auriculatum, fcandens, vefpertinum, diurnum, venena- tum, tomentofum, hirtum, latifolium. Weft Indies, Peru. 388. Lycium, or Box-thorn. II fpecies j viz. afrum, rigidum, ruthenicum, te- trandrum, barbarum, cinereum, europaeum, horridum, barbatum, boerhaaviaefolium, capfulare. Europe, Alia, Africa, America. 389. Serissa. One fpecies $ viz. foetida. 390. Cryptostomum. One fpecies j viz. laurifolium. Guiana. 391. Ardisia, or Aderno. Nine fpecies $ viz. tinifolia, coriacea, ferrulata, acu¬ minata, humilis, folanacea, lateriflora, excelfa, parali¬ tica. Madeira, Ceylon, W. Indies. 392. Jaquinia. Five fpecies $ viz. arborea, armillaris, venofa, rufci- folia, linearis. W. Indies, S. America. 393. Bassovia. One fpecies j viz. fylvatica. Guiana. 394. Chironia. 16 fpecies ; viz. trinervia, jafminoides, lychnoides, nudicaulis, campanulata, angularis, * pulchella, chi- lenfis, * centaurium, inaperta, maritima, fpicata, linoi- des, baccifera, frutefcens, tetragona. Ceylon, Cape, N. America. fentauri- * C. herbaceous ; leaves fpear-fhaped ; calyx Ihorter im. than the tube of the bloflbm.~This plant is extremely bitter. It is the bafts of the famous Portland powder, which prevent fits of the gout, when taken in a large quantity, and a long time together j but brings on hardnefs of the liver, palfy, and apoplexy. A tindlure of the leaves, and the upper part of the root, is a good medicine in weak ftomachs and cachedHc habits. A decodftion of the whole plant deftroys lice, and cures the itch. Cows are not fond of it, and in flieep-pafture it is frequently left untouched. 395. LlTA. Two fpecies j viz. rolea, cosrulea, 396. CorDIA, or Sebejlen Plum. 18 fpecies •, viz. myxa, obliqua, monoica fpinefcens, febeftena, afpera, dichotoma, gerafchanthus, flavefcens, ANY. 139 toquere, macrophylla, mieranthus, elliptica, colococca, hirfuta, tetrandra, patagonula, tetraphylla. Guiana. 397. Ehretia, os Bafe Cherry-tree. Nine fpecies; viz. tinifolia, afpera, laevis, internodis, fpinofa, beurreria, virgata, exfucca, buxifolia. W. In¬ dies, S. America. 398. Varronia. Nine fpecies j viz. lineata, bullala, mirabiloides, martinicenfis, globofa, curaffavica, anguftifolia, alba, monofperma. W. Indies, S. America. 399. Laugeria. Five fpecies ; viz. odorata, luctda, curiacea, reftnofa, tomentofa. W. Indies, S. America. 400. Chrysanthemum, or Star-apple. Seven fpecies $ viz. cainito, monopyrenum, micro- carpum, argenteum, rugofum, pyriforme, glabrum. W. Indies, S. America. 401. Bumelia. 12 fpecies •, viz. nigra, pallida, tenax, retufa, foeti- diffima, falicifolia, manglillo, montana, nervofa, penta- gona, rotundifolia, cuneata. W. Indies. 402. TecTONA, or Indian Oak, or Teak-wood. One fpecies ; viz. grandis.—The teak-wood is ex¬ tremely valuable for ftiip-building, on account of its refifting in the Indian feas the worms which fo fpeedily deftroy oak and all other forts of timber. That which is ufed at Calcutta is chiefly or rather entirely imported from Rangoon, a port belonging to the Birman empire in the eaftern peninfula of India. See Asia, N° ig6. 403. Sideroxylon, or Iron-wood. Nine fpecies j viz. mite, inerme, melanopheum, cy- molum, fericeum, argenteum, tomentofum, lycioides, decandrum. Morocco, Cape, N. America. 404. SCHREBERA. One fpecies ; viz. albens. C. of G. Hope. 405. RhamnuS, or Buck-thorn. 32 fpecies $ viz. * catharticus, infe&orius, lyci¬ oides, erythroxylon, eleoides, cr'enulatus, faxatilis, theezans, farcomphalus, ferreus, laevigatus, tetragonus, polifolius, valentinus, cubenfis, colubrinus, dauricus, alpinus, pumilus, * frangula, latifolius, glandulofus, ellipticus, prinoides, myftacinus, almifolius, fpbmrofper- mus, hybridus, alaternus, carpinifolius, capenfis, cir- cumfciffus. Europe, E. and W. Indies, Africa, N. America. ’* R. thorns terminating : flowers 3-cleft $ male andcathartU female on different plants : leaves egg-fhaped ; ftem cus% upright.—A purgative fyrup prepared from the berries of this plant is kept in the (hops. About an ounce of it is a moderate dofe $ but it generally occafions fo much ficknefs and griping that it is falling into difufe. The flelh of birds that feed upon the berries is faid to be purgative. The juice of the unripe berries is of the colour of faffron, and is ufed for flaming maps or paper. Thefe are fold under the name of French ber¬ ries. The juice of the ripe berries mixed with alum, is the fap-green of the paintets: but if they are ga¬ thered late in the autumn the juice is purple. The bark affords a beautiful yellow dye. Goats, ftieep, and horfes eat it : cows refufe it. * R. without thorns: flowers hermaphrodite, w Ith 1 frangula. piftil; leaves very entire.—It is faid, that from a S 2 quarter 140 BOTANY. Pentandria, quarter to half an ounce of the inner bark of this plant boiled in fmall beer, is a (harp purge. In dropfies or conftipations of the bowels of cattle, it is a very cer¬ tain purgative. The berries gathered before they are rioe, dye wool green. The bark dyes yellow, and with preparation of iron black. Charcoal prepared from the wood is preferred by the makers of gun¬ powder. The flowers are particularly grateful to bees: goats devour the leaves voracioufly, and fheep will eat them. The papilio rhamni and argus live upon both the fpecies. 406. ZlZYPHUS. Ten fpecies j viz. lineatus, volubilis, paliurus, lotus, napeca, jujuba, xylopyrus, oenoplia, vulgaris, fpina chrifti. 407. Ventilago. Gne fpeci^s $ viz. maderafpatana. 408. Corymbium. Four fpecies j viz. fcabrium, filiforme, glabrum, vil- lofum. C. of G. Hope. 409. Phylica, av Bafe Alaternus. 19 fpecies j viz. ericoides, lanceolata, bicolor, capi- tata, eriophoros, plumofa, villofa, imberbis, ftipularis, pinifolia, cordata, dioica, buxifolia,. fpicata, callofa, paniculata, imbricata, racemofa, parviflora. C. of G. Hope. 410. Carpodetus. One fpecies } viz. ferratus. South fea iiles. 411. COLLETIA. One fpecies ■, viz. horrida. Brazil, Peru. 412. Ceanothus, or New-Jerfeij Tea. Five fpecies j viz. americanus, macrocarpus, tffiati- eus, africanus, capfularis. N. America, Cape, Ceylon. 413. SCOPOLIA. Two fpecies j viz. aculeata, inermis. South fea ifles.. 414. Ruyschia. Two fpecies 5 viz. clufiaefolia, furubea. W. Indies, Guiana. 4x5. Arduina, or Cape Buckthorn. One fpecies 5 viz. bifpinofa. C. of G. Hope. 416. Camax. One fpecies $ viz. fraxinea. Guiana. 417. Buttneria. Seven fpecies j viz. fcabra, tereticaulis, microphylla, ovata, cordata, herbacea, catalpaefolia. S. America. 418. Ayenia. Four fpecies j viz. pufilla, laevigata, tomentofa, mag- na. Jamaica, Cumana, Peru. 419, Glut a. One fpecies j viz. benghas. Java. . 420. POLYCARDIA. One fpecies 5 viz. madagafcarenfis. Madagafcar^ 421. Myrsine, or African Box-tree. Two fpecies ; viz. africana, retufa. Azores, Africa. 422. Bladhia. Four fpecies j viz. japonica, glabra, villofa, crifpa. Japan. 423. Celastrus, or Staff-tree. 3 2 fpecies j viz. lucidus, microphyllus, bullatus, lau- rinus, roftratus, undulatus, o&ogonus, filiformis, fcan- dens, paniculatus, procumbens, acuminatus, cafiinoides, ftriatus, ceruis, undatus, edulis, crenatus, dilatatus, myr- tifolius, maytenus, tetragonus, articulatus, alatus, line¬ aris, integrifolius, emarginatus, phyllacanthus, buxifo- lius, pyracanthus, rotundifolius, parviflorus. Amer. Cape, ifle of Bourbon, Japan. 424. Evonymus. Seven fpecies; viz. tobira, japonicus, * europaeus, verrucofus, latifolius, atro-purpureus, americanus. * E. flowers moftly 4-cleft; leaves fitting.—The ber- curopctui ries vomit and purge violently. They are fatal to (beep. Powdered, and fprinkled upon the hair, they deftroy lice. If the wood is cut when the plant is in bloffom, it is tough, and not eafily broken ; and in that (late is ufed by watch-makers, for cleaning watches, and to make fkewers and toothpicks. Goats and ftreep eat it; horfes refufe it; cows are fo fond of the (hoots in the fpring as conftantly to break down the banks of th& fields wherever a plant of it (lands. 425. Pilocarpus. One fpecies ; viz. racemofus. 426. Diosma, or African Spiraea. 30 fpecies ; viz. oppofitifolia, obtufata, linearis, vir- gata, alba, hirfuta, rubra, pedlinata, ericoides, hifpida, ciliata, bifurca, bifida, capitata, villofa, cupreflina, im¬ bricata, marginata, lanceolata, pubefeens, latifolia, cre- nata, tetragona, uniflora, rugofa, ovata, barbigera, pul-- chella, betulina, orbicularis. Cfcof G. Hope. 427. Hovenia. One fpecies ; viz. dulcis. Japan. 428. Brunia. Eight fpecies ; viz. nodiflora, paleacea, lanuginofa, verticillata, abrotanoides, fuperba, fragarioides, ciliata; C. of G. Hope. 429. Staaria, Two fpecies ; viz. radiata, glutinofa. 430. Walkera. One fpecies ; viz. ferrata. India. 431. PlTTOSPORUM. One fpecies; viz. coriaceum. Madeira, Canary ifles. 432. Barberia. One fpecies ; viz. theabromsefolia. Guiana. 433; JTEA- Two fpecies ; viz. virginica, cyrilla. N. America. 434* Galax. One fpecies; viz. aphylla. Virginia. 435. Humboldtia. One fpecies ; viz. laurifolia. 436. Cedrela, or Barbadoes Bafe Cedar. One fpecies ; viz. odorata. Weft Indies. 437. Calodendrum. One fpecies ; viz. capenfe. C. of G. Hope. 438. ELiEODENDRUM. Two fpecies ; viz. orientale, argan. Cape, ifle of Mauritius. 439. Escalonia. Two fpecies; viz. myrtilloides, ferrata. S. Ame¬ rica. 440i • Pentandria. B O T A N Y. 440. Bii-lardiera, One fpecies j viz. feandens. 441. Makgifera, or Mango-tree. Three fpecies *, viz. indica, laxidora, axillaris. E. Indies. 442. Hirtella. Three fpecies j viz. americana, triandra, paniculata. W. Indies, Cayenne. 443. Strumpfia. One fpecies j viz. maritima. America. 444. Plectronia. One fpecies j viz. ventofa. C. of G. Hope. 445. Ribes, or Currant and Goofeberry. 16 fpecies j viz. rubrum, petraeum, procumbens, glandulofum, alpinum, fragrans, trifle, nigrum, flori- dum, diacantha, faxatile, reclinatum, groffularia, uva crifpa, oxyacanthoides, cynofbati. Eur. N. Amer. 446. Viola, or Violet. 39 fpecies j viz. palmata, pedata, pinnata, fagittata, lanceolata, obliqua, cucullata, primulifolia, *hirta, ma- gellanica, paluftris, *odorata, *canina, montana, num- mularifolia, cenifia, canadenfis, llriata, pubefcens, mi- rabilis, biflora, uniflora, decumbens, ^tricolor, gran- diflora, zoyfii, calcarata, cornuta, capenfis, arborefcens, Ripularis, parviflora, enneafperma, fuffruticofa, calceo¬ laria, oppofitifolia, hybanthus, ipecacuanha, diandra. Alps, Pyren. Cape, America. odorata. * V. leaves heart fhaped j fuckers creeping.—The flowers and feeds of this plant are faid to be mild laxa¬ tives. The powdered root, in dofes from 40 to 80 grains, vomits and purges. The petals give the colour to the fyrup of violets, for which purpofe they are cul¬ tivated in large quantities at Stratford-upon-Avon. This fyrup is very ufeful in many chemical inquiries, to deleft an acid or an alkali, the former changing the blue colour to a red, and the latter to a green. Slips of white paper ftained with the juice of the petals, and kept from the air and light, anfwer the fame purpofe. tricolor. * V. ftem branched j leaves egg-fhaped, toothed j cal. fmooth, but half the fize of the bloiTom.—Some allege that it infallibly cures the fcabby complaints in young children, called crujla laElea. Boil a handful of the frelh, or half a dozen of the dried leaves, in half a pint of milk, and give this milk morning and evening, for fome weeks. 447. Impatiens, or Ba/fam balfamine. 12 fpecies: viz. bifida, chinenfis, latifolia, capenfis, oppofitifolia, fafciculata, cornuta, balfamina, biflora, tri¬ flora, natans, *nolitangere. Europe, N. America, E. Indies, China. nolitan- * I. fruitftalks many-flowered, folitary j leaves egg-fha- gere. ped 5 ftem fwoln at the joints.—The whole of this plant is confiderably acrid. Goats eat it. Horfes, cows, and fheep refufe it. The fphinx elpenor lives upon it. 448. Gronovia. One fpecies ; viz. fcandens. Jamaica, Vera Cruz. 449! Leea. Three fpecies j viz. fambucina, aequata, crifpa. Cape, E. Indies. 450. Argophyllum. One fpecies'} viz. nitidum. New Caledonia, I4I 451. Corynocarfus. One fpecies } viz. laevigata. New Zealand. 452. Heidera, or Ivy. Four fpecies} viz. *helix, pendula, mutans, terebin- thinacea. Europe, N. Amer. Jam. * H. leaves fome egg-fhaped, others-lobed.—The roots'^*’* are ufed by leather-cutters to whet their knives upon. Its evergreen leaves adorn our walls, and cover the na¬ ked trunks of trees. Apricots and peaches covered with ivy during the month of February, have been ob- ferved to bear fruit plentifully. The leaves have a naufeous tafte. Some fay they are given in Germany as a fpecific in the atrophy of children. The common people apply them to iffues. The berries have a little acidity. They purge and vomit. In warm climates a refinous juice exudes from the ftalks. Horfes and fheep eat it. Goats and cows refufe it. Sheep are fond of it, and in fevere weather it is dripped off the trees as food. 453. Vitis, or Vine. 12 fpecies; viz. vinifera, palmata, indica, flexuofa, labrufca, vulpina, heterophylla, laciniofa, hederacea, heptaphylla, pinnata, arborea. Temperate parts of the world. V. with leaves galhed, indented, naked.—The leaves of this fpecies, which is the proper vine tree, were for¬ merly celebrated as aftringents, but have for a long • time been entirely difregarded } their tafte is herba¬ ceous with only a flight degree of roughnefs. The trunk of the tree wounded in the fpring produces a limpid wa¬ tery juice ; this, called the tear of the vine, has been ac¬ counted excellent for fore eyes, and by fome recommend¬ ed alfo in ardent and malignant fevers, and as a diuretic. The flowers have a pleafant fmell, which water elevates from them in diftillation ; along with the water a fmall portion of an elegant eflential oil is faid to arife, pof- fefling in great perfeftion the fragrance of the flowers. The unripe fruit is of a very harfti, rough, four tafte; its expreffed juice, called verjuice, was in great efteem among the ancients, and ftill continues fo in fome places, as a cooling aftringent medicine; a rob and a fyrup were formerly prepared from it. The ripe fruit or grapes, of which there are many kinds, properly cured and dried, are the raifins of the fhops. The juice by fermentation affords wine, vinegar, and tartar, of which mention will be made under their proper heads. 454. Euparea. One fpecies ; viz. amcena. New Holland. 455. iEGICERAS, Two fpecies ; viz. majus, minus. 456. Lagoecia, or Wild Cumin. One fpecies ; viz. cuminoides. Crete, Levant. 457. Roridula. One fpecies ; viz. dentata. C. of G. Hope. 458. Sauvagesia. One fpecies ; viz. erefta. Jamaica, St Domingo, Surinam. 4.59. Claytonia. Three fpecies ; viz. virginica, fibirica, Siberia, N. Amer.. perfoliata. 460,. 142 EOT 460. Heliconia, or Bafe or Wild Plantam. ' Five fpecies j viz. caribsea, behai, humilrs, pfitta- corum, hirfuta. Cape, W. Indies. 461. Strelitzia. Two fpecies viz. reginae, angufta. C. of G. Hope. 462. Achyranthes. 16 fpecies y viz. argentea, afpera, lappacea, ecbina- ta, muricata, patula, proftata, farmentofa, alternifolia, polygonoides, altiflima, nivea, llellata, corymbofa, te- nuifolia, dichotoma, S. Eur. E. and W. Indies. 463. Celosia, or Cock's Comb, 18 fpecies-, viz. argentea, albida, margaritacea, crif- tata, comofa, paniculata, nitida, coccinea, caftrenfis, nionfonise, corymbofa, caudata, trigyna, virgata, poly¬ gonoides, baccata, gnaphaloides, nodiflora. China, E. and W. Indies, Senegal. 464. Chenolea. One fpecies y viz. diffufa. 465. Illecebrum, or Mountain Knot-grafs. 19 fpecies y viz. brachiatum, fanguinolentum, lana- tum, javanicum, * verticillatum, ariftatura, canarienfe, cymofum, paronychia, capitatum, divaricatum, ben- ghalenfe, arabicum, achyrantha, frutefcens, polygonoi¬ des, ficoideum, feflile, alflnefolium. S. Europe, Eaft Indies, S. America. 466. Glaux, or Sea Milk-wort, One fpecies y viz. * maritima. Europe. 467. Plocama. One fpecies ; viz. pendula. Canary ifles. 468. Hedycrea. One fpecies ; viz. incana. Guiana. 469. Thesium, or Bafe Toad-fax. 19 fpecies y viz. * linophyllum, alpinum, humile, lineatum, fquarrofum, frifea, funale, fpicatum, capita¬ tum, ftriftum, umbellatum, fragile, fcabrum, panicula- tum, amplexicaule, triflorum, euphorbioides, colpoon, fpinofum. Alps of Europe, Cape, N. Amer. 47°. Q^uinchamala. One fpecies ; viz. chilenfis. Chili. 471. RauWolfia. Four fpecies ; viz. nitida, glabra, canefcens* tomen- tofa. W. Indies. S. America. 472. P-EDERIA. Two fpecies ; viz. foetida, fragrans. India. 473. Carissa. Five fpecies; viz. carandas, fpinarum, edulis, iner- mis, mitis. India, Arabia. 474. Gynopogon. Three fpecies 5 viz. flellatum, alyxia, fcandens. South fea ifles. 475. Cerbera. Five fpecies y viz. ahovai, ov^ata, parviflora, manghas, thevetia. S. Amer. 476. Webera. Three fpecies y viz. corymbofa, cymofa, tetrandra. 477. Gardenia, or Cape Jejfamine. 17 fpecies 5 viz. radicans, florida, thunbergia, lati- A N Y. Pentandrii folia, clufiaefolia, gummifera, muffeada, genipa, roth- mannia, uliginofa, armata, fpinofa, dumetorum, randia, micranthus, fcandens, multiflora. Cape, E. and W. Indies, Japan. 478. WlLLUGHBEJA. Two fpecies y viz. acieca, fcandens. Guiana. 479. Allamanda. One fpecies y viz. cathartica. Surinam, Cayenne. 480. Unica, or Periwinkle. Five fpecies y viz. * minor, * major, lutea, rofea, parviflora. Ger. Fr. Sp. E. Indies, N. Amer. * U. ftems trailing y leaves fpear-egg fliaped y flowers tk;W. on fruitftalks.—The fruit of this plant feldora comes to maturity. It may, however, be eafily obtained by- planting the U. major in a pot, where the roots not having free room to extend themfelves, the juices are more copioufly propelled toivards the piftil, which then expands into well-formed feed-vefftls. 481. Nerium, or Oleander, or Rofe Bay. Eight fpecies y viz. oleander, odorum, falicinum, obefum, zeylanicum, divaricatum, antidyfentericum, coronarium. S. Europe, E. Indies. 482. Echites, or Savanna-flower. 22 fpecies y viz. biflora, quinquangularis, annularis, tomentofa, fuberefta, domingenfis, agglutinata, afpe- ruginis, torulofa, umbellata, circinalis, floribunda, tri- fida, repens, corymbofa, coftata, fpicata, fiphilitica, can- data, fcholaris, fucculenta, bifpinofa. W. Indies, Su¬ rinam, Carolina, Cape. 483. Plumiria, or Red Jejfamine. Four fpecies y viz. rubra, alba, obtufa, pudica. W. Indies, S. America. 484. Cameraria. Four fpecies y viz. latifolia, zeylanica, lutea, anguf- tifolia. W. Indies, S. America. 485. Taberejemontana, 12 fpecies y viz. citrifolia, laurifolia, echinata, gran- diflora, cymofa. amygdalifolia, difcolor, perficariiefo- iia, elliptica, alternifolia, amfonia, anguftifolia. Eaft and Weft Indies, N. America, Japan. Order II. DIGYNIA. 486. Pergularia. Five fpecies y viz. glabra, edulis, tomentofa, purpu¬ rea, japonica. India, Japan. 487. Periploca, or Virginian Silk. 11 fpecies y viz, graeca, fecamone, Imvigata, anguf¬ tifolia, efculenta, emetica, indica, capfularis, africana, tunicata, fylveftris. Syria, Cape, India. 488. CyNANCHUm, or Bafe Dogs-bane. 25 fpecies y viz. viminale, filiforme, crifpum, tenel- lum, obtufifolium, capenfe, acutum, planiflorum, rof- tratum, grandiflorum, nigrum, racemofum, mariti- mum, fuberofum, carolinenfe, obliquum, hirtum, crifpi- florum, proftratum, monfpeliacum, extenfum, reticula- tum, undu’atum, parviflorum, eredflum. S. Europe, Cape, E. Indies, America. 489. AfocYNEM, or Dogs-bane. 14 fpf ciesy viz. filiforme, haftatum, an drofe mi fo¬ lium, ’entanclria, lium, cannabinum, hypertcifoliura, venetum, frutefcens, paniculatum, umbellatum, reticulatum, cordatum, lan- ceolatum, trifloram, Hneare. Am.ifles, Adriatic, India. 490. Asclepias, or Swallow-wort. 41 fpecits $ viz. aphylla, undulata, crifpa, pubefcens, jnucronata, procera, gigantea, grandiflora, carnofa, fyriaca, amoena, purpurafcens, variegata, curaffavi- ca, nivea, lanifldra, parviflora, incarnata, pulchra, critifolia, decumbens, laftifera, vincetoxicura, ni¬ gra, foetida, convolvulacea, volubilis, alexiaca, afth- matica, viminalis, arborefcens, fruticofa, fibirica, da- vurica, fetofa, filiformis, verticillata, mexicana, li- naria, rubra, tuberofa. Europe, Africa, Eaft Indies, America. 491. Hostea.- One fpecies ) viz. viridiflora. 492. Melodinus. One fpecies ; viz. fcandens. New Caledonia. 493. Cyropegia. Eight fpecies } viz. candelabrum, tuberofa, bulbofa, biflora, juncea, acuminata, fagittata, tenuiflora. Cape, Ceylon, Malabar. 474. Stapelia, or African Swallow-wort. 49 fpecies; viz. ciliata, revoluta, hirfuta, fororia, grandiflora, ambigua, pulvinata, afterias, gemmiflora, divaricata, rufa, acuminata, reclinata, elegans, caefpito- fa, arida, parviflora, fubulata, concinna, glandulifera, pedunculate, aperta, gordoni, pilifera, candata, articu¬ late, mammillaris, pruinofa, ramofa, pulla, adfcendens, quadrangula, incarnata, pun£lata, geminata, decora, pulchella, vetula, verrucofa, irrorata, mixta, variegata, campanulata, barbata, yenufta, guttata, humilis, reticu¬ lata, clarata. C. of G. Hope. 495. Lincokia. One fpeeies ; viz. alopecuroidea. C. of G. Hope. 496. Herniaria, or Rupture-wort. Six fpecies j viz. * glabra, * birfuta, alpina, fruticofa, lenticulata, polygonoides. Germany, Spain, Italy, Chili. *lubra. * H. Plant fmooth.—This plant is a little faltifh, and aftringent. It is faid to increafe the fecretions by the kidneys, and that the juice takes away fpecks in the eye 5 but, to the virtue for which it has been moft celebrated, that of curing ruptures it has no title. Cows, fheep, and horfes eat it. Goats and fwine re- fufe it. 497. Chenopodium, or Goofefoot, or Wild Orache. 26 fpecies j viz. * bonus henricus, mucronatum, triandrum,,* urbicum, atriplicis, * rubrum, guineenfe, * murale, quinoa, ferotinum, * album, * viride, * hy- bridum, botrys, ambrofioides, multifidum, anthelminti- cum, * glaucum, * vulvaria, * polyfpermum, caudatum, laterale, fcoparia, * maritimum, oppofitifolium, arifta- tum. Europe, China, America. •onus * C. Leaves triangular, arrow-flraped, very entire j *ienricus. fpikes compound, leafllefs, axillary.—This plant is faid to be cultivated as fpinage by the poor people at Bolton in Lincolnlhire. The young (hoots, peeled and boiled, may be eaten as afparagus, which they refemble in fla¬ vour. They are gently laxative. The leaves are of¬ ten boiled in broth. The roots are given to flieep that 143 have a cough. Goats and (Keep are not fond of it. Cows, horfes, and fwine, refufe it. * C. leaves diamond triangular, gnawed, entire behind, album. the uppermolt oblong; bunches upright.—Cows, goats, and fheep eat it. Horfes refufe it. Swine are extreme¬ ly fond of it. A black aphis feeds upon it, and fome- times deflroys it. * C. leaves awl-lhaped, femi-cylindrical.—It is an ex- manti- ceilent pot-herb. The phalwna lubricipcda feeds upon mum. mofl: of the fpecies. C. with leaves oblong indented; branches naked, many-cleft. Called Jerufalem oak.—It is cultivated in gardens. It has a ftrong, not difagreeable fmell, and a warm, fomewhat pungent tafte. It is recommended as a carminative pedloral, and it has alfo been recom¬ mended as an emmenagogue. Infufions of the leaves and feed may be drank as tea ; and in this form it has been recommended in cafes of chronic catarrh. But the proper menftruum, both for the leaves and feed, is re&ified fpirit. * C. with entire, diamond-fhaped, oval leaves, with vulvaria. flowers incorporated at the bofom of the leaves. Stink¬ ing orach. It is a low plant, fprinkled all over with a kind of whitifh clammy meal; it grows about dung¬ hills and wafte places. The leaves have a ftrong fetid fmell, with which the hand, by a light touch, becomes fo impregnated, as not to be eafily freed from it. Its fmell has gained it the charafler of an excellent anti- hyfteric ; and this is the only ufe it is applied to.—- Tournefort recommends a fpirituous tindlure, others a deco&ion in water, and others a conferve of the leaves, as of wonderful efficacy in uterine diforders ; but in the prefent pradiice it is little employed. 498. Beta, or Beet. Four fpecies ; viz. vulgaris, patula, cicla, mariti- ma. France, Portugal, Madeira.—The beta vulgaris has of late attracted much notice on the continent, » from the difcovery of M. Achard of Berlin, that fu- gar may be extradled from it in large quantities with - profit. See Sugar. 499. Microtea. One fpecies ; viz. debilis. 500. Salsola, or Glafs-wort. 25 fpecies ; viz. * kali, tragus, rofacea, foda, fati- va, fpicata, altiflima, trigyna, falfa, nudiflora, flavef- cens, hirfuta, laniflora, hyffopifolia, polyclonos, proftra- ta, monandra, vermiculata, arbufcula, aphylla, arbo¬ refcens, * fruticofa, indica, fedoides, muricata. Europe, Egypt, Cape, Afia, Carnatic. 501. Anabasis, or Berry-bearing Glafs-wort. Five fpecies ; viz. aphylla, cretacea, foliofa, fpino- fiflima, tamarifcifolia. Spain, Cafpian fea, Egypt. 502. Cressa. Two fpecies ; viz. cretica, indica. Crete, Arabia. 503. Gomphrena, or Globe Amaranth. Ten fpecies ; viz. globofa, perennis, hifpida, anguf- tifolia, vermicularis, brafilienfis, ferrata, interrupta, flava, arborefcens. India, S. Amer. New Gran. 504. Bosea, or Golden-rod Tree. One fpecies; viz. yervamora. Canary ifles. 505. Ulmus, or Elm-tree. Seven fpecies j viz. * campeftris, fuberofa, effufa, americana, BOTANY. 144 . B . 0 T - americana, nemoralis, pmxiila, integrifolia. N. Eu- < rope, N. America. xampejlris, * U. leaves doubly ferrated, unequal at the bafe $ flowers almoft fitting, coronated together.—A decoc¬ tion of the inner bark, drank freely, has been known to carry off the water in dropfies. It cures the lepra ilihyojis of Sauvages. The bark dried and ground to powder has been mixed with meal in Norway, to make bread in times of fcarcity. The flowers have a violet fmell. The wood, being hard and tough, is ufed to make axle-trees, mill-wheels, heels of boots, chairs, and coffins. The tree is beautiful, and well adapted to make fliady walks, as it does not deftroy the grafs ; and its leaves are acceptable to cows, horfes, goats, flieep, and fwine *, for this purpofe, it Ihould be grafted upon the U. glabra, and then the roots will not fend out fuckers, which the common elm is very apt to do, and give a great deal of trouble to keep the ground clear of them. It loves an open fituation, and black or clayey foil. It bears to be tranfplanted. Papilio pohjchloros and C. album, phaleena lubricipeda, pavonia beiularia et veil tea, cimex ulmi et Jlriatur, cicada utmi, aphis ulmi, feed upon it. The latter generally curl the leaves fo as to make them a fecure {belter againft the weather. Silk worms will devour the ten¬ der leaves with great avidity. 506. Nama. One fpecies j viz. jamaicenfls. Jamaica. 507. Hydrolea. Three fpecies j viz. fpinofa, trigynia, zeylanica. E. and W. Indies, America. 508. Rochefortia. Two fpecies j viz. cuneata, ovata. Arabia. 509. Heuchera, or Virginian Sanicle. One fpecies j viz. americana. Virginia. 510. Velegia. One fpecies ; viz. rigida. Spain. 511. SwERTIA, or Marjh-Gentian. Six fpecies ; viz. * perennis, difformis, decumbens, corniculata, dichotoma, tetrapetala. Siberia, Auftria, Virginia, Canada. 512. Gentiana, or Gentian. 56 fpecies 5 viz. * lutea, purpurea, pannonica, punc¬ tata, campanulata, feptemfida, afclepiadea, montana, cruciata, macrophylla, adfcendens, # pneumonanthe, triflora, frigida, algida, faxofa, faponaria, ochroleuca, villofa, linearis, quinqueflora, aurea, glauca, exaltata, acaulis, altaica, pyrenaica, verna, utriculofa, bavarica, imbricata, proftrata, * nivalis, pumila, aquatica, fcil- loides, uniflora, germanica, * amarella, obtufifolia, uli- ginofa, pratenfis, * campeftris, auriculata, tenella, gla- eialis, dichotoma, nana, carinthiaca, fulcata, rotata, ciliata, crinita, barbata, dentofa, ferrata.—The gen- tiana lutea is faid to be found wild in fome parts of England; but the dried roots are moft commonly brought from Germany. They are much ufed in me¬ dicine. They ftiould be chofen frefti, and of a yellow or bright colour within. This root is a ftrong bitter, and as fuch very frequently made ufe of in pra&ice : in tafte it is lefs exceptionable than irfoft other bitters. Infufions of it, flavoured with orange-peel, are fuffl- xdently grateful. It is the capital ingredient in the 3 V N Y. Pentandria bitter wine, tin&ure, and infufion of the druggifts. An extract from it is likewife prepared. This ufeful bitter is not ufed as a powder, as it lofes confiderably by the drying, which is requifite for giving it that form. As a very trifling quantity of it gives tafte to a large quantity of water, it is faid to be fometimes fraudulently ufed in malt liquors, to fave the more ex penfive ingredient of hops. 513. Dichondra. Two fpecies j viz. repens, fericea. Jamaica, South fea ifles. 514. Vahlia. One fpecies j viz. capenfis. C. of G. Hope. 515. Bumalda. One fpecies j viz. trifolia. Japan. 516. Phyllis, or Bafe Hares-ear. One fpecies ; viz. nobla. Canary ifles. 517. Cussonia. Two fpecies j viz. thyrfiflora, Ipicata. C. of G. Hope. 518. Eryngium, or Sea-holly. 11 fpecies ; viz. foetidum, aquaticum, planum, pu- fillum, tricufpidatum, * maritimum, * campeftre, ame- thyftinum, triquetrum, alpinum, bourgati. Europe, N. America, W. Indies. * E. root leaves roundifti, plaited, thorny j flowering heads on fruitftalks ; chaff 3-pointed.—The leaves arewaffA fweetiftq with a light aromatic warmth and pungency. The roots are fuppofed to have the fame aphrodifiac virtues as the orchis tribe. They are kept in the {hops, candied. 519. HydrocotylE, or Water Navel-wort. 18 fpecies j viz. * vulgaris, umbellata, bonarienfis, americana, hirfuta, mofchata, afiatica, eredla, villofa, glabrata, fpananthe, ranunculoides, faniculaefolia, fo- landra, tridentata, chinenfis, linifolia, virgata. Eur. N. America, India. 520. Azorella. Two fpecies j viz. filamentofa, cefpitofa. 521. Sanicula, or Sanicle. Three fpecies; viz. * europaea, canadenfis, mari- landica. Europe, N. America. 522. Astrantia, or Black Mafer-wort. Five fpecies j viz. epipa&is, major, carniolica, mi¬ nor, ciliaris. Alps of Europe. 323. Bupleurum, Hares-ear. 23 fpecies •, viz. * rotundifolium, ftellatum, pe- troeum, graminifolium, angulofum, pyrenaicum, lon- gifolium, falcatum, caricifolium, odontites, femicom- pofrton, ranunculoides, rigidum, * tenuiflimum, bal- denfe, gerardi, junceum, nudum, fruticofum, coriace- um, frutefeens, fpinofum, difforme. Germany, Swit¬ zerland, S. Europe. 425. Echinophora, or Prickly Parfnip. Two fpecies 5 viz. * fpinofa, tenuifolia. Apulia Med. fea-fhores. 426. Hasselquistia. Two fpecies j viz, eegyptiaca, cordata. Egypt, Le¬ vant, 527* Pentandria. macula- turn. not 527. Tordylium, ©r Hart-wort of Crete. Six fpecies ; viz. fyriacum, * officinale, peregrinum, apulum, * maximum, fiifolium. Auftria, Italy, Crete, Syria. 528. Caucalis, or Bafe BarJleij. 13 fpecies ; viz. grandiflora, *daucoides, '* latifo- lia, mauritanica, pumila, orientalis, africana, lepto- phylla, platycarpos, *arvenfis, *anthrifcus, japonica, ^nodofa. S. Europe, Egypt, India. 529. ArteDia. One fpecies $ viz. fquamata. Levant. 530. Daucus, or Carrot. Six fpecies j viz. *carota, mauritanicus, lucidus, vifnaga, gingidium, muricatus. Europe, Barb. Ca¬ rolina.—For the culture and properties of the carrot, fee Agriculture, N° 40, 341—353. 531. Ammi, or Bifijop's-weed. Four fpecies j viz. majus, copticum, glaucifoliura, daucifolium. Auftria, S. Europe, Egypt. 532. Bunium, or Pig or Earth nut. Three fpecies-, viz. *bulbocaftanumj majus, aro- maticum. Germany, France. 533. Conium, or Hemlock. Four fpecies $ viz. * raaculatum, rugofum, rigens* africanum. Europe* Cape> * C. feeds without prickles; fteiii greatly branched, fmooth, fpotted.—-The whole plant is poifonous, and many inftances are recorded of its deleterious effefts 5 but modern experience has proved it to be lefs viru¬ lent than was formerly imagined, and though it may not cure cancers, it is certainly a very ufeful medicine when properly prepared. The powder of the dried leaves is now only prefcribed. Let the leaves be gathered about the end of June when the plant is in flower. Pick off the leaves and throw away the leafftalks. Dry thefe felefted little leaves in a hot fun on a tin dropping-pan or pewter difh, before a fire. Preferve them in bags made of ftrong brown paper} or powder them, and keep the powder in glafs phials, in a drawer, or foffle- thing that will exclude the light $ for the light foon diflipates the beautiful green colour, and with its co¬ lour the medicine lofes its efficacy. From 15 to 25 grains of this powder may be taken, twice or thrice a-day. It has been found particularly ufeful in chro¬ nic rheumatifms, and alfo in many of thofe difeafes which are ufually fuppofed to arife from acrimony. This plant is recommended as well worth the medical praftitioner’s attention. 534. SELINUM, or Milk Parjley. Nine fpecies ; viz. fylveftre, *paluftre, auftriacum, fibiricum, carvifolia, chabraei, feguieri, monnieri, de* cipiens. Europe. 535. AthamaNTA, or Bafe Spignel. 11 fpecies ; viz. * libanotis, cervaria, fibirica, con- denfata, incana, oreofolinum, ficula, mathioli, creten- fis, amnia, chinenfis. Europe.—The feeds of the A. Cretenfs or Candy Carrot, are brought from the Le¬ vant. It is an umbelliferous plant which grows in the ifland of Candy and the fouth of Europe. The feeds have a warm biting tafte, and an aromatic fmell. They are faid to be diuretic, but are not at prefent regarded in medical pra&ice. VoL. IV. Part I. A N Y. r 45 536. PEUCEbANUM. 11 fpecies j viz. ^officinale, alpeftre, capillaceUm, tenuifolium, fibiricum, japonicum, *filaus, alfaticum, aureum, nodofum, geniculatum. Alps, Canaries, Ja¬ pan. * P. leaves five times divided into three *, thread-ftrap- officinale* fhaped.“The roots have a ftrong fetid fmell, and an acrid, bitterifh, unfluous tafte. Wounded in the fpring, they yield a confiderable quantity of yellow juice, which dries into a gummy refin, and retains the ftrong fcent of the root. Its virtues have not yet been afcertained with precifion. 537. Crithmum, or Samphire. Two fpecies; viz. *maritimum, latifolium. Sea fiiores Europe, Canary. * C. leaves fpear-fhaped, flelhyi—Poor people on the wan'//- fea coaft eat it as a pot-herb, and gather it for fale, itTWWAtfi being much ufed as a pickle* Sheep and cows eagerly feed, and are faid to grow fat upon it. 538. Cachrys. Seven fpecies ; viz* odontalgica, flbanotis, morifo- ni, ficula, taurica, cretica, panacisfolia. Spain, Si¬ cily* 539. Ferula, or Fennel giant. 12 fpecies ; viz. communis, fibirica, glauca, rablen- fis, tingitana, ferulago, orientalis, meoides, nodiflora* canadenfis, affafoetida, perfica. Europe, Perfia, N. A- merica. The large umbelliferous plaht, with obtufe leaflets, alternately indented, called ferula ajfnfcetida, is a na¬ tive of Perfia, and produces a valuable concrete juice. This juice exudes from wounds made in the root of the plant, liquid and white like milk. On being ex- pofed to the air it turns of a brownifh colour, and gradually acquires different degrees of confiftency. It is brought to us in large irregular maffes, compofed of various little fhining lumps or grains, which are partly of a whitilh colour, partly reddifti, and partly of a vio¬ let hue. Thefe maffes are accounted the beft, which are clear, of a pale reddifti colour, and variegated with a great number of elegant white tears. This drug has a ftrong fetid fmell, fomewhat like that of garlick. It lofes, with age, of its fmell and ftrength, a circumftance to be attended to in the ufe of it. It confifts of about one-third part of pure refin, and two thirds of gummy matter ; the former foluble in refti- fied fpirit, the latter in water. Proof fpirit diffolves almoft the whole into a turbid liquor ; the tinfture in reftified fpirit is tranfparent. Aflafcetida is the ftrongeft of the fetid gums, and of frequent ufe in hyfteric and different kinds of ner¬ vous complaints. It is likewifeof confiderable efficacy in flatulent colics, and for promoting all the fluid fe- cretions in either fex. The ancients attributed to this medicine many other virtues* which are not at prefent expe£ted from it. This gummy refin is an ingredient in the gum pills of the druggifts, fetid tin&ure, tinc¬ ture of foot, and fetid volatile fpirit. 540. I.ASERFITIUM, or Lafcr-wort. 23 fpecies ; viz. latifolium, libanotis, capenfe, trilo- bum, aquilegifolium, gallicum, anguftiflimum, formo- fum, anguftifolium, aureum, prutenicum, dauricum, filafolium, aciphylla, peucedanoides, filex, arehange- T lica3 46 B O T lica, cVnronium, lucidum, krulaceum, huTulum, fca- bram, firaplex. Europe, New Zealand. 54J. Heraclium, or Cow-parfnip. 10 fpecies 5 viz. * fphondylium, flavefcens, angufti- folium, elegans, libiricum, panacea, tuberofum, aurtria- cum, alpinum, pumilum. Siber. Auftria, Alps, Italy. fphondij- * H. leafets wing-cleft, even ; flowers radiated.—In hum, Poland and Lithuania the poor people are faid to pre¬ pare tl liquor from the leaves and feeds of this plant, which undergoes a fermentation, and is drank inftead of ale. The {talks, when peeled, are eaten by the Kamtfchatkans. The Ruflians take the leaf-ftalks of the root-leaves, peel them, and hang them in the fun to dry a little : then they tie them in little bundles, and hang them up again till they become yellow : in this ftate they put them into bags, and a mealy fub- ftance like fugar forms upon the furface of them. This they (hake off, and treat their guefts with it as a great delicacy. They likewife diftil an ardent fpirit from it. The peelings of the ftalks are acrid. The leaves are 'a favourite foo<^ of rabbits, hogs, and affes. Cows, goats, and (beep eat them 5 but horfes are not fond of them. A N Y. Pentandria, It is not naufeous, and children take it readily, if mix¬ ed with milk. In the dofes given, it neither affe&s the head, the ftomaeh, nor the bowels. 545. Sisok, or Bafe Stoneparjlcy. Eight fpecies •, viz. * amomum, * legetum, cana- denfe, ammi, * inundatum, * verticilfatum, falfum, crinitum. Europe, N. America. 546. Bubon, or Macedonian Parjley. Five fpecies ; viz. macedonicum, galbanum, Iseviga. turn, gummiferum, rigidius. Greece, Barb. Cape. 542. Ligusticum, or Lovage. 13 fpecies j viz. levifticum, * fcoticum, aquilegifo- lium, nodiflorum, peloponenfe, auflriacum, * cornu- bienfe, pyrenaeum, candicans, peregrinum, balearicum, gingidium, longifolium. Alps, Auflria, Portugal, Barbary. fcoticum * L. leaves doubly threefold.—This plant is much va¬ lued in the ifle of Skye. The root is reckoned a good carminative, and an infufion of the leaves a good purge for calves. It is, befides, ufed as food, either as a fa- lad, or boiled as greens. Horfes, ftieep, and goats eat it. Cows refufe it. 543. Angelica. Six fpecies *, viz. * archangelica, * fylveftris, razou- lii, verticillaris, atropurpurea, lucida. N. Europe, N. America. JylveJlris. * A. leafets equal, egg-fpear-fliaped, ferrated.—It is warm, acrid, bitter, and aromatic i but the fpecies cul¬ tivated in our gardens, poffefling thefe properties in a higher degree, has been long negle£ted. Papiho machaon feeds upon it. Cows, goats, and fwine eat it. Horfes refufe it.. 547. CuMlNUM, or Cummin. One fpecies : viz. cyminum. Egypt, Ethiopia.— This umbelliferous plant refembles fennel in appear¬ ance, but is much fmaller. The feeds ufed in Britain are brought chiefly from Sicily and Malta. Cummin fee-ds have a bitterifh warm tafte, accompanied with an aromatic flavour, not of the moft agreeable kind. An effen{.ial oil • is obtained from them by diftillation, in which their adtivity is concentrated j and they are not unfrequently ufed externally, giving name both to a plafler and cataplafm in medical practice. 548. Oenanthe, or Water Drop-ivort. 11 fpecies j viz. * fiftulofa, * crocata, prolifera, glo- bulofa, peucedanifolia, * pimpinelloides, inebrians, te- nuifolia, ferulacea, interrupta, exaltata. Europe, Caro¬ lina. * O. fending forth fuckers 5 ftem-leaves winged, thread-ftiaped, hollow.—Cows and horfes refufe this plant, though, from experiments made on purpofe, it does not appear to be in the leaf! degree noxious to the former. * O. all the leaves many-cleft, blunt, nearly equal.— crocato. The whole of this plant is poifonous j and Dr Pulteney remarks, that the root is the moft virulent of all the vegetable poifons that Great Britain produces : many inftances of its fatal effedls are recorded. It is faid, that an infuflon of the leaves, or three tea-fpoonfuls of the juice of the root taken every morning, effedled a cure in a very obftinate cutaneous difeafe, but not with¬ out occafioning very great difturbances in the conftitu- tion. Some fay, that the country people in Weft- moreland apply a poultice ef the herb to the ulcer which forms in the fore-part of the cleft of the hoof in horned cattle, and is called the foul. Sheep eat it. Cows and horfes refufe it. ^44. SlUM, or Water Parfnip. 18 fpecies j viz. filifolium, * latifolium, anguftifo- lium, * nodiflorum, * repens, fifarum, rigidius, japo- nicum, falcaria, paniculatum, grandiflorum, patulum, graecum, decumbens, ficulum, afperum, hifpidum, villo- fum. Europe, China, Japan, N. America. latifolium * S. leaves winged *, leafets egg-fpear-fhaped, regularly and (harply ferrated; the terminating leafet 3-cleft ; umbels terminating. Horfes and fwine eat it. Sheep are not fond of it. The roots are noxious to cattle. nodiflorum * S. leaves winged ; leafets tooth-ferrated ; umbels la¬ teral, oppofite the leaves, fitting or on fruitftalks.—It is faid, that a young lady, fix years old, was cured of an obftinate cutaneous difeafe, by taking three large fpoonfuls of the iuice twice a-day. Three or four ounces have been repeatedly given to adults, every morning, in fimilar complaints, with the greateft advantage. 549. Phellandrium. Two fpecies; viz. * aquaticum, mutellina. Europe. * P. ramifications of the leaves ftraddling.—The feeds aquaticM are recommended in intermittents, and are faid to be diuretic, antifeptic, and expeftorant : dofe from one to three drachms daily. The leaves are fometimes added to difcutient cataplafms. It is generally efteemed a fatal poifon to horfes, occafioning them to become pa¬ ralytic : but this effect is owing to an infeft (curculio parapledlicus-y, which generally inhabits within the Items.. The ufual antidote is pig-dung. In the win¬ ter, the roots and Items, differed by the influence of the weather, afford a very curious Ikeleton.or net-work. Horfes, ftieep, and goats eat it. Swine are not fond of it. Cows refufe it. Chryfomelaphellandria, and the gilt leptura, are found upon the roots, and the curcuho parap/cfticus within the items. Pentandria. EOT $50. CiCTJTAj or Water-Hcndoch. Three fpecies j viz. * virofa, bulbiiera, maculata. Eur. N. Amer. virofa. * C. umbels oppollte> the leavres*, leafftalks bordered, blunt.—This is one of the rankelt of our vegetable poi- fons. Numerous inflances are recorded of its fatality to the human fpecies. Early in the fprrng, when it grows in the water, cows often eat it, and are killed by it; but, as the fummer advances, and its fcent becomes ftronger, they carefully avoid it. Though a certain and fatal poifon to cows, goats devour it greedily, and with impunity. Horfes and flieep eat it with fafety. ► 551. j^Ethusa, or Fools-parjley. Four fpecies ; viz. * cynapium, bunius, * meum, fa- tua. Europe. cynapium. * JE. all the leaves alike 5 fruit nearly globular.—This plant, from its refemblance to common parfley, has fometimes been miftaken for it, and when eaten, it oc- cafions ficknefs. If the curled-leaved parfley only was cultivated in our gardens, no fuch miftakes would hap¬ pen. Cows, horfes, flieep, and fwine eat it. It is noxious to geefe. mum. * JE. all the leaves divided into many briflle-fliaped fegments j involucrum 1 leaf j fruit egg-oblong, ta¬ pering at each end.—Linnaeus fays, that the radical fibres of this plant form the balls of the calculus cs- gragopila. The roots and feeds are aromatic and acrid. They have been ufed as ftomachics and carminatives. They are fometimes given to cure tertians *, and there is no doubt but they will often anfwer as well as pep¬ per, and other acrid aromatics. 552. Coriandrum, or Coriander. Two fpecies j viz. * fativum, tefticulaturo, S. of Eur. fativum. * C. fruit globular.—The leaves have a very ftrong and difagreeable fcent. The feeds are grateful to the tafle, and incrufted with fugar are fold by the confec¬ tioners, under the name of coriander comfits. The Edinburgh college ufe them as correctors in the bit¬ ter infufion, and the preparations of fenna •, nothing fo ' effectually covering the difagreeable talte of that medi¬ cine. They have been confidered as fufpicious, if not deleterious j but fix drams of them have been taken at once, without any remarkable effeCt. 553. Scandix, or Shepherds-needle. II fpecies j viz. * odorata, * peCten, chilenfis, * ce- refolium, * antbrifcus, auftralis, nodofa, trichofperma, infefta, grandiflora, procumbens. Eur. Virg. Chili odorata. * S. feeds furrowed ; angular.—The feeds are ufed in the north of England, for polifhing and perfuming oak floors and furniture. cerefolium. * S. feeds gloffy, cylindrical and beaked 5 umbels la¬ teral, nearly fitting.—It is cultivated in our gardens as a pot-herb, and for falads. It is flightly aromatic and aperient. Cows are extremely fond of it. Sheep and goats eat it. Horfes refufe it. 554. Chj'RRORHYLLUM, or Wild Chervil. •11 fpecies; viz. * fylveftre, bulbofum, ariftatum, * temulum, capenfe, fcabrum, hirfutum, afomaticum, coloratura, aureum, arborefcens. Eur. Virg. Jap. fylveflre. * C. ftem fmoothifli, fcored, a little fwoln at the knots. The roots, eaten as parfnips, have been found poifonous. The umbels afford an indifferent yellow dye ; the leaves and ffem? a beautiful green. Its prefence indicates a ANY. 147 fruitful foil. Neither horfes, flieep, or goats, are fond of it. Swine refufe it. Rabbits are fond of it. In Yome parts of the kingdom, in times of fcarcity, it is ufed as a pot-herb. Cows are fo fond of it, that, when a pafture is overrun with it, as is often the cafe about Dudley, they always turn them in to eat it up. 555. Imperatoria, or Majler wort. One fpecies ; viz. ottruthium. Alps of Auftria, Switzerland.—Root warm and aromatic, a fudorific, diuretic, and fialagogue ^ recommended in dropfy, de¬ bilities of the ftomach and bowels; and an infufion of it in wine is faid to have cured quartans that have re- lifted the bark. When chewed, it excites a copious flow of faliva, exciting a warm .and not difagreeable fenfation in the gums, and frequently curing the rheu¬ matic toothach. 536. SESELI, or Hart-wort of Marfeillcs. 15 fpecies; viz. filifoliufm, pimpinelloides, montanum, ftriatum, glaucum, ariftatum, annuum, chterophylloi- des, ammoides, tortuofum, turbith, hippomarathrum, pyrenaeum, faxifragum, datum. Gerlh. S. Eur. 557. THAPS1A, or Deadly Carrot. Five fpecies; viz. villofa, foetida, afclepium, garga- ;i nica, trifoliata. France, Spain, Portugal, Lev. Virg. 558. Pastinaca, or Parfnip. Three fpecies ; viz. lucida, fativa, opopanax. South of Europe. P. leaves limply winged.—The roots, when culti-fativat vated, are fweet^er than carrots, and are much uftd by thofe who abftain from animal food in Lent; they are highly nutritious. In the north of Ireland, they are brewed inftead of malt, with hops, and fermented with yeaft. The liquor thus obtained is agreeable. The feeds contain an eifential oil, and will often cure intermit¬ tent fevers. Hogs are fond of the roots, and quickly grow fat with them. See Agriculture Index. 559. SMYRNIUM, or /Alexanders. Seven fpeeies ; viz. perfoliatum, aegyptiacum, late- rale, -* olufatrum, apiifolium, aureum, integerrimum. Italy, Crete, Egypt, N. Amer. * S. ftem leaves growing by threes on leafftalks, fer- olufatrum, rated.—It was formerly cultivated in our gardens, but its place is now better fupplied by celery. It is boil¬ ed, and greedily eaten by failors returning from long voyages, who happen to land at the fouth-weft corner of Anglefea. 560. Anethum, or Dill. Three fpecies; viz. graveolens, fegetum, * fanicu- lum. Germ. Spain, Portugal. *^A. leaves with many divifions, hair-like ; feeds egg-fosniculum, oblong, tapering at each end, not bordered.—The ten¬ der buds are ufeful in falads. The leaves, boiled/ are ufed in fauce for feveral kinds of fifli, and eaten raw with pickled fifli. In Italy the ftalks are blanched as a winter falad. The feeds abound with an effential oil, which is carminative and diuretic, but not*healing. The papilio machaon feeds upon it. 561. Carum, or Caraways. Two fpecies ; viz. * carui, fimplex. Europe. ^ C. The young roots are faid to be better eating than carui, parfnips ; the tender leaves may be boiled with pot¬ herbs. The feeds are ufed in cakes. Incrufted with fu- T 2 gar, 143 B O T gar, they are called caraway comfits, and arediftilled with fpirituous liquors, for the fake of the flavour they afford. The feeds were formerly recommended by Diofcorides to pale-faced girls, and in more modern days their ufe is not forgotten.—They are no defpicable remedy in tertian agues. They abound with an effential oil, which is antifpafmodic and carminative. Sheep, goats, and iwine eat it. Cows and horfes are not fond of it. 562. Pimpinella, or Burnet Saxifrage. Ten fpecies 5 viz. faxifraga, nigra, * magna, dif- fefta, glauca, capenfis, peregrina, anifum, dichotoma, * dioica. Europe, Egypt. magnet. * P. leaves uniform, winged ; leafets fpear-fhaped, ir¬ regularly ferrated 5 floral leaves wing-cleft.—This and the faxifraga partake nearly of the fame qualities. The root is very acrid, burning the mouth like pepper. It affords a blue oil. Its acrimony hath occafioned it to be ufed to cure the toothach, and to cleanfe the {kin from freckles. It is chewed to promote the fecretion of faliva, and is ufed in gargles for diffolving vifeid mu¬ cus in the throat.# In Germany it is preferibed in the afthma and dropfy. The papilio muchaon is found upon both fpecies. 563. Apium, or Parjley. Two fpecies } viz. petrofelinum, *graveolens. Sar¬ dinia, Carolina. graveolens * A. ftem-leaves wedge-fhaped.—-The root in its wild ftate (when it grows near water) is fetid, acrid, and noxious ’j but when cultivated in dry ground it lofes thefe properties, and the root and lower part of the leaf-flalks and item, blanched by covering them up with earth, are eaten raw, boiled in foups, or flewed. I-n this latter (late it is called celery. They are faid to be hurtful to people fubjedt to nervous complaints. They are certainly good antifcorbutics. The feeds yield an effential oil. Sheep and goats eat it j cow* are not fond of it j horfes refufe it. 564. tEgopodium, or Gout-weed. One fpecies; viz. podagra- * A. upper leaves three together j lower ones in tri- rta. pie threes.—The leaves may be eaten early in the fpring with other pot-herbs. Cows, fheep, and goats eat it; horfes are not fond of it. Order III. TRIGYNIA. 565. Semicarpus. One fpecies y viz. anacardium. Ceylon. 566. Rhus, or Sumach or Poifon-tree. 33 fpecies ^ viz. coriaria, tiphynum, javanicum, gla- brum, elegans, vernix, fuccedanium, femialatum, copal- linum, alatum, pauciflorum, metopeum, digitatum, cir- rhiflorum, tridentatum, radicans, toxicodendron, aroma- ticum, fuaveolens, dentatum, finuatum, cuneifolium, incifum, tornentofum, villofum, pubefeens, viminale, an- guftifolium*, rofmarinifolium, laevigatum, lucidum, co- tinus, aflrum. S. Europe, Cape, China, N. Amer. crciaria. R. with winged leaves, and leafets elliptical, bluntly toothed, woolly beneath. Called common fumach.—This tree or fhrub is cultivated in the fouth of Europe on account of the culinary ufes of its fruits, and for the purpofes of the dyers, &c. Amongflus it is met with only I A N Y. Pentandria, in the gardens of the curious. The feeds and berries are of a red colour, in fhape round and flat. Both thefe and the leaves are moderately aftringent, and have fometimes been exhibited with this intention by medi¬ cal praftitioners ; but they are not at prefent ufed. R. with winged entire leaves, with a membranaceous co^a///wWj jointed leaf-flalk.—This tree grows in New Spain, and produces a refin called copal, ■which is brought to us in irregular lumps, fome tranfparent, of a yellowifh or brown colour j others femitranfparent and whitifh. It is ufed for making a very pure and hard varnifh by painters. It has never come into ufe in medicine in this country, though it is introduced into fome of the foreign pharmacopoeias, and may be confidered as an ar¬ ticle deferving attention. 567. Viburnum, or Pliant Mealy-tree. 23 fpecies ; viz. tinus, tinoides, villofum, fcandens, nudum, primifolium, davuricum, dentatum, plicatum, erofum, * lantana, tomentofum, hirtum, acerifolium, orientale, * opulus, dilatatum, macrophyllum, cufpida- tum, lentago, caffinoides, nitidum, kevigatum. S. of Europe, N. America. * V. leaves heart-fhaped, ferrated, veined, cottony \xt\- lantanch derneaih.—The bark of the root is ufed to make bird¬ lime. The berries are drying and aftringent. 568. CassinE, or Cajhew-berry-bujh, South-Sea Tea. Four fpecies} viz. capenfis, colpoon, barbara, mau- rocenia. C. of G. Hope. 569. Sambucus, or Elder-tree. Five fpecies •, viz. * ebulus, canadenfis, * nigra, ja- ponica, racemofa. Europe, China. N. America. * S. tufts with three drvifions ; ftipulse leaf-like j Remebufusi herbaceous.—This plant has the fame medical proper¬ ties with the S. nigra, but in fome refpedts more violent, and therefore lefs manageable : A dram and a half of the root is a ftrong purge : The berries give out a vio¬ let colour : The green leaves drive away mice from granaries, and the Silefians ftrew them where their pigs lie, under a perfuafion that they prevent fome of the difeafes to which they are liable. Neither cows, goats, fheep, horfes, or fwine, will eat it. * S. tufts with five divifions j leaves winged ; leafets nigra. nearly egg-fhaped, ferrated j ftem tree-like.—The whole plant has a narcotic fmell j it is not well to fleep under its fhade. The wood is hard, tough, and yellow. It is commonly made into fkewers for but¬ chers 5 tops for angling-rods j and needles for weaving nets. It is not a bad wood to turn in the lathe. The inner green bark is purgative, and may be ufed with advantage where acrid purgatives are requifite. In fmaller dofes it is diuretic, and has done eminent fervice in obftinate glandular obftrudtions, and in dropfies. If ftieep that have the rot are placed in a fituation where they can get at the bark and the young (hoots, they will foon cure themfelves. It is an ingredient in the black dye. The leaves are purgative like the bark, but more naufeous. They are an ingredient in feveral cooling ointments. If turnip-cabbages, fruit-trees or corn, which are fubjeft to blight from a variety of in¬ fers, are whipped with the green leaves and branches of elder, the infefts will not attack them. A decoc¬ tion of the flowers, taken internally, is faid to promote expe&oration in pleurifies. If the flowers are frefh gathered Pentandria. B O T gathered they loofen the belly. Externally they are ufed in fomentations to eafe pain and abate inflamma¬ tion. Many people ufe them to give a flavour to vine¬ gar. They are fatal to turkeys. A rob prepared from the berries is a gentle opener, and promotes perfpira- tion. The juice of the berries is employed to give a red colour to raifin or fugar wines. The berries are poifonous to poultry. The pith, being exceedingly light, is cut into balls ufed in ele&rical experiments. Sheep eat it j horfes, cows, and goats refufe it. The aphis fambuci and the phalcena ambucaria are found upon it. 570. Spathelia. One fpecies ; viz. fimplex. Jamaica. 571. Staphylea, or Bladder-nut. Three fpecies j viz. occidentalis, pinnata, trifolia. S. Europe, Virginia, Jamaica. 572. Tamarix, or Tamarijk. Four fpecies j viz. * gallica, fongarica, germanica, articulata. Germany, France, Spain, Italy, Barbary. 573. Xylophylla, or Love-flower. Seven fpecies j viz. longifolia, latifolia, arbufcula, falcata, anguftifolia, montana, ramiflora. Siberia, Ja¬ maica, Bahama ifles. 574. Reichelia. One fpecies j viz. paluftris. 575. Salmasia. One fpecies $ viz. racemofa. Guiana. 576. TuRNERA, or Nettle-leaved Ciflus. Nine fpecies j viz. ulmifolia, pumilea, rupeftris, fi- doides, frutefcens, rugofa, ciftoides, racemofa, gujanen- fis. Jamaica, Martinico, Guiana. 577. Telephium, or True Orpine. Two fpecies j viz. imperati, oppofitifolium. South of France, Italy, Barbary. 578. Corrigiola, or Bafe Knot-grafs. Two fpecies j viz. * littoralis, capenfis. Germany, France, Arabia. 579. Pharnaceum. 14 fpecies-, viz. cerviana, lineare, teretifolium, mi- crophyllum, marginatum, mollugo, glomeratum, ferpyl- lifolium, quadrangulare, incanum, albens, dichotomum, diftichum, cordifolium. Ruflia, Spain, Afia, Africa. 580. Alsine, or Chick-weed. Three fpecies ; viz. * media, fegetalis, mucronata. S. Europe, Egypt. 581. Drypsis. One fpecies-, viz, fpinofa. Italy, Barbary. 582. Basella, or Malabar Nightfloade. . Five fpecies -, viz. rubra, alba, lucida, cordifolia, ve- ficaria. Eaft Indies, China. 583. Sarothra, or Bafe Gentian. One fpecies 5 viz. gentianoides. Virginia, Penfyl- vania. 584. PortulacariA, or Purflane-treei One fpecies j viz. afra-. Africa. Order IV. TE.TRAGYNIA. 585. Parnassia, or Grafs of Parnaflits. One fpecies j viz. * paluftris. Europe. ANY. 149 586. Evolvulus. Seven fpecies ; viz. mammilarius, gangeticus, emar- ginatus, alflnoides, hirfutus, linifolius, fericeus. Eaft Indies, Jamaica. Order V. PENTAGYNIA. 587. Aralia, or Berry-bearing Angelica. 10 fpecies ; viz. arborea, capitata, cordata, japoni- ea, pentaphylla, feiodapbyllum, fpinofa, chinenfis, race¬ mofa, nudicaulis. China, W. Indies, N. America. 588. Glossopetalum. Two fpecies j viz. glabrum, tomentofum, Guiana. 589. STATICE, or Thrift, or Sea-pink. 37 fpecies $ viz. * armeria, juniperifolia, alliacea, cephalotes, graminifolia, * limonium, gmelini, fcoparia, latifolia, oleasfolia, incana, auriculaefolia, cordata, fca- bra, tetragona, * reticulata, echiodes, fpeciofa, tatarica, echinus, flexuofa, purpurata, longifolia, minuta, pe£ti- nata, fuffruticofa, monopetala, axillaris, cylindrifolia, linifolia, aurea, ferulacea, pruinofa, finuata, lobata, fpicata, micronata. Europe, Barbary, Canary, Amer. * S. ftalk Ample, with a head of flowers $ leaves ftrap-z/mm^? ftiaped.—It is much ufed in gardens as an edging for borders, and, when in full bloffom, gives a glowing tinge to paftures on the fea-ooaft. Horfes and goats eat it; ftieep are not fond of it. 590. Linum, or Tlax. 29 fpecies j viz. * ufttatiflimum, * perenne, vifcofum, hirfutum, aquilinum, narbonenfe, reflexum, * tenuifo- lium, felaginoides, proftratum, gallicum, maritimum, alpinum, auftriacum, virginianum, flavum, monopeta- lum, ftridlum, monogynum, fufffuticofutn, arboreum, campanulatum, africanum, aethiopicum, nodiflorum, * catharticum, * radiola, quadrifolium, verticillatum, Europe, Africa, America. * L. cal. and capfules dagger-pointed j petals fcol- ufltatifli* loped j leaves fpear-ftiaped j ftem generally folitary.— mum. This valuable plant originally came from thofe parts of Egypt which are expofed to the inundations of the Nile. The feeds yield, by expreflion only, a large proportion of oil, which is an excellent pedloral, as is likewife the mucilaginous infuflon. They make an eafy and ufeful poultice in oafes of external inflamma¬ tion j and they are the food of feveral fmall birds. After the oil is eXpreffed, the remaining farinaceous part, called oil-cake, is given to oxen, who foon grow fat upon it. The oil itfelf differs in feveral refpedls from other exprefled oils ; it does not congeal in winter, nor does it form a folid foap with fixed alkaline falts ; and it afts more powerfully as a menftruum upon fulphure- ous bodies. When heat is applied during the expref- flon, it gets a yellowifh colour, and a peculiar-fmell. In this ftate it is ufed by the painters and the varnifhers. The fibres of the ftem are manufaftured^into linen, and this linen, when worn to rags, is made into paper. * L. leaves oppofite, egg-fpear-fhaped, ftem forked, Cor. pointed.—An infufion of two drams or more cumt the dried plant is an excellent purge, and has been given with advantage in many obftinate rheumatifms. It frequently ads as a diuretic. Horfes, (beep, and goats eat it. 59 V- * *5° EOT 591. Aldrovanda. Or\e fpecies j viz. vellculofa. Italy, India. 592. Drosera, or Sun-dew. 10 fpecies •, viz. acaulis, * rotundifolia, cuneifolia, burmanni, * longifolia, capenlis, lufitanica, -cillifolia, peltata, indica. Europe, Afia, Africa, America. rotundi- * fr&!11 the root; leaves circular.—The whole plant is acrid, and fufficiently cauftic to erode the Ikin ; but fome ladies know how to mix the juice with milk, fo as to make it an innocent and fafe appli¬ cation to remove freckles and funburn. The juice that exfudes from it unmixed will deftroy warts and corns. The plant has the fame effedl upon milk as the pingui- cu/a m/garis, and like that too is fuppofed to occafion the rot in fheep. The four coagulated milk of the Sy¬ rians, called leban or /even, is fuppofed to be at firft prepared with fome plant of this kind. The name fun- dew feems to be derived from a very linking circum- ftance in the appearance of thefe plants ; the leaves are fringed with hairs, fupporting fmall drops or glo¬ bules of a pellucid liquor like dew, which continue even in the hotteft part of the day and in the fullell expofure to the fun. Perhaps the acrimony of the plant refides in this fecreted liquor. 593. Gischia. One fpecies ; viz. pharnacioides. E. Indies. 594. Crassula, or Lejfer Orpine. / I fpecies ; viz. coccinea, cymofa, flava, pubefcens, pruinofa, fcabra, corallina, velfita, argentea, perfoliata, perforata, fruticulofa, ramofa, mollis, tetragona, muri- cata, imbricata, obvallata, cultrata, obliqua, fpathula- ta, punflata, marginalis, cordata, laffea, arborefcens, rupellris, pinnata, fpinofa, retroflexa, lineolata, cen- tayroides, dichotoma, glomerata, pulchella, ftrigofa, A N Y. Hexandria, mufcofa, pyramidalis, columnar!?, hemifphserica, ale- oides, capitella, cotyledonis, barbata, ciliata, thyrliflora, fpicata, fubulata, alternifolia, rubens, cefpitofa, minima, mofchata, verticillaris, expanfa, dentata, nudicaulis, tec¬ ta, cephalophora, montana, turrita, alpellris, margina- ta, tomentofi, crenulata, deltoidea, orbicularis, fparfa, drffufa, proftrata, pellucida. Switzerland, Italy, Cape, Ciiina. 595. Mahernia. Eight fpecies; viz. verdciliata, pinnata, pulchella, diffufa, incifa, glabrata, heterophylla, biferrata. C. of G. Hope. 596. COMMERSONIA. One fpecies; viz. echinata. Otaheite. , 597. Sibbaldia. Three fpecies ; viz. * procumbens, ere£la, altaica, Siberia, Alps in Europe. Order VI. DECAGYNIA. 598. SCHEFFLERA. One fpecies ; viz. digita. South Sea ifles. Order VII. POLYGYNIA. 599. Myosurus, or Moufe-tail. One fpecies ; viz. * minimus. Europe. 600. Zanthorhiza. One fpecies ; viz. apiifolia. In the c/afs Petandria are 325 Genera, including 2537 Species, of which 168 are found in Britain. CLASSIS VI. HEXANDRIA. Ordo I. MONOGYNIA. 5e6t. I. Flores calyculati, calyce corollaque inJlruBi$ ■ abfque fpathis. 602. Bromelia. Cor. 3 partita. Cal. 3-partitus, fbperus. Bacca. 603. Pitcairnia. Cor. 3-partita. Cal. 3-partitus, femifuperus. Capfula. 604. Tillandsia. Cor. 3-petaIa. Cal. 3-partitus, inferus. Sem. comofa. 606. Bui^wannia. Cor. 3-petala. Gal. i-phyllus, inferus, triquetro-alatus, coloratus. 607. 1 radescantia. Cor. 3-petala. Cal. 3-phyl- lus, inferus. Filamenta barbata. 686. Stephania. 'Cor. 4-petaIa. Cal. 2-lobus. Germ, pedicellatum. CLASS VI. HEXANDRIA. Order I. MONOGYNIA. Se£E I. Flowers double calyxed, furnijhed with it calyx and corolla^ and without Jheaths. B. Cor. 3-partite. Cal. 3-partite, fuperior. A berry. P. Cor. 3-partite. Cal. 3-partite, half fuperior. A capfule. I, Cor. 3-petalous. Cal. 3-partite, inferior. Seeds hairy. B. Cor. 3-petalous. Cal. i leaf, inferior, three- fquare, winged, coloured. T. Cor. 3-petalous. Cal. ^leaved, inferior. Fila¬ ments bearded. S. Cor. 4-petalous. Cal. 2-lobed. Germen on a pedicle. v 690. * < 4 ffexandria. B O T 690. FraNKEKIA. Cor. j^petala. Cal. i-phyllus, inferus. Capf. i-locularis, polyfperma. 675. CossiGNEA. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-partitus, Capf. 3-locularis. 684. Loranthus. Cor. 6-partita. Cal. margo fuperus. Bacca i-fperma. 687. Hillia. Cor. 6-fida. Cal. 6-phyllus, fuperus. Fruflus 2-locularis, pol'yfpermus. 685. Schradera. Cor. 6-fida, Cal. truncatus. Bacca polyfperma. Duroia. Cor. 6-partita. Cal. truncatus. Po- rrmm. 671. Richardia. Cor. 6-fida. Cal. 6-fidus, fupe- xus. Sem. 3, nuda. 665. Tacca. Cor. 6 petala. Cal. 6-partitus. Bac- ea infera. 676. BARBACEirriA. Cor. 6-petala. Cal. 6-denta- tus. Filamenta dentata. Capfula. 677. Berberis. Cor. 6-petala. Cal. 6-pliyllus, inferus. Bacca 2-fperma. 644. Leontice. Cor. 6-petala. Cal. 6-phyllus, inferus. Bacca inflata, fupera. 679. Nandina. Cor. 6-petala. Cal. polyphyllus, imbricatus. Bacca 2rfperma. 674. Prinos. " Cor. 6-fida. Cal. 6-fidus, inferus. Bacca 6-fperma. 678. Psathura. Cor. 6-fida. Cal. 6-dentatus. Pomum 6-loculare. 689. Cavarina. Cor. 6-fida. Cal. 6-phyllus, fupe¬ rus. Capf. 6-locularis. 673. Achras. Cor. 12-fida. Cal. 6-phyTlus, in¬ ferus. Bacca 12-fperma. 683. Capura. Cor. 12-fida. Cal. nullus. Ger- men fuperHm. Bacca. f Chlora imperfoliata. Port/andia hexandra. Lythru aliquot. Fumaria. Cucullaria. Se£t. II. Flores calyculdfi, calyce} corolla^ fpathifque injlrucii. 666. Corypha. Cor. 3-partita. Cal. 3-phyllus. Drupa. 667. Licoala. Cor. 3-partita. Cal. 3-partitus. Ne&ar. fertiforme. Drupa. 608. Mnasium. Cor. 3-dentata. Cal. j-partit. Spatha 2-valvis. Antherae foliaceae. Se£l. III. Flores fpathacei glumacei. 601. Urania. Cor, fupera 3-petala. Spathae al¬ ter nae. 610. H;emanthus. Cor. fupera, 6-partita. In- volucrum polyphyllum, maximum.. 613. Leucoium. Cor. fupera, 6-petala, campanu- lata. Stamina aequalia. 614. Strumaria. Cor. 6-petala, plana. 612. Galanthus. Cor. fupera, 6-petala. Ne£tar. campanulatum, extra ftamina. 617. Pancratium. Cor. fupera, 6-petala. Nefta- rium campanulatum, ftaminibus terminatum. 622. Amaryllis. Cor. fupera, 6-petala, irregu¬ laris. Stam. inaequalia, declinata. 618. Crinum. Cor. fupera, 6-fida, bafi tubulofa, Stam. diHantia, fauei inferta. ANY. F. Cor. 3 petals. Cal. 1 leaf, inferior. Capf. 1 cell, many feeds. C. Cor. 5 petals. Cal. 5-partite. Capf. 3-celIed^ L. Cor. 6-partite. Cal. border fuperior. Berry 1 feed. H. Cor. 6 cleft. Cal. 6-leaved, fuperior. Fruit 2- celled, many feeds. S. Cor. 6-cleft. Cal. lopped. A berry with many feeds. D. Cor. 6-partite. Cal. lopped. An apple. R. Cor. 6-cleft. Cal. 6 cleft, fuperior, 3 naked feeds. T. Cor. 6 petals. Cal. 6-partite. Berry inferior. B. Cor. 6 petals. Cal. 6-toothed. Filaments tooth¬ ed. A capfule. B. Cor. 6 petals. Cal. 6-leaved, inferior. Berry 2-feeded. L. Cor. 6 petals. Cal. 6-leaved, inferior. Berry inflated, fuperior. N. Cor. 6 petals. Cal, many-leaved, tiled. Berry with 2 feeds. P. Cor. 6-cleft. Cal. 6-cleft, inferior. Berry 6 feeds. P. Cor. 6-cleft. Cal. 6-toothed, A 6-celled apple. C. Cor. 6-cleft. Cal. 6-leaved, fuperior. Capf. 6-celled. A. Cor. 12-cleft. Cal. 6-leaved, inferior. Berry I 2-feeded. C. Cor. 6-cleft. No calyx-. Germen fuperior* Berry. Sett. II. Double calyxed flowers, firni/Jjed with a corolla andJheaths. C. Cor. 3-partite. Cal. 3-leaved. A drupe. L. Cor. 3-partite. Cal. 3-partite. Nedary gar- land-fhaped. A drupe. M. Cor. 3-toothed. Cal. 3-partite. Sheath 2- valved. Anthers leafy. Se£t. III. Flowersfloeathed hu/ked. U. Cor. fuperior, 3-petaled. Sheaths alternate. H. Cor. fuperior, 6-partite. The involucrum many¬ leaved, very large. L. Cor. fuperior, 6-petaled, bell-lhaped. Stamens equal. S. Cor. 6-petakd, flat. G. Cor. fuperior, 6-petaled. Nedary bell-fhaped, without the flamens. P. Cor. fuperior, 6-petaled. Nedary bell-fhaped, ending with ftamens. A. Cor. fuperior, 6-petaled, irregular. The fla¬ mens unequal, bending. C. Cor. fuperior, 6-cleft, tubular at the bafe. Sta¬ mens diflant, inferted in the mouth. 621, B O T 621. Cyrtanthus. Cor. fupera, 6-fida, clavata. Filamenta fimplicia. 620. Eustephia. Cor. fupera, 6-fida, tubulofa. Filamenta tricufpidata. 619. Agapanthus. Cor. infera, 6-fida, infundibu- -liformis, regularis. 609. PoNTEDERIA. Cor. infera, 6-fida, ringens. 624. Bulbocodium. Cor. infera, 6-petala; ungui- bus longiflimis ftaminiferis. 615. TuLBAGlA. Cor. infera, 6-petala ; tribus in- ferioribus. Ne&arium cylindricum extus petaliferum. 626. Allium. Cor. infera, 6-petala. Petala ovata, feflilia. 636. Curculigo. Cor. infera, 6-petala. Styl. 3- partitus. 625. Aphyllanthes. Cor. infera, 6-petala. Spa- tbae dimidiatae, glumofae. 611. Massonia. Cor. infera, 6-partita. Stem. neft. inferta. 637. Hypoxis. Cor. fupera, 6-petala. Spathae glumaceae. Se£l. IV. Flores nudi. 605. Xerophyta. Cor. 6-partita fupera. Stigma elavatum. 661. Alstroemeria. Cor. fupera, 6-petala, un- guibus tubulofis. 655. Lanaria. Cor. fupera, 6-fida, fubcampanu- •lata. 662. Hemerocallis. Cor. infera, 6-partita. Siam, declinata. 660. Agave. Cor. fupera, 6-fida, limbo ere&o, fi» lamentis brevior. 635. Gethyllis. Cor. fupera, 6-partita. Bacca clavata, polyfperma. 659. Aloe. Cor. infera, 6-fida. Filam. recepta- culo inferta. 657. Aletris. Cor. infera, 6-fida, rugofa. Sta¬ mina fauci inferta. 656. Voltheimia. Cor. infera, 6-fida. Stamina corollae ball inferta. 650. Polyanthes. Cor. infera, 6-fida, tubo cur- vato. 649. Convallaria. Cor. infera, 6-fida. Bacca ';trifperma. 648. Sanseviera. Cor. 6-partita. Bacca i-fper- ma. 652. Hyacinthus. Cor. infera, 6-fida, fubcampa- nulata. Stamina receptaculo inferta. 651. DRIMIA. Cor. infera, 6-fida, campanulata. Sta¬ mina tubo corollse inferta. 623. Millea. Cor. infera, 6-fida, infundibulif. German pedicellatum. 642. Asphodelus. Cor. infera, 6-partita. Ne&a- rii valvulis 6 ftaminiferis. 629. Eucomis. Cor. infera, 6-partita, perfiftens. Filament^ neftario adnata. 642. Anthericum. Cor. infera, 6-petala, plana. 681. Enargea. Cor. infera, 6-petala, petalis al- -terne ball biglandulofis. 653. Phormium. Cor. infera,-6-petala, inaequalis. •Capf. triquetra. 654. Lachenalia. Cor. infera, 6-petala, insequalis. Capf. trialata. A N Y. Hexandriai C. Cor. fuperior, 6-cleft, club-ftiaped. Filaments undivided. E. Cor. fuperior, 6-jcleft, tubular. Filaments 3- pointed. A. Cor. inferior, 6-cleft, funnel-lhaped, regular. P. Cor. inferior, 6-cleft, gaping. B. Cor. inferior, 6-petaled, with very long claws bearing the ftamens. T. Cor. inferior, 6-petals ; three inferior. A cylin¬ drical ne£tary without, beating the petals. A. Cor. inferior, 6-petaled. Petals oval, fitting. C. Cor. inferior, 6-petaled. Style 3-partite. A. Cor. inferior, 6-petaled. Sheaths extending half round, bulky. M. Cor. inferior, 6-partite. Stamens inferted in a neftary. H. Cor. fuperior, 6-petaled. Sheaths bulky. Se£t. IV. Flowers naked* X. Cor. 6-partite fuperior. Stigma club-lhaped. A. Cor. fuperior, 6-petaled, with tubular claws. L. Cor. fuperior, 6-cleft, nearly bell-lhaped. H. Cor. inferior, 6-partite. Stamens bent. A. Cor. fuperior, 6-cleft, with an eredl border ftiort* er than the filaments. G. Cor. fuperior, 6-partite. Berry club-lhaped, many-feeded. A. Cor. inferior, 6-cleft. Filaments inferted in the receptacle. . j A. Cor. inferior, 6-cleft, wrinkled. Stamens infert¬ ed in the mouth. V. Cor. inferior, 6-cleft. Stamens inferted in the bafe of the corolla. P. Cor. inferior, 6-cleft, with a crooked tube. C. Cor. inferior, 6-cleft. Berry 3-feeded. S. Cor. inferior, 6-partite. Berry i-feeded. H. Cor. inferior, 6-cleft, nearly bell-lhaped. Sta¬ mens inferted in the receptacle. D. Cor. inferior, 6-cleft. Bell-lhaped. Stamens in¬ ferted in the tube of the corolla. M. Cor. inferior, 6-cleft, funnel-lhaped. Gerraen on a pedicle. A. Cor. inferior, 6-cleft. Neftaries with 6 valves, bearing the ftamens. E. Cor. inferior, 6-partite, permanent. Filaments connected with the neftary. A. Cor. inferior, 6 petals, flat. E. Cor. inferior, 6 petals, the petals alternately bi* glandular at the bafe. P. Cor. inferior, 6 petals, unequal. Capf. with 3 flat fides. L. Cor. inferior, 6 petals, unequal. Capf. 3-winged. *3* Hexandria. B O T * 639. Orkithogalum. Cor. infera, 6 petala. Fi- lam. alternis ball dilatatis. 638. -Eriospermum. Cor. infera, 6-petala. Filam. lanceolata. Sem. lanata. * 640. Scilla. Cor. infera, 6-petala, decidua. Filam. filiformia. 641. Cyanella. Cor. infera, 6-petala j petalis ex- terioribus propendentibus. 682. Philesia. Gor. infera, 6-petala, tribus inte- rioribus duplo longioribus. 680. Lindera. Cor. infera, 6-petala. Capf. 2-I0- cularis. 647* Drac^na. Cor. infera, 6-petala. Bacca 3- fperma. % * 646. Asparagus. Cor. infera, 6-petala. Bacca 6-fperma. 645. Pollia. Cor. infera, 6-petala. Bacca poly- Iperma. 631. Gloriosa. Cor. infera, 6-petala, reflexa, cauda ta. ' 630. Uvularia. Cor. infera, 6-petala, ball fovea ne&arifera ; erefta. * 628. Fritillaria. Cor. infera, 6-petala, bafi fovea ne&arifera ; ovata. 627. Lilium. Cor. infera, 6-petala j petalis bail canaliculato-tubulofis. * 633. Iulipa. Cor. infera, 6-petala, campanulata. Stylus o. 658. Yucca. Cor. infera, 6-petala, patens. Sty¬ lus o. 634. Albuca. Cor. infera, 6-petala, 3 exteriori- bus patulis, 3 interioribus conniventibus. Stigma cinc- tum cufpidibus 3. Se£t. V. Flores incompleti. 664. Orontium. Spadix multiflorus. Follic. 1- fpermus. * 663. Acorus. Spadix multiflorus. Capf. 3-locu- laris. 669* Calamus. Cal. 6-phyllus. Peric. retrorfum imbricatum, i-fpermum. * 670. Juncus. Cal. 6-phyllus. Capf. i-locularis. 668. Thrinax. Cal. 6-dentatus. Drupa. * 691. Peplis. Cal. 12-fidus. Capf. 2-locularis, Se£l:. VI. Gramina. 693. Bambusa. Cal. o. Cor. 2-valvis. 692. Gahnia. Cal. i-valv. Cor. 2-valvis. 694. Ehrharta. Cal. 2-valv. Cor. duplex. ANY. * O. Cor. inferior, 6 petals. The alternate filaments dilated at the bafe. E. Cor. inferior, 6 petals. Filaments fpear-fliaped. Seeds woolly. * S. Cor. inferior, 6 petals, deciduous. Filam. thread- ftiaped. C. Cor. inferior, 6 petals; outer petals hanging over. P. Cor. inferior, 6 petals, the three inner of a double length, L. Cor. inferior, 6 petals. Capf. 2-celled. D. Cor. inferior, 6 petals. A berry, 3 -feeded. * A. Cor. inferior, 6 petals. A berry, 6 feeded. P. Cor. inferior, 6 petals. Berry many-feeded. G. Cor. inferior, 6 petals bent back, tailed. 1 U. Cor. inferior, 6 petals, with a honey-bearing hol¬ low at the bafe, eredt. * F. Cor. inferior, 6 petals, with a honey-bearing hol¬ low at the bafe, oval. L. Cor. inferior, 6 petals, the petals tubular-chan¬ nelled at the bafe. * T. Cor, inferior, 6 petals, bell-lhaped. No ftyle, Y. Cor. inferior, 6 petals, expanding. No ftyle. A. Cor. inferior, 6 petals, the 3 outer open, the three inner converging. The lligma furrounded by 3 prickles. ' / Se6t. V. Incomplete Flowers. O. Sheathed fruit-flalk many-flowered. Air-bag l-feeded. * A. Sheathed fruit-ftalk, many-flowered. Capf. 3- celled. C. Cal. 6-leaved. Seed-veflel tiled backwards. One feed. * .7. Cal. 6-leaved. Capf. i-celled. T. Cal. 6-toothed. A drupe. * P. Cal. 12-cleft. Capf. 2-celled. Se£t. VI. GraJJ't's. B. No cal. Cor. 2-valved. G. Cal. i-valved. Cor. 2-valved. E. Cal. 2-valved. Cor. double. *53 Ordo II. DIGYNIA. 679. Falkia, Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. i-petala. Sem. 4. 698. Atraphaxis. Cal. 2-phyllus. Cor. 2-petala. Sem. comprtflum. 696. Nectris. Cal. 6-partit. Cor. o. Capf. 2, polyfpermae. 695. Oryza. Gluma x-flora. Cor. 2-glumis. Sem. 1, oblongum. f Leerjia hexandria. Ehrhartee nonnul/ce. Order II. DIGYNIA. v F. Cal. 5-partite. Cor. i-petal. Seeds 4. A. Cal. 2-leaved. Cor. 2-petaled. Seed com- prefled. N. Cal. 6-partite. No cor. Capf. 2, many-feeded. O. A hulk, x-flowered. Cor. with 2 hulks. One oblong feed. Vol. IV. Part I. U Ordo BOTANY. Hexandria. Ordo III. TRIGYNIA. Se6l. I. Flores inferi. 703. Wurmbea. Cor. 6-fida, tubulofa. * 707. Colchicum. Cal. fpatha. Cor. 6-petaloidea. 704. Melanthium. Cal. o. Cor. 6-petala, peta- lis ftaminiferis. 705. Medeola. Cal. o. Cor. 6-petala. Bacca 3-cocca. 708. Helonias. Cal. o. Cor. 6-petala. Capf. 3-locul. 706. Trillium. Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. 3-petala. Bacca 3-locul. * 702. Triglochin. Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. tripeta- la. Capf. ball dehifcens. * 669. Rumex. Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. 3-petala. Sem. 1, triquetrum. 701. Scheuchzeria. Cal. 6-phyllus. Cor. o. Capf. 3, i fpermae. f Xylophylla latifolia. Se£L II. Flores fuperi, 700. Flagellaria. Cal. 6-phyllus. Cor. o. Pe- ricarpium i-fpermum. Ordo IV. HEXAGYNIA. 710. Damosonium. Spatha. Cal. 5-partit. Cor. 3-petala. Bacca 10-locul. 706. Wendlandia. Cal. 6-phyl. Cor. 6-petala. Capf. 6, monofpermse. OrdoV. POLYGYNIA. * 711. Alisma. Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. 3-petala. Pe¬ ricarp. plura,. Order III. TRIGYNIA. Se£t. I. Flowers inferior. W. Cor. 6-cleft, tubular. * C. Cal. a (heath. Cor. 6-petaled. M. No cal. Cor. 6-petaled, with petals bearing the ftamens. M. No cal. Cor. 6-petaled. A berry 3-celled. H. No cal. Cor. 6-petaled. Capf. 3-celled. T. Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 3-petaled. Berry 3-celled. * T. Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 3-petalous. Capf. opening at the bafe. * R. Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 3-petaled. Seed 1, trian¬ gular. S. Cal, 6-leaved. No cor. Capf. 3, i-feeded. Se£l. II. Flowers fuperior. F. Cal. 6-leaved. No cor. Seed-veflel with I feed. Order IV. HEXAGYNIA. D. A (heath. Cal. 5-partite. Cor. 3-petaled. Berry 10-celled. W. Cal. 6-leaved, Cor. 6-petaled. Capf. 6, I- feeded. Order V. POLYGYNIA. * A. Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 3 petals. Several feed- veffels. Order I. MONOGYNIA. 601. Urania. One fpecies j viz. fpeciofa. Ifle of Madagafcar. 602. Bromelia, or Fine-apple, Ananas. IO fpecies $ viz. ananas, pinguin, karatas, lingulata, brafteata, paniculigera, chryfantha, nudicaulis, humilis, acanga. W. Indies, S. America.—The ananas is the mod: grateful of all the tropical fruits. It requires a very powerful heat for its cultivation in hot-houfes. 603. PlTCAIRNIA. Three fpecies ; viz. bromeli^folia, anguftifolia, lati¬ folia. Jamaica, Santa Cruz. 604. Tillandsia. 16 fpecies j viz. utriculata, ferrata, lingulata, tenui- folia, flexuofa, fetacea, par.iculata, fafciculata, nutans, polyftachya, monoftachya, pruinofa, canefcens, angufti¬ folia, recurvata, ufneoides. N. Amer. Jamaica. 3 605. Xerophyta. One fpecies j viz. pinifolia. Ifle of Madagafcar. 606. Burmannia. One fpecies j viz. difticha, biflora. Ceyl. Virg. 607. TraDESCantia, or Virginian Spider-wort. 17 fpecies j viz. virginica, craflifolia, ere£ta, zano* nia, difcolor, malabarica, nervofa, divaricata, genicu- lata, monandra, multiflora, cordifolia, procumbens, axillaris, formofa, criftata, papilionacea. Virginia, Maryland, E. and W. Indies. 608. Mnasium. One fpecies j viz. paludofum. Guiana. 609. Pontederia. Six fpecies; viz. rotundifolia, azurea, vaginalis, li- mofa, cordata, haftata. E. and W. Indies. 610. Hjemanthus, or Blood flower. 14 fpecies •, viz. coccineus, coat flatus, puniceus, multiflorus, tigrinus, quadrivalvis, pubefcens, ciliaris, albiflos? Hexandria. B O T albiflos, toxicarms, lancesetolius, carinatus, pumilis, fpi- ralis. Africa. 611. Massonia. Four fpecies •, viz. latifolia, anguftifolia, undulata, echinata. C. of G. Hope. 612. Galanthus, or Snow-drop. One fpecies 5 viz. * nivalis. South of Europe. 613. Leucoium, or Greater Snow-drop. Three fpecies j viz. * vernum, * seftivum, autum- nale. Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Cape. 614. Strumaria. Six fpecies ; viz. linguaefolia, truncata, rubella, un¬ dulata, angultifolia, filifolia. 615. Tulbagia. Two fpecies j viz. alliacea, cepacea. Cape of Good Hope. 616. Narcissus, or Daffodil. fpecies 5 viz. * poeticus, incomparabilis, * pfeudo- narciflus, bicolor, minor, mofcbatus, triandrus, orien- talis, trilobus, odorus, * biflorus, calathinus, tazetta, dubius, bulbocodium, ftrotinus, jonquilla. South of Europe, Levant. 617. Pancratium, or Sca-daffodil. 11 fpecies j viz. zeylanicum, mexicanum, humile, caribaeuna, maritimum, fragrans, littorale, fpeciofum, amcenum, illyricum, amboinenfe. S. Europe, America. E. and W. Indies. 618. Crinum, or Afphodel Lily. Five fpecies j viz. afiaticum, americanum, erubefcens, brafteatum, nervofum. Afia, Africa, America. 619. AgaPANTHUS, or African Blue-lily. Two fpecies j viz. umbellatus, enfifolius. Cape of Good Hope. 620. Eustephia. One fpecies $ viz. coccinea. 621. Cyrtanthus. Three fpecies j viz. anguftifolius, ventricofus, obli- mus. Guiana. 622. Amaryllis, or Lily-daffodil. 38 fpecies •, viz. lutea, pumilio, bubifpatha, tub!- flora, atamafco, maculata, chilenfis, clavata, formofif- fima, reginae, purpurea, linearis, equeftris, reticulata, tatarica, belladonna, vittata, falcata, ornata, longifo- lia, montana, zeylanica, revoluta, latifolia, aurea, ori- entalis, farnienfis, marginata, curvifolia, ?undulata, ra- diata, humilis, flexuofa, radula, ftriata, crifpa, ftellaris, cafpia. S. Europe, Cape, E. Indies, America. 623. Millea. One fpecies *, viz. biflora. 624. Bulbocodium, or Mountain-faffron. One fpecies j viz. vernum. Spain. 625. Aphyllanthes. One fpecies j viz. monfpelienlis. Montpelier. 626. Allium, or Gar lick. 53 fpecies; viz. * ampeloprafum, porrum, lineare, fuaveolens, deflexum, rotundum, viftorialis, fubhirfutum, magicum, obliquum, ramofum, tataricum, rofeum, * fativum, fcorodoprafum, * arenarium, * carinatum, fphterocephalon, parviflorum, pallafii, defcendens, mo- fchatum, flavum, pallens, paniculatum, * vineale, * ole- A N Y. 155 raceum, nutans, afcalonicum, fenefcens, illyricum, odo- rum, inodorum, angulofum, ftriatum, narcifliflorum, pedemontanum, nigrum, canadenfe, * urfinum, clu- fianum, triquetrum, cepa, moly, tricoccum, fiflulofum, * fchoenoprafum, fibiricum, ftellerianum, capillare, te- nuifiimum, gracile, cbamae-moly. Europe, N. Ameri¬ ca, Jamaica. * A. umbel globular j ftamens 3-pointed, petals rough atnpelo- on the heel.—This is eaten along with other 'pol-htrbs.prafum. It communicates its flavour to the milk and butter of cows that eat it. * A. filaments undivided j leaves femi-cylindrical, c/mia’J/tf/. rough furrowed underneath ; (leaves not rough.)-—The tender leaves are very commonly boiled in foups, or fried with other herbs. Cows, goats, fheep, and fwine, eat it. * A. flalk 3-fquare 5 leaves fpear-fhaped on leaf-ftalks $ umbel flat-topped.—An infufion of this plant in brandy is efteemed a good remedy for the gravel. Other plants growing near it do not flourifh. Cows eat it in the fpring when grafs is fcarce j but it communicates an oflfenfive flavour to the milk and butter. * A.—The roots of this plant, which is the proper g?tr-fativum> lick, are of an irregularly roundifh fhape, with feveral fibres at the bottom ; each root is compofed of a num¬ ber of lefler bulbs, called cloves of garlick, enclofed in one common membranaceous coat, and eafily feparated from each other. All the parts of this plant, but more efpecially the roots, have a ftrong offenfive fmell, and an acrimonious, almofl: cauftic, tafte. The root ap¬ plied to the fkin inflames and often exulcerates the part. Its fmell is extremely penetrating and diffufive. When the root is applied to the feet, its feent is foon difeover- able in the breath 5 and when taken internally its fmell is communicated to the urine, or the matter of an iffue, and perfpires through the pores of the fkin. This pungent root warms and ftimulates the folids, and attenuates tenacious juices. Hence in cold leuco- phlegmatic habits, it proves a powerful expe&orant, diuretic, and, if the patient be kept warm, fudorific $ it has alfo been by fome fuppofed to be an emmena- gogue. In catarrhous diforders of the breaft, flatulent colics, hyfterical and other difeafes, proceeding from laxities of the folids, it has generally good effeds; it has likewife been found ferviceable in many hydropic cafes. Sydenham relates, that he has feen the dropfy cured by the ufe of garlick alone; he recommends it chiefly as a warm ftrengthening medicine in the begin¬ ning of the difeafe. Garlick is with fome alfo a favourite remedy in the cure of intermittents ; and it has been faid to have fometimes fucceeded in obftinate quartans after the Peruvian bark had failed, particularly when taken to the extent of one or two cloves daily in a glafs of brandy or other fpirits. The liberal ufe of garlick, however, is apt to occafion headachs, flatulencies, thirft, febrile heats, inflammatory diftempers, and fometimes difeharges of blood from the haemorrhoidal veflels. In hot bilious conftitutions, where there is already a degree of irritation, and where there is reafon to fuf- ped an unfound ftate of the vifeera, this ftimulating me¬ dicine is manifeftly improper, and never fails to aggra¬ vate the diftemper. The mofl: commodious form of taking garlick, a medicine to moft people not a little unpieafant, is that U 2 of 5 B 0 T of a bolus or pill. Iiifufions in fpirit, wine, vinegar, and water, although containing the whole of its virtues, are fo acrimonious ai to be unfit for general ufe. A fyrup and oxymel of it were formerly kept in the (hops j but it does not now enter any officinal preparation in our pharmacopoeias 5 and it is proper that even the pills ffiould always be an extemporaneous prefcription, as they fuffer much from keeping. Garlick made into an ointment with oils, &c. &c. applied externally, is faid to refolve and difcufs cold tumours, and has been by fome greatly efteemed in cutaneous difeafes. It has likewife fometimes been employed as a repellent. When applied under the form of a poultice to the pubes, it has fometimes pro¬ ved efftflual in producing a difcharge of urine, when retention has arifen from want of a due a£Hon of the bladder’; and fome have recommended, in certain cafes of deafnefs, the introduction of a fingle clove, wrapt in thin muffin or gauze, into the meatus auditorius or paffage of the ear. Sydenham allures us, that among all the lubttances which occafion a derivation or revul- lion from the head, none operates more powerfully than garlick applied to the foies of the feet ; hence he was led to make ufe of it in the confluent fmallpox. About the eighth day after the face began to fwell, the root cut in pieces, and tied in a linen cloth, was ap¬ plied to. the foies, and renewed twice a-day till all dan¬ ger was over. J he roots of the allium cepa, or onion, are confider- ed rather as articles of food than of medicine. They are fuppofed to afford little nourifhment, and when eaten liberally in their raw ftate, produce flatulencies, occafion thirfi, headachs, and troublefome dreams. In cold phlegmatic habits, where vifeid mucus abounds, they doubtlefs have their ufe ; as by their ftimulating quality they tend to excite appetite, attenuate thick juices, and promote their expulfion : by fome they are ftrongly recommended in fuppreffions of urine, and in drop lies. I he chief medicinal ufe of onions in the prefent praClice is in external applications, boiled, as a cataplafm, for fuppurating tumours. 627. Lilium, or Lilt/. 16 fpecies; viz. cordifolium, longiflorum, candidum, japonicum, lancifolium, bulbiferum, catefbaei, fpeciofum, pomponium, chalcedonicum, fuperbum, mart agon, cana- denie, maculatum, kamfehatenfe, philadelphicum. Eu¬ rope, Japan, N. America.—The Lilium candidum, or white h!y, is cultivated in gardens more for its beauty than utility. I he mucilaginous root is ufed by fome as a poultice ; but it poffeffes no advantage over the poultices formed of vegetable farinse. 628. FrttillA.RIA, or Crown-imperial, Tritillary. Six .pecies ; viz. impenalis, perfica, verticillata, pyre- naica, * meleagris, latifolia. Auft. Pyren. Italy, Perf. 629. Eucomis. Five fpecies ; viz. nana, bifolia, regia, undulata, pun.aata. C. of G. Hope. 630.- Uvularia, ^ Six fpecies ; viz. amplexifolia, hirta, lanceolata, per- ruhata, feffilifolia, cirrhofa. Germ. N. Amer. Jap. 631, Gloriosa, or Superb Lily. Two fpecies 3 viz. fuperba, fimplex, Guiana, E. Ind. A N Y. Hexandris 632. Erythronium, or Dogs-tooth Violet. One fpecies 3 viz. dens canis. Siberia, Italy, Virg. Carolina. 633. Tulipa, or Tulip. Five fpecies 3 viz. * fyiveftris, fuaveolens, gefneriana, biflora, breyniana, S. Eur. Lev. Cape. 634. Albuca, or Bafe Star of Bethlehem. 14 fpecies 3 viz. altiffima, major, flaccida, minor, viridiflora, coar&ata, faftigiata, candata, fetofa, aurea, abyffinica, fragrans, vifeofa, fpiralis. C. of G. Hope. 635. Gethyllis. Five fpecies 3 viz. fpiralis, ciliaris, villofa, plicata, lanceolata. C. of G. Hope. 636. Curculigo. One fpecies 3 viz. orchioides. 637. Hypoxis, or Bafe Star-fower. 15 fpecies ; viz. erefta, fobolifera, villofa, decumbent obliqua, aquatica, minuta, alba, ovata, veratrifolia, ftel- lata, ferrata, juncea, fafcicularis, feffilis. N. Amer. Jam. Cape, Jap. 638. Eriospermum. Three fpecies 3 viz. latifolium, lancetefolium, parvi- folium. 639. Ornithogalum, or Star of Bethlehem. 43 Ipecies 3 viz. uniflorum, ftriatum, bulbiferum, fpathaceum, bohemicum, * luteurn, minimum, circina- tum, paradoxum, niveum, * umbellatum, * pyrenai- cum, ftachyoides, lafteum, ovatum, ciliatum, crenula- tum, pilofum, revolutum, conicum, narbonenfe, latifo¬ lium, altiffimum, fcilloides, longebra&eatum, japoni¬ cum, comofum, pyramidale, tenellum, edoratum, fuave¬ olens, fecundum, fufeatum, barbatum, polyphyllum, juncifolium, rupeftre, arabicum, thyrfoides, aureum, coardlatum, candatum, nutans. Eur. Egypt, Madeira, Cape. * O. ftalk angular, 2-leaved 3 fruitftalks in an vta.-luleum. branched umbel.—The bulbous roots of all the fpecies are nutritious and wholefome, and thofe of this fpecies have been employed for food in a fcarcity of provifion. Horfes, goats, and ffieep eat it 3 fvvine are not fond c£ it 3 cows refufe it. 640. SciLLA, or Squill. 16 fpecies ; viz. maritima, lilio-hyacinthus, italica, teUaphylla, peruviana, japonica, amcena, praecox, cam- panulata, * bifolia, * verna, lufitanica, orientalis, hya- cinthoides, * autumnalis, unifolia. Eur. Barb. Ma¬ deira, Japan. S. flowers naked ; floral leaves bent backwards as if maritima, broken.—This is the fquill or fea-onion w^l known, in medicine. It is a kind of onion growing fpontane- oufly upon dry fandy ffiores in Spain and the Levant, from whence the root is annually brought into Europe. It fhould be chofen plump, found, frelh, and full of clammy juice : fome have preferred the red fort, others the white, though neither deferves the preference to tho other. The only difference perceivable between them is that of the colour, and hence both may be uftd promifeuoufly. This root is to the tafte very naufeous, intenfely bitter and acrimonious. Much handled it ulcerates the Ikin. With regard to its me¬ dical Hexandria. B O T dical virtues, it powerfully Simulates the folids and at¬ tenuates vifcid juices ; and by thefe qualities promotes expe&oration, urine, and, if the patient be kept warm, fweat : if the dofe be confiderable it proves emetic, and fometimes purgative. The principal ufe of this medi¬ cine is where the primes vice abound with mucous mat¬ ter, and the lungs are oppreffed by tenacious phlegm. Dr Wagner, in his clinical obfervations, recommends it given along with nitre in hydropical fwellings, and in the nephritis and mentions feveral cures that he performed by giving from four to ten grains of the powder for a dofe, mixed with a double quantity of nitre : he fays, that thus managed, it almofl: always operates as a diufetic, though fometime's it vomits or purges. In dropfy, dried fquills are often combined with mercury. The mod commodious form for the taking of fquills, unlefs when defigned as an emetic, is that of a bolus or pill; liquid forms are to mod people too offenfive, though thefe may be rendered lefs difagreeable both to the palate and domach by the ad¬ dition of aromatic diddled waters. This root yields the whole of its virtues both to aqueous and to vinous mendrua, and likewife to vegetable acids. Its officinal preparations are a conferve of dried fquills, a fyrup, and vinegar, an oxymel, and pills. •' 641. Cyanella. Four fpecies ; viz. capenfis, orchidiformis, lutea, al¬ ba. C. of G. Hope. 64Z. AsPHODEEUS, or Slfphodel, or King1 s-fpear. Seven fpecies 5 viz. luteus, creticus, ramofus, albus, fidulofus, altaicus, liburnicus. Audria, S. Europe. 643. Anthericum, or Spider-wort. 55 fpecies j. viz. *ferotinum, fragrans, filifolium, dexifolium, filiforme, exuviatum, elongatum, grEecum, planifolium, fquameum, comofum, doribundum, revolu- tum, ramofum, datum, falcatum, contortum, vefperti- num, graminifolium, japonicum, longifolium, hirfutum, adenanthera, redexum, pilofum, undulatum, tridorum, *canaliculatum, albucoides, liliago, liliadrum, fpirale, frutefeens, rodratum, alooides, nutans, incurvum, lati- folium, pugoniforme, praemorfum, afphodeloides, longif. capunq annuum, hifpidum, muricatum, ciliatum, cauda felis, triquetrum, fcabrum, cirrhatum, crifpum,' *odi- fragum, phyfodes, pufillum, *calyculatum. Alps of Svved. S. Eur. Cape, Japan. Tifra- * A—It is believed in Sweden to be noxious to ffieep, im. and has been fuppoied to foften the bones of animals that eat it. Cows and horfes eat it ; flreep and fwine refufe it. ^ 644. Leontice, or Lions Leaf. Five fpecies 5 viz. chryfogonum, leontopetalum, ve- dcaria, altaica, thalietroides. Levant, N. America. 645. POLRIA. One fpecies } viz. japonica. Japan. 646. Asparagus. 20 fpecies 5 viz. * officinalis, declinatus, decumbens, dexuofus, Icandens, falcatus, racemofus, retrofra£lus, sethiopicus, afiaticus, albus, acutifolius, fubulatus, de- pendens, horridus, aphyllus, lanceus, capenfis, farmen- tofus, verticillaris. S. Eur. Afia, Africa. cmalis, * A. dem herbaceous, cylindrical, upright; leaves bridle-fhaped j leaf-fcales folitary or in pairs j male and female dowers fometimes on didinft plants.—The 4 ANY. i57 young dioots of this plant, in its cultivated date, are very univerfally edeemed for their fiavour and nutri¬ tious qualities. They impart to the urine the feent of water in which they have been boiled. The fpara- gus chryfomela lives upon it. 647. Drac^na, or Dragon-tree, 14 fpecies ; viz. draco, indivifa, umbraculifera, auf- tralis, cernua, ferrea, terminalis, marginata, driata, un- dulata, eredla, enfifolia, borealis, graminifolia. Cape, E. Indies, China, N. America. 648. Sanseviera. Three fpecies) viz. guineenfis, zeylanica, lanugino- fa. « 649. CoNVALLARIA, or Lily of the Valley. 11 fpecies 3 viz. *majalis, japonica, fpicata, *ver- ticillata, * polygonatum, * multifiora, latifolia, race- mofa, dellata, trifolia, bifolia. N. Eur. N. America,. Japan. * C. dalk naked, femi-cylindrical 3 dowers fpiked, majalis, nodding.—The dowers are highly fragrant, but when dried are of a narcotic feent : reduced to powder, they excite fneezing. An extrafl prepared from the dowers, or from the roots, partakes of the bitternefs as well as of the purgative properties of aloes. The dofe from 20 to 30 grains. A beautiful and durable green co¬ lour may be prepared from the leaves by the affidance of lime. Sheep and goats eat it 3 horfes, cows, and fwine refufe it. „ * C. leaves alternate, embracing the dem 3 dem 'i-polygona* edged 3 fruitdalks axillary, modly i-dowered.—In a turn. fcarcity of provifions the roots have been made into bread. Sheep and goats eat it 3 horfes, cows, and fwine refufe it. * C. leaves alternate embracing the dem ; dem cyXxw-multiflora. drical : fruit-dalks axillary, many-dowered.—The young ffioots are eaten by the Turks as afparagus, and the roots have been made into bread as the C. po/ygo- tiatum. Cows, goats, and ffieep eat it. 650. Polyanthus, or Tuherofe. Two fpecies 5 viz. tuberofa, pygmoea. E. Indies. 651. Drimia, Five fpecies 3 viz. ciliaris, elata, pufilla, undulata, media. 652. Hyacinthus, or Hyacinth. 13 fpecies 3 viz. *non-feriptus, cernuus, amethydi- nus, orientalis, dexuofus, corymbofus, convallarioides^ brevifolius, romanus, mufearis, comofus, betryoides, ra¬ cemofus. S. Eur. Levant. * H. blofioms tubular-bell-diaped, with fix divifions,«o/?-/cr/)> fegments rolled back 3 doral leaves in pairs.—The fredi/w>r. roots are poifonous : They may be converted into darch. Phalccna plantagi?iis lives upon it. 653. Phormium. . One fpecies 3 viz. tenax. 654. Lachenalia. . 24 fpecies 3 viz. glaucina, orehioides, pallida, hya- einthoides, angudifolia, contaminata, viridis, ferotina, pufilla, pa tula, fragrans, liliidora, pudulata, purpureo’ coerulea, violacea, purpurea, lancetefolia, unifolia, hir- ta, ifopetala, tricolor, rubina, pun&ata, pendula. Cape, New Zealand. 655. BOTANY. Hexandri; 655. Lanaria. One fpecies j viz. plumofa. C. of G. Hope. 656. VOLTHEIMIA. Four fpecies j viz. viridifolia, glauca, uvaria, pumi- la. 657. Aletris, or Bafe Aloe. Two fpecies •, viz. farinofa, fragrans. Afr. N. A- mer. Ceylon, Japan. 658. Yucca, or Adam's Needle. Four fpecies ; viz. gloriofa, aloifolia, draconis, fila- mentofa. Amer. 659. Aloe. 17 fpecies •, viz. dichotoma, fpicata, perfoliata, pi£ta, finuata, huniilis, arachnoides, raargaritifera, verrucofa, earinata, maculata, lingua, plicatilis, variegata, vifco- fa, fpiralis, retufa. Africa. Thefe plants are chiefly or rather only valuable, on account of the medicinal virtues of their infpiffated pice. The ancients diftinguifhed two forts of aloes: The one was pure and of a yellowifh colour inclining to a red, refembling the colour of a liver, and thence named hepatic j the other was full of impurities, and hence fuppofed to be only the drofs of the better kind. At prefent various forts are met with in commerce, which are diftinguifhed from the place in which they are produced, or from their fenfible qualities. 1. The Socotorine aloes, faid to be obtained from a variety of the aloe perfoliata. This is the pureft fort. It is brought from the ifland Socotora in the Indian ocean, wrapt in fkins. It is of a glolfy furface, clear, and in fome degree pellucid j in the lump, of a yellow- ifti red colour, with a purple call 5 when reduced to powder, of a bright golden colour. It is hard and fri¬ able in the winter, and fomewhat pliable in fummer, and grows foft betwixt the fingers. Its tafte is bit¬ ter, accompanied with an aromatic flavour, but infufR- cient to prevent its being difagreeable ; the fmell is not very unpleafant, and fomewhat refembles that of myrrh. 2. Barbadoes or hepatic aloes. Hepatic aloes is not fo clear and bright as the foregoing fort: it is alfo of a darker colour, more compact texture, and for the moft part drier. Its fmell is much ftronger and more difagreeable : the tafte intenfely bitter and naufeous, with little or nothing of the fine aromatic flavour of the Socotorine. The beft hepatic aloes comes from Barbadoes in large gourd {hells : an inferior fort of it (which is generally foft and clammy), is brought over in cafks. 3. Fetid, caballine, or horfe aloes, may eafily be dif- tinguifhed from each of the foregoing, by its ftrong rank fmell; although in other refpefts it agrees pretty much with the hepatic, and is not unfrequently fold in its (lead. Sometimes the caballine aloes is prepared fo pure and bright, as not to be diftinguifhed by the eye from the Socotorine j but its offenfive fmell, of which it cannot be divefted, readily betrays it. It has not now a place in almoft any pharmacopoeia, and is employed chiefly by farriers. All the forts of aloes diffolve in pure fpirit, proof fpirit, and proof fpirit diluted with half its weight of water 5 the impurities only being left. They dilfolve alfo by the afliftance of heat in water alone j but as the liquor grows cold, the refinous part fubfides, the gummy remaining united with the water. The he¬ patic aloes is found to contain more refin, and lefs gum than the Socotorine, and this than the caballine. The refins of all the forts, purified by fpirit of wine, have little fmell : that obtained from the Socotorine has fcarce any perceptible tafte } that of the hepatic, a flight bitterifh reliflr) and the refin of the caballine a little more of the aloetic flavour. The gummy ex- tradls of all the forts are lefs difagreeable than the crude aloes : the extradl of Socotorine aloes has very little fmell, and is in tafte not unpleafant; that of the hepa¬ tic has a fomewhat ftronger fmell, but is rather more agreeable in tafte than the extraft of the Socotorine , the gum of the caballine retains a confiderable ftiare of the peculiar rank fmell of this fort of aloes, but its tafte is not much more unpleafant than that of the extracts made from the two other forts. Aloes is a ftimulating cathartic bitter : if given in fo large a dofe as to purge effectually, it often occa- fions an irritation about the anus, and fometimes a dif- charge of blood. Small dofes of it, frequently repeated, not only cleanfe the pritnee vice, but likewife warm the habit, quicken the evacuation, and promote the uter¬ ine and hemorrhoidal fluxes. This medicine is parti* cularly ferviceable in habitual coftivenefs, to perfons of a phlegmatic temperament and fedentary life, and where the ftomach is oppreffed and weakened. In dry bilious habits, aloes proves injurious, immoderately heating the body and inflaming the bowels. The juice is likewife, on account of its bitternefs, fuppofed to kill worms, either taken internally, or ap¬ plied in plafters to the umbilical region. It is alfo celebrated for reftraining external haemorrhagies, and cleanfing and healing wounds and ulcers. The ancients gave aloes in much larger dofes than is cuftomary at prefent. Diofcorides orders half a dram or a dram for gently loofening the belly •, and three drams where intended to have the full effeCl of a cathartic. But modern praCtice rarely exceeds a feru- ple, and limits the greateft dofe to two fcruples. For the common purpofes of this medicine ten or twelve grains fufRce j taken in thefe or lefs quantities, it a£ts as a gentle ftimulating eccoprotic, capable of removing, if duly continued, very obftinate obftruCtions. Aloes are much lefs frequently ufed to operate as a purgative than merely to obviate coftivenefs : and indeed their purgative effeCt is not increafed in proportion to the quantity that is taken. Perhaps the chief objection to aloes, in cafes of habitual coftivenefs, is the tendency which they have to induce and augment haemorrhoidal affe6tions •, and with thofe liable to fuch complaints they can feldom be employed. Their purgative effeft feems chiefly to depend on their proving a ftimulus to the reftum. Some are of opinion, that the purgative virtue of aloes refides entirely in its refin : but experience has fhown, that the pure refin has little or no purgative quality, and that the gummy part, feparated from the refinous, a£ts more powerfully than the crude aloes. If the aloes indeed be made to undergo long coftion in the preparation of the gummy extraft, its cathartic power will be confiderably leffened, not from the fepa- ration of the refin, but from an alteration made in the Hexandria. B O T juice itfelf by the heat. The ftrongeft vegetable ca¬ thartics become mild by a like treatment, without any remarkable feparation of their parts. Socotorine aloes, as already obferved, contain more gummy matter than the hepatic 5 and hence are like- wife found to purge more, and with greater irritation. The firft fort therefore is moft proper where a ftimulus is required, as for promoting or exciting the menftrual flux 5 whilfl. the latter is better calculated to a£l as a common purge. It is fuppofed that the vulnerary and balfamic virtues of this juice refide chiefly in the refin, and hence the hepatic aloes, which is mofl: refinous, is mofi: ferviceable in external application. Aloes enter many of the officinal preparations and compofitions, particularly different pills and tinftures ; and according to the particular purpofes for which thefe are intended, fometimes the Barbadoes, fometimes the Socotorine aloes are the raoft proper. 660. Agave, or Common American Aloe. Seven fpecies j viz. americana, vivipara, virginica, cubenfis, lurida, tuberofa, feetida. America. 661. Aestroemeria. Six fpecies ; viz. pelegrina, pulchella, ligtu, falfilla, ovata, multiflora. Peru, Lima. 662. Hemerocallis, or Day-lily. Four fpecies $ viz. flava, fulva, lancifolia, japonica. Siberia, Hungary, Levant, Japan. 663. Acorus, or Swect-fmelling Rujh. Two fpecies j viz. calamus, gramineus. Europe, India. alamus, * A. floral leaf very much longer than the fpike.—The root powdered might fupply the place of our foreign fpices. It is our only native truly aromatic plant. The powder of the root has cured agues, when the Peruvian bark has failed. The roots have a ftrong aromatic fmell, and a warm pungent bitteriffi tafte. The flavour is greatly improved by drying. They are commonly imported from the’Levant, but thofe of our own growth are full as good. The Turks candy the roots, and think they are a prefervative againfi: contagion. Neither horfes, cows, goats, ftieep, or fwine will eat it. 664. Orontium, or Floating Arum. Two fpecies ; viz. aquaticum, japonicum. N. A- merica, Japan. 665. Tacca. One fpecies j viz. pinnatifida. E. Indies, Otaheite. 666. Corypha, or Mountain Palm. Two fpecies j viz. umbraculifera, rotundifolia. Eaft Indies, Carolina. 667. Licuala. One fpecies ; viz. fpinofa. Africa, Amboyna. 668. Thrikax, or Small Jamaica Fan palm. One fpecies \ viz. parviflura. Jamaica, Hifpaniola. 669. Calamus. Eight fpecies j viz. rotang, verus, draco, niger, vi- »iinalis, rudentum, equeftris, zalacca. India. 670. Juncus, or Rufh. 40 fpecies ; viz. *acutus, *conglomeratus, ffufus, glaucus, * inflexus, ar&icus, * filiformis, capillaceus, ANY. 1|9 grandiflorus, magellanicus, rubens, *trifidus, *fquar- rofus, capitatus, eapenfis, pun&orius, nodofus, *arti- culatus, fylvaticus, fubverticillatus, tenageja, * bulbo- fus, tenuis, * bufonius, cephalotes, ftygius, jacquini, * biglumis, * triglumis, * pilofus, maximus, fpadiceus, luteus, parviflorus, ferratus, albidus, niveus, * campef- tris, fudeticus, *fpicatus. Europe, Cape, N. America. * J. flraw fluff and ftraight j panicle lateral, \qq{g ^effufus. flowers egg-fliaped, blunt, 3 ftamens in each.—Rulhes are fometimes ufed to make little balkets. The pith of this fpecies is ufed infiead of cotton to make the wick of ruffi lights. Horfes and goats eat it. * J. ftraw rigid ; leaves like brifiles j panicle lerxmna-fquarrqfus. ting, leaflefs.—Horfes eat it. The leaves lying clofe to the ground elude the ftroke of the feythe. It indi¬ cates a barren foil. « 671. Richardia. One fpecies ; viz. fcabra. Vera Cruz. 672. Duroia. One fpecies ; viz. eriopila. Surinam. 673. Achras, or Sapota. Three fpecies j viz. diffe£ta, mammofa, fapota. W. Indies, S. America. 674. Prinos, or Winter-berry. Seven fpecies j viz. verticillatus, montanus, dioicus, nitidus, glaber, lucidus, fideroxyloides. N. America, Jamaica, Montferrat. 675. COSSIGNEA. Two fpecies j viz. triphylla, pinnata. India. 676. Barbacenia. One fpecies $ viz. brafiiienfis. 677. Berberis, or Barberry, or Pipperidge Bujh. Five fpecies j viz. * vulgaris, ilicifolia, microphylla, cretica, fibirica. Europe, Canada, Terra del Fuego. * B. fruitftalks forming bunches j thorns 3 together.— vulgaris* The leaves are gratefully acid. The flowers are offen- five to the fmell when near, but at a proper diftance their odour is extremely fine. The berries are fo very acid that birds will not eat them, but boiled with fu- gar they form a moft agreeable rob or jelly. They are ufed, likewife, as a dry fweetmeat, and in fugar plums. An infufion of the bark in white wine is' purgative. The roots boiled in lye dye wool yellow. In Poland they dye leather of a moft beautiful yellow with the bark of the root. The inner bark of the ftems dyes linen of a fine yellow, with the afliftance of alum. This (hrub fliould never be permitted to grow in corn lands, for the ears of wheat that grow near it never fill, and its influence in this refpecl has been known to extend as far as 3 or 4 hundred yards acrofs a field. This very extraordinary fa£t well merits inveftigation. 678. PSATHURA. One fpecies j borbonita. Ifle of Bourbon. 679. Nandina. One fpecies $ viz. domeftica. Japan. 680. Lindera. One fpecies ; viz. umbellata. Japan. 681. Enargea. One fpecies j viz, marginata. Terra del Fuego. 682, i 6o B O T 682. Philesia. • One fpecies ; viz. buxifolia. Straits of Magellan. 683. Capura. One fpecies ; viz. purpurata. India. 684. Loranthus. 26 fpec'ies ; viz. fcurrula, tetrapetalus, glaucus, bi- florus, parvifolius, falcatu^, uniflorus, europasus, longi- brafleatns, buddlt joides, nodofus, elevatus, longiflorus, elafticus, americanu^, emarginatus, occidentalis, loni- ceroides, pedunculatus, fefii'b, marginatus, ilelis, pau- citlorus, brafilienfis, pentandrus, fpicatus. Europe, E. Ind. Jam. Amer. 685. SCHRADERA. Two fpecies 5 ^viz. capitata, cephalotes. 686. Stephania. One fpecies j viz. cleomoides. Guiana. 687. Hillia. Two fpecies j viz. longiflora, tetrandra. Jamaica, S. Amer. 688. Isertia. Two fpecies j viz. coccinea, parviflora. Guiana. 689. Canarina, or Canary Bcil-Jlovjer'. One fpecies ; viz. campanula. Canary ides. 690. Frankenia, or Sea-heath. Four fpecies ; viz. * las vis, nothria, hirfuta, * pul- verulenta. Europe, Arabia. 691. Peplis, or Water Purjlain. Two fpecies 5 viz. *portula, indica. Europe. 692. Gahnia. Two fpecies ; viz. procera, fchoenoides. New Zea¬ land. 693. Bambusa. Two fpecies 5 viz. arundinacea, verticillata. 694. Ehrharta. Five fpecies j viz. cartilaginea, bulbofa, longiflora, panicea, calycina. Africa. Order II. DIGYNIA. 695. Oryza, or Rice. One fpecies j viz. fativa. E. and W. Indies, N. A- imerica.—Rice is the produce of many countries, par¬ ticularly of the Eaft Indies 5 but as ufed in Britain, it is brought chiefly from Carolina, where this plant is cultivated in large quantities. It is fufficiently nutri¬ tious, and affords an ufeful food in diarrhoeas, dyfen- teries, and other diforders from a thin acrimonious Rate of the juices. 696. Nectris. One fpecies ; viz. aquatica. Guiana. 697. Falkia. One fpecies j viz. repens. C. of G. Hope. 698. Atraphaxis. Two fpecies j viz. fpinofa, undulata. Lev. Cape. A N Y. 'Hexandri Order III. DIGYNIA. 699. Rumex, or Dock. 36 fpecies ; viz. patentia, * fanguineus, fpathulatus, verticillatus, britannica, * hydrolapathum, * crifpus, ne- molapathum, perficarioides, segyptiacus, dentatus, * ma- ritinm", divaricatus, * acutus, obtufifolius, * pulcher, bucephalophorus, aquaticus, lunaria, veficarius, rofeus, tingitanus, fcutatus, nervofus, * digynus, lanceolatus, alpinus, fpinofus, iuberofus, multifidus, * acetofa, * a- cetofella, aculeatus, luxurians, arifolius, bipinnatus. Europe, Egypt, Barbary. * B- valves flrongly veined 5 leaves fpear-fhaped, acute, crifpus. waved and curled at the edge.—In Norfolk this plant is the pefl: of clover fields. The frefh roots bruifed, and made into an ointment or deco61ion, cure the itch. The feeds have been given with advantage in the dy- fentery. Cows, goats, and horfes refufe it. * R. valves veinlefs 5 leaves oval-fpear-fhaped, uneven acutus at the edges.— Cows and horfes refufe it. It is infected by the aphis rumicis. The root is ufed by the dyers. It gives a great variety of fhades, from ftraw colour to a pretty fine olive, and a fine deep green to cloths which have been previoufly blued. * R. leaves fpear-fhaped, fmooth, acute, very entire, tapering at the bafe.—It is a medicine of confiderablepathum. efficacy, both externally applied as a wafh for putrid ipongy gums, and internally in fome fpecies of fcurvy. In rheumatic pains and chronical difeafes, owing to ob- ftru&ed vilcera, it is faid to be ufeful. The powdered root is one of the beft: things for cleaning the teeth. The root has fometimes a reddifh tinge, but foon changing to a yellowifh brown when expofed to the air. The curculio lapathi is found upon the leaves. * B* leaves heart-oblong, bluntifh, finely notched.— Fallow-deer eat this and the R. acutus with avidity, biting it clofe to the root, fo that it is very rare to fee a dock growing in a park. * B. leaves oblong, arrow-fhaped.—The leaves mz aceto[a. eaten in fauces and in falads. The Laplanders ufe them to turn their milk four. In France they are cultivated for the ufe of the table, being introduced in foups, ra¬ gouts and fricalfees. In fome parts of Ireland they eat them plentifully with milk, alternately biting and flip¬ ping. The Iriffi alfo eat them with fifb, and other al- kalefcent food. The dried root gives out a beautiful red colour when boiled. Horfes, cows, goats, fheep, and fwine eat it. The aphis acetofee feecj,s upon it. 700. Feagellaria. One fpecies ; viz. indica. E. Ind. Guiana. 701. Scheuchzeria, or Leffer Flowering RuJJsC One fpecies ; viz. palullris. Lapland, Sweden, Hel¬ vetia. 702. Trigeochin, or Arrow-headed Grafs. Three fpecies; viz. * palluffre, bulbofum, mariti- mum. Europe. * T. capfule 3-celled, nearly ftrap-fhaped.—Cows zxepalujlre. extremely fond of this plant. Horfes, Iheep, goats, and fw ine eat it. * T. capfule 6-celled, egg-fliaped.—It is fait to the mariti- tafte ; but hories, goats, {ht£p, and fwine are very mum. fond of it. 7°3- Hexandria. utum- ale. E O T A K Y. 703. WURMBEA. Three fpecies; viz. puraila, campanulata, longiflora. 704. Melanthium. 14 fpecies; viz. virginicum, fibiricum, laeturti, ca- penfe, triquetrum, ciliatum, junCeum, fecundum, pha- langioides, indicum, viride, uniflorum, eucomoides, pumilum. Sibteria, Cape, N. America. 705. Medeola, or Climbing African Afparagus. Three fpecies; viz. virginica, afparagoides, angufti- folia. Cape, Virginia. 706. T. RILLIUM, or Three-leaved Nightfljade. One fpecies; viz. feflile. N. America. 707. CoECHICUM, or Meadow ftjfroni Three fpecies; viz. * autumnale, montanum, varie- gatum. S-. of Europe, Archipelago. * C. leaves flat, fpear-lhaped, upright.—This is one of thofe plants which, upon the concurrent teftimony of ages, was condemned as poifonous; but Dr Storck of Vienna hath taught us that it is an ufeful medicine. The roots have a good deal of acrimony. An infufion of them in vinegar, formed into a fyrup by the addi¬ tion of fugar or honey, is found to be a very ufeful peftoral and diuretic ; it feems in its virtues very much to refemble fquill, but is lefs naufeous, and lefs acrimo¬ nious, though more fedative. In a pafture in which were feveral horfes, and eaten down pretty bare, the grafs was clofely cropped, even under the leaves, but not. a leaf bitten. 708. Helonias, Four fpecies; viz. bullata, borealis, afphodeloides, pumila. Pennfylvania, Virginia. Order IV. HEXAGYNIA. 709. Wendlandia. One fpecies; viz. populifolia. 710. Damasonium. One fpecies ; viz. indicum. Order y. POLYGYNIA. 711. Alisma, or Water-plantain,. Ten fpecies; viz. * plantago, flava, fagdttifolia, * da- mafonium, cordifolia, parnaffifolia, repens, * natans, * ranunculoides, fubulata. Europe, N. America. In the clafs Hexandria are - in Genera, including 784Species, of which 63 are found in Britain. CLASSIS VII. HEPTANDRIA. Ordo I. MONOGYNIA. Se£t. I. Flores completi. CLASS VII. HEPTANDRIA. Order I. MONOGYNIA. Se£L I. Flowers complete. * 712. Trientalis. Cal. 7-phyllus. Cor. 7-partita, plana. Bacca i-locularis, licca. 713. Disandra. Cal. fubfeptempartitus. Cor. ro- tata, fubfeptempartita. Capf. 2-locularis, polyfperma. 717* ALsculus. Cal. 5-dentatus. Cor. 5-petala, inaequalis. Capf. 3-locularis, 2-fperma. 718. Petrocarya. Cal. ^-fidus. Cor. 5-petala. Drupa carnofa. Nux 2-locul. 716. Pancouia. Cal. 4-partitus. Cor. 4-petala crifpata. Stam. adfcendentia. 719. Jonesia. Cal. 2-phyllus. Cor. infundibuli- formis. , Legumen. * T. Cal. 7-leaved. Cor. 7-partite, flat. Berry 1- celled, dry. D. Cal. nearly 7-partite. Cor. wheel-lhaped, near¬ ly 7-partite. Capf. 2 celled, many-feeded. JE. Cal. 5-toothed. Cor. 5-petaled, unequal. Capf. 3-celled, 2-feeded* P. Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. 5 petals. A flefhy drupe. Nut 2-celled. P. Cal. 4-partite. Cor. 4-petaled, crifped. Sta¬ mens afcending. J. Cal. 2-leavedk Cor. funnel-fliaped. A legumi¬ nous plant. f Pelargonium. Seel. II. Flores incompleti. 714. Pisonia. Cal. campanulatus, 5-fidus. Cor. 0. Bacca 1 fperma. 715. Petiveria. Cal. 4-phyllus. Cor. 0. Stylus lateralis. Sem. 1. Vol. IV. Part I. Se£t. II. Flowers incomplete. \ P. Cal. bell-lhaped, 5-cleft. No cor. Berry i~ feeded. P. Cal. 4-leaved. No cor. Style lateral. Seed 1. X 723- B O T 720. DracoNTIUM. Spatha cymbiformis. Spadix teftus. Cal. o. Cor. 5-petala. Bacca. 721. Calla. Spatha ovata. Spadix te&us. Cal. 0. Cor. o. Bacca. 722. Houttuynia. Spatha 4-phylla. Spadix tec- tus. Cal. O.' Cor. O. Capf. 3-locul. ANY. Heptandria. D. A boat-fhaped {heath. The Iheathed fruitftalk covered. No cal. Cor. 5 petals. A berry. C. An oval (heath. Sheathed fruitftalk covered. No cal. No cor. A berry. H. Sheath 4-leaved. Sheathed fruitftalk covered. No cal. No cor. Capf. 3-celled. Ordo II. DIGYNIA. 723. Limeum. Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. 5-petala, sequa- lis. Capf. 2-locularis, polyfperma. Ordo III. TETRAGYNIA. 724. Astranthus. Cal. o. Cor. hypocrateri- form. 14-fida. Sem. 1. 725. Saururus. Cal. amentiftn. Cor. o. Pift.4. Baccae 4, monofpermae. Order II. DIGYNIA. L. Cal. 5-leaved. Cor. 5 petals, equal. Capf. 2- celled, many-feeded. Order III. TETRAGYNIA. A. No cal. Cor.falver-ftiaped, ^cleft. Seed 1. S. Cal. catkin. No cor. Piftils 4. Berries 4, 1- feeded. Ordo IV. HEPTAGYNIA. Order IV. HEPTAGYNIA. 726. Sept as. Cal. 7-partitus. Cor. 7-petala. Ger- S. Cal. 7*cleft. Cor. 7 petals, Germens 7. Capf. 7.. roina 7. Capf. 7. f 'Phytolacca Jlritla. Order I. M0N0GYNIA. > 712. Trientalis, or duckweed. Winter Green. One fpecies $ viz. * europaea. North of Europe. 713. Disandra. One fpecies 5 viz. proftrata. Madeira. 714. Pisonia, or Yringrido. Five fpecies j viz. aculeata, fubcordata, nigricans, coccinea, mitis. Weft Indies. 715. Petiveria, or Guinea-hen-weed. One fpecies j viz. alliacea. Weft Indies. 716. Pancovia. One fpecies $ viz. bijuga. 717. iEscULUS, or Horfe-Chefnut. Three fpecies, viz. hippocaftanura, pavia, flava. N. of Afia, America. The fruit of this plant has been uled as food for ftieep and poultry, and as foap for waihing. It was much employed in powder as a fternutatory by an iti¬ nerant oculift, and has been recommended by fome others in certain cafes of ophthalmia, headach, &c. in which errhines are indicated. Its effe&s as a fternutatory may allb be obtained by ufing it under the form of infufion or deco&ion drawn up into the noftrils; and it is entirely with a view to its errhine power that it is now introduced into the Pharmacopoeia of the Edinburgh college. But beftdes this, the bark has alfo been reprefented by fome as a cure for intermittent fevers, and it is probably with this intention, that this part of the hippocaftanum is introduced as an officinal article in the Pharmacopoeia Roflica. 718. Petrocarya. Two fpecies j viz. montana, campeftris. Guiana, 719. Jonesia. One fpecies j viz. pinnata. 720. Dracontium, or Dragon's Head. Six fpecies ; viz. polyphyllum, fpinofum, foetidum,. kamfchatfcenfe, lancesefolium, pertufum. Ceylon, W. Indies, America. 721. Calla, or Ethiopian Arum. Three fpecies y viz. aethiopica, paluftris, orientalis. Europe, Cape. 722. Houttuynia. One fpecies 5 viz. cordata. Japan. Order II. DIGYNIA. 723. Limeum. Three fpecies y viz. africanum, capenfe, aethiopicum. C. of G. Hope. S Order III. TETRAGYNIA. 724. Astranthus. One fpecies y viz. cochinchinenfis. 725. Saururus,-or Lizard's Tail. One fpecies y viz. cernuus. Virginia. Order II. HEPTAGYNIA. 726. Sept as. One fpecies 5, viz, capenfis. C. of G. Hope, In the clafs Heptandria are 15 Genera, which include 31 Species, only one is found in Britain. Of thefe CLASSIS Odandria, BOTANY. 163 / CLASSIS VIII. OCTANDRIA. CLASS VIII. . OCTANDRIA. Ordo I. MONOGYNIA. Se&. I. Flores completi. '743. Mimusops. Cor. 8-petala. Cal. 8-phyllus, inferus. Drupa. 745. Cupania. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-phyllas. Capf. 3-locularis, loculis monofpermis. Sem. arillatum. 765. Dimocarpus. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-denta- tus. Baccae 2, monofpermae. 727. Tropa:olum. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-fidus, Inferus, calcaratus. Nuces 3. 779. B^ckea. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-fidus, fupe- rus. Capf. 4-locularis. 747. Ephielis. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-partitus. Capf. i-locul. 2-fperma. 748. Molinaia. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-partitus. Capf. 3-locul. 3-valvis. 742. HoncKENYA. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-pliyl- lus. Neftar. ftaminiformia. Capf. echinata. 751. Hagenia. Cor. 5-petala. Cal, 2-phyllus. Neftar. 5-phyllum. 766. MemecyloN. Cor. 4-petda. Cal. ititeger- rlmus, fuperus. 734. CombretiM. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 5-denta- tus, fuperus. Sem. 4. 738. RoxburGHIa. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-phyl- lus inferus. Antherae neflario infertae. Capf. 2-valvis. * 732. Epilobium. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-fidus, tu* bulofus, fuperus. Capf. 4-locular. Sem. comofa. 731. Gaura. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-fidus, tubulo- fus, fuperus. Nux i-fperma. 730. Oenothera, Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-ffdus, tu- bulofus, fuperus. Capif. 4-locularis. Anther, linea- res. 735. Vitmannia. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-fidus, inferus. Nux i-fperma. 729. RHEXia. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-fidus. Capf. 4-locularis, fupera. Anth. arcuatae. 728. Osbeckia. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-fidus. Capf. 4-locularis, infera. Anth. roftratae. 737. Tetratheca. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-fidus. Antherae 4-loculares. Capf. 2-locularis. 736. Grislea. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-dentatus, inferus. Capf. i-locularis. 750. Koebreuteria. Cor. 4-petala, ne£tario cy- lindrico. Cal. 4-phyllus. Capf. 3-locularis. 752. Persoonia. Cor. 4-petala, ne&ario cylin- drico. Cal. 4-partitus. Capf. I-locul. polyfperma. 753. Guarea. Cor. 4-petala, neftario cylindrico. Cal. 4-dentatus, inferus. Capf. 4-locularis, 4-yalvis. »Sem. folitaria. Order I. MONOGYNIA. Se£t. I. Flowers complete, M. Cor. 8-petaled. Cal. 8-leafed, inferior. A drupe. C. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 5-leafed. Capf. 3-celledj '1 feed in each cell. Seed coated. D. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 5-toothed. Berries 2, 1- feeded. T. Cor. 5-petals. Cal. 5-cleft, inferior, having a fpur. Nuts 3. B. Cor. 5 petals. Cal. 5-cleft, fuperior. Capf. 4- celled. E. Cor. 5 petals. Cal. 5-partite. Capf. i-celled, 2- feeded. M. Cor. 5 pet^Js. Cal. 5-partite. Capf, 3-celled, with 3 valves. H. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 5-leaved. Ne&aries in the form of ftamens. Capf. prickly. H. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 2-leaved. Ne&ary 5- leaved. M. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. very entire, fuperipr. C. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 5^toothed, fuperior. Seeds 4* " . . R. Cor. 4 petals. Cal. 4-leaved, inferior. An¬ thers inferted in the neflary. Capf. with 2 valves. E. Cor. 4 petals. Cal. .4-cleft, tubular, fuperior. Capf. 4-celled. Seeds hairy. G. Cer. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-cleft, tubular, fuperior. Nut, with one feed. O. Cor. 4-petaled, Cal. 4-cleft, tubular above. Capf. 4-celled. Anthers ftrap-lhaped. V. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-cleft, beneath. Nut 1- feeded. R. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal, 4-cleft. Capf. 4-celled, above. Anthers bowed. O. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-cleft. Capf. 4-celled, beneath or inferior. Anthers having a beak. T. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-cleft. Anthers 4-celled. Capf. 2-celled. G. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-toothed, inferior. Capf. I-celled. K. Cor. 4-petaled, with a cylindrical nedlary. Cal. 4-leaved. Capf. 3-celledi P. Cor. 4-petaled, with a cylindrical neflary. Cal. 4-partite. Capf. 1-celled, many-feeded. G. Cor. 4-petaled, with a cylindrical neftary. Cal. 4-toothed, inferior. Capf. 4-celled, 4-valved. Seeds folitary. X 2 741. B O T 741. Correa. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-dentatus. Capf. 4-locul. loculis l-fpermis. 733. Antichorus. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-phyl- lus, inferus. Capf. 4-locul. 4-valvis, polyfperma. 740. Allophyllus. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-phyl- lus, inferus. Stigma 4-fidum. 739. Ornitrophe. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-pliyllus, inferus. Styl. 2-fidus. Baccae 2, monofpermae. 744. JambolifeRA. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-denta¬ tus, inferus. , Filamenta planiufcula. Drupa. 746. Xyeocarpus. Cor. 4 petala. Cal. 4-denta¬ tus, inferus. Neft.’8-fdum. Drupa ficca. 757. XlMENIA. Cor. 4-pctala. Cal. 4-fidus. Ne£f. o. Drupa i-fperma. 763. Lawsonia. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-fidus, in- feruf-. Bacca 4-locularis. 749. Melicocca. Cor. 4-petala refrafla, Cal. 4- partitus. Drupa corticofa. Stigma peltatum, anceps. 755. Amyris. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-dentatus, in- lerus. Bacea 1 -fperma. 764. Melicope. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-partitus. Caj>l, 4, mouofperrrjfe. 773. G nidi a. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-fidus, corol- lifer. Nux i-fperma. 758. Fuschia. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-fidus, corol- lif. Bacca 4-locularis, polyfperma. 754. Hedwigia. Cor. 4-fida. Cal. 4-dentatus. Capf. tricocca. 760. Michauxia. Cor. 8-partita. Cal. 16-partitus. Capf. 8-locularis. * 759. Cheora. Cor. 8-fida. Cal. 8-phyllus, inferus. Gapf. i-locul. valvis, polyfperma. * 768. Vaccinium. Cor. i-petala. Cal. 4-dentatus, fuperus. Filam. receptaculi. Bacca. 769. Menziesia. Cal. repandus inferus. Cor. I- petala. Filam. receptaculi. Capfula. * 770. Erica. Cor. i-petala. Cal. 4-phyllus, infe¬ rus. Filam. receptaculi. Capfula. His Jbnillima notanda quce ad clajfes diverfas pertinent. Bi%ophora Mangle. JEfcuius Pavia. Monatropa Hy- popitlujs. Ruta graveolens. Jujjicece nonnullce fpeaes. Portulaca quadrijida. Portulaca meridians. Cappa- rides duartitus. Capf. 3-locul. 3-fperrr.a. 790. Sapindus. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-phyllus. Bacca 3-cocca, i-fperma. 786. Coccoloba. Cor. 0. . Cal. jj-partitus. Bacca calycina, l-fperma. * 785. Polygonum. Cor.o. Cal. 5-partitus. Sem. I, nudum. Ordo IV. TETRAGYNIA. * 794* Adoxa. Cor. 4 f. 5-fida, fupra. Cal. 2-phyl- lus. Bacca 4 f. 5-fperina. 792. Verea. Cor. 4-fida. Cal. 4-fidus. Capf. 4, polyfpermse. 796. Halloragis. Cor. 4-,petala. Cal. 4-fidus. Drupa ficca, 4-Iocul. * 795' Elatine. Con 4-petala. Cal. 4.phyllus. Capl. 4-locul. 797. Forskolea. Cor. 8-petala. Cal. 4-phyllus. Sem. 4. f Pelivena alliacea. Myriophyllum vcrticillatunu ANY. S. Cal. 4-cleft, bloffom-like, equal. Stamens en* clofed. A nut. D. Cal. 4-leaved. No cor. Capf. 3-celled. V. Cal. 5-partite. No cor. Cafp. berried, 4-feed« ed. C. Cal. 6-partite. No cor. Order II. DIGYNIA. C. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal 4-leaved. Involucrum 4- leaved. W. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-leaved. Capf. 2-celled, with 2 beaks. M. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-leaved. Capf. i-celled. S. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 2-leaved. Seed-veffels 2, with pedicles. G. No cor. Cal. 4-cleft. Capf. 3-celled, 2-feed- ed. Order III. TRIGYNIA. S. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-leaved. Seed-veflels 3. P. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-leaved. Capf. 3-celled, l-feeded. C. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-leaved, Capf. 3-celled, I-feeded. P. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-partite. Capf. 3-celled, 3-feeded. S. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-leaved. Berry 3-celled, I-feeded. C. No cor. Cal. 5-partite. Berry cup-like, 1- feeded. * P. No cor. Cal. 5-partite. Seed 1, naked. Order IV. TETRAGYNIA. * A. Cor. 4 or 5-cleft, fuperior. Cal. 2-leaved. Ber- ry 4 or 5-feeded. V. Cor. 4 cleft. Cal. 4-cleft. Capf. many-feeded. H. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-cleft. A drupe, dry, 4-celled. '* E. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-leaved. Capf. 4-celled» F. Cor. 8-petaled. Cal. 8-leaved. Seeds 4.. Order I. MONOGYNIA. 727. TROP.EOLUM, or Indian Crefs. Kve fpecies ; viz. minus, majus, hybridum, peregri- num, pentaphyllum. Peru, Lima. 728.. Osbechia, or Gold-rofe Feather. Two fpecies; viz. chinenfis, zeylanica. Ceylon, China. 729. Rhexia, or Soap-Wood. 17 Ipecfes j viz. virginiea, mariana, trichotoma, bi- valvis, 1 l66 BOTANY. , Oaandrii valvis, trivalvis, jufliseoides, hypericoides, glutinofa, acifanthera, glomerat^, longifolia, afpera, inconftans, latifolia, villofa, aquatica, uniflora. N. America, Ja¬ maica, Brafil. 730. Oenothera, or Tree-primrofe. 15 fpecies j viz. biennis, grandiflora, parviflora, mu- ricata, longiflora, molliflima, nodlurna, villofa, odo- rata, finuata, tetraptera, fruticofa, pumila, rofea, pur¬ purea. America. 7 31. Gaura, or Virginian Loofe-Jlrife. Three fpecies j viz. biennis, fruticofa, mutabilis. Virginia, Pennfylvania. 732. Epilobium, or Willow-herb. 12 fpecies*, viz. * anguftifolium, anguftiflimum, la- tifolium, * hirfutum, pubefcens, villofum, * monta- num, glabellum, rotundifolium, * tetragonum, * pa- luftre, * alpinum. North of Europe. angujli- * E. leaves fcattered, ftrap-fpear-ftiaped j bloffoms ir- folium. regular.—Goats are extremely fond of this plant. Cows and (beep eat it. Horfes and fwine refufe it. The phalcena porcellus and fphinx elpenor are found up¬ on it. The fuckers of the root are eatable. An infu- flon of the plant has an intoxicating property, and the Kamtfchatcadales brew a fort of ale from the pith, and from the ale make vinegar. The down of the feeds alfo, mixed with cotton or fur, has been manufa&ured into dockings and other articles of clothing. hirfutum. * E. leaves egg-fpear-fliaped, hairy' half embracing the -ftem ; ftem very much branched and hairy.—The top-flioots have a delicate fragrance, refembling fcalded codlings (whence one of its names), but fo tranfitory, that before they have been gathered five minutes, it js no longer perceptible. Horfes, (heep, and goats, eat it. Cows are not fond of it. Swine refufe it. ' 733. Antichorus. One fpecies ; viz. depreffus. Arabia. 734. COMBRETUM. Five fpecies ; viz. laxum, fecundum, purpureum, decandrum, alternifolium. America. 735. VITMANNlA. One fpecies 5 viz. elliptica. 736. GrisLEA. Two fpecies $ viz. fecunda, tomentofa. America. 737. Tetratheca. One fpecies ; viz. pineea. 738. Roxburghia. One fpecies ; viz. gloriofoides. 739. Ornitrophe* Six fpecies j viz. integrifolia, ferrata, cobbe, comi- nia, occidentalis, rigida. Ifle of Bourbon. 740. Allophyllus. One fpecies ; viz. zeylanicus. Ceyl. Jam. Hifpan. 741. Correa. One fpecies *, viz. alba. 742. Honckenya. One fpecies j viz. ficifolia. 743. Mimusops. Four fpecies j viz. elengi, hexandra, kanhi, imbri- ' caria. Arabia, India. 744. Jambolifera. One fpecies ; viz. pedunculata. 745. Cupania. Three fpecies j viz. tomentofa, glabra, faponarioides. Coromandel, W. Indies. 746. Xylocarpus. One fpecies $ viz. granatum. Ceylon, E. Indies. 747. Ephielis. One fpecies j viz. fraxinea. Guiana* 748. Molinjea. Three fpecies j viz. laevis, canefcens, alternifolia, 749. Mehcocca. One fpecies j viz. bijuga. Jamaica. 750. Koelreuteria. One fpecies j viz. paniculata. China. 751. Hagenia. One fpecies 5 viz. abyflinica. Abyflinia. 752. Persoonia. One fpecies j viz. gaureoides. 753. Gaurea. One fpecies $ viz. trichilioides. 754. Hedwigia. One fpecies $ viz. balfamifera. Hifpaniola. 755. Amyris, or Shrubby Sweetwood. 19 fpecies j viz. polygama, elemifera, fylvatica, maritima, kataf, gileadenfis, opobalfamum, ennean- dra, heterophylla, gujanenfis, ambrofiaca, decandra, altiflima, toxifera, protium, dentata, anifata, zeylani- ca, balfamifera. E. Indies, Carolina, Jamaica. The A. elemifera produces a refin, which is brought from the Spanifti W. Indies, and fometimes from the Es Indies, in large roundiftr cakes, generally wrapped up in flag leaves. The bed fort is foftifti, fomewhat tranf- parent, of a pale whitifti yellow colour, inclining a little to green *, of a flrong, not unpleafant fmell. It almoft totally diflblves in pure fpirit, and fends over fome part of its fragrance along with this menftruum in diftillation : diftilled with water it yields a confide- rable quantity of pale coloured, thin, fragrant effential oil. This refin gives name to one of the officinal un¬ guents, and is at prefent fcarce any otherwife made ufe of*, though it is certainly preferable for internal pur- pofes to fome others, which are held in greater efteem. The fruit of the amyris gileadenfis is the produft of the tree that yields the opobalfam, or balfam of Gilead. It is about the fize of a pea, of a whitifti colour, en- clofed in a dark-brown wrinkled bark. This fruit, when in perfe&ion, has a pleafant warm glowing tafte, and a fragrant fmell, refembling that of the opobalfam itfelf. It is very rarely found in the (hops $ and fuch as we now and then do meet with, has almoft: entirely loft its fmell and tafte. It had formerly a place in the mithridate and theriaca formulae, now banifhed from our pharmacopoeias *, but even then the college permit¬ ted cubebs to be employed as a fubftitute for the carpo- balfamum, which could feldom be procured ; and it is probably on this account that it has now no place in our lifts. 756. Cedrota. One fpecies j longifolia, Guiana. 757* Ddandria. B O T 167 757. XlMENIA. Three fpecies ; viz. americana, elliptica, inermis. Weft Indies, Guiana. 758. Fuschia. Four fpecies *, viz. triphylla, coccinea, excorticata, multiflora. Jam. Chili, New Zealand. 759. Chlora, or Yellow Centaury. Five fpecies; viz. * perfoliata, quadrifolia, dode- candra, feflilis, imperfoliata. S. Eur. Lev. Virginia. 760. Michauxia. One fpecies j viz. campanuloides. Levant. 761. DoDONjEA. Three fpecies ; viz. vifcofa, triquetra, anguftifolia. Tropical climates, Cape. 762. Valentinia. One fpecies $ viz. ilicifolia. Cuba, Hifpaniola. 763. Lawsonia. Four fpecies; viz. inermis, purpurea, acronychia, fpinofa. Egypt, Eaft Indies. 764. Melicope. One fpecies j viz. ternata. South fea ifles. 765. Dimocarfus. One fpecies j viz. litchia. 766. Memecylon. Four fpecies 5 viz. capitellatum, tin&orium, grande, cordatum. Ceylon. 767. Buginviluea. One fpecies ; viz. fpeftabilis. Brazil. 768. Vaccinium, or Bill-berry, or IVhortle-berry. 27 fpecies; viz. * myrtillus, pallidum, hirtum, fta- mineum, * uliginofum, album, mucronatum, diffufum, anguftifolium, corymbofum, bra&eatum, ciliatum, f'uf- catum, frondofum, venuftum, liguftrinum, refinofum, amoenum, virgatum, tenellum, ar&oftaplryllos, meridio- nale, cereum, * vitis-idaea, * oxycoccos, hifpidulum, ma- crocarpon. N. Europe, Levant, N. America, Jamaica. nijrtillus. * fruitftalks I-flowered ; leaves ferrated, egg-ftia- ped ; ftem angular.—-The berries of this plant are very acceptable to children, either eaten by themfelves, or with milk, or in tarts. The moor game live upon them ifc the autumn. The juice ftains paper or linen pur¬ ple. Goats eat it. Sheep are not fond of it. Horfes and cows refufe it. 'liginofum* V. fruitftalks r-flowered ; leaves very entire, in- verfely egg-ftiaped, blunt, fmooth.—Children are faid fometimes to eat the berries ; but in large quantities they occafion dizzinefs and a flight headach, efpecial- ly when full grown, and quite ripe. Many vintners f jn France are faid to make ufe of the juice to colour their white wines red. Horfes* cows, flieep, and goats, I _ eat it. Swine refufe it. ihs-idta. * V. bunches terminating, nodding; leaves inverfely egg-fhaped ; edge very entire, and rolled back, dot¬ ted underneath.—The berries are acid, and not very grateful ; but they are eaten by the Finlanders, and by the country people in Sweden, and are fent in large quantities from W. Bothnia to Stockholm for pickling. They are alfo made into tarts, rob, and jelly. Goats eat it. Cows, ftieep, and horfes, refufe it. •V.froitftaJks Angle or in pairs; leaves egg-(haped, A N Y. very entire, edges rolled back; ftem thread-ftiaped, trailing, not hairy.—-The berries, made, into tarts, are much efteemed ; but on account of a peculiar flavour, are difliked by fome. They may be kept for feveral years if wiped clean ; and then clofely corked in dry bottles, or the bottles may be filled with water.—At Long- town in Cumberland, 20 or 30l.’s worth are fold by the poor people each market day, for five or fix weeks together. The moft general name, cranberry, proba¬ bly originated from the fruitftalks being crooked at the top, and before the expanfion of the bloflbm, refera- bling the neck and head of a crane. 769. Menziesia. One fpecies ; viz. ferruginea. 770. Erica, or Heath. 137 fpecies ; viz. glutinofa, lutea, paniculata, depref- fa, halicacaba, monfoniana, difcolor, denfifolia, cruenta, nigrita, phylicoides, regerminans, urceolaris, marifolia, planifolia, hirta, bicolor, articularis, viridi-purpurea, pubefcens, perfoluta, gracilis, ftrigofa, caffra, arborea, ftrifta, florida, mucofa, pitulifera, amoena, * tetralix, inflata, gilva, abietina, verticillata, patterfonia, mam- mofa, empetrifolia, fpicata, oftophylla, fafcicularis, ob- liqua, * vulgaris, gnaphaloides, corifolia, calycina, tri¬ flora, fcoparia, bergiana, formofa, rubens, incarnata, * cinerea, auftralis, ramentacea, quadriflora, lateralis, margaritacea, baccans, pendula, phyfodes, cernua, re- torta, * daboecia, tenuifolia, albens, bra&eata, thun- bergii, tetragona, umbellata, nuditlora, petiolata, bry- antha, ftelleriana, fucata, axillaris, imbricata, fexfaria, melanthera, leucanthera, taxifolia, fpumofa, capitata, bruniades, pafierina, totta, abfynthioides, ciliaris, cos- rulea, hifpidula, petiverii, bankfii, febana, monadelphia, plukenetii, verficolor, perfpicua, aitoni, cephalotes, pul- chella, longifolia, veftita, pinea, leea, coccinea, pur¬ purea, concinna, grandiflora, cylindrica, curviflora, fim- pliciflora, tubiflora, lanata, procera, confpicua, glandu- lofa, tranfparens, cerinthoides, fp^rmanni, maflbni, ven- trieofa, ampullacea, faftigiata, incurva, globofa, como- fa, denticulata, mufcari, vifcaria, pyramidalis, mediter- ranea, multiflora, herbacea, purpurafcens, * vagans, cm- bica, racemofa. Europe, Madeira, Cape-. s* E. leaves arrow-fhaped.—This plant, but little re-vulgaris, garded in happier climates, is made fubfervient to a great variety of purpofes, in the bleak and barren high¬ lands of Scotland. The poorer inhabitants make walls for their cottages, with alternate layers of heath, and a kind of mortar made of black earth and ftraw, the woody roots of the heath being placed in the centre, the tops externally and internally. They make their beds of it, by placing the root downwards, and the tops only being uppermoft, they are fufficiently foft to fleep upon. Cabins are thatched with it. In the ifland of Hay, ale is frequently made by brewing one part malt and two parts of the young tops of heath ; fome¬ times they add hops. It is faid, that this liquor was much ufed by the Pifts. Woollen cloth boiled in alum water, and afterwards in a ftrong deco&ion of the tops of heath, comes out a fine orange colour. The (talks and tops will tan leather. In England befoms are made of it, and faggots to burn in ovens, or to fill up drains that are to be covered over. Sheep and goats will fometimes eat the tender (hoots, but they are not fond of them. Bees extradl a great deal of honey from the i<>8 B O T the flowers j but where heath abounds, the honey has a reddith caft. 771. Ophira. One fpecies ; viz. ftrifta. Africa. 772. Grubbia. One fpecies } viz. rofmarinifolia. C. of G. Hone. 773. D APHXE, or Mexereon, Spurge laurel. 30 fpeeies ; viz. *mezereum, thymelaea, dioica, ca- lycina, pubefcens, vermiculata, villofa, tarton-raira, nitida, alpina, *laureola, pontica, pendula, lagetto, polyftachya, monoftachya, tinifolia, gnidium, indica, foetida, n-tundifolia, odora, occidentaiis, cneorum, al- taica, fquarrofa, g-lomerata, oleoides, fericea, colhna. Europe, China, Japan, W. Indies. me'&ereum * fl0Wers fitting on the ftem, moftly three together ; leaves fpear-fliaped, deciduous ; berries globular.—An ointment prepared from the bark or the berries, has been fuccefsfully applied to ill-conditioned ulcers. The whole plant is very corrofive 5 fix of the berries will kill a wolf. A woman gave 12 grains of the berries to her daughter, who had a quartan ague ; fhe vomited blood, and died immediately.—A decoftion made of two drams of the cortical part of the root, boiled in three pints of water till one pint is wafted, and this quantity drank daily, is found very efficacious in refol- ving venereal nodes, and other indurations of the peri- bfteum. It is faid to have been once given, in a cafe of difficulty in fwallowing, feemingly occafioned by a .paralytic affedlion. The patient was directed to chew a thin flice of the root, as often as ihe could bear to do it •, and in about two months, the recovered her power of fwallowing. This woman bore the difagreeable ir¬ ritation, and the ulcerations its acrimony occafioned in her mouth, with great refolution ; but (he had been re¬ duced to {kin and bone, and for three years before had fuffered extremely frorn hunger, without being able to fatisfy. her appetite •, for {he fwallowed liquids very im- perfeFtlyj and folids not at all. This complaint came on after lying in. laureola. * £)• bunches of about five flowers ^ axillary leaves fpear-fhaped, fmooth.—Very happy effe6ts have been experienced from this plant in rheumatic fevers. It operates as a brilk and rather fevere purgative. It is an efficacious medicine in worm cafes \ and upon many accounts deferves to be better known to phyficians j but in lefs Ikilful hands, it would be dangerous, as it is poffeffed of confiderable acrimony. The whole plant has the fame qualities, but the bark of the root is the ftrongeft. Dr Alfton fixes the outfide dole at ten grains. 774. Dirca, or Leathei'-wood. One fpecies j viz. paluftris. Virginia. 775. Gnidia. 16 fpecies 5 viz. pinifolia, radiata, filamentofa, cari- nata, fcabra, fimplex, capitata, lasvigata, biflora, race- mofa,. tomentofa, argentea, imbricata, fericea, oppofi- tifolia, daphna:folia. Cape, Madagafcar. | 776. STELLERA, or German Groundfel. ] Two fpecies 5 viz. pafferina, chamseiafme, Eur. 777. FasserinAj or Sparrow-wort. 16 fpecies j viz. filiformis, hirfuta, ericoides, nervo- fa, cephalophora, capitata, orientalis, ciliata, uniflora. A N Y. . . Octane!ria. , grandiflora, canefecns, fpicata, laxa, ftrifta, anthyl- loides, pentandra. C. of G. Hope. 778. Lachnjea. Two fpecies 5 viz. eriocephala, conglomerata. C. of G. Hope. 779. BiECHEA. Two fpecies ; viz. frutefeens, denfifolia. China. Order II. DIGYNIA. 780. SCHMIDELIA. One fpecies 5 viz. racemofa. E. Indies. 781. GALENIA, or Cape Jejfamine. Two fpecies j viz. africana, procumbens.* - j 782. Weinmannia. Six fpecies j viz. glabra, hirta, tomeritofa, trifoliataj racemofa, parviflora. Cape, Jamaica, New Zealand. 783. CoDIA. One fpecies j viz. montana. New Caledonia. 784. MOEHRINGIA, or Mountain Chiciweed. One fpecies j viz. mufeofa. Alps, S. of Eur. Order III. TRIGYNIA. 785. Polygonum, or Knot-grafs. 43 fpecies j viz. frutefeens, grandiflorum, *biftorta, *viviparum, virginianum, lapathifolium, ^amphibium, ocreatum, * hydropiper, filiforme, tinflorium, *minus, * perficaria, innanum, glabrum, barbatunq tomento- fum, orientale, penfylvanicum, maritimum, * avieu- lare, bellardi, fetofum, eredlum, articulatum, divari- catum, alpinum, undulatum, fericeum, ferratum, co- rymbofum, chinenfe, fagittatum, arifolium, craffifoli- um, perfoliatum, tartaricum, emarginatum, * fagopy- rum, * convolvulus, dumetorum, fcandens, multiflorum. Eur. E. Ind. China, N. Amer. * P. flowers with cloven piftils $ ftipulse fomewhat hpdropu fringed $ leaves fpear-ftiaped.—The whole plant hasher. an acrid burning tafte. It cures little aphthous ulcers in the mouth : It dyes wool yellow. The afties of this plant mixed with foft foap, is a noftrum in a few handj for diflblving the ftone in the bladder *, but it may be reafonably queftioned, whether it has any advantage over other femicauftic preparations of the vegetable alkali. Its acrimony rifes in diftillation, and the di- ftilled water, drank to the amount of two or three half pints daily, has been found very effe£tual in fome nephritic cafes. Horfes, cows, goats, ffieep, and fwine, refufe it. * P. ftyles 2 ; fpikes egg-oblong ; leaves fpear-ftiaped ^perJicamA ftipulse fringed.—-Its tafte is {lightly acrid and aftrin- gent. Woollen cloth, dipped in a folution of alum, obtains a yellow colour from this plant. Goats, {beep, and horfes eat it j cows and fwine refufe it. . * P. leaves egg-ftiaped, extended at the bafe along \\\ebijlorta leafftalks.—The root is one of the ftrongeft; vegetable aftringents. The young {hoots are eaten in herb-pud¬ ding in the north of England j and about Manchefter they are fubftituted for greens, under the name of pa¬ tience dock. * P, Enneandria. B 0 T mviparum* P. leaves fpear-fliaped ; fpike terniinating.—Plants cultivated for four years in a garden, conftantly pro¬ duced perfeft feeds in July, and flowered as conftantly a fecond time in September. Thefe latter germs vege¬ tated on the ftem. Wiculare.* P. flowers axillary j leaves fpear-ftiaped; ftem trail- ing.——T. he feeds are ufeful for every purpofe in which thofe of the next fpecies are employed. Great num¬ bers of fmall birds feed upon them. Cows, goats, flieep, horfes, and fvvine eat it. The ftubbles in Sweden are purpled over with this plant. It affords nourilhment to the chryfomela poiygont. tyopy- * P. leaves heart-arrow-lhaped ; ftem nearly upright, without prickles j angles of the feeds equal.—This plant is very impatient of cold, dying at the very firft attack of froft. The feeds furnilh a nutritious meal, which is not apt to turn acid on the ftomach. It is made into thin cakes in fome parts of England called crumpits. It is ufual with farmers to fow a crop of buckwheat, and to plough it under when fully grown as a manure to the land. The feeds are excellent food for poultry. Sheep that eat this plant become un¬ healthful. As it flowers late in the fummer,'M. du Hamel, in his obfervations upon the management of bees', advifes to move the hives in the autumn to a fitua- tion where plenty of this plant is fown. Cows, goats, and {Keep eat it ; fvvine and horfes refufe it. \mvolvu- * P. leaves heart-ftiaped; ftem twining, angular ; iut. flowers blunted.—The feeds of this plant are quite as good fur ufe as thofe of the preceding fpecies, are produced in greater quantity, and the plant bears cold better. Cows and goats eat it ; fheep, fwine, and horfes refufe it. The phaLxna lubricipeda is found upon feveral of the fpecies. 786. Coccoloba, or Sea-Jide Grape. 13 fpecies j viz. uvifera, auftralis, pubefcens, diverfi- folia, flavefcens, excoriata, nivea, punflata, obtufifolia, microftachya, emarginata, barbadenfis, tenuifolia. W. Indies, S. America. 787. PauLLINIA, or Supple-jack. 14 fpecies; viz. nodofa, curuvu, carthaginenfis, cari- baea, curaffavica, barbadenfis, polyphylla, tetragona, vefpertilio, pinnata, tomentofa, cauliflora, japonica, di- verfifolia. E. and W. Indies, Japan, S. America. ANY. i69 788. Seriana. 10 fpecies; viz. finuata, divaricata, caracafana, race- mofa, fpedtabilis, mexicana, anguftifolia, lupulina, luci- da, triternata. 789. Cardiospermum, or Heart-pea. Four fpecies ; viz. halicacabum, hirfutum, corindum^ grandiflorum. E. and W. Indies, Brazil. 790* Sapindus, or Soap-berry. 10 fpecies ; viz. faponaria, longifolius, fpinofus, lau- rifolius, emarginatus, rubiginofus, tetraphyllus, rigidus, arborefcens, frutefcens. E. and W. Indies, China. 791. PoNACA. One fpecies ; viz. faponarioides. Guiana. Order IV. TETRAGYNIA. 792. Verea. One fpecies ; viz. crenata. 793. Paris, or True Lovey or One-berry. One fpecies ; viz. * quadrifolia. , * P. cal. 4-feaved ; petals 4, narrower; berry quadrijo- efl-—The leaves and berries are faid to partake of the //0. properties of opium. The juice of the berries is ufeful in inflammations of the eyes. Linnaeus fays the roots will vomit as well as ipecacuanha, but it muft be given in a double quantity. Europe. 794. Adoxa, or Mofchatel. One fpecies ; viz. * mofchatellina. Europe. 795. Elatine, or Water-wort. Two fpecies ; viz. hydropiper, * alfinaftrum. Eur. 796. Haloragis. Two fpecies; viz. cercodia, proftrata. New Zea¬ land, New Caledonia. 797. Fgrskolea. 1 hree fpecies ; viz. tenaciffima, Candida, anguftifolia. Egypt, Teneriffe, Cape. In the clafs OElandria are 70 Genera, including 493 Species, of which 30 are found in Britain. CLASSIS IX. ENNEANDRIA. Ordo I. MONOGYNIA. 798. Laurus. Cal. o. Cor. 6-petala, calycina. Bacca l-fperma. Neffarii glandulae bifet*. 800. Panke. Cal. 4-fidus. Cor. 4-fida. Capf. monofperma. 1 799. Anacardium. Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. 5-petala. Stamine decimo caftrato. Nux receptaculo carnofo. Vol. IV. Part I. CLASS IX. ENNEANDRIA. Order I. MONOGYNIA. L. No Cal. Cor. 6-petaled, cup or calyx-like. A berry, l-feeded. The glands of the ne&ary briftled. P. Cal. 4-cleft. Cor. 4-cleft. Capf-i-feeded. A. Cal. 5-partite. Cor. 5-netaled. The 10th ftamen without an anther. A nut with a flelhy xecen- tacle. Y 801. B O T 801. Plegorhiza. Cal. o. Cor. i-petala. Capf. l-locul. i-fperma. 802. Cassyta. Cal. o. Cor. 6-partita, calycina. Bacca i-fperma. Neftarii glandules truncatae. -J- Anacardium Jlatnine decitno cajlrato. Amyrls enne- andra. Browncea enneandra. Gardenia Thunbergia. Ordo II. TRIGYNIA. 803. Rheum. Cal. o. Cor. 6-fida. Sem. 1, tri¬ quetrum. Ordo III. HKXAGYNIA. 804. Butomus. Cal. o. Cor. 6-petala. Capf. 6, polyfpermee. ANY. Enneandria, P. No cal. Cor. i-petaled. Capf. i-celled, 1- feeded. C. No cal. Cor. 6-partite, cup-like. Berry l-feed- ed. The glands of the ne&ary lopped. Order II. TRIGYNIA. R. No cal. Cor. 6-cleft. Seed 1, triangular. Order III. HEXAGYNIA. B. No. cal. Cor. 6-petaled. Capf. 6, many-feeded. Order I. MONQGYNIA. 798. Laurus, or Bay-tree. 34 fp^ci^-Sj viz. cmnamomum, cadia, camphora, culiia- ban, montana, chloroxylon, glauca, pedunculata, caufti- ca, nobilis, indica, foetens, perfica, borbonia, martinicen- fis, exaltata, alpigena, triandra, fanguinea, furinamenfis, hexandra, falicifolia, coriacea,leucoxylon, membranacea, patens, parviflora, pendula, floribunda, lucida, umbel- lata, seftivalis, benzoin, falfafras. Of thefe we lhall take notice of the following, as of confiderable importance. 1. The nobilis, or evergreen bay-tree, is a native of Italy, and hath an upright trunk branching on every fide from the bottom upward j with fpear- fhaped, nervous, ftiff, evergreen leaves, three inches long and two broad $ and fmall, yellowifh, quadrifid, dioecious flowers, fucceeded by red berries in autumn and winter. Of this fpecies there are varieties with broad, narrow, ftriped, or waved leaves.. 2. The sefti¬ valis, or deciduous bay, grows naturally in North Ame¬ rica. It rifes, with an upright ftem, covered with a purplifh bark-, having oblong, oval, acuminated, veined, deciduous leaves, two or three inches long,.and half as broad, growing oppofite j with fmall white flowers, fucceeded by red berries. 3. The benzoin, or benja¬ min-tree, is alfo a native of North America $ grows 15 or 20 feet high, divided into a very branchy head j with oval, acute, deciduous leaves, three or four inches long, and half as broad; and fmall yellowifli flowers, not fucceeded by berries in this country. 4. The faf- kfras is a native of the fame country. It hath a fhrub- like ftraight ftem, garnifhed with both oval and three- lobed, fhining, deciduous leaves, of different fizes, from three to fix inches long, and near as broadj with fmall yellowifh flowers, fucceeded by blackifh berries, but not in this country. 5. The indica, or Indian bay tree, rifes with an upright ftraight trunk, branching regu¬ larly, 20 or 30 feet high : adorned with very large, fpear-fhaped, plane, nervous, evergreen leaves on reddifh footftalks j and bunches of fmall whitifh green flowers, fucceeded by large oval black berries which do not ri¬ pen in this country. 6. The borbonia, or Carolina red bay tree, rifes with an upright ftraight ftem, branching 15 or 20 feet high 5 with large, fpear-fha¬ ped, evergreen leaves, tranfverfely veined; and long bunches* of flowers on red footftalks, fucceeded by large blue berries fitting in red cups. 7. The cam¬ phora, or camphire tree, grows naturally in the woods of the weftern parts of Japan, and in the adjacent iflands. The root fmells ftronger of camphire than any of the other parts, and yields it in greater plenty. The bark of the ftalk is outwardly fomewhat rough ; but in the inner furface fmooth and mucous, and therefore eafily feparated from the wood, which is dry and of a white colour. The leaves ftand upon flender foot¬ ftalks, have an entire undulated margin, running out into a point: have the upper furface of a lively and fhining green, the lower herbaceous and filky ; and are furnifhed with a few lateral nerves, which ftretch arch¬ ways to the circumference, and frequently terminate in fmall warts ; a circumftance peculiar to this fpecies of laurus. The flowers are produced on the tops of footftalks, which proceed from the armpits of the leaves; but not till the tree has attained confiderable age and fize. The flower-ftalks are flender, branched at the top, and divided into very fhort pedicles, each fupporting a Angle flower. Thefe flowers are white, and confift of fix petals, which are fucceeded by. a purple and fhining berry of the fize of a pea, and in figure fomewhat top-fhaped. It is compofed of a foft pulpy fubftance that is purple, and has the tafte of cloves and camphire ; and of a nucleus or kernel of.the fize of a pepper, that is covered with a black, .fhining, oily corticle, of an infipid tafte. 8. The cinnamo- mum, or cinnamon tree, is a native of Ceylon. It hath a large root, and divides into feveral branches, covered with a bark, which on the outer fide is of a grayifh brown, and on the infide has a reddifh caft. The wood of the roots is hard, white, and has no fmell. The body of the tree, which grows to the height of 2G or 30 feet, is covered, as well as its numerous branches, with a bark which at firft is green and af¬ terwards red. The leaf is longer and narrower than the common bay tree ; and it is three-nerved, the nerves vanifhing towards the top. When firft unfold¬ ed, it is of a flame colour: but after it has been for fome time expofed to the air, and grows dry, it , changes to a deep green on the upper furface, and to Enneandria. B O T a lighter on the lower. The flowers are fmall and white, and grow in large bunches at the extremity of the branches : they have an agreeable fmell, fomething like that of the lily of the valley. The fruit is fliaped like an acorn, but is not fo large. 9. The caflia, or bafe cinnamon, has lanceolated leaves, triple-nerved, lo. The perfea, avocado pear tree, or alligator pear, rifes to a confiderable height, with a ftraight trunk, of which the bark and wood are of a grayilh colour. The leaves are long, oval, pointed, of a fubftance like lea¬ ther, and of a beautiful green colour. The flowers are produced in large knots or clufters at the extremities of the branches, and confift each of fix petals difpofed in the form of a ftar, and of a dirty white or yellow colour, with an agreeable odour, which diffufes itfelf to a confiderable diftance. It is a native of the Weft Indies. The perfea begins to bear two years and a half, or at moft three years, after being planted j and, like moft of the trees in warm climates, bears twice a year. The other fpecies of this genus are poffeffed of no remarkable properties. The firft fpecies are propagated by layers, or by the berries. In order to raife a quantity of thefe trees by layers, fome ftools fhould be planted for the pur- pofe j and after thefe are fliot about a yard high, the branches muft be brought down to the ground in the winter, all the preceding fummer’s (hoots laid on it, and pegged down, being firft flit in the joint, and the leaves taken off, which would otherwife be under ground. In one year’s time thefe layers will have ta¬ ken root *, and in the fpring they ftiould be taken up, and planted in the nurfery a foot afunder, in rows two feet diftance. After they are planted out, if the wea¬ ther (hould prove dry, they muft be conftantly water¬ ed ; for without fuch care, it is difficult to make this .tree grow. After they have taken well to the ground, they will require no farther trouble than keeping them clean from weeds, and digging between the rows each winter, till they are finally planted out. 2. In order to raife this tree from the berries, they ought to hang on the trees till about January before they are gather¬ ed. A well-(heltered fpot of ground for the feminary muft be made choice of: and having the mould fmooth and fine, they {hould be fown foon after they are ga¬ thered, in beds or drills, rather more than half an inch deep. Towards the clofe of the fpring the plants will come up, and during fummer muft be duly attended, by watering and weeding. In the winter following, their (heltered fituation muft not be trufted to, to de¬ fend them from the froft : Furze bullies, or fome fuch things, ought to be (luck in rows between the beds or drills, to guard them from the black frofts. Indeed, without this precaution, if the winter (houlcf prove very frofty, few of the young feedlings will be alive in fpring. During the following fummer, weeding and watering muft be obferved, and the winter after that they (hould be defended with covering as before •, for they will be (till in danger of bteing deftroyed by fevere frofts. In the enfuing fpring, the ftrongeft may be ta ken out of the feed-beds, and planted in the nurfery way ; though, if they have not by that time made good (hoots, it will be advifable to let them remain in their beds till the third fpring; for a fmall plant of this kind is with more difficulty made to grow than one which is larger. When they are planted in the hur- A N Y. 171 fery, the diftance which fliould be allowed them is the fame as the layers, a foot afundcr and two feet diftance in the rows j and this will not be found too clofe : for notwithftanding the grenteft care is exerted in planting them in the nurfery, even making choice ot rainy and cloudy weather, which muft always be ob¬ ferved in fetting them out, many of them will be loft by being transplanted. After they are thus planted out in the nurfery, whether layers or feedlings, they muft be ftill watered in dry weather, kept free from weeds, and the rows dug between every winter. You will even find, that thofe plants which fuffer lead by be¬ ing tranfplanted will have met with a check, which they will not recover in two or three years $ and till they have acquired new ftrength they ftiould not be taken from the nurfery ; but when they appear to be good ftiff plants, having the year before made a vigorous (hoot, they will be then proper plants for planting out where they are to remain. Holes fliould be got ready for their reception •, and as foon as the firft autumnal rains fall, the work fliould be fet about, efpecially if > the land be gravelly or dry ; but if it be moift, the fpring will do as well. Being now planted at one yard diftance, they will make a poor progrefs for two or three years more \ but after this, when they have overcome all thefe difficulties, they will grow very faft, and arrive to be good trees in a few years. Al¬ though this tree flouriihes beft in old gardens, where the foil has been made rich and deep, and loves the (hade, Hanbury tells us, “ it thrives neverthelefs ex¬ ceedingly well in our hotteft gravels and fands j and after it has furmounted the hardfhips of tranfplanting, will grow in fuch fituations extremely faft, and arrive to a large bulk. The propagation of the three next forts of trees may be performed two or three ways : 1. By the feeds. Thefe we receive from the places where the trees grow naturally, in the fpring. They (hould be preferved in fand ; and as foon as they arrive, (hould be fown in largifti pots an inch deep. The foil for their recep¬ tion fliould be taken from a rich pafture at lead a year before, with the fward. It (hould alfo be laid in a heap, and frequently turned, until the fward is grown rotten, and the whole appears well mixed and fine. If the pafture from whence it was taken near the furface is a fandy loam, this is the beft compoft for thefe feeds j if not, a fmall addition of drift or fea fand (hould be added, and well mixtd with the other mould. After filling the pots with this foil, the feeds (hould be fown an inch deep 5 and then they fliould be plunged into common mould up to the rim. If the foil be natural¬ ly moift, it will keep them cooler, and be better j and if the place be well flielterod and (haded, it will be bet¬ ter ftill. Nothing more than weeding, which muft be conftantly obferved during the fummer, will be necef- fary j and in this ftation they may remain until the March following : about the middle of which month having prepared a good hot-bed, the pots ftiould be ta¬ ken up and plunged therein. Soon after the feeds will come up: and when the young plants have fufficient- ly received the benefit of this bed, they (hould be inu¬ red by degrees to the open air. Weeding and water¬ ing muft be obferved during the fummer ; and at the approach of the cold weather in the autumn, they (hould be removed under a hotbed frame, or fome Y 2 cover. EOT cover, to be protected trottr tfie froits during the win¬ ter. In the fpring, when this danger is- over, they ftiould refurae their firft ftation.j namely, the pots fhould be plunged up to the rim, as when the feeds were firil {own j and if this place be well fheltered, they may remain there all winter : if not, and fevere frofts threaten, they (hould be taken up and placed under cover as before. After they have been thus ma¬ naged three years from the feeds, they (hould be taken out of the pots with care, and planted in the nurfery ground at fmall didances, where they may remain un¬ til they are ftrong enough to be finally fet out. By fowing the feeds in pots, and affifting them by a hot¬ bed, a year at lead is faved ; for they hardly ever come up, when fown in a natural border, under two years from the feeds j nay, they have been known to remain three, and even fome plants to come up the fourth year after fowing y which at once {hows the preference of the former praftice, and {hould caution all who have not fuch convenience, not to be too hafiy in difturbing the beds when the feeds are fown in the natural ground j as, efpeeially if they are not well pre- ferved in mould or fand, thefe may be fome years be¬ fore they appear. Indeed, it is the long time we are in obtaining thefe plants, either by feeds, layers, &c. that makes them at prefent fo very fcarce amongft us. 2. Thefe plants may alfo be increafed by layers •, but very fiowly ; for they will be two, and fometimes three, or even four years, before they have ftruck out good roots •, though the benjamin tree is propagated the fafteft by this method. The young twigs {hould be laid in the ground in the autumn j and it will be found that twilling the wire round the bud, fo as in fome de¬ gree to flop the progrefs of the fap, and taking away with a knife a little of the bark, is a more effe&ual method of obtaining good roots foon than by the Hit or twilling, efpecially when pra£lifed on the faffafras tree. 3. Plants of thofe forts are likewife fometimes obtained by fuckers, which they will at all times throw out, and which maybe often taken off with pretty good roots ; but when they are weak, and with bad roots, they {hould be planted in pots, and aflifted by a mode¬ rate heat in a bed : with fuch management they will be good plants by the autumn,, and in the fpring may be planted out anywhere. 4. Guttings of thefe trees, when planted in a good bark bed, and duly watered, will alfo oftentimes grow. When this method is prac- tifed, and plants obtained, they muft be inured by de¬ grees to the open air, till they are hardy enough to be finally planted out. The Indian bay, the camphire, the avocado, and the cinnamon tree, require the treatment common to green- houfe plants ; the latter, however, is rather a Hove plant in this country.-—Of its culture or propagation in its native places, no particular account has been given by, botanical writers j but it muft now become an important confideration with us, fince the ifland of Ceylon, where cinnamon chiefly grows, now belongs to Great Britain.. Of the advantages promifed by this acquifition we are indebted for the firft accounts to Dr Wright in 1787 j. from whom alfo we learn, that its propagation is very safy, and its culture requires little care, as more parti¬ cularly noticed below. Since that time, fome obferva- t-ions by Dr Dancer, relative to its cultivation, have appeared in the Tranfa&ions of the Society of Arts, 4 A N Y. Eimeandiiai &c. Thefe obfervations confirm, without adding any thing effential to, the concife notice of Dr Wright. We are informed, that as the tree “ puts out numer¬ ous fide branches, with a denfe foliage, from the very bottom of the trunk ; this furnilhes an opportunity of obtaining plenty of layers, and facilitates the pro¬ pagation of the tree, as it does not perfebl its feeds in any quantity under fix or feven years y when it be¬ comes fo plentifully loaded, that a fingle tree is futfi- cient almoft for a colony. It feems to delight in a loofe moitl foil, and to require a, fouthern afpedft j the trees, thus planted, flouriftiing better than others grow¬ ing in loam, and not fo well expofed to the fun. When healthy, it is (from layers) of pretty quick, growth, reaching in eight years the height of fifteen or twenty feet, is very fpreading, and furnifhed with numerous branches of a fit fize for decortication. The feeds, however, are a long time in coming up, and the plants make fmall progrefs for the firft year or two.” It is added, that “ the birds appear to be very fond of the berries, and will probably propagate this tree in the fame way they do many others everywhere over the ifland $ fo that in a Abort time it will grow fpon.- taneoufly, or without cultivation.” The age for de¬ cortication, faid above to be eight years, it will be ob- ferved, is different from that fpecified below for the trees in Ceylon. Evelyn fays, he has feen bay trees near 30 feet high, and almoft two feet in diameter ; and enume¬ rates- the bay amongft ufeful trees. Hanbury catches at this idea, and tells us in general terms, that “ it will grow to 30 feet in height, with a trunk of two feet in diameter 5” and accordingly he arranges it a- mong his foreft trees : he acknowledges,, however, at the fame time, that the wood is of little value. The bay is neverthelefs a fine aromatic and a beautitul ever¬ green : It is faid to be the true laurus or laurel of the ancients, with which they adorned the brows of their fuccefsful generals. Like the holly, box, and laurel, the bay will bear the Ihade and drip of taller trees j and it is, upon the whole, a very defirable, as being a very ornamental,, evergreen.. The leaves and berries of this tree have a moderate¬ ly ftrong aromatic fmell, and a warm, bitterifti, pun¬ gent tafte : the berries are ftronger in both refpedls than the leaves, and afford in diftillation a larger quantity of effential aromatic oil p they yield alfo an almoft infipid oil to the prefs, in conffquence of which they prove un&uous in the mouth. They are warm carminatives, and fometimes exhibited in this inten¬ tion againft flatulent colics, and likewife in hyfterical diforders. Their principal ufe in the prefent pradlice is in glyfters, and fome external applications. The de¬ ciduous bay, in a moifl: rich foil, in which it princi¬ pally delights, will grow to be about 16 feet high but in fome foils, that are poffeffed of the oppofite qualities, it will hardly arrive at half that height. The flowers are fucceeded in May by large red berries, which never ripen in England : fo that, notwithftand- ing the leaves in fummer are very pretty, and the co¬ lour of the bark makes a variety in winter, it is prin¬ cipally the fcarcity of this plant which makes it valu¬ able. The ben%oin tree will, grow to a much larger, fize than the other, and its branches are more numerous. They-- inneamlria, B O T They are fmooth, and of a fine light green colour. The leaves on their upper furface are fmooth and of a fine light green colour, but their under furface is ve- nofe, and of a whitilh caft. When bruifed, they emit a fine "ragrance. This tree was formerly miftaken for that which produces the drug called beti%oin ; which is now known to be obtained from a fpecies of flyrax. The fojfjhfras will grow to nearly the height of the others, though the branches are not fo numerous. Its bark is fmooth, and of a red colour, which beautifully dift!nguiflies it in winter j wbilft the fine Chining green of its leaves conflitutes its greateft beauty in Cummer. In thefe, indeed, there is a variety, and a very extra-* ordinary one. Some are large and of an oval figure-; others are fmaller, and of the fame fliape ; whiltt o- thers again are divided into three lobes, fo as to re¬ ferable the leaves of fome forts of the fig tree. In America, the faffafras generally Hands fingle in the woods, and along the fences round the fields. It flowers in May before the leaves come outand being entirely covered with them, it is diftinguiflied at a great diftance by their beautiful yellow colour. The root of the faflafras has a fragrant fmell, and a fweetilh, aromatic, fubacrid tafte: the bark taftes much ftronger than any other part, and the fmall twigs flronger than the large pieces. It is a warm aperient and corroborant, and frequently employed with good fuccefs for purifying and fweetening the blood and juices. For thefe purpofes, infufions made from the rafped root or bark may be drank as tea. In fome conftitutions indeed, fuch liquors are, by their fragrance, apt, on firft taking them, to affedl the head ; but in fuch cafes they may be advantageoufly freed from their flavour by boiling. A decodtion of faffafras, boiled down to the confiflence of an extraft, proves Amply bitterifh and fubaftringent. Hoffman affures us, that he has frequently given this extract to the quantity of a fcruple at a time, with remarkable fuccefs, for ftrengthening the tone of the vifcera in ca¬ chexies ; as alfo in the decline of intermittent fevers and in hypochondriacal fpafms. Saffafras yields in di- flillation an extremely fragrant oil of a penetrating pungent tafte, fo ponderous (notwithflanding the light- nefs of the drug itfelf) as to fink in water. Reflified fpirit extra£Is the whole tafte and fmell of faffafras; and elevates nothing in evaporation : hence the fpi-. rituous extract proves the moft elegant and efficacious preparation, as containing the virtue of the root ea. tire. The bark of this treeisufed by the women in Penn- fylvania and other parts of North America in dyeing worfted a fine lading orange colour., which does not fade in the fun. They ufe urine inftead of alum, ia dyeing ; and boil the dye in a brafs boiler, becaufe in an iron veffel it does not yield fy fine a colour. The. wood is made ufe of for polls belonging to the enclo- fures, for it is faid to laft a long time in the ground but it is likewife faid, that there is hardly any kind of wood which is more attacked by worms than this when, it is expofed to the air without cover ;. and that in a Ihort time it is quite worm-eaten through .and through.. On cutting fome part of the faffafras tree, or its flioots, and holding it to the nofe, it has a ftrong but |>leafant finell. Some people peel the root, and boil A N Y. the peel with the beer which they are brewing, caufe they believe it wholefome. For the* fame jeafon, the peel is put into brandy either whilft it is diltiliing, or alter it is made. Profeffor Kalm informs us, that a decodlion of the root of faffafras in water, drank every morning, is ufed with fuccefs in the dropfy. When part of a wood is deftined for cultivation, the faffafras trees are commonly left upon it, becaufe they have a very thick foliage, and afford a cool ffiade to the cattle during the great heats. Some people get their bed- polls made of faffafras wood, in order to expel the bugs ; for its ftrong fcent, it is faid, prevents thofe vermine from fettling in them. For two or three years together this has the defired eftedl, or about as long as the wood keeps it ftrong aromatic fmell; but after that time it has been obferved to lofe its effeft. In Pennfylvania fome people put chips of faflafras into their chefts, where they keep all forts of woollen fluffs, in order to expel the moths (or larvae of caterpillars of moths or tinies) which commonly fettle in them in fummer. The root keeps its fraell for a long while : Profeffor Kalm faw one which had lain five or fix years in the drawer of a table, and Hill preferved the ftrengtli of its fcent. The people alfo gather its flowers, and ufe them as tea. The perfect, or alligator pear-tree, is cultivated uni- verfally in the Weft Indies by all ranks of people. The fruit is pear-ffiaped, and from one to two pounds in weight. On removing a green fldn or covering, we come to a yellow butyraceous fubftance; and in the heart find a large round feed or ftone, which is un¬ equal in the furface, and exceedingly hard and woody. This fruit is ripe in Auguft and September, and con- ftitutes one of the moft agreeable articles of diet for fix or eight weeks to the negroes. Thefe pears, with a little fait and a plantain or two, afford a hearty meal. They are alfo ferved up at the tables of white people as choice fruit. When the pear is ripe, the yellow or eatable fubftance is firmer than butter, and taftes fome- what like butter or marrow: hence it is called by fome the vegetable, marrow.. But however excellent this fruit is when ripe, it is very dangerous when pulled and eaten before maturity. Dr ,Wright fays, he has repeatedly known it to produce fever and dyfentery, which were removed with difficulty. The leaves of this tree and thofe of the bead vine or wild liquorice are made into gefloral deco&ions by the common peo¬ ple. The large ftone is ufed for marking linen. The cloth is tied or held over the ftone, and the letters are pricked out by a needle through the cloth and into the feed. The ftain is a reddilh brown, which never waflies out.—The buds of the alligator tree are faid to be ufed with fuccefs in ptifans againft the venereal dif- eafe.. An infufion of them, in water, drank in the morning falling, is ftrongly recommended for dillodg- ing coagulated blood in the ftomach, produced by a fall or a fevere ftroke on that important entrail. “ The wild boars in the Fall Indies (fays Labat) eat greedily of the mammees and avocado pears, which give their flefli a lufcious and moft agreeable favour.” Caffia.. The bark of this fpecies is known in the. {hops by the name ohcajjia lignea. This bark, which, is imported from different parts of the Eaft Indies and. from China, has a very near refemblance to the cin-, namon ; though diftinguiffiable from it by being, of a, thicker *73 * 174 EOT thicker and coarfer appearance, and by its breaking firort and finooth, while the cinnamon breaks fibrous and thivery. It refembles cinnamon ftill more exaftly in its aromatic flavour than in its external appearance j and feems only to differ from it in being fomewhat weaker, in abounding more with a vifcous mucilagi¬ nous matter, and in being lefs aftringent. According¬ ly, it has not only a place in the Edinburgh Pharma- copceia, but is alfo the bafis of a diftilled water. It is perhaps furprifing that the London College have given it no place in their lifts. But although it does not en¬ ter their Pharmacopoeia, yet we may venture to affert, that it will not be negledled by the apothecaries. At prefent it is very common with many of them to fub- ftitute the caffia in every cafe for the more expenfive article cinnamon : and indeed almoft the whole of what is at prefent fold under the title either of Ample or fpi- rituous cinnamon water is entirely prepared from caf¬ fia •, and not even entirely from the bark, but from a mixture of the bark and buds. Cinnamon is the under bark of the cinnamomum. The beft feafon for feparating it from the outer bark, which is gray and rugged, is the fpring, when the fap flows in the greateft abundance. It is cut into thin flices, and expofed to the fun, and curls up in drying. The old trees produce a coarfe kind of cinnamon $ the fpice is in perfection only when the trees are not older than three or four years* When the trunk has been ftripped of its bark, it receives no further nou- riftiment; but the root is ftill alive, and continues to throw out frefti {boots. The fruit of the tree is ftiaped like an acorn, but is not fo large. Its feed, when boiled in water, yields an oil which fwims at top, and takes fire. If left to cool, it hardens into a white fub- flance, of which candles are made, which have an a- greeable fmell, and are referved for the ufe of the king of Ceylon. The cinnamon is not reckoned ex¬ cellent unlefs it be fine, finooth, brittle, thin, of a yel¬ low colour inclining to red, fragrant, aromatic, and of a poignant, yet agreeable tafte. The connoiffeurs give the preference to that, the pieces of which are long but flender. That which comes to us is gene¬ rally mixed with the caflia bark ; but this laft is eafily diftinguifhed. Cinnamon fplinters in breaking, and has a roughnefs along with its aromatic flavour j while the caflia breaks over fmootb, and has a mucilaginous tafte. Cinnamon is a very elegant and nfeful aromatic, more grateful both to the palate and ftomach than moft other fubftances of this clafs. By its aftringent quality it likewife corroborates the vifeera, and proves of great fervice in feveral kinds of alvine fluxes, and immoderate difeharges from the uterus. The cinnamon plant, with other valuable ones, was taken in a French (hip by Admiral Rodney in the laft war, and prefented by him to the affembly of Jamaica. One of the trees was planted in the botanic garden in St Thomas in the Eaft •, the other by Hinton Eaft, Efq. in his noble garden at the foot of the Blue Moun¬ tains. From thefe parent trees feme hundreds of young trees are already produced from layers and cuttings, and difperfed to different parts of the country, in all which it thrives luxuriantly with little trouble *: we may therefore hope it. will foon be a valuable addition to our commerce. Upon comparing the parts of the tree with the defeription and figure given by Burman ANY. Enneandrj; and other botanifts, it appears to be the real Ceylon cinnamon, and of the beft kind, called by the natives Rajle Coronde: but the fpecimens of bark taken put it out of all doubt, being, in the opinion of the beft judges, of an equal, if not fuperior, quality to any im¬ ported from India. The fmalleft bit of the bark, Dr Wright affures us, is quite a cordial. The cinnamon we have from Holland, he obferves, is often inert, and gives room to fufpett that it has been fubje&ed to a flight procefs in diftillation. In regard to the trees growing in Jamaica, Dr Dan¬ cer informs us, in his paper already quoted, that “ The beft cinnamon bark, according to the different trials I have made, is taken from the fmall branches, of about an inch diameter, the larger limbs not being fo eafily decorticated, and not yielding fo good or fo ftrong a cinnamon. The fmaller twigs, or thefe that have not acquired a cineritious bark, are too full of fap and mucilage, and have little aroma. It is the /iber, or inner bark, that conftitutes the cinnamon ; from which the two external barks mull be carefully and entirely feparated, or they vitiate the flavour of the cinnamon *, to do which with dexterity, and to raife the bark from the wood, requires fome pradice. The bark being feparated, the fmaller pieces are to be pla¬ ced within the larger : which, by expofure to the fun or the air, prefently coil up, and require no further preparation. A dry feafon is the proper one for taking the bark j as it is found to be weakened after long or heavy rains. Cinnamon, though more retentive of its virtues than any of the other fpices, yet requires to be proteded when taken, from the air and moifture, by clofe packing in cedar chefts. The leaves of this tree, whether recent or dried, are fo ftrongly impregnated with an aroma, as to afford a good fuccedaneum for the bark both in cookery and medicine. Diftilled, they give an excellent Ample and fpirituous water, and an effential oil. Powdered, they are a good aromatic fpecies, or marefchal perfume.” Camphor, though folid, is the effential oil of the laurus camphora ; and is obtained from it by diftilla¬ tion in the Eaft Indies. (See the article Camphora.) —The tree is another of the captured plants given to the inhabitants of Jamaica ; and, if cultivated with care, will alfo be an ufeful acquifition. The abbe Grofier informs us, that in China fome of thefe trees are found above 100 cubits in height, and fo thick that 20 perfons cannot enclofe them. The tree is there called tchang ; and it is faid that the trunk, when old, emits fparks of fire, but of fo fubtle a nature as not even to injure the hair of thofe who are near it. Common camphire cofts only a penny the ounce at Pe-king ; but it is inferior to that of Borneo, in the judgment even of the Chinefe- The manner in which fome authors have fpoken of camphire (the abbe obferves), gives us reafon to con¬ clude that they have been entirely ignorant of the pro¬ cefs employed to obtain this falutary gum. The cam¬ phire does not drop to the earth, like the gums of cer¬ tain refinous trees, which are preferved by difeharg- ing that part of their fubftance which is too oily j neither does it diftil from the top to the bottom of the tree through an incifion made in it. The Chinefe would pra&ife this method could it be employed with fuccefs 3 for it is very common in China to make fuch kind nneajidria. B O T kind of incifions in refinous trees. The method ufed by the Chinefe for obtaining camphire is as follows.-— They take fome branches frelh from the tchang, chop them very fmall, and lay them to fteep in fpring-water for three days and three nights. After they have been foaked in this manner, they are put into a kettle, ■where they are boiled for a certain time, during which they keep continually ftirring them with a flick made of willow. When they perceive that the#fap of thefe fmall chips adheres fufficiently to the flick in the form of white froft, they ftrain the whole, taking care to throw away the dregs and refufe. This juice is after¬ wards poured gently into a new earthen bafon well var- nilhed, in which it is fuffered to remain one night. Next morning it is found coagulated, and formed into a folid mafs. To purify this firft preparation, they procure fome earth from an old earthen wall, which, when pounded, and reduced to a very fine powder, they put into the bottom of a bafon made of red cop¬ per 5 over this layer of earth they fpread a layer of camphire, and continue thus until they have laid four ftrata. The laft, which is of very fine earth, they co¬ ver up with the leaves of the plant po ho, or penny¬ royal 5 and over the whole they place another bafon, joining it very clofely to the former by means of a kind of red earth that cements their brims together. The bafon thus prepared is put over a fire, which muft be managed fo as to keep up an equal heat: ex¬ perience teaches them to obferve the proper degree. But above all they muft be very attentive left the plafter of fat earth which keeps the bafons together fhould crack or fall off; otherwife the fpirituous part would evaporate, and ruin the whole procefs. When the bafons have been expofed to the neceffary heat, they are taken off and left to cool $ after which they are feparated, and the fublimated camphire is found adhering to the cover. If this operation be repegted two or three times, the camphire is found purer and in larger pieces. Whenever it is neceffary to ufe any quantity of this fubftance, it is put between two earth¬ en veffels, the edges of which are furrounded rvith fe- veral bands of wet paper. Thefe veffels are kept for about an hour over an equal and moderate fire: and Avhen they are cool, the camphire is found in its ut- moft perfection and ready for ufe. This method of procuring camphire, even from the heart of the tree, may be praftifed in all feafons of the year j which Avould not be the cafe (our author obferves), Avere it extracted like other refinous fubftances that only flow during a certain ftiort fpace of time. Befides, by lopping the branches of the camphire tree, lefs hurt is done to it than by making incifions, which are always hazar¬ dous. 799* Anacardium, or Cajhew-nut, or Acajout. One fpecies j viz. occidentale. E. and W. Indies.. 8oo. Panke. Two fpecies j viz. tinCtoria, fonchifolia.. Chili. 8oi. Plegorrhiza-. One fpecies j. viz. adftringens; Chili.. 80.2. Cassyta. Tavo fpecies; viz. filiformis, corniculata. Egypt, E. Indies, S. America. ANY. Order II. TRIGYNIA. 803. Rheum, or Rhubarb. Eight fpecies; viz. rhaponticura, undulatum, pal- matum, compaCtum, tartaricum, ribes, hybridum, leu- corrhizum. Siberia, Levant, Tartary, India, China. The rheum palmatum, Avhich is of the dock kind, grows fpontaneoufly in China, and endures the colds of our own climate. Two forts of rhubarb are met Avith in the {hops. The firfi: is imported from Turkey and Ruflia, in roundifti pieces, freed from the bark, Avith a hole through the middle of each ; they are ex¬ ternally of a yellow colour, and on cutting, appear variegated Avith lively reddifh ftreaks. The other, Avhich is lefs efteemed, comes principally from China, in longifti pieces, harder, heavier, and more compaCt than the foregoing. The firft fort, unlefs kept very dry, is apt to grow mouldy and worm-eaten j the fe- cond is lefs fubjeCt to thefe inconveniences. Some of the more induftrious artifts are faid to fill up the Avorm holes Avith certain mixtures, and to colour the outfide of the damaged pieces Avith poAvder of the finer forts of rhubarb, and fometimes Avith cheaper materials 5 this is often fo nicely done, as effedtually to impofe upon the buyer, unlefs he very carefully examines each piece. The marks of good rhubarb are, that it be firm and folid, but not flinty ; that it be eafily pulver- able, and appear, Avhen poAvdered, of a fine bright yel¬ low colour : that upon being cheAved, it impart to the fpittle a faffron tinge, without proving flimy or mucilaginous in the mouth. Its tafte is fubacrid, bit- terifti, and fomewhat aftringent j the fmell lightly aro¬ matic. Rhubarb is a mild cathartic, which operates without violence or irritation, and may be given Avith fafety even to pregnant women and to children. In fome people, hoAvever, it ahvays occafions fevere griping. Befides its purgative quality, it is celebrated for an aftringent one, by which it ftrengthens the tone of the ftomach and inteftines, and proves ufeful in diarrhoea, and diforders proceeding from a laxity of the fibres. Rhubarb, in fubftance, operates more powerfully as a cathartic than any of the preparations of it. Watery tin&ures purge more than the fpirituous ones $ whilft the latter contain, in greater proportion, the aromatic, aftringent, and corroborating virtues of the rhubarb. The dofe, when intended as a purgative, is from a fcruple to a dram or more. The Turkey, rhubarb is, among us, univerfally pre¬ ferred to the Eaft India fort, though this laft is, for fome purpofes, at leaft equal to the other ; it is mani- feftly more aftringent, but has fomeAvhat lefs of an aro¬ matic flavour. Tin&ures draAvn from both, Avith rec¬ tified fpirit, have nearly the fame tafte $ on diftilling off the menftruum, the extradl left from the tinfture of the Eaft India rhubarb, proved confiderably the ftrongeft. They are both the produce of the- fame climate, and probably the roots of the fame plant, ta¬ ken up at different times, or cured in a different man¬ ner. Rhubarb is noAv raifed in Britain equal to any that is imported, The officinal preparations of this drug are a Avatery and. 176 B O T and a Vinous mfufion, a Ample and a compound tinc¬ ture. It is alfo an ingredient in different compofitions, 1'uch as the elixir ex aloe et rhea, the pi/ulce Jlomachicee, and fome others. ANY. Becandrij * B.—Neither cows, horfes, (lieep, fwine, or goats, umr ,, will eat it. It is an ornament to the banks of our * *| vers and marfhy ditches. Europe. Order III. HEXAGYNIA. In the clafs Enneandria are 804. Butomus, or Flowering rujh. 7 Genera, including 49 Species, of which one only One fpecies 3 viz. * umbellatus. is found in Britain. CLASSIS X. 5. ■ DECANDRIA. Ordo I. MONOGYNIA. Se£t. I. Flores polypet alt irregulares. 805. Sophora. Cor. papilion. vexillo adfcendente. Eomentum moniliforme. S06. Podalyria. Cor. papilion. vexillo adfcen¬ dente. Legumen ventricofum polyfpermum. 807. PultenajA. Cor. papilion. Alee vexillo bre- viores. Legumen difpermum. 808. Anagyris. Cor. papilion. vexillo brevi rec¬ to. Carina alis longiore. 809. Cercis. Cor. papilion. alis vexilliformibus. Ned. gland, ffyliformis, fub germine. 810. Bauhinia. Cor. patens, unguiculata, adfcen- dens. Petala lanceolata. 811. Hymenjea. Cor. fubaequalis. Legum. lig. nofum, pulpa farinofa. 829. Myroxyjlon, Cor. petalo fupremo latiore. Legumen i-fpermum, apice dilatatum. 812. Parkinsonia. Cor. petalo infimo reniformi. Legum. teres, tortuofum. , 815. Gesalpinia. Cor. petalo infimo pulchriore. Cal. laciniae insequales. Legum. compreffum. 828. Toluifera. Cor. petalo infimo majore. Cal. eampanulatus. 813. Cassia. Cot. inequalis. Anth. roftratae. Lomentum planum. 814. CuBvEA. Cor. fubaequalis, petalis 2 deflexis. Legumen coriaceum, ventricofum. Semina fubreni- formia. 816. Guilandina. Cor. fubaequalis, calyci infidens. Legum. fbombeum. Sem. offea. 817. Hyperanthera. Cor. fubaequalis. Legu¬ men 3-valve. Sem. alata. 837. GalRtnera. Cor. fubaequalis. Cal. 4-parti- tus. Samara quadrialata. 851. Gomphia. Cor. fubaequalis. Baccae plures receptaculo magno infertae. 824. Dictamnus. Cor. patula. Filam. pulvera- cea. Capf. 5, connexae. Sem. arillata. 866. Rhodora. Cor. inasqualis tripetala. Cal. 3- dentatus. Capf. 5-loculares. CLASS X. DECANDRIA- Order I. MONOGYNIA. Se£t. I. Flowers polypeialousy irregular, S. Cor. papilionaceous or butterfiy-fhaped. The ftandard afcending. The lomentum bracelet-lhaped. P. Cor. papilionaceous. The ftandard afcending. A leguminous plant, bellied, many-feeded. P. Cor. papilionaceous. Wings ftiorter than the ftandard. A leguminous plant, 2-feeded. A. Cor. papilionaceous. A fhort ftraight ftandard. The keel of the wing long. C. Cor. papilionaceous j with ftandard-fhaped wings. The glands of the neftary ftyle-lhaped, under the ger- men. B. Cor. expanding, clawed, afcending. Petals fpear-fhaped. H. Cor. nearly equal. Leguminous, woody, with a farinaceous pulp. M. Cor. with the laft leaf broader. Leguminous, l-feeded, dilated at the extremity. P. Cor. with the loweft petal kidney-ftiaped. Legu¬ minous, tapering, twifted. C. Cor. with the loweft petal beautiful. Cal. un¬ equal fegments. Leguminous, compreffed. T. Cor. loweft leaf larger. Cal. bell-ftiaped. C. Cor. unequal. Anthers beaked. Lomentum flat. C. Cor. nearly equal, with 2 leaves bent down¬ wards. Leguminous, bark-like, bellied. Seeds nearly kidney-fhaped. G. Cor. nearly equal, fitting in the cal. Legumi¬ nous, diamond-lhaped. Seeds bony, i. e. ftnning. H. Cor. nearly equal. Leguminous, 3-valved. Seeds winged. G. Cor. nearly equal. Cal. 4-partite. Seed-veffel 4 winged. G. Cor. nearly equal. Berries, feveral infer ted in a large receptacle. D. Cor. open. Filaments dufty. Capf. 5, connec¬ ted. Seeds coated. R. Cor. unequal, 3-petaled. Cal. 5-toothed. Capfi 5 cells. SeA. Oecandria. BOTANY. Se6l. II. Flores polypetali, aquales. 820. Cynometra. Cal. 4-pliyllus j lacin. oppof. major. Legum. x-fpermuin, carnofum. 831. Prosofis. Cal. haemifpljericus, 4-dentatus. Legutn. polyfpermum. 8 t8. Schotia. Cal. 5-fidus, aequalis. Legum.com- prefl'um polyfpermum. 832. Cadi a. Cal. 5-fidus. Petala obcordata. Le¬ gum. polyf|>ermum. 836. Adenanthera. Antheris glandula infidens. Leg. compreffum membranaceum. 830. ILematoxylon. Piltilli ftigma emarginatum. Legumen valvis navicularibus. 839. Gilibertia. Ne&ar. tubulofum truncatum. Antherae feffiles. Capf. 4 locularis. 840. Trichilia. Nedar. tubulofum, 5-dentatum. Capf. 3-locularjs, 3-vaivis. Sem. baccata. 841. I'uRRiEA. Neftar. tubulofum, 10-dentatum. Capf. 5 cocca. Sem. bina. 845. Media.' Ned. tubulofum, 10-dentatum. Dru- pa nuce 10 loeulari. 842. Sandoricum. Ned. tubulofum, 10-dentatum. Drupa nucibu? 5. 843. Swietenia. Ned. tubulofum, 10-dentatum. Capf. lignofa, 5-valvis. Sem. imbricata, margine mem- branaceo. 819. Guaiacum. Cal. laclniae 2 exteriores mino- res. Capf. carnofa, 3 f. 5-locularis, angulata. 827. Ruta. Germen pundis 10 melliferis. Capf. 5-fida, 5-locularis, polyfperma. 848. Tribulus. Piftilli ftylus nullus. Capf. 5, connexse, polyfpermae. 847. Fagonia. Cor. ungues calyci infertae. Capf. 5-locularis, 10-valvis, i fperma. 846. Zygophyllum. Ned. fquamae 10 flaminife- rae. Capf. 5-locularis, polyfperma. 850. Z winger a. Capf. 5, coriaceae, non-dehif- centes. 849. Quassia. Capf. 5, bivalves, i-fpermae, in¬ fertae receptaculo carnofo. 861. Ceratopetalum. Cor. 5-petala, pinnatifida. Cal. 5-fidus, ftaminiferus. Capf. 2-locularis. 852. Thryallis. Cor. 5-petala. Capf. tricocca. 835. Ekebergia. Cor. 4-petala. Bacca 5-fperma. 857. Schousboea. Cor. 5-petala calyci inferta. Bacca infera 5-gona monofperma. 826. Petaloma. Cor. 5-petala inter calycis laci- nias inferta. Bacca 1-locularis. 853. Limonia. Cor 5-petala. Bacca 3-fperma. 844. Cookia. Cor. 5-petala. Pomum 5-loculare, loculis monofpermis. 858. Heisteria. Cor. 5 petala. Drupa infidens calyci colorato grandifado. 859. Quisqualis. Cor. 5-petala, calyci infidens fi- liformi. * 854. Monotropa. Cal. corollinus, bafi gibbus. Capf. 5-locularis, monofperma. * 872. Clethra. Piftilli ftigmata tria. Capf. 3- locul. polyfperma. * 873. Pyrola. Antherae furfum bicornes. Capf. 5-locul. polyfperma. 865. Ledum. Cor. plana, 5-partita. Capf. 5-lo- cul. polvfperma. Vqjl. IV. Part I. Se£l:. II. Flowers polypetalous, equal. C. Cal. 4-leaved j largeft fegments oppofite. Le¬ guminous, i-feeded, fleftiy. P. Cal. hemifpherical, 4-toothed. Leguminous, many-feeded. S. Cal. 5-cleft, equal. Leguminous, compreffed, many-feeded. C. Cal. 5-cleft. Petals heart-ftiaped reverfed. Le* guminous, many-feeded. A. Gland fitting in the anthers. Leguminous, com- prefled, membranaceous. H. Stigma of the piftil notched at the end. Legu¬ minous, with boat-fliaped valves. G. Nedary tubular lopped. Anthers fitting. Capf. 4- celled. T. Tubular nedary, 5-toothed. Capf. 3-celled, 3- valved. Seeds berried. , T. Nedary tubular, 10-toothed. Capf. 5-celled. Seeds double. M. Nedary tubular, 10-toothed. Drupe with a 10 celled nut. S. Nedary tubular, 10-toothed. Drupe with 5 nuts. S. Nedary tubular, 10-toothed. Capf. woody, 5- valved. Seeds tiled, with a membranous border. G. Two outer fegments of the ,cal. fmall. Capf. fleftiy, 3 or 5-celled, angular. R. Germen with 10 honey-bearing points. Gapf. 5- cleft, 5-celled, many-feeded. T. No ftyleof the piftil. Capf. 5, conneded, many- feeded. F. Claws of the cor. inferted in the cal. Capf. 5- celled, 10-valved, Y-feeded. Z. Nedary of 10 ftamen-bearing feales. CapC 5- celled, many-feeded. Z. Capf. 5, bark-like, not gaping. Q. Capf. 5, 2-valved, i-feeded, inferted in a flefhy receptacle. C. Cor. 5-petaled, wing-cleft. Cal. 5-cleft, bearing the ftamens. Capf. 2-eelled. T. Cor. 5-petaled. Capf. 3-celled. E. Cor. 4-petaled. Berry 5-feeded. S. Cor. 5 petals inferted in the calyx. Berry infe¬ rior, 5-gon, i-feeded. P. -Cor. 5 petals inferted between the fegments of the cal. Berry 1-celled. / L. Cor. 5-petaled. Berry 3-leeded. C. Cor. 5-petaled. Apple 5-celled, with i-feeded cells. H. Cor. 5-petaled. Drupe fitting in the cal. co¬ loured, enlarged. Q. Cor. 5 petaled, fitting in a thread-fhaped cal. * M. Cal. corol-like, bulging at the bafe. Capf. r- celled, i-feeded. * C. 3 ftigmas of the piftil. Capf. 3-celled, many- feeded. * P. Anthers 2-horned upwards. Capf. 5-celled, manydeeded. L. Cor. flat, 5-partite. Capf. 5-celled, many-feed- ed. 85f* Z ANY* Decandriai D. Cal. 5-leaved. Stigma fringed. Capf. I-celled. Seeds at the bafe of the capf. M. Berry i-feeded. Cor. 5-petaled. Ne&ary fur¬ rounding the germen with a border. B. Berry 2-feeded. Cor. 5-petaled. Stigma tur- baned. M. Cor. fitting in the cal. Anthers bent back. Berry 2-celled, covered with a cal. M. Cor. fitting in the cal. Anthers bent back. Capf. 5-celled, with partitions oppofite. J. Cor. 4 or 5-petaled. Capf. inferior. B O T 855. Dion^a. Cal. 5-phyllus, Stigma fimbriatum. Capf. i-locularis. Sem. ball capfulee. 833. Murraya. Bacca i-fperma. Cor. 5-petala. Neftarium margine cingens germen. 834. Bergera. Bacca 2-fperma. Cor. 5-petala. Stigma turbinatum. 862. Melastoma. Cor. calyci infidens. Anther, refradlae. Bacca 2-locularis, calyce veftita. 863. Meriania. Cor. calyci infidens. Antherae refradtae Capf. 5-locularis, diffepimentis contrariis. 856. Jussieua. Cor. 4 f. 5-petala. Capf. infera. His confundenda funt Rhexice nonnullce. Conocarpus ra- cemofa. Combretum decandrum, alternifolium. Jac- quinia racemofa. Amyris decandra. Gerania aliquot. Lythrum cordifolium, ciliatum. Melanium. Gnjlea iomentofa. Jlnacardium occidenta/e. Se£t. Ill, Flores monopetaliy a quales. 822. Panzera. Petalum unicum laterale. Cal. 4- partitus. Legumen. 825. Nicandra. Cor. tubulofa, 10-fida. Cal. 4- fidus, inaequalis. Bacca 3-locularis. 823. Codon. Cor. campanulata, 10-fida. Cal. 10-partitus. Capf. polyfperma. 875. Inocarpus. Cor. tubulofa, 5-fida. Cal. 2- fidus. Druoa i-fperma. 838. Strigilia. Cor. 5-fida. Neflar. 10-partitum. Fruclus 6-locularis. * 868. Andromeda. Cor. campanulata, rotunda. Capf. 5-locularis. 867. Rhododendron. Cor. infundibulif. Stam. declinata. Cap). 5-locularis. 864. Kalmia. Cor. limbo fubtus 4-corniculato. Capf. 5-locularis. 869. Epig^a. Cal. exterior, 3-phyllus. Interior 5- phyllus. Capf. 5 locularis. 870. Gualtheria. Cal. exterior 2-phyllus. In¬ terior 5-fidus. Capi. 5-locul. calyce baccato. *871. Arbutus. Cor. ovata, bafi diaphana. Bac- ea 5-locularis. 874- Styrax. Cor. infundibulif. Drupa difperma. Vaccinia nonnulla. Gardenia Thunbergia. Se6l. IV. Flores apetali^ feu incompleti. 860. Dais. Cor. i-petala. Involucr. 4-phyllum, multiflfirum. 878. Aquilaria. Cal. 5-fidus. Netfar. 5-fidum, lobis bifidis. Capf. 2-locularis, 2-valvis. 879- Augea. Cal 5-partit. Nedl. 10-dentatus. Capl. 10-locul. . 876. Samyda. Cal. 5-partitus. Nedlar. lo-fidum. cingens germen ftaminiferum. Capf. baccata, unilocu- laris, 4 valvis. 877. Casearia. Cal. 5-phyllus. Ne£l. 5-phyl- lum, folioliscum filamentibus alternantibus.' Capf. bac¬ cata, l-locul. 3-valvis. 881. Bucida. Cal. 5-partitus. Bacca i-fperma. 821. Crudia. Cal. 4-partitus. Cor. 0. Samara ^rbiculfttcia. III. Flowers i-petalousy equal. P. One lateral petal. Cal. 4-partite. Legumi¬ nous. N. Cor. tubular, 10-cleft. Cal. 4-cleft, unequal. Berry 3 celled. C. Cor. bell-fhaped, 10-cleft. Cal. 10-partite. Capf. many-feeded. I. Cor. tubular, 5-cleft. Cal. 2-cleft. Drupe 1- feeded. S. Cor. 5-cleft. Nedlary 10-partite. Fruit 6- celled. * A. Cor. bell-ftiaped, round. Capf. 5-celled. R. Cor. funnel-fhaped. Stamens bent downward. Capf. 5-celled. K. Cor. with a border beneath. Capf. 5-celled. E. Exterior cal. 3-leaved. Interior 5-leaved. Capf. 5-celled. G. Exterior cal. 2-leaved. Interior 5-cleft. Capf. 5-celled, with a berried cal. * A. Cor. oval, with a tranfparent bafe. Berry e- celled. S. Cor. funnel-fhaped. Drupe 2-feeded. Se£t. IV. Flowers without petals> or incomplete. D. Cor. i-petaled. Involucrum 4-leaved, many- flowered. A. Cal. 5-cltft. Ne&ary 5-cleft, with cleft lobes. Capf. 2-celled, 2-valved. A. Cal. 5-partite. Ne&ary 10-toothed. Capf. 10 celled. S. Cal. 5-partite. Neftary 10-cleft, furrounding a germen bearing the ftamens. Capf. berried, i-celled, 4-valved. C. Cal. 5-leaved. Ned. 5-leaved, leaflets alternat¬ ing with the filaments. Capf. berried, 1-celled, 3- val-ved. B. Cal. 5-partite. Berry l-feeded. C. Cal. 4-partite. No cor. Seed-veflel round and flat. Decandria. B O T 880. Copaifera. Cal. 0. Cor. 4-petala. Legu- men i-fpermum. Stellera chamcejafme. Conocarpus racemofa. For/- kolea. Ordo II. DIGYNIA. '* 890. Scleranthus. Cor. o. Cal. 5-fidus, infe¬ ros. Sem. 2. 885. Trianthema. Cor. o. Capf. circumfciffa. * 886. Chrysosplenium. Cor. o. Cal. fuperus. Capf. 2-locularis, 2;roftris. 882. Royena. Cor. i-petala. Cal. ventricofus. Capf. 4-fperma, 4-valvis. 883. Hydrangea. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-fidus, fuperus. Capf. 2-locul. 2-roftris, circumfeifl'a. * 887. Saxifraga. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-partitus. Capf. l-locularis, 2-roftris. 888. TlARELLA. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. corolliferus. Capf. bivalvis, altera majore. 8S9. Mitella. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. corolliferus. Capf. bivalvis. Petala pe£Unata. 884. Cunonia. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-phyllus. Capf. 2-locularis, acuta. 891. Gypsophila. Cor. 5 petala. Cal. 5-partit. campanulatus. Capf. l-locul. globofa. * 892. SaponaRIA. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. tubulofus, bafi nudus. Capf. 1 locul. oblonga. * 893. DianthuS. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. tubulofus, bafis fquamofus. Capf. 1-locul. oblonga. Ordo III. TRIGYNIA. 900. Brunnichia. Capf. i-fperma. Cor. o. Cal. 5-fidus. * 897. ArENARIA. Capf. i-locul. Pet. Integra, pa- tentia. * 896. Stellaria. Capf. I-locul. Pet. 2-partita, patentia. 899. Deutzia. Capf. 3-locul. 3-roftrata. Pet. Integra. * 894. CucUBALUS. Capf. 3-locul. Pet. bifida, fauce nuda. * 895. SlLENE. Capf. 3-locul. Pet. bifida, fauce coronata. * 898. Cherleria. Capf. 3-locul. Nettar. peta- loidea calyce minora. 901. Garidella. Capf. 3, diftin&ae. Pet. caly- cina. Neflar. bilabiata. 906. Erythroxylon. Drupa i-fperma. Pet. bafi fquatna inftrufta. 902. Malpighi a. Drupa 3-fperma. Pet. 5, un- guiculata. Cal. glandulofus. 903. Banisteria. Samarae 3, unialatae. Pet. 5, unguiculata. Cal. glandulofus. 904. HiR-iEA. Samarae 3, alis binis oppofitis, f. ala circumdatae. Pet. 5, unguiculata. Cal. eglandu- lofus. 905. Triopteris. Samarae 3, 3 f. 4-alatae. Pet. unguiculata. Cal. glandulofus. _ ANY. C. No cal. Cor. 4-petaled. Leguminous, i-feed- ed. Order II. DIGYNIA. * S. No cor. 5-cleft, inferior. Seeds 2. T. No cor. Cal. cut round. * C. No cor. Cal. fuperior. Capf. 2-celled, with 2 beaks. R. cor. i-petaled. Cal. bulging. Capf. 4-feeded, 4-valved. H. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 5-cleft, fuperior. Capfi 2-celled, 2-beaked, cut round. * S. Cor. 5-petaifcd. Cal. 5-partite. Capf. i-celled, 2-beaked. T. Cor. 5 petaled. Cal. bearing the cor. Capf. 2-valved, unequal valves. M. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. bearing the cor. Capf. 2-valved. Petals comb fliaped. C. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 5-leaved. Capf. 2-celled, acute. G. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 5-partite, bell-ftiaped. Capf. I-celled, globular. * S. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. tubular, naked at the bafe,, Capf. 1 celled, oblong. * D. Cor. 5 petaled. Cal. tubular, fcaly at the bafe. Capf. I-celled, oblong. Order III. TRIGYNIA, B. Capf. 1 feeded. No cor. Cal. 5-cleft. * A. Capf. l-celled. Petals entire, expanding. * S. Capf. l-celled. Pet. 2 partite, expanding. D. Capf. 3-celled, 3 beaked. Petals entire. * C. Capf. 3-celled. Pet. 2-cleft, with a naked mouth. * S. Capf. 3-celled. Pet. 2-cleft, with a crowned mouth. * C. Capf. 3-celled. Ne&ary petal-like, lefs than the calyx. G. 3 diftinft capfules. Petals cup-like. Nedary 2-lipped. E. Drupe l-feeded. Pet. at the bafe, fcaled. M. Drupe, 3-feeded. Petals 5, clawed. Cal. glan¬ dular. B. feed-veffels 3, one-winged. Pet. 5, clawed. Cal. glandular. H. Seed-veffels 3, pairs oppofite, nr furrounded with a wing. Pet. 5, clawed, Cal. not glandular. T. 2 feed-veffels, 3 or 4-winged. Petals clawed. Cal. glandular. Z2 Qrpo 179 Taman's Germanica. 8o BOTANY. Decandria, Ordo IV. PENTAGYNIA. 911. Onestis. Capf. 5, monofpermae. Cor. 5- petala. * 912, Cotyledon. Capf. 5 ad neftaria. Cor. 1- petala. * 9I3* Sedum. Capf. 5 ad ne&aria. Cor. 5-petala. 914* Penthorum. Capf. 5-loba. Cor. petala ra- riora. 915. Bergia. Capf. 5-locul. 5-valvis; valvis ho- rizontaliter defcendentibus. 908. Ionquetia. Capf. 1-local. 5-fperma. Pet. Integra. Cal. 5-phyllus. ^ 922. Spergula. Capf. i-locul. polyfperma. Pet. Integra. Cal. 5-phyllus. * 921. Cerastium. Capf. 1-local. Pet. 2-fida. Cal. 5-phyllus. * 919. Agrostemma. Capf. i-locul. oblonga. Cal. tubulofus, coriaceus. * 920. Lychnis. Capf. 3-locul. oblonga. Cal. tu¬ bulofus, membranaceus. * 9I&‘ Oxalis. Capf. 5-locularis, angulata. Cor. bafi fubcohaerens.. 910. Roberghia. Drupa nuce i-loculari. Cal. l-phyllus. 909. Spondias. Drupa nuce 5-loculari. Cal. 1- phyllus. 907. Averrhoa. Poraum 5-loculare. Cal. phyllus. 917. Grielum. Sem. 5 diftin&a mutica. Cor. 5- petala. Styli null!. 916. Suriana. Sem. 5, fubrotunda.. Cor. 5-peta¬ la. Styli filiformes, laterales. Adoxia. Coriarid. Gerania. Drofera Lujitanica. OrdoV. DECAGYNIA. ^ 923. Neurada. Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. 5-petala. Capf. 10-cocca. 924. Phytolacca. Cal. 5-phyllus, corollinus. Cor. nulla. Bacca 10-cocca. Order IV. PENTAGYNIAv O. Capf. 5, i-feeded. Cor. 5-petaled. * C. Capf. 5 to the ne&aries. Cor. i-petaled. * S. Capf. 5 to the neflaries. Cor. 5-petaled. P. Capf. 5-lobed. Petals rare. B. Capf. 5-celled, 5-valved, the valves horizontally defcending. I. Capf. i-celled, 5-feeded. Petals entire. Cal. 5-leaved. * S. Capf. 1-celled, many-feeded. Pet. entire. Cal. 5-leaved. * C. Capf. 1-celled. Pet. 2-cleft. Cal. 5-leaved. * A. Capf. i-celled, oblong. Cal. tubular, bark-like. * L. Capf. 3-celled, oblong. Cal. tubular, membra¬ naceous. * O. Capf. 5-celled, angular. Cor. adhering to the bafe beneath. R, Drupe, -with a i-celled nut. Cal. i-leafed, S. Drupe, with a 5-celled nut. Cal. i-leafed. A. A 5-celled apple. Cal. 5-leaved. G. 5 diftinfl awnlefs feeds. Cor. 5-petaled. No ftyles. S, Seeds 5, nearly round. Cor. 5-petaled. Order V. DECAGYNIA. N. Cal. 5-partite. Cor. 5-petaled. Capf. lo^cell- ed. P. Cal. 5-leaved, corol-like. Cor. none. Berry 10* celled. Order I. MONOGYNIA. 805. Sophora. Nine fpecies j viz. tetraptera, raicrophylla, flavef- *ens, alopecuroides, tomentofa, occidentalis, japonica, heptaphylla, monofperma. Levant, Africa, W. In¬ dies, New Zealand. * . .I'-- 806. Podalyria. 15 fpecies y viz. capenlis, aurea, argentea, geni- ftoides, ternata, auftralis, tinftoria,. alba, lupinoides, trifoliata, calyptrata, biflora, myrtillifolia, hirfuta, buxifolia. 807. PuLTENjEA. Six fpeciesy viz. ftipularis, paleacea, binophylla, juncea, villofa, daphnoides. 808. Anagyris, or Stinking-bean Trefoil. One fpecies j viz. foetida. Spain, Italy. 809. Cercis, or Judas-tree. Two fpecies j viz. filiquaftrum, canadenfis. S. Eu-? rope, Levant, N. America. 810. Bauhinia, or Mountain Ebony. 15 fpecies y viz. fcandens, parviflorum, raeemofa, aculeata, divaricata, aurita, porre&a, ungulata, va- riegata, Candida, purpurea, tomentofa, acuminata, gu- janefis, rubefcens. Egypt, E. and W. Indies. 811. Hymens a, or LocuJI-tree. Three fpecies j viz. courbaril, venofa, verrucofa. - Weft Indies. 812. ParkiNSONIA, orThorn. One fpecies; viz. aculeata. Weft Indies. 81& ')ecandria« B O T 813. Cassia, or Wild Senna. 30 fpecies ; viz. diphylla, abfus, viminea, bacilla- ris, tagera, tora, bicapfularis, emarginata, obtufifolia, fennoides, acuminata, corymbofa, longifiliqua, falcata, fervicea, occidentalis, planifiliqua, patula, lineata, ato- marra, pilofa, arborefcens, fenna, rufcifolia, biflora, chinenfis, multiglandulofa, hirfuta, tomentofa, ferpens, mexicana, anguftifolia, liguftrina, florida, ftipulacea, alata, marilandica, faftigiata, frondofa, tenuiflima, vir- gata, fophera, bra&eata, auriculata, brevifolia, mollis, javanica, grandis, nigricans, polyphylla, chamaecrifta, glandulofa, mimofoides, microphylla, flexuofa, capenfis, fiftula, niftitans, procumbens. Egypt, Eaft and Weft Indies, America. The fruit of the cajjia JiJlula, is a cylindrical pod, fcarcely an inch in diameter; a foot or more in length. The outfide is a hard brown bark : the infide is divid¬ ed by thin tranfverfe woody plates, covered with a foft black pulp, of a fweetifli tafte, with fome degree of acrimony. There are two forts of this drug in the ftiops j one brought from the Eaft Indies, the other from the Weft •, the canes or pods of the latter are ge¬ nerally large, rough, thick-rinded, and the pulp nau- feous j thofe of the former are lefs, fmoother, the pulp blacker, and of a fweeter tafte •, this fort Is pre¬ ferred to the other. Such pods fhould be chofen as are weighty, new, and do not make a rattling noife (from the feeds being loofe within them) when fliaken. The pulp fhould be of a bright fhining black colour, and a fweet tafte, not harfh, which happens from the fruit being gathered before it has grown fully ripe, or fourifti, which it is apt to turn upon keeping. It Ihould neither be very dry nor very moift, nor at all mouldy, which from its being kept in damp cellars, or moiftened, in order to increafe its weight, it is very fubjeft to be. Greateft part of the pulp diflolves both in water and in redtified fpirit, and may be extradled from the cane by either. The (hops employ water, boiling the bruifed pod therein, and afterwards evapo¬ rating the folution to a due confiftence. The pulp of caflia is a gentle laxative medicine, and frequently given, in a dofe of fome drams in coftive habits. Some diredl a dofe of two ounces, or more as a cathartic, in inflammatory cafes where the more acrid purgatives have no place ; but in thefe large quantities it generally naufeates the ftomach, produces flatulencies, and fometimes griping of the bowels, efpecially if the caflia be not of a very good kind : thefe effedts may be prevented by the addition of aro¬ matics, and exhibiting it in a liquid form. Some fay it does excellent fervice in the painful tenfion of the belly, which fometimes follows the imprudent ufe of antimonials; and that it may be advantageoufly a- cuated with the more acrid purgatives or antimonial emetics, or employed to abate their force. Vallifnieri relates, that the purgative virtue of this medicine is remarkably promoted by manna: that a mixture of four drams of caflia, and two of manna, purges as much as 12 drams of caflia, or 32 of manna alone. Sennertus obferves, that the urine is apt to be turned ofa green colour, by the ufe of caflia, and fometimes, where a large quantity has been taken, blackilh. This drug gives name to an officinal eledtuary, and is an in¬ gredient alfo in another. ANY. 814. Cuba.a X Two fpecies; viz. paniculata, trigona. Guiana. 815. CiESALFiNiA, or Brafiletlo. Nine fpecies; bijuga, pulcherrima, elata, coriaria, brafilienfls, echinata, fappan, crifta, mimofoides. E. and W. Indies. 816. GuiLANDINA, or Bonduc, or Nickar-tree. Five fpecies ; viz. bonduc, bonducella, nuga, pani¬ culata, axillaris. E. and W. Indies. 817. Hyperanthera, or Nephritic-wood. Four fpecies; viz. decandra, moringa, femidecan- dra, cochinchinenfis. Egypt, Ceylon, N. America. 818. SCHOTIA. One fpecies; viz. fpeciofa. C. of G. Hope. 819. Guaiacum, or Lignum-vitce, Pochivood. Three fpecies ; viz, dubium, officinale, famftum. A« frica, China, W. Indies. The wood of the guaiacum officinale is very ponderous, of a clofe compaft texture ; the outer part is of a yel¬ low colour, the heart of a deep blackilh green, or va¬ riegated with black, green, pale, and brown colours ; the bark is thin, fmooth, externally of a dark grayiflv hue: both have a lightly aromatic, bitterilh, pungent tafte; the bark is fomewhat the weakeft. The refin, which' exudes from incifions made in the trunk of the tree, is brought to us in irregular mafles, ufually fri¬ able, of a dulky greenifti,„ and fometimes of a reddilh call, with pieces of the wood among them :. its tafte is more acrid and pungent than that of the wood os bark. Their general virtues are thofe of a warm ftimulat- ing medicine : they ftrengthen the ftomach and other vifcera ;. and remarkably promote the urinary and cu- ticular difcharge. Hence,, in cutaneous defedations, and other diforders, proceeding from obftruftions of the excretory glands, and where fluggilh ferous hu¬ mours abound, they are eminently ufeful; rheumatic and other pains have often been. relieved by them. They are alfo laxative. The refin is the moft active of thefe drugs; and the efficacy of the others depends upon the quantity of this part.contained in them. The refin is extra£led from the wood in part by watery li¬ quors, but much more effe&ually by fpirituous ones. The watery extraft of this wood kept in the {hops, proves not only lefs in quantity, but confiderably weaker, than one made with fpirit. This laft extraft is of the fame quality with the native refin, and differs from that brought to us only in being purer. The gum or extracts are given from, a few grains to a fcru- pie or half a dram; which laft dofe proves, for the moft part, confiderably purgative. The officinal pre¬ parations of guaiacum are, an extradl of the wood, a folution of the gum in redlified fpirit of. wine, and a folution in volatile fpirit, and an empyreumatic oil di- ftilled from the wood. Guaiac, in form of decodlion, has been faid to cure, the venereal difeafe; and in this country it is frequent¬ ly ufed as an adjuvant, to mercury. The refin, dif- folved in rum* or combined with water by means of, mucilage or the yqke of eggs, or in the form of volatile tindlure or elixir, is much employed in gout, and chronic rheumatifm. The tindlure or elixir has. been.; 2 1 82 B O T been given to the extent of half an ounce twice a-day, and is fometimes ufefully combined with laudanum. 820. Cynometra. Two fpecies 5 viz. cauliflora, ramiflora. 821. Crudia. Two fpecies j viz. fpicata, aromatica. Guiana. 822. Panzera. One fpecies ; viz. falcata. Carolina. 823. Codon. One fpecies ; viz. royeni. C. of G. Hope. 824. DiCTAMNlS, or Fraxinel/a, White Dittany. One fpecies ; viz. albus. Germ. France, Italy. The diSiamnus albus grows wild in the mountainous parts of France, Italy, and Germany. From thence the cortical part of the root, in a dry ftate, rolled up in little quills, is fometimes brought to us. It is of a white colour, of a weak, not very agreeable fmell, and of a durable bitter, lightly pungent tafte. It has been recommended as an alexipharmac, a tonic, and an anthelmintic ; but it is very feldom ufed, and has no place in the London Pharmacopoeia. 825. Nicandra. One fpecies j viz. amara. Guiana. 826. Petaloma. Two fpecies; vrz. myrtilloides, muriri. W. Indies, Guiana. 827. Rut a, or Rue. Seven fpecies ; viz. graveolens, montana, chalepen- fis, pinnata, patavina, linifolia, fruticulofa. S. Eur. Africa. The ruta graveolens is a fmall fhrubby plant met with in. gardens, where it flowers in June, and holds its green leaves all the winter. We frequently find in the markets a narrow-leaved fort, which is cultivated by fome in preference to the other, on account of its leaves appearing variegated during the winter with white ftreaks. Rue has a ftrong ungrateful fmell, and a bitterifh penetrating tafte. The leaves, when in full vigour, are extremely acrid, infomuch as to inflame and blifter the tkin if much handled. With regard to their me¬ dicinal virtues, they are powerfully ftimulating, atte¬ nuating, and detergent. And hence, in cold phleg¬ matic habits, they quicken the circulation, diifolve te¬ nacious juices, open obftrudlions of the excretory glands, and promote the fluid fecretions. The writers on the materia roedica, in general, have entertained a very high opinion of the virtues of this plant. Boer- haave is full of its praifes ; particularly of the diftilled oil and the diftilled water, cohobated or re-diftilled fe¬ deral times from frefti parcels of the herb: after fome- what extravagantly commending other waters prepared in this manner, he adds, with regard to that of rue, that the greateft commendations he can beftow upon it fall fhort of its merit. “ What medicine (fays he) can be more efficacious for promoting fweat and per- fpiration, for the cure of the hyfleric paflion and of epilepfie*, and fir expelling poifon.” Whatever fer- vice rue may be of in the two laft cafe®, it undoubtedly has its ufe in the others ; the cohobated water, how¬ ever, is not the moft efficacious preparation of itr An extract, made by reftified fpirit, contains, in a fmall compafs, the whole virtues of the rue j this menftruum 3 ANY, . Decandria. taking up by infufion all the pungency and flavour of the plant, and elevating nothing in diftillation. With water its peculiar flavour and warmth arife ; the bit- ternefs, and a confiderable (hare of the pungency, re¬ maining behind. The only officinal preparation of rue now retained in our pharmacopoeias is the extradl; but it is an in¬ gredient in the compound powder of myrrh and fome other compolitions. 828. Toluifera, or Bulfam of Tolu tree. One fpecies ; viz. balfamum. Carthagena. The toluifera balfamum flows from a tree growing in Tolu in the Spanifti Weft Indies; from whence the balfam is brought to us in little gourd fhells. It is of a yellowilh brown colour inclining to red ; in confift- ence thick and tenacious ; by age it grows hard and brittle, without fuffering any great lofs of its more va¬ luable parts. The fmell of this balfam is extremely fragrant, fomewhat refembling that of lemons; its tafte warm and fweetifh, with little of the pungency, and nothing of the naufeous relith, which accompany the other balfams. It has the fame general virtues with the balfamum rahafiri, but is much milder ; and for fome purpofes, particularly as a corroborant in gfoets and feminal weaknefles, is foppofed to be more efficacious. 829. MyroxyloN, or Balfam of Peru. Three fpecies; viz. peruiferum, pedicellatum, fru- tefeens. Mexico, Peru. The myroxylon peruiferum, as brought to us, is nearly of the confiftence of thin honey, of a reddifti brown colour, inclining to black, an agreeable aroma¬ tic fmell, and a very hot biting tafte. Diftilled with water, it yields a fmall quantity of a fragrant eflential oil of a reddiftr colour; and in a ftrong fire, without addition, a yellowilh red oil. Balfam of Peru is a very warm aromatic medicine, confiderably hotter and more acrid than copaiva. Its principal effe6ts are to warm the habit, to ftrengthen the nervous fyftem, and attenuate vifeid humours. Hence its ufe in fome kinds of afthmas, gonorrhoeas, dyfenteries, fuppreflions of the uterine difeharges, and other diforders proceeding from a debility of the fo- lids, or a fluggiftinefs or ina&ivily of the juices. It is alfo employed externally for cleanfing and hfealing wounds and ulcers, and fometimes againft palfies and rheumatic pains. This balfam does not unite with water, milk, ex- prefled oils, animal fats or wax; it may be mingled in the cold with this laft, and likewife with the febaceous fubftance called expreffed oil of mace ,* but if the mix¬ ture be afterwards liquefied by heat, the balfam fepa- rates and falls to the bottom. It may be mixed with water into the form of an emulfion, after the fame man¬ ner as the balfam of Copaiva. Alkaline lixivia dif- folve great part of it; and reftified (pirit the whole. It is an ingredient in feveral officinal compofitions, in fome of which it has rather a bad than a good ef- feft. There is another fort of balfam of Peru of a white colour, and confiderably more fragrant than the for¬ mer. This is very rarely brought to us. It is faid to be the produce of the fame plant which yields the common or black balfaro, and to exude from incifions made Decandria. B O T - made in the trunk ; while the former is alleged to be obtained by boiling. Befides the white, there is alfo a third kind, commonly called the red or dry. This is fuppofed to obtain a different ftate from the white, merely in confequence of the treatment to which it is fubjefted, after it is got from the tree. In it* fra¬ grance it in fome degree approaches to the balfam of Gilead, held in fo high efteem among the eaftern na¬ tions ; but it is very rarely in ufe in Britain, and al- moft never to be met with in our (hops. 830. FLematoxylov, or Logwood. One fpecies ; viz. campechianum. Campeachy, S. America.—This fpecies is brought chiefly from Cam- peachy in the bay of Honduras. It is ufually in large logs, very compaft and hard, of a red colour, and an aftringent fweet tafte. It has been for a long time ufed by the dyers, but not till very lately as a medi¬ cine j a decoftion of it, and the extraft, are in ufe in our hofpitals, and faid to have proved very ferviceable in diarrhoea. It frequently tinges the (tools, and fome- times the urine. The extraft is now received into the (hops, and it is found to be a very ufeful aftringent. 831. Prosopis. One fpecies; viz. fpicigera. India. 832. Cadia. One fpecies j viz. purpurea. Arabia. 833. Murraya. One fpecies j viz. exotica. E. Indies, New Guinea. 834. Bergera. One fpecies 5 viz. koenigii. 835. Ekebergia. One fpecies ; viz. capenfis. C. of G. Hope. 836. Adenanthera, or Eafe Flower-fence. Three fpecies $ viz. pavonina, falcata, fcandens. India. 837. Gartner a. One fpecies ; viz. racemofa. India. 838. Strigilia. One fpecies ; viz. racemofa. Peru. 839. Gilibertia. Four fpecies; viz. decandra, ovata, heterophylla,' oppofitifolia. Ifles of Bourbon and Mauritius. 840. Trichilia. 12 fpecies-, viz. hirta, fpondpides, emetica, glabra, pallida, mofchata, fpeftabilb, alliacea, heterophylla, trifoliata, nervofa, fpinofa. Jam. Hifp. S. Amer. 841. TuRRjEA. Five fpecies ; viz. virens, pubefcens, maculata, fe- ricea, lanceolata. E. Indies. 842. Sandoricum. One fpecies ; viz. indicum. India. 843. SwiETENIA, or Mahogany Tree. Three fpecies ; viz. mahogoni, febrifuga, chloroxy- lon. W. Indies. 7 844. COOKIA. One fpecies ; viz. pun&ata. New Holland, China. 845. Melia, or Bead-tree. Four fpecies ; viz. azedarach. fempervivens, com- gofita, azadirachtah. Spain, Syria, E. Indies. A N Y. 846. Zygophyllum, or Bean-caper. 14 fpecies; viz. (implex, cordifolium, labago, foeti- dum, maculatum, coceineum, album, morgiana, mi- crophyllum, feflilifolium, fpinofum, aeftuans, lanatum, arboreum. Syria, Cape, Caucafus, S. America. 847. Fagoxia. Four fpecies ; viz. cretica, hifpanica, arabica, indi- ca. Spain, Crete, Arabia, India. 848. Tribulus, or Caltrops. Four fpecies; viz. maximus, lanuginofus, terreftris, ciftoides. S. ©f Europe, Cape, Jamaica. 849. Quassia, or Simarouba Bark. Three fpecies j viz. amara, fimaruba, excelfa. W. Indies, Cayenne, Guiana. 850. ZwiNGERA. One fpecies } viz. amara. Guiana. 851. Gomphia. Five fpecies; viz. anguftifolia, nitida, jabotapita, laevigata, laurifolia. W. Indies. 852. Thryallis. One fpecies; viz. brafilienfis. Brazil. 853. Limonia. Eight fpecies ; viz. monophylla, trifoliata, acidifli- ma, lucida, mauritiana, pentaphylla, madagafcarenfis, minuta. E. Indies. 854. Monotropa, or Birds-nejl. Two fpecies, viz. * hypopithus, uniflora. N. of Eu¬ rope, N. America. 855. DlONAEA, or Venus'1 s Fly-trap. One fpecies ; viz. mufcipula. N. America. 856. Jussieu A, or Tree-primrofe. 12 fpecies; viz. repens, tenella, linearis, linifolia, peruviana, hirta, pubefcens, oftovalvis, fuffruticofa, acuminata, inclinata, erefta. India, America. 857. ScHOUSBOEA. One fpecies ; viz. coccinea. Martinico. 858. Heisteria. One fpecies ; viz. coccinea. Martinico. 859. Quisqualk. One fpecies ; viz. indica. India. 860. Dais. Three fpecies; viz. conitifolia, difperma, odtandra. Cape, India. 861. Ceratopetalum. One fpecies; viz. gummiferum. 862. Mela stoma, ox American Goofeberry. 85 fpecies ; viz. caiyptrata, crocea, patens, crenata, rigida, decuffata, montana, procera, adfcendens, af- pera, ledifolia, ftrigofa, holofericea, velutina, feflili- folia, ramiflora, glabra, chryfonbylla, quadrangularis, trinervia, repens, groffularioides, parviflora, fuccofa, ar- borefcens, longifolia, prafina, agreltis, fcandens, alata, flavefeens, hirta, fpicata, acinodendron, cymofa, gran- diflora, elegans, rufefcens, rubra, majeta, heterophyl¬ la, ph\ fiphora, purpurea, argentea, elata, impetiolaris, fragilis, coriacea, groflfa, malabathrica, ftrigillofa, ta~ monea, albicans, cap:tata, fplendens, laevigata, crif- pata, hirfuta, microphylla, micrantha, capillaris, ru- bens, glabrata, glandulofa, hirtella, triflora, cftandra, divaricata, tetrandra, fafcicularis, anguftifolia, pur- purafcens^ i 84 itnedo. B O T purafcens, alpina, verticillata, acuminata, lateriflora, el;eagnoides, fcabrofa, virgata, umbrola, hifpida, fefli- liflora, pilofa, difcolor, arccinea. America, Weft In¬ dies. 863. Meriakia. Two fpecies j viz. leucantha, purpurea. 864. KaLMIA, or Dwarf American Laurel. Four fpecies ; viz. latifolia, anguftifolia, glauca, hir- futa. N. Amer. 865. Ledum, or Marjh Ciflus. Three fpecies j viz. paluftre, latifolium, buxifolium. N. Eur. N. Amer. 866. Rhodora. One fpecies ; viz. canadenfis. N. Amer. 867. Rhododendron, or Dwarf Rofe-bay. 10 fpecies j viz. ferrugineum, dauricum, camtfchati- cum, hirfutum, chamaeciftus, caucaficum, chryfanth m. ponticum, maximum, pundtatum. Siberia, Alp', Gib raltar, Levant, N. Amer. The rhododendron chryfanthum is a native plant of Siberia, where a weak infufion of it is ufed as tea. The Siberians ufe a kind of decodtion of it in rheumatifm and gout. They put about two drams of the dried Ihrub in an earthen pot with about ten ounces of boiling water, keeping it near a boiling heat for a night, and this they take in the morning. It is faid to occafion heat, thirft, a degree of delirium, and a peculiar creep¬ ing-like fenfation in the parts affedled. The ufe of liquids is not allowed during its operation, as this is apt to induce vomiting. In a few hours the pain and difa- greeable fymptoms are relieved j and it is faid, two or three dofes generally complete the cure. The powder has alfo been ufed in dofes of a few grains. Hitherto it has been fo little employed in Britain, that it has no place in the London Pharmacopoeia.: but in fome cafes, in which it has been ufed at Edin¬ burgh, it has been produ&ive of good effefls ; and ac¬ cordingly it is now introduced into the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia, as well as into the Pharmacopccia RoJJi- ca, where it had firft a place. 868. Andromeda, or Bafe Heath. 26 fpecies j viz. tetragona, ericoides, hypnoides, ly- copodioides, empetrifolia, myrfinites, mariana, ferru- ginea, fafciculata, jamaicenfis, oftandra, pulverulenta, *polifolia, falicifolia, buxifolia, japonica, paniculata, arborea, racemofa, catelbaei, axillaris, coriacea, acu¬ minata, rupeftris, anaftomofans, calyculata. N. Eur. Amer. Cape, Jam. 869. EpiG/EA, or Trailing Arbutus. Two fpecies; viz. repens, cordifolia. Virginia, Ca¬ nada. 870. Gualtheria. Two fpecies 5 viz. procumbens, antipoda. 871. Arbutus, or Strawberry Tree. 18 fpecies; viz. * unedo, laurifolia, andrachne, fer- ruginea, acadienfis, * alpina, * uva urfi, mucronata, mi- crophylla, pumila. Europe, N. America, Terra del Fuego. * A. ftem tree-like ; leaves fmooth, bluntly ferrated ; panicle terminating ; berries with many feeds.—It is a beautiful ornament to our Ihrubberies, not only on ao- A N Y. Decandria, count of its foliage and flowers, but of its fruit, which is pleafing to the eye, though not grateful to the tafte. The country people, however, in Ireland eat it, but always drink water after. * A. ftem trailing; leaves wrinkled, fomewhat fax-alpina. rated, and fringed with hairs.—The berries have fome- thing of the flavour of black currants, but they are not fo good. Goats retufe it. * A. ftems trailing ; leaves oblong egg-fhaped, very, uva urf. entire, veined like net-work underneath.—The berries of this plant are infipid, pulpy, and mealy. The plant is much ufed in Sweden, to dye an afli colour, and to tan leather. Half a dram of the powdered leaves, given every, or every other day, has been found ufeful in calculous cafes. It was flrft ufed for this purpofe at M mtpelier, and afterwards by Dr De Haen at Vienna, who relates feveral cafes, in which it proved of the greateft fervice. Its fuccefs in England has been un¬ certain. Sometimes the patients found no relief, but thought their complaints rather aggravated than alle¬ viated ; while, in other calculous and nephritic cafes, the fymptoms have been almoft entirely removed. Per¬ haps, upon the whole, we fhall find it no better than other vegetable aftringents ; fome of which have been long ufed Qy the country people in gravelly complaints, and with very great advantage, though hitherto unno¬ ticed by the regular pra&itioners. Horfes, cows, goats, and fheep, refufe it. 872. CuETHRA. Four fpecies ; viz. aluifolia, paniculata, arborea, tini- folia. N. Amer. Jam. Madeira. 873. Pyrola, or Winter-green. Six fpecies ; viz. * rotundifolia, * minor, * fecunda, umbellata, maculata, * uniflora. N. Europe, Alia, America. 874. Styrax, or Storax-tree. Four fpecies ; viz. * officinale, grandifolium, benzoin, laevigatum. Italy, Levant, S. Carolina. The fyrax officinale is an odoriferous refinous fub- ftance, exuding from a tree growing in the warmer climates. ' It has been cuftomary to diftinguifh three forts of fto- rax, though only one is ufually met with in the fhops. 1. Styrax calamita, or forax in the cane ; fo called from its having been formerly, brought inclofed in reeds from Pamphylia. It is either in fmall diftinfl tears, of a whitifh or reddilh colour, or in larger maffes com- pofed of fuch. 2. Star ax in the lump, or red forax. This is in mafles of a uniform texture, and yellowilh red or brownifh colour ; though fometimes, likewife, inter- fperfed with a few whitilh grains. Of this fort, there has been fome lately to be met with in the ftiops, un¬ der the name offorax m the tear. 3. The common ftorax of the fhops, is in large mafles, confiderably lighter and lefs compadl than the forego¬ ing ; it appears, upon examination, to be compofed of a refinous juice, mixed with faw-duft. For what pur¬ pofe this addition is made, it is difficult to fay ; but it can fcarcely be fuppofed to be done with any fraudulent view;, fince the faw-duft appears at fight. This com¬ mon ftorax is much lefs efteemed than the two firft forts ; though, when freed from the woody matter, it proves fuperior in point of fragrance to either of them. Re&ified >3candria. EOT Re&ified Tpiiit, tHe cofnmoh 'inenftruum of refins, dii- folves the ftorax, leaving the wood behind 5 nor does this tinfture lofe conliderably of its valuable parts, in being infpHTated to a folid confiftence ; whilft aqueous liquors elevate almoft all the fragrancy of the floras. Storax is one of the moft agreeable of the odori¬ ferous reflns, and may be exhibited to great advantage in languors, and debilities of the nervous fyftem 5 it is not, however, much ufed in common practice. 875. Inocarpus. One fpecies ; viz. edulis. Otaheite. 876. Samyda. Nine fpecies j viz. nitida, macrophylla, multiflora, yillofa, glabrata, fpinefcens, pubefcens, ferrulata, poly- andra. Weft Indies, S. America. 877. Casearia. 12 fpecles .; viz. fpinofa, nitida, ramiflora, hirta, par- viflora, parvifolia, fylveftris, macrophylla, ferrulata, el- !iptica, ovata, hirfuta. Jamaica, S. America. 878. A^uieaIua. One fpecies j viz. ovata. Weft Indies. 879. Augea. One fpecies j viz. capenfis. 880. CopaiFERA, or Balfam of Capivi Tree. One fpecies j viz. officinalis. Brazil, Antilles. The tree which produces this balfam is a native of the Spaniffi Weft India iflands, and of fome parts of the continent of South America. It grows to a large fize, and the balfamum copaiva flows, under the form of a refinous juice, from incifions made in the trunk. The juice is clear and tranfparent, of a whitiffi or pale yellowiffi colour, an agreeable fmell, and a bit- teriffi pungent tafte. It is ufually about- the confiftence of oil, or a little thicker; when long kept, it becomes nearly as thick as honey, retaining its clearnefs ; but has not been obferved to grow dry or folid, as moft of the other refinous juices do. We fometimes meet with a thick fort of balfam of copaiva, which is not at all tranfparent, or much lefs fo than the foregoing, and generally has a portion of turbid watery liquor at the bottom. This fort is probably either adulterated by the mixture of other fubftances, or has been extra&ed by codlion from the bark and branches of the tree; its fmell and tafte are much lefs pleafant than thofe of the genuine balfam. Pure balfam of copaiva diflblves entirely in reflified fpirit, efpecially if the menftruum be previoufty alka¬ lized; the folution has a very fragrant fmell. Diftil- led with water, it yields a large quantity of a limpid eflential oil, and in a ftrong heat, without addition, a blue oil. The balfam of copaiva is a ufeful corroborating de¬ tergent medicine, accompanied with a degree of irrita¬ tion. It ftrengthens the nervous fyftem, tends to loofen the belly ; in large dofes proves purgative, promotes urine, and cleans and heals exulcerations in the urinary paiTages, which it is fuppofed to perform more effedlual- ly than any of the other balfams. Fuller obferves, that it gives the urine an intenfely bitter tafte, but not a violet fmell, as the turpentines do. This balfam has been principally celebrated in gleets and the fluor albus, and externally as a vulnerary.-— Vol. IV. Part L A N Y. The author above mentioned recommends it likewife in dyfenteries, in fcorbutic cachexies, in difeafes of the breaft and lungs, and in an acrimonious or putrefcent ftate of the juices : he fays, he has known very dan-- gerous coughs, which manifeftly threatened a confump- tion, cured by the ufe of this balfam alone ; and, that notwithftanding its being hot and bitter, it has good effedfs, even in hedtic cafes. Moft phyficians feem now, hawever, to confider balfams and refins too ftimulant to be ventured on in phthifical affediions. The dofe of this medicine rarely exceeds 20 or 30 drops, though fome diredl 60, or more. It may be conveniently taken in the form of an elaeofaccharum, or in that of an emulfion, into which it may be reduced by triturating it with almonds, or rather with a thick mucilage of gum arabic, till they are well incorporated, and then gradually adding a proper quantity of water. 88 r. Bucida. Two fpecies; viz. buceras, capitata. Jamaica. Order II. DIGYNIA. 882. RoYENA, or African Bladder-nut. Seven fpecies; viz., lucida, villofa, pallens, glabra, hirfuta, polyandra, anguftifolia. C. of G. Hope. 883. Hydrangea. Four fpecies; viz. arborefcens, hortenfis, radiata, quercifolia. Virginia, Carolina. 884. CUNONIA. One fpecies; viz. capenfis. C. of G. Hope. 885. TriaNthema, or Horfe Burflain. Seven fpecies ; viz. monogyna, cryftallina, pentan- dra, fruticofa, humifufa, anceps, decandra. Egypt, In¬ dia, Jamaica. 886. ChrysosplENIUM, or Golden Saxifrage. Two fpecies; viz. * alternifolium, * oppofitifolium. N. Europe, Canada. 887. Saxifraga, or Saxifrage. 49 fpecies ; viz. cotyledon, aizoon, mutata, penfyl- vanica, hieracifolia, androfacea, caefia, burferiana, fe- doides, tenella, bryfides, bronchealis, * ftellaris, craffi- folia, * nivalis, bellardi, davurica, farmentofa, pundla- ta, * umbrofa, hirfuta, cuneifolia, geum, * oppofiti- folia, afpera, * hirculus, * aizoides, autumnalis, ro- tundifolia, * granulata, bulbifera, * cernua, rivularis, geranioides, ajugifolia, fibirica, rupeftris, * tridadlylites, petraea, adfcendens, *mofchata, mufcoides, caefpitofa, tricufpidata, cymbalaria, hederacea, orientalis, cuneata, * hypnoides. 888. Tiarella, or American Sanicle. Two fpecies; viz. cordifolia, trifoliata. North of Alia and America. 889. MiteelA, or Bafe American Sanicle. Three fpecies; viz. diphylla, cordifolia, nuda. N. of Afia, America. 890. Scleranthus, or Knawel, German Knot-grafs. Three fpecies; viz. * annuus, * perennis, * polycar¬ pus. Europe. * S. calyx, fegments thornlefs, tapering to a point,rt; open when the fruit is ripe.—The Swedes and Germans A a are i8<5 . B O T me fald to, receive the vapour arifing from a deco&ion of it into their mouths to cure the toothach. Goats and Pneep eat it j cows refute it. perennis, * S. cal. fegments blunt, clofed when the fruit is ripe. —The Polilh cochineal {coccus po/onicus) is found up¬ on the roots in the fummer months. 891. Gypsophila. 13 fpecies ; viz. repens, proftrata, paniculata, vifco- fa, adfcendens, altiflima, arenaria, ftruthium, fafligiata, perfoliata, muralis, rigida, faxifraga. Europe. 892 Sapokaria, or Soap-wort. Nine fpecies j viz. * officinalis, vaccaria, cretica, porrigens, iilyrica, ocymoides, orientalis, lutea, belli- difolia. Europe. 1 hcfaponaria officinalis grows wild, though not very common, in low wet places', and by the fides of run* ning waters j a double flowered lort is frequent in our gardens. 1 he leaves have a bitter not agreeable tafte j agitated with water, they raife a faponaceous froth, which is faid to have nearly the fame effedl with loiu- tions of foap itfelf in taking out fpots from clothes and the like. The roots tafte fweetifh, and fomewhat pungent, and have a light imell like thofe of liquorice j digefled in rectified fpirit, they yield a ftrong tindure, which lofes nothing of its latte or flavour in being in- fpiffated to the confidence of an extrad. This elegant root has not come much into pradice among us, though it promifes from its fenfible qualities to be a tpedicine of confiderable utility. It is much efteemed by the German pbyfieians as an aperient, corroborant, and fu* dorific, and preferred by the college of Wirtemberg, by Stahl, Neumann and others, to farfaparilla. 893:. Bianthus, or Pink, Carnation. 32 fpecies; viz. *barbatus, cartbufianorum, atroru- bens, ferruginous, *armeria, japonicus, * prolifer, di- minutus, *caryophyllus, fylveftris, pomeridianus, *del- toides, albens, crenatus, chinenfis, monfpeliacus, liba- notisr plumarius, erinitus, fuperbus, attenuatus, pur- gens, virgineus, arenarius, repens, *caefius, cefpitofus,. Icaber, alpinus, pumilus, arboreus, juniperinus. Eu¬ rope, Cape, China, America. Of the fpecies called caryophyllus, or clove July- flower, a great variety is met with in our gardens ; thofe made ufe of in medicine ought to be of a deep crimfon colour and a pleafant aromatic fmell, fome¬ what like that of cloves ; many forts have fcarce any Imell at all. The caryophylla rubra are faid to be cardiac and alexipharmac. Simon Paulli relates that be has cured many malignant fevers by the ufe of a de- codion of them, which he fays powerfully promotes iweat and urine, without greatly irritating nature, and alfo raifes the fpirits and quenches thirfl. At prefent the flowers are chiefly valued for their pleafant flavour, which is entirely loft even by light codion ; hence the college dired the fyrup, which is the only officinal preparation of them, to be made by infufion.. Order IN. TRIGYNIA. 894. Cucubalus, or Perry-bearing Chickweed. 18 fpecies ; viz. *behen, fabarius, vifcofus, ftellatus, segyptiacus, italicus, multiflorus, fruticulofus, tartaricus, ubiricus, catholicus, molliffimus* *otites, parviflorus, ^ N Becandria reflexus, faxifragus, fpergulifolius, polygonoides. Eu¬ rope, Egypt, and North America. * C. cal. nearly globular, fmooth, with a net-work behen, veins; leaves egg-fpear-lhaped, glaucous, fmooth.— The leaves boiled have fomething of the flavour of peafe, and proved of great ufe to the inhabitants of the ifland of Minorca in the year 1685, when a fwarm of locufts had deftroyed the harveft. The Gothlanders apply the leaves to eryfipelatous eruptions. 893. Silene, or Vifcous Campion. 56 fpecies; viz. *anglica, lufitanica, *quinquevul- nera, ciliata, fericea, nodurna, gallica, ceraftoides, mu- tabihs, cblorantha, ^nutans, amoena, paradoxa, fruti- cofa, bupleuroides, longiflora, gigantea, craflifolia, vi- ridiflora, *conoidea, * conica, bellidjfolia, dichotoma,. • vefpertina, behen, ftrida, pendula, baccifera, *mari- tima, procumbens, *riodiriora, ornata, undulata, vir- ginica, antirrhma, fedoides, apetala, rubella, inaperta, clandeftina, portenfis, cretica, mufcipula, polyphylla, * armeria, orchidea, aegyptiaca, catefbaei, cordifolia, chloraefolia, alpeftris, rupeitris, faxifraga, vallefia, pu- mila, *acaulis. Eur. Perfia, Africa, N. Amer. 896. Stellaria, or Greater Chickweed. 17 fpecies ; viz. *nemorurn, dichotoma, radians, bulbofa, *holoftea, *graminea, paluftris, craffifolia, al- fine, undulata, *ceraftoides, multicaulis, humifufa, bi¬ flora, grcenlandica, arenaria, fcapigera. Eur. N. A- merica. 897. Arenaria, or Sandwort. 36 fpecies; viz. * peploides, tetraquetra, biflora, lateriflora, *trinervia, ciliata, balearica, multicaulis, *ferpillifolia, procumbens, polygonoides, triflora, mon- tana, *rubra, *media, bavarica, gypfophiloides, cucu- baloides, dianthoides, faxatilis, caefpitofa, *verna, hif. pida, verticillata, *juniperina, * tenuifolia, * laricifo- lia, recurva, lanceolata, ftriata, filifolia, fafciculata, au- ftriaca, grandiflora, liniflora, gerardi^ Europe. 898. Cherleria. One fpecies ; viz. *fedoides. Alps of Auftria, Swit¬ zerland. 899. Deutzia. One fpecies ; viz. fcabra. Japan. 900. Brunnichia. One fpecies ; viz. cirrhofa. Bahama ifles. 901. Garidella, or Cretan Fennelflower. One fpecies; viz.nigellaftrum. S. France, Italy, Crete. 902. Malpighi a, or Barbadoes Cherry. 20 fpecies ; viz. glabra, biflora, pumicifolia, faginea, glandulofa, tuberculata, nitida, armeniaca, dubia, urens, anguftifolia, canefcens, craffifolia, fpicata, altiflima, verbafcifolia, lucida, coriacea, aquifolia, coceifera. W. Indies, America. 903. Banisteria. 24 fpeeies ; viz. angulofa, palmata, fagittata, auri- culata, ciliata, emarginata, quapara, finemarienfis, pur¬ purea, microphylla, cbryfophylla, laurifblia, coerulea, nitida, muricata, leona, fericea, ferruginea, longifolia, dichotoma, ovata, fulgens, heteropbylla, brachiata. W. Indies, Guiana. 904. Hir^ea, Three fpecies; viz. reclinata, odorata, pinnata. Car- tliagena. 905- Decanclria. B O T 905. Triopteris. Eriglit fpecies 5 viz. jamaicenfis, indica, ovata, rigida, flcutifolia, acuminata, buxifolia, citrifolia. Jamaica, Hirpaniola-* 906. ERYTrtROXYLOK. 12 fpecies j viz. arcolatum, hyperieifolium, buxi- folium^ ferrugineum, rufum, havanenfe, coca, fideroxy- loides, fquamatum, tnacrophyllum, laurifolium, longifo- iium. Weft Indies. Order IV. PENTAGYNtA. 907. Averrhoa. Two fpecies j viz. bilimbi, carambola. India. 908. JONCOUETIA. One fpecies ; viz. paniculata. Guiana. 909. Spondias, or Hog-plumb. Four fpecies ; viz. mombinj myrobalanus, mangiferaj duleis. Weft Indies^ South America. 910. RoBERGiA. One fpecies 5 viz. frutefcens. Guiana. 911. Onestis. Four fpecies 5 vii. glabra, polyphylla, corniculata, trifolia. Ifle of Madagafcari 912. Cotyledon or Navel-wort. 24 fpecies ; vii. orbiculata, paniculata, fafcicularis, cuneata, fpuria, purpurea, teretifolia, cacalioides, reti- culataj pupillaris, mamillaris, hemifphmrica, triflora, coccinea, malacophyllum, ferrata, * umbilicus, *lutea, lanceolata, laciniata, alternans, nudicaulis, hifpanica, vifcofa. Sib. France, Spain, Cape, Eaft Indies. elephium, xcre. 913. Sedum, or Leffer Houfeleeh, Stonecrop, 29 fpecies; viz* verticillatum, * telephium, ana- campferos, divaricatum, aizoon, hybridum, populifo- lium, ftellatum, alfinefolium, cepasa, libanoticum, * dafyphyllum, * reflexum, virens, *rupeftre, faxatile, quadrifidum, hifpanicum, lineare, coeruleum, * album, *acre, * fexangulare, *anglicum, annuum, pubefcens, * villofum, atratum, nudum. Europe, Madeira, Ja¬ pan. ■ * S. leaves flattifti, ferrated j corym.bus leafy j ftem upright.—A decoftion of the leaves in milk is a for¬ cible diuretic. It has been given with fuccefs to cure the piles. Cows, goats, flieep, and fwine, eat it. Horfes refufe it. * S. leaves nearly egg-fliaped, growing to and fitting, bulging, nearly upright, alternate; tuft with three di- vifions.—This fpecies of fedum is a fmall perennial, fucculent, evergreen plant; growing in great abun¬ dance on the tops of walls and roofs of houfes. It has a faint fmell, and at firft an herbaceous tafte; but it afterwards (hows confiderable aicrimony, exciting a fenfe of biting heat in the mottth and fauces. In its recent ftate it fiiows very aflive powers, proving eme¬ tic, purgative, and diuretic. The expreffed juice taken, to the quantity of a table fpoonful, has been faid to prove a very draftic medicine; but the plant in its dried ftate (hows little or no afliyity. In this country it is hardly employed, and has no place in our phar- macopcnias. Its activity, however, points it out as a fubjeft deferving attention. Goats eat it j cowsj horfes, ilieep, and fwine, refufe it. A N Y. iSy * S. leaves awl-fhaped in five rows, crowded, loofe at ’rupejlre^ the bafe ; flowers in tufts.—Both this and the H. re- jlexum are cultivated in Holland and Germany, to mix with lettuces in falads. It is acrid to the tafte. 914. Penthorum. One fpecies ; viz. ledoides. Virginia. 915. Bergia. Two fpectes ; viz. verticillata, glotnerata. Cape of Good Hope. 916. SuRIAfrA. One fpecies ; viz. maritima. Jamaica. 917. Grielum. One fpecies; viz. tenuifolium. Ethiopia. .918. OXALIS, or Wood-forrel. 93 fpecies; viz. monopbylla, lepida, roftrata, afini- na, lancetefolia, leporina, crifpa, fabaefolia, laburnifolia, fanguinea, ambigua, undulata, fufcata, glandulofa, tri¬ color, rubro-flava, flaccida, exaltata, variabilis, grandi- flora, fulphurea, purpurea, brevifcapa, fpeciofa, * ace^ tofella, magellanica, marginata, pulchella, obtufa, Ja¬ nata, truncatula, ftrumofa, pundlata, luteola, macro- gonya, fallax, tenella, minuta, pufilla, comprefla, feri- cea, megalorrhiza, tetraphylla, violacea, caprina, cer- nuaj dentata, livida, ciliaris, arcuata, linearis, cuneata, cuneifolia, glabra, bifida, filicaulis, longiflora, nutans, convexula, verficolor, elongata, reclinata, polyphylla, tenuifolia, macroftylis, hirta, tubiflora, fecunda, multi- flora, rubella, rofacea, repens, reptatrix, difticha, in- carnata, conorrhiza, crenata, lateriflora, dillenii, ftrifta, * corniculata, plumieri, pentantha, rbombifolia, rofea, barrelieri, burraanni, tomentofa, lupinifolia, pedlinata, flabellifolia, flava, fcnfitiva. S. Europe, Cape, North America. * o. ftalk with one flower ; leaves three together ; acetnfella. leafets inverfely heart-ftraped, hairy.—-An infufion of the leaves is an agreeable liquor in ardent fevers, and boiled with milk they make an agreeable whey; Sheep, goats, and fwine eat it. Cows are not fond of it. Horfes refufe it. The juice is gratefully acid. The London college dire&s a conferve to be made of the leaves, beaten with thrice their weight of fine fugar. The exprelfed juice depurated, properly evaporated, and fet in a cool place, affords a cryftalline acid fait in confiderable quantity* which may be ufed whenever ve¬ getable acids are wanted. It is employed to take iron moulds out of linen, and is fold under the name of ef- fential fait of lemons. We are lately affured, that the leaves and ftalks wrapped in a cabbage leaf, and ma¬ cerated in warm afties until reduced to a pulp, have been fuccefsfully applied to fcrophulous ulcers. This poultice fliould remain on the fore 24 hours, and be repeated four times* Afterwards the ulcer is to be dreffed with a poultice made of the roots of the mea- dow-fweet bruifed, and mixed up with the fcum of four butter-milk. 919. AgrostEmma, or Rofe Campion, Wild Lychnis. Four fpecies ; viz. *githago, coronaria, fios jovis, coeli-rofa. Europe. 920. Lychnis, or Campion. 11 fpecies ; viz. chalcedonica, * flos cucuiis, coro- nata, quadridentata, * vifearia, alpina, magellanica, A a 2 fibirica, 188 fibmca, 1'aeta, ^dioici, apetala. iope, China. ■921. Cera'Stium, or Moufe-ear Cliickweed. 20 ipecies; viz. perfoliatum, * vulgatum, anomalum, * vifcofum, * femitieeandrum, pentandrum, * arvenfe, lineare, dichotomum, longifolium, *' alpinum, rej^ens, itridum, fuffru.ticofum, maximum, *aquaticum, dioi- cum, * latifolium, ^ tomentofum, manticum. Eur. 922. Spergula, or Spurrey^ Seven fpecies j viz. * arvenfis, pentandra, ncdofa, la- ricina, faginoides, ^fubuiata, glabra. Europe. arvenjis. * S. leaves in whirls j flowers with more than five fla- mens; ftems thick at the joints.-—Poultry are fond of the feeds ; and the inhabitants of Finland and Norway make bread of them when their crops of corn fail. Ex¬ perience fhows it to be very nutritious to the cattle that Bod'ecandri Horfes, fheep, goats, and fwine eat it. Cows Order V. DECAGYNIA. 923. Neurada. One fpecies; viz. procumbens. Numidia, Egypt. 924. Phytolacca, or American Nightfiaile. Six fpecies 5 viz. odtandra, flridla, abyffinica, do- candra, icofandra, dioica. Eaft Indies, Africa, Ame¬ rica. In the clafs Decandria are 119 Genera, which include 987 Species. Of thefe 84 are found in Britain. B O T A N Y, Ruffia, Alps of Eu- eat it. refufe it. CLASSIS XI. DODECANDRIA (a). Ordo I. MONOGYNIA. 927. Bocconia. Cor. o. Cal. 2-phyllus,. inferus. Capf. 2-valvis, i-fperma. * 925. Asarum. Cor.- o. Cal. 3-fidus, fuperus. Capf. 6-locularis. 955. Sterculia. Cor. o. Cal. 5-partit. Neftar. ftaminiferum. Germen pedicellatum. Capf. 5. 931. Rhizophora. Cor. 4-partita. Cal. 4-parti- tus, inferus. Sem. I, clavatum, receptaculo carnofo. 938. Garcinia. Cor. 4-petala. . Cal. 4-phyllus, inferus. Bacca 8-fperma, coronata.. 943. Crataiva. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-fidus, in¬ ferus. Bacca 2-locularis, pedicellata. 928. Dodecas. Cor. 4-petala. Gal. 4-fidus. Capf. 1- locul. 4-valvis. 932. Crenvea. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-fidus. Capf. 5-locularis, polyfperma. 939. Halesia. Cor. 4-fida. Cal. 4-dentatus fu¬ perus. Pericarp. 4-fpermum, 4-angulatum. 933. Apactis. Cor. 4 petala. Cal. o. Stam. 16. 926. Tornex. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. o. Involu- crum 4 f. 5-phyllum, 5-12-florum. Bacca i-fperma. 945. Eurya. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. duplex. Capf. 5-locularis. 944. Triumfetta. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-phyllus, inferus. Capf. 4-locul. 2-fperma, muricata. 946. Peganum. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-phyllus, inferus. Capf. 3-locul. Stam. 15. 954. Kleinhofia. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-phyll. CLASS XL DODECANDRIA. Order I. MONOGYNIA. * B. No cor. Cal. 2-leaved, inferior. Capf. 2-valved, 1- feeded. * A. No cor. Cal. 3-cleft, fuperior. Capf. 6-celI- ed. S. No cor. Cal. 5-partite. Neftary bearing, the ftamens. Germ, on a pedicle. Capf. 5. R. Cor. 4-parted. Cal. 4-parted, inferior. Seed I,, club-fliaped, in a flelhy receptacle. G. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4 leaved, inferior. Berry 8-feeded, crowned. C. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-cleft, inferior. Berry 2- celled, with a pedicle. D. Cor.. 4 petaled. Cal. 4-cleft. Capf. l-celled, 4-valved. C. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-cleft. Capf. 5-celled* many-feeded. H. Cor. 4-cleft. Cal. 4-toothed, fuperior. Seed- veffel 4-feeded, 4-angled. A. Cor. 4-petaled. No cal. Stam. 16. T. Cor. 5-petaled. No cal. Involucrum 4 or 5- leaved, 5-12 flowers. Berry i-feeded. E. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. double. Capf. 5-celled. T. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 5-leafed, inferior. Capf. 4-celled, 2-feeded, covered with (harp points. P. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 5-leafed, inferior. Capf. 3-celled. Stamens 15. K. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 5-leafed. Neftary bear- Ne£lar. (a) Thus far the claffes have received their denomination from the number of ftamens contained in the flowers. The name given to the prefent clafs would feem to imply, that the flowers arranged under it contained only 12 ftamens: but it is in fa6t an affemblage of plants, whole flowers contain from II to 19 ftamens, incluflve. 4 DoJecandria. EOT Neftar. ftaminiferam. Germen pedicillatum. Capf. 5-angularIs, inflata. 948. Nithraria, Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-fidus, in- ferus. Drupa i-fperma. Stam. 15. 941. Aristotelia. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-partitus. Bacca 3-locularis. 937. Grangeria. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-fidus. Drupa monofperma. 936. Vatic a. Cal. 5-petala. Anth. 15 quadrilo- culares ; loculis interloribus brevioribus. 947. Hudsonia. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 3-pliylIus, inferus. Capf. i-locuhris, 3-valvis, 3-fperma. 942. Canella. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 3-lobus, in¬ ferus. Bacca l-locul. 2 f. 4-fpenna. Neftarium an- theriferum. 949. Portulaca. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 2 fidus, in¬ ferus. Capf. i-locul. circumfciffa. 950. Talinum. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 2-phyllus. Capf. i-locularis, trivalvis. Sem. arillata. * 951. Lythrum. Cor. 6 petala. Cal. 5-fidus, in¬ ferus. Capf. 2-locularis. 952. Cuphea. Cor. 6-petala, insequalis. Cal. 6- dentatus, inaequalis. Capf. l-locul. ante maturitatem dehifcens. 953. Ginoria. Cor. 6-petala. Cal. 6-fidus, infe¬ rus.. Capf. i-locul. 4-valvis. 934. Blakea. Cor. 6-petala. Cal. 6-phyllus. Flos fuperus, indivifus. Capf. 6-locularis. Antherse connexse. 929. Agathophyllum. Cor. 6-petala. Cal. truncatus. Drupa monofperma. 935. Beearia. Cor. 7-petala. Stam. 14. Bacca exfucca, 7-locularis. 930. Bassia. Cor. 8-fida. Stam. 16. Drupa 5- fperma. 940. Decuimaria. Cor. 10-petala. Cal. io-phyl- lus, fuperus. Cleome vifcofa dodecandra. Chlora dodecondra. Sa < myda pubefcens, ferrulata. Rivina oBandra. Pof¬ fer ina capitata. Ordo II. DIGYNIA. A N Y. ing ftamens. Germ, on a pedicle. Capf. 5'angulari inflated. N. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 5-cleft, inferior. A drupe, j-feeded. Stamens 15. A. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 5-partite. Berry 3-celled, G. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 5-cleft. Drupe i-feeded. V. Cor. 5-petaled. Anth. 15, 4-celled, the inner cells (horter. H. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 3-leaved, inferior. Capf. l-celled, 3-valved, 3-feeded. C. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 3-lobed, Inferior. Berry I-celled, 2 or 4-feeded. Neftary bearing the anthers. P. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 2-cleft, inferior. Capf. 1- celled, cut round. . T. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 2-leaved. Capf. i-celled, 3-valved. Seeds coated. * L. Cor. 6-petaled. Cal. 12-cleft, inferior. Capf. 2- celled. C. Cor. 6-petaled, unequal. Cal 6-toothed, unequal. Capf. i-celled, opening before maturity. G. Cor. 6-petaled. Cal. 6-cleft, inferior. Capf. I-celled, 4-valved. B. Cor. 6-petaled. Cal. 6-leaved. Flower fuperior, undivided. Capf. 6-celled. Anthers united at the bafe. A. Cor. 6-petaled. Cal. lopped. Drupe i-feeded. B. Cor. 7-petaled. Stam. 14. Berry dry, 7- celled. B. Cor. 8-cleft. Stamens 16. Drupe 5-feeded, D. Cor. 10-petaled. Cal. 10-leaved, fuperior. Order II. DIGYNIA. 956. Heliocarpus. Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-phyl- H. Cor. 4-petaled. Cal. 4-leaved. Capf. 2-061166, lus. Capf. 2-locul. i-fperma, compreflb-radiata. I feed, compreffed, radiated. * 957. Agrimonia. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. 5-fidus. * A. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. 5-cleft. Seeds 1 or 2. Sem. 1 f. 2. Ordo III. TRIGYNIA. Order HI. TRIGYNIA. * 958. Reseda. Cor. petalis multifidis. Cal. parti- ^ R. Cor. with many-cleft petals. Cal. partite. Capf. tus. Capf. 3-locularis, hians. 3-celled, gaping. 960. Visnea. Cor. petalis ellipticis. Cal. 5-phyll. V. Cor. with elliptical petals. Cal. 5-leaved. A Nux. nut. * 959. Euphorbia. Cor. petalis peltatis. Cal. ven- * E. Cor. with target-lhaped petals. Cal. bellied, tricofus. Capf. 3-cocca. Capf. 3-celled. Ordo IV. TETRAGYNIA. ’ Order TV. TETRAGYNIA. 962. Aponogeton. Cor. o. Cal. o. Capf. 4. A. No cor. No cal. Capf. 4. 961. Calligonum. Cor. o. Cal. 5-partitus. Nux C. No cor. Cal. 5-partite. A i-feeded nut. xnonofperma. Tormentilla cre&a. Refedce aliquot. 189 Ord© Ifo B o T Ordo V. PENTAGYNIA. 963. Glinus. Cor. o. nifi fetulse. Cal. r-pljyllug. ■Capf. 5-locul. 964. Blackwellia. Cor. 15-petala. Cal. 5-fid. Capf. i-locul. polyfperma. Refeda purpurafcens. Ordo VI. DODECAGYNIA. 965. Sempervivum. Cor. 12-petala. Cal. 12- partitus. Capf. 12. Alifma cqvdifolia. ^ ^ BoJeeandm Order V. PENTAGYNIA. G. No cor. except little bridles. Cal. c-leaved. Capf. 5-celled. B. Coe. 15-petaled. Cal. 5-cleft. Capf. 1-celled, raany-feeded. Order VI. DODECAGYNIA. * S. Cor. 12-petaled. Cal. 12-partite. Capf. 12. Order I. MONOGYNIA. 925. Asarum, or Afarabacca. Three fpecies $ viz. * europceum, eanadenfe, virgi- nicum. Europe, N. America. ^uropaUMt* A. leaves kidney-fhaped, blunt, in pairs.—This is a very low plant, growing naturally in France, Italy, and other warm countries. It grows readily in our gardens, and although the dried roots have been ge¬ nerally brought from the Levant, thofe of our own growth do not feem to be weaker. Both the roots and leaves have a naufeous, bitter, acrimonious, hot tafte. Their fmell is ftrong, and not very difagree- able. Given in fubflance from half a dram to a dram, they evacuate powerfully both upwards and downwards. It is faid, that tinctures made in fpirituous menftrua, poffefs both the emetic and cathartic virtues of the plant : that the extradl, obtained by infpiffating thefe tindtures, adis only by vomiting, and with great mild- nefs : that an infufion in water proves cathartic, rarely emetic : that aqueous decodlions, made by long boil¬ ing, and the watery extradt, have no purgative'or e- metic quality, but prove good diaphoretics, diuretics, and emmenagogues. The principal ufe of this plant among us is as a fternutatory. The root of afarum is perhaps the ftrongeft of all the vegetable errhines, white hellebore itfelf not excepted. Snuffed up the nofe in the quantity of a grain or two, it occafions a large evacuation of mucus, and raifes a plentiful {pit¬ ting. The leaves are confiderably milder, and may be ufed to the quantity of three, four, or five grains. Geoffrey relates, that after fnuffing up a dofe of this errhine at night, he has frequently obferved the dif- charge from the nofe to continue for three days to¬ gether ; and that he has known a paralyfis of the mouth and tongue cured by one dofe. He recom¬ mends this medicine in ftubborn diforders of the head, proceeding from vifcid tenacious matter, in palfies, and foporific difterapers. The leaves are the principal in¬ gredient in the pulvix f emulatorius, or pulvis afari cotn- poftus, as it is now termed, of the (hops. 926. Tornex. Three fpecies j viz. japonica, tetranthera, febifera. Arabia, 927. Bacconia, Two fpecies ; viz. frutefcens, cordata. 928. Dodecas. One fpecies ; viz. furinamenfis. Surinam, 929. Agathophyllum. One fpecies j viz. aromaticum. Eaft Indies. 930. Bassia. Three fpecies j viz. longifolia, latifolia, obovata. Malabar. 931. Rhizophora, or Mangrove-candle of India. Five fpecies 5 viz. conjugata, gymnorrhiza, candel, mangle, cylindrica. India, Malabar, Molucca. 932. CRENiEA. One fpecies j viz. maritima. Guiana. 933. Apactis. One fpecies4 viz. japonica. Japan. 934. Blake a. Three fpecies $ viz. trinervia, triplinervia, pulveru- lenta. Jamaica, Surinam. 935. Befarta. Two fpecies j viz. refinofa, seftuans. New Granada. 936. Vatica. One fpecies $ viz. chinenfis. China. 937. Grangeria. One fpecies; viz. borbonica. Ifle of Bourbon. 938. Garcinia, or Mangojlan. Four fpecies; viz. maitgoftana, celebica, cambogia, cornea. Eaft Indies. 939. HalesIa, or Snow-drop Tree. Two fpecies; viz. tetraptera, diptera. Carolina. 940. Decumaria. Two fpecies ; viz. barbara, farmentofa. Carolina. 941. Aristotelia. One fpecies ; viz. macqui. Chili. 942. Canella, or White Cinnamon. One fpecies ; viz. alba. Weft Indies. The bark of the canella alba is brought to us rolled into 191 Dodecandria. B O T into long quills, thicker than cinnamon, and both out¬ wardly and inwardly of a whitilh colour, lightly inclin¬ ing to yellow. It is the produce of a tall tree, grow¬ ing in great plenty in the low lands in Jamaica, and other American iflands. Infufions of it in water, are of a yellowilh colour, and fmell of the canella $ but they are rather bitter than aromatic. Tinctures in rec¬ tified fpirit have the warmth of the bark, but little of its fmell. Proof fpirit diffolves the aromatic, as well as bitter matter of the canella, and is therefore the belt menftruum. The canella is the interior bark, freed from an outward thin rough one, and dried in the (hade. The (hops diftinguilh two forts of canella, dif¬ fering from each other in the length and thicknefs o£ the quills $ they are both the bark of the fame tree, the thicker being taken from the trunk, and the thin¬ ner from the branches. This bark is a warm pungent aromatic, not of the moft agreeable kind, nor are any of the preparations of it very grateful. Canella alba is often employed where a warm ftimulant to the fto- mach is neceflary, and as a corrigent of other articles. It is now, however, little ufed in compofition by the London college, the only officinal formula which it enters being the pulvis aloeticus; but with the Edin¬ burgh college it is an ingredient in the tinBura amara, •vtnum amarum, vinum rhei, &c. It is ufeful as co¬ vering the tafte of fome other articles. ' 943. Cratjeva, er Gar lick-pear. Five fpecies j viz. gynandra, tapia, obovata, religi- ofa, marmelos. E. and W. Indies. 944. Triumfetta, or Bur-bark Tree. 11 fpecies; viz. lappula, glandulofa, bartramia, ve- lutina, procumbens, hirta, femitriloba, grandiflora, ma- crophylla, rhombeaefolia, annua. E. and W. Indies, Brazil. 945. Eurya. One fpecies ; viz. japonica. Japan. 946. Peganum, or Wild Syrian Rue. Four fpecies j viz. harmala, crithmifolium, retufum, dauricum. Siberia, Spain, Syria. 947. Hudsokia. One fpecies ; viz. cricoides. Virginia. 948. Nitraria. Two fpecies 5 viz. fchoberi, tridentata. Siberia. 949. PoRTULACA, or Purjlane. Five fpecies; viz. oleracea, pilofa, quadrifida, hali- nioides, meridiana. Europe, Cape, India, Amer. portulaca oleracea is cultivated in gardens for culinary ufes. The feeds are ranked among the lelfer cold leeds, and have fometimes been employed in emul- lions and the like, along with the others of that clafs. 95c. Tabinum. Seven fpecies; viz. triangulare, craffifolium, ana- campferos, patens, cuneifolium, decumbens, fruticofum. 951. Lythrum, or Willow-herb. 16 fpecies j viz. * lalicaria, virgatum, acuminatum, triflorum, verticillatum, petiolatum, racemofum, cilia- tum, pemphis, dipetalum, lineare, parfonia, melanium, cordifolium, * hyflbpifolia, thymifolia. Europe, N. America, W. Indies. ANY. 932. CUPHEA. One fpecies $ viz. vifcofiffima. America. 953. Ginoria. One fpecies j viz. americana. America. 954. Kleinhofia. One fpecies ; viz. hofpita. E. Indies. 955. Sterculia. Eight fpecies ; viz. lanceolata, balanghas, crinita, cordifolia, colorata, urens, platanifolia, fcetida. Ara¬ bia, Eaft and Weil Indies, China. Order II. DIGYNIA. 956. Heliocarpus, or Sun-weed. One fpecies j viz. americana. Vera Cruz. 957. Agrimonja, or Agrimony. Five fpecies j viz. * eupatoria, odorata, repens, par- viflora, agrimonoides. Europe, N. America. * A. item-leaves winged, the odd leafet on a leafftalk; eupatoricim fruit hifpid.—The Canadians are faid to ufe an infufion of the roots in burning fevers, and with great fuceefs. An infufion of fix ounces of the crown of the root, in a quart of boiling water, fweetened with honey, and half a pint of it drank three times a-day, Dr Hill fays, is an effectual cure for the jaundice. He advifes to be¬ gin with a vomit, afterwards to keep the bowels folu- ble, and to continue the medicine as long as any fymp- toms of the difeafe remain. Sheep and goats eat it. Cows, horfes, and fwine refufe it. The flowers freih gathered fmell like apricots. Order III. TRIGYNIA. 958. Reseda, or Mignonette, Bafe-rocket. 13 fpecies; viz. * luteola, canefcens, glauca, di- petala, purpurafcens, fefamoides, fruticulofa, alba, un¬ data, * lutea, phyteuma, mediterranea, odorata. S. Europe, Egypt, Cape. * R. leaves fpear-ffiaped, entire, with a tooth on each lateola^ fide the bafe ; cal. 4-cleft.—This plant affords a moil .beautiful yellow dye for cotton, woollen, mohair, filk, and linen, and is that which is mod commonly ufed by the dyers for that purpofe, as it gives the brighteft dye. Blue cloths dipped in a decodlion of it become green. The yellow colour of the paint called Dutch pink is got from this plant. Tire colouring quality refides in the Items and roots, and it is cultivated in fandy foils, rich foil making the ftalk hollow and not fo good. Cattle will not eat it, but flieep fometimes browfe it a little. 959. Euphorbia, or Burn, Thorny-plant, Spurge. 124 fpecies; viz. antiquorum, canarienfis, virofa, heptagona, mammillaris, cereiformis, officmarum, tria- culeata, nereifolia, hyftrix, tribuloides, ftellata, cucu- merina, meloformis, caput medufae, tuberculata, ana- cantha, clava, bupleurifolia, lophogona, mauritanica, pifcatoria, balfamifera, tirucalli, laurifolia, pyrifolia, lithymaloides, beterophylla, cyalhophora, nudiflora, cotinifolia, mellifera, glabrata, linarifolia, linifolia, cu- neata, ocymoidea, laevigata, origanoides, atoto, hype- ricifolia. 192 B O T rlcifolla, prollrata, rofea, maculata, fcordifolia, pifta, hirta, pilulifera, brafilienfis, hyfibpifolia, thymifolia, parviflora, canefcens, chamaefyce, granulata, * peplis, polygonifolia, linearis, graminea, ipecacuanhas, portu- lacoides, adianloides, myrtifoiia, imbricata, elliptica, rubra, herniariaefolia, * peplus, falcata, * exigua, ob- literata, fpathulata, micrantha, dracunculoides, tuberofa, lathyris, terracina, diffufa, apios, laeta, geniftoides, fpi- nofa, epithymoides, villofa, dulcis, ambigua, carnioli- ca, angulata, pithyufa, * portlandica, faxatilis, * para- lias, juncea, aleppica, pinea, fegetalis, provincialis, * heliofcppia, pubefcens, ferrata, * verrucofa, glauca, punicea, corollata, corallioides, pilofa, orientalis, fqua- mofa, * platyphyllos, literata, efula, gerardiana, * cy- pariffias, nicacenlis, myrfinites, paluftris, pallida, emar- ginata, * hiberna, falicifolia, dendroides, amygdaloi- des, fylvatica, * characias. Eur. Afia, Afr, Am. The Euphorbia ojficinarum, or gummi-refinous fub- ftance, is a fpontaneous exudation from a large oriental tree. It is brought to us immediately from Barbaryq in drops of an irregular form, fome of which, upon be¬ ing broken, are found to contain little thorns, fmali twigs, flowers, and other vegetable matters ; others are hollow, without any thing in their cavity. The tears are in general of a pale yellow colour externally, fomewhat white withinfide j they eafily break between the fingers. Slightly applied to the tongue they affeft it with a very lirarp biting tafte ; and upon being held for fome time in the mouth, prove vehemently acrimonious, inflaming and exulcerating the fauces, &c. Euphorbium is ex¬ tremely troubleforbe to pulverize, the finer part of the powder, which flies off, affefting the head in a violent manner. The acrimony of this fubftance is fo great, as to render it abfolutely unfit for internal ufe j feveral corredlors have been contrived to abate its virulence, but the beft of them are not to be trufted to •, and as there feems to be no real occafion for it, unlefs for fome external purpofes, fome think that it ought to be expunged from the catalogue of internal medicines j and accordingly, it has now no place in the London or Edinburgh pharmacopoeias; but it is ftill retained in mofl of the foreign ones, and is fometimes ufed as a fternutatory. characius.* E. umbel with many fpokes, fpokes forked; involu- cellums perforated, notched at the end ; leaves very en¬ tire ; ftem fhrub like.—The powdered leaves in dofes of 15 to 25 grains operate as a purge. The juice of A N Y. Icosandria. every fpecies of fpurge is fo acrid, that it corrodes and ulcerates the body wherever it is applied ; fo that phy- ficians have feldom ventured to ufe it internally. Warts or corns anointed with the juice prefently difappear. A drop of it put into the hollow of a decayed and aching tooth, deftroys the nerve, and confequently re¬ moves the pain. Some people rub it behind the ears, that it may blifter and by that means give relief. 960. VlSNEA. One fpecies ; viz. mocanera. Canary ifles. Order IV. TETRAGYNIA. 961. Calligonum. Three fpecies ; viz. polygonoides, comofum, pallofia. Ruflia, Siberia. 962. Aponogeton. Four fpecies; viz. monoftachyon, crifpum, difta- chyon, anguftifolium. Cape, E. Indies. Order V. PENTAGYNIA. 963. Glinus. Three fpecies ; viz. lotoides, fetiflorus, didlamnoides. Spain, Levant, Egypt. 964. Blackwellia. Three fpecies ; viz. integrifolia, paniculata, axillaris. W. Indies. Order VL DODECAGYNIA. 965. SempervivuM, or Houfe-leeh. 14 fpecies ; viz. arboreum, canarienfe, glutinofum, glandulofum, * tedlorum, globiferum, villofum, tortu- ofum, ftellatum, arachnoideum, hirtum, montanum, fe- diforme, monanthos. Eur. Canaries, Madeira. * S. leaves fringed ; offsets expanding.—The juice olte5lorum\ this plant either applied by itfelf, or mixed with cream, gives prefent relief in burns, and other external in¬ flammations. Mixed with honey, it is a ufeful appli¬ cation in aphthous cafes. Sheep and goats eat it.j In the clafs Dodecandria are 41 Genera, including 273 Species, of which l3 are found in Britain, CLASSIS XII. ICOSANDRIA (b). Ordo I. MONOGYNIA. CLASS XII.. % ICOSANDRIA. Order I. MONOGYNIA. 966. Cactus. Cal. fuperus, i-phyllus. Cor. mul- tifida. Bacca i-locul. polyfperma. C. Cal. fuperior, i-leaved l-celled, many-feeded. Cor. many-left. Berry 972. (b) Although this is called the clafs of twenty ftaraens, becaufe the flowers arranged under it generally contain about cosandria. B O T 972. EuGEtflA. Cal. fuperus, 4-partitus. Cor. 4- pctala. Bacca t-locul. i-fperma. 967. Philadelphus. Cal. fuperus, 5 f. 4-partitus. Cor. 5 f. 4-petala. Stigma 4-fidutn. Capf. 5-4-locul. polyfperma. 9'68. LEPTOSPERMUM. Cal. fuperus, 5-fidus. Pe- tala 5-unguiculata, ftaminibus longiora. Stigma capi- tatum. Capf. 4 f. 5-locularis. 969. Fabricia. Cal. fuperus, 5-fidus. Petala 5 feffilia. Stigma capitatum. Capf. multilocularis. 970. Metrosideros. Cal. fuperus, 5-fidus. Peta¬ la 5. Siam, longiflima exferta. Stigma fimplex. Capf. 3 f. 4-locularis. 971. Psidium. Cal. fuperus, 5-fidus. Cor. 5-pe- tala. Bacca l-locul. polyfperma. 973. Myrtus. Cal. fuperus, 5-fidus. Cor. fub 5- petala. Bacca 3-locul. polyfperma. 980. PuNICA. Cal. fuperus, 5-fidus. Cor. 5-pe- tala. Pomum 10-loculare, polyfpermum. 985. Robinsonia. Cal. fuperus, 5-dentatus. Pe¬ tala 5. Bacca ftriata, 7-locui. 974. Calyptranthes. Cal. fuperus, truncatus, operculo teftus. Cor. o. Bacca l-locul. 1-4-fperma. 975. Eucalyptus. Cal. fuperus, truncatus, oper¬ culo teftus. Cor. o. Capf. 4-locul. polyfperma. 778. Foetidia. * Cal. fuperus, 4-fidus. Cor. o. Capf. 4-locul. lignofa. 986. SoNNERATiA. Cal. inferus, 6-fidus. Pet. 6. Bacca multilocularis, loculis polyfpermis. 981. Amygdalus. Cal. inferus, 5-fidus. Cor. 5- petala. Drupa, nucleo foraminofo.- * 982. Prunus. Cal. inferus, 5-fidus. Cor. 5-pe- tala. Drupa, nucleo integro. 984. Chrysobalanus. Cal. inferus, 5-fidus. Cor. 5-petala. Drupa fulcata. 976. Banara. Cal*, inferus, 4-fidus. Petala 4. Bacca l-locul. polyfperma. 977. Antherylium. Cal. inferus, 5-partitus. Pe¬ tala 4. Capf. i-locularis, 3-valvis, polyfperma. 979. ScOLOPlA. Cal. inferus, 3 f. 4-partitus. Pet. 3 f. 4. Bacca i-locularis. Semina arillata. Cleome icofandra. Ordo II. DIGYNIA. * 987. Cratjegus. Cal. fuperus, 5-fidus. Cor. 5- petala. Bacca 2-fperma. 988. Waldsteinia. Cal. 10-fidus, laciniis alter- nis. Petala 5. Semina 2, obovata. Ordo III. TRIGYNIA. * 989. SoRBUS. Cal. liiperus, 5-fidus. Cor. 5-pe¬ tala. Bacca 3-fperma. 990. Sesuvium. Cal. inferus, 5-fidus. Cor. nul¬ la. Capf. 3-locularis, circumfciffa. • f Spircea opulifolia. VOL. IV. Part I. ANY. E. Cal, fuperior, 4-partite. Cor. 4-petaled. Berry I-celled, i-feeded. P. Cal. fuperior, 5 or 4-partite. Cor. 5 or 4-petaled. Stigma 4-cleft. Capf. 5 or 4-celled, many-feeded. L. Cal. fuperior, 5-cleft. Petals 5-clawed, longer than the ftamens. Stigma with a little head. Capf. 4 or 5-celled. F. Cal. fuperior, 5-cleft. Petals 5, fitting. Stig¬ ma with a little head. Capf. many-celled. M. Cal. fuperior, 5-cleft. Petals 5. Very long protruded ftamens. Stigma fimple. Capf. 3 or 4-cel¬ led. P. Cal. fuperior, 5-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. Berry I-celled, many-feeded. M. Cal. fuperior, 5-cleft. Cor. nearly 5 petaled. Berry 3-celled, many-feeded. P. Cal. fuperior, 5-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. An ap¬ ple, lo-celled, many-feeded. R. Cal. fuperior, 5-toothed. Petals 5. Berries ftriped, 7-celled. C. Cal. fuperior, lopped, covered with a lid. No cor. Berry 1-celled, I to 4-feeded. E. Cal. fuperior, truncated, covered with a lid. No cor. Capf. 4-celled, many-feeded. F. Cal. fuperior, 4-cleft. No cor. Capf. 4-celled, woody. S. Cal. inferior, 6-cleft. Petals 6. Berry many- celled, with many-feeded cells. A. Cal. inferior, 5-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. Drupe with a kernel full of holes. * P. Cal. inferior, 5-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. Drupe with an entire kernel. C. Cal. inferior, 5-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. Drupe furrowed. B. Cal. inferior, 4-cleft. Petals 4. Berry i-celled, many-feeded. A. Cal. inferior, 4-partite. Petals 4. Capf. I- celled, 3-valved, many-feeded. S. Cal. inferior, 3 or 4-partite. Petals 3 or 4. Ber¬ ry i-celled. Seeds coated. Order II. DIGYNIA. * C. Cal. fuperior, 5-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. Berry 2-feeded. W. Cal. 10-cleft, with alternate fegments. Petals 5. Seeds 2, nearly oval. Order III. TRIGYNIA. * S. Cal. fuperior, 5-cleft. Cor. 6-petaled. Berry 3- feeded. S. Cal. inferior, 5-cleft. Cor. o. Capf. 3-celled, cut round. B b Ordo about that number j yet the mark or charafler of the clafs is not to be taken merely from the number of fta¬ mens, but from attending alfo to the following circumftances : 1. The calyx, confiding ufually of one concave leafj 2. Petals, fixed by claws to the infide of the calyx ; and, laftly, Stamens, more than 19, ftanding upon the petals or the calyx, but not upon the receptacle. Very few are poifonous.- 194 EOT Ordo IV. PENTAGYNIA. 993. Tetragonia. Cal. fuperus, 5 f. 4-fidus. Cor. O. Peric. nucleo 5 f. 4-loculari. 991. Mespilus. Cal. fuperus, j-fidus. Cor. 5- petala. Bacca 5-fperma. * 992. Pyrus. Cal. fuperus, 5-fidus. Cor. 5-petala. Pomum 5-loculare, polyfpermum. 994. Mesembryanthemum. Cal. fuperus, 5-fidus. Cor. multifida. Capf. carnofa, looularis, polyfperma. 995. Aizoon. Cal. inferus, 5-fidus. Cor. 5-peta- la. Capf. plures congeftse. * 996. Spir^a. Cal. inferus, 5-fidus. Cor. 5-peta¬ la. Capf. plures congeftse. Ordo V. POLYGYNIA. A N Y. Icosandria. Order IV. PENTAGYNIA. T. Cal. fuperior, 5 or 4-cleft. No cor. A feed vef- fel with a kernel 5 or 4-celled. M. Cal. fuperior, 5-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. Berry 5-feeded. * P. Cal. fuperior, 5-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. An ap¬ ple, 5-eelled, many feeded. M. Cal. fuperior, 5-cleft. Cor. many-cleft. Capf. flefhy, celled, many-feeded. A. Cal. inferior, 5-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. Capf. feveral, heaped together. * S. Cal. inferior, 5-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. Capf. feveral heaped together. Order V. POLYGYNIA. * 997. Rosa. Cal. 5-fidus. Cor. 5-petala. Cal. baccatus, polyfpermus. * 998. Rubus. Cal. 5-fidus. Cor. 5-petala. Bac¬ ca compofita. * 1001. Tormentilla. Cal. 8-fidus. Cor. 4-petala. Sem. 8 mutica. * 1003. k)RYAS. Cal. 8-fidus. Cor. 8-petala. Sem. plurima arilta lanata, * 999. Fragaria. Cal. 10-fidus. Cor. 5-petala. Sem. plurima fupra receptaculum baccatum, decidua. * 1000. Potentilla. Cal. 10-fidus. Cor. 5-petala. Sem. plurima mutica. '* IC02. Geum. Cal. 10-fidus. Cor. 5-petala. Sem. plurima. Arifta geniculata. * 1004. Comarum. Cal. 10-fidus. Cor. 2-petala. Sem. plurima fupra receptaculum carnofum, perfiftens. 1005. Calycanthus. Cal. fquamofus, corollinus. Cor. o. Sem. caudata calyce. Spircea Jilijjendula, ulmaria. "Phytolacca icofandra. Mefembryanthema aliquot. * R. Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. Cal. berry-like, many-feeded. * R. Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. Berry compound. * T. Cal. 8-cleft. Cor. 4-petaled. Seeds 8, awn- lefs. * D. Cal. 8-cleft. Cor. 8-petaled. Seeds many, with a woolly awn. * F. Cal. 10-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. Seeds many, upon a berried receptacle, deciduous. * P. Cal. io~cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. Seeds many, awnlefs. * G. Cal. 10-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. Seeds many. Awn knee-jointed. * C. Cal. 10-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. Seeds many, above a flelhy receptacle, permanent. C. Cal. fcaly, corol-like. No cor. Seeds with a tailed cup. Order I. MONOGYNIA. 966. Cactus, or Melon Thijlle. 24 fpecies j viz. mamillaris, meloca&us, pitajaya, heptagonus, tetragonus, hexagonus, pentagonus, re- pandus, lanuginofus, peruvianus, royeni, grandiflorus, flagelliformis, parafiticus, triangularis, moniliformis, opuntia, ficus indica, tuna, cocheniilifer, curalfavicus, pbyllanthus, perelhia, portulacifolius. Weft Indies, America. 967. Philadelphus, or Mock Orange, Syringa. Two fpecies j viz. coronarius, inodorus. S. Eur. Carolina, New South Wales. 971. Psidium, or Guara, or Bay Plum. Three fpecies ; viz. pyriferum, pomiferum, decafper- mum. Eaft and Weft Indies. 972. Eugenia, or Pomey Rofe, TTamboo. Seven fpecies j viz. malaccenfis, jambos, pfeudo-pfi- dium, uniflora, cotinifolia, acutangula, racemofa. E, Indies, Jamaica, S. America, 973. Myrtus, or Myrtle. 14 fpecies; viz. Communis, brafiliana, biflora, au- guftifolia, laevis, lucida, cumini, dioica, chytraculia, zuzyginum, zeylanica, androfaemoides, caryophyllata, pimenta. S. Europe, Afia, Africa, America.—The myrtus communis is an evergreen fhrub, growing in Italy, and cultivated in our botanic gardens. The leaves and berries have been fometimes made ufe of as aftringents, but not at prefent regarded. The pimento is the fruit of a large tree growing fpontaneoufly in the mountainous parts of Jamaica, called by Sir Hans Sloane, myrtus arborea aromatica^foliis laurinis. The fmell of this fpice rcfembles a mixture of cinnamon, cloves, and nutmegs ; its tafte approaches to that of cloves, or a mixture of the three foregoing ; whence it has receiv¬ ed the name of all-fjbice. The {hops have been for fome time accuftomed to employ tins aromatic as a fuc- cedaneum to the more coftly fpices, and from them it has been introduced into our hofpitals. Pimento is now in our pharmacopoeias the bafis of a diftilled water, a hunt, and an effential oil; and thefe are 1 fcosandna. B O T are not unfrequentiy employed, where aromatics are indicated. 980. Punica, or Pomegranate-tree. Two fpecies ; viz. granatum, nana. Spain, Italy, Barb. W. Indies.—The pomegranate is a low tree, or rather (hrub, growing wild in Italy, and other coun-> tries in the fouth of Europe : it is fometimes met with in our gardens ; but the fruit, for which it is chiefly valued, rarely comes to fuch perfection as in warmer climates. This fruit has the general qualities of the other fweet fummer fruits, allaying heat, quenching thirlt, and gently loofening the belly. The rind is a ftrong aftringent, and as fuch, is occafionally made ufe of. The flowers are of an elegant red colour, in ap* pearance refembling a dried red rofe. Their tafte is bitterifh and aftrirlgent. They are recommended in diarrhoeas, dyfenteries, and other cafes where aftringent medicines are proper. 981. Amygdalus, or Almond-tree. Four fpecies ; viz. perfica, communis, pumila, nana. Perfia, Jordan, Barbary.—The flowers of the amygda¬ lus perjtca have an agreeable fmell, and a bitterilh tafte. Diftilled without any addition, by the heat of a water bath, they yield one-fixth their weight, or more, of a whitifh liquor ; which, as Mr Bolduc obferves, communicates to a large quantity of other liquids, a flavour like that of the kernels of fruits. An infufion in water, of half an ounce of the frelh-gathered flowers, or a dram of them when dried, fweetened with fugar, proves for children an ufeful laxative and anthelmin¬ tic $ the leaves of the tree are, with this intention, fomewhat more efficacious, though lefs agreeable. The fruit has the fame quality with the other fweet fruits, that of abating heat, quenching thirft, and gently loof¬ ening the belly. The almond of the amygdalus communis, is a flattifh kernel, of a white colour, covered with a thin brownilh (kin, of a foft fweet tafte, or a difagreeable bitter one. The fkins of both forts are unpleafant, and covered with an acrid powdery fubftance ; they are very apt to become rancid on keeping, and to be preyed on by a kind of infeCI which eats out the internal part, leaving the almond to appearance entire. To thefe circumftances regard ought to be had, in the choice of them. *. The fruit which affords thefe kernels, is the produce of a tree nearly refembling the peach. The eye di- ftinguifties no difference betwixt the trees which pro¬ duce the fweet and bitter, or betwixt the kernels them- felves ; it is faid that the fame tree has, by a difference in culture, afforded both. Both forts of almonds yield, on expreffion, a large quantity of oil, which has no fmell, or any particular tafte; this oil feparates, likewife, upon boiling the almonds in water, and is gradually colle&ed on the furface ; but on triturating the almonds with water, the oil and wa¬ ter unite together, by the mediation of the other matter of the kernel, and form an unftuous milky liquor. Sweet almonds are of greater ufe in food than as medicines, but they are reckoned to afford little nou- riftiment •, and when eaten in fubftance, are not eafy of digeftion, unlefs thoroughly comminuted. They are fuppofed, on account of their foft un&uous quality, to obtund acrimonious juices in the primae viee. Peeled A NY. , ' 1 fweet almonds, eaten flx or eight at a time, fometimes give prefent relief in the heartburn.—Bitter almonds have been found poifonous to dogs, and fundry other animals j and a water diftilled from them, when made of a certain degree of ftrengtb, has had the fame ef- fe£ls. Neverthelefs, when eaten, they appear innocent to men, and have been not unfrequently ufed as medi¬ cines. Boerhaave recommends them in fubftance, as diuretics which heat but moderately, and which may therefore be ventured upon in acute difeafes. The oils obtained by expreffion from both forts of almonds, are in their fenfible qualities the fame. The general virtues of thefe oils are, to blunt acrimonious humours, and to foften and relax the folids ; hence their ufe, internally, in tickling coughs, heat of urine, pains and inflammations j and externally in tenfion, and rigidity of particular parts.—The milky folutions of almonds in watery liquors, commonly called emul- fions, contain the oil of the fubject, and participate in fome degree of its emollient virtue j but have this ad¬ vantage above the pure oil, that they may be given in acute or inflammatory diforders, without danger of the ill effeifts which the oil might fometimes produce ; fince emulfions do not turn rancid or acrimonious by heat, as all the oils of this kind in a little time do. Several undluous and refinous fubftances, of themfelves not mif- cible with water, may, by trituration with almonds, be eafily mixed with it into the form of an emulfion j and are thus excellently fitted for medicinal ufe. In this form camphor and the refinous purgatives may be com- modioufly taken. The only officinal preparations of almonds, are the expreffed oil and emulfion. The com¬ mon emulfion, or the lac amygdala, as it is now called by the London college, is prepared from the fweet al¬ mond alone j but in the emulfion of the Edinburgh college, a fmall proportion of bitter almonds is added, which has a much better effeift in improving its tafte, than the fugar added by the London college.—An emulfion formed entirely of bitter almonds, taken to the quantity of a pint or two daily, is faid to have been given in obftinate intermittents with fuccefs. 982. Prunus, or Plum-tree. 22 fpecies j viz. *padus, virginiana, canadenfis, lu- fitanica, lauro-cerafus, elliptica, paniculata, mahaleb, armeniaca, fibirica, pumila, * cerafus, * avium, pen- fylvanica, *domeftica, *infititia, * fpinofa, afpera, ja- ponica, glandulofa, incifa, tomentofa. Europe, N. A- mer. W. Indies. * P. flowers in bunches ; leaves deciduous with twopadus* glands at the bafe on the under fide.—This plant grows well in woods, groves, or fields, but not in a moift foil. It bears lopping, and fuffers the grafs to grow under it. The fruit is naufeous $ but bruifed and infufed in wine or brandy, it gives it an agreeable flavour. A ftrong deco&ion of the bark is ufed by the Finlanders to cure venereal complaints, which practice is corroborated by the teftimony of M. Broerland. He directs fix ounces of the dry, or eight of the frefti bark, to be boiled in eight to four pints of water. The dofe is four ounces, four times a-day. It alone cures the {lighter infeftions, and combined with mercury facilitates the cure of the feverer ftates of the difeafe ; and a deception of the berries is fometimes given with fuccefs in the dyfentery. The wood being fmooth and tough, is made into han- B b 2 dies Jf)6 ' ' B O T dies for knives and whips. Sheep, goats, and fwine eat it. Cows are not fond of it. Horfes refufe it. ■erajus. * p_ umbeis moftly on (liort fruitftalks ; leaves egg- fpear-fliaped, finooth, doubled together.—This plant loves a fandy foil and an elevated lituation. The gum that exudes from this tree is equal to gum arabic. It is faid, that more than 100 men during a fiege were kept alive for near two months, without any other fuf- tenance than a little of this gum taken into the mouth fometimes and fuffered gradually to diffolve. The com¬ mon people eat the fruit either frelh or dried j and it is frequently infufed in brandy for the fake of its fla¬ vour. The wood is hard and tough. It is ufed by the turner, and is formed into chairs, and ftained to imitate mahogany. This tree is the original flock from which many of the cultivated kinds are derived. avium. * p. umbels fitting ; leaves egg-fpear-lhaped, downy underneath, doubled together.—This plant grows belt in a rich foil on the fide of hills, unmixed with other trees. It bears cropping, and fuffers the grafs to grow under it. In Hertfordfliire there is a cultivated varie¬ ty called carrons, which are larger and much finer fla¬ voured than the common fort. domejlica. * p, fruitftalks moftly folitary j leaves fpear-egg-ftia- ped, coiled*, branches thornlefs.—This plant loves a lofty expofure, and is favourable to pafturage. The varieties have probably originated from the red and white cultivated plums, either fown by defign or ac¬ cident. The cultivated garden plums are derived from this fpecies. The bark dyes yellow. Its medical effeds are to abate heat and gently loofen the belly ; which they perform by lubricating the paflage, and foftening the excrement. They are of confiderable fervice in coftivenefs, accompanied with heat and irritation, which the more ftimulating cathartics would tend to aggra¬ vate. Where prunes are not of themfelves fufficient, their effe&s may be promoted by joining with them a little rhubarb or the like j to which may be added fome carminative ingredient, to prevent their occafioning flatulencies. injititia. * P. fruitftalks in pairs 5 leaves egg-lhaped, flightly woolly, coiled *, branches with thorns.—The fruit is a- cid, but fo tempered by a fvveetnefs and roughnefs, as not to be unplealant, particularly after it is mellowed by the frofts. A conferve is prepared by mixing the pulp with thrice its weight of fugar. The bark of the root and branches is confiderably ftyptic. An infufion of the flowers, fweetened with fugar, is a mild purga¬ tive, not improper for children. fpinofa. * P. fruitftalks fulitary $ leaves fpear-ftiaped, fmooth ; branches thorny.—This plant is not well adapted to grow in hedges, becaufe it fpreads its roots wide, and encroaches upon the pafturage $ but it makes a good dead fence. The wood is hard and tough, and is formed into teeth for rakes and walking-flicks. From fome efte£b which have been repeatedly obferved to follow the prick of the thorns, there is reafon to believe there is fomething poifonous m them, particularly in autumn. The tender leaves dried are fometimes ufed as a fubfti- tute for tea, and are thought the beft fubftitute that has yet been tried. The fruit bruifed and put into wine, gives it a beautiful red colour, and a pleafant fubacid roughnefs. An infufion of: a handful of the flowers is a fafe and eafy purge. The bark powdered, iii dofes of two drams, will cure foaie agues. Letters l ANT. Icosandria written upon linen or woollen with the juice of the fruit will not walh out. Sheep, goats, and horfes eat the leaves. The different fpecies of Prunus furnifh nourifti- ment to various infers. 983. Plinia. T wo fpecies j viz. crocea, pendunculata. Surinam, Brazil. 984. Chrysobalanus, or Cocoa Plum. One fpecies : viz. icaco. W. Indies, S. America.. 986. SONNERATIA. One fpecies ; viz. acida. Eaft Indies, China. 968. Leptospermum Has 12 fpecies 5 viz. fcoparium, thea, flavefcens, at- tenuatum, lanigerum, pubefcens, parvifolium, arach- noideum, juniperinum, baccatum, ambiguum, virgatum. New Holland. 969. Fabricia Has two fpecies j viz. myrtifolia, laevigata. New Holland. 970. Metrosideros. 14 fpecies; viz. hifpida, floribunda, coftata, diffufa, villofa, florida, glomulifera, anguftifolia, ciliata, linea¬ ris, lanceolata, faligna, viminalis, capitata. N. Hol¬ land, N. Zealand, C. of G. Hope. 974. Calyptranthes. Six fpecies ; viz. fuzygium, guineenfis, caryophylli- folia, jambolana, chrytraculia, rigida. Jamaica, Gui¬ nea, Eaft Indies. 975. Eucalyptus. 12 fpecies; viz. robufta, pilularis, tereticornis, refini- fera, capitellata, faligna, botryoides, haemaftoma, piperi¬ ta, obliqua, corymbofa, paniculata. N. Holland. 976. Banara. One fpecies ; viz. fagifolia. Cayenne. 977. Antherylium. One fpecies; viz. rehrii. W. Indies. 978. Foetidia. One fpecies ; viz. mauritiana. Ifle Mauritius 979. Scolopia. One fpecies ; viz. pufilla. Ceylon. 985. Robinsonia. One fpecies; viz. melianthifolia. Guiana. Order II. DIGYNIA. 987. Crataegus, or Wild Service Tree. 15 fpecies; viz. * avia, * torminalis, coccinea, vi- ridis, pundlata, crus galli, tomentofa, indica, * oxya- cantha, monogyna, azarolus, maura, villofa, laevisj glabra. Europe, India, N. America. * C. leaves egg-fhaped, cut, ferrated, cottony under- neath.—It loves dry hills and open expofures, and flourifties either in gravel or clay. It bears lopping) and permits the grafe to grow. The wood, being hard, tough, and fmooth, is ufed for axle-trees, wheels) walking flicks, carpenters and other tools. The fruit is eatable when mellowed by the autumnal frofts, and an ardent fpirit may be diftilled from it. It feldom bears a good crop of fruit two years together. Sheep and [cosandria. B O T and goats eat it. The wood affords an excellent char¬ coal for the makers of gunpowder. ixiiacan- * C. leaves mottly 3-cleft; fegments blunt, ferrated. ^ .—Upon account of the ttiffnefs of its branches, the fliarpnefs of its thorns, its roots not fpreading wide, and its capability of bearing the fevered winters with¬ out injury, this plant is univerfally preferred for mak¬ ing hedges, whether to clip or to grow at large. The wood is tough, and is formed into axle-trees and han¬ dles for tools. The berries are the winter food of tbrufhes and many other birds. Its different fpecies afford nourifhraent to various infers. 988. Waldstenia. One fpecies ; viz. geoides. Hungary. Order III. TRIGYNIA. 989. SoRBUS, or Service tree. Three fpecies ; viz. * ancuparia, * hybrida, * do¬ med ica. Europe. ncuoaria * ^eaves w>nged, fmooth on both fides.—It grows * either in woods or open fields, but bed on the fides of hills and in fertile foil. It will not bear lopping. Plants grow well in its fhade. The wood is foft, tough, and folid. It is converted into tables, fpokes for wheels, drafts, chairs, &c. The roots are formed into handles for knives and wooden fpoons. The ber¬ ries, dried and reduced to powder, make wholefome bread ; and an ardent fpirit may be diddled from them, which has a fine flavour, but it is fmall in quan¬ tity. The berries too, infufed in water, make an acid liquor fomewhat like perry, which is drank by the poorer people in Wales. In Germany, the fowlers ufe the berries to entice the redwings and fieldfares into noofes of hair, fufpended in the woods; hence its trivial name. domejlica.* S. leaves-winged, woolly underneath.—The fruit is mealy and auftere, not much unlike the medlar. The wood is valuable for making mathematical rulers and excifemen’s gauging flicks. 990. Sesuvium. One fpecies ; viz. portulacaftrum. W. Indies. ANY. 197 pidlure frames to be ftained black. The leaves-afford a yellow dye, and may be ufed to give a green to blued cloths. The fruit is auflere: but when cultivated, highly grateful, as is proved by the great variety of excellent pears which the induflry of mankind has rai- fed, for they all originate from this. The juice of the fruit fermented, is called pernj, large quantities of which are raifed in Worceflerfhire and Herefordfhire for that purpofe. The Squafh, the Oldfield, and the Barland perrys are reckoned the befl, and are little in¬ ferior to wine. Horfes, cows, fheep, and goats, eat the leaves, which afford nourifhment to various in¬ fers. * P. leaves ferrated ; flowers in umbels, fitting.—This tna/us. plant flourifhes better on declivities and in fliady places, than in open expofures or boggy lands. Grafs, and even corn, will grow beneath it. It is much ufed as a flock, on which to ingraft the better kind of apples, becaufe its fruits are neither killed by froft nor eaten by field-mice. The bark affords a yellow dye. The wood is tolerably hard ; it turns very clean, and when made into cogs for wheels obtains a polifh and wears a long time. The acid juice of the fruit is called by the country people verjuice, and is much ufed in fprains and in other cafes, as an aftringent or repellent. With a proper addition of fugar, it is probable, that a very grateful liquor might be made with the juice, but lit¬ tle inferior to old hock. Horfes, cows, fheep, and goats, eat it. Swine are very fond of the fruit. The fruit of the pyrus cydonia have a very auftere acid tafte; taken in fmall quantity, they are fuppofed to reftrain vomiting and alvine fluxes, and, more libe¬ rally, to loofen the belly. The feeds abound with a mucilaginous fubftance of no particular tafte, which they readily impart to watery liquors ; an ounce will render three pints of water thick and ropy, like the white of an egg. A mucilage of the feeds is kept in the (hops. A fyrup of the fruit had formerly a place, but is now reje&ed. 993. Tetragonia. _ Seven fpecies; viz. fruticofa, herbacea, ivsefolia1, . hirfuta, fpicata, expanfa, japonica. Cape, Peru, New Zealand. Order IV. PENTAGYNIA. 991. Mespilus, or Medlar tree. Eight f| recies ; viz. pyracantba, * germanica, arbu- tifolia, amelanchia, chamae-mefpilus, canadenfis, japo¬ nica, gotoncafter. Europe, N. America. lermanica* M. thornlefs ; leaves fpear-fhaped, cottony under¬ neath ; flowers folitary, fitting.—Many people are fond of the fruit when it becomes feft by keeping s it is fomewhat auflere, and binds the bowels. 992. Pyrus, or Pear-tree. Nine fpecies; viz. * communis, pollveria, * main?-, baccata, coronaria, cydonia, nivalis, falieifolia, japo¬ nica. ommunis. * P. leaves ferrated, fmooth ; flowers forming a co-- rymbus.—This plant loves a-fertile foil and Hoping ground ; but will not thrive well in moift bottoms. It Hands the fevereft winters, and does not deftroy the grafs. I he wood is light, fmooth, and compadl ; it is. ufed by turners, and to make joiners tools.; and for 994. Mesembryanthemum, or Fig-marygo/d. 5° fpecies; viz. nodiflorum, cryftallinum, copticum, geniculiflorum, no&ifloruxn, fplendens, umbellatum, expanfum, tripolium, calamiforme, apetalum, crinifib- rum, cordifolium, bellidifolium, deltoides, barbatum, hifpidum, villoium, fcabrum, emarginatum, uncina- tum, fpinofum, tuberofum, tenuifolium, ftipulaceum, craflifolium, glomeratum, loreum, filamentofum, fal- catum, forficatum, edule, bicolorum, ferratum, mi- cans, glaucum, corniculatum, tortuofum, pomeridia- num, veruculatum, papulofum, pinnatifidum, roftra- tum, ringens, dolabriforme, difforme, albidum, lin- gueforme, pugioniforme, capillare. Greece, Cane New Zealand. 1 ’ 995. Aizoon. Ten fpecies; viz. canarienfe, hifpanicum, lanceola- tum, farmentofum, paniculatum, perfoliatum, glinoides, fecundum, fruticofum, rigidum. Spain, Cape, Ca¬ nary. 996* Spirasa, or Spiked IVil/ow, Dropwort. 18 fpecies; viz. laevigata, * falieifolia, -tomentofa^ callofa,, 198 EOT callofa, liypericifolia, chamaedrifolia, incifa, crenata, argentea, triloba, opulifolia, forbifolia, aruncus, * fili- pendula, * ulmaria, lobata, palmata, trifoliata. Eu- rope, N. America. jilipenaula * 5. ieaves interruptedly winged 5 leafets ftrap-fpear- ftiaped, irregularly ferrated, very fmooth ; flowers in tufts The tuberant pea-like roots of this plant, dried and reduced to powder, make a kind of bread, which in times of fcarcity is not to be defpifed. Hogs are very fond of them. When expanded and enlarged by cultivation, it is a beautiful addition to the flower- garden. ulmaria. * S* leaves interruptedly winged j leafets egg-fhaped, double ferrated, hoary underneath •, flowers in tufts.— The flowers, infufed in boiling water, give it a fine fla¬ vour, which rifes in diftillation. Sheep and fwine eat it. Goats are extremely fond of it. Cows and horfes refufe it. Order V. POLYGYNIA. 997. Rosa, or Rofe. 21 fpecies; viz. eglanteria, * rubiginefa, cinnamo- mea, * arvenfis, pimpinellifolia, * fpinofiflima, rugo- fa, Carolina, * villofa, finica, fempervivens, centifolia, galliea, pumila, alpina, canina, collina, indica, pen- dulina, alba, multiflora. Europe, Perfia, China, N. America. fpinojiji- * R. germens and fruitftalks fmooth ; ftem and leaf- ma. flalks fully fet with ftraight prickles; leafets circular, fmooth.—The ripe fruit is eaten by children j it has a grateful fubacid tafte. The juice of it, diluted with water, dyes filk and muflin of a peach colour, and, with the addition of alum, a deep violet j but it has very little effeft on woollen and linen. Its dwarfifh growth, and the Angular elegance of its little leaves, which re¬ ferable thofe of the upland burnet, entitle it to a place in the flower-garden. Canina. * R. germens and footftalks fmooth; ftem and leaf- ftalks prickly.—A perfumed water may be diftilled from the bloflbms. The pulp of the berries, beat up with fugar, makes the conferve of hips of the Lon¬ don difpenfatory. Mixed with wine, it is an accept¬ able treat in the north of Europe. Several birds feed upon the berries. The leaves of every fpecies of rofe, but efpecially of this, are recommended as a fubftitute for tea, giving out a fine colour, a fub-aftringent tafte, and a gratefuRfmell, when dried, and infufed in boil¬ ing water. ^It is a difficult matter to fay, which are fpecies, and which are varieties only, in this genus $ fome think that there are no certain limits prefcribed by nature. Various infers are nourilhed by the ti'f- ferent .fpecies; and thofe mofly prickly excrefcences which are frequently found upon the branches of rofes, efpecially upon the laft fpecies, are the habitations of the -cynips rofce. This excrefcence was formerly in re¬ pute as a medicine, and was kept in the (hops under the name of bedeguar. An infufion of the full blown bloffoms of all the rofes, efpecially the paler kinds, is purgative \ but the petals of the red rofes, gathered be¬ fore they expand, and dried, are aftringent. The rofa centifolia is an elegant flower, common in our gardens. Its fmell is very pleafant and almoft univerfally admired; its tafte bitterifli and fubacrid. In diftillation with water, it yields a fmall portion of A N Y. Icosandria butyraceous oil, whofe flavour exactly refembles that of the rofes. This oil, and the diftilled water, are very ufeful and agreeable cordials. Hoffman ftrongly re¬ commends them as of a Angular efficacy for railing the ftrength, cheering and recruiting the Ipirits and allay¬ ing pain •, which they perform without raifing any heat in the conftitution, rather abating it when inordinate. Damalk rofes, befides their cordial aromatic virtue, which refides in their volatile parts, have a mildly pur¬ gative one, which remains entire in the decoftion left after the diftillation j this with a proper quantity of fu¬ gar forms an agreeable laxative fyrup, which has long kept its place in the Ihops. The rofa gullica has very little of the fragrance of the foregoing pale fort, and inftead of its purgative quality, a mild gratefully aftringent one, efpecially be¬ fore the flower has opened : this is confldtrably impro¬ ved by hafty exficcation j but both the aftringency and colour are improved by flow drying. In the Ihops there are prepared a conferve, an infufion, a honey, and a fyrup of this flower. 998. RuBUS, or Rafpberry. 20 fpecies 5 viz. * idseus, occidentalis, hifpidus, parvifolius, jamaicenfis, triphyllus, * caefius, * frutico- fus, canadenfis, odoratus, moluccanus, palmatus, villo- fus, incifus, japonicus, trifidus, * faxatilis, * ardlicus, * chamaemorus, dalibarda. North Europe, Afia, A- merica. * R. leaves winged with five or three leafets, ftem id ecus', prickly ; leaf-ftalk channelled.—The fruit of this plant is extremely grateful as nature prefents it, but made into a fweatmeat with fugar, or fermented with wine, the flavour is improved. It is fragrant, fubacid, and cooling. It diffolves the tartarous concretions of the teeth j but for this purpofe it is inferior to the ftrawberry. The white berries are fweeter than the red, but they are generally contaminated by infefts. The frefti leaves are the favourite food of kids. * R. leaves winged with three or five leafets $ ftem and fruticofus leaf-ftalks prickly *, panicle oblong.—The berries when ripe are black, and do not eat amifs with wine. The green twigs are of great ufe in dyeing woollen, filk, and mohair black. Cows and horfes eat it. Sheep are not fond of it. Silk worms will fometimes feed upon the leaves in defeft of thofe of the mulberry. * R. leaves fimple, lobed; ftem without prickles, vtiih cfiam(£m one flower ; male and female flowers on different plants. ruSt —The berries are not unpleafant, and held to be an excellent antifcorbutic. The Norwegians pack them up in wooden veffels and fend them to Stockholm, where they are ferved up in defferts or made into tarts. The Laplanders bury them under the fnow, and thus preferve them frefti from one year to another. They bruife and eat them with the milk of the rein deer. In the Highlands of Scotland alfo they are fometimes brought to table with the deffert. 999. Fragaria, or Strawberry. Three fpecies j viz. * vefca, monophylla, * fterilis. North of Europe, America. * F. leaves three together $ runners creeping.—The berries eaten either alone or with fugar, or with milk, are univerfally efteemed a moft delicious fruit. They are grateful, cooling, fubacid, juicy, and have a de¬ lightful fmell. Taken in large quantities, they feldom difag ree 199 ^olyandria. B O T difagree with the {lomacb. They promote perfpiration, impart a violent fcent to the urine, and diffblve the tar- tarous incruftations upon the teeth. People afflicted with the gout or ftone, have found great relief from ufing them largely. The bark of the root is aftringent. Sheep and goats eat it. Cows are not fond of it. Horfes and fwine refufe it. iooo. Potentilla, or Cinquefoil. 3 l fpecies ; viz. * fruticofa, * anferina, feracea, mul- tifida, fragarioides, * rupeftris, bifurca, pimpinelloides, penfylvanica, fupina, re£ta, argentea, intermedia, birta, ftipularis, opaca, * verna, * aurea, aflracanica, cana- denfis, *alba, caulefeens, elufiana, nitida, valderia, Preplans, monfpelienfis, norvegica, nivea, grandiflora, fubacaulis. Europe, North America. ruticofa. * P. leaves winged, ftem-lhrub-like.—The beautiful appearance of its numerous flowers has gained it ad~ mittance into gardens. Befoms are made of it. Cows horfes, goats, and ftieep eat it. Swine refufe it. * P. leaves winged, ferrated ; Item creeping j fruit- Italks with one flower.—The leaves are mildly aftrin¬ gent. Dried and powdered they have been given with fuccels in agues. The ufual dofe is a meal fpoonful of the powder every three hours between the fits. The roots in the winter time eat like parfnips. Swine are fond of them. Cows, horfes, goats, and fwine eat it. Sheep refufe it. eptans. * P. leafets five together, ftem creeping j fruit-ftalks one-flowered.—The red cortical part of the root is mildly aftringent and antifeptic. A deco&ion of it is a good gargle for loofe teeth and fpongy gums. Horfes, cows, goats, and ftieep, eat it. IOOI. Tormentilla, or Tormentil. Two fpecies j viz. eredla, * reptans. Europe.— The tormentil is found wild in woods and on com¬ mons j it has long flender ftalks, with ufually feven long narrow leaves at a joint 5 the root is for the moft part crooked and knotty, of a blackifti colour in the outfide, and reddifti within. This root has an auftere ftyptic tafte, accompanied with a flight kind of aroma¬ tic flavour j it is one of the moft agreeable and ef¬ ficacious of the vegetable aftringents, and is employed with good effe£t in all cafes where medicines of this clafs are proper. It is more ufed both in extempo- ANY. raneous prefcription, and officinal compofition, than any of the other ftrong vegetable aftringents. It is an ingredient in the two compound powders of chalk. A tindlure made from it with reftified fpirit, poffeffes the whole aftringency and flavour of the root, and lofes notfiing of either in infpiffating. 1002. Geum, or Averts, Herb-hennet. Eight fpeciesj viz. virginianum, *urbanum, cana- denfe, japonica, * rivale, hybridum, montanum, rep- tans. Europe, North America. * G. flowers upright", fruit globular, woolly j z\txi%urbanum. hooked, bare j root-leaves lyre-fliaped $ ftem-leaves in threes—The roots gathered in the fpring before the ftem grows up, and put into ale, give it a pleafant fla¬ vour, and prevent its growing four. Infufed in wine it is a good ftomachic. Its tafte is mildly auftere and aroma¬ tic, efpecially when it grows in a warm dry fituation } but in fhady and mbift places it has little virtue. Cows, goats, (beep, and fwine, eat it. * G. flowers nodding, fruit oblong; awns feathered,riW/i?. twifted ; petals blunt, round, wedge-ftiaped ; leaves winged.—The powdered root will cure tertian agues, and is daily ufed for that purpofe by the Canadians. Sheep and goats eat it. Cows, horfes, and fwine are not fond of it. It is made ufe of to cure ropy malt liquor. 1003. Dryas. Three fpecies ; viz. anemonoides, geoides, * o£tope- tala. Alps of Europe, Kamtfcbatka. 1004. Comarum, or Marjh-cinquefoil. One fpecies; viz. * paluftre. Europe. * C. leaves winged, petals fmaller than the cdyx.pafa/lre. The roots dyes a dirty red. The Irilh rub their milking pails with it, and it makes the milk appear thicker and richer. Goats eat it. Cows and (beep are not fond of it. Horfes and fwine refufe it. 1005. Calycanthus, or Carolina All-fpice. Two fpecies ; viz. floridus, praecox. Carolina, Flo¬ rida, Japan. In the clafs Icofandria are 39 Genera, including 346 Species, of which 42 are found in Britain. 'CLASSIS XIII. POLYANDRIA (c). Ordo I. MONOGYNIA. CLASS XIII. POLYANDRIA. Order I. MONOGYNIA Sett. I. Monopetali. Sett. I. One-petaled. 1054. Swartzia. Cal. 4-partitus. Petalum pla- S. Cal. 4-partite. A flat lateral petal. Legumi- num laterale. Legumen. nous. 1006. (c) The flowers of ?his clafs have, as its tide implies, many ftamens, that is from 20 to 1000 or more; fo that it is unneceffary to attempt to count them farther, than to be fatisfied that they amount to 20 or upwards. The itamens 200 B 0 T 1006. Marcgravia. Cal. 6-pliyllus, irabricatus. Cor. i-petala, claufa. Bacca multilocularis. 1007. Ternstroemia. Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. ro- tata, limbo campanulato, 5-partito. Bacca exfucca, bilocularis. Se£. II. Tripciall. ' 1008. Trilix. Cal. 3-pbyllus. Bacca 5-loculari§, pdlyfperma. f Sterbeckia lateriflora. Tetracerce nonnullce. Se£t. III. Tetrapetali. 1023. Mammea. Cal. 2-phyllus. Bacca i-locu- laris. Sem. callofa. * 1015. Pap aver. Cal. 2-phyllus. Capf. i-locul. coronata. * 1014. ChelidonjUM. Cal. 2-phyllus. Siliqua. .1022. Sparrmania. Cal. 4-phyllus. Capf. penta- gona quinque-locularis, loculis difpermis. 1010. Capparis. Cal. 4-phyllus. Bacca pedicel- lata, corticofa. * 1012. Actaja. Cal. 4-phyllus. Bacca i-locularis. Sem. gemino ordine. 1026. Calophyllum. Cal. 4-phyllus. Drupa - globofa. Nucleus fubglobofus. 1025. Grias. Cal. 4-fidus. Drupa j-fperma. Nucleus 8-fulcatus. Vallea flepu/aris. Leg nods el/iptica. Cleome cheledonia, ■felina, 1'e tracer a nidda. Se£L IV. Pentapetali. 1044. Sterbeckia. Capf. cylindracea corticofa. Semina imbricata in pulpa nidulantia. -1043. Loasa. Capf. femi-infera, i-locularis, femi- trivalvis, polyfperma. 1042. Mentzelia. Capf. infera, i-locularis, 3- valvis, polyfperma. 1050. Bonnetia. Capf. fupera, 3-locularis, 3-val- vis, polyfperma. Cal. 5-partitus, 1049. Vallea. Capf. fupera, 4 f. 5-angularis, uni- locularis, polyfperma. 1036. Legnotis. Capf. fupera, 3-locularis, 3-val- vis. Sem. folitaria. Cal. 5-fidus. 1046. Freziera. Bacca exfucca, 3-locularis. Cal. 5-phyllus. 1034. Marila. Capf. 4-locularis, 4-valvis, poly¬ fperma. Cal. 5-phyllus. * 1048. Cistus. Capf. fubrotunda. Cal. 5-phyllus, foliola 2 minora, 1038. Lemniscia. Pericarp. 5-loculare. Cal. 5- dentat. Ne&arium cyathiforme. 1052. Chorchorus. Capf. fub-5-locularis. Cal. 5-phyllus, longitudine corollae, deciduus. joi8. Sarracenta. Capf. 5-locularis. Stigma cly- peatum. Cal. exter. 3-phyllus, fuper. 5-phyllus. ANY Polyandria, M. Cal. 6-leaved, tiled. Cor. l-petaled, clofed. Berry many-celled. T. Cal. 5-partite. Cor. ivheel-flvaped, with a bell- fhaped border, 5-partite. .Dry, 2-celled berry. Se£l. II. Three-petaled. X. Cal. 3-leaved. Berry 5-celled, many-feeded. Se<5t. III. Four-petaled. M. Cal. 2-leaved. Berry i-celled. Seeds callous. * P. Cal 2-leaved. Capf. I celled, crowned. * C. Cal. 2-leaved. A long pod. S. Cal. 4-leaved. Capf. a 5-celled pentagon, 2 feeds in each cell. C. Cal. 4-leaved. Berry pedicled, i. e. with a foot- ftalk, bark-like. * A. Cal. 4-leaved. Berry 1-celled. Seeds in a double row. C. Cal. 4-leaved. Globular drupe. Kernel nearly globular. G. Cal. 4-cleft. Drupe i-feeded. Kernel 8-furrowed. Sett. IV. T'ive-petaled. S. Capf. cylindrical, bark-like. Seeds tiled, difper- :fed in the pulp. L. Capf. half-inferior, 1-celled, half 3-valved, many- feeded, M. Capf. inferior, i-celled, 3-valved, many-feeded. B. Capf. fuperior, 3-celled, 3-valved, many-feeded. Cal. 5-parted. V. Capf. fuperior, 4 or 5-angular, I-celled, many- feeded. L. Capf. fuperior, 3-celled, 3-valved. Seeds foli- tary. Cal. 5-cleft. F. Berry dry, 3-celled. Cal. 5-leaved, M. Capf. 4-celled, 4-valved, raany-feeded. Cal. 5-leaved. * C. Capf, nearly round. Cal. 5-leaved, 2 leafets fmall. L. Pericarp. 5-celled. Cal. - 5-toothed. Neflary glafs-lhaped. C. Pericarp. 5-celled. Cal. 5-leaved, of the length of the corolla, deciduous. S. Capf. 5-celled. Stigma fhield-like. Cal. ex¬ terior 3-leaved, fuperior 5-leaved. 1028. ftamens (land upon the receptacle. If the exa& fituation of the ftamens may be readily perceived by carefully and {lowly pulling off the petals and fegments of the calyx, if the ftamens remain in their place they may then be conlidered as growing upon the receptacle. Very many plants of this clafs are poifonous. Polyandria. * 1028. TlLIA. Capf. 5-locuI. coriacca, Cal. deciduus. 1022. Aubletia. Capf. echinata, ro-locularis, polyfperma. Cal. coloratus. 1024. Ochna. Baccce 5, in receptaculo carnofo. Petala unguibus elongatis. 1039. AsciuM. Bacca unilocularis, polyfperma. Cal. 5-phyllus. 1031. Grewia. Drupa 4-loba, 4-locularis. Cal. 5 phyllus. 1017. MUNTtKGIA. Bacca j-locularis, umbilicata. Cal. pairtitus. 1035. El^EOCarpus. Drapa nuce crifpa. Petala lacera. 1033. MlCROCOS. Drupa nuce triloculari. Petala linearia. \ Delphinium confolida* Ajacis. Aconiti. Lcetia comp/eta. Se£t. V. Hexapetali. toi^. Argemone. Cal. 3-phyllu5. Capf. i-locu- laris, femivalvis, 1045. Lagerstroemia. Cal. 6-fidus. Stam. 6, exteriora majora. Capf. 6-locul. polyfperma. 1041. Alangium. Cal. 6-10-dentatus, fuperus. Petala 6, f. 10. Bacca corticofa, 2-3-fperma. I047. Thea. Cal. 5 f. 6-phyllus. Petala 6 f. 9. Capf. 3-locularis. Sem. folitaria. 1040. Lecythos. Cal. 6-phyllus. Stain, ne&ario lingulato connata. Capf. circumfciffa. f Tei-njlrcemia meridionalis. Se£l. VI. OBopetali, 1012. Sanguinarxa. Cal. 2-phyllus. Capf. 2- valvis, polyfperma. Se£t. VII. Enneapetali. 1013. Podophyllum. Cal. 2-phyllus. Capf. 2- valvis, polyfperma. Se£h VIII. Decapetali. 1020. Bixa. Cal. 5-dentatus. Cor. 5-petala, du¬ plex. Capf. 2-valvis. Alangium decapetalum. Se£t. IX. Polypetali. * 1019. Nymphea. Bacca multilocul. corticofa. Cal. magnus. Se&. X. Apetali. 1051. Prockia. Cal. 3-phyllus. Peric. 5-locu- lare. 1032. M/ERUA. Cal. 4-fidus, tubo neftarifero. Pe¬ ric. pedicellatum. 1009. Ludia. Cal. 4 f. 9-partitus. Pericap. uni- loculare, polyfpermum. 1021. Sloanea. Cal. 5-9-fidus. Peric. echinatum, 3-;6-loculare, 3-6-valve. Semina arillata. Vol. IV. Part I. * T. Capf. 5 celled, leather-like, i-feeded. Cal. de¬ ciduous. A. Capf. prickly, 10-celled, many-feeded. Cal, coloured. O. Berries 5, in a flelhy receptacle. Petals with long claws. A. Berry i-celled, many-feeded. Cal. 5-leaved. G. Drupe 4-lobed, 4-celled. Capf. 5-leaved. M. Berry 5-celled, dimpled. Cal. parted. E. Drupe with a curled nut. Petals ragged. M. Drupe with a 3 celled nut. Petals ftrap-fhaped. Se£t. V. Six-petaled. A. Cal. 3-leaved. Capf. i-celled, half-valved. L. Cal. 6-cleft. Outers ftamens greater. Capf. 6- celled, many-feeded. A. Cal. 6 to 10-toothed, fuperior. Petals 6 or 10. Berry barklike, 2-3-feeded. T. Cal. 5 or 6-leaved. Petals 6 or 9. Capf. 3- celled. Seeds folitary. L. Cal. 6-leaved. Stamens united at the bafe to a tongue-fhaped ne&ary. Capf. cut round. Se<5K VI. Eight-petaled. S. Cal. 2-leaved. Capf. 2- valved, many-feeded. Se£t. VII. Nine-petaled. P. Cal. 2-leaved. Capf. 2-valved, many-feeded. Se£t. VIII. Ten-petaled. B. Cal. 5-toothed. Cor. 5-petaled, double, Capf. 2-valved. Se£t. IX. Many-petaled. * N. Berry many-celled, barklike. Cal. large. ✓ Se6l. X. No petals, P. Cal. 3-leaved. Peric. 5-celled. M, cal. 4-cleft, with a honey-bearing tube. Perlc. pedicled. L. Cal. 4 or 9-parted. Seed-vefTel i-celled, many- feeded. S. Cal. 5-9-cleft. Seed-veffel prickly, 3-6-celledj 3-6-valved. Seeds coated. C c 1030, BOTANY. l-fperma. 201 202 BOX 1030. Ryan'IA. Cal. 5-phyllus. Pericarp, unilo- culare, polyfperraum. Semina arillata. 1029. LjETIA. Cal. 5-phyllus. Peric. i-loculare, 3-valve, polyfpermum. 1053. Seguieria. Cal. 5-phyllus. Peric. i-fper- mum, alatum. Cratceva tnarmelos, tetracera farmentofa. Ordo II. DIGYNIA. 1057. Fothergilla. Cal. integerrimus. Cor. nulla. Capf. 2-locularis. Sem. bina. 1056. Curatella. Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. 4-petala. Capf. 2-partita, 2-fperma. 1055. PiEONiA. Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. 5-petala. Capf. polyfperma. Sem. colorata. 1058 Trichocarpus. Cal. 4 f. 5 partitus. Cor. O. Capf. fetola, polyfperma. 1059. Lacis. Cal. o. Cor. o. Capf. 2-valvis, poly¬ fperma. , Tetracera leevis. Ordo III. TRIGYNIA. * 1061. Delphinium. Cal. nullus. Cor. 5-petala, fupremo petalo cornuto. Ne&ar. 2-fidum, feflile. 1062. Aconitum. Cal. nullus. Cor. 5-petala, fupremo galeato. Ne£tar. 2-pedicellata. 1060. Homalium. Cal. 6-7-partitus. Cor. 6-7- petala. Stamina per tria aggregate. Refeda luteola. Corchorus ajluans. Ordo IV. TETRAGYNIA. 1063. Wintera. Cal. integer. Cor. 6-petala. Baccae4, 4-fpermse. 1067. Cimicifuga. Cal. 4-phylIus. Cor. nefta- riis 4, urceolatis. Capf. 4. Sem. fquamofa. 1066. Wahlbomia. Cal. 4 phyllus. Cor. 4-pe¬ tala. Peric. 4-roftrata. 1064. Tetracera. Cal. 6-phyllus. Capf. 4, mo- nofpertnae. Stamina dilatata utrinque anthenfera. 1065. Caryocar. Cal. 5 partitus. Cor. 5-petala. Drupa nucibus 4. A N Y. Polyandria R. Cal. 5-leaved. Seed-veffel I-celled, many-feed- ed ; feeds coated. L. Cal. 5-leaved. Seed-vreffel i-celled, 3-valved, many-feeded. S. Cal. 5-leaved. Seed-veffel i-feeded, winged. Order II. DIGYNIA. F. Cal. entire. No cor. Capf. 2-celled. Seeds 2. C. Cal. 5-leaved. Cor. 4-petaled. Capf. 2-parted, 2-feeded. P. Cal. 5-leaved. Cor. 5-petaled. Capf. many- feeded. Seeds coloured. T. Cal. 4 or 5-parted. No cor. Capf. briftly, many-feeded. L. No cal. No cor. Capf. 2-valved, many-feeded^ Order III. TRIGYNIA. * D. No cal. Cor. 5-petaled, the laft petal horn- Ihaped. Neflary 2-cleft, fitting. A. No. cal. Cor. 5-petaled, the laft helmet-ftiaped. Neftar. 2-pedicled. H. Cal. 6-7-partite. Cor. 6-7-petaled. Stamens incorporated by threes. Order IV. TETRAGYNIA. W. Cal. entire. Cor. 6-petaled. Berries 4, 4-feed- ed. C. Cal. 4-leaved. Cor. with 4 pitcher-ftiaped nec¬ taries. Capf. 4. Seeds fcaly. W. Cal. 4-leaved. Cor. 4-petaled. Seed-veflels 4-beaked. T. Cal. 6-leaved. Capf. 4, r-feeded. Stamens di¬ lated on both fides bearing the anthers. C. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. 5-petaled, Drupe with 4 nuts. Ordo V. PENTAGYNIA. Order V. PENTAGYNIA. * 1068. Aquilegia. Cal. nullus. Cor. 5-petala. Neftaria 5. inferne cornuta. 1069. Nigella. Cal. nullus. Cor. 5-petala. Nec¬ tar. 8, fuperne 2-labiata. 1070. Reaumuria. Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. 5-pe¬ tala, ne&ariis 10, adnatis, ciliatis. Capf. 5-locularis, polyfperma. Aconita et Delphinia nonnulla* . Ordo VI. POLYGYNIA. 1091. Hydrastis. Cal. nullus, Cor. 3^petala. Bacca compofita acinis i-fp«rmis. * A. No cal. Cor. 5-petaled. Nectaries 5, horned beneath. N. No cal. Cor. 5-petaled. Nectaries 8, two-lip¬ ped above. R. Cal. 5-leaved. Cor. 5-petaled, with 10 nectaries eonne&ed, fringed. Capf. 5*celied, many-feeded. Order VI. POLYGYNIA. H. No cal. Cor. 3-petaled. Berry compound with l-feeded granulations. 108a. ^olyandria. B O T 1082. ATRAGElJE. Cal. nullus. Cor. 4-petala, ma¬ jor ; interior polypetala. Sem. plurima, criltata. * 1083. Clematis. Cal. nullus. Cor. 4-petala. Sem. plurima ariftata. * 1084. Thalictrum. Cal. nullus. Cor. 4 5-peta- la. Sem. plurima, fubmutica, nuda. 1088. Isopyrum. Cal. nullus. Cor. 5-petala, decidua. Nedtaria 5. Capf. polyfpermse. * 1089. Helleborus. Cal. nullus. Cor. 5-petala, perfiftens. Ne&aria plura. Capf. polyfpermae. * 1090. CaltHA. Cal. nullus. Cor. 5-petala. Capf. plurimse. Nedlaria nulla. ■* 1081. Anemone. Cal. nullus. Cor. 6-petala. Sem.' plurima. 1076. Michelia. Cal. truncatus. Cor. 8-petala. Baccae 4-fpermae, glomeratae. * 1087. Trollius. Cal. nullus. Cor. 14-petala. Neftaria linearia. Capf. polyfpermae. 1079. Xylopia. Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. 6-petala. Capf. 1 f. 2-fpermse, in receptaculo hsemifpherico. 1080. UNONA. Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. 6-petala. Baccae moniliformes, 2-fpermae, in receptaculo hsemi- Ipherico. 1077. Uvaria. Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. 6-petala. Baccae polyfpermae, recept. longo affixae. 1078. Annona. Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. 6-petala. Bacca cortice imbricato polyfperma. 1073. Liriodendrum. Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. 6- petala. Samarse plurimae, lanceolalae, imbricatae. 1074. Magnolia. Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. 9-petala. Capf. glomeratae, 2-valves. Sem. pendula. 1075. Nelumbium. Cal. 4-5-phyllus. Cor. poly¬ petala. Nuces monofpermae, receptaculo immerfae. 1071. Dillenia. Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. 5-petala» Sem. plurima. Petala ungue ne£tarifero. 1080. Ranunculus. Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. 5 pe¬ tala. Sem. plurima, petala ungue neftarifero. 1072. Illicium. Cal. 6-phyllus. Pet. 27. Capf. l-fperma, in orbem. * 1085. Adonis. Cal. 5-phyllu?. Cor. 5 f. 10-pe- tala. Sem. plurima, angulata, corticata. Nige/lce nonnullx. Order I. MONOGYNIA* 1006. Marcgravia. Two fpeciesj viz. umbellata, coriacea. Weft In¬ dies. 1007. Ternstroemia. Five fpecies ; viz. meridionalis, elliptica, punftata, japonica, dentata. Jap. W. Ind. Guiana. 1008. Trilix. One fpecies j viz. lutea. Carthagena. 1009. LuDia. Three fpecies $ viz. heterophylla, myrtifolia, feflili- flora. Ifle of Mauritius. 1010. Capparis, or Caper-bujh. 30 fpecies j viz. fpinofa, ovata, segyptia, tomentofa, acuminata, zeylanica horrida, erythrocarpos, fepiara, ANY. A. No. cal. Cor. 4-petaled, large 5 within, many- petaled. Seeds many, crefted. * C. No cal. Cor. 4-petaled. Seeds many, awned. * T. No cal. Cor. 4-5-petaled» Seeds many, nearly awnlefs, naked. I. No cal. Cor. 5-petaled, deciduous. Ne£taries 5. Capf. many-feeded. * H. No cal. Cor. 5-petaled, permanent. Nectaries feveral. Capf. many-feeded. * C. No cal. Cor. 5-petaled, Capf. many. Nefta* ries none. * A. No cal. Cor. 6-petaled. Seeds many. M. Cal. truncated. Cor. 8-petaled. Berries 4- feeded, congregated. * T. No cal. Cor. 14 petals. Ne£t. ftrap-lhaped. Capf. many-feeded. X. Cal. 3-leaved. Cor, 6-petaled. Capf. one 01 2-feeded, in a hemifpherical receptacle. U. Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 6-petaled. Berries brace- let-lliaped, 2 feeded, in a hemifpherical receptacle. U. Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 6-petaled. Berries many- feeded, affixed to a long receptacle. A. Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 6-petaled. Berry many- feeded with a tiled bark. L. Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 6-petaled. Seed-veffels many, fpear-lhaped, tiled. M. Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 9-petaled. Capf. congre¬ gated, 2-valved. Seeds pendulous. N. Cal 4-5-leaved. Cor. many-petaled. Nuts one- feeded, immerfed in the receptacle. D. Cal. 5-leaved. Cor. 5-petaled. Seeds many. Petals with a honey-bearing claw. * R. Cal. 5-leaved. Cor. 5-petaled. Seeds many. Petals with a honey-bearing-claw. I. Cal. 6-leaved. Petals 27. Capf. 1-feeded, in a circle. * A. Cal. 5-leaved. Cor. 5 or 10-petaled. Seeds many, angled, bark-like. citrifolia, corytnbofa, mariana, pandilriformis, badduc- ca, torulofa, longifolia, frondofa, ferruginea, grandis* jamaicenfis, odoratiffima, verrucofa, ampliffima, cyno- phallophora, faligna, pulcherrima, tenuifiliqua, linea¬ ris, breynia, haftata. S, Europe, Eaft and Weft In¬ dies, South America.—The buffi of the capparis fpi- nofa is a low prickly buffi, found wild in Italy and other countries j it is raifed with us by fowing the feeds upon old walls, where they take root between the bricks, and endure for many years. The bark of the root is pretty thick, of an affi-colour, with feveral tranf- verfe wrinkles on the furface 5 cut in flices and laid to dry, it rolls up into quills. This bark has a bitteriffi acrid tafte ; it is reckoned aperient and diuretic, and recommended in feveral chronic diforders for opening obftruftions of the vifcera. The buds pickled with vinegar, &c. are ufed at table. They are fuppofed to C c 2 excite 204 fpicata. majus. rhaas* fomnife- rum. B O T excite appetite and promote digeftion ; and to be par¬ ticularly ufeful, as detergents and aperients, in obftruc- tions of the liver and fpleen. Their tafte and virtues depend more upon the faline matter introduced into them, than on the caper buds. 1011. AcTyEA, or Herb-chrijlopher. Three fpecies ; viz. * fpicata, racemofa, japonica. Europe, N. Amer. Japan. * A. bunch egg-fhaped $ fruit berry-like.—The plant is a powerful repellent. The root is ufeful in fome nervous cafes, but it muft be adminiftered with caution. The berries are poifonous in a very high degree. It is faid that toads, allured by the foetid fmell of this plant, refort to it •, but it grows in lhady places, and toads are fond of damp and fhady fituations. Sheep and goats eat it. Cows, horfes, and fwine refufe it. 1012. Sanguinaria, or Puncoon, Eload-root. One fpecies j viz. canadenfis. N. Amer. 1013. Podophyllum, or Duch's-foot, or May-apple. Two fpecies j viz. peltatum, diphyllum. North A- merica. 1014. Chelidonium, or Celandine. Five fpecies ; viz. * majus, japonicum, * glaucium, * eorniculatum, *hybridum. Eur. Egypt, Jap. * C. fruitftalks forming umbels.—This plant grows Upon old walls, among rubbilh, and in wafte Ihady pla¬ ces. The bark is of a bluifh green colour 5 the root of a d^ep red both contain a gold-coloured juice. Their fmell is difagreeable, the tafte fomewhat bitter- ifti, very acrid, biting and burning the mouth $ the root is the moft acrid. The juice of celandine has long been celebrated in diforders of the eyes ; but it is too (harp, unlefs plentifully diluted, to be applied with fafety to that tender organ. It has been fome- times ufed, and it is faid with good fuccefs, for extir¬ pating warts, cleanfing old ulcers, and in cataplafms for the herpes miliaris. This acrimonious plant is rarelv given internally. The virtues attributed to it are thofe of a ftimulating aperient, diuretic, and fudo- rific : it is particularly recommended in the flow kind of jaundice, where there are no fymptoms of inflamma¬ tion, and in dropfies. Some fuppofe the root to have been Helmont’s fpecific in the hydrops afcites. Half a dram or a dram of the dry root is diredled for a dofe j or an infufion in wine of an ounce of the frefh root. 1015. Papaver, or Poppy. Nine fpecies; viz. * hybridum, *argemone, alpi- num, nudicaule, rhoeas, dubium, * fomniferum, * cam- bricum, orientale. Europe.. * P. capfules fmoothl urn ftiaped Item hairy, many- flowered ; leaves wing-cleft, jagged.—The petals give out a fine colour when infufed, and a fyrup prepared from the infufion is kept in the Ihops. It partakes in a fmall degree of the properties of opium. ^ P. calyx and capfules fmooth ; leaves embracing the ftem, jagged.—Opium is the juice of this plant. This juice has of late been collefted by way of experiment, by certain individuals, from poppies, cultivated in Great Britain, and has been found not inferior in quality to that brought from the warmer climates. It is obtain¬ ed by making wounds with a fmall (harp inftrument in tljie fmooth capfule of the plant when nearly ripe, and ■ S A N Y. Polyandria thereafter colle&ing the juice that exfudes from the wounds. It is probable, however, that the high price of labour will fcarcely permit the rearing of Britifli opium to become an important object of agriculture. Egypt, Perfia, and Hindoftan, have hitherto fupplied us with this commodity : in thofe countries large quantities of poppies are cultivated for this purpofe. The opium prepared about Thebes in Egypt, hence named Thebaic opium, has been ufually efteemed the beft ; but this is not now diftinguiftied from that col- lefted in other places. This juice is brought to us in cakes or loaves covered with leaves and other vegeta¬ ble matters, to prevent their (licking together : it is of a (olid confidence, yet fomewhat foft and tenacious, of a dark reddifti-brown colour in the mafs, and when re¬ duced into powder yellow ; of a faint difagreeable fmell, and a bitterifti tafte, accompanied with a pungent heat and acrimony. In the province of Bahar in the Eaft Indies, it is faid, the poppy feeds are fown in Odlober or Novem¬ ber, at about eight inches diftance ; and are well wa¬ tered till the plants are about half a foot high, when a compoft of nitrous earth, dung, and afties, is fpread over the areas ; and a little before the flowers appear they are again watered profufely till the capfules are half grown: and then the opium is collected ; for when fully ripe they yield little juice. Two longitu¬ dinal incifions, from below upwards, without penetrat¬ ing the cavity, are made at funfet for three or four fuc- ceflive evenings ; and then they are allowed to ripen their feeds. In the morning the juice is fcraped off with an iron fcoop, and worked in an earthen pot, in the fun’s heat, till it be of a confidence to be formed, into thick cakes of about four pounds weight, which are covered over with the leaves of poppy or tobacco, and dried. It is faid to be adulterated with various un¬ known fubftances, with the extraft of the poppy plant procured by boiling, and even with cow-dung. It is purified by reducing it to a pulp with hot water, and ftrongly prefling it while hot through a linen cloth from its impurities. It is then evaporated by a water- bath, or other gentle heat, to its original confidence. This extract is found to contain a refin, a kind of effential oil, a principle of odour, an effential fait, and a foapy extract. Opium has a reddifti brown colour, a ftrong peculiar fmell, a tafte at firft naufeous and bitter, but foon be¬ coming acrid, with a flight warmth and it appears to have fome aftringency, as a watery tinfiure of it forms an ink with a chalybeate folution. The external and internal effe&s of opium appear to be various in. different conftitutions, and in the fame at different times. By fome, when applied to the tongue, the nofe, the eye, or any part deprived of (kin, it has been faid to ftimulate, and to induce, in the eye in par¬ ticular, a flight degree of rednefs. But if this effe& do take place, it is at the utmoft extremely inconfider- able, particularly when compared with the effedl of volatile alkali, ardent fpirit, or a variety of other ar¬ ticles applied to the fame organ. And there can be no doubt, that in. a very Abort time the fenfibility of the part to which it is applied, even when there has nofc taken place the flighteft mark of preceding ftimulus or inflammation, is very confiderably diminiftied. Some allege, that when applied to the (kin, it allays pain Polyandria.. EOT and fpafm, procures fleep, and produces all the other falutary or dangerous effects which refult from its in¬ ternal ufe $ while others allege, that thus applied, it has little or no effedl whatever. Tijis variety proba¬ bly arifes from differences in the condition of the fub- eutaneous nerves, and of the fenfibility of the furface, as being more or lefs defended. But there is no doubt that when mixed with cauftic, it diminifhes the pain, which would otherwife enfue, probably by deadening the fenfibility of the part. It fometimes allays the pain from a carious tooth j and a watery folution of it has been ufed in various ulcers, certain ophthalmias, and virulent gonorrhoea, when pain and inflammation have before that given very great diftrefs. Opium, when taken into the ftomach to fuch an ex¬ tent as to have any fenfible effeft, gives rife to a plea- fant ferenity of mind, in general proceeding to a cer¬ tain degree of languor and drowfinefs. The aftion of the fanguiferous fyftem is diminilhed, the pulfe be¬ coming for the moil part fofter, fuller, and flower than it was before. There often take place fwelling of the fubcutaneous veins, and fweating ; both probably the confequences of a diminution of refiftance at the fur- face, from a diminution of mufcular action, as is par¬ ticularly exemplified in its effedfl of binding the belly. Opium taken into the ttomach in a large dofe, gives rife to confufion of head and vertigo. The power of all ftimulating caufes, as making impreflions on the „ body, is diminiflied ; and even at times, and in lituations, when a peifon would naturally be awake, fleep is irre- liftibly induced. In ftill larger dofes, it a6ls in the fame manner as the narcotic poifon, giving rife, not only to vertigo, headach, tremours, and delirium, but. to convulfions alfo ; and thefe terminating in a date of ftupor, from which the perfon cannot be roufed. This ftupor is accompanied with flownefs of the pulfe, and with ftertor in breathing $ and the fcene is termi¬ nated in death, attended with the fame appearances as take place in apoplexy. From thefe eflfefb of opium, in a ftate of health, it is not wonderful that reeourfe ftiould have been had to it in difeafe, as mitigating pain, inducing fleep, allay¬ ing inordinate aftion, and diminiftiing morbid fenfibi¬ lity. That thefe effe£ls do refult from it is confirmed by the daily experience of every obferver 5 and as an- fwering one or other of thefe intentions, moft, if not all, of the good confequences derived from it in aiftual pradlice are to be explained. If, therefore, by a fe- dative medicine, we mean an article capable of allay¬ ing, aiTuaging, mitigating, and compofing, no fubftance can have a better title to the appellation of fedative than opium. As anfwering the purpofes of mitigating pain, in¬ ducing fleep, allaying inordinate action, and diminifli- ing fenfibility, it naturally follows, that opium may be employed with advantage in a great variety of differ¬ ent difeafes. Indeed there is hardly any affetftion in which it may not, from circumftances, be proper $ and in all defperate cafes, it is the moft powerful means of alleviating the miferies of patients. Some practitioners are averfe to its ufe where there takes place an aCtive inflammation ; but others have re- courfe to it in fuch cafes, even at an early period, efpe- cially after blood letting; and where fuch affeClion are attended, not only with pain and fpafm, but with i ANY. watchfulnefs and cough, it is often productive of the greateft benefit. Opium, combined with calomel, has of late been extenfively employed in every form of aftive inflammation, and with the greateft fuccefs. It is found alfo to be of very great fervice in allaying the pain and preventing the fymptomatic fever liable to be induced by wounds, fraCtures, burns, or fimilar accidents. In intermittents, it is faid to have been ufed with- good effeCt before the fit, in the cold ftage, in the hot ftage, and during the interval. Given even in the hot ftage, it has been obferved to allay the heat, thirft, headach, and delirium j to induce fweat and fleep j to cure the difeafe with the lefs bark, and without leav¬ ing abdominal obftruCtions or dropfy. It is often of very great fervice in fevers of the ty¬ phoid type, when patients are diftrefled with watchful¬ nefs or diarrhoea. But where thefe or fimilar circum¬ ftances do not indicate its ufe, it is often diftreffing to patients, by augmenting thirft and conftipation. In fmallpox, when the convulfions before eruption are frequent and confiderable, opium is liberally ufed. It is likewife given from the fifth day onwards ; and is- found to allay the pain of fuppuration, to promote the ptyalifm, and to be otherwife ufeful. In dyfentery, after the ufe of gentle laxatives, or along with them, opium, independently of any effeCt it may have on the fever, is of confequence in allaying, the tormina and tenefmus, and in obviating that laxi- . ty of bowels which is fo frequently a relick of that difeafe. In. diarrhoea, the difeafe itfelf generally carries ofif any acrimony that may be a caufe, and then opium is ufed with great eflfeCl. Even in the worft fymptoma¬ tic cafes it feldom fails to alleviate. In cholera and pyrofis it is almoft the only thing trufted to. In cholic, it is employed with laxatives $ and no doubt often prevents ileus and Inflammation, by relieving the fpafm. Even in ileus, and in incarcera¬ ted hernia, it is often found to allay the vomiting, the fpafms, the pain, and fometimes to diminifli the inflam¬ mation, and prevent the gangrene of the ftrangulated. gut. It is given to allay the pain and favour the def- cent of calculi, and to relieve in jaundice and dyfuria proceeding from fpafm. It is of acknowledged ufe in the different fpecies of tetanus, affords relief to the various fpafmodic fymp- toms of dyfpepfia, hyfteria, hypocbondriafis, afthma, rabies canina, &o. and has been found ufeful in feme kinds of epilepfy. Qf late, in dofes gradually increafed to five grains* three, four, or even fix times a-day, it has been ufed in fyphilisj and fome inftances are recorded in which it would feem, that by this remedy alone a complete cure had been obtained : In other inflances, however, after the faireft trial for a confiderable length of time, it has been found ineffedliial ; and upon the whole, it feems rather to be ufeful in combating fymptoms, and in counteradling the effedls refulting from the improi per ufe of mercury, than in overcoming the venereal virus. It is found ufeful in certain cafes of threatened abor¬ tion and lingering delivery, in convulfions during par¬ turition, in the after pains and exceflive flooding. The only form perhaps meceffary for opium, is that off Polyandria " B O T of pill J and as it is fo foluble in every menftruum, there feems the lefs occafion for the addition of either gum or foap. This form is more apt to fit on the fto- xnach than any liquid form, but requires rather more time to produce its effefts. The adminiftration of opium to the unaccufiomed, is fometimes very difficult. The requifite quantity of opium is wonderfully differ¬ ent in different perfons, and in different ftates of the fame perfon. A quarter of a grain will, in one adult, produce effefts, which ten times the quantity will not do in another ; and a dofe that might prove fatal in cholera or colic, would not be perceptible in many cafes of tetanus or mania. The loweft fatal dofe to the unaccuftomed, as mentioned by authors, feems to be four grains ; but a dangerous dofe is fo apt to puke, that it has feldom time to occafion death. When gi¬ ven in too fmall a dofe, it is apt to produce difturbed lleep and other difagreeable confequences; and in fome cafes, it feems impoffible to be made agree in any dofe or form. Often, on the other hand, from a fmall dofe, found fleep and alleviation of pain will be pro¬ duced, while a larger one gives rife to vertigo and de¬ lirium. Some prefer the repetition of fmall dofes, others the giving of a full dole at once. In fome, it feems not to have its proper effedt till after a confider- able time. The operation of a moderate dofe is fup- pofed to laft, in general, about eight hours from the time of taking it. Pure opium is partially foluble in water and in rec¬ tified fpirit, and totally in proof fpirit, wine, or vine¬ gar. Water, rubbed with opium, and decanted re¬ peatedly till it come off colourlefs, yields, on gentle evaporation, an extradl which fome ufe and recom¬ mend as one of the beft preparations of this fubilance, and which requires to be given in double the dofe of common opium. It is faid that alkalies diminiffi its foporific effedls ; that the fixed render it diuretic, the volatile determine it to the Ik in 5 and that acids deflroy its adlivity al- moft entirely. But when conjoined with acids, parti¬ cularly the diluted vitriolic acid, it often fits eafily on the ftomach, when it would not otherwife be retained, and afterrvards produces all its fedative effedts. The chief officinal preparations of opium are, the opium purificatum, pilulce ex opio, pul vis opiatus, tinElur a opii, and tvnSlura opii camphorata. Befides this, it en¬ ters a great variety of different compofitions, as the pulvis fudorificus, balfamum anodynum, eleBuarium japo- nicum, pulvis e creta compojitus, &c. The occafional bad effedts of opium may refult from the fame power, by which in other ftates of the fyftem it proves beneficial. The methods, therefore, propo- fed of corredting thefe by roafting, fermentation, long- continued digeftion, repeated folutions and diftillations, have not fucceeded. 1016. Argemone, or Priclly Poppy. Three fpecies j viz. mexicana, armeniaca, pyrenai- ca. W. Indies, Mexico, Pyrenees. 1017. Muntingia. One fpecies 5 viz. calabura. W. Indies. 1018. Sarracenia, or Side-faddle-Jlower. Four fpecies j viz. flava, minor, rubra, purpurea. N. America. ANY. 1019. Nympiijea, or Watei' Lily. Seven fpecies j viz. * lutea, advena, * alba, odorata, ftellata, lotus, pubefcens. Europe, India, Africa, A- merica. * N. leaves heart-ftiaped, very entire*, cal. 5-leaved, much larger than the petals.—The roots rubbed with milk deftroy crickets and cockroaches. Swine eat it. Goats are not fond of it. Cowts, fheep, and horfes re- fufe it. An infufion of a pound of the frefti root, to a gallon of water, taken in the dofe of a pint night and morning, cured a leprous eruption of the arm. * N. leaves heart-lhaped, very entire 5 calyx 4-cleft. —It extends itfelf by long runners, which form a root at the end, and fend up leafflalks in deep water. The root is bulbous. It is one of the moft beautiful of the Englifh plants, and may be propagated by tranfplant- ing the bulbous roots in winter. The petals gradually leffen as they approach the centre of the flower, where the outer filaments expanding in breadth, gradually af- fume the form of petals, as is generally the cafe in the double flowers of our gardens. The roots are ufed in Ireland, and in the ifland of Jura, to dye a dark brown. Swine eat it. Goats are fond of it. Cows and horfes refufe it. 1020. Bixa, or Anotta. One fpecies j viz. orellana. W. Indies. 1021. Sloanea, or Apeiba of the Bra%ils. Three fpecies j viz. dentata, maffoni, finemarienfis. Brazil, Caribbee ifles. 1022. Aubletia. Four fpecies j viz. tibourbon, petonmo, afpera, la> vis. Guiana. 1023. Mammea, or Mammee-tree. Two fpecies j viz. americana, humilis. Jamaica, Hifpaniola. 1024. Ochna. Two fpecies; viz. fquamofa, parvifolia. Africa, E. and W. Indies. 1025. Grias. One fpecies ; viz. cauliflora. Jamaica. 1026. Calophyllum. Two fpecies j viz. inophyllum, calaba. E. and W. Indies. 1027. Sparrmannia. r One fpecies ; viz. africana. Africa. 1028. Tilia, or Lime-tree. Four fpecies j viz. * europaea, americana, pubefcens, alba. Eur. N. Amer. *' T. flowers without a neftary ; berry 4-celled.-— This plant flourifties beft on the fide of hills, but it will live very well in meadow grounds. It is eafily tranf- planted, and grafs< grows beneath it; it is ufeful to form fhady walks and clipped hedges. The wood is foft, light, and fmooth; clofe grained, and not fubjeft to the worm. It makes good charcoal for gunpowder and for defigners. It is ufed for leather-cutters boards, and Tor carved works. It is alfo employed by the , turner. The leaves are dried in fome countries as winter food for fheep and goats. Cows eat them in the autumn ; but they give a bad tafte to the milk. The bark, macerated in water, may be made into 3 207 3olyandria. B O T ropes and firtiing nets. The flowers are fragrant, and afford the belt honey for bees. The fap, infpiffated, affords a quantity of fugar. 1029. L^ctia. Four fpecies 3 viz. apetaia, guidonia, thamnia, com- pleta. Jaraaica. 1030. Ryania. One fpecies 3 viz. fpeciofa. 1031. Gravia. 11 fpecies 3 viz. occidentalis, populifolia, orientalis, niallococca, laevigata, glandulofa, hirfuta, excelfa, afia- tica, tiliaefolia, velutina. Alia, Cape, Amer. S. feas. 1033. Microcos. One fpecies 3 viz. paniculata. 1034. Marila. One fpecies 3 viz. racemofa. Weft Indies. 1035. F.l^ocarpus. Five fpecies 5 viz. ferratus, dentatus, dicera, inte- grifolius, copalliferus. India, New Zealand. 1036. Li.gnqtis. Two fpecies 3 viz. elliptica, caflipourea. Weft In¬ dies, Guiana. > 1037. Myrodendrum. One fpecies 3 viz. amplexicaule. Guiana. 1038. Lemniscia. One fpecies j viz. floribunda. Guiana. 1039. Ascium. One fpecies 3 viz. violaceum. Guiana. 1040. Lecythis. Eight fpecies 3 viz. ollaria, minor, grandiflora, a- mara, zabucajo, idatimon, parviflora, brafteata. A- merica. 1041. Alangium. Two fpecies 3 viz. decapetalum, hexapetalum. Coaft «f Malabar. 1042. Mentzelia. Two fpecies 3 viz. afpera, hifpida. America. 1043. Loasa. Six fpecies ; viz. hifpida, contorta, acanthifolia, grandiflora, chenopodifia, nitida. 1044. Sterbechia. One fpecies 3 viz. lateriflora. 1045. Lagerstroemia. Five fpecies 3 viz. indica, reginae, hirfuta, munch- haufia, parviflora. Eaft Indies, China. 1046. Freziera. Two fpecies 3 viz. theacoides, undulata. 1047. The A, or Tea-tree. Two fpecies 3 viz. bohea, viridis. China, Japan. The feveral forts of tea met with among us, are the leaves of this fame genus collefted at different times, and cured in a fomewhat different manner 5 the fmall young leaves, very carefully dried, are the finer green, the older afford the ordinary green and bohea. The two firtt have a fenfible flavour of violets, the other of rofes 3 the former is the natural odour of the plant, the latter, as Neumann obferves, is probably introduced by art. Some of the dealers in this commodity in Europe, are not ignorant that bohea tea is imitable by the leaves ANY. of certain plants, artificially tinctured and impregnated with the rofe flavour. The tafte of both forts is light¬ ly bitterifh, fubaftringent, and fomewhat aromatic. The medical virtues attributed to thefe leaves are fufficient- ly numerous, though few of them have any founda¬ tion 3 little more can be expedted from the common infufions than that of a diluent acceptable to the palate and ftomach 3 the diuretic, diaphoretic, and other vir¬ tues for which they have been celebrated, depend more on the quantity of warm fluid, than any particular qua¬ lities which it gains from the tea. Nothing arifes in diftillation from either fort of tea with redtified fpirit 3 water elevates the whole of their flavour. Good tea, in a moderate quantity, feems to refrefti and ftrengthen 3 but if taken in a recent highly fla¬ voured ftate, and in confiderable quantity, its ufe is apt to be fucceeded by weaknefs and tremors, and other firmiar confequences, refulting from the narcotic vegetables 3 yet it is highly probable that many of the bad, as well as good effedts, faid to refult from it, are confequences of the warm water. 1048. Cl ST US, or Roch-rofe. 79 fpecies 3 viz. capenfis, villofus, populifolius, lau- rifolius, vaginatus, ledon, ladanilerus, monfpelienfis, laxus, falvifolius, heterophyllus, incanus, creticus, par- viflorus, albidus, fericeus, hybridas, crifpus, formofus, halimifolius, elongatus, libanotis, umbellatus, Icevipes, calycinus, fumana, canus, fcabrofus, cinereus, ocymoi- des, italicus, marifolius, origanifolius, mollis, dichoto- mus, *anglicus, vinealis, oelandicus, alternifolius, glo- bularifolius, tuberaria, plantagineus, ferratus, * gutta- tus, canadenfis, pundlatus, ledifolius, * falicifolius, ni- loticus, aegyptiacus, fquamatus, lippii, feffiliflorus, el- lipticus, * furrejanus, polyanthos, glaucus, nummula- rius, canarienfis, ferpillifolius, violaceus, linearis, Icevis, ftridfus, glutinofus, thymifolius, pilofus, lavandulifoli- us, racemofus, ciliatus, anguftifolius, *helianthemum, mutabilis, foetidus, croceus, hirtus, apenninus, * poli- foiius, arabicus. Alps, S. Europe, Egypt, Cape. 1049. Vallea. One fpecies 3 viz. ftipularis. New Granada. 1050. Bonnetta. One fpecies 3 viz. paluftris. Guiana. 1051. Prockia. Four fpecies 5 viz. crucis, ferrata, theseformis, inte- grifolia. Ifle of Santa Cruz. 1052. Corchorus, or Jews-mal/ow. 14 fpecies 3 viz. olitorius, trilocularis, tridens, Eef- tuans, acutangulus, fafcicuiaris, capfularis, fcandens, fer¬ ratus, hirfutus, japonicus, flexuofus, hirtus, filiquofus.' 1053. Seguieria. One fpecies 3 viz. americana. 1054. SwARTIA. Six fpecies 3 viz. fimplicifolia, grandiflora, dodecan- dra, triphylla, pinnata, alaia. Caribbee ifles, Guiana. Order II. DIGYNIA. 1055. P^eonia, or Peony. Seven fpecies 3 viz. officinalis, corallina, albiflora, humilis, anomala, hybrida, tenuifolia. Switz. Ukraine. The soS B O T A The 'Pecoma .officinalis is cultivated in our’gardens on ■Recount of the beauty of its flowers. The female peony, 'which is the largeft and moft elegant, and for this rea¬ son the moft common, is theonly one with which the (hops Rre fupplied. In quality they are fcarce fenfibly diffe¬ rent j and hence they may be taken promifeuoufly. The roots and feeds of peony, have, when recent, an unpleafant feent, approaching to that of the narcotic plants, and a fomewhat glutinous fubacid tafte, with a light degree of bitternefs and aftringency j the leaves alfo difeover an aftringent quality, both to the tafte, and by changing chalybeate folutions of a purple co¬ lour ; the flowers have little tafte, and a very faint not agreeable fmell. The parts which have chiefly been ufed for medicinal purpofes, are the roots and feeds. Thefe are looked upon as emollient, corroborant, and lightly anodyne, and fuppofed to be of fervice in feme •kinds of obftructions, erofions of the vifeera, heat of urine, pains in the kidneys, and the like. The virtue they are chiefly celebrated for, is that of curing fpaf. modic and epileptic complaints, which many have been abfurd enough to believe, that the root of this plant would do by being only worn about the neck. 1056. CuRATELLA. One fpecies j viz. americana. America. 1057. Fothergilla. One fpecies ; viz. alnifolia. North America. 1058. Trichocarpus. One fpecies j viz. laurifolia. Guiana. 1059. Lacis. . One fpecies j viz. fluviatilis. Guiana. Order III. TRIGYNIA. 1060. Komalium. Two fpecies j viz. racemofum, racoubea. Jamaica, Guiana. 1061. Delphinium, or Lari/pur. 14 fpecies; viz. * confolida, ajacis, aconiti, ambi- guum, peregrinum, grandiflorum, intermedium, datum, hybridum, exaltatum, urceolatum, puniceum, ftaphi- fagria, pentagynum. Europe, N. America. confolida. * D. capfule Angle ; neftary of one leaf $ ftem fubdi- vided,-—The expreffed juice of the petals, with the addition of a little alum, makes a good blue ink j the feeds are acrid and -poifonous. When cultivated, the blofloms often become double. Sheep and goats eat it. Horfes are not fond of it. Cows and fwine refufe it. 1062. Aconitum, or Wolfsbaney Monkshood. 15 fpecies 5 viz. lyco&onum, japonicum, pyrenai- cum, ochroleucrum, anthora, album, feptentrionale, na- pellus, neomontanum, tauricum, volubile, cornuum, variegatum, cammarum, uncinatum. Europe, North America, Japan. Order IV. TETRAGYNIA. 1063. Wintera, or Winter's bark. Three fpecies •, viz, aromatica, granadenfls, axillaris. New Granada, S. Seas. N Y. Polyandria 1064. Tetracera. 12 fpecies; viz. larmentofa, tomentofa, afpera, do- liocarpus, ftridla, calinea, obovata, nitida, euryandra, volubilis, laevis, alnifolia. Ceylon, W, Indies, South lea ifles. 1065. Caryocar. Three fpecies; viz. nuciferum, butyrofum, tomen- tofum. Barbary. 1066. Wahlbomia. One fpecies ; viz. indica. 1067. ClMICIFUGA. One fpecies; viz. foetida. Siberia. Order V. PENTAGYNIA. 1068. Aquilegia, or Columbine. Five fpecies; viz. vifeofa, * vulgaris, alpina, cana- denfis, viridiflora. * A. nedlaries bowed inwards, nearly equal to the pe- vulgaris, tals ; leafets all on leaf-ftalks ; lobes diftant, roundifh, bluntifti.—The beauty of its flowers has long intro¬ duced it into our flower borders. Goats eat it. Sheep are not fond of it. Cows, horfes, and fwine, refufe it. 1069. Nigella, or Fennelflower. Five fpecies ; viz. damafeena, fativa, arvenfis, hifpa- nica, orientalis. Germany, S. Europe, Egypt. 1070. Reaumuria. Two fpecies; viz. verniculaU, hypericoides. Sieily, Syria, Egypt. Order VI. POLYGYNIA. 1071. Dillenia. Eight fpecies; viz. fcandens, integra, fpeciofa, el- liptica, ferrata, pentagyna, retufa, dentata. India. 1072. Illicium, or Anifeed-tree. Two fpecies ; viz. anifatum, floridanum. Florida, China, Japan. 1073. Liriodendron, or Tulip-tree. Four fpecies; viz. tulipifera, coco, figo, liliifera. Amboyna, N. America. 1074. Magnolia, or Laurel-Cleaved Tulip-tree. Eight fpecies; viz. grandiflora, plumieri, glauca, obovata, tomentofa, acuminata, tripetala, auriculata. N. America. 1075. Nelumbium. Four fpecies; viz. fpeciofum, luteum, pentapetalum, reniforme. 1076. Michelia. Twofpecies; viz. champasa, tliampeea. Indies. 1077. Uvaria. II fpecies; viz. zeylanica, lanceokta, cerufoides, fuberofa, tomentofa, odorata, monofperma, lutea, ligu- laris, longifolia, japonica. Ceylon, Japan, Jamaica, Surinam. 1078. Annona, or Cuflard-apple. 18 fpecies ; viz. muricata, tripetala, fquamola, palu- dofa, longifolia, pun&ata, hexapetala, paluftris, glabra, triloba. ?oIyandria. B * O T triloba, afiatica, ambotay, africana, pygmaea, obovata, grandiflora, amplexicaulis. Egypt, E. and W. Indies, America. 1079. Xylopia, or Bitter-wood. Three fpecies 3 viz. muricata, frutdcens, glabra. America. 1080. Unona. Four fpecies j viz. difcreta, tomentofa, difcolor, con- color. 1081. Anemone, or WindJlower. 29 fpecies 3 viz. hepatica, patens, cernua, vernalis, halleri, *pulfatilla, ^pratenfis, alpina, apiifolia, coro- naria, ^ hortenfis, palmata, fibirica, baldenfis, fylveftris, virginiana, decapetala, triternata, penfylvanica, dicbo- toma, trifolia, quinquefolia, * nemorofa, *apennina, reflexa, * ranunculoides, narciffiflora, umbellata, tha- lidlroides. Europe, N. America. iratenjis. * A. leaves double-winged 3 petals the ends turned back.—1 his is the moll acrid of the anemonies; and is recommended by Dr Stoerk in the quantity of half an ounce of the diflilled water, or five grains of the extrail, twice or thrice a-day, in venereal nodes, pains, ulcers with caries, chronic eruptions, amenorrhoea, va¬ rious chronic affe&ions of the eye, particularly blind- nels, fiom obfcurities of the cornea. Its common effedls are naufea or vomiting, an augmented difcharge of urine, diarrhoea, and increafed pain at firft in the affeil- ed part. wlfatilla. * A. leaves doubly winged j petals flraight. The whole plant is acrid, and bliftefs the Ikin. The juice of the petals llains paper green. Goats and Iheep eat it. Horfes, cows, and fvvine, refufe it. temorofa. * A. feeds pointed 5 leafets fnipt 5 petals roundifh 3 flem mollly 2-flqwered.—The flowers fold up in a cu¬ rious manner againfl rain. The whole plant is acrid. When Iheep are unaccullomed to eat it, it brings on a bloody flux. Goats and (beep eat it. Horfes, cows, and fwine, refufe it. This plant is fometimes, found with yellow dots on the under furface of the leaves. 1082. Atragene. Six fpecies j viz. alpina, ochotenfis, japonica, capen- fis, tenuifolia, zeylanica. Alps of Europe, Ceylon, Cape. 1083. Clematis, or Virgin's-bower. 24 fpecies; viz. cirrhofa, florida, viticella, viorna, crifpa, calycina, oriental^, glauca, hexapetala, triflora, virginiana, japonica, trifoliata, dioica, indivifa, panicu- lata, * vitalba, chinenfis, flammula, maritima, angulti- folia, eredla, ochroleuca, integrifolia. Europe, N. A- merica.— I he clematis ereBa is introduced into but few of the modern pharmacopoeias, and has never been found in Britain. As well as many other adlive ar¬ ticles, fuppofed to be of a poifonous nature, it was fome time ago recommended to the attention of prafli- tioners by Dr Stoerk of Vienna. Its leaves and flowers aie fo acrid as to bliller. Dr Stoerk recommends it in venereal, cancerous, and other cutaneous affedlions, in t iofe headachs, pains of the bones, and wallings of the habit, the confequences of lues venerea. Externally the acrid powder is fprinkled on the ulcers, and the forms -.or internal ufe are thofe of infufion and extrafl. 1084. Thalxctrum, or Meadow-rue. 23 fpecies ; viz. * alpinura, foetidum, tuberofum, VOL. IV. Part I. ANY. cornuti, dioicum, datum, * majus, medium, * 209 minus. rugofum, fibiricum, fquarrofum, qmrpurafcens, angufti- folium, * flavum, nigricans, fimpk'x, lucidum, aquilegi- folium, contortum, petaloideum, llyloideum, japonicum. Europe, N. America, * T. (tern furrowed, leafy 3 leafets acute, 3-cleft 3 fiavum.. nicle much branched, upright, compafl 3 flowers up¬ right.—A cataplafm made of the leaves has been known to give relief in the fciatica. The root dyes wool yel¬ low. Cows, horfes, goats, and flieep4 eat it. Swine are not fond of it. 1085. Adonis, or Pheafants Eye. Eight fpecies ; viz. * aeftivalis, * autumnalis, flam- mea, vernalis, apennina, filia, capenfis, vefleatoria. S. Europe, Cape. 1086. Ranunculus, or Crow-foot. . 61 fpecies; viz. * flammula, * reptans, *lingua, no- diflorus * gramineus, pyrenaeus, parnaflifolius, ophio- gloffoides, amplexicaulis, bullatus, falfuginofus, * fica- ria, fngidus, thora, creticus, caflubicus, * auricomus, abortivus, trilobus,^ * fceleratus, aconitifolius, platanifo- lius, fpicatus, illyricus, flabellatus, afiaticus, japonicus, rutaefolius, glacialis, feguieri, nivalis, monlanus, gonani, alpeilris, lapponicus, hyperboreus, monfpeliacus, pen- f) Ivanicus, ternatus, ^ bulbofus, philonotis, poIyrhizosf * repens, polyanthemos, * acris, cappadocicus, lanugi- nofus, chserophyllus, millefoliatus, parvulus, oxyfper- mus, * arvenfis, muricatus, * parviflorus, orientalis, grandiflorus, falcatus, polyphyllus, * hederaceus, * aqua- tilis, fluviatilis, Europe, Alia, N. America. * R. leaves heart-lhaped, angular, on leaf-Italks 3 ftem/^r^' I flowered ; flowers with eight petals ; calyx with three leaves. This is a very fmall plant, found in moll mea¬ dows, and by hedge fides'. The roots confifl of {lender fibres with fome little tubercles among them, which are fupppofed to referable the haemorrhoids 3 from thence it . , has been concluded, that this root mull needs be of wonderful efficacy for the cure of that dillemper. To the talle it is little other than mucilaginous; and al¬ though Hill retained in feveral of the foreign pharma- eopoeias, it is hardly in ufe in this country. ..5’ E'aves egg-fpear fliaped, on leaf-llalks; Hem d&-famtnulet. eliding—I his plant is very acrid 3 applied externally, it inflames and blilters the Ikin. Horfes eat it. Cows, ffieep, goats, and fwine refufe it. Its acrimony rifes in dmillation. Some years ago, a man travelled'in feve¬ ral parts of England adminillering vomits, which, like white vitriol, operated the inllant they were fwallowed. The dillilled water of this plant was his medicine. It is faid, that in the cafe of poifon being fwallowed, or other circumllances occurring, in which it is defire- able to make a patient vomit inftantaneoufly, it is pre- ferable to any other medicine yet known, and does not excite thofe painful contractions in the unper part of the Itomach, which the wffiite vitriol fometimes does thereby defeating the intention for which it was given. * R. lower leaves hand-fhaped, the upper fingered fceleratus. fruit oblong. ! be whole plant is very corrofive 3 and beggars are faid to ufe it to ulcerate their feet, which they expofe in that Hate to excite compaffion. Goats eat it. Cows, horfes, and ffieep refufe it. * R. cal. expanding ; fruit-llalks cylindrical 3 leaves ■with three divifions, and many clefts, the uppermolt ^ d flrap- 210 arvenJiSt fcetidus. B O T ftrap-fliapcd.-—Sheep atid goats cat it. Cows, horfes, and fwine refufe it. Cows and horfes leave this plant untouched, though their pa dure be ever fo bare. It is very acrid, and eafily blitters the Ikin. * R. feeds prickly •; upper leaves doubly compound, ilrap-fhaped.—It has lately been (aid that cows, horfes, and (htep, in Italy, eat it greedily, though it is fo acrid as to poifon the latter. Three ounces of the juice killed a dog in four minutes. Its growing chiefly, if not fole- ly, in corn-fields where cattle are excluded, may poffi- bly be the reafon why we have not beard of mifchief being done by it in this country. 1087. Trollius, or Globe-ranunculus. Two fpecies j viz". * europaeus, afiaticus. Europe, Afia. 1088. Isopyrum. Three fpecies; viz. fumarioides, thali&roides, aqui- legioides, Siberia, Alps of Auitria, Italy. 1089. Helleborus, or Blacb Hellebore. Eight fpecies>; viz. hyemalis, ranunculinus, niger, * viridis, oriental^, * foetidus, lividus, trifolius. Au- flria, Italy, Canada. * H. Item many flowered j leafy ; leaves bird-footed. Bearsfoot, or He/leborajler.—The leaves of this plant, taken in feveral different forms, have been by fome re¬ commended as a very powerful anthelmintic. They are particularly extolled by Dr Biffett, in his effay on the medical conflitution of Great Britain, efpecially under the form of fyrup, made by moiftening the leaves of the frefli herb in vinegar, and then prefling out their juice, which was formed into a fyrup with coarfe fugar. Of this fyrup, Dr Biffett gave to children from two to fix years of age, one tea-fpoonful at bed-time, and ano¬ ther in the morning, for two or three days fucceflively. The dofe was increafed or diminifhed according to the ftrength of the patient; and in this way he found it very fuccefsful in the expulfion of lumbrici. Where the helleborafter is to be employed, this form is perhaps the heft, and we doubt not that it mayffucceed where others have failed j but it fhould not, we apprehend, be employed till fafer anthelmintics have been tried in vain. For we have heard of fume inflances where the imprudent adminiflration of it has been attended even with fatal confequences. The fpecies called helleborus niger, black helle¬ bore or melampodium, grows wild in the mountain¬ ous parts of Switzerland, Auflria, and Stiria ; the earlinefs of its flowers, which fometimes appear in De¬ cember, has gained it a place in our gardens. In fome parts of Germany, a fp^cies of black hellebore has been made ufe of, which not unfrequently produ¬ ced violent and fometimes deleterious effe£ts ; this the Wirtemburg college particularly caution againfl, though without mentioning any marks by which it may be di- ftinguifhed, or even giving the precife name of the plant. It appears to be the foetid hellebore of Linnaeus, called in England, where it grows, fetterwort, fettlewort, or baftard hellebore 5 the roots of this may be diftinguifli- ed from the officinal fort by their being lefs black. The roots of the poifonous aconites referable in ap¬ pearance thofe of the black hellebore j and in the Bit-flaw colleftions we find fome inflances of fatal ef¬ fects occafioned by miftaking the former for the latter; \ A N Y. Polyandm thefe alfo are happily difcoverable by their colour 5 the aconitum being lighter coloured than even the palelt of the black hellebores. The faculty of Paris, by al¬ lowing the ufe of one of the paler hellebores (the green-flowered which grows wild in England, and is called by our farriers peg-root) have in fome degree deprived the drops of the benefit of this criterion. Since, therefore, the two noxious roots which the buyer is mnfl apt to miflake for this, are diftinguilhable from it by their colour, but have no other external mark by which they may be with certainty known, particu¬ lar regard ought to be had to this circumiiance ; only the deepefl black being chofen, and all the paler roots rejeiffed. The tafte of the hellebore is acrid and bitter. Its acrimony is firfl: felt on the tip of the tongue, and then fpreads immediately to the middle, without being much perceived on the intermediate part ; on chewing it for a few minutes the tongue feems benumbed and affefted with a kind of paralytic fiupor, as when burnt by eat¬ ing any thing too hot ; the fibres are more acrimoni¬ ous than the head of the root from which they iffue. Black hellebore root, taken from fifteen grains to half a dram, proves a ftrong cathartic, and as fuch has been celebrated for the cure of maniacal and other difor-. ders proceeding from what the ancients called the atra- bills; in thefe cafes medicines of this kind are doubt- lefs occafionallv of ufe, though they are by no means pofftffed of any fpecific power. It does not however appear, that our black hellebore a6ts with fo much violence as that of the ancients, whence many have fuppofed it to be a different plant j and indeed, the defcriptions which the ancients have left us of their ! hellebore, do not agree to any of the forts ufualiy ta¬ ken notice of by modern botanifts. Another fpecies has been difcovered in the Eaftern countries, which Tournefort diflinguiflies by the name of black oriental hellebore, with a large leaf, a lofty ftem, and purplilh flower; and fuppofes to be the true ancient hellebore, from its growing in plenty about Mount Olympus, and in the ifland of Anticyra, celebrated of old for the pro- duftion of this antimaniacal drug; he relates that a fcruple of this fort given for a dofe, occafioned con- vulfions. Our hellebore is at prefent looked upon principally as an alterative; and in this light is frequently em¬ ployed in fmall dofes, for attenuating vifcid humours, promoting the uterine and urinary difcharges, and open¬ ing inveterate obflruflions of the remoter glands; it often proves a very powerful emmenagogue in pletho¬ ric habil«, where fled is ineffeftual or improper. An extra# made from this root with water, is one of the mildeft, and, for the purpofes of a cathartic, the moft effectual preparations of it : this operates fuffi- eiently, without occafioning the irritation which the pure refin is accompanied with. A tinfture drawn with proof fpirit contains the whole virtue of the helle¬ bore, and feems to be one of the belt preparations of it when defigned for an alterative ; this tinfture and the extra# are kept in (hops. The melampodium is the bafis of Bacher’s tonic pills for the dropfy. The root is ordered to be ma¬ cerated in re#ified fpiiit of wine ; the liquor expreffed is repeatedly mixed with water, and duly evaporated. This is made up into pills, with an extra# of myrrh Diuynamui. B O T and powder of cardans benedlchis. They are faid to be cathartic and diuretic, and at the fame time ftrength- eners of the folids, 1090. Caltha, or MarJIj-marijgold. Twofpecies; viz. *paluftris, natans. Europe. valujlris. * C. the flowers of this plant gathered before they expand, and preferved in falted vinegar, are a good fubftitute for capers. The juice of the petals, boiled with a little alum, flains paper yellow. The remark¬ able yellownefs of butter in the fpring has been fup- pofed to be caufed by this plant: but cows will not ANY. eat it, unlefs compelled by extreme hunger, and then, as fome fay, it ocealions fuch an inflammation ,that they generally die. Upon May-day the country people in England flrew the flowers before their doors, 1 opr. Hydrastis, or Te/low-root. One fpecies j viz. canadenfis. Carolina, Canada. In the c/afs Polyandi-ia are 85 Genera, including 563 Species, of which 50 are found in Britain. * CLASSIS XIV. DIDYNAMIA (d). Ordo I. GYMNOSPERMIA. Se£l. I. Calyces fitbquinquefidi. 1103. Perilla. Styli duo. Stam. diftantia. * 'H05. Glecoma. Antherarum paria cruciata. 1096. HyssopuS. Filam. diftantia, re&a. Cor. ringens, labio inferiore tripartite, fuberenato. 1098. Elsholtzia. Filam. diftantia, refta. Cor. ringens, labio inferiore indivifo. _ HOI. Bystrofogon. Filam. diftantia, reda. Cor. ringens, labio inferiore trilobo. * 1102. Mentha. Filam. diftantia, redta. Cor. fub- sequalis. 1104. Hyptis. Filam. declinata. Cor. ringens j labio fup. bifido, inferiore trifido, lacinia media con- cava. 1100. Sideritis. Stigma alterum vaginans alte- rum. 1099. Lavandula. Corolla refupinata. * I093* Teucrium. Cor. labium fuperius nullum, fed fiflura loco labii. * 1092. Ajuga. Cor. lab. fuperius ftaminibus bre- vius. 1113. Phlomis. Cor. lab. fuperius hirtum, com- preffum. * 1112. Leonurus. Cer. labium fuperius eredlum, indivifum, planum. Stamina fauce longiora. 1108. Betonica. Cor. lab. fuperius planum, ad- feendens, tubo cylindrico. Stam. longitudine faucis, * 1106. Lamium. Cor. lab. inferius utrinque dente fetaceo. * 1107. Galeopsis. Cor. lab. inferius lateribus re- fiexum. Stam. deflorata ad latera deflexa. CLASS XIV. DIDYNAMIA, or two stamens longer. Order I. GYMNOSPERMIA, or Seeds naked. Sect. I. The Calyxes or Cups nearly 3-clejt, P. Styles 2. Stamens far afunder; * G. Pairs of anthers crofs-ftiaped. H. Filaments afunder, ftraight. Cor. gaping, with the inferior lip 3-cleft, nearly fcolloped. .E. Filaments far afunder, ftraight. Cor. gaping, with the inferior lip undivided. B. Filaments far afunder and ftraight. Cor. gaping, with the inferior lip 3-lobed. * M. Filaments far afunder and ftraight. Cor. nearly equal. H. Filam. declining. Cor. gaping j the fuperibr lip 2-cleft, the inferior 3-cleft, the middle fegments con¬ cave. S. The one ftigma fheathing the other. L. Cor. horizontally turned upfide down. * T. Cor. with no fuperior, but a fiflure in place of a % A. Cor. having the upper lip fhorter than the fta- mens. P. Cor. the upper lip rough-haired, comprefled. * L. Cor. the upper lip ereft, undivided, flat. The ftamens longer than the mouth. B. Cor. the upper lip flat, afeending with a cylin¬ drical tube. Stamens of the length of the mouth. * L. Cor. the inferior lip on both Tides with a briftle- fliaped tooth. * G. Cor. the inferior lip bent back to the fides. The ftamens bent to the fides after the anthers have Ihed their pollen, D d 2 1097. (d) The elTential charafler of this clafs confifts of the flowers of the plants which it contains having four fta- uati>, two of which are long, and twolhort. The fhort ftamens ftand next together, and adjoining to the ftyle -»i the piflil. Ibey are covered by the corolla or bloflbm, which is irregular in its lhape. >12 B O T * 1097. Nepeta. Cor. lab. inferius crenatum. Faux margine reflexo. 1094. Satureia. Cor. laciniis fubaequalibus. Stam. remota. * 1110. Ballota. Cal. 10-ftriatus. Cor. labium fuperius fornicatum. Ill 1. Marrubium. Cal. lo-ftriatus. Cor. lab. fu¬ perius re&um. 1114. Moluccella. Cal. campanulatus. Corolla amplior, dentibus fpinofis. Verbeme fpecies aliquot. Monarda didijma. \ Se6l. II. Calyces bilahiati. . * 1124. Scutellaria. Cal. fruflifems, operculatus. ^ 1117. Thymus. Cal. fauce villis claufus. 1122. Plectranthus. Cor. refupinata bafi fur- fum calcarata. Filamenta fubulata. 1121. Ocimum. Cor. refupinata bafi nuda. Fila¬ menta bina, bafi proceflu. * 1125. Prunella. Filamenta omnia apice bifurca. 1126. Cleonia. Filamenta bifurca, apici altero an- therifero: Stigma quadrifidum. 1123. Trichostema. Filamenta longifiima. 1119. Dracocephalum. Corolla; faux inflato-di- latata. 1116. Origanum. Strobilus calyces colligens. * 111J* Clinopodium. Involucrum calyces colli¬ gens. 1005. Thymbra. Calyx utrinque linea ciliata ca- rinatus. Stylus femibifidus. Cor. labia plana. '* 1120. Melittis. Cal. tubo corolla amplior.. Co¬ rollas lab. fuperius planiTm, integrum. Antherae cru- ciatae. * 1118. Melissa.. Cal. angulatus, fcariofus, labio fuperiore adfcendente. 1127. Prasium. Semina baccata. 1128. Phryma. Sem. unicum. Cor. ringens. 1129- Selago. Sem. unicum. Corollte limbo quinquefido inuequali. Oreo II. ANGIOSPERMIA. Se£t. I. Calyces indiviji. 1185. yEginetia. Capf. multilocularis. Cor. cam- panulata. Cal. indivifus, fpathaceus. 1161. 1AN2ECIUM. Bacca corticofa. Cor. tubu- lofa, fubaequalis. Cal. tubulofus, truncatus. Se£l. II. Calyces bijidi. 1184. Obolaria. Capf. i-locularis. Cer. campa- nulata. 4-fida. Filam. ex divifuris corollae. * 1186. Orgbanche. Capf. i-locularis. Cor. fub- jequalis, 4-fida. Glandula fub bafi germinis. 1172. Hebenstreitia. Capf. 2-fperma. Cor. 1, labiata, 4-fida. Stam. margini lateral! corollse inferta. 1149. Iorenia. Capf- 2-locularis. Cor. perfonata. Filam. duo bifida. 1205. Castilleia. Capf. 2-locularis. Cor. bila- biata, labio inferiore breviflimo, Cal. unilabiatus, bi- dentatus. 1 A ^ Y* Didynamia * N. Cor. the inferior lip fcolloped. The mouth with a border bent back. S. Cor. with fegments nearly equal. Stamens re¬ mote. * B. Cal. 10-firiped. Cor. the fuperior lip vaulted. M. Cal. 10-firiped. Cor. the upper lip ftraight. M. Cal. bell-fhaped. Cor. large, with prickly teeth. Se£l. II. Calyxes 2-lipped. * S. Cal. fruit-bearing, covered with a lid. * T. Cal. with a mouth thut with loft hairs. P. Cor. horizontally turned uplide down at the bafe^ upwards, having a fpur. Filaments awl-ihaped. O. Cor. naked, horizontally turned up at the bafe. Filaments 2, with aja enlargement at the bafe. * P. Filaments all with a 2-forked top. C. Filaments 2-forked. The alternate apex bearing an anther. Stigma 4-cleft. T. Filaments very long. D. Mouth of the cor. inflate-dilated^ * O. A cone collecling the calyxes. * C. Involucrum colleding the cups. I. Cal,, keeled on both fides with a fringed line. Style half 2-cleft. Cor. flat lips. * M. Cal. with a tube larger than the cor. the upper lip of the cor. flat, entire. Anthers crofs-fliaped. * M. Cor. angled, fkinny, the upper lip afcending. P. Seeds berry-like. P. Seed I. Cor. gaping. S. Seed 1. Border of the cor. unequal, 5-cleft. Order II. ANGIOSPERMIA or with Seeds in a Capfule. Se£E I. Cups undivided. iE. Capf. many-celled. Cor.Tell-ftiaped. Gal. un¬ divided, chaffy. T • Berry barked. Cor. tubular, nearly equal. Cal. tubular, lopped, Se£t. II. Cups two-cleft. O. Capf. l-celled. Cor. bell-ftiaped, 4-cleft. Fi¬ lam. from the divifions of the corolla. * O. Capf. i-celled. Cor. nearly equal, 4-cleft. Gland under the bafe of the germen or feed-bud. H. Capf. 2-feeded. Cor, 1-lipped, 4-cleft. Sta¬ mens inferted in the lateral margin of the cor. T. Capf. 2-celled. Cor. gaping. Filam. 2, two- cleft. C. Capf. 2-celled. Cor. 2-li^ped, under lip very fliort,. Cal. i-lipped, 2-toothed. r 121U Didyaamia B O T 12i i. Acanthus. Capf. 2-locularis. Cor. i-la- biata, 3-fida. Antherae vlllofe. 1164. Premna. Drupa i-fperma, nuce 4-loculari. Cor. 4-fida, insequalis. 1160. Crescentia. Bacca l-locularis, corticofa. Cor. tubo carxipanulata. Germen pedicellatum. ANY. A. Capf. 2-celled. Cor. I-lipped, 3-cleft. An¬ thers woolly. P. Drupe i-feeded, with a 4-celled nut. Cor. 4-cleft, unequal. C. Berry i-celled, bark-like. Cor. with a bell- Ihaped tube. Germen on a pedicle or footftalk. Se£l:. III. Calyces trijidi. Se£t. III. Cups ^-cleft. 1159. Halleria. Bacca 2-locul. Cor. 4-fida, la- bio fuperiore longiore. H. Berry 2-celled. Cor. 4-cleft j the upper lip longer. Se6I. IV. Calyces quadrifidi. 1189. Lifpia. Capf. 2-fperma, 2-locularis. Cor. hypocraterif. Cal. compreflus. 1134. LathRjEA. Capf. i-locularis. Cor. perfo- nata. Glandula fub germine. 1130. Bartsia. Capf. 2-locularis. Cor. perfo- nata. Cal. coloration * 1132. Euphrasia. Capf. 2-locularis. Cor. perfo- nata. Antherae inferiores fpinofae. * 1131. Rhinanthus. Capf. 2-locularis. Cor. per- fonata. Capf. comprefla. * 1133. Melampyrum. Capf. 2-locularis. Cor. perfonata. Sem. bina gibbofa. 1x35. Schwalbea. Capf. 2-locularis ? Cor. perfo- rlata. Cal. lacinise fuperiores fenfim minores. xi 96. Barleria. Capf. 2-locularis.. Cor. infun- dibul. Sem. bina. Capf. elallica.. 1168. Loeselia. Capf. 3-locular. Cor. laciniis fecundis. Stain, petalo adverfa. 1162. Gmelina. Drupa nuce 2-locul. Cor. bila-. biata. Antherae binae craffiores, bipartitae. 1165. Lantana. Drupa nuce 2-locul. Cor. hy¬ pocraterif. Stigma uncinatum. Se£t. IV. Cups 4-cleft. » L. Capf. 2-feeded, 2-celled. Cor. falver-lhaped. Cal. flattened. L. Capf. i-celled. Cor. gaping. A gland under the feed-bud. B. Capf. 2-celled. Cor. gaping.; Cal. coloured. * E. Capf. 2-celled. Cor. gaping. Inferior anthers- thorny. * R. Capf. 2-celled. Cor. gaping. Capf. compref- fed. * M. Capf. 2-celled. Cor. gaping. Seeds 2, bulg- ing, S. Capf. 2-celled ? Cor. gaping. Upper fegments of the cor. gradually lefs. B. Capf. 2-celled. Cor. funnel-fhaped. Seeds 2. Capf. elaftic. L. Capf. 3-celled. Cor. xvith fegments pointing one way. Stamens oppofite to the petals. G. Drupe, with a 2-celled nut. Cor. 2-lipped. Two coarfe anthers, 2-parted. L. Drupe,with a 2-celled nut. Cor. falver-fhaped. Stigma hooked at the end. Se£l. V. Calyces quinquejidi.. Sect. V. Cups 5-cleft. 1209. Avicennia. Capf. i-locularis, coriacea. A. Capf. i-celled, leather-like. Cor. with an up- Cor. labio fuperiore quadrato. Sem. unicum. per lip fquared. Seed 1. 1136. TozztA. Capf. x-locul. Cor. hypocraterif. T. Capf. i-celled. Cor. falver-lhaped. Seed 1. Sem. unicum. 1179. PlIAYLOPSIS. Capf. i-locularis. Cor. rin- P. Capf. i-celled. Cor. gaping, upper lip fmalh gens, labio fuperiore minimo. Semina quatuor. Seeds 4. * 1178. Limosella. Capf. i-locul. Cor. campan. * L. Capf. i-celied. Cor. bell-fhaped, regular. Seeds regular. Sem.^ilurima. many. 1175. Browallia. Capf. x-locul. Cor. hypocra- B. Capf. 1-celled. Cor. falver-lhaped. Seeds nu= terif. Sem. numerofa. merous. 1151. Brunfelsia. Capf. i-locul. baccata. Cor. B. Capf. i-celled, berry-like. Cor. funnel-lhaped. infundibuliformis. 1193. Hqlmskioldia. Capf. i-locul. ? Cor. rin- H. Capf. 1-celled r Cor. gaping. Cal. enlarged, gens. Cal. ampliat. 1170. Lindernia. Capf. i-locular. Cor. ringens. L. Capf. i-celled. Cor. gaping. Inferior ftamens Stam. inferiora dente terminali. with a terminal tooth. 1182. Conobea. Capf. i-locularis. Cor. ringenr. C. Capf. I-celled. Cor. gaping. Style hairy. Stylus pilofus. 1210. COLUMNEA. Capf. i-locularis. Cor. rin- C. Capf. 1-celled. Cor. gaping, bulged above the gens, fupra bafin gibba. Antherae connexae. bafe. Anthers connedted. 1180. Vandellia. Capf. i-locul. Cor. ringens. . V. Capf. i-celled. Cor. gaping. Inferior llamens Stam. inferiora difco labii enata. riling from the furface of the lip. 1181. Russelia. Capf. i-locularis. Cor. bilabiata. R. Capf. i-celled. Cor. 2-lipped. 1213. Alectra. Capf. 2-locularis didyma. Cor. A. Capf. 2-celled, double. Cor. funnel-lhaped, infundibuliformis. Filamenta barbata. Semina foil- Filam. bearded. Seeds folitary, taria. 2 2143, £14 B Q T 1143. Gesxeria. Capf. 2-Iocul, Cor. fuperaiu. QUtvata. 1141. Cyrilla. Capf. 2-iocularis. Cor. fupera dpclinata. Ruditnentura filaraenti quinti. ^ 1152. Scrophularia. Capf. 2-locul. Cor. refu- pinata. Lab. fegtnento intermcdio interno, 1183. Stkrnqdia. Capf. 2-locu], Cor. inaequalis, Stam. bifida. Antherae geminae. 1190. Achimenes. Capf. 2-locularis. Cor. fub- sequalis, 4-fida. 1153. Celsia. Capf. 2-locul. Cor. rotata. FL lamenta lanata, 1154. Hemxmeris. Capf, 2-1 ocular. Cor. rotata, ringeus. * 1x77. Sibthorpia. Capf. 2-locul. Cor. rotata. Stam. 2, et 2 approximata. 1169. Cafraria. Capl. 2 locul. Cor. campanu- lata. Stigm. cordatum, bivalve. * nii’ Digitalis. Capf. 2-locularis. Cor. cam- pan. fubtus ventricofa. Stam. declinata. 1137* Bignonia. Capt. 2-locul. Cor. campanu- lata. Sem. alata, imbricata. Rudimentum filament! quinti. 1156. Incarvillea. Capf. 2-locularis. Cor. in- fundibuliformis. Semina alata. Rudimentum filamen- ti quinti nullum. 1195. Ruellia. Capf. 2-locul. Cor. campanulata, Starn. per paria approximata. H74’ BucHNERA. Capf. 2-locul. Cor, hypocra- terif. Limbi laciniis obcordatis sequalibus. 1173. Erinus. > Capf. 2-locul. Cor. bilabiata; labio fuperiore brevifiimo, reflexo. 1163. Petrea. Capf. 2-locul. Cor. rotata, calyce colorata minor. Sem. folitaria. 1171. MANULEA. Capf. 2-locul. Cor. limbus 5- partitus 5 lacinia infima profundiore, reflexa. * 1144; Antirrhinum. Capf. 2-locul. Cor, per- fonata, fubtus nettario prominente, 1145. Anarrhinum, CapC 2-locularis, multival- Vis. Cor. bilabiata, fauce pervia. 1138. Gerardia. Capf, 2-locul, Cor. hypocrat, jnsequal. Capf. bafi deliifcens. w 1137. Pedicularis, Capf. 2-locul. Cor. perfo- nata. Sem. tunicata. 1194. Mjmulus. Capf. 2-locul. Cor. perfonata. Cal. prifmaticus. 1188. Dodartia. Capf. 2-locul. Cor. perfonata j labio fuperiori brevi adfcendente. 11^9. CHELONE. Capf. 2-locularis. Cor. perfo- nata, inflata, elaufa, Rudiment, filaroenti quinti gla- brum. 1140. Pentsternon. Capf. 2-locularis. Cor.bila- biata, venlricofa, Rudimentum filamenti quinti bar- batum. 1191. Sesamum. Capf. 2-locul. Cor, campan. intequal, Rudim. filam. quinti. 1142. Gloxinia. Capf. femibilocularis. Cor. cam¬ panulata. ^ Rudiment, quinti filamenti cum reliquis re- oeptaculo infertum. 1147. Iourettia. Capf. 4-locularis, hamata. Cor. tinilabiata. " / ' ' 1148. Martynia. ^ Capf. 4-locul. Cor. campanu¬ lata. Rudim. filam. quinti. S204* MauRANOIA. >Capfulie.2, coalitse apice, femi- A N Y, Didynamia G. Capf. 2-cellcd. Cor. bent Inwards above. C. Capf. 2-celled. Cor. at the upper part bent downwards. Rudiment of a 5th filament. * S. Capf. 2-celled. Cor. horizontally turned upfide down. Lip, with an internal intermediate fegment. S. Capf. 2-celled. Cor. unequal. Stamens 2-cleft. Anthers in pairs. A. Capf, 2-celled. Cor. nearly equal, 4-cleft. C. Capf. 2-celled. Cor. wheel-fliaped. Filaments cottony. H. Capf. 2-celled. Cor. wheel-fhaped, gaping. * S. Capf. 2-ce]led, ^Cor, whcel-fliaped. Stam. 2, and 2 approximated. C. Capf. 2-celled. Cor. bell-thaped. Stigma heart- fiiaped, 2-valved. * D. Capf. 2-celled. Cor. bell-fhaped, underneath bellied. Stamens declining. B. Capf. 2'Oelled. Cor. bell-fliaped. Seeds wing¬ ed, tiled. Rudiment of a fifth filament. I. Capf. 2-celled. Cor. funnel-fhaped. Seeds winged. No rudiment of a 5th filament R. Capf. 2-celled. Cor. bell-fhaped. Stamens near together by pairs. B, Capf. 2-celled. Cor. falver-ftiaped. Segments of the border equal, inverfely heart-fhaped. E. Capf. 2-oelled. Cor. 2-lipped; upper lip very ftiort, turned back. P. Capf. 2 celled. Cor. wheel-fliaped, lefs than the coloured cal. Seeds folitary. M. Capf. 2-celled. Cor. with a j-parted border, lower fegment deeper, bent back. * A. Capf. 2-celled. Cor. gaping, a neflary promi¬ nent from underneath. A. Capf. 2-celled, many-valved. Cor. 2-lipped, with an open mouth. ’ G. Capf. 2-celled, Cor. falver-lhaped, unequal. Capf. open at the bafe. * P. Capf. 2-celled, Cor. gaping. Seeds coated. M. Capf. 2-celled, Cor. gaping. Cal. prifmatic. D. Capf. 2-celled. Cor. gaping ; upper (hort lip afeending. C. Capf. 2-celled. Cor. gaping, inflated, (hut. Smooth rudiment of a fifth filament. P. Capf, 2-celled. Cor. 2-hpped, bellied. Barbed rudiment of a fifth filament. _ S. Capf. 2-celled. Cor. bell-lhaped, unequal. Ru¬ dim. of a fifth filament. G, Capf. half 2-celled. Cor. bell-thaped. Rudim. of a 5th filam. inferted with the reft in the receptacle. T. Capf. 4-celled, hooked. Cor. 1-lipped. M. Capf. 4-celled. Cor. bell-thaped. Rudiment of a 5th filament. M. Two capfules united at the point, half 5-valved, quinquevalves. DidynamLi. B O T quinqiievalves. Cor. campanulata, inaequalis. Fila- menta bafi callofa. 1200. Mallingtonia. Siliqua ^ Corolla regularis, quadrihda. Antherae doformes. 1192. Tortula. Nuces 2, biloculares, externte, rugolae. Corollas tubus fpiralis. 1214. Pedahum. Nux bilocularis. * 1176. Linn^ea. Bacca 3-locularis, ficca. Cor. cam pan. Cal. fuperus. 1167. CornutiA. Bacca i-fperma. Cor. ringens. Stylu> longilfimus. 1199. Ovieda. Bacca 4-fperma. Cor. longiffima j limbo 3-fido. Cal. fru£Hferus, campanulatus. 1207. Amasonia. Bacca 4-fperma. Cor. fubae- quails. 1150. Besleria. Bacca polyfperma, unilocularis. Cor. inaequalis. 1208. Bontia. Diupa monofperma. Cor. labium inferius revolutum. Sem. plicatum. 1166. Spielmannia. Drupa monofperma, nuce 2-loculari. Cor. hypocrateriformis, 1206. VlTEX. Drupa monofperma, nuce 4-loculari. Cor. ringens, labio fuperiore 3-fido. 1198. Myoporum. Drupa difperma, nuce 2-locu¬ lari. Cor. campanulata, fubaequalis. 1158. Citharexylon. Drupa difperma, nuce 2- loculari. Cor. infundibuliformis, fubaequalis. 1201. Volkameria. Drupa difperma, nuce 2-lo¬ culari. Cor. hypocrateriformis, laciniis fecundis. 1202. Clerodendrox. Drupa tetrafperma, nuce uniloculari. Cor. bilabiata. 1197. Duranta. Drupa tetrafperma, nuce 2-lo¬ culari. Cor. fubaequalis, tubo curvo. Gratiola Monnieria. Sefb. VI. Calyces multijidi, 1187. Hyobanche. Capf. 2-locul. Car. unilabi- ata. Cal. hcptaphyllus. 1212. Lepidagathis. Capf. 2-locul. Cor. bila¬ biata. Cal. 2, polyphylli, imbricati. 1146. Cymbaria. Capf. 2-locul. Cor. ringens. Cal. 10-dentatus. 1203. Thunbergia. Capf. 2-locul. Cor. campa¬ nulata. Cal. duplex, exterior diphyllus, interior 12- dentatus. Se£t. VII. Polypetali. 1215. Melianthus. Capf. 4-locul. 4-loba. Cor. 4-peta!. labium inferius conftitucns. A N Y. Cor. bell-fhaped, unequal. Filaments hard at the bafe. M. A long pod ? Cor. regular, 4-cleft. Anthers deformed. T. Nuts 2, 2-celled, external, wrinkled. Tube of the cor. fpiral. P. A 2-celled nut. * L. Berry 3-celled, dry. Cor. bell-fliaped. Cal. fuperior. C. Berry l-feeded. Cor. gaping. Style very long. O. Berry 4 feeded. Cor. very long, with a border 3-cleft. Cal. fruit-bearing, bell-fhaped. A. Berry 4-feeded. Cor. nearly equal. B. Berry many feeded, l-celled. Cor. unequal. B. Drupe i-feeded, under lip of the cor. rolled back. Seed plaited. S. Drupe 1-feeded, with a 2-celled nut. Cor. fal- ver fhaped. V. Drupe 1-feeded, with a 4-celled nut. Cor. gap¬ ing, with the upper lip 3-cleft. M. Drupe 2 feeded, with a 2-celled nut. Cor. bell-fhaped, nearly equal. C. Drupe 2-feeded, with a 2-celled nut. Cor. fun- nel-fhaped, nearly equal. V. Drupe 2-feeded, with a 2-celled nut. Cor. fal- ver fhaped, with fegments pointing one way. C. Drupe 4-feeded, with a 2-celled nut. Cor. 2- lipped. D. Drupe 4-feeded, with a 2-celled nut. Cor near¬ ly equal, with a crooked tube. Se£t. VI. Cups many-deft. H. Capf. 2-celled. Cor. I-lipped. Cal. 7-leaved, L. Capf. 2-celled. Cor. 2-lipped. Cups 2, many¬ leaved, tiled. C. Capf. 2-celled. Cor. gaping. Cal. 10. toothed. T. Capf. 2-celled. Cor. bell-fhaped. Cal. double, the outer 2-leaved, the inner 12 toothed. Se£t. VII. Many-petaled. M. Capf. 4-celled, 4-lobed. Cor. 4rpetaled, eon- ftituting the lower lip. Order I. GYMNOSPERMIA, 1092. Ajuga, or Bugle. 10 fpecies •, viz. orientalis, decumbens, '* pyramida- lis, alpina, *generenfis, *reptans, *cham£epithys, chia, hattuepi. ‘va’ Europe. J,yS' * A. leaves 3-cleft, ftrap-fhaped, very entire ; flowers fitting, lateral, folitary ; ftem fpreading.—This plant has a degree of bitternefs and acrimony; but its real ufe is far from being afcertained. It Hands re¬ commended in the gout, jaundice, and intermitting fevers. 1093. Teucrium, or Germander. 64 fpecies ; viz. campanulatum, laevigatum, orien- tale, parviflorum, botrys, niffolianum, trffidum, pfeu- do-chamaepithys, fruticans, brevifolium, creticum, ma- rum, quadratulum, multiflorum, regium, laxmanni, fibiricum, afiaticum, cubenfe, arduini, canadenfe,, vir- ginicunsSr, 2x6 B O T ginicum, japonicuro, inflatum, villofum, hyrcanicum, abutiloides, * fcorodonia, pfeudo-fcorodonia, betoni- cum, refupinatum, maffilienfe, falviaftrum, * fcordium, icordioides, * chamaedrys, heterophyllum, bradteatum, lucidum, nitidum, flavum, montanum, fupinum, thy- mifolium, pyrenaicum, rotundifolium, buxifolium, au- reum, flavefcens, gnaphalodos, acbaemenis, polium, trifoliatum, pfeudhyffopus, valentinum, capitatum, lu- fitanicum, pycnophyllum, verticillatum, libanitis, pa- rnilurn, anguftiffimum, ccekfte, Ipinofum. Europe, Perfia, N. America, W. Indies. fcorodonia* T. leaves beart-fhaped, ferrated, on leaf-flalks ; flowers in lateral bunches, pointing one way 5 ftem up¬ right.—The people of Jerfey are faid to make ufe of this plant in brewing. It poffelfes the bitternefs and a good deal of the flavour of hops ; but, upon trial, it gave too much colour to the liquor. fcordium, * ^eaves oblong, fitting, toothed, nakedifli j flowers in pairs, on fruitftalks, axillary 5 ftem pubefcent, fpreading.—The frefh leaves of this plant are bitter, and fomewhat pungent. Powdered, they deftroy worms. A decodtion of this plant is a good fomen¬ tation in gangrenous cafes. If cows eat it, when com¬ pelled by hunger, their milk gets a garlick flavour. Sheep and goats eat it. Horfes, cows, and fwine, re* fufe it. chamce- * T. leaves wedge-egg-ftiaped, cut, feolloped, on drys. leaf-ftalks j flowers 3 together ; ftems fomewhat hairy. —This plant is bitter, with a degree of aroma, and may be ufed with advantage in weak and relaxed con- ftitutions. It is an ingredient in the celebrated gout powders. The teucrium chamce pithys is a low hairy plant, clam¬ my to the touch, of a flrong aromatic refinous fmell, and a little roughifti tafte. It is an aperient and vul¬ nerary, and is ufed alfo in gouty and rheumatic pains. The teucrium marum is a fmail flirubby plant, grow¬ ing fpontaneoufly in Syria, Candy, and other warm climates, and-cultivated with us in gardens. The leaves have an aromatic bitterilh tafte, and, v'hen rub¬ bed betwixt the fingers, a quick pungent fmell, which foon affedls the head and occafions fneezing. Diftilled with water, they yield a very acrid, penetrating ef- fential oil, refembling one obtained by the fame means from fcurvy grafs. Thefe qualities fufficiently point out the ufes to which this,plant might be applied : at prefent, it is little otherwife employed than in cepha¬ lic fnuffs. 1094. Satureja, or Savory. II fpecies ; viz. Juliana, nervofa, thymbra, gracea, filiformis, montana, rupeftris, hortenfis, capitata, fpino- fa, viminea. S. Europe, Jamaica.—The herb of the fatureja hortenfis is raifed annually in gardens for cu¬ linary purpofes. It is a very warm aromatic, and af¬ fords in diftillation with water, a fubtile efiential oil, ot a penetrating fmell, and very hot acrid tafte. It yields little of its virtues by infufion to aqueous liquors j redlified fpirit extrafts the whole of its tafte and fmell, but elevates nothing in diftillation. 1095. Thymbra, or Mountain-hyfop. Three ipecies j viz. fpicata, verticillata, ciliata. Spain, Italy, Levant. 1096. Hyssopus, or HyJJbp. Four fpecies j viz. officinalis, lophanthus, nepetoides, A N Y. Didynamia fcrophularifolius. Siberia, S. Europe, N. America.— The leaves of hylfop have an aromatic fmell, and a warm pungent taftc. Befides the general virtues of aromatics, they are particularly recommended in hu¬ moral althmas, coughs, and other diforders of the breaft and lungs •, and faid to promote expeftoration^ but fo little dependence is put upon any property of this kind, that hyflop has now no place in the Pharma¬ copoeia of the London college. 1097. Nepeta, or Nep, or Cat-mint. 29 fpecies ; viz. *cataria, anguftifolia, crifpa, helio- tropifolia, pannonica, coeruka, violacea, incana, japo- nica, ucranica, nepetella, nuda, melifiaefolia, hirfuta, italica, multibraffeata, reticulata, tuberofa, lanata, fcor- dotis, virginica, rnalabarica, indica, amboinica, mada- gafearienfis, multifida, botryoides. Europe, India, N. America. * N. flowers in fpikes ; whirls on ftiort fruit-ftalks : ca/arw. leaves on leaf-ftalks, heart-fhaped, tooth ferrated.— An infufion of this plant is deemed a fpecific in chlo¬ rotic cafes. Two ounces of the expreffed juice may be given for a dofe. Cats are fo delighted with this plant that they can hardly be kept out of the garden wherein it grows. Mr Miller fays, that cats will not meddle with it if it is raifed from feeds 5 and in fupport of this opinion quotes an old faying, “ If you fet it, the cats will eat it; if you fow it, the cats will not know it.” It cannot well be planted without being more or lefs bruifed. Sheep eat it; cows, horfes, goats, and fwine, refufe it. 1098. Elsholtzia. Two fpecies ; viz. criftata, paniculata. 1099. Lavandula, or Lavender. Eight fpecies ; viz. fpica, ftoechas, viridis, dentata, pinnata, multifida, abrotanoides, carnofa. S. Europe, Madeira, Eaft Indies. There are different varieties of \}\e lavandula fipica, particularly the narrow and broad leaved. The flowers of both have a fragrant fmell, to moft people agreeable, and a warm pungent bitterifh tafte ; the broad-leaved fort is the ftrongeft in both refpedls, and yields in dif¬ tillation thrice as much effential oil as the other ; its oil is alfo hotter and fpecifically heavier : hence in the fouthern parts of France, where both kinds grow wild, this only is made ufe.of for the diftillation of what is called oil of fpihe. The narrow-leaved is the fort com¬ monly met with in our gardens. Lavender is a warm ftimulating. aromatic. It is principally recommended in vertigoes, palfies, tremours, fuppreflion of the menftrual evacuations; and in gene¬ ral in all diforders of the head, nerves, and uterus. It is fometimes alfo ufed externally in fomentations for paralytic limbs. The diftilled oil is particularly cele¬ brated for deftroying various cutaneous infefts. If foft fpongy paper, dipt in this oil, either alone or mix¬ ed with that of almonds, be applied at night to the parts infefted by the infedls, they will certainly be all found dead in the morning. The officinal preparations of lavender are, the effential oil, a Ample fpirit, and a compound timffure. The Lavandula ficechas is a fhrubby plant, confider- ably fmaller than the common lavender. The flowery heads are brought from Italy and the fouthern parts of France; Didynamia. EOT France j they are very apt to grow mouldy in the paf- fage ; and even when they efcape this inconvenience, are generally much inferior to thofe raifed in our gar¬ dens. The belt ftcechas which we receive from abroad has no great fmell or tafte: Pomet affirms, that fuch as the ffiops of Paris are fupplied with is entirely def- titute of both ; whilft that of our own growth, either when freffi, or when carefully dried, has a very fra¬ grant fmell, and a warm, aromatic, bitteriffi, fubacrid tafte: djftilled with water, it yields a confiderable quantity of a fragrant effential oil j to reftified fpirit it imparts a ftrong tin£ture, w'hicli infpiffated proves an elegant aromatic extract. This aromatic plant is rare¬ ly met with in prefcription j the only officinal compo- litions into which it was admitted were the mithridate and theriaca. There is another plant called JlcecJias, which from the beauty and durability of its flowers has of late years had a place in our gardens, and whofe aromatic qualities render it worthy of attention ; this is the gnapJialiutfi arenarium, the golden floechas, goldilocks, or yellow caffidony : its flowers ftand in umbels on the tops of the branches ; they are of a deep fluffing yel¬ low colour, which they retain in perfeftion for many years j their fmell is fragrant and agreeable, fomewhat of the mulky kind ; their tafte warm, pungent, and fubaftringent ; they impart their flavour to water in dif- tillation, and by infufion to rectified fpirit. i ioo. Sideritis, or Iron-wort. 20 fpecies j viz. canarienfis, candicans, cretica, mon- tana, elegans, romana, fyriaca, taurica, diftans, perfoli- ata, ciliata, incana, virgata, glauca, hyflbpifolia, fcor- dioides, fpinofa, hirfuta, ovata, lanata. S. Europe, Ca¬ nary, Madeira. not. Bystropogon. Seven fpecies j viz. peftinatum, fidmfolium, fuaveo- lens, plumofum, origanifolium, canarienfe, punftatum. Madeira, Canary, Japan. iio2. Mentha, or Mint. 22 fpecies j viz. auricularia, * fylveftris, nemorofa, gratiflima, niliaca, glabrata, * viridis, * rotundifolia, crifpa, * hirfuta, * aquatica, citrata, * piperita, fativa, dentata, *gentilis, * arvenfis, auftriaca, canadenfis, *pulegium, cervina, perilloides. Europe, Egypt, Ca¬ nada. Hindis. * M. fpikes oblong ; leaves fpear-ftiaped, naked, fer- rated, fitting •, ftamens longer than the bloffom.—The flavour of this fpecies being more agreeable than that of the others, it is generally preferred for culinary and medicinal purpofes. A conferve of the leaves is very grateful ; and the di(tilled waters, both Ample and fpiri- tuous, are univerfally thought pleafant. The leaves are ufed in fpring falads •, and the juice of them, boiled up with fugar, is formed into tablets. The diftilled waters, and the effential oil, are often given to (top retching, and frequently with fuccefs. Dr Lewis fays, that dry mint digefted in rectified fpirit of wine, gives out a tinfture which appears by daylight of a fine dark green, but in candle light of a bright red colour. The far..6-petala. (2) Ament, fquama. Cor. 6-petala. Styl. 3. Capf. 3-locularis, plicata, polyfperma. 1431. MaBa. (i) Cal. 3 fidus. Cor. 3-fida. (2) Cal. ut in rcutfe. Drupa fupera, 2-locularis. CLASS XXII. DIOECIA. Order I. MONANDRIA. P. (1) No cal. No cor. Anthers fitting, inferted in the ramifications of a clufter. (2) No cal. No cor. Stigmas 2. Fruit compound. N. (l) Cal. 2-cleft. Cor. 4-deft. No filara. (2) No cal. No cor. Pift. 3. Capf. 1-celled. Order II. DIANDRIA. V. (1) Sheath many-flowered, 2-parted. Cor. 3- parted. (2) Sheath x-flowered. Cal. 3-parted. Cor. 3-pet. Pift. 1. Capf. 1 celled. C. (1) Sheath common receptacle. No Cor. (2) Sheath common receptacle. No cor. Pift. 1. Berry l-feeded. * S. (x) Catkin a fcale. No cor. Stam. 2. rarely 5. (2) Catkin a fcale. No cor. Stigm. 2. Capf. 2- celled. Seed downy. Order HI. TRIANDRIA. * E. (1) Cal. 3-parted. Cor. 3-petaled. (2) Cal. 3-parted. Cor 3-pet. Styl. 9. Berry 9-feeded. O. (i) Cal. 3-cleft. No cor. (2) Cal. 3-cleft No cor. No ftyl. Drupe 1-celled. C. (1) No cal. Cor. 3-cleft. (2) Cal. 3-partedt No cor. Styl. 3. Capf. 3-celled. E. (1) Catkin a fcale. No cor. (2) Catkin a fcale. No cor. Styl. 3. Capf. 3-celled. R. (1) Catkin a fcale. Cor. 6-petaled. (2) Catkin a fcale. Cor. 6-petaled. Styles 3. Capf. 3-celled, plaited, many-feeded. M. (1) Cal. 3-cleft. Cor. 3-cleft. (2) Cal. as in the male. Drupe fuperior, 2-celled. Ordo (m) In this clafs the male and female flowers are found on different plants j and every plant belonging to this clafs is either male or female. None are hermaphrodite ; i, e. no one plant bears flowers containing ftamen?, and alfo flowers containing piftils. Dioecia. B O T ANY. 273 Ordo IV. TETRANDRIA. * 1106. Hippophae. (i) Cal. 2-partitus. Cor. nulla. (2) Cal. 2-fidus. Cor. o. Pift. 1. Bacca i-fperma, arillo truncate. 1103. Trophis. (1) Cal. nullus. Cor. 4-petala. (2) Cal. nullus. Cor. o. Styl. bifid. Bacca i-fper- ma. * 1105. Viscum. (1) Cal. 4-partitus. Cor. nulla. (2) Cal. 4-phyllus. Cor. o. Stigma obtuf. Bacca i-fperma, infera. 1432. Moninia. (i) Cal. 4-dentatus, fuperus. Pe- tala 4. (2) Cal. et cor. ut in mare. Filamenta fteri- lia. Styl. 2*fidus. Capf. oblonga, 2-locularis. 1104. Batis. (i) Amentum. Cor. nulla. (2) In- vol. 2-phyllum. Cor. o. Stigm. 2-fid. Bacca 2- fperm. * 1107. Myrica. (i) Ament, fquama. Cor. nulla. (2) Ament, fquama. Cor. o. Styl. 2. Bacca 1- fperma. Unices varies. Moms nigra. Rhamnus. Ordo V. PENTANDRIA. 1113. Iresine. (1) Cal. 2-phyllu9. Cor. 5-petala. Ne&ar. 5-phyllum. (2) Cal. 2-phylIus. Cor. 5-pet. Styl. 2. Capf. polyfperma. 1115. Cannabis. (1) Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. nulla. (2) Cal. i-pbyllus. Cor. o. Styl. 2. Nux. 1116. Humulus. (1) Cal. 5-pliyllus. Cor. nulla. (2) Cal. i-phyllus. Cor. o. Styl. 2. Sem. calyce alatum. 1108. Pistacia. (1) Cal. 5-fidus. Cor. nulla. (2) Cal. 3-fidus. Cor. o. Styl. 3. Drupa ficca. 1117. Zanonia. (i) Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. 5-par¬ tita. (2) Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. 5-part. Styl. 3. Bac¬ ca infera, 3-locularis. 1112. Spinacia. (1) Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. nulla. (2) Cal. 4-fidus. Cor. o. Styl. 4. Sem. I, calycinum. 1114. Acnida. (1) Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. nulla. (2) Cal. 2-phyllus. Cor. o. Styl. 5. Sem. 1, ca¬ lyce veficario. 1110. Antidesma. (1) Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. nul¬ la. (2) Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. o. Stigm. 5. Bacca i-fperma. mi. Astronium. (i) Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. 5- petala. Neftar. glandulis 5. (2) Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. 5-petala. Styl. 5. Sem. 1. 1281. Canarium. (i) Cal. 2-phyllus. Cor. 3- petala. (2) Cal. 2-phyllus. Cor. 3-petala. Stigma feflile. Drupa. 1109. Zanthoxylon. (i) Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. nulla. (2) Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. o. Pift. 5. Capf. i-fperma. 1118. Fewillea. (i) Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. 5- fida. Neflarium filamentis 5. (2) Cal. 5-fidus. Cor. 5-fid. Styl. 5. Bacca infera. Phijhca dioica. Rhamnus alaternus. Sa/ix pentandra. Ordo VI. HEXANDRIA. 1120. Smilax. (i) Cal. 6-phyllus. Cor. nulla. (2) Cal. 6-phyllus. Cor. 0. Styl. 3. Bacca fupera, 3-locularis. Vol. IV. Part I. Order IV. TETRANDRIA. * H. (1) Cal. 2-parted. No cor. (2) Cal. 2-cleft. No cor. Pift. I. Berry i-feeded, with a lopped feed- coat. T. (1) No cal. Cor. 4-petaled. (2) No cal. No cor. Styl. 2-cleft. Berry i-feeded. * V. (1) Cal. 4-parted. Cor. none. (2) Cal. 4- leaved. No cor. Stigma obtufe. Berry i-feeded, inferior. M. (1) Cal. 4-toothed, fuperior. Petals 4. (2) Cal. and cor. as in the male. Filam. barren. Styl. 2-cleft. Capf. oblong, 2-celled. B. (1) Catkin. No cor. (2) Invol. 2-leaved. No cor. Styl. 2-cleft. Berry 2-feeded. * M. (1) Catkin a feale. No cor. (2) Catkin a feale. No cor. Styl. 2. Berry i-feeded. Order V. PENTANDRIA. I. (1) Cal. 2-leaved. Cor. 5-petaled. Neffary 5- leaved. (2) Cal. 2-leaved. Cor. 5.pet. Styl. 2. Capf. many-feeded. C. (1) Cal. 5-parted. No cor. (2) Cal. i-leaved. No cor. Styles 2. Nut. * H. (1) Cal. 5-leaved. No cor. (2) Cal. i-leaved. No cor. Styles 2. Seed winged in a calyx. P. (1) Cal. 5-cleft. No cor. (2) Cal. 3-cleft. No cor. Styl. 3. Drupe dry. Z. (1) Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 5-parted. (2) Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 5-parted. Styl. 3. Berry inferior, 3-celled. S. (1) Cal. 5-parted. Cor. none. (2) Cal. 4-cleft. No cor. Styl. 4. One feed, cup-like. A. (1) Cal. 5-leaved. No cor. (2) Cal. 2-leaved. No cor. Styl. 5. Seed I, with a bladder-like cup. A. (1) Cal. 5-leaved. No cor. (2) Cal. 5-leaved. No cor. Stigm. 5. Berry i-feeded. A. Cal. 5-leaved. Cor. 5-petaled. Neffary with 5 glands. (2) Cal. 5-leaved. Cor. 5-petaled. Styl. 5. Seed I. C. (1) Cal. 2-leaved. Cor. 3-petaled. (2) Cal. 2-leaved. Cor. 3-petaled. Stigma fitting. Drupe. Z. (1) Cal. 5-parted. No cor. (2) Cal. 5-parted. No cor. Pift. 5. Capf. i-feeded. F. (1) Cal. 5-parted. Cor. 5-cleft. Neftary with 5 filaments. (2) Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. 5-cleft. Styl. 5. Berry inferior. Order VI. HEXANDRIA. S. (1) Cal 6-leaved. No cor. (2) Cal. 6 leaved. No cor. Styl. 3. Berry fuperior, 3-celled. M m 1119. 274 B O T * ii 19. Tamus. (i) Cal. 6-phyllus. Cor. nulla. (2) Cal. 6-phyllus. Cor. o. Styl. 3-fid. Bacca in- fera, 3-locularis. 1122. Dioscorea. (1) Cal. 6-phyllus. Cor. nulla. (2) Cal. 6-phyllus. Cor. o. Styl. 3. Capf. fupera, 3- locularis. 1121. Rajania. (i) Cal. 6-phyllus. Cor. nulla. (2) Cal. 6-phyllus. Cor. o. Styl. 3. Sem. inferum, ala aurita. Rumex acetofa. Acetofella aculeatus. Ordo VII. OCTANDRIA. * 1123. Populus. (1) Ament, lacerum. Cor. o. Ne6t. ovat. Stam. 8-16. (2) Ament, lacerum. Cor. o. Stigm. 4-fid. Capf. 2-valvis. Sem. pappofa. * 1124. Rhodiola. (1) Cal. 4-partitus. Cor. 4-peta- la. (2) Cal. 4-partitus. Cor. o. Pift. 4. Capf. 4, polyfpermae. 1133. Margaritaria. (1) Cal. 4-dentatus. Cor. 4- petala. (2) Cal. et cor. ut in mare. Styl. 4 f. 5. Bacca cartilaginea 4-5-cocca. Laurus nobilis. Acer rubrum. Loranthus Europceus. Ordo VIII. ENNEANDRIA. * 1125. Mercurialis. (i) Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. nulla. Sfam. 9-12. (2) Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. o. Styl. 2. Capf. 2-cocca. * 1126. Hydrocharis. (1) Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. 3- petala. (3) Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. 3-pet. Styl. 6. Capf. infera, 6-locul. Laurus, an omnis ? Ordo IX. DECANDRIA. 1127. Carica. (1) Cal. fub-nullus. Cor. 5-fida. (2) Cal. 5-dentatus. Cor. 5-pet. Stigm. 8. Bacca polyfperma. 1128. KlGGELARlA. (1) Cal. j-partitus. Cor. 5- petala. Neft. glandulae 5. (2) Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. 5- pet. Styl. 5. Capf. 5-valvis. 1129. Coriaria. (O Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. 5-pe- tala. (2) Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. 5 petala. StyL 5. Bacca 5-fperma, petalina. 1130. Schinus. (1) Cal. 4-fidus. Cor 5-petala. (2) Cal. 5-fidus. Cor. 4 petal'a. Bacca 3-cocca. Lychnis dioica. Cucubalus otites. Guilandina dioica. Phytolacca dioica^ Ordo X. DODECANDRIA. Euclea. (i-) Cal. 5-dentatus. Cor. 5-petala. Stam. 15. (2') Cal. 5-dentatus. Cor. 5-pet. Styl. 2. 1131. MenispeRMUM. (i) Cal. 2-phyllus. Cor. 12-petala. (2) Cal. 6-phyllus. Cor. 6-petala. Bacca 3-cocca. 1132. Datisca. (i) Cal. 5;phyllus. Cor. nulla. Antherae fefliles 15. (2) Cal. 2-dentatus, fuperus. Cor. O. Capf. i-locularis, polyfperma. Ordo XI. POLYANDRIA. 1133. Clifeortia. (1) Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. nulla. (2) Cal. 3-phyllus. Cor. 0. Styl. 2. Capf. 2-coec. infera. ANY. Dicecia * T. (1) Cal. 6-leaved. No cor. (2) Cal. 6-leaved. Cor. o. Styl. 3-cleft. Berry inferior, 3-celled. D. (1) Cal. 6-leaved. Cor. o. (2) Cal. 6-leaved. Cor. o. Styles 3. Capf. fuperior, 3-celled. R. (1) Cal. 6-leaved. Cor. o. (2) Cal. 6-leaved. Cor. o. Styles 3. Seed inferior. Order VII. OCTANDRIA. * P. (1) Catkin ragged. Cor. o. Neft. oval. Stam. 8-16. (2) Catkin ragged. Cor. 0. Stigma 4-deft. Capf. 2-valved. Seeds downy. * R. (1) Cal. 4-parted. Cor. 4-petaled. (2) Cal. 4-parted. Cor. o. Pift. 4. Capf. 4, many-ieeded. M. (1) Cal. 4-toothed. Cor. 4-petaled. (2) CaL and cor. as in the male. Styles 4 or 5. Cartilaginous berry, 4 or 5-celled. Order VIII. ENNEANDRIA. * M. (1) Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. o. Stam. 9 to 12. (2) Cal, 3-leaved. Cor. o. Styles 2. Capf. 2-cell- ed. * H. (1) Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 3-petaled. (2) CaL. 3-leaved. Cor. 3-petaled. Styles 6. Capf. inferior, 6-cel led. Order IX. DECANDRIA. C. (1) Cal. nearly one. Cor. 5-cleft. (2) CaL 5-toothed. Cor. 5-petaled. Stigm. 8. Berry many- feeded. K. (1) CaL 5-parted. Cor. 5-petaled. Ne£lary glands 5. (2) CaL 5-parted. Cor. 5-pet. Styles 5. Capf. 5-valved. C. (1) CaL 5-leaved. Cor. 5-petaled. (2) CaL 5-leaved. Cor. 5-pet. Styles 5. Berry 5-feeded, petal-like. S. (1) CaL 4-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. (2) CaL 5- cleft. Cor. 5-petaled.. Berry 3-celled.. Order X. DODECANDRIA. E. (1) Cal. 5.toothed. Cor. 5-petaled. Stam. 15. (2) CaL 5-toothed. Cor. 5-petaled. Styles 2. M. (1) CaL 2-leaved. Cor. 12-petaled. (2) CaL 6-leaved. Cor. 6-petaled. Berry 3'-celled. D. (1) CaL 5-leaved. Cor. o. Anthers fitting 15. (2) CaL 2-toothed, fuperior. Cor. a. Capf. i-celled? many-feeded. Order XL POLYANDRIA. C. (1) CaL 3-leaved. No cor. (2) CaL 3-leaved* No cor. Styles 2. Capf. 2-celled, inferior. M3A Diced a. 275 BOTANY. 1434. HedYCARIA. (0 Cal. 8 f. 10-fidus. Cor. o. H. (1) Cal. 8 or 10-cleft. Cor. o. Filam. o. Tilamentao. Antherce in fundo calycis, 4-fulc3e, apice Anth. in the bottom of the calyx, 4-furrowed, barbed barbat*. (2) Cal. et cor. maris. Germina pedicel- at the point. (2) Cal. and cor. like the male. Ger- lata. Nuces pedicellatse, monofpermte. mens pedicled. Nuts pedicled, i-feeded. Clematis dioica. TkaliSlrum dioicum. Stratiotes ahoides. Ordo XII. MONADELPHIA. * 1x34. JuNIPERUS. (1) Ament. Cor. nulla. Stam. 3. (2) Cal. 3-partitus. Cor. 3-pet. Styl. 3. Bacca in- fera, 3 fperma, calycina. * 1135. Taxus. (i) Cal. 4 phyllus. Cor. nulla. Anther* 8-fid*. (2) Cal. 4-phyllus. Cor. o. Stigm. I. Bacc. 1-fperma, recutita. 1136. Ephedra, (x) Ament. 2-fidum. Cor. nulla. Stam. 7. (2) Cal. imbricatus. Cor. o. Pift. 2. Bacca 2-fperma, calycina, 1138. CissampELOS. (1) Cal. nullus. Cor. 4- petala. Stam. 4. (2) Cal. nullus. Cor. O. Stam. 3. Bacca 1-fperma. 838. Nap^a. (i) Cal. 5-fidus. Cor. 5-petala. Stam. "plurima. Styl. plures. (2) Cal, 5-fidus. Cor. 5-petala. Stam. plur. eflfceta. Styli plures. Arilli 10 in orbem. 1137. Adelia. (x) Cal. 3-partitus. Cor. nulla. Stam. 20. (2) Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. o. Styl. 3. Capf. 3-cocca. Napa a dioica. Ordo XIII. SYNGENESIA. 1139. Ruscus. (1) Cal. 6-phyllus. Cor. nulla. Stam. 5. (2) Cal. 6-phyllus. Cor. o. Pift. 1. Bac¬ ca 3-locularis, 2-fperma. Gnaphalium dioicum. Bryonia dioica. Ordo XIV. GYNANDRIA. 1140. Ciajtia. (1) Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. 5-petala. Stam. 5. (2) Cal. 5-phyllus. Cor. 5-pet. Styl. 3. Capf, 3-cocca. Order XII. MONADELPPIIA. * J. (1) Catkin. No cor. Stam. 3. (2) Cal. 3- parted. Cor. 3-petaled. Styles 3. Berry inferior, 5-feeded, cup-like. * T. (1) Cal. 4-leaved. Cor. C. Anthers 8-cleft. (2) Cal. 4-leaved. Cor. o. Stigm. 1. Berry x-feed- ed, bent back. E. (1) Catkin 2-cleft. Cor. o. Stam. 7. (2) Cal. tiled. Cor. o. Pift. 2. Berry 2-feeded, cup-like. C. (1) Cal. o. Cor. 4-petaled. Stam. 4. (2) Cal. O. Cor. o. Stam. 3. Berry i-feeded. N. (1) Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. Stam. many. Styles many. (2) Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. Stam. many, feeble. Styles many. Seed-coats 10 in a circle. A. (1) Cal. 3-parted. Cor. o. Stamens 20, (2) Cal. 5-parted. Cor. o. Styles 3. Capf. 3-celled. Order XIII. SYNGENESIA. R. (1) Cal. 6-leaved. Cor. o. Stamens 5. (2) Cal. 6- leaved. Cor. o. Pift. x. Berry 3-celled, 2-feeded, Order XIV. GYNANDRIA. C. (1) Cal. 5-leaved. Cor. 5-petaled. Stamens 5. (2) Cal. 5-leaved. Cor. 5-petaled. Styles 3. Capf. 3-celled. Order I. MONANDRIA. 1430. Pandanus, or Screw-pine. One fpecies j viz. odoratiflima. Eaft Indies, South lea ifles. 1096. Najas. One fpecies j viz. marina. Europe. Order II. DIANDRIA. 1097. Vallisneria. One fpecies j viz. fpiralis. Italy. 1099. Cecropia, or Trumpet-tree. One fpecies ; viz. peltata. Jamaica. 1098. Salix, or Willow. 34 fpecies: viz. * acuminata, * alba, * amygdali- na, * aurita, * caprea, * cinerea, * fragilis, * fufea, * herbacea, * lanata, * lapponum, * monandra, *myr- finites, * pentandra, * repens, * reticulata, * retufa, * rofmarinifolia, * rubra, * triandra, * viminalis, * vi- tellina, phylicifolia, japonica, haftata, *gyptiaca, ba- bylonica, helix, arbufcula, myrtilloides, integra, glauca, arenaria, incubacea. Europe, America. * S. leaves ftrap-lhaped, upper leaves oblique ; calkins monandra downy 5 one ftamen.—Rofe willow, or purple willow. Withering. Called by Linn*us S. purpurea. Balkets, cradles, and all forts of twig-work are made of its long, flender, and flexible (hoots. * S. leaves oblong, fpear-fhaped j flowers with three triandra. ftamens, fometimes two. Smooth willow.—The bark, in dofes of one or two drams, cures agues. * S. leaves egg-ftiaped, acute j flowers with five Ha-pentandra mens. Sweet willow, or bay-leaved willow. Called by Linn*us5’. hermaphroditica. The wood crackles great¬ ly^ in the fire. The dried leaves afford a yellow dye. Ufed in Yorkftiire to make the large fort of balkets. * S. leaves egg-fpear-fhapdd, acute, fmooth above, (cr-vitellina. Mm2 rature 276 EOT rature like griflle. Yellow willow.—The wood is white and very tough. The flioots are ufed by balket- makers. Jragi is. * s> ieaves egg-fpear-fhaped ; leaf-dalks toothed with glands. Crack willow.—A quick grower, and bears cropping. Thrives in any foil if moift. The bark in dofes of one or two drams cures agues. rubra. * S. leaves ftrap-fpear-fliaped, acute. Red willow.— . . ,. ^ he twigs much fought after by bafket-makers. ..imina is. * ieaves fpear-ftrap-fliaped, very long, acute, filky underneath ^ branches rod-like. Oosier.—Much uled for making hoops, and the larger balkets. Is planted to prevent the banks of rivers from being walhed away . by torrents. * S* leaves fpear-fliaped, tapering to a point, ferrated, downy on both fides; the lowermoft ferratures glandu- lai. White willow.—Grows quick, and bears lopping, The bark collefted in fummer when full of fap, and dried by a gentle heat, is extremely valuable, as a fub- flitute for Peruvian bark, in the cure of intermittent fevers. It will tan leather. Horfes, cows, rtieep, and goats, eat the leaves and young {hoots. If a fhady walk with willows is wanted, male fets only ought to be planted, otherwife they will fpeedily multiply fo as to form a thicket inftead of a grove. Order III. TRIANDRIA. 1100. Empetrum, or Berry-bearing Heath. Two fpecies ; viz. * nigrum, album.. nigrum.. * E. with ftems trailing.—The berries boiled with alum afford a dark purple dye. Eaten in quantities they occafion headach. OSYRIS, or Boets-caJJia. Two fpeeiesj'viz. alba, japenica. South Europe, Japan. 1431. Maba. One fpecies j viz. elliptica. Tongataboo, Namoka. A N Y. the tree on which it grows. Bloffom greenifli white. Berries whitilh. Birdlime may be made from the ber¬ ries or the bark. Birds having fwallowed the berries void them unchanged upon trees, where they take root. _No art has hitherto been able to make them take root in the earth. Sheep eat it greedily ; and in the fouthern Englith counties, where chiefly it grows, it is often torn from the trees to feed them. It is faid to pre- ferve them from the rot. If the berries, when fully ripe, be rubbed on the fmooth bark of almoft any tree, they will adhere clofely, and produce plants the fol¬ lowing winter. 1432. Montinia. One fpecies j viz. acris. C. of G. Hope. 1106. HlPPOHPAE, or Sea-buckthorn. Two fpecies $ viz. * rhamnoides, canadenfis. * H. leaves fpear-lhaped.—Cows refufe it. Horfes, r/^w. goats, and flieep eat it. The berries are very acid, with noides. an auftere vinous flavour. The fiflrermen of the gulf of Bothnia prepare a rab from them, which im¬ parts a grateful flavour to frefh fifh. In funny and Tandy fituations it is planted for hedges. 1107. Myrica, or Candle-berry Myrtle, Gale. . Seven fpecies ; viz. * gale, cerifera, sethiopica, quer- cifolia, cordifolia, trifoliata. Europe, Madeira, Cane. North America. * M. leaves fpear-fliaped, fomewhat ferrated j ftem flirub-like. Sweet willow, Dutch myrtle, gale, goule. * Dyed in autumn, it dyes wool yellow. It is ufed to tan. calflkins. The Welch lay bunches of it under their beds to keep off fleas and moths, and give it as a vermifuge in powder and infufion, applying it alfo ex¬ ternally to the abdomen. Its effential oil rifes in dif- ftillation. The catkins boiled in water throw up a waxy fcum fit to make candles. From the M. cerifera the myrtle candles are prepared. E)icecia, I33I.RESTIS. Nine fpecies ; viz. paniculatus, verticillaris, diehoto- mus, vimineus, triflorus, fimplex, elegia, cernuus, tec- torum. C. of G. Hope. 1102. Excoecaria, or J/oer wood. . One fpecies; viz. agallocha. Amboyna, Malacca, China. 1280. Caturus. Two fpecies j viz. fpiciflorus, ramiflorus. E aft and Weft Indies. Order IV. TETRANDRIA. 1103. Trophis. One fpecies ; viz. americana. Jamaica. 1104. Batis. One fpecies ; viz. maritima. Jamaica. 1105. Viscum, or Mijletoe. Nine fpecies ; viz. * album, rubrum, purpureum, opuntioides, capenfe, verticillatum, pauciflorum, ter- reftre, rotundifolium. Europe, Cape, Weft Indies, North America. *ibmn- * V. leaves fpear-fliaped, blunt j ftem forked j fpikes axillary. White mijletoe.—A Angular parafitical ever¬ green plant. The barren plant oppofite to the fertile one* The root infinuates itfelf into the fubftance of 3 Order V. PENTANDRIA. 1108. PlSTACIA, or Bijlacia-nut. Five fpecies j viz. trifolia, narbonenfis, vera, terebin- thus, lentifcus. South Europe, Barbary, Perfia, India. The R. vera, with leaves unequal winged, leafets nearly egg-fliaped, bent back, produces a moderately large nut,, containing a pale greenifti kernel, with a reddifti {kin. The tree grows fpontaneoufly in Perfia Arabia, and the Archipelago; and has been found able to produce fruit in England. Piftachio nuts have a pleafant, fweet, umftuous tafte, refembling almonds, and are efteemed by fome in certain weakneffes, and in emaciated habits. The P. lentifcus with leaves abruptly winged, and fpear-ftiaped leaflets, in like manner bears our winters. The wood is brought to us in thick knotty pieces, with an afti-coloured bark and white within, of a rough fome- what pungent tafte, and a grateful but faint fmell. A de- co&ion of it, under the pompous appellation of aurum potabile, potable gold, is recommended by the Germans in catarrhs, naufea, and weaknefs of ftomach. In the ifland of Chio, this tree affords maftich, which is a refinous fubftance brought from thence in fmall yel- lovvifli tranfparent grains or tears of a plealant fmell, efpecially ^Vhen heated. It is recommended in old coughs, dyfenteries and all cafes of laxity. u©9. Dkecia. B O T 1109. Zanthoxylum. Two fpecies; viz. clava-herculis, trifoliatum. 1111. Astronium. One fpecies ; viz. graveolens. South America. 1281. Canarium. One fpecies ; viz. commune. India. mo. Antidesma, or Chinefe Laurel. One fpecies j viz. alexiteria. E. Indies, China, Japan. 1113. Iresine. One fpecies j viz. celofia. Virginia, Jamaica. 1112. Spinacia, or iS/j/wagr. Two fpecies j viz. oleracea, fera. Siberia. 1114. Ackida, or Virginian Hemp. One fpecies j viz. cannabina. Virginia. 1115. Cannabis, or/few/?. One fpecies j viz. fativa. India. - See AGRICUL¬ TURE Index. 1116. Humulus, or Hops. One fpecies 5 viz. * lupulus. Europe.—.Cultivated in England to preferve malt liquors. The young {hoots are eaten in the fpring inftead of afparagus. Strong cloth is in Sweden made from the {talks, which are foaked in water all winter, and in the fpring drefled like flax. A deco&ion of the roots, or from 20 to 30 grains of the extract, is faid to be fudorific. 1117. Zanonia. One fpecies j viz. indica. Coaft of Malabar. 1118. Fevillea. Two fpecies j viz. trilobata, cordifolia. W. Indies. Order VI. HEXANDKIA. 1119. Tamus, or Black Bryony. Two fpecies $ viz. * communis, cretica. South Eu¬ rope, Cape. 1120. Bvwla.'X., ox Rough Bindweed. 14 fpecies ; viz. afpera, excelfa, zeilanica, farfaparil- la, china, rotundifolia, laurifolia, tamnoides, caduca, bona nox, herbacea, tetragona, lanceolata, pfeudochina. South Europe, Eaft Indies, North America. 1121. Rajania. Five fpecies; viz. haftata, cordata, quinquefolia, quinata, hexaphylla. Japan, North America, Weft Indies. 1122. DlOSCOREA, or Indian ITam. 12 fpecies; viz. pentaphylla, triphylla, trifida, acu- leata, alata, bulbifera, fativa, villofa, oppofitifolia, fep- temloba, quinquelobata, japonica. Eaft and Weft In¬ dies, North America. . Order VII. OCTANDRIA. 1123. PoPULUS, or Poplar-tree. Five fpecies ; viz. * alba, * nigra, * tremula, balfa- mifera, heterophylla. South Afia, Italy, Archipelago, North America. *lba. * P. leaves nearly triangular, toothed, and regular ; cottony underneath. While poplar.—It loves low. fitua- tions, and flourifties beft in clay. It grows quick and bears cropping, but is unfavourable to pafturage. The ifood is foft, white, and ftringy, and makes good wain- A N Y. 27 footing, being little fubjefl to fvvell or fhrink. Floors, laths, packing boxes, and turners ware, are made of it. Horfes, flieep, and goats eat it. Cows are not fond of it. * P. leaves circular, toothed, and angular ; fmooth on tremula. both fides. Afp^ ufpen tree, trembling poplar.—This tree grows in all foils, but worft in clay. It impover- iflies the land, deftroys the grafs j and the numerous {hoots of the roots fpread fo near the furface of the earth, that they permit nothing elfe to grow 5 but rife in all quarters, whether they are wanted or not. It is ealily tranfplanted. The wood is extremely light, white, fmooth, woolly, foft, durable in the air. The bark is the principal food of beavers. The bark of the young trees is made into torches. * P. leaves trowel-fhaped, tapering to a point, ferrated, nigra. fmooth on both {ides. Black poplar.—loves a moift black foil, grows rapidly, and bears cropping. The bark being light like cork, fupports the nets of filher- men. Cattle eat it. 1124. Rhodiola, or Fo/J’-roo/. One fpecies} viz. * rofea.—The root, particularly when dried, has the fragrance of a rofe } but cultivated in a garden it lofes moft of its fweetnefs. 1433. Margaritaria. One fpecies } viz. nobilis. Surinam. Order VIII. ENNEANDRIA 1125. Mercurialis, ox Mercury. Three fpecies } viz. * annua, * perennis, tomentofa. Europe. * M. ftem undivided, leaves rough. Dogs mercury.—perennis. It is noxious to ftieep, and deleterious to man. In dry¬ ing, it turns blue. Steeped in water it affords a fine deep blue colour } which, however, is deftru&ible both by alkalies and acids. 1126. Hydrocharis, or Frogs-bit. One fpecies} viz. * morfus ranae. Order IX. DECANDRIA. 1127. Carica, or Papaw tree. Two fpecies} viz. papaya, pofopofa. E. and W, Indies. 1128. Kiggelaria. One fpecies } viz. africana. C. of G. Hope. 1130. Schinus, or Indian Majlich tree. Two fpecies } viz. molla, areira. Peru, Brazil, Chili. 1129. Coriaria, ox Myrtle-leaved Sumach. Two fpecies} viz. myrtifolia, rufeifolia. Spain, S. France, Peru. Order X. DODECANDRIA. Euclea. Oiie fpecies } viz; racemofa. C. of G. Hope. 1132. DATlSCA, or Ba/e Hemp. Two fpecies} viz. cannabina, hirta. Crete, N. A- merica. 1131. Menispermum, or Moon-feed. II fpecies} viz. canadenfe, virginicuro, japonicum, carolinum. B O T 'Carolinum, cocalus, crxfpum, aculum, orbiculatum, hir- ^utura, myoftoides, trilobum. N. America, Japan. Order XL POLYANDRIA. 1133. Cliffortia. iSfpeciesj viz. odorata, ilicitolia, rufcifolia, ferru- ginea, graminea, polygonifolia, filifolia, crenata, pul- chella, trifoliata, farmentofa, ftrobilifera, obcordata, ternata, juniperina, falcata, teretifolia, ericaefolia. C. of G. Hope. 1432. Hedycaria. One fpecies j viz. dentata. N. Zealand. Order XII. MONADELPHIA. 1134. Juniperus, or Juniper-tree. II fpecies 5 viz. * communis, thurifera, barbadenfls, bermudiana, chinenfis, fabina, virginiana, oxycedrus, phcenicea, lycina. Europe, Bermudas, America. cO?nmunis. * J. leaves three together, expanding, (harp pointed, longer than the berry.—It grows in all foils and litua- tions, and to a correfponding variety of fizes. It is eafily tranfplanted, and bears cropping. Grafs will not ' grow beneath it, but the avena pratenjis deftroys it. The wood is hard and durable. The bark may be made into ropes. The berries are two years in ripening.— When bruifed they afford a pleafant diuretic liquor, but it is not eafy to prevent its growing four. It is efteemed a good antifcorbutic. Ardent fpirits, impreg¬ nated with the effential oil of thofe berries, is termed gin, though it is faid that fome diftillers know how to produce the fame effeft, by means of the fpirit of tur¬ pentine. Gumfandarach, more commonly called pounce, is the produft of this tree. Horfes, ftieep, and goats eat it. From the 3. lycina, a gum refin called olibanum is produced. From the /. fabina, is extrafted an effen¬ tial oil, which is accounted a moft powerful emmena- gogue. It is a warm, irritating, aperient medicine. 1135. Taxus, or Yew-tree. Four fpecies •, viz. * baccata, nucifera, macrophylla, verticillata. Eur. Cape, Jap. N. America. CLASSIS xxin. POLYGAMIA (o). Ordo I. MONOECIA. 1141. Musa. (3) Cal. nullus. Cor. 2-petala. 3tarn. 6, 1 fertil. Pift. 1. Bacca infera. (3) CaL nullus. Cor. 2-petala. Siam. 6, 5 peffeft. Pift. 1. Bacca nulla. A N Y. Polygamia. * T. leaves folitary, ftrap-fhaped, prickle-pointed, neat baccata. together; receptacle of the male flowers fomewhat globular.—It grows beft on a moift loamy foil, and languifhes in bogs and dry mountains. It bears tranf- planting, even when old ; and, as an evergreen hedge, is a valuable fcreen to delicate plants. The wood is hard, fmooth, and beautifully veined with red. It is ufed for bows, axletrees, fpoons, cups, cogs for mill¬ wheels, and flood gates for fiib ponds, which hardly ever decay. The berries are fweet, vifcid, and harmlefs. The frefh leaves are fatal to the human fpecies. 1136. Ephedra, or Shrubby Horfe tail. Two fpecies j viz. diftachya, monoftachya. Siberia, France, Spain. 1138. ClSSAMPELOS. Five fpecies $ viz. pareira, caapeba, fmilacina, fruti- cofa, capenfis. Cape, America. 836. NAPiEA. Two fpecies; viz. laevis, fcabra. Virginia. 1137. Adelia. Three fpecies j viz. bernardia, ricinella, acidotom Jamaica. Order XIII. SYNGENESIA. 1139. Ruscus, or Knee-holly, or Bulchers-broom. Five fpecies; viz. * aculeatus, hypophyllum, hypo- gloffum, androgynus, racemofus. Hungary, Fr. Italy, Canaries. Order XIV. GYNANDRIA. 1140. Ceutia. Nine fpecies $ viz. alaternoides, polygonoides, pul- chella, hirta, tomentofa, retufa, eluteria, ftipularis, acu¬ minata. In the clafs Dicecia are 55 Genera, including 219 Species, of which 38 are found in Britain. CLASS XXIII. POLYGAMIA. Order I. MONOECIA. M. (3) No cal. Cor. 2-petaled, Siam. 6, 1 fer¬ tile. Pift. I. Berry inferior. (3) No cal. Cor. 2- petaled. Stam. 6, 5 perfedh Pift 1. No berry. 1146. (o) The charaaer of this clafs confifts of the following cifcumftances : that every plant belonging to it pro¬ duces, Ift, Hermaphrodite flowers, that is, flowers having both ftamens and piftils in the fame flower j and, 2dly, In addition to the hermaphrodite flowers, the fame plant produces alfo other flowers, not hermaphrodite, but either male or female, that is, which have ftamens, one or more, without piftils, or the reverfe. The her- 4 maphrodite, Polygamia. B O 1 * 1146. Holcus. (3) Glum, i-fiora, 2-valv. Stam. 3. Styl. 2. Sem. I. (i) Glum, i-flor. 2-valv. - Stam. 3. 1149. Cenchrus. (3) Glum. 2-flor. 2-valv. Stam. 3. Styl. 2-fid. Sem. 1. - (1) Involucr. idem. Glum. 2-valv. Stam. 3. 1148. IscHjEMUM. (3) Glum. 2-flor. 2-valv. Stam. 3. Styl. 2. Sem. 1. (x) Glum, eadem, 2-valv. Stam. 3. 1334. Manisuris. (3) Glum, i-flor. Cor. 2- valvis. Stam. 3. Stylus bifidus. (1) Glum, i-flora. Cor. 2-valvis. Stam. 3. Valvulse calycis omnes emar- ginatae apice lateribufque. 1150. iEciLOPs. (^3) Glum. 3-flor. 3-arift. Stam. 3. Styl 2. Sem. I. (1) Glum. 3-flor. 3-arift. Stam. 3. 1333. Spinifex. (3) Glum. 2-flor. 2-valvis. Stam. 3. Styl. 2. (1) Gluma communis, 2-valvis. Stam. 3. Valvulae omnes calyci parallelse. 1145. Androfogon. (3) Glum, i-flor. ball, arift. Stam. 3. Styl. 2. Sem. I. (1) Glum, i-flor. bafi. arift. Stam. 3. 1147. Apluda. (3) Cal. gluma communis flofculo faemineo feflili, mafculis pedunculatis. (2) Cal. o. Gluma 2-valv. Styl. I. Sem. I. (1) Cal. o. Glum. 2-valv. Stam. 3. 1151. Valantia. (3) Cal. nullus. Cor. 4-parti¬ ta. Stam. 4. Styl. 2-fid. Sem. 1. (1) Cal. null. Cor. 3 f. 4-part. Stam. 3 f. 4. 1142. Ophioxylon. (3) Cal. 5-fidus. Cor. 5- lida. Stam. 3. Pift. I. (2) Cal. 2-fidus. Cor. y fida. Stam. 2. 1143. Celtis. (3) Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. nulla. Stam. 5. Styl. 2. Drupa. (2) Cal. 6-partitus. Cor. nulla. Stam. 6. 1144. Veratrum. (3) Cal. nullus. Cor. 6-peta- la. Stam. 6. Pift. 3. Capf. 3. (1) Cal. nulks. Cor. 6-petala. Stam. 6. * 1155. Acer. (3) Cal. 5-fidus. Cor. 5-petala. Stam. 8. Styl. 2. Capf. 2-cocca, alata. (1) Cal. 5- fidus. Cor. 5-petala. Stam. 8. 1157. Gouania. (3) Cal. 5-fidus, fuperus. Cor. o. Stam. 5. Styl. 3-fidus. Frudlus 3-queter, 3-par- tibilis. (1) Cal. 5-fidus. Cor. o. Stam. 5. 1158. Mimosa. (3) Cal. 5-dent. Cor. 5-fid. Stam. 4.100. Pift. I. Legum. (1) Cal. 5-dent. Cor. 5-fida. Stamina 4-100. 166. Brabeium. (3) Ament. Cor. 4-partita. Stam. 4. Stylus 2-fidus. Drupa nucleo carnofo glo- bofo. (3) Ament. Cor. 4-partita. Stam. 4. Sty¬ lus 2-fidus, abortions. 1283. Terminalia. (3) Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. o. Stam. 10. Drupa infera. (1) Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. O. Stam. 10. 1154. Ceusia. (3) Cal. 8-phyllus. Cor. 4 f. 6- petala. Antherae aggreg. Stigm. 4-6. Capf. 6-loc. polyfperma. (1) Cal. 4 f. 6-phyllus. Cor. 6-petala. Stam. pi. ANY. * H. (3) Hulk 1-flowered, 2-valved. Stam. 3. Styles 2. Seed 1. (1) Hulk i-flowered, 2-valved. Stam. 3., C. (3) Hulk 2-flowered, 2-valved. Stam. 3. Styl. - 2-cleft. Seed 1. (1) Involucr. the fame. Hulk 2- valved. Stam. 3. I. (3) Hulk 2-flowered, 2-valved. Stam. 3. Styles 2. Seed I. (1) Hulk the fame, 2-valved. Stam. 3. M. (3) Hufk i-flowered. Cor. 2-valved. Stam. 3. Style 2-cleft. (1) Hufk i-flowered. Cor. 2- valved. Stam. 3. All the valves of the calyx notch¬ ed at the point and the fides. /R. (3) Hufk 3-flowered, 3-awned. Stam. 3. Styl. 2. Seed 1. (1) Hufk 3-flowered, 3-awned. Stam. 3. S. (3) Hufk 2-flowered, 2-valved. Stam. 3. Styles 2. (1) Hufk common, 2-valved. Stam. 3. All the valves of the cal. parallel. A. (3) Hufk i-flowered, awned at the bafe. Stam. 2. Styles 2. Seed 1. (1) Hufk i-flowered, awned at the bafe. Stamens 3. A. (3) Cal. a common hufk, with the female floret fitting, the male on fruitftalks. (2) No cal. Hufk 2-valved. Style 1. Seed 1. (1) No cal. Hulk 2-. valved. Stamens 3. V. (3) Cal. none. Cor. 4-parted. Stamens 4., Styl. 2-cleft. Seed I. (1) No cal. Cor. 3 or 4- parted. Stamens 3 or 4. O. (3) Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. 5-cleft. Stam. 3. Pift. 1. (2) Cal. 2-cleft. Cor. 5-cleft. Slam. 2. C. (3) Cal. 5-parted. No cor. Stamens 5. Styles 2. Drupe. (2) Cal. 6-parted. No cor. Stam 6. V. (3) No cal. Cor. 6-petaled. Stam. 6. Pift. 3. Capf. 3. (1) Nb cal. Cor. 6-petaled. Stamens 6. * A. (3) Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. Stamens 8.s Styles 2. Capf. 2-celled, winged. (1) Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. 5-petaled. Stamens 8. G. (3) Cal. 5-cleft, fuperior. Cor. o. Stam. 5. Style 3-cleft. Fruit 3-angular, 3-parted. (1) Cal., 5-cleft. Cor. o. Stamens 5. M. (3) Cal. 5-toothed. Cor. 5-cleft. Stamens 4 to iqo. Pift. 1. Legume. (1) Cal. 5-toothed. 1 Cor. 5-cleft. Stamens 4 to 100. B. (3) Catkin. Cor. 4-parted. Stamens 4. Style 2-eleft. Drupe, with a flefhy globular kernel. (3) > Catkin. Cor. 4-partedo Stam. 4. Styl 2-cleft, bar- . ren. T. (3) Cal. 5-parted.. No cor. Stam. 10. Drupe inferior. (1) Cal. 5-parted. No cor. Stamens Io; C. (3) Cal. 8-leaved. Cor. 4 or 6-petaled. An-s thers incorporated. Stigm. 4 to 6. Capf. 6-eelled, many-feeded. (x) Cal. 4 or 6-leaved. Cor. 6-peta- led. Stamens many. 1332.- inaphrodite flowers of this clafs are ufually imperfect in one of their parts (either ftamens or piftils), which ren-j' ders an additional male or female flower neceflary. Sometimes there are two hermaphrodite flowers, on the fame * plant of different powers: and this circumftance conftitutes the polygamy, or is underftood to bring the plant > under the prefent clafs. As in the two former claffes, the male and female flowers are here diftinguifhed by prefixing to them the figures (1) and (2). The hermaphrodite flowers are here marked (3). 2$3 B O T 1332. Her mas. (3) Umbella. Floris cor. 5-pe- tala. Stam. 5, fterilia. (1) Urabella. Florum cor. 5-petala. Stam. 5, fertilia. Styli 2. Sem. 2, infera, 1’uborbiculata. * 1152. Parietaria. (3) Cal. 4-fidus. Cor. nulla. Stam. 4. Styl. 1. Sem. 1. (2) Cal. 4-fidus. Cor. nulla. Styl. 1. Sem. 1. * 1153. Atriplex. (3) Cal. 5-phyll. Cor. nulla. Stam. 5. Styl. 2-fid. Sem. 1. (2) Cal. 2-phyllus. Cor. nulla. Styl. i-fid. Sem. 1. JEfculus. Mammea. Jacq. Euphorbia. Melothria. Ilex. Ordo II. DIOECIA. 1266. Panax. (3) Umbel. Cal. j-dent. Cor. 5-petala. Stam. 5. Styl. 2. Bacc. 2-fperm. (1) Um¬ bel. Cal. integ. Cor. 5-petala. Stam. 5. 1161. Diospyros. (3) Cal. 4-fidus. Cor. 4-fida. Stam. 8. Styl. 4-fid. Bacca 8-fperma. (1) Cal. 4- fidus. Cor. 4-fida. Stam. 8. 1335. Chrysitrix. (3) Gluma 2-valvis. Cor. pa- leae numerofe. Stam. multa mixta paleis. Pift. 1. (1) Glum. 2-valvis. Cor. palese numerofse. Stam. multa mixta paleis. 1336. StilBE. (3) Cal. exter. 3-phyllus, inter. 5- dentatus, cartilagineus. Cor. 5-fida. Stam. 4. Styl. r. Sem. 1. (1) Cal. exter. 3-phyllus, inter, nullus. Cor. 5-fida. Stam. 4. 1163. Nyssa. (3) Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. nulla. Stam. 5. Pift. 1. Drupa infera. (1) Cal. 5-parti¬ tus. Cor. nulla. Stam. 10. * 1160. Fraxinus. (3) Cal. o. f. 4-part. Cor. o. f. 4-pet. Stam. 2. Pift. 1. Sem. 1. (3) Cal. ©. f. 4- part. Cor. o. f. 4-pet. Stam. 2. Pift. 1. Sem. 1. 1164. Anthospermum. (i) Cal. 4-fidus. Cor. nulla. Stam. 4. (2) Cal. 4-fid. Cor. nulla. Styl. 2. Peric. inferum. 1165. Arctopus. (i) Umbella. Cor. 5-petala. Stam. 5. (3) Invol. maxim. Cor. 5-petala. Stam. 5. (1) Umb. Cor. 5-petala. Styl. 2. Sem. 1, bilocu- lare. 1159. Gleditsia. (3) Cal. 4-fidus. Cor. 4-pe- tala. Stam. 6. Pift. 1. Legum. (1) Cal. 3-phyll. Cor. 3-petala. Stam. 6. (2) Cal. 5-phyll. Cor. 5- petala. Pift. 1. Legomen. 1163. "Pisonia. (3) Cal. nullus. Cor. 5-fida. Stam. 6. Pift. 1. Capf. 5-valvis. (1) Cal. nullus. Cor. 5-fida. Stam. 6. (2) Cal. nullus. Cor. 5-fida. Pift. 1. Gapf. 5-valvis. Ilex aquifolium. Rhamnus alaternus. Guilandina. Ordo III. TRIOECIA. 1167. Ceratonia. (3) Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. o. Stam. 5. Styl. 1. Legum. coriaceum, polyfperm. (1) Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. o. Stam. 5. (2) Cal. fub- 5- dent. Cor. o. Stylus 1. Legum. coriaceum, po¬ lyfperm. 1168. Ficus. Recept. commune turbinatum, conni- venti claufum, carnofum. (3) Cal. 5-partitus. Cor. o. Pift. 1. Sem. I. (1) Cal. 3-partitus. Cor. o. Stam. 3. (1) and (2) intra idem receptaculum com¬ mune diftin&is fruftificationibus partialibus. any. P0I3 H. (3) Umbel. Cor. in the flowers 5-petaled. Sta¬ mens 5, barren. (1) Umbel. Cor. of flowers 5-peta¬ led. Stamens 5, fertile. Styles 2. Seeds 2, inferior, nearly orbicular. * P. (3) Cal. 4-cleft. No cor. Stam. 4. Style 1. Seed 1. (2) Cal. 4-Gleft. No cor. Style 1. Seed 1. * A. (3) Cal. 5-leaved. No cor. Style 1. Seed 1. (3) Cal. 2-leaved. No cor. Style i-cleft. Seed 1. Order II. DIOECIA. P. (3) Umbel. Cal. 5-toothed. Cor. 5-petaled. Styles 2. Berry 2-feeded. (1) Umbel. Cal. entire. Cor. 5-petaled. Stam. 5. D. (3) Cal. 4-cleft. Cor. 4-cleft. Stam. 8. Styl. 4-cleft. Berry 8-feeded. (1) Cal. 4-cleft. Cor. 4- cleft. Stamens 8. G- (3) Hulk 2-valved. Cor. ftraws, numerous. Sta¬ mens many, mixed with ftraws. Pift. 1. (1) Hulk 2-valved. Cor. ftraws, numerous. Stamens many, mixed with ftraws. S. (3) Cal. outer 3-leaved j inner 5-toothed, carti¬ laginous. Cor. 5-cleft. Stam. 4. Style 1. Seed 1. (1) Outer cal. 3-leaved, inner none. Cor. 5-cleft. Stamens 4. N. (3) Cal. 5-parted. No cor. Stam. 5. Pift. 1. Drupe inferior. (1) Cal. 5-parted. No cor. Sta¬ mens 10. * F. (3) Cal. none, or 4-parted. Cor. none, or 4-pe- taled. Stam. 2. Pift. 1. Seed 1. (3) Cal. none, or 4-parted. Cor. none, or 4-petaled. Stamens 2. Pift. 1. Seed 1. A. (1) Cal. 4-cleft. No cor. Stam. 4. (2) Cal. 4-cleft. No cor. Styles 2. Seed-vefTel inferior. A. (1) Umbel. Cor. 5-petaled. Stam. 5. (3) In- volucrum very large. Cor. 5-petaled. Stamens 5. (1) Umbel. Cor. 5-petaled. Styles 2. Seed 1, 2- celled. G. (3) Cal. 4-cleft. Cor. 4-petaled. Stamens 6. Pift. 1. Legume. (1) Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. 3-peta- led. Stam. 6. (2) Cal. 5-leaved. Cor. 5-petaled. Pift. I. Leguminous. P. (3) No cal. Cor. 5-cleft. Stam. 6. Pift. j. Capf. 5-valved. (1) No cal. Cor. 5-cleft. Stam. 6. (2) No cal. Cor. 5-cleft. Pift. 1. Capf. 5-valved. Order III. TRIOECIA. C. (3) Cal. 5-parted. No cor. Stam. 5. Styl. r. Legume leather-like, many-feeded. (1) Cal. 5-part¬ ed. No cor. Stamens 5. (2) Cal. nearly 5-toothed. No cor. Style 1. Legume leather-like, many-feed¬ ed. F. Common receptacle turban-fhaped, converging, clofed, flefhy. (3) Cal. 5-parted. No cor. Pift. 1. Seed 1. (1) Cal. 3-parted. No cor. Stamens 3. (1) and (2) both within the fame common receptacle, with diftindl partial fru&ifications, Order ’Polygamia. lanatus. B O T Order I. MONOECIA. 1141. Musa, or Plantain-tree. Three fpecies j viz. paradifaica, iapientum, troglo- dytarum. E. and W. Indies. 1144. VERATRUM, or White Hellebore. Three fpecies ; viz. album, nigrum, luteum. Ruf- fia, Auftria, Italy, N. America.—The V. album grows fpontaneoufly on the mountains of Switzerland and Germany. The root is naufeous and acrid. If wound¬ ed, when frefli, it emits an acrid juice, which is faid to prove dangerous when mixed with the blood by an wound. The powder of the dry root applied to an if- fue, occafions violent purging. Snuffed up the nofe, it is a ftrong, but not always a fafe fternutatory. It is alfo a violent emetic. The ancients ufed it in defperate cafes ; but modern pradtice rejedis it, though it is faid to have been given with fuccefs to the amount of a fcruple in cafes of mania. 1333. Spinifex. One fpecies $ viz. fquarrofus. E. Itidies. 1145. AXDROPOGON, or Beard-grafs. 25 fpecies ; viz. caricofum, contortum, crinitum, di- varicatum, gryllus, nutans, ciliatum, ferratum, cotuli- ferum, cymbarium, fquarrofum, proftratum, alopecu- roides, diftachyum, fchoenanthus, virginicum, bicor- ne, hirtum, infulare, barbatum, nardus, muticum, ifchsemum, fafciculatum, polydadtylon. S. Europe, E. and W. Indies, America. The A. nardus, Indian nard or fpikenard, as it comes from the Eaft Indies, is a matted congeries of fibres iffuing from one head, and probably forming the root of the plant. Spikenard has a warm, pungent, bitterifh tafte, and a ftrong not very agreeable fmell. It is ftomachic and carminative $ and faid to be alexi- pharmac, diuretic, and emmenagogue $ but it is at pre- fent little employed. 1146. Holcus, or Indian Millet. 14 fpecies $ viz. * avenaceus, * lanatus, * mollis, fpicatus, bicolor, forghum, halepenfis, faccharatus, laxus, ftriatus, ferratus, odoratus, latifolius, pertufus. N. Europe, India, N. America. * H. hulks two-flowered, woolly j hermaphrodite flo¬ ret awnlefs ; male floret with a bent awn, inclofed in the calyx.—This grals flourifties well on any moift foil, and grows very generally, except on the moft dry and barren ones. It fhould be fown chiefly with a view to pafturage by Iheep. It makes a foft fpongy hay unfit for horfes, 1147. Afluda. Four fpecies; viz. mutica, ariftata, zeugites, digi- tata. E. and W. Indies, N. America. 1148., IsCHiEMUM. Two fpecies ; viz. muticum, ariftatum. India, Chi¬ na, Carolina. 1149. Cenchrus, ox Hedgehog grofs. Nine fpecies j viz. racetnofus, lappaceus, muricatus, capitatus, echinatus, tribuloides, ciliaris, granularis, frutefcens. S. Europe, Virginia, W, Indies. Vol. IV. Part I. ANY. 28i 1150. ^EgiloFS, or Hard-gra/s. Four fpecies j viz. ovata, caudata, triuncialis, fquar. rofa. S. Europe, Carolina. 1334. Manisuris. One fpecies j viz. myurus. E. and \V. Indies, N. America. 1151. ValaNtia, or Crofs-wort. Eight fpecies j viz. * aparine, * cruciata, muralis, hifpida, cucullaria, articulata, glabra, hypocarpa.- Auf tria, S. Europe, Canaries, Jamaica. H52. PariETARIA, or Pel/itory. Eight fpecies •, viz. * officinalis, indica, judaica, lu- litanica, urticaefolia, cretica, zeylanica, microphylla. S. Europe, Canaries, ifle of Bourbon. 1133. Atriplex, or Orache, Sea Purjlane-tree. 12 fpecies j viz. * haftata, * laciniata, * littoralis, *patula, *pedunculata, *portulacoides, halymus, glau- ' ca, rofea, fibirica, tatarica, hortenfis. Europe, Tar¬ tary, America. 1283. Terminalia, or Benzoin. Two fpecies 5 viz. catappa, benzoin. E. Indies.^-* From the laft of thefe Ipecies a refin of the fame name is fuppofed to be extracted, though others reprefent it as the product of another plant called JlyraX benzoe. Benzoin is ufed in perfumes, and as a cofmetic. 160. Brabeium, or African Almond. One fpecies j viz. ftellulifolium. 1154. Clusia, or jBc/yfr/tt-Jra?. Four fpecies $ viz. rofea, alba, flava, venofa. A- merica, Jamaica. 1142. Ophioxylum. One fpecies j viz. ferpentinum. E. Indies. 1155. Acer, Maple-tree. 1'y fpecies $ viz. * campeftre, *pfeudoplatanus, fem- pervirens, tataricum, rubrum, faccharinum, diffedlum, japonicum, palmatutn, feptemlobum, pidtum, plata- noides, penfylvanicum, monfpeffulanum, creticum, tri- fidum, negundo. Europe, N. America, Japan. * A. leaves 5-lobed, blunt, unequally ferrated 5 flowers;?/m/0- in compound pendent bunches. Sycamore tree, fy-platanus. camore maple.—It flouriflies beft in open places and fandy ground, but will thrive in a richer foil. It grows quick, is eafily tranfplanted, bears cropping, and the grafs flouriflies under its (hade. It is faid to grow well near the fea, and that a plantation of thefe trees, at 50 feet afunder, with three fea fallow thorns between every two of them, will make a fence fuffi- cient to defend the herbage of the country againft the fea fpray. Gent. Mag. I'JSJi P* 252. The wood is foft and very white, and is ufed by the turners. By boring a hole into the body of the tree, when the fap rifes in fpring, a fweetifti watery liquor is obtairied, which is ufed in making wine, and, if infpiffated, af¬ fords a fine fugar. From the A. faccharinum large quantities of fugar are annually thus made in North America. See United States, and Sugar. 1143. CELTIS, or Lote, Nettle-tree. Three fpecies; viz. auftralis, occidentalis, orienta- lis. S. Europe, Virginia, W. Indies. N n llS1* 2t82 sxcejfior. ANY. Polygamia. to fpoil the milk, of cov.'.s. It will give a good, though not a beautiful green, to cloths that have been dyed blue. The wood is nearly as good when young as when old. It is hard and tough, and much ufed to make the tools employed in hufbandry. The bark is ufed to tan calf-lkin. An infufion of the leaves, from half an ounce to an ounce, is a very good purge ; and a decoftion of two drams of the bark, or of fix drams of the leaves, has been ufed to cure agues. 1161. Diospyros, or Indian Date-plum. Five fpecies ; viz. lotus, virginiana, kaki, hirfuta, ebenum. Italy, Barbary, Ceylon, N. America, Ja¬ pan. B O T 1157. GoWANIA, or Chaw flick. One fpecies; viz. domingenfis. Welt Indies. 1332. Hermas, Five fpecies j viz. depauperata, gigantea, capitata, quinquedentata, ciliata. C. of G. Hope. 1158. Mimosa, or Senfltive P/ant. 53 fpecies j viz. fimplicifolia, inga, fagifolia, no- dofa, natans, bigemina, unguis-cati, tergemina, latifo- lia, purpurea, reticulata, viva, circinalis, cinerea, ca- ila, fenfitiva, pudica, entada, fcandtns, plena, virga- ta, pun&ata, pernambucana, arborea, lebbeck, odo- ratiffima, fpeciofa, vaga, latifiliqua, polyftachya, mu- ricata, peregrina, glauca, cinerea, cornigera, catechu, horrida, eburnea, latronum, tortuofa, farnefiana, nilo- tica, pigra, afperata, fenegal, ctefia, pinnata, intfia, femifpinofa, quadrivalvis, tenuifolia, ceratonia, tama- rindifolia. Egypt, E. and W. Indies, New Holland. —The plants of this genus poffefs the Angular proper¬ ty of Ihrinking or drawing in their leaves, when touch¬ ed, which has obtained for them the Englilh appella¬ tion of fen/itive plants. From the fpecies M. catechu 3 vegetable extradl is obtained, which has long impro¬ perly received the appellation of terra japonica or Ja¬ pan earth. This extraft is outwardly of a reddilh co¬ lour, internally of a dark browm, with a flight calf of red. It is capable of being reduced to the ftate of a powder ; and is a mild but powerful aftringent. It is particularly ufeful in alvine fluxes j and where thefe require aftringents, no one is fo beneficial. It is like- ivife employed in uterine profluvia, and in laxity and debility of the vifcera in general. It is often fuffered to diflblve leifurely in the mouth, as a topical aftrin¬ gent, for laxities and exulcerations of the gums, for aphthous ulcers in the mouth, and fimilar affeflions: and it is in fome other cafes applied externally under the form of folution, and as an ointment. Catechu dif- folves in water, with the exception of its impurities, ■which amount to an eighth part of the mafs. Reftifi- ed fpirit diffolves feven-eighths of the pure matter into a red liquor, leaving, undiflolved, an infipid mucila¬ ginous fubftance. The beft form of adminiftering it is that of fimple infufiom in warm water, with the addi¬ tion of fome cinnamon or caflia. From the M. ni/otica gum arabic exudes, the ufes of which are well known to be extremely numerous. The infpiffated juice of the unripe fruit of this tree is termed acaciar and is afed as a mild aftringent medicine. Order II. DIOECIA. » ' 1159. Gleditsia, or Three-horned Acacia. Two fpecies 5 viz. triacanthos, inermis. Java, N. America. 1160. Fraxinus, or AJh-tree. Three fpecies*, viz. #excelfior, ornus, americana. S. Europe, N. America. * F. leafets ferrated j flowers without petals.— It flou- rilhes beft in groves, but grows in a rich foil, though in the open field. It bears tranfplanting and lopping. Horfes, cows, (beep, and goats, eat it \ but it is faid 1163. Nyssa, or Tupelo-tree. One fpecies j viz. aquatica. N. America. 1164. Anthospermum, or Amber-tree. Three fpecies j viz. aethiopicum, ciliare, herbaceum. C. of G. Hope. 1336. Stilee. Three fpecies 5 viz. pinaftra, ericoides, cernua. C. of G. Hope. 1165. Arctopus. One fpecies \ viz. echinatus. C. of G. Hope. 1162. PisoNiA, or Fingrido. Two fpecies $ viz. aculeata, inermis. W. Indies. 1166. Panax, or Ginfeng. Five fpecies *, viz. quinquefolium, trifolium, fpinofa, arborea, fruticofum. China, North America, Weft: Indi es.—The root of the P. quinquefolium is the gin¬ feng of the Chinefe, of which they have an extraordi¬ nary opinion, regarding it as an univerfal reftorative in all decays from age, intemperance, or difeafe. It is alfo found in North America, and frequently exported from thence to China. It has a very fweet tafte, ac¬ companied with a flight bitternefs and warmth. 1335. Chrysitrix. One fpecies j viz. capenfis. C. of G. Hope. Order II. TRIOECIA. 1168. Ceratonia, or Crab-tree, St John's Bread. One fpeeiesj viz. filiqua. Spain, Sicily, Levant* Chili. 1168. Ficus, or Fig-tree. 15 fpecies j viz. carica, fycamorus, religiofa, benja- mina, benghalenfis, indica, racemofa, pertufa, pumila, toxicaria, maculata, trigona, hifpida, heterophylla, mi- crocarpa. S. Europe, India, China, America.—The dried fruit of the F. carica, or ordinary fig-tree, is fometimes ufed in medicine as a foft emollient fweet fubftance. It is much efteemed by fome as a fuppura-. tive ; in which cafe it is applied as warm as it can well be endured.. In the clafs Polygamia are 34 Genera, including 222 Species, of which 15 ate found in Britain. S CLASSIS Cryptogamia. BOTANY. 283 CLASSIS XXIV. CRYPTOGAMIA (o). Ordo I. FILICES. Se£t. I. Fru&ijicationes fpicata. * 1169. Equisetum. Spica fparfa. Fruaif. pelta- tae, bafi valvulatae. 1222. Cycas. (i) Ament, imbricatum. Pollen fquamam tegens. (2) Spadix enfifoimis. Drupa nu- cleo lignofo. 1227. Zamia. (i) Strobilus fquamis fubtus polline teals. (2) Strobilus {(juamis in utroque margine. Drupa folitaria. 1170* Onoclea. Spica diftieha. Fruaif. j-valves. * 1171. Ophioglossum. Spica articulata. Fruaif. circumfciffa;. * 1172. Osmund a. Spica racemofa. Fruaif. 2- valves. Sc£t. II. FruElificatlo ties JrondoJa^ in p agin a inferiors, * 1173. Acrostichum. Macula difcum totum occu- pans. * 1179. Polypodium. Punaa difci diftinaa. CLASS XXIV. CRYPTOGAMIA. Order I. FERNS. Se£L I. Fructifications fpiked, * E. Spike fcattered. Fruaifications target-fliaped, valved at the bafe. C. (1) Catkin tiled. Pollen or dull covering the fcale. (2) Sheath fword-lhaped. Drupe with a woody kernel. Z. (1) A cone with fcales covered beneath with pollen. (2) A cone with fcales in each border. Drupe folitary. O. A 2-rowed fpike. Fruaifications 5-valved. * O. A jointed fpike. Fruaifications cut round. * O. Spike branchy. Eruaifications 2-valved. Seflly of a cork-like texture, and (hort duration, bearing f uaiS on the • . a’ °r a,tac,1,ed ‘° libr'5 OT ‘u a fpougf fubflance. As little is known of theif rructincation, the generic charafters are taken from their external form. 284 EOT 1176. Hemionitis. Lineas difci decuffantes. * 1178. Asplenium. Line® difci fubparallelse, va- ri®. * 1175* Blechnum. Line® difci coft® utrinque ad- jacentes. 1177. Lonchitis. Line® marginis ad finus. * 1174* Pteris. Line® marginis ad peripheriam. * 1180. Adianthum. Macul® apicutn margini re- flexo obteftum. * 1181. Trichomanes. Fr. folitari®, margini ipfi infert®. Se£t. III. FruBificationes radicales. 1182. Marsilea. Fru£l. 4-capfularis. * 1183. Pilularea. Frufh 4-locularis. * 1184. Isoetes. Frudl. 2-locularis. Ordo II. MUSCI. Se6I. I. Acalyptrati. * 1185. Lycopodium. Anthera 2-valvis, feflilis. 1186. Porella. Antbera pertufa poris. * 1187. Sphagnum. Anthera ore l®vi. ANY. Cryptogamia. H. L ines of the difc crofs pairs. * A. Lines of the difc nearly parallel, various. * B. Lines of the difc adjacent to the rib on each fide. L. Lines at the infide of the margin. * P. Lines at the extremity of the margin. * A. Spots covered with the refle&ed margin of the points. * T. Fructifications folitary, placed on the very mar¬ gin. Se£t. III. Fr unification at (or very near) the root. M. FruCtification 4-capfuled. * P. FruCtif. 4-celled. * I. FruCtif. 2-celled. Order II. MOSSES. SeCt. I. Not calyptredy i. e. not veiled. * L. Anther 2-valved, fitting. P. Anther pierced with holes. * S. Anther with a level mouth. SeCt. II. Calyptrati diclini. * 1191. Splachnum. Anth. cum apophyfi maxima. * 1192. Polytrichum. Anth. cum apophyfi mini¬ ma, marginata. * 1193. Mnium. Anth. fine apophyfi. SeCt. III. Calyptrati monoelini. * 1189. Phascum. Anth. operculata, ore ciliato. * 1194. Bryum. Anth. pedunculo terminali e tuber- culo. * 1195. Hyfnum. Anth. pedunculo laterali e peri- ch®tio. * 1190. Fontinalis. Anth. feflilis, perich®tio im- bricato obvoluta. * 1188. Buxbaumia. Anth. pedunculata, altero la¬ tere membranacea. Ordo III. ALG^S. Se£t. I. Ferrejlres. * 1198. Marchantia. FJ. calyci communi peltato, fubtus florido. * 1196. Jungermannia. Fl. calyci fimplici, 4-valvi. * 1197. Targionia. Fl. calyci 2-valvi. * 1201. Anthoceros. Fl. calyce tubulofo. Anther, fubulata, bivalvis. * 1199' Beasia. Fr. cylindrica, tubulofa. * 1200. Riccia. Fr. granulis frondi innatis. * 1202. Lichen. Fr. receptaculo l®vi nitido. 1208. Byssus. Subltantia lanuginofa, vel pulve- rulenta. Se£t. II. Veiled dioicous. * S. Anth. with a very large excrefcence. * P. Anth. with a very fmall excrefcence, bordered. * M. Anth. without an excrefcence. Se£t. III. Veiled monoicous. * P. Anth. lidded, mouth fringed. * B. Anth. on a terminal fmit-ftalk arifing out of a little folid pimple. * H. Anth. on a lateral fruitftalk out of an involu- crum or cover. * Anth. fitting, enveloped in a tiled cover. * B. Anth. on a fruitftalk, one fide membranous. N. B. The term anthera in this order ought rather to be tranflated by the word capfuUy as there are feeds contained in it. Order III. ALGiE. Se&. I. Terrefirial. * M. Flower with a common calyx, target-ftiaped, flowering underneath. * J. Flow, calyx Ample, 4-valved. * T. Flow, calyx 2-valved. * A. Flow, calyx tubular. Anther awl-ftiaped, 2* valved. * B. FruCtif. cylindrical, tubular. * R. FruCtif. granules imbedded in the frond. * L. FruCtif. receptacle even, fhining. B. Subftance downy, or powdery. SeCt, Cryptogamia. BOTANY, 2.85 fyemale. filix-mas. Se£t. II. Aquatica. * 1204. Tremella. A. gelatinofa. * 1206. Ulva. A. membranacea. * 1205. F^cus. A. coriacea. * 1207. Conferva. A. capillaris. Ordo IV. FUNGI. Seel. I. Pileati. ' * 1209. Acaricus. Pileus fubtus lamellofus. * i2ic. Boletus. Pileus fubtus porofus. * 1211. HYDNUM. Pileus fubtus echinatus. * 1212. Phallus. Pileus fubtus Isevis. Se£l. II. Pileo deJUtuti. * 1213. Clathrus. F. cancellatus. * 1214. Helvella. F. turbinatus. * 1215. Peziza. F. campanulatus. * 1216. Clavaria. F. oblongus. * 1217. Lycoperdon. F. globofus. ■* 12x8. Mucor. F. velicularis llipitatus. Se£l. II, Aquatic* * T. A. gelatinous. * U. A. membranous, * F. A. leather-like. * C. A. capillary. Order IV. FUNGI. Se£t. I. With a cap, * A. Cap gilled underneath. * B. Cap porous underneath. * H. Cap prickly underneath. * P. Cap fmooth beneath. Se£t. II. Without a cap. * G. F. latticed. * H. F. turban-lhaped. * P. F. bell-lhaped. * C% F. oblong. * L. F. globular. * M. F. little bladders on a pillar. Without reciting the names of the fpecies of this clafs, we lhall ftate their numbers, and fuch circum- llances relative to particular kinds of plants belonging to it as feem moll worthy of attention. Order I. FERNS. 1169. Equisetum.. Seven fpecies; of which lix are Britilh. — * E. ftem naked, rough, fomewhat branched at the bafe. Rough horfetai/yjbave-grafs, pewter-wort, Dutch -The turners or cabinet-makers ufe it to poliih their work. It is faid to be wholefome to horfes, but hurtful to cows. Sheep diflike it. 1222. Cycas, or Todda Pana. Two fpecies. E. Indies, China, Japan. 1227. Zamja. Two fpecies. Cape, E. Florida, W. Indies. 1170. Onoclea, or Senftble Fern. Two fpecies. N. America. 1171. Ophioglossum, or Adder's Tongue. Nine fpecies; one Britifti. Europe, Eaft and Weft Indies, America. 1172. Osmunda, or Flowering Fern. 21 fpecies ; 4 Britifti. Europe, America. 1173. Acrostichum, or Forked Fern. 35 fpecies; 2 Britilh. Europe, Africa,, America. 1179. Poly podium, or Polypody. 78 fpecies; 18 Britilh. Europe, Madeira, India, America. * P. leaves almoft doubly winged ; leafets ftrap-fpear- ftxaped; ftem and midribs chaffy, Male fcrn} male polypody.—The Siberians boil it in their ale, and are fond of the flavour it imparts. The powder of the root is a remedy for expelling the tape-worm. A li¬ quid lubricating fupper is given to the patient; and, if coftive, a common glyfter. Early next morning two or three drams of the root in powder are mixed with water, and fwallowed. If thrown up, the dofe muft be repeated. The patient muft fall two hours, and then take a flrong purge. 1176. Hemionitis, or Mules-fern. Four fpecies. Jamaica, South America. 1178. Asplenium, or Sp/eenwort. , .28 fpecies ; 9 Britilh. Europe, Java, America. 1175. Blechnum. Six fpecies; one Britilh. America, Cape, E. Indies* 1117. LONCHITIS, or Rough Spleenwort. Four fpecies. Jamaica, South America. 1180. ADlANTHUM,or Maiden-hair. 27 fpecies j one JBritilh. Europe, Africa, America, N 4 1181. 1174. Pteris, Brakes, or Female-fern. ,23 fpecies; two Britilh. Europe, E. and W. In¬ dies, N. America, China. * P. leaves more than doubly compound; leafets wing¬ ed; wings fpear-lhaped ; the lowermoft wing-cleft, the upper ones fmaller.—The common people in many parts of England mix the alhes with water, and form them into balls ; thefe balls are afterwards made hot in the fire, and then ufed to make an alkaline ley for fcouring linen. It makes very durable thatch, and is excellent litter for horfes and cows. It affords a violent heat, and, where coal is fcarce, is ufed to burn lime- ftone and heat ovens. aquilina. 286 Cryptogamia. clavatum untipyre tica. B O T II8r. TriCHOMANES, or Tunbridge Maiden-hair. 13 fpecies } two Britifh. S. Europe, Cape, China, America. 1182. Marsilea. Three fpecies. Siber. France, Italy, S. Amer. n 83. Pilularia, or Peppcr-grafs. One fpecies ; Britifh. 1184. Isoetes, or ^uillwort. Two fpecies j one Britifh. Coromandel. Order II. MUSCI. 1185. Lycopodium, or 29 fpecies $ three Britifh. E. and W. Indies, Ma¬ deira, America. * L. leaves fcattered, terminating in threads j fpikes cylindrical, on fruitftalks, in pairs. Common club-mofs% wolfs claw.—In Sweden they form it into mats or baffes, which lie at their doors to clean fhoes upon. It rcflores ropy wine in a few days. The feeds flafh when call into a flame, and are faid to be fometimes ufed in theatres to imitate lightning. They are with difficulty made wet, and if fcattered on a bafon of wa¬ ter, the hand may be dipped to the bottom without wetting it. Il86. PORELLA. One fpecies. Pennfylvania. 1287. Sphagnum, or Bog-mofs. Three fpecies j all found in Britain. 1191.. Splachnum, or Bottle-mofs. 13 fpecies; 12 Britifh. Europe. 1192. Polytrichum, or Golden Maiden-hair. 18 fpecies; 16 Britifh. Jamaica, Magellan. 1193. Mnium. 20 fpecies ; all Britifh. 1189. Phascum. 13 fpecies ; 11 Britifh. Eur. N. Amer. 1194. Bryum. 93 fpecies; Britifh. 1195. Hypnum. 70 fpecies ; all Britifh. W. Indies, &c. 1190. Fontinalis, or Water-mofs. Six fpecies ; Britifh. * F. capfules lateral ; leaves acute, keeled, doubled together, difpofed in three rows. Greater water-mofs. —Contrary to the nature of all other moffes, this fpe¬ cies is fcarcely combuftible. Accordingly, the Scandi¬ navians line the infide of their chimnies with it to defend them againfl: fire. 1188. Buxbaumia. Two fpecies; one Britifh. Europe. Order III. ALGAL. 1198. Marchantia, or Liver-green. Seven fpecies ; five Britifh. N. Amer. W. Ind. 1196. Jungermannia, or Star-tip. 48 fpecies ; Britifh. A N Y. 1197. Targionia. Two fpecies; Britifh. S. Europe. 1201. Anthoceros. Three fpecies; two Britifh. N. Araer. Jam. 1199. Blasia. One fpecies ; Britifh. 1200. Riccia, or Marjh Liverwort. Five fpecies ; Britifh. Jamaica. 1202. Lichen, or Liverwort. 218 fpecies; all Britifh. Alfo Cape, India, Ame- ' rica. Lord Dundonald obtained a patent, dated July 31. 1802, for the difcovery of a fubftitute for the foreign gums, to be obtained from the plants of this genus. The fpecification of his lordfhip’s patent is in thefe terms: “ My invention confills in procuring a fubfti¬ tute or fubflitutes for gum fenegal, or other gums, from, the clafs of plants called in botany/zcvWr; from the plants of hemp and flax, previous to being fteeped in water, or after being fteeped ; likewife from the bark or rind of the willow or lime tree. The procefs for ob¬ taining the gum may be varied according to circum- ftances, and is done by wafhing the materials in water, digeftion, and boilings, and with or without the aid of fixed or volatile alkaline falts or their folutions. “ It does not appear, from fuch trials as I have hi¬ therto made, that there is any very great difference of the produce of gum from the lichen collected from dif¬ ferent trees or fhrubs : all of them anfwer equally well for yielding a gum fit for calico-printing. The lichen is moft abundant on the trees which grow in a poor ftiff clay foil, and particularly if fituated at fome con- fiderable height above fea level. It Ihould be pulled in dry weather, otherwife it is apt to break in the pulling ; befides, in this cafe, requiring to be dried before it can with fafety be laid up in the ftorehoufe, where, if put in dry, it may be kept for years. Should a fufficient quantity of it not be found in this country, it may be had in almoft unlimited abundance in Swe¬ den, Norway, and in the northern parts of America, where it grows to the length of from a foot to 18 inches, deprefling the branches of the tree by its weight. There is, however, every reafon to believe that a fufficient quantity is to be had in this country. According to information received from botanifts, it takes three or four years in coming to maturity or its full fize ; fo that a crop from the fame tree may be had every fourth year. The lichen does not confift entire¬ ly of a gummy matter ; there is the outer ikin or cu¬ ticle, below that a green refinous matter. The re¬ mainder of the plant confifts of partly gum, partly fomewhat analogous to animal fubftances, and a fmall proportion of fibrous matter, which cannot be diffolved by boiling, or the action of alkaline falts. “ The firft procefs in preparing gum from the li¬ chen, is to free it of the outer Ikin of the plant and the refinous matter. This is done by fcalding the li¬ chen two or three times with boiling water, allowing it to remain fo long in the water as by abforbing it to fwell ; in doing this the Ikin cracks, and comes off along with the greateft part of the refinous matter ; or it may be freed from them by gently boiling the li¬ chen for about 15 or 20 minutes, then waftiing it in cold water, Cryptogamia. B . O T •water, laying it afterwards on a Hone or brick floor, where it fliould lie for 10 or 12 hours, perhaps more. The reafon for this is, that the expofure for that time to air, greatly facilitates the fubfequent extra£tion of the gum. “ 1 he fcalded lichen is then to be put into a copper boiler, with a due proportion of water, fay three Scots pints, or two wine gallons, to every pound of lichen, and boiled during jo or 12 hours, adding about a quarter of an ounce of foda or pearl afhes for every pound of lichen •, or inftead of thefe falts, about two ounces of volatile alkali. The boiling Ihould be con¬ tinued until the liquor acquires a confiderable degree of gummy confiftence. It is then to be taken out of the boiler, allowed to drain or dip through a wire or haircloth fearce. I he refiduum to be put into a hair¬ cloth bag or bags, and to be Iqueezed in a prefs fimi- lar to that which is ufed by the melters or rinders of tallow. Ihe firft boiling does not extraft the whole of the gum. Phe lichen fhould be boiled a fecond, or even a third time, repeating the procefs as above defcribed, diminilhing at each procefs the quantity of water and the quantity of alkali, which a little experience will foon point out: when three boilings are employed, the gummy extraft of the laft boiling Ihould be kept for the firft boiling of a frefti batch of lichen j the extract proceeding from the firft and fecond boilings fhould be mixed together, and evaporated to the confiftence ne- ceffary for block or prefs printing. The evaporating veffels fhould be of tin or thin lead, placed over a range of ftoves, and moderately heated by fire, or the fteam of water. It has been neglefted to ftate, that before evaporating the gummy extra6f to the confiftence ne- eeflary, it Ihould be kept 10 or 12 hours, fo as to al¬ low the fediment or dregs to fubfide. The clean li¬ quor may either be drawn off by a fyphon* or the dregs may be drawn off by a cock at the bottom of the wooden veffel ; the bottom of which fhould be made Hoping, higher at the back than the fore part, in or¬ der that the dregs may run more completely off. The proportion of gummy matter remaining in the dregs may be got off by, mixing them with a due proportion of boiling water, allowing the liquor to clear, and pro¬ ceeding as above directed, employing this weak folu- tion for boiling the next batch of lichen. When vo¬ latile alkali is ufed, the boiler Ihould be of iron, as volatile alkali ads on copper. Hemp, flax, and the bark of the willow and lime trees, or fea weed, are to be heated in a fimilar manner, to extrafl the gum or mucilage contained in them. Likewife it is intended that this patent lhall include every tree, plant, or ve¬ getable of whatever kind, from whence a mucilage or gum is to be obtained by the aftion of volatile or fixed alkalme falts, or their folutions, when ufed in the pro- ceffes of maceration, digeftion, or boiling thefe vege¬ table matters ; being a method of obtaining a mucilage . or gum never before pradifed and adopted by any other perfon.” J J The above invention was for fome time praffifed to a great extent by the calico-printers in the weft of ocotland, where it was found to anfwer for almoft all coburs. We have heard, however, that the ufe of it has been difcontmued ; whether from the price of oum Senegal, for which it was employed as a fwbftitute^ha- ANY. ' 287 ving fallen, or that it has otherwife failed of its effe&, we have not been informed. * L. tubercles black, cruft clear white.—Grows only cfl/cwmr. on limeftone rocks. When dried, powdered, and fteeped in urine, it is ufed to dye fcarlet by the Wellh and the inhabitants of the Orkneys. The colour is faid to be very fine. * L. faucers white, mealy, with yellowilh white, thick, blunt borders; cruft yellow white.—Grows on rocks, walls, trunks of trees, &c. Litmus is prepared from this fpecies. For this purpofe it is colle&ed from the rocks in the north of England, and fent to London in calks. * L. faucers yellow, with a white border; cruft whitilh. tartareus. —Grows on rocks and ftones. In Derbyftiire it is gathered for the dyers. It gives a purple colour. * L. faucers dull purple ; leaves hoary, fmooth, blunt, otnpha* many-cleft, fprinkled with rifing dots. Cork, corker,lodes.. or arcell.—It dyes wool a reddifti brown, or a dull but durable crimfon or purple, paler but more lafting than that of orchal. In Ireland it is prepared by fteeping in ftale urine, adding a little fait to it, and making it up into balls with lime. Wool dyed with it, and then dipped in the blue vat, becomes of a beautiful purple. With rotten oak it makes a dark brown. It has been ufed as a ftyptic. * L. tubercles brown; plant hoary, hollow, vauCarangiferi- branched ; terminating branches turned downwards.——//WJ1. The Laplanders could not exift without this plant, which feeds, and even fattens, their rein-deer. * L. plant lemon-qoloured, upright, much branched \ vulpinus, branches nearly of a length, angular ; angles unequal. —In Norway they mix this plant with powdered glafs, and ftrew it upon dead carcafes to poifon wolves. * L. faucers brown, white on the outfide, on pedicles ’,prunajlra. foliage nearly white, quite white and cottony under¬ neath ; pitted rather than upright.—It imbibes and re¬ tains odours in a remarkable degree, and is therefore the bafis of many perfumed powders. * L. faucers red brown, moftly on the edges of the ia-pulmona. Mage; leaves green, jagged, blunt, fmooth; pitted, downy underneath. Lungwort, ha%el-rag, or ha in it, or differed it fo foon to fall into oblivion. Se£L III. Of the different Botanical Syjlems from the time of Gefner to that of Linnaus. The infufficiency of the ancient botanical fydem be¬ ing fo fully fhown in the laft fe£tion, we think it need- lefs to take much notice of the methods ufed by Tra¬ gus and his cotemporaries and followers. The virtues of plants being found an infufficient charafteriftic, fuc- ceeding botanifls had taken in the root, Item, and leaves ; but thefe being alfo found infufficient and va- Gefuer’s riable, Gefner turned his eye to the flower and fruit, arrange- a$ ]-,ejnpr the mod permanent and unchangeable parts of the plant. In propofing the parts of fruftification, however, as the mod proper for arranging plants, he communicated no hints refpe&ing the choice of fome of thofe parts in preference to others. Each particular organ of the dower and fruit furniffies fufficient variety to ferve as the foundation of a method 5 but all of them Csefalpinus. are not equally proper for this purpofe. Caefalpinus, the fird follower of Gefner, made a midake in his choice, and took his didinguiffiing charafteridics only from the fruit. The parts of the dower, therefore, being em¬ ployed by the drd fydematic writers only as fubaltern direflions in finding out orders and genera, it is evident that the plant could not be fully invedigated for feve- ral months. Suppofe a plant ripens its fruit in October, and does not produce dowers till the following May : the clafs, upon infpeflion of the fruit in the month of Oftober, is immediately afeertained ; but the plant dill remains unknown, and will continue fo upwards of fix months after, if the charadlers of the order and genus have been made to depend on any part of the dower. Methods founded on the fruit have another inconve¬ nience j plants condantly ripen their fruit in thefe countries where they grow naturally, but not always in the countries to which they may be accidentally tranf- ported. So far from this, that many plants that are natives of a warm climate, neither ripen nor form fruit in a cold one. Few of the African, Afiatic, and Wed Indian plants produce fruit in Britain. A method, therefore, founded upon the fruit, could only facilitate the knowledge of fuch plants to the inhabitants of thofe countries where they grow : to the Engliffi botanid they could be of little or no fervice. The fame objec¬ tion cannot reafonably be urged againd methods found¬ ed on the dower, fince the induence of climates much colder than that of Britain has not been able to dedroy the faculty of producing dowers in many, perhaps in mod of the plants jud mentioned. Cgefalpinus fets out with an ancient didinftion of Hiftory, vegetables, from their duration, into trees and herbs. With the former he combines dmibs j with the latter, under-ffirubs ; and didributes his plants into the 15 following clafies. 1. Trees with the germ (radicle or principle of life in the feed) on the point of the feed. 2. Trees with the germ on the bafe of the feed. 3. Herbs having one feed only. 4. Herbs having two feeds. 3. Herbs having four feeds. 6. Herbs having many feeds. 7. Herbs having one grain or kernel. 8. Herbs having one capfule. 9. Herbs having two capfules. 10. Herbs having fibrous roots. 11. Herbs having bulbous roots. 12. Herbs having fuccory or endive-like dowers. 13. Herbs having common dowers. 14. Herbs having feveral follicles or leed-bags. 15. Herbs having neither dower nor feed. The inconveniences of this method have been already pointed out pretty fully, and will evidently appear upon an attempt to refer any common plant to one of the 15 above-mentioned clafles. His feftions, orders, or fecondary divifions, are 47 in number, and depend upon a variety of parts and circumdances. The principal of thefe are, the difpofition, fituation, and figure of the dowers $ the nature of the feed-veffel, or cover of the feeds; the fituation of the radicle in the feed j the number of feed-lobes, or feminal leaves ; the difpofition of the leaves, and colour of the dowers. The laftef- cence too, or milkinefs, which is obferved in the com¬ pound dowers with dat dorets, is made a charafterifiic didin&ion, and diferiminates the firft order of the 12th clafs. Thus, in the fird fydematic arrangements, the characters of the clafles only were borrowed from the parts of fructification ; while thofe of the fubaltern di¬ vifions were very numerous, and refpefted every part of the plant; but that fuch divifions might be perfect, they fliould be, condituted, like the clafies, from the modifications of a Angle part of the fructification. The great object had in view by Morrifon, who comes Morrifon’s. next in order to Caefalpinus, was to invedigate the method, order of nature, not to fabricate an eafy method of arranging plants. Hence his fyfiem is devoid of uni¬ formity, and clogged with a multiplicity of characters j his clafles are frequently not fufficientiy didinguiffied from one another, and the key of arrangement feems totally lod. He fets out with a divifion of plants, from their confidence, into ligneous or woody, and herbace¬ ous. He founds his fyflem on the fruit, the corollae or bloflbms, and the habit of the plants. His clafies are as follow: 1. Trees. 2. Shrubs. 3. Under-ffirubs. 4. Herbs climbing. 5. Herbs leguminous or papilio¬ naceous. 6. Herbs podded. 7. Herbs tricapfular or with three capfules. 8. Herbs with four or five cap¬ fules. 9. Herbs corymbiferous. 10. Herbs having a milky juice, or downy tops. 11, Herbs culmiferous, as grafles. 12. Herbs umbelliferous. 13. Herbs hav¬ ing three kernels. 14. Herbs having helmet-draped flowers. 15. Herbs having many capfules. 16. Herbs berry-bearing. 17. Herbs called capillary plants, as the fern kind. 18. Anomalous or irregular herbs. Of thefe clafles, the fourth and eighth poflefs no ge¬ nuine didinftive characfler ; nor are the ninth and tenth claffes fufficientiy diflinguiflied ; the fifteenth clafs is not fuificiently didinguiffied from the eighth, nor the 16th from the fourth. His feedions or fecondary di¬ vifions, which are 108 in number, arife from the fi¬ gure and fubfiance of the fruit j the number of feeds, Ieaves> 293 ill Hiftory. B O T leaves, and petals ; the figure of the root 5 the direc¬ tion of the ftem ; the colour of the flowers ; the place of growth ; and, in one clafs, from the medicinal vir¬ tues of fome of the plants that compofe it. lay’s me- In 1682, Ray propofed his method to the world, hod. two years after the publication of Morrifon’s, which ferved in fome meafure as its balls. It confided ori¬ ginally of the following 25 clalfes : 1. Trees. 2. Shrubs. 3. Herbs imperfeft. 4. Herbs having no flowers. 5. Capillary plants. 6. Staminous herbs having only the ftamina. 7. Thofe having one naked feed. 8. Um¬ belliferous herbs. 9. Verticillated, annular, or ring- fliaped ones. 10. Rough-leafed plants. 11. Stellated or ftar-fhaped ones. 12. Apple-bearing herbs. 13. Ber¬ ry-bearing herbs. 14. Herbs having many pods. 35. Monopetalous uniform, or regular herbs. 16. Mo- nopetalous irregular, or having different forms. 17. Te- trapetalous, having large pods. 18. Tetrapetalous, having fmall pods. 19. Papilionaceous. 20. Penta- petalous herbs. 21. Corns. 22. Graffes. 23. Grafs- leafed plants. 24. Bulbous-rooted plants. 25. Plants near akin to the bulbous. This method Ray carefully correfted and amended at different times j fo that the plan of arrangement which now bears the name of that author, and was firft publifhed in 1700, is entirely different from what had appeared in 1682. It now' confifts of 33 claffes. Their diftinguifliing marks are taken from the port or habit of the plants ; their greater or lefs degree of perfection ; their place of growth j the number of feed-lobes, or feminal leaves, petals, capfules, and feeds 5 the fituation and difpofition of the flowers, flower-cup, and leaves ; the abfence or prefence of the buds, flower-cup, and petals1, the fubflance of the leaves and fruit ; and the difficulty of claffing certain plants. They are as follow : I. Submarine, or fea plants. 2. Fungi. 3. Moffes. 4. Capillary plants. Thofe without petals. 6. P/a- nipeia/ar, thofe with compound flowers ; femiflofeulous, or half-florets. 7. Thofe with compound flowers ra¬ diated. 8/Thofe with compound flowers, flofculous, or with whole florets. 9. Plants with one feed. 10. Plants umbellated. II. Thofe ftellated or ftar- ffiaped. 12. Rough-leafed plants. 13. Plants verti- cillate or whorled. 14. Thofe with many feeds. 13. Apple-bearing herbs. 16. Berry-bearing herbs. 17. Thofe with many pods. 18. Monopetalous herbs. 19. Thofe with two and three petals. 20. Thofe with great and fmall, or long and fliort pods. 21. Legu¬ minous plants. 22. Pentapelalous ones. 23. Bulbs, and bulbous-like plants. 24* Stamineous ones, or thofe having only the ftamina. 25. Anomalous plants, or thofe of an uncertain family. 26. The palms. 27. Trees without petals. 28. Trees with an umbi- licated fruit. 29. Trees with fruit not umbilicated. 30. Trees with a dry fruit. 31. Trees- with podded fruit. 32. Anomalous or irregular trees. The diftinClion into herbs and trees with which Ray’s method fets out, acknowledges a different, though not more certain principle than that of Caefalpinus and Mor- rifon. The former, in making this diftin&ion, had an eye to the duration of the ftem $ the latter to its con- fiftence. Ray called in the buds as an auxiliary ; and denominates trees, “ all fuch plants as bear buds herbs, “ fuch as bear none.” But againft this auxi¬ liary there lies an unanfwerable objedion ; namely, that ANY. though all herbaceous plants rife without buds, all trees are not furnifhed with them : many of the largeft trees in warm countries, and fome fhrubby plants in every country, being totally deftitute of that fcaly appear¬ ance which conftitutes the effence of a bud. In other refpeCls, it is evident that neither Mr Ray’s plan nor execution is in any degree calculated to facilitate the knowledge of plants. In fad, it feems to have been Ray’s great objed, no lefs than Morrifon’s, to colled as many natural clafles as poffible ; and thefe being fe- parately invertigated, a multiplicity of charaders and fteps was neceffarily required to conned them: and hence the intricacy complained of in both thefe me¬ thods, which muft always take place where the claffes give rife to the conneding charaders, not the charac¬ ters to the claffes. The charaders of the orders, or fecondary divifions, in Ray’s method, are no lefs mul¬ tifarious than thofe of the claffes. They refped the place of growth of plants ; their qualities ; the figure &f- the ftem ; the number, fituation, fubftance, and divf- fion, of the leaves; the fituation and difpofition of the flow7ers and calyx ; the number and regularity of the petals; with the number and figure of the fruit. In his improved method, Ray has adopted Tournefort’s cha¬ raders of the genera, wherever his plan would permit. His general Hifiory of Plants contains 18,655 fpecies, and varieties. The third volume, which was not pub- liffied till 1704, and was defigned as a fupplement to the two former, contains the plants difeovered by Tour- nefort in the Levant,. and by Camelli at Luzon one of the Philippine iflands. Ray’s method was followed by Sir Hans Sloane, in his Natural Hiftory of Jamaica; by Petiver, in his Britifti Herbal ; by Dillenius, in hisSy- nopfis of Britifti plants ; and by Martin, in his Catalogue of plants that grow in t he neighbourhood of Cambridge. To Ray’s original method fucceeded that of Chrifto- Ohriftopher pher Knaut, a German ; which acknowledges the fame ^naut s ai!~ principle, and is manifeftly founded upon it. In hisrai,£eraenU enumeration of the plants that grow round Hal in Saxony, publiffied in 1687, he divides vegetables into 17 claffes, which have for their bafis the fize and dura¬ tion of plants, the prefence or abfence of the petals, the difpofition of the flowers, the fubftance of the fruit, the number of capfules or feeds, the number and figure of the petals, and the prefence, abfence, or figure of the calyx. His claffes are, 1. Herbs berry-bearing. 2. Monopetalous, or with one flower-leaf. 3. Tetra¬ petalous and regular, with four petals. 4, Telrapeta- lous and irregular. 5. Pentapetalous, or with five pe¬ tals. 6. Hexapetalous, or fix petals. 7. Polypetalous, or many petals. 8. Multicapfular, or many capfules. 9. Naked feeds. 10. Solid, or not downy. 11. Downy feeds. 12. Without petals. 13. Stamineous, without petals or calyx. 14. Imperceptible. 15. Imperfefl. 16. Trees. 17. Shrubs. The fe&ions or fubdivifions of the claffes in Knaut’s method are 62 in number ; and arife from the figure of the ftem and petals, the number of capfules and cells, their figure, the number of feeds and leaves, and fitua¬ tion of the flowers. In 1696, a new method, propofed by Dr Herman Herman’s profeffor of botany at Leyden, was publifhed by Zura-method, bac, who arranged according to it the plants contain¬ ed in the public garden of Leyden. Rudbeckius the Younger, in a differtation publifhed the fame year, on ' . thfe 294 TSoer- haave’s method. B O T the fundamental knowledge of plants, adopted Her¬ man’s method, with a few inconfiderable variations. The claffes of Dr Herman are 25 in number. They are founded on the fize and duration of the plants j the prefence or abfence of the petals and calyx ; the num¬ ber of capfules, cells, and naked feeds j the fubftance of the leaves and fruit j the form and confidence of the roots \ the fituation and difpofition of the flowers, leaves, and calyx ; and figure of the fruit. 1. Herbs having one naked feed and a fimple flower. 2. Having one naked feed and a compound flower. 3. With two naked feeds, and ftellated or ftar-lhaped. 4. Two naked feeds, and umbelliferous. 5. Four naked feeds, and rough leaves. 6. Four naked feeds, and verticillated or whorl-lhaped. 7. With many naked feeds. 8. Having feed-veflels, bulbous and tricapfular. 9. Having one feed-vefiel. 10. With two feed-veffeK II. With three feed-veflels. 12. With four feed-veflels. 13. With five feed-veflels. 14. Podded, which are always tetrapetalous. 15. Le¬ guminous and papilionaceous. 16. With many cap¬ fules. 17, Having flelhy fruit, berry-bearing. 18. With flefhy fruit, apple-bearing. 19. Without petals, but having a calyx. 20. Without petals, chaffy or ftami- nous. 21. Without petals, calyx, chaff, or ftamina, 2. c. naked anthers, as the moffes. 22. Trees. Im- perfeft fruftification, bearing catkins. 23. Trees with a flelhy fruit, umbilicated. 24. Trees with a flelhy fruit, not umbilicated. 25. Trees w*ith a dry fruit. The claffes in Herman’s method are fubdivided in¬ to 82 feftions or orders; which have for their balls the number of petals, feeds, capfules, and cells, the figure of the feeds and petals, and difpofition of the flowers. To the method of Dr Herman fucceeded that of Dr Boerhaave, who fucceeded to the botanical chair of Leyden in 1709. His method is that of Herman, blended with part of the fyftems of Tournefort and Ray; and contains the following claffes. 1. Herbs fubmarine, or fea plants. 2. Imperfed land plants. 3. Capillary plants, of the fern kind. 4. Many naked feeds. 5. Four naked feeds, and verticillated. 6. Four naked feeds, and rough leaves. 7. Four naked feeds, and four petals. 8. Plants having one feed-veffel. 9. Two feed-veffels. 10. Three feed-veffels. 11. Four feed-veffels. 12. Five feed-veffels. 13. Many feed- veffels. 14. Two naked feeds, and umbelliferous. 15. Two naked feeds, and ftar-ffiaped. 16. One naked feed, and a fimple flower. 17. One naked feed and compound flowers femiflofculous. 18. One naked feed, and compound flowers radiated. 19. One naked feed, and compound flowers corymbiferous. 20. One naked feed, and compound flowers flofculous. 21. Berry¬ bearing herbs. 22. Apple-bearing herbs. 23. With¬ out petals. 24. One cotyledon, and having petals. 25. One cotyledon, and without petals. 26. Trees having one cotyledon. 27. Many podded. 28. Podded. 29. Tetrapetalous and cruciform. 30. Leguminous. 31. Having no petals. 32. Bearing catkins. 33. Mo- nopetalous flowers. 34. Rofaceous flowers. Thefe 34 claffes of Dr Boerhaave are fubdivided in¬ to 104 feftions, which have for their characters, the figure of the leaves. Item, calyx, petals, and feeds ; the number of petals, feeds, and capfules; the fubftance of the leaves ; the fituation of the flowers, and their diffe¬ rence in point of fex. By this method, Dr Boerhaave ANY. Hiftoiy arranged near 60CO plants, the produce of the bota¬ nical garden at Leyden, which he carefully fuperin- tended for the fpace of 20 years, and left to his fuccef- for Dr Adrien Royen, in a much more flourifliing date than he himfelf had received it. His Index or Cata¬ logue of the Leyden plants was pubiithed in oftavo in 1710; and afterwards with great additions, in quarto, in 1720. This laft edition contains defcriptions of 5650 plants; of which number upwards of two-thirds had been introduced into the garden fince the time of Her¬ man, by his illuftrious fucceffor. Boerhaave’s charac¬ ters are derived from the habit or general appearance of plants combined with all the parts of fruClification ; fo that, as Linnaeus very properly obferves, he was the firft who employed the calyx, ftamina, and ftyle, in de¬ termining the genus. About j 7 new genera were efta- bliftied by this author; among others, the very fplen- did family of the protea and filver tree, which, although partly defcribed by Morrifon, had remained generally unknown till this period. His method was adopted by one Emfting, a German, in a treatife entitled The JirJl Principles of Botany, publiftied in oftavo at Wolfen- buttle, in 1748. Hitherto all the botanifts had been intent upon inve- R;v;nus*5 ftigating the order of nature, rather than facilitating method, the arrangement of vegetables ; therefore their methods were very intricate and perplexed ; and their writings, however entertaining to the learned, could afford but very little inftruClion to the young botanift. In 1690, however, Auguftus Quirinus Rivinus, a German, pro- feffor of botany at Leipfic, relinquiftiing the purfuit of natural affinities, and convinced of the infufficiency of chara&eriftic marks drawn only from the fruit, at¬ tached himfelf to the flower, which, he was fenfible, would furnifh characters no lefs numerous, permanent, and confpicuous, than thofe drawn from the fruit. The calyx, petals, ftamina, and ftyle or pointal, which conftitute the flower, are fufficiently diverfified in point of number, figure, proportion, and fituation, to ferve as the bafis of a mode of arrangement; yet all are not equally proper for this purpofe. Rivinus made ufe of the petals as the largeft and moft beautiful part, and that from which the flower itfelf is commonly charac¬ terized. His method confifts in the following 18 claf¬ fes, which have for their bafis the perfedtion and difpo¬ fition of the flowers, and regularity and number of the petals. 1. Regular monopetalous, or having one pe¬ tal. 2. Dipetalous. 3. Tripetalous. 4. Tetrapeta¬ lous. 5. Pentapetalous. 6. Hexapetalous. 7. Poly- petalous, or having many petals. 8. Irregular mono¬ petalous. 9. Irregular dipetalous. 10. Irregular tri¬ petalous. 11. Irregular tetrapetalous. 12. Irregular pentapetalous. 13. Irregular hexapetalous. 14. Ir¬ regular polypetalous. 15. Compound flowers of regu¬ lar florets. 16. Compound flowers of regular and ir¬ regular florets. 17. Compound flowers of irregular florets only. 18. Incomplete or imperfedt plants. As Rivinus fet out with the profeffed defign of im¬ parting facility to botany, he judged very properly in divefting his method of all extraneous matter, and ren¬ dering it as fimple and uniform as the nature of the fcience would admit. The diftindlion into herbs and trees had been adopted by every writer on plants fince the time of Ariftotle. Rendered in fome meafure fa¬ ded by its antiquity, this diftin&ion maintained a kind of 295 Hiftory. B O T of importance to which it was by no means effentially entitled. Rivinus was the firft who in this matter da¬ red to think for himfelf. He was early fenfible of the inconveniences to which thofe had fubmitted who em¬ ployed it as a primary division ; and therefore refolved at once to get rid of a diftin&ion that is frequently un¬ certain, always deftru£tive to uniformity, and in its na¬ ture repugnant to the genuine fpirit of fyftem, becaufe totally unconnefled with the parts of fruddification. In the uniformity of its orders or fecondary divifions, which are 91 in number, and acknowledge the fruit for their principle, Rivinus’s method equals, perhaps excels, all that went before or fucceeded it. Only three claHes of this method were publifhed by Rivinus him¬ felf. Thefe are the nth, 14th, and 15th, which were offered to the public at different times, illufrrated with very fplendid figures. The method was completed and publifhed entire by Heucher, in a work entitled Hor- tus Wirtenbergenjis, printed in quarto at Wirtenberg in 1711. Followers Several German authors have followed Rivinus’s me- if Rivinus. thod, either wholly or in part, without offering any confiderable amendment. The principal of thefe are, Koenig, in a work on vegetables, publifhed at Bafil in 1696 ; Welch, in his Bajis Botanica, printed at Leip- fic in odtavo, in 1697 > Gemeinhart, in a catalogue of plants published in 1725 ; Kramer, in a work entitled Tentamen Botanicum, publifhed at Drefden in 1728, and afterwards reprinted with additions at Vienna in 1744; and Hecker in a dilfertation on botany pub- liflied at Hal in Saxony, in 1734. To thefe may be ad¬ ded Hebenllreit, an ingenious botanift, who in a trea- tife on plants publifhed at Leipfic in 1731, juft before his famous African expedition, eftablifhed generical characters, which had hitherto been wanting in Rivi- nus’s method. The writers who have attempted to improve upon Rivinus’s method are Bernard Ruppius, Cliriftopher Ludwig, and Chriftian Knaut. Ruppius in his Flora Jenenjis, publifhed at Francfort in 1718, has arranged the 1200 plants there defcribed by a method partly Rivinus’s and partly his own. It confifts of 17 claffes, and fets out with the fame divifions and fubdivifions as that of Rivinus’s $ with this difference, however, that, whereas in Rivinus’s method all perfect flowers are di¬ vided into fimple and compound, in Ruppius the divi- fion of regular and irregular flowers precedes that juft mentioned, and fimple and compound dowers are made fubdivifions of the regular flowers only, udwig’s Chriftopher Ludwig’s method, which was publifhed ethod. in 1737, and confifts of 20 claffes, differs but little from that; of Rivinus. The author accompanied Hebenftreit on his expedition to Africa, and feems to have made plants his favourite ftudy. The improvement, however, which he has made on Rivinus’s plan, confifts only in rendering it more univerfal, having enriched it with a multitude of genera collefted from the works of Tour- nefort, Ray, Boerhaave, Dillenius. and other eminent botanifts, whofe generical characters he has likewife adopted. His plan of arrangement has been followed by two fucceeding writers : M. Wedel, in a botanical effay publifhed in 1747 j and three years after by M. Bochmer, in his catalogue of the plants which grow in the garden of Leipfic. The method of Chriftian Knaut is much more pro- 4 A N Y. perly his own, and departs in a much greater degree from that of Rivinus than either of the two former. The regularity and number of the petals furnilhed the claffical divifions in Rivinus’s method: in that of Knaut, Chriftian number takes place of regularity $ fo that it is very pro-Knaut’s perly termed by Linnaeus, “ The fyftem of Rivinus in-method, verted.” This method was publifhed in 1716 ; and fets out with a divifion into flowers which have one petal, and fuch as have more than one. It confifts of the 17 following claffes. 1. Monopetalous uniform or regular. 2. Monopetalous difform or irregular. 3. Monopeta¬ lous compound uniform or regular. 4. Monopetalous compound difform or irregular. 5. Monopetalous com¬ pound uniform and difform together. 6. Dipetalous uniform or regular. 7. Dipetalous difform or irregu¬ lar. 8. Tripetalous uniform or regular. 9. Tripeta- lous difform or irregular. 10. Tetrapetalous uniform or regular. 11. Tetrapetalous difform or irregular. 12. Pentapetalous uniform or regular. 13. Pentape- talous difform or irregular. 14. Hexapetalous uniform or regular. 15. Hexapetalous difform or irregular. 16. Polypetalous uniform or regular. 17. Folypeta- lous difform or irregular. The fe£tions or fecondary divifions in Knaut’s me¬ thod are,121, and depend upon the internal divifions of the fruit ; and upon this his opinions are fomewhat Angular. Every kind of fruit, whether pulpy or mem¬ branaceous, is termed by our author a capfule. Neither is the term reftridfted to fruits properly fo called : it is extended alfo to thofe termed by botanifts naked feeds, the exiftence of which Knaut abfolutely denies. Agree¬ able to this opinion, capfules, he fays, with refpedl to their confiftence or fubftance, are of two forts j pulpy, or membranaceous. The former correfpond to the fruits of the apple, berry, and cherry kind 5 the latter to the capfules properly fo called, and naked feeds of other botanifts. Again, with refpeft to their cells or internal divifions, capfules are either fimple or com¬ pound. Simple capfules have an undivided cavity or a fingle cell ; compound capfules are internally divided into two or more cells. With other botanifts, the um¬ belliferous flowers bear two, the lip flowers four, na¬ ked feeds j according to Knaut, the former produce two, the latter four, fimple capfules. Ranunculus, adonis, . anemony, herb-bennet, and fome other plants, have their flowers fuceeeded by a number of naked feeds col- lefled into an aggregate or head j each of thole feeds paffes with Knaut for a fimple capfule j fo that the whole is an aggregate of feveral capfules with an un¬ divided cavity or fingle cell. In numbering the cells or internal divifions of the pulpy fruits, our author has adopted a very lingular method. Some fruits of the apole kind enelofe a capfule that is divided into five membranaceous cells. It might then be very reafon- ably expe&ed to find fuch fruits arranged with com¬ pound capfules of five cells: but, inftead of this, the author whimfically enough combines in their arrange¬ ment the idea both of a fimple and compound capfule. The pulpy part is undivided } in other words, it is a fimple capfule furnilhed with one cell ; the compound capfule enclofed contains five cells, which added to that of the pulp make the number fix j and thus thefe kinds of fruits are arranged with thofe having capfules of fix cells. By the fame kind of reafoning, the fruit of the dogwood, which is of the cherry kind, and contains a ft one 296 EOT Tourne- fort’s me¬ thod. Other wri¬ ters. ilone with two cells or cavities, is placed by Knaut among compound capfules with three ceils ; the pulp pafhng for one divifion, and cavities of the ftone or nut for the remaining two. This method of calculation is not the only Angularity for which Knaut is remark¬ able. The effence of the flower is made by Ray, Tour- nefort, Rivinus, and molt other botanifts, to confift in the ftamina and ftylo. This pofition Knaut abfolutely denies ; and has eftablilhed for a principle, that the flower is eflentially conftituted by the petals only. With him, the flower cup, ftamina, and ftyle, are of little fignificance : their prefence does not conftitute a flower, if the petals are wanting; neither is their abfence fuf- ficient to deftroy its exiftence, if the petals are prefent : from this it follows, T. That there can be no flowers without petals; and, '2. That the regularity or irre¬ gularity of the flower can never depend on the ftamina and ftyle, which are only occafionally prefent, and no¬ wife effential to its exiftence ; both of which are evi¬ dently falfe to every botanical reader. Since the time of Rivinus, no leading method in bo¬ tany has appeared except thofe of Tournefort and Lin- nseus. Tournefort fets out with reviving the diftinc- tion of plants into herbs and trees, which had been ex¬ ploded by Rivinus. His fyftem is founded on the re¬ gularity and figure of the petals, together with the twofold fituation of the receptacle of the flowers; his orders, on the piftillum or calyx. The claffes are, i. Herbs with Ample flowers monopetalous, and bell- Ihaped. 2. Simple flowers monopetalous, tunnel and wheel-fhaped. 3. Simple flowers monopetalous, labi- ated or lipped. 4. Simple flowers monopetalous, ano¬ malous or irregular. 5. Simple flowers polypetalous cruciform or crofs-fhaped. 6. Simple flowers polype¬ talous, and rofaceous or rofe-like. 7. Simple flowers polypetalous, umbellated. 8. Simple flowers polypeta¬ lous, caryophyllaceous, or clove-form. 9. Simple flowers polypetalous, liliaceous or lily-form. 10. Simple flowers polypetalous, papilionaceous, or butterfly-form. II. Simple flowers polypetalous, anomalous or irregular. 12. Compound flowers, flofculous, tubular or whole florets. 13. Compound flowers, femiflofculous, flat or half florets. 14. Compound flowers radiated, like the fpokes of a wheel. 15. Apetalous, having no petals. 16. No flower, but bearing feed. 17. No flower nor feed, in the vulgar eftimation. 18. Trees with no pe¬ tals, but bare ftamina. 19. Trees with no petals bear¬ ing catkins. 20. Trees monopetalous. 21. Trees rofaceous. 22. Trees papilionaceous. The fecondary divifions in Tournefort’s method, which are 1 22 in number, have obtained the name of fe&ions. Their general diftindtions are founded princi¬ pally upon the fruit, as thofe of the claffes are upon the flower. Tournefort bath been followed by a vaft number of botanical writers, of whom the moft confiderable are, Dr William Sherard, an eminent botanift of the laft and prefent centuries. In 1689, he publilhed the firft fketch of Tournefort’s method, under the title of Schola Botanices; or a catalogue of the plants demonftrated by Dr Tournefort, in the royal gardens at Pari*;. It was not till five years after, that the E/ementa Botanica, a work which contains the rudiments and flu.'.ration of his method, was pubiiftied by Tournefort himlelf.— ANY. Hifton Father Plumier, termed by way of eminence the Tour- nefort of America, pubiiftied in I703» at Paris, a de- feription of American plants, which he has arranged according to the fyftem of Tournefort. In this work he accurately characterized 96 new genera. Falugi, an Italian, has dtfcribed, in pretty elegant Latin verfe, all the genera of Tournefort, in a work entitled Profo. popceice Botanicev, pubiiftied at Florence, i 2mo, 1705. Several celebrated French academicians, particularly Marchant, Dodart, Niflole, Juflieu, and Vaillant, have alfo occafionally paid their tribute of acknowledgement to this author, from the year 1700 to 1740. The other authors of note who have followed Tournefort’s method, are, M. Petit, an ingenious French botanift ; Johren, a German, author of a treatife publiftred at Colberg in 1710, entitled VaJe mecum Botanicum, feu Odegus Botanicus; Futiile, in his defcription of the plants of Chili and Peru, pubiiftied at Paris in quarto, 1714; Chriftopher Valentin, a German author of a book entitled Tournefortius ContraBus, pubiiftied at Francfort, in folio, 1715; Ripa, an Italian, in a work entitled Hijlorice Univcrfalis Plant arum Confers bendi Propoftum, pubiiftied in quarto, at Padua, in 1718; Michael Valentin, a German, in his Viridarium Refor- matum, pubiiftied in folio, at Francfort, in 1719; the celebrated Dillenius, profeflor of botany at Oxford, and author of feveral much efteemed publications on botany; particularly the Hortus Elthamenfs, and Hiftory of Moffes, in his Flora Giffenfis, printed at Francfort in 1719; Pontedera, an Italian, author of the delinea¬ tion of a method which combines thofe of Tournefort and Rivinus, pubiiftied at Padua, in his botanical dif- fertations, in 1720; Monti, an Italian, in a work pu- bliflied at Bologna in 1724, under the title of Indices P/antarum Varii; Dindem, a German, in his Tourne¬ fortius Aifaticus, firft pubiiftied in 1728 ; Signior Mi- cheli, author of feveral curious difeoveries refpe&ing moffes and muthreoms, in his Nova Genera Plantarum, pubiiftied in folio at Florence in 1729; Elvebemes, a Swede, in a work pubiiftied in the Swedifti language at Upfal in 1730; Fabrieius, a German, author of a work entitled Primitice Florce Butijbccencis,feu fex De¬ cades P/antarum Rariorum, publiftied in 1743; Sab- bati, an Italian, in his catalogue of the plants that grow in the neighbourhood of Rome, printed at Rome in 1745 ; and the ingenious Dr Charles Alfton, late pro¬ feflor of botany at Edinburgh, in his Tijrocimum Bo¬ tanicum, pubiiftied at Edinburgh in 1753. Of all this numerous lift of writers, Father Plumier Plumier’ and Pontedera alone have ventured to quit the track method, pointed out by Tournefort. The former, in his ar¬ rangement of American plants, has relinquiftied the diftinftion into herbs and trees ; but the latter has at¬ tempted more confiderable variations. His clafles are, I. Uncertain. 2. Having no flowers. 3. Without buds, imperfect plants. 4. Anomalous or irregular. 5. Labiated. 6. Bell-fliaped. 7. Saucer fhaped. 8. Wheel-fliaped. 9. Tunnel-fliaped. 10. Flofculous. II. Semiflofculous. 12. Radiated. 13. Irregular. 14. Papilionaceous. 15. Liliaceous. 16. Caryephyllace- ous. 17. Cruciform or crofs-ftiaped. 18. Umbellated. 19. Staminous, or with naked flamina. 20. Bearing buds apetalous, or without petals. 21. Bearing buds irregular. 22. Bearing buds hell-lhaped. 23. Bear- liftory B O T agnol’s sthod. r John ill’s ftetn. Vol. i. 150. ing buds 'jvbeel-fbaped. 24. Bearing buds tunnel- fliaped. 25. Bearing buds papilionaceous. 26. Bear¬ ing buds roi’aceous. Befides all thefe methods, there have been invented two others, founded upon the calyx. The Gift of thefe was the invention of Peter Magnol, a celebrated pro- feflor of botany at Montpellier, and publilhed in 1720, five years after the author’s death. The other was de¬ lineated by Linnaeus, and publilhed in his ClaJJes P/an- tarum in 1738, three years after the publication of the fexual fyftem. Magnol dillinguilhes two kinds of calyx; one external, which%6nvelopes and fuftains the flower, and is the flower-cup properly fo called ; the other internal, which is the feed-veflel or fruit. Ac¬ cording to this idea, all plants, whether herbaceous or woody, are furnilhed with either the external calyx only, or with both. His clafles are, 1. Herbs with the calyx external, including a flower unknown. 2. Calyx ex¬ ternal, including a flower ftaminous. 3. Calyx external, including a flower monopetalous. 4. Calyx external, including a flower polypetalous. 5. Calyx external, including a flower compound. 6. Calyx external, fup- porting a flower monopetalous. 7. Calyx external, fupporting a flower polypetalous. 8. Calyx internal only, which is the corolla. 9. Calyx external and in¬ ternal, flower monopetalous. 10. Calyx external and internal, flowrer with two and three petals. 11. Calyx external and internal, tetrapetalous. 12. Calyx exter¬ nal and internal, polypetalous. 13. Trees with the calyx external only. 14. Calyx internal only. 15. Calyx external and internal both. The chara&ers of the orders^ or fecondary divifions, in Magnol’s method, are derived chiefly from the figure of the calyx, petals, and feeds ; from the difpofition of the flowers ; from the number of petals, and fubftance of the fruit. Fifty-five fe&ions or orders arife from the combination of thefe characters with thofe of the clafles; and thefe are again fubdivided into genera, which poflefs this Angularity, that, in place of diftinc- tive characters hitherto employed, they exhibit com¬ plete defcriptions of all the parts of fructification of one or two fpecies of each genus. From this improve¬ ment Linnaeus manifeftly borrowed the hint of his ge- nerical characters. Sir John Hill, in his Vegetable Syftem, endeavours to clafs plants according- to their internal ItruCture *. “ Perhaps (fays he), upon the foundation of a true anatomy of plants a natural method may be eftabliftred : for it is certain, the forms of all the external parts of vegetables depend on the difpofition of the internal ; and all their differences are founded there. On the different inner ftrudure of the vegetable body, under certain courfes of its velfels, evidently depend the dif¬ ferences which characterize the feven firft families, to the diftinCtions of which all clafles are fubordinate ; and as thefe original diftinCHons are truly natural, we may here begin very fafely. “ The feven families are thefe : 1. The mufhrooms. 2. The algae, or foliaceous fea and land plants. 3. The mofles. 4. The ferns. 3. The graffes. 6. The palms. 7. The common race of plants. Their diftinCtions one from another are thefe : “ x. The mufhrooms are fleftiy ; and are deftitute of leaves and vifible flowers. 2. The algae are merely foliaceous, the entire plant confifting of a leafy matter Vol. IV. Part I, A N Y. 29' without other vifible parts. 3. The mofles have pro- cefles of the inner rind for leaves. 4. The ferns con- fift of a Angle leaf raifed on a flalk ; and bear their flowers upon its back. 5. The graffes have jointed ftalks and undivided leaves, and hulks to hold the feeds. 6. The palms have a Ample trunk, with leaves only on the top, and have the flowers and fruit in divided ears.” Laftly, The feventh clafs, which he calls the co??2- mon race of plants, are fuch as have their roots, leaves, ftalks, flowers, and fruits, diftinCt and obvious ; and have not the characters of any of the other fix families. To this natural method his artificial one, confift¬ ing of 43 clafles, and which takes up the whole of his voluminous work, is defigned only as an index ; but as this is univerfally allowed to be inferior to Linnaeus’s, though he intends to improve that fyf¬ tem, we think it needlefs to take any further notice of it. Befides the fexual fyftem of Linnaeus, which is now Linnaeus’s almoft univerfally followed, he formed another, which, arrange- like that of Magnol, had the calyx for its bafis, greatly fuperior both in the idea and execution, be¬ ing indeed Angularly ferviceable to the novice in bo¬ tany, by familiarizing to him various appearances of an organ fo important in its nature, and fo diverfified in its form, as the calyx is. The clafles are, 1. Spa- thaceous, like a (heath or hofe. 2. Glumpfe or chaffy. 3. Amentaceous, or catkins. 4. Umbellated. 5. Common calyx or flower-cup. 6. Double calyx. 7. Flowering ; the petals and ftamina inferted into the flower-cup. 8. Crowned, or crown-ftiaped, with a ra¬ dius. 9. Irregular. 10. Difform, or different ftiapes. i t. Caducous, which fall off or (bed their leaves. 12. Not caducous, uniform and monopetalous. 13. Not caducous, uniform and polypetalous. 14. Not cadu¬ cous, difform and monopetalous. 15. Not caducous, difform and polypetalous. 16. Incomplete calyx. 17. Apetalous, or a bare calyx without petals. 18. Naked, or neither petals nor calyx. Se£L IV. Of the Sexes of Plants. As many philofophers and botanifts deny that fuch a thing as the diftin&ion of fexes takes place in vege¬ tables, it will be neceffary to give a ftatement of the arguments employed by both parties on this fubjedl. We ftiall begin with the arguments in favour of the fexes. I. Linnaeus is at great pains in tracing the notion of Sexual fexes in plants to the remoteft periods of antiquity. He informs us, that Empedocles, Anaxagoras, and otherancien ancient philofophers, not only attributed the diftinftion of fexes to plants, but maintained that they were capa¬ ble of perceiving pleafure and pain. Hippocrates and Theophraftus are next introduced as diftinguiftiing the conyza, the abies, the filix, &c. into male and female. The latter of thefe writers affirms that the fruits of the female palm will not ger¬ minate, unlefs the pollen of the male be fliaken over the fpatha of the female previous to the ripening of the feed. Diofcorides takes notice of a male and female man dragora, mercurialis, ciftus, Stc. P p Pliny 298 B O T Pliny does not confine Ins views of fex to animals, but exclaims, that every thing this earth produces is characterized by the diftin£Hon of fex. From the days of Pliny to thofe of Caefalpinus, who lived in the 16th century, the analogy between the ve¬ getable and animal feems to have been entirely ne- gledted. Caelalpinus tells us, that the males of the oxycedrus, taxus, mercurialis, urtiea, and cannabis, are. barren ; and that the females of thefe plants only bear fruit. After Caefalpinus, we find Dr Grew and Sir Thomas Millington engaged in a converlhtion concerning the utility of the ftamina and ftyli of plants. The refult of this converfation was the mutual agreement of thefe two eminent naturalifts, that the ftamina and ftyli of vegetables were analogous to the organs of generation in animals, and that they were adapted by nature to anfwer the fame purpofes. Dr Grew, in his anatomy of plants, after enumerating the analogies between plants and animals, concludes, that the pollen probably emits certain vivific efRuvia, which may ferve for the impreg¬ nation of the feeds. Mr Ray gave further fanflion to the do&rine of fexes, by concurring with Grew, and adding fome fur¬ ther illuftrations from analogy. In the year 1695, Camerarius attempted to prove the fexes of plants. But, as he trufted folely to the palm-tree, and withal feemed to be doubtful as to the authenticity of the faff, he cannot be confidered as ha¬ ving done any thing in confirmation of the fexual by- pothefis. Mr Morland, in the year 1703, adopted the fame hypothefis ; but gave it a new modification, by fuppo- 5ng that the pollen contained the feminal plant in miniature, and confequently that it behoved one pollen at lea-ft to be conveyed into every feparate feed be¬ fore it could be properly impregnated. Analogy and the ftruddure of the parts are the only arguments he employs. Some years after this, Mr Geoffrey wrote a treatife on the fexes of plants : but as he advanced nothing new, we (hall take no farther notice of him. \aillant, in the year 17*7» judicioufly confidering that the canal in the ftylus of moft plants was too nar¬ row to admit the pollen itfelf, republifhed Dr Grew’s theory of impregnation by means of a fubtile feminal aura. Thefe were the fentiments of the principal botanifts with regard to the generation of plants, till the cele¬ brated Linnaeus made his appearance as a botanical writer, who has extended the idea fo far as to compofe a complete fyftem upon it. Although Linnaeus can have no claim to the fuppo- fed difeovery of the fexual hypothefis, his being pre- eifely the fame with that of Dr Grew ; yet, as he is the chief fupporter and improver of this doftrine, we fhall give a fuccinft narration of the arguments he makes life of in order to prove that vegetables propagate their fpecies by a regular commerce of fexes. In a treatife entitled, Spon/alia P/antcirum, publiflied as an inaugural differtation by Wahlbom, in the firft volume of the Amcemtates Academic#, all the arguments made ufe of by Linnaeus in his Fundamcnta Botanica, and other works, are collected and arranged in one A N Y. Hilton view. But as Wahlbom honefily attributes all the me- rit of this differtation to his great mafter, we fliall here drop his name altogether, and give the arguments as the property of Linnaeus, by whom they were origi¬ nally employed. Linnaeus, then, firft attempts to ftiow, that vege¬ tables are endowed with a certain degree of life j and, fecondly, that they propagate their fpecies in a man¬ ner fimilar to that of animals. “ That vegetables are really living beings (fays he), Vegttabtl muft be obvious at firft light } becaufe they poffefs allpofl'elslif<| the properties contained i» that accurate definition of life laid down by the great Dr Harvey, namely, Vita ejl fpontanea propuljio humorum. But univerfal experi¬ ence teaches, that vegetables propel humours or juices : hence it is plain that vegetables muft be endowed with a certain degree of life.” Not trufting folely to a fyllogifm founded on a defi¬ nition, Linnaeus proceeds to fupport the life of vege¬ tables by arguments drawn from the following particu¬ lars in their economy j the firft of which he entitles, “ 1. Nutritio.—-The very idea of nutrition implies a propulfion of humours, and of courfe the idea of life. But vegetables derive their nourilhment from the earth,, air, &c. and confequently muft be conftdered as living creatures. “ 2. JEtas.—Every animal muft not only begin to exift, and have that exiftence diffolved by death, but muft likewife pafs through a number of intermediate changes in its appearance and affedlions. Infancy, youth, manhood, old age, are characterized by imbecility, beauty, fertility, dotage. Are not all thefe viciflitudes confpi- cuous in the vegetable world ? Weak and tender in in¬ fancy ; beautiful and falacious in youth; grave, robuft, and fruitful, in manhood; and when old age approaches, the head droops, the fprings of life dry up, and, in fine, the poor tottering vegetable returns to that dujl from whence it fprung. 3. Motus.—No inanimate body is capable of felf- motion. Whatever moves fpontaneoully, is endowed with a living principle : for motion depends on the fpon- taneous propulfion of humours : and wherever there is a fpontaneous propulfion of humours, there alfo is life. That vegetables are capable of motion, is evident from the following fads ; Plants, when confined within doors, always bend towards the light, and fome of them even attempt to make their efcape by the windows. The flowers of many plants, efpecially thofe of the fynge- nefia clafs, purfue the fun from eaft to w'eft, rejoicing in his beams. Who then can deny that vegetables are poffeffed of living and felf-moving powers ? “ 4. Morbus.—The term dfeafe means nothing more than a certain corruption cf life. It is well known,, that vegetables are fubjeCt to difeafes as well as ani¬ mals i when over-heated, they turn thirfty, languid),. and fall to the ground j when too cold, they are tor¬ mented with the chilblain, and not unfrequently they are fometimes afftiCled with cancers; and every plant is infefted with lice peculiar to its fpecies. “ 5. Mors.—Death is oppofed to life, the former being only a privation of the latter.. Experience ftiows that every living creature muft die. But as vegetables are daily cut off by internal difeafes and external inju¬ ries } as they are fubjeCl to death from the attack of hunger* (kiftory. EOT hunger, thirfl', hea^, cold, See. with what propriety could vegetables be thus faid to die, unlefs we allow that they previoufly lived ? “ 6. Anatomia.— Under this article we are referred to Malpighius and Grew for the organic fibres, mem¬ branes, canals, vefieles, S^c. of plants, as additional proofs of their living powers. “ 7* Organization.—Vegetables not only propel hu¬ mours, but alfo prepare and fecern a number of differ¬ ent juices for the fruit, the neftar, &c. analogous to the various fecretions in animal bodies.” From thefe fa£ls and obfervations, Linnaeus con¬ cludes, that plants are unqueflionably endowed with life as well as animals j and then proceeds in the fol¬ lowing manner to (how how thefe animated vegetables propagate their fpecies. rguments -After difeuffing the long-exploded do&rine of equi- ,r the fex- vocal generation, he lays hold of another maxim of Dr alfyftem. Harvey, viz. Omne vivwn ex ovo.— “ It being fully evident (fays he), from the foregoing chain of reafon- ing that vegetables are endowed with life, it neceffa- rily follows, agreeable to this maxim of Harvey’s, that every vegetable mufl in like manner derive its exiftence from an egg. But as vegetables proceed from eggs, and as it is the diftinguifhing property of an egg to give birth to a being fimilar to that which produced it, the feeds muft of courfe be the eggs of vegetables. “ Granting then that the feeds of vegetables are in¬ tended by nature to anfwer the fame end as the eggs of animals, and confidering at the fame time that no egg can be fecundated without receiving an impregna¬ tion from the male, it follows, that t,he feeds or eggs of vegetables cannot be fecundated by any other means. Hence alfo the neceffity of vegetables being provided with organs of generation. But where are thefe organs fituatedi* The anfwer iseafy :—We have already found impregnated feeds within the flowers of plants ; and it is natural to expeft that the genitalia fliould not be at a greater difiance. Now, as copulation always precedes birth, and every flower precedes the fruit, the genera¬ ting faculty muft be aferibed to the flower, and the birth to Xhe fruit. Again, As the, antherce and figmata are the only effential parts of flowers, thefe parts muft ne- ceifarily be the organs of generation^ Being thus far advanced, Linnaeus affirms, that the anthera- are the tefes, and that the pollen performs the office of the male femen. Thtfe affirmations he at¬ tempts to eftablifli by the following arguments ; the firft of which he terms “ i. Priccedcutia.—The antherae, or vegetable te- ftes, always precede the fruit *, and as foon as the an- therm come to maturity, which conftantly happens be¬ fore the maturity of the fruit, they continue to throw out their pollen as long as the flower lads'; but decay and fall off whenever the fruit comes to perfedlion. “ 2. Situs.— The antherae of all plants are uniform¬ ly fituated in fuch a manner that the pollen may, with the greateft facility, fall upon the ftigma or female organ. . “ 3* Tempus.—The antheroe and ftigma always flou- rifh at the fame time, whether the flowers be of the Jrer- maphrodite or dioicous kind. “ A,. Load amenta.—When the antherae are differed, they difeover as great a variety of ftrufture as the pericarpia or feed-capfules $ for fome of them have *A N Y. one cell, as the mercury ; fome two, as the hellebore, &c. “ 5. Caf ratio.—If all the antherae be cut off from an hermaphrodite plant, juft before the flowers begin to expand, taking ©are at the fame time that no plant of the fame fpecies grow near it, the fruit will either prove entirely abortive, or produce barren feeds. “ 6. Figura.—When the pollen of different plants is examined by the microfcope, it exhibits as great a variety of figures as is difcoverable in the feeds them- felves. “ The accumulated force of thefe arguments (con¬ cludes Linnaeus) amounts to a full demonflration that the antherae are the teftes, and that the pollen is the femen or genitura of vegetables. “ The male organ being thus inveftigated, we hope (fays Linnaeus) that none will hefitate to pronounce the ftigma to be the female organ, efpecially when the following obfervations are attended to. “ The piftillum is compofed of the germen, ftylus, and ftigma. The germen, being only a kind of rudi¬ ment of the future foetus or feed, ceafes to exift as foon as the flower comes to maturity. Neither is the ftylus an eiTential part, as many flowers have no ftylus. But no fruit ever comes to maturity without the af- fiftance of the ftigma. It follows, that the ftigma muft be the female organ adapted by nature for the re¬ ception of the pollen or impregnating fubftance. This will appear ftill clearer from the following chain of rea- foning. “ 1. Situs.—The ftigmata are always fituated fo that the pollen may with moft eafe fall upon them. Be- fides, it is remarkable, that in moft plants (though not in all) the number of the ftigmata exaflly correfponds with the loculaments or cells of the pericarpium. “ 2. Tempos.—Here the obfervation, that the ftig¬ mata and antherae conftantly fiourifn at the fame time, is repeated. “ 3. Decidentia.—The ftigmata of moft plants, like the antherae, decay and fall off as foon as they have dif- charged their proper fumftion ; which evidently ftiows, that their office is not to ripen the fruit, but folely to anfwer the important purpofe of impregnation. “ 4. Abjcijfio.—The argument here is precifely the fame with the caftration of the antherae; and the re¬ fill t is like wife the fame, namely the deftruftion of the fruit. “ Thefe arguments (concludes Linnaeus) are fuffi- cient to demonftrate, that the ftigma is the female or¬ gan of generation, or that organ which is fuited for the reception and conveyance of the femen to the vegetable eggs. Hence plants may be faid to be in aclu veneris, when the anthene or tefticuli fpread their pollen over the ftigma or female vulva.’1'1 To (how how the coitus of vegetables is effe&ed, is our author’s next objeft of inveftigation. He affirms, that the pollen is conveyed, by means of the wind or infers, to the moift ftigma ; where it remains until it difeharges a fubtile fluid, which being abforbed by the veffels of the ftigma, is carried to the feeds or ova, and impregnates them. His proofs are taken from the fol¬ lowing particulars. “ 1. Oculus.—When the flowers are in full blow, and the pollen flying about, every one may then fee the pollen adhering to the ftigma. This he illuftrates by P p 2 mentioning 300 B O T- mentioning as examples the viola tricolor, iris, campa¬ nula, &c. “ 2. Proportion—The ftaniina and piftilla, in moft plants, are of equal heights, that the pollen, by the in¬ tervention of the wind, may, with the greater facility, fall upon the ftigma. “ 3. Locus.—The ftamina of moft plants furround the piftillum, to give the pollen an opportunity of fall¬ ing upon the ftigma at every breeze of wind. Even in the monoecia clafs, the male flowers ftand generally above the female ones, to afford an eafier conveyance of the pollen to the ftigma. “ 4. Tempus.—It is remarkable that the ftamina and piftilla conftantly appear at the fame time, even in plants belonging to the moncecia clafs. “ 5. Pluvicc.—The flowers of moft plants expand by the heat of the fun, and (hut themfelves up in the even¬ ing or in rainy weather. The final caufe of this muft be to keep the moifture from the pollen, left it fhould be thereby cehgulated, and of courfe prevented from being blown upon the ftigma. “ 6. Palmicolce.—That the cultivators of palm-trees were in ufe to pull off the fpadices from the males, and- lufpend them over the fpathae of the females, is attefted by Theophraftus, Pliny, Profper Alpinus, Kempfer, and many others. If this operation happened to be negledted, the dates were four and deftitute of nuts. Kempfer adds this Angular circumftance, that the male fpadix, after being thoroughly dried and kept till next feafon, (till retained its impregnating virtue. “ 7. Flores nutantes.—As the pollen is fpecifically heavier than air, fuch flowers as have their piftillum longer than the ftamina, hang down or incline to one fide, e. g. the fritillaria, campanula, &c. An eafy ad- miflion of the pollen to the ftigma is the final caufe of this appearance. “ 8. Submerji.—Many plants that grow below wa¬ ter, emerge when their flowers begin to blow, and fwim upon the furface till they receive their impregnation, and then fink down. “ 9. Omnium jlorum genuina conjideratio.—Here a number of particulars are recited. We fhall confine ourfelves to thofe that are moft ftriking and applicable to the fubjeift. “ When the flowers of the male hemp are pulled off before thofe of the female are fully expanded, the fe¬ males do not produce fertile feeds. But as a male flower is fometimes found upon a female plant, this maybe the reafon why fertile feeds are fometimes produced even after this precaution has been obferved. “ The tulip affords another experiment of the fame purpofe. Cut off all the antherae of a red tulip before the pollen is emitted 5 then take the ripe antherse of a white tulip, and throw the pollen of the white one up¬ on the ftigma of the red ; the feeds of the red tulip being, thus impregnated by one of a different com¬ plexion, will next feafun produce fome red, fome white, but moft variegated flowers.” In the year 1744, Linnaeus publifhed adefcription of a new genus which he called peloria, on the fuppofition of its being a hybrid or mule plant, i. e. a plant pro¬ duced by an unnatural commixture of two different genera. The root, leaves, caulis, &c. of this plant are exceedingly fimilar to thofe of the antirrhinum iinaria ; ’nut the flower and other parts of the fru&ification are A N \. Hiftor) totally different. On account of its fimilarity totheli- naria in every part but the flower, Linnaeus imagined it to have been produced by a fortuitous commixture of the linaria with fome other plant, although he has ne¬ ver yet been able to point out the father. This doc¬ trine of the produdtion of mule plants has fince been greatly prized, and carefully propagated, by Linnaeus and the other fupporters of the fexual hypothefis. In the third volume of the Amcenitates Academic#, there is a complete differtation, entitled Planta Hybrid#, wherein the do£trine of vegetable mules is much impro¬ ved and extended. This differtation contains a lift of 47 mules, with their fuppofed fathers and mothers. For example, The Veronica fpuria is faid to be a mule plant begot by the Verbena officinalis upon the Veronica mari- tima. The Delphinium hybridum, a mule begot by the Aco- nitum napellus upon the Delphinium datum. The Ar&otis calendula, a mule begot by the Calendula pluvialis upon the Ar&otis triftis. The Afclepias nigra, a mule begot by the Cynanchum acutum upon the Afclepias vincetoxicum, &c. From the examples given in this differtation, Lin¬ naeus draws this conclufion, That only two fpecies of each genus exifted ab origine ; and that all the variety of fpecies which now appear have been produced by un¬ natural embraces betwixt fpecies of different genera. Under this head Linnaeus likewife quotes from Ray the ftory of Richard Baal gardener at Brentford. This Baal fold a large quantity of the feeds of the braffica florida to feveral gardeners in the fuDurbs of London. Thefe gardeners, after fowing their feeds in the ufual manner, were furprifed to find them turn out to be plants of a different fpecies from that which Baal made them believe they had purchafed ; for, inftead of the braffica florida, the plants turned out to be the braffica longifolia. The gardeners, upon making the difcovery, commenced a profecution of fraud againft Baal in Wefl- minfter-hall. The court found Baal guilty of fraud, and decerned him not only to reftore the price of the feeds, but likewife to pay the gardeners for their loft time, and the ufe of their ground. “ Had thefejudges (fays Linnaeus) been acquainted with the fexual hypo¬ thefis, they would not have found Baal guilty of any crime, but would have afcribed the accident to the for¬ tuitous impregnation of the braffica florida by the pol¬ len of the braffica longifolia. Linnaeus next proceeds to celebrate the utility of in- feds, becaufe they convey the pollen of the male to the ftigma of the female. “ In this way (fays he), it is reafonable to think that many dioicous plants are im¬ pregnated. Nay, even the hermaphrodites themfelves are greatly obliged to the different tribes of infects, which, by fluttering and treading in the corolla, are conftantly fcattering the pollen about the ftigma. “ Upon the whole then (concludes Linnaeus), the coitus of vegetables is evident to a demonftration. This coitus is nothing more than the conveyance of the pol¬ len to the ftigma, to which it adheres till it burfts, and difcharges a fubtile elaftic fluid. This fluid or aura is abforbed by the veffels of the ftylus, and carried di¬ rectly to the ovarium or germen, where the myfterious work of impregnation is fully completed.” These are the arguments employed by Linnaeus and other Hiftary. B O T other advocates for the fex.ua! commerce of vegetables. Let us next attend to thofe employed by the oppofers of this hypothefis. nVecftions It is admitted by Pontedera, Dr Alfton, &c. that tXL- feme of the ancients applied the terms male And female ual fyltem. to federal plants. But then they deny that thefe terms conveyed the fame ideas to the ancients that they do to the moderns. Male and female, when applied to plants, ' were to the ancients mere terras ot diftin&ion, ferving only as trivial names to dillingmlh one fptcies or va¬ riety from another. The ancients were ignorant of the verv chara&ers which conilitute the difference between what is called a male and female plant among the mo¬ derns. Theophraftus, Diofeorides, Pliny, and, in a word, the whole ancient botanical writers, confound the very notion of the modern lexes: they call the real female, or feed-bearing plant, the male; and the male, or barren plant, the female. Nay, they have even ap¬ plied the terms male and female to many plants which bear nothing but hermaphrodite flowers. Such is the nature of this controverfy, that it cannot be determined with any degree of certainty, but by ex¬ periments made upon dioicous plants. If a female plant can produce fertile feeds without having any communi¬ cation with the pollen of the male, the ufe of this pol¬ len with refpedl to the impregnation of feeds muft of neceflity be entirely fuperfeded. Now, both Camerarius and Dr Alfton tried thefe ex¬ periments with the fame fuecefs. Thefe two eminent botanifts took female plants of the mercury, fpinage, and hemp j tranfplanted them at a great diftance from any males of the fame genus, and belides had them en~ clofed by double rows of hedges. The refult was, that each of thefe plants produced great quantities of fer¬ tile feeds. Tournefort made the fame trial upon the lupulus, Miller upon the bryony, and Geoflfroy upon the mays $ and all of them declared that the feeds of thefe plants were as fertile as if they had been fur- rounded by a thoufand males. Linmeus, in bis firft argument for the coitus of plants, refers every man to the evidence of his fenfes. “ Do we not fee (fays he) the ftigma of almoft every hermaphrodite flower covered over with the pollen or impregnating fubftance ? Do not we fee the parietaria, the urtica, &c. by violent explofions, difeharging their pollen in the open air, that it may be carried in that ve¬ hicle to the ftigmata of their refpedlive females ?—All this is admitted by the oppofers of the fexes: but then they deny that thefe exploftons, &c. are intended to create any intercourfe between the male and the female ; and further allege, that this ejeftion of the pollen is in¬ tended by nature to throw off fomething exerementi- tious, or at leaft fomething which, if retained, would prove noxious to the fructification. Linnaeus takes his fecond argument from the propor¬ tion which the ftamina bear to the ftylus, alleging that they are generally of the fame height.—This obferva- tion (fay the anti-fexualifts) is not only contrary to experience, but, allowing it to be univerfal, no conclu- fion can be drawn from it either for or againft the fex- ual hypothefis. The third argument is taken from the locus or fitua- tion of the ftamina with refpeCt to the ftylus : “ and as the male flowers in the monoecia clafs ftand always above the female flowers, it muft be concluded (fays A N Y. Linnaeus), that the intention of nature, in this difpofi- tion of the parts, is to allow a free and eafy accels of the pollen to the ftigma.”—But the ftamina cannot be faid to furround the piftillum in the monandria and di- andria claffes : and the pofition of the male flowers in the moncecia clafs is a mere chimera j for in the aci¬ nus, one of the examples which Linnaeus mentions in confirmation of his doctrine, the female flowers ftand uniformly fome inches above the males. That the ftamina and piftilla generally come to per¬ fection at the fame time, and that this happens even in the dioicous plants, is Linnaeus’s fourth argument. But, as it is acknowledged by Linnaeus himfelf, that there are many exceptions with relpeCt to this iaCt, the op¬ pofers of the fexual hypothefis allege that it carries the beft anfwer in its own bofom. The fifth argument is founded on the circumftance of fome flowers (hutting up their petals in rainy or moift evenings.—But many flowers do not Ihut themielves up, either in the night or moifty weather, as the paflion- flower, &c.: the lychnis nodiflova, mirabilis peruvi¬ ana, &c. open their flowers in the night, and (hut them at the approach of the fun. Hence this is another fi¬ nal caufe (fay the anti-fexualitts) perverted to fupport a favourite hypothefis. We come now to the culture of the palm tree, which is the fixth and moft plaufible argument employed by the fexualifts. Of this, the moft authentic account we have is the following by Dr Hafielquift, in one of his letters to Linnaeus, dated Alexandria, May 18. I'yyo. “ The firft thing I did after my arrival was to fee the date tree, the ornament and a great part of the riches of this country. It had already bloffomed } but I had, neverthelefs, the pleafure of feeing how the Arabs aflift its fecundation, and by that means fecure to themfelves a plentiful harveft of a vegetable, which was fo import¬ ant to them, and known to them many centuries be¬ fore any botanift dreamed of the difference of fexes in vegetables. The gardener informed me of this before I had time to enquire $ and would (how me as a very curious thing, the male and female of the date or palm trees : nor could he conceive how I, a Frank, lately arrived, could know it before ^ for (lays he) all who have yet come from Europe to fee this country, have regarded this relation either as a fable or miracle. 1 ho Arab feeing me inclined to be further informed, accom¬ panied me and my French interpreter to a palm tree, which was very full of young fruit, and had by him been wedded or fecundated with the male when both were in bloffom. This the Arabs do in the following manner : when the fpadix has female flowers, that come out of its fpatha, they fearch on a tree that has male flowers, which they know by experience, for a fpadix which has not yet burfted out of its fpatha : this they open, take out the fpadix, and cut it lengthwife in fe- veral pieces, but take care not to hurt the flowers. A piece of this fpadix with male flowers they put length- wife between the fmall branches of the fpadix which hath female flowers, and then lay the leaf of a palm over the branches.. In this fituation I yet faw the greateff part of the fpadices which bore their young fruit $ but the male flowers which were put between were withered. The Arab befides gave me the follow¬ ing anecdotes : Firft, Unlefs they in this manner wed and fecundate the date tree, it bears no fruit. Se¬ condly; 3° i 502 EOT condly, They always take the precaution to preferve 1'ome unopened fpathae with male flowers from one year to another, to be applied for this purpofe, in cafe the male flowers fliould mifearry or fuffer damage. Third¬ ly, If they permit the fpadix of the male flowers to burfl: or come out, it becomes ufelefs for fecundation : it muft have its maidenhead (thefe were the words of the Arab), which is loft in the fame moment the bloffoms burft out of their cafe. Therefore the perfon who cultivates date trees muft be careful to hit the right time of af- Tifting their fecundation, which is almoft the only ar¬ ticle in their cultivation. Fourthly, On opening the fpatha, he finds all the male flowers full of a liquid which refembles the fineft dew ; it is of a fweet and pleafant tafte, refembling much the tafte of frefh dates, but much more refined and aromatic 5 this was likewife confirmed by my interpreter, who hath lived 32 years in Egypt, and therefore had opportunities enough of tailing both the nedlar of the blolfoms and the frelh dates.” Now, though this account feems fully to confirm the fa£f, viz. that fuch a practice obtains among the A- rabs, and that they affert its efficacy in fecundating the trees, it is certain (fay the oppofers of this dodtrine), that no intelligent perfon, who is not already wedded to an hypothefis, will attempt to found an argument upon the aflertions of a people fo full of ridiculous fu- perftitions. Before Dr Haflelquift, or any other per¬ fon, can draw any argument from the above-mentioned account, he ought to fee the experiment feveral times repeated, with his own eyes, and not take it upon the word of a people who, befides their fuperftition, may very probably find it their intereft to impofe upon tra¬ vellers. > Mr Milne, author of the Botanical Dictionary, how¬ ever, relates an experiment, near akin to the above mentioned, which merits fome attention : “ In the garden of M. de la Serre, of the Rue S. Jacques at Paris, was a female turpentine tree, which flov'ered every year, without furnithing any fruit capable of ve¬ getation. This was a fenfible mortification to the owner, who greatly defired to have the tree increafed. Meflieurs Duhamel and Juflieu very properly judged that they might procure him that pleafure by the affift- ance of a male piftachio tree. They fent him one very much loaded with flowers. It was planted in the gar¬ den of M. de la Serre, very near the female turpentine tree, which the fame year produced a great quantity of fruits, that were well conditioned, and rofe with faci¬ lity. The male plant was then removed ; the confe- quence of which was, that the turpentine tree of M. de la Serre in none of the fucceeding years bore any fruit that, upon examination, was found to germi¬ nate.” Upon this experiment it is obferved by the antifex- ualifts, that, though it were a thoufand times repeated, it sever could be decifive. The nature of the contro- verfy, fay they, is fuch, that one experiment is more decifive in favour of their opinion than 10,000 can be againft them. The reafon is plain : If There is fuch a thing as a fexual intercourfe in vegetables, it is as won¬ derful that any feeds thould be perfe&ed without that intercourfe, as that a virgin (hould have a child ; the laft is not in the leaft more extraordinary than the firft. One experiment, therefore, which {hows that feeds may 4 A N Y. Hiflory be perfected without fuch fexual intercourfe, is either to be refolved into a miracle, cr muft prove abfolutely decifive againft the fexual fyftem j while numberlefs experiments, fuch as that above mentioned, could prove nothing, becaufe we know not what effeft vegetables may have by growing in each other’s neighbourhood, independent of any fexual intercourfe. In Milne’s Botanical Ditftionary, under the article Sexas P/antarum, the author quotesTJr Alfton’s experi¬ ments partially. T he fads recorded by Dr Alfton are as follow : 1. Three fets o{ fpinach, planted at a great diftance from each other, proved all of them fertile, and ripened plenty of feeds, which were found to anfwer as well as other fpinach feed. 2. A plant of hemp grow¬ ing by itfelf, being taken care of, produced about 30 good feeds, though in a fituation very much expofed, and plucked up too loon, on account of bad weather, in the autumn. 3. This experiment, which is the moft remarkable of the three, we {hall give in the Doctor’s own words.^ “ In the fpring of 1741, I carried two young feedling plants of the French mercury, long be¬ fore there was any in, from this city phyfic garden, the only place where it was then to be found in this coun¬ try, to the king’s garden at the Abbey j which are more than 700 yards diftant from one another, with many high houfes, trees, hedges, and part of a high hill between them ; and planted one of them in one enclo- fure, where it was {haded from the fun the greateft part of the day j and the other in another 25 yards diftant, expofed to the fouth and weft. Both plants ripened fer¬ tile feeds; and the laft {bed them fo plentifully, that it proved a troublefome weed for feveral years, though none of the fpecies was to be found in that garden for more than 20 years preceding.” Of this experiment Mr Milne hath not taken any notice j but upon the other two, has the following re¬ mark : “ The refult or thefe, and fuch like experi¬ ments, can be accounted for, on the principle of the fexes, in no other way than on the fuppofition that fome male flowers have been intermixed with the fe¬ male, and operated the fecundation in queftion. This appears the more probable, as only a part of the feed' in the above experiments attained to perfedl maturity, fo as to be capable of vegetation. The feventh argument of Linnaeus is taken from the floras nutames.— 1 he piftils of thefe flowers, according to Linnaeus, are always longer than the ftamina j and nature has afligned them this penfile pofture, that the pollen, which is fpecifically heavier than air, may the more conveniently fall upon the ftigma. But the pi¬ ftils of the campanula, lilium, and many othery?orf\r nu- tantes, are not longer than the ftamina. Befides, grant¬ ing this were uniformly the cafe ; yet, as the pollen is heavier than air, this pofture muft of neceflity either make the pollen mifs the piftillum altogether, or, at any rate, it can only fall upon the back part of the piftil in place of the ftigma ; and, of courfe, fuch a direction would rather tend to fruftrate than promote the impreg¬ nation of the feed. The eighth argument is taken from the planter fub- merfee, which are faid to emerge as foon as their flowers begin to blow, left the pollen fliould be coagulated or waftied off by the water. But many fubmarine and aquatic plants fruftify entirely below water ; and, fup. poling they did not, the fame argument would equally prove pillory. EOT prove it to be the intention nature, that the pollen lliould be blown away by the winds, as that it Ihould be fubfervient to the impregnation of the feed. The ninth and lalt argument is entitled Omnium jlorumgenuina conjidcrutio ; which (fay. the antifexual- ifts) is nothing more than a colle6tion of vague ob- fervations upon the ftrufture and economy of particu¬ lar plants, fome of them true, others falfe, but all of them evidently thruft in as fupports to a favourite hy- pothefis. arther Thus the difpute refted fome years ago \ but of late rguments there has appeared a tranflation of one of Linnteus’s y Linn®ns. works upon the fubjedt, which, though publiflhed in 1759, was but little known in this country. A trea- tile on the Sexual Syflem had alfo been publilhed by the abbd Spalanzani, in which he not only oppofed the Linnoean do6trine, but treated it with ridicule, though Avithout taking any notice of this laft publication, which he feems to have been ignorant of. In this he mentions an experiment with hemp fimilar to fame of thofe already related ; but which was alfo tried by Lin- Inaeus, and in his hands turned out the very reverfe of what it did with Spalanzani. In the treatife alluded to, Linnaeus mentions Sir Thomas Millington as the firit among the moderns who thought of the diftindtion of fexes in plants. He was Savilian profeflbr at Ox¬ ford ; and Dr Grew, in his Anatomy of Plants, relates, that in a converfation on the nature of the antherse of flowert, Sir Thomas hinted, that thofe parts might pro¬ bably be analogous to the male organs of animals, and ferve for the impregnation of the fruit. Grew impro¬ ved on the idea, and purfued it. That the fubjedf, however, may be properly underlfood, our author is of opinion, that we (hould firft accurately underftand the nature of vegetable bodies 5 and in order to do this, we ought firft to confider the operations of nature in the human frame, and from thence continue our refearches through the various tribes of inferior animals, till at laft we arrive at the vegetable creation. In like man¬ ner, to illuftrate the generation of plants, we muft like- wife take our firft lights from the animal kingdom, and purfue the fame chain till we come to vegetables. This fubjeft, indeed, he owns to be fo obfcure, that no natu- ralift has hitherto been able to fay any thing fatisfac- tory concerning it \ he only mentions fome remarkable fadts concerning the production of mule animals from the copulation of two individuals of different fpecies. In the horfe kind we fee two different kinds of mules produced. “ From the mare and male afs (fays he) proceeds the mule properly fo called, which in its na¬ ture, that is, in its medullary fubftance and nervous fyf- tem, agrees with its mother •, but in its cortical fub¬ ftance and outward form, in its mane and tail, refem- bles the afs. Between the female afs and the horfe, the other kind of mule is engendered, whofe nature or medullary fubftance refembles that of the afs ; but its cortical ftruCture that of the horfe. If the he-goat of Angora copulates with the common {he-goat, the kid, by that means procured, inherits the external ftrufture and valuable coat of.its father; while, on the other hand, if the common he-goat impregnates the goat of Angora, the kid produced has the fame external form, and bears the fame worthlefs hair with its father. Hence It feems probable, that the medullary fubftauee, -with A N Y. 303 what Malpighi calls the keel (carina), and the ner¬ vous fyftem, are latent in the egg of the mother ; the cortical fubftance, or vafcular fyftem, being derived from the father.” Thefe cortical and medullary fubftances are previouf- ly explained by our author to be thofe of which both animal and vegetable bodies are compofed. By the medullary fybftance in animal bodies, he means the fpi- nal marrow arifing from the organized brain, and fend¬ ing off the nerves ; by the cortical fubftance the veffels with the heart attached to them, by which the medcl- lary part is nourifhed. In vegetables, the cortical part nourilhes the plant, not only by its roots, but with its whole furface. For a fmall branch torn from the pa¬ rent flem, and placed in water, imbibes nourifhment at its pores. Thus the Fucj, and other marine vegetables, are nouriflied without a root, folely by the pores dif- perfed through their whole fubftance. The bark of trees every year depofites its gelatinous internal layer, which is added to the wood, -and aftimilates itfelf to it. The medullary, which is the other effential part of ve¬ getables, is multiplied and extended without end ; and whenever it is entirely loft, the death of the plant ne- ceflarily follows. In examining this fubftance, we muff be careful, in two cafes, that we be not milled ; firft, by the ftraws of grafies, and by other hollow ftems, where the medulla lines the infide of the bark; and fecondly, by large trees, whofe trunks become perfe&ly folid, throughout, except in the very fummits of the branches. The wood performs the office of bones, when there is no longer any occafion for the medulla in that part; and trees, although become hollow, continue never- thelefs to grow fo long as this fubftance remains in the extreme branches. It is by no means neceffary that the medulla Oiould have any connexion with the root, as it is only nouriffied by the cortical fubftance of the plant, and is therefore increafed at its upper extre¬ mity without end if it meets with no refiftance. In thofe animals whofe fpinal marrow is furrounded by a bony covering, as in the larger and more perfeft kinds, this fubftance never comes out of its confinement; and the harder its cafe, the more abfolutely is its increafs prevented ; but in the fmaller tribes of worms, where this covering is lefs rigid, a perpetual and unlimited in- creafe of the animal takes place. “ The moft important parts of the flower, and which are abfolutely effential to it (our author pro¬ ceeds to obferve *), are the ftamina and piftilla. So* Differ, on effential are they, that among the many thoufands oitke Sexet of flowers with which we are acquainted, no one can^f^’ be found not furniffied with both thefe organs. TheXranfl. ftamina derive their origin from the fubftance of the.p. 28. fe the heard, generally into three. The ftamina are two or four in number. In the greater part there are four' ftamina of unequal length, two of them being long and two fhort. Thefe four unequal ftamina are fre¬ quently diffimilar, and approach by pairs : they are inclined towards the back of the petal, and parallel: the two innermoft being ftiorteft, and attached fome— what lower than the two others to the tube of the flower. The feed-bud which confifts of four diftinft' ovaries, is placed upon the feat of the flower, and ele¬ vates V vates from their cenlie a common ftyle, which is flen- d( r, bent in the fame manner as the filaments, which it fomewhat exceeds in length, and terminated by a double ftigrna or fummit, the divifions of which are unequal, and turned backwards. The feed-veffld in this order is wanting. J he feeds are four in number, and lodged in the bottom of the calyx as in a matrix or feed-veffel. Each feed h as two covers •, the one external, of a car¬ tilaginous or leathery fubliance •, the other internal, membranaceous, of a very fine texture, and placed immediately above the radicle or embryo plant. The plants of this order are fragrant, warm, penetrating, and accounted cordial and cephalic. 1 heir chief vir¬ tue refides in the leaves. 43. Dumofce, (from dumus, a bulh) •, confifting of a number of (hrubby plants, which are thick fet with ir¬ regular branches, and bulhy. Ihe plants of this order are all of the flirub and tree kind, thick and bulhy, rifing from 6 to 25, 30, and even 40 feet high. Many of them too, as baftard alaternus, holly, iron wood, New Jerfey tea, ftar apple, viburnum, winter berry, and feme others, retain their beautiful leaves during the whole year. The roots are branched and fibrous. The Items are cylindric ; the young branches fometimes angular. The buds are naked, that is, without feales, in the evergreen Ihrubs of this order j covered with feales in molt of the others. Phe leaves, which in fome genera are fimple, in others compound, are placed al¬ ternate in fome, and oppofite in others. Ihe flowers are moftly hermaphrodite. They proceed from the wings of the leaves either fingly or in clufters *, or they terminate the Item in that fort of flowering head called a corytubus. The calyx is generally very fmall, placed below or around the feed-bud j and confifts of one leaf, with four, five, or fix divifions, which are per¬ manent. The rhamnus has no calyx. 1 he petals are in number from one to five. 1 he ftamina are either four, five, fix, or ten. The feed-bud is generally roundifh, and placed within the flower. Ihe ftyle is commonly Angle, and fometimes wanting. 1 he fligma is either fingle or triple. The feed-veflel is generally a berry, fometimes a dry capfule ; the feeds are gene¬ rally fihgle and egg-fhaped. 1 he berries, bark, and flowers of many of thefe plants are purgative, and aft particularly on the lymph and bile. 44. Sepiarice, (from /e/w, a hedge) ; confifting of a beautiful colleftion of woody plants, fome of which, from their fize, elegance, and other cireumftances, are very proper furniture for hedges. This order fur nifties woody plants both of the flirub and tree kind, moft of which do not drop their leaves till nearly the time when the new leaves begin to appear. 45. Umbellatce, (from umbella, an umbel) ; confift¬ ing of plants whofe flowers grow in umbels, with five petals that are often unequal, and two naked feeds, that are jointed at top and feparated below. I hefe plants are herbaceous, and chiefly perennial. I he roots are either tuberous or fpindle fliaped, and fome¬ times forked. The ftems are cylindric, full of pith, and frequently hollow. The branches are alternate. The leaves, which like the branches are put on alter¬ nately, are very different in point of form •, being fimple and entire in fome ; target-fhaped, in a fpecies of na¬ vel-wort •, finger or hand-fhaped, in fome others j and winged or pinnated with numerous minute divifions, as in the greater number. 1 hey are fupported by a footftalk, which is very broad and membranous at its origin, and commonly embraces the whole contour of the ftem and branches. The flowers are in general hermaphrodite. There are, however, fome that have male or barren flowers in the fame umbel. This is par¬ ticularly the cafe with thofe umbelliferous plants which have the petals in the flowers of the circumference large and unequal. In thefe plants the flowers in the cir¬ cumference only prove fertile ; l^iofe in the centre, or difk, proving abortive. Oenanthe and imperatoria, on the contrary, have the flowers in the circumference abortive. In ginfeng, hermaphrodite and male flowers are produced upon diftinft plants. The flowers are difpofed in an umbel, which is either fimple or com ¬ pound. The common calyx in this order is that fort termed very improperly by Linnaeus mvo/ucrum, or the flower-cover j which in the greater number con¬ fifts of one or more leaves placed under the partial or univerfal umbel, or both, for the purpofe of fupport. The prefence or abfence of one or both of thefe covers affords excellent marks in diferiminating the genera of this very fimilar order of plants. The proper calyx of each flower, in the aggregate, confifts of five minute in- dentments placed upon the feed-bud, which it enve¬ lopes, and accompanies to its maturity. The petals are five in number, and difpofed upon the fides of the flower-cup in form of a rofe. In the florets of the centre, the petals are generally pretty equal and fmall •, in thofe of the circumference, they are frequently un¬ equal and larger ; in the greater number, they are heart- fhaped, and cut almoft to the middle in two. The flamina are five in number, placed oppofite to the di¬ vifions of the flower-cup, and alternate with the petals; The feed-bud is univerfally placed under the feat of the flower, and fupports two ftyles which are turned back¬ wards, and crowned with fimple fummits which do not differ in appearance from the ftyles. The feed-veffel in this order is wanting. The feeds are two in num¬ ber, which, when ripe, feparate below, but remain clofely attached at top. The plants of this order, which grow in dry places, are fudorific, ftomachic, and warm¬ ing. Their virtue refides chiefly in the feeds and leaves; Thofe which grow in marfhy places are generally poi- fonous 5 but, notwithftanding the extremely warm and even cauftic quality of moft of thefe plants, many of them are employed in the kitchen, and in the economy of domeftic affairs. 46. Hederacece (from hedern^ ivy) *, confifting of ivy and a few other genera that feem nearly allied to it. This order furnifhes both herbaceous and fhrubby plants •, moft of which, particularly ivy and vine, have creeping branches, which attach themfelves by roots or tendrils to the bodies in their neighbourhood. The roots are long, with few branches. The ftems and young branches are cylindric. In fome fpecies of vine they are fquare. The leaves are alternate ; fometimes fimple, fometimes winged, in which the furface of the leaves is covered with points. The footftalk of the leaves is cylindrical, and without any furrow. The buds are of a conic form, and without any feales. The flowers are either hermaphrodite, male and female up¬ on different roots, or hermaphrodite and male upon dif¬ ferent roots. In fome they terminate the branches in an umbel j in others they proceed in clufters from the ' :,|8 B O T fide oppofite to tiie leaves j and in fome, they are pro¬ duced alon^ the branches. The calyx confifts of one leaf divided in five parts, which are fmall and general¬ ly permanent. The (lamina are in number five; awl- Ihaped, ereft, and generally of the length of the petals. CilTus has only four ftamina, which are inferted into ^ the neftarium, a fort of border furrounding the feed- bud. The anther® are roundilh, and fometimes, as in ivy, attached to the filaments by the fides. The feed- bud is fometimes round, fometifaes (haped like a top or pear, and ends in one, two, or five awl-fhaped (lyles, • which are crowned with a fimple iligma. The flowers of the vine have no Jlyle. The feed-vefiel is of the berry kind, with one, two, or five ftyles. The feeds are from one to five in number; placed either in di- flindl cells, or difperfed through the pulp without any partition. 47. Stel/atre, (from ftella, a flar) ; confifting of plants with two naked feeds, and leaves difpofed round the ilem in form of a radiant flar. This order contains herbs, flirubs, and trees.- The herbs, which are moft numerous, are chiefly annual, and creep along the fur- face of the ground. The (hrubs and trees are moflly evergreens, which rife ereft, and are of an agreeable conic form.—Thefe plants are opening ; fome of their Jeeds, particularly thofe of coffee, are bitter and cordial; fome of them are ufed in dyeing, and others in medicine. 48. Aggregates, (from aggregare, to affemble or col- left) ; comprehending thofe plants which have aggre¬ gate flowers, confifting of a number of florets or fmall flowrers, each of which has a proper and common calyx. 49. Compajitce, confifting of plants with compound flowers. In this order Linnaeus has conftrufted his firft or primary divifions from the different fexes of the florets, which he terms polygamy; the fubaltern divi¬ fions are conftrufted from the figure of the petals, the difpofition of the flowers, the pappus or crown of the feed, the common receptacle, and other eircumftances which charafterize the fubaltern divifions in other au¬ thors. 50. Amentacece (from amentum a catkin), plants bearing catkins ; as falix, populus, plantanus, &c. 51. Coniferce, (from conus a cone, and fero to bear) ; confifting of plants, whofe female flowers, placed at a diftance from the male, either on the fame or diftinft roots, are formed into a cone. In this charafter, the only one expreffed in the title, the plants in queftion feem to be nearly allied to the family of moffes : from which, however, they are eafily diftinguifhed by their habit, as well as by the ftrufture of the fmall flowers, in which the ftamina are united below into a cylinder, and diftinft at top. The plants of this order are moftly of the flirub and tree kind, and retain their leaves all the year. The form of thefe plants is generally conic, and extremely beautiful, from the difpofition of the branches, which cover the ftems even to the roots, ex¬ tending themfelves horizontally and circularly like fo * many rays. The height of fome genera of this order does not exceed half a foot, that of others approaches to a hundred. The roots are fhort, branching, not very fibrous, and extend horizontally. The ftems and branches are cylindric. The bark is thin, and fplk into flender feales. The. wood, except that of the yew tree, pofleffes little hardnefs. The buds are of a conic form, 4 A ^ * Hiftory, . and naked, or without feales. The leaves are entire, fmall, and thick, frequently triangular, and generally pointed. Juniper has a prickly and thorny leaf. With refpeft to filuation, they admit of great variety, being either alternate, oppofite, placed in whorls round the ftem, or collefted into fmall bundles which proceed from a Angle, point. They are placed on the branches without any fenfible footftalk. The flowers in this or¬ der are univerfally male and female. In fome genera, the male flowers are collefted into a fpike or cone at the end of the branches; in others, they proceed fingly from the wings of the leaves, or termination of the branches. The female flowers are generally colltfted into a cone ; but in yew tree and ihrubby horfe-tail they are Angle, and terminate the branches. The ca¬ lyx of the male flowers is a catkin ; of the female, a cone. The petals of this order are wanting ; except in the female flowers of juniper, which have three (harp, rigid, and permanent petals. The ftamina are in num¬ ber from 3 to 20 and upwards ; united by their fila¬ ments into a cylinder or pillar, which rifes out of the centre of the calyx. The anther® are ereft, diftinft, of a roundifti form, and divided into internal partitions or cells, which, in the different genera, are in number from two to ten. The feed-buds are generally nume¬ rous, and placed betwixt the feales of the cone, which ferve for a calyx. From each feed-bud arifes a very fhort cylindric ftyle, crowned with a fimple ftigma, of a conic form. Thefe plants have probably no feed- veffelor fruit; the feeds being naked, and involved only by the feales of the calyx. In fome genera thefe feales are of a bony nature, and almoft united; in others, they are of a fubftance like leather ; in juniper, they are united, and become flefhyand fucculent like a berry. The feeds in this order, being nourifhed, as in a feed- veffel, by the feales of the cone, or common calyx, dif¬ fer in nothing from the germina or feed-buds.—Moft , of the cone bearing plants are refinous, or gummy ; and the gums proceeding from them have a bitter tafte, but generally a very agreeable fmell. 32. Coaclunatce, (from coadunare, to join or gather together) ; fo termed from the general appearance of the feed-veffels, which are numerous, and being (lightly attached below, form all together a fingle fruit in the fhape of a fphere or cone; the parts of which, however, , are eafiiy feparated from one another. This order, which confifts of exotic plants, furnifhes a beautiful and choice colleftion of flirubs and trees, both evergreen and deci¬ duous. The trees are often 60 feet high, and garnifhed from the bottom to the top with fpreading branches and leaves of a bright green colour, which affume a very agreeable conic form. The roots are branching and fibrous. The ftems are cylindric, and the wood very hard. The buds are conic, flat, and generally without feales. The leaves are univerfally fimple and alternate. The footftalk is cylindric, without furrows, frequently fwelled at its origin, and appears jointed at its infertion into the branch. The flowers are hermaphrodite, and • are generally produced either along or at the end of the branches. The calyx generally confifls of three oblong plain leaves, like petals, which fall off with the flower. The petals are in number from 6 to 18, ob¬ long, concave, and frequently difpofed in two or three feries or rows, the outermoft of which are largeft. The ftamina are numerous, fliort, and inferted into the common 'lift or y. B O T A N Y. common receptacle in forue, and into the feed-bud in fmell: as to their virtues, they are opening and at-’, others. The filaments are very flrort and flender, fome tenuating. ■ genera having fcarce anv at all. i he antherae are nu- 5^" M-ufa-) moffes. Thefe plants refemble the pines, merous, llender, and placed round the feed-bud. The firs, and other evergreens of that clafs, in the form and pillillum generally confifts of a number of feed-buds difpofition of their leaves, and manner of growth of the difpofed in the form of a cone, and feated upon a recep- female flowers, which are generally formed into a cope, tacle which rifes like a fmall pillar above the receptacle They frequently creep, and extend themfelves like of the calyx. From each feed-bud generally arifes a a carpet upon the ground, trees, and Hones, being ge- cylindric. ftyle, which is very fhort. The ftigma is nerally colledted into bunches and tufts : the fmallefl commonly blunt. The feed-vtlfel is commonly a are,only one-third of an inch in height, and the lar- berry \ but in magnolia it is an oval cone, confifting geft do not exceed five or fix. lew of the mofles are of a number of roundifh capfules laid over each other annual : fmall as they are, the greater number are per- like tiles. The fruits or feed-veffels, whether of the ennial and evergreens. Their growth is remarkably berry, capfule, or cherry kind, are equal in number to flow, as may be judged by the time that the antherae the feed-buds, and generally flightly attached below. take to ripen. This, reckoning from the firft appear- The feeds are numerous, hard, roundifh, and fome- ance of the antherfe to the difperfion of its powder or times cornered. The plants of this order have a flrong, male duft, is generally four or fix months. Although agreeable, and aromatic fmell ; the fruits and feeds prt ferved dry for feveral years, thefe plants have the fin- hatfe a pungent tafte like pepper : the btfi-k and wmod gular property of refuming their original verdure upon are bitter. being moiflened. It would be worth while to deter- 53. Scabridce, (from fcaber, rough, rugged orbriftly), mine whether they do not alfo refume their vegetative coniifling of plants with rough leaves. There feems to quality. The roots of plants of this order are fibrous, be fome impropriety in characterizing thefe plants by flender, branched, and fhort. T. he flems are cylindric a name expreflive of the rougbnefs of their leaves, as and weak, as are alfo the branches; they creep upon the that circumltance had previouflv furnifhed the claffic ground, and flrike root on every fide. 1 he leaves are character of the Afperifolue. The degree of roughnefs, very fmall and undivided. I hey differ with refpeCt to however, is much greater in the plants which make the fituation ; being either alternate, oppofite, or placed by fubjeCt of the prefent article.—The plants of this or- fours round the ffalk. They have no perceptible foot- der are in general of an aflringent nature : their tafle flalk nor middle rib, and are feated immediately upon is bitter and flyptic. the. Items. The flowers are univerfally male and female : 54. Mifcel/anece, mifcellaneous plants. This order in fome, the male flowers are produced upon the fame confifls of fuch genera as are not conneCted together plants with the female, and Hand before them ; in by very numerous relations. They are, datifca, pote- others, they are produced fometimes on the fame, and rium, refeda, fanguiforba, lemna, piflia, coriaria, em- fometimes on diffinCt plants. The male flowers confiff petrum, achyraivthus, amaranthus, celeofia, gomphrena, entirely of antherae, and their covering; proceed either irefine, phytolacca, nymphcea, faracenia, cedrela, fwie- fingly, or in clufters, from the extremity of the branch- tenia, corrigpla, limeum, telephium. es, or angles of the leaves ; and are either feated imme- 55. Fi/ices, ferns; confiding -of plants which bear diately upon the branches, or fupported by a long foot- their flower and fruit on the back of the leaf or rtalk. flalk.. The female flowers, which generally refemble Thefe plants, in figure, approach the more perfeCt ve- capfules or cones, are all placed immediately upon the getables ; being furniflred, like them, with roots and flem or branches, without any foot-ftalk ; and proceed leaves. The roots creep, and extend themfelves hori- fingly either from the wings of the leaves, or fummit of zontally under the earth, throwing out a number of the branches; when produced upon the fame plant with very flender fibres on all fides. The flem is not to the male, they are always placed under them. The fe- be diftinguiflied from the common foot-ftalk, or rather male cones of the moffes greatly refemble thofe of the middle rib of the leaves; fo that in ftrift propriety the pines and evergreen trees of that clafs; the fcales which greater number of ferns may be faid to be acaules : that form them are true leaves, each containing in its wing or is, to want the flem altogether. In fome of them, how- angle a Angle feed. When the feeds are ripe, the cones ever, the middle rib, or ftalk proceeding from the probably open for their difperfion. When (hut, they root, overtops the leaves, and forms a ftem upon which refemble buds, and have, fometimes been ignorantly mif- ihe flowers are fupported. The leaves proceed either taken for fuch. The calyx, in this order, if it can be fingly, or in greater number, from the extremities of called fuch, is that appearance refembling a veil or the branches of the main root. They are winged or monk’s cawl, which in the male flower covers or is fu- hand-fliaped in all the genera except in adders-tongue, fpended over the tops of the ftamina like an extinguifh- pepper-grafs, and fome fpecies of fpleen-wort. The er, and is termed by Linnaeus fa/yys/ra. The petals are flowers, whatever be their nature, are, in the greater univerfally wanting. The moffes in general are almoft number of genera, faftened, and as it were glued, to taftelefs, have few juices, and being once dried do not the back of the leaves ; in others, they are fupported readily imbibe moiflure from the air. Thofe which upon a ftem which rifes above the leaves; but in fome, grow in water, being thrown into the fire, grow red, are fupported on a fiower-ftalk, as already mentioned. and are reduced to allies without receiving or commu- The (lamina are placed apart from the feed-bud in a nicating any flame; on which account fome fuperfti- genus termed by Mr Adanfonin the other tious people, the Siberians in particular, place water ferns, where we have been able to difcover the ftamina, mofs in their chitnneys as a prefervative againft fire, they are found within the fame covers with the feed- Moft of the moffes are purgative; fome violently fo, and bud. Moft of the ferns have a heavy^difagreeable even emetic. They are all of wonderful efficacy in pre- ferving 3} 9 320 . EOT -fervlng dry fuch bodies as are fufceptible of moifture; and in retaining, for a long time, the humidity of young plants, without expofing them to putrefa&ion. For this reafon, fuch plants as are to be fent to any conliderable diftance, are generally wrapped up in them. 57. Algce, flags j confiding of plants whofe root, leaf, and item, are all one. Under this defcription are comprehended all the fea weeds, and feme other aqua¬ tic plants. 58. Fungi, mufhrooms. Thefe plants are rarely branched, fometimes creeping, but mofl: commonly e- re&. Such as are furniflied with branches have them of a light fpongy fubftance like cork. Muflirooms differ from the fuci, in that thofe which, like the fuci, have their feeds contained in capfules, are not branch¬ ed, as that numerous clafs of fea weeds are. The greateft part of mufhrooms have no root: fome, inftead •ANY. Hiftorv of roots, have a number of fibres, which, by their in- ofculations, frequently form a net with unequal mefhes, fome of which produce plants fimilar to their parent vegetable. The ftamina in thefe plants are ftill unde¬ termined. The feeds are fpread over the furface of the plant, or placed in open holes or cavities, rtfembling the open capfules of fome of the fuci. In mufhrooms which are branched, the feeds are frequently vifible bv the naked eye, and always to be diltindlly obferved by the afliftance of a good microfcope. Thefe plants are very aftringent, and fome of them are ufed for flopping violent haemorrhagies. As a vegetable food they are at beft fufpicious : fome of them are rank poifon. Dubii ordinis. Under this name Linnaeus clafies all the other genera which cannot be reduced to any of the above-mentioned orders, and which are near 12c in number. Alphabetical Explanation of Botanical Terms. a. ABRUPT (abruptus), when a winged leaf ends without a little leaf. Acorn, the feed of the oak. Acotyledones, feeds without lobes, which produce no fe- minal leaves. Acute (acutus), tapering to a flender, but not thorny termination. Air-bag (folliculus), a diftended feed-veffel opening on one fide. Alternate (alternus), applied to branches, leaves, or flowers, fpringing out regularly one above another. Androgynous, having fome flowers on the fame plant, bearing ftamens, but no piftils j and other flowers bearing piftils, but no ftamens. Angiofpermia, feeds in a capfule. Angular (angulatus) having corners } oppofed to cy¬ lindrical. — capfule, as in flower-de-luce. Annual (annuus), living only one year. Anomalous (anomalus), irregular. Anther (anthera), the top of the ftamen fixed on the fi¬ lament, and containing the pollen. Apex, termination. Apophy/is, excrefcence. Approaching, fee Converging. Arrow-Jhaped, (fagittatus), leaf fhaped like an arrow head, as forrel. Afcending, growing firft horizontally, and then cent upwards. Attenuate (attenuatus), tapering. Awl-Jhaped (fubulatus), flender. Awn (arifta) or beard, the (harp fubftance growing to the valves of corn or grafs. Awnlefs (muticus), without awns. Axillary (axillaris) at the bafe of the leaves or branches. B. Barh (cortex), the covering of the ftems, roots, and branches of vegetables. Barren (mafculi, abortivi), flow’ers or florets which produce no perfeft feeds j generally wanting piftils. Bafe, fee Axillary. Battledore-Jhaped (fpatulatum), rounded with a neck. Beaded (granulatus), confifting of many little knobs, connefted by fmall firings. Beak or Bill (roftrum), a projecting appendage to fome feeds. Bearded (barbatus), befet with ftraight parallel hairs. Bell fhaped (campanulatus), like the bloflbm of the convolvulus. Bellying (ventricofus) diftended. Beneath (inferus). A bloffom is beneath, when it includes the germen, and is attached to the part immediately below it. A germen is faid to be beneath when it is not included in the corolla or bloffom. Berry (bacca), a pulpy feed-veffel without valves. Biennial, continuing alive for two years. Bird-footed (pedatus), refembling the foot of a land fowl. Bitten, ending in no regular form, not tapering. Bill (roftrum), a long fubftance attached to a feed. Bladders, air-bags on fome fpecies of fucus. B/adder-Jhaped (inflatus), inflated or diftended. Blifered, when the furface of a leaf rifes high above the veins. Bloffom (corolla), part of a flower, confifting of one or more leaves called petals. It is an expanfion of the inner bark of the plant, and is the ornamented co* ver of the ftamens and piftils. Blunt (obtufus), oppofed to acute. Boat-Jhaped (navicularis,) like a little keel-bottomed boat. Border (limbus), the upper part of a corolla of on» petal. Bowed (arcuatus), bent. Branched (ramofus), having lateral divifiohs. Briftles (fetge), ftiff cylindrical hairs. Brifle-fhaped (fetaceus), flender, and like a briflle. Bud (gemma), a protuberance on the Item or branches, containing the rudiments of the leaves or flowers to be expanded the following year. Bulb (bulbus), a bud placed on the root or ftem. Bulging (gibbus) irregularly fwollen out. Bunch J2I BOTANY. THiftory, Bunch (racemus), a fruitftalk with fhort lateral branches. Bundle (fafciculus), feveral flowers riling to the fame point from their refpeftive fruitftalks, as in fweet- william. Bundled, applied to leaves, as in the larch. Butterfly-Jhaped (papilionaceus), as the pea and broom flowers. C. Calycled (calyculatus), having a double calyx. Calyptre, veil. Calyx, or empalement, a continuation of the outer bark of the plant, forming part of the flower, is called a cup, as in primrofe, involucrum in carrot, catkin in hazel, calyptre in the mofles, a hulk in oats, a Iheath in the narciffus, and a curtain in fome fun- gufes. Capfule, a dry hollow feed-vefiel opening in fome deter¬ minate manner. Catkin (amentum), a compofition of flowers and chaff on a long thread-lhaped receptacle j the whole like a cat’s tail; e. g. the willow. Cell (loculamentum), vacuity in the capfule to lodge the feed. Central florets (flores flofculofl) j thofe which occupy the middle part of a compound flower, as the yellow ones in a common daify. Chaff (palea), thin membranaceous fubftance feparating the florets from each other, and growing on a com¬ mon receptacle. Channelled (canaliculatus), having a furrow from the bafe to the end. Cicatrized, fcarred. Ciliate, fringed. Circumference, the florets fartheft from the centre of a compound flower, as the white ones in the common daify. Clammy (vifcofus), adhefivedike bird-lime. Claw (unguis), the part of a petal next the bafe, diltin- guilhed from the limb or upper part. - Cleft, divided half-way down. Climbing (fcandens), plants that rife by the aid of others. Clothing (pubes), hairinefs on the furface of plants. Cloven, fee Cleft. Club-Jhaped (clavatus), thinner at the bafe, and thicker upwards. Clujler (thyrfus), flowers colle&ed in fomewhat of an egg-lhaped form like the lilac. Coated (tunicatus), root, compofed of layers like the onion. Cobwebbed (arachnoideus), covered with a fubftance re- fembling a cobweb. Coloured (coloratus), not green. Column (columella), the little pillar in the centre of fome capfules to which the feeds* are fixed. f Comb (coma), a colle£iion of floral leaves terminating the flowering ftem, as in the pine-apple. Comb-like (pe&inatum), a fort of winged leaf, the lea- fets of which are like the teeth of a comb. Common calyx, including feveral flowers, as in thiftles. CompaEl, growing clofe together. Compound flowers (compofiti flores) confift of many flo¬ rets or little flowers, on a receptacle or feat, as in thiftles. Vol. IV. Part I. Compreffed (compreffus), a cylindrical fubftance, more or lefs flatted. Cone (ftrobilus), a feed-veffel, formed by a catkin, with hardened fcales, as in the pine and fir. Cone-Jhaped (cucullatus), applied to leaves rolled up, as the grocers roll up paper to hold fpices, fugar, &c. Confluent (confluentia folia), running into one another at the bafe. Congregated (glomeratus), fpikes, &c. crowded toge¬ ther, fomewhat in a globular form. Conne&ed (adnatus) leaves, having their upper furface at the bafe, growing to the ftem or branch. Contiguous (adpreffus) leaves, &c. clofe to the ftem. Converging (connivens), approaching at the top. Convex, rifing like the furface of a globe. Convolute, twifted fpirally. Corolla, bloffom. Corymb, a collection of flowers (landing each on its own fruitftalk, with fruitftalks of fuch a length, that the whole collection forms a flat broad furface at the top, as in the pear-tree. Cotton, Cottony (tomentofum, tomentofus), downy, co¬ vered with a whitifh foft fubftance. Cotyledones, feed-lobes. Creeping (repens) ftem ; creeping along the ground, as ivy. — root, as fpearmint. Crefcent-Jhaped (lunaris, lunatus), fhaped like a waxing moon, like the anthers of the ftrawberry. Crefled (criftatus) flowers, tufted. Crooked (cernuus) fruitftalk, with the flower facing the earth, and fo ftiff, that it cannot be ftraighted with¬ out breaking $ as in the crown imperial. Crofs-pairs (decuffatus), leaves in pairs, each pair point¬ ing in a direction different from the pair above or below it. Crofs-Jhaped (cruciatus, cruciformis) flowers, having four petals in form of a crofs j called cruciform plants. Crowned (coronatus) feed, a feed to which the calyx adheres, e. g. teazel. Cruciform, fee Crofs-fhaped. Cryptogamia, ftamens and piftils indiftinCt. Cup (perianthium), a calyx contiguous to the other parts of the flower. ■■■ double (calyculatus), when the bafe of one cup is furrounded by another cup. Curtain (volva), the calyx of agarics and boleti. Cut-round (circumfciffus), when a feed-veffel opens in a circle, and not longways. Cylindrical (teres), round like a walking ftick. D. Dagger-pointed (mucronatus), ending, not gradually, but fuddenly in a (harp point. Deciduous (deciduus) leaves, which fall at the approach of winter. cup or calyx, falling off before the blof¬ fom. —— feed-veffel, falling off before it opens. Declining (declinatus), bent like a bow, with the arch downwards. Decurrent (decurrens) leaf, without a leafftalk, but where the leaf runs down the ftem. S f Dented •22 B O T Dented (retufus), a blunt leaf with a blunt notch at the end. DepreJJed (depreflus), when the furface of a leaf is {lightly funk. Diadelphia, the 17th clafs of plants, having the fila¬ ments united into two fets. Diamond-JJjaped (rhombeus), applied to leaves refem- bling a diamond on cards. Diandria, two ftamens. Didynamia, the 14th clafs, having two ftamens longer. Digynia, two piftils. Dimpled (umbilicatus), having a hollow dot. Dicecia, dioecious, having the flowers bearing ftamens and thofe bearing piftils on different plants. Dijk (difcus) of a leaf is its furface j of a compound flower is its central florets ; thus, in a daify, the minute yellow florets form the difc, and the larger white ftrap-ftiaped florets form the ray. Diftant (diftans), far afunder, as the ftamens of mint. Dijlended (ventricofus), as the cup of the rofe. Diverging (divergens), fpreading wide from the ftem almoft horizontally, oppofed to compaft. Divided (partitus), or parted, partite, fignifies that a cup, leaf, or petal, is parted more than half way down. Dodecandria, 12 ftamens. Dorfal, fixed to the back. Dotted (pun£tatus), marked with little hollow dots. Double (didymus), applied to two anthers on one fila¬ ment. Doubly-compound (decompofitus) leaves, having the primary leaf-ftalk divided, fo that each divifion forms a compound leaf. They are twin-fork (bigeminus), when a forked leaf-ftalk has feveral leafets at the end of each fork 5 or, doubly-threefold (bi-ternatus), when a leaf-ftalk, with three divifions, has three leafets on the end of each divifion or fork ; or dou¬ bly winged (duplicato pinnatum, bi-pinnatum), when a leaf-ftalk has lateral ribs, each of which forms a winged leaf. Down (pappus), the fine hair or feather-like fubftance, crowning the feeds of fame plants, and wafting them abroad. Downy leaf, fee Cottony. Drupe, a pulpy feed-veffel, without valves, confifting of a nut furrounded by a pulpy fubftance, ex. gr. a cherry. Dujled (pulveratus), applied to fome plants which ap¬ pear covered with a kind of powder. E. Ear-Jhaped (auriculatus) fomewhat refembling a hu¬ man ear. Egg-Jhciped (ovatus), in form of an egg. Egg-fpeur-Jhaped (ovato-lanceolatum), fee Spear-egg- Jh 'aped. ‘ Elliptic, oval. Embracing (amplexicaulis) the ftem, when the bafe of a leaf nearly furrounds the ftem. Entire (integer), oppofed to cleft, gaftied, &c. Equal (aequalis), regular. EreB, upright. Even (Isevis) furface ; level, regular. Excrefcence (apophyfis), a fubftance growing on fome of the moffes from the feat of the flower. Expanding (patens), between upright and horizontal^ 2 ANY. _ Hiftory, Eye (hilium), the fear by which a feed is fixed to the feed-veffel. F. Feathered (plumofum), the down of feeds when it fends out lateral hairs. Feeble (debilis), unable to ftand upright. Female flowers or florets, fuch as have one or more pi- ftils, but no ftamens. Ferns, the ift order of the clafs of cryptogamia. Fertile (fertiles vel feminei) flowers, thofe that produce feed capable of vegetation. Thofe that have ftamens only are always barren. Thofe that have piftils on¬ ly, are only barren when placed beyond the reach of the pollen, coming from the anthers of ftaminife- rous flowers. Fibres (nervi), woody firings running along a leaf. Fibrous (fibrofus) roots, compofed of fmall threads or fibres. Fiddle-Jhaped (panduriformis), oblong, but narrow in the middle, and broader below. Filament or thread (filamentum), the (lender part of a ftamen fupporting the anther. Fiftulous, hollow. Finger-like (digitatus) leaves, expanded like a man’s hand, in pairs, threes and fives. Flat-topped (faftigiatus), rifing to the fame height fo as to form a flat furface. Flefhy feed-veffel, ex. gr. an apple. Floral leaves (braftece) are generally on the fruitftalk,. fo that they are fometimes miftaken for the calyx j but the calyx withers when the fruit is ripe, where¬ as the floral leaves endure as long as the other leaves of the plant. Floret (flofculus), one of the fmall flowers forming a compound or incorporated flower. Flower (flos), a temporary part of a plant fubfervient to the formation of the feed. It confifts of eight parts,, a calyx, corolla, or bloflom, ftamens, piftils, feed- veffel, feeds, receptacle, and a nedlary. Wanting any of thefe parts, a flower is incomplete. Forked (furcatus, dichotomus), divided. Fringed (alatus), as the bloffom of the buck-bean. Fruit (frudtus), a part of a flower confifting of the feed- veffel, feed, and receptacle. Fruitjlalk (penduncuius), a part of a branch or ftem. bearing flowers, but not leaves. Fungus, the laft order of the clafs of cryptogamia. Funnel-Jhaped (infundibuliformis), when a one-petaled bloffom is tubular at the bafe, and conical at the top. Furrowed (fulcatus), marked with lines running length- wife. G. Gaping (ringens, perfonatus) bloffom, fo called from, its refemblance to a gaping mouth. Gafhed (lobatus), divided nearly half way down into lobes, convex at the edges, and diftant from each other. Gelatinous, jelly-like. Gem, a bud. General involucrum, a calyx at the bale of a general umbel, as in carrot. Germ, germen, feed-bud. Gibbous, bulged, or bulging. Gills (lamellae), thin plates on the under fide of tire pileus 323 liftory. B O T plleus or hat of an agaric ; remarkable in the com¬ mon mulhroom. Glafs-Jhapcd (cyathiformis), tubular, but widening to¬ wards the mouth. Glaucous (glaucus), hoary, as the back of a cabbage- leaf. Globular (globofus), like a round ball. Glume (gluma), hulk. Gnawed (erofum), when an indented leaf feems as if bitten at the edges. Granulated, refembling beads. Gymnofpermia, naked feeds. Gynandria, ftamens on the piftils. H. Hair-like (capillaris), flender, undivided, and cylin¬ drical. Hairs (pili), by fome thought fecretory du£ts. Haml-Jhaped (palmatus), like the human hand with the fingers expanded. Hat (pileus), the upper broad part of fungufes. Hatchet-Jhaped (dolabriforme) leaf, like an axe of un¬ equal thicknefs. Headed (capitulus) ftalk, fupporting one compact knob of flowers at its extremity. Heads (capitatus) of flowers, growing in compafl knobs, as in peppermint. Heart (corculum), that part of a feed which is the fu¬ ture plant in miniature. Helmet (galea), the upper part of a gaping blofibrn. Hemifpherical, like a half globe. Herbaceous ftem, fucculent, oppofed to woody. Hermaphrodite flowers or florets, fuch as contain both a ilamen or ftamens, and a piftil or piftils, as the greater part of flowers. Hexagonal, or fix-fided. Hexagynia, having fix piftils. Hexandria, fix-ftamened. Hoary (incanus), covered with a lilvery-looking fub- ftance. Honey-combed (favofum), a receptacle with cells open at the top, and having a feed in each. Hufk (gluma), the calyx of a grafs plant. Hybrid (hybrida), a plant produced by the pollen of one plant fertilizing the germen of a plant of a dif¬ ferent fpecies. A mule. J. Jagged (laciniatus) leaves, irregularly divided and fub* divided into lobes. Icofandria, 20-ftame.'*ed. ImperfeB flowers, wanting anther or piftil, or both. Incomplete flowers want the cup, the corolla, or fome other important part. See Flower. The tulip wants a cup, and the nettle has no bloffom or corolla. Incorporated (aggregates), when little flowers or florets form a compound flower, as a daify. Incumbent, anthers fixed by the fide, or ftamens lean¬ ing or refting againft. Indented leaf, having the edges deeply fcolloped, and the lobes far afunder. Inflated, as if blown up like a bladder. Inferior, fee Beneath. Interrupted, broken in its regular form, as a fpike by leaves intervening. Inverfe/y heart-fhaped (obcordatus), with the point of the heart next the ftem. ANY. Involucellum, a partial involucrum. Involucrum or fence, the calyx of an umbel placed at a diftance from the flowers. Jointed (articulatus), ex gr. a wheat ftraw. K. Keel, the loweft petal in a butterfly-ftiaped corolla. Keeled (carinatus), bent. Knob, fee Heads. L. LaElefcent, having a milky juice. Laminated, when the flat furfaces of leaves lie clofe on each other. Lateral branches, growing from the fides of the ftem. oppofed to terminating. Leaf, the part of a plant correfponding to the lungs, and alfo to the organs of motion of animals. Leafet, or little leaf, one of the Angle leaves of a com¬ pound leaf. Leaf-ftalk (petiolus), the footftalk of a leaf. Leather-like (coriaceus), tough like leather. Legume (legumen) or (hell, a feed-veffel of two valves with the feeds fixed to one feam, as in the pea. Level, when feveral branches or fruitftalks grow to equal heights. Lid (operculum), a cover to the capfules of feveral mofles. Ligu/ate, ftrap-ftiaped. Limb, the upper fpreading part of a petal. Limber (flaccidus) bending with its own weight. Lip, the upper or under divifion of a gaping corolla. Lobes, the divifions of a gaflred leaf. Lopped (truncatus), looking as if cut off by feiffars. M. Male flowers, which have ftamens, but no piftils. Matted (caefpitofus), thickly interwoven. Membranous, membranaceous, thin, Ikinny, and femi- tranfparent Monadelphia, united filaments. Monandria, one ftamen. Moncecia, one houfe, or plants having the ftamens and piftils in different flowers, but on the fame plant. Monogynia, one piftil in each flower. Monopetalous, one-petaled. Mouth (faux), the upper or opening part of the tube in a one-petaled corolla. Mules, fee Hybrid, N. Naked, without leaves or hairs, Nefiary, or honey-cup, the part of the flow'er which fe- cretes the honey. Nut, a feed covered by a hard woody (hell. O. Oblong-egg-Jhaped, oblong at the bafe, but egg-fhaped towards the end. Oftandna, eight-ftamened. OElagynia, eight piftils. P. Paleaceous, chaffy. Panicle, an irregular affemblage of flowers. Papilionaceous flowers, butterfly-fhaped, as the pea. Paraftical plants, which grow not on the earth, but on other plants. Pedicle, a little fruitftalk. Pentagon, five-cornered. Pentagyma, five piftils. S f 2 Pentandrittf 3H B O T Pentandna, five-ftamened, Perennial, continuing more than two years. Petals, (petala), the leaves which conftitute the corol¬ la or bloflfom. Pillar (ftipes), the pedicle of the down of forae feeds, as in dandelion. Pimpled (papillofus), befet with little hard protube¬ rances. Piflil, a part of a flower confifting of the germen, the ftyle, and the fummit. Pitcher-Jhaped, (urceolatus), bellying like a jug. Pith, a foft fubftance filling the cavities of fome plants. Plaited, folded. Pod (filiqua), feed-veffel of two valves, within which the feeds are alternately fixed to each featp. Pollen (farina), a fine powder in the anthers of flowers. Polyadelphia, ftamens in three or more fets. Polyandria, many ftamens. Po/ygamia, fee introduftion to the 23d clafs. Pores, little holes. Pouch, a ftiort pod. Prifm-Jhaped, different from cylindrical, in having the circumference angular. Proliferous, when one flower, See. fprings out of ano¬ ther. Pubefcent, clothed with foft wool or hair. R. Radiate, compound flowers in which the florets of the centre differ from thofe of the circumference. See Difk. Rays (radii), outer florets of a radiate compound flower. See Dijk. Receptacle, the feat or bafe of a flower. ReJleSed, bent back. Remote whirls, having a confiderable length of ftem between each. Rhomboidal, nearly diamond-ftiaped. Rigid, inflexible. Root-leaves (radicalia), thofe which proceed immedi¬ ately from the root. Ruffle or ring, the part of the curtain of an agaric which adheres to the ftem after the outer part is gone. Salver-Jhaped (hypocrateriformis), when a one-petaled corolla has its lower part tubular, and its higher part flat and expanded. Scaly (fquamofus), like the fkin of a fifti. Scurfy (fquarrofus), applied to the rough cup of fome compound flowers. Seed, that which contains the rudiments of the new plant. Seed-lobes (cotyledones), the perifhable part of a feed ■which affords food to the reft in germination. A NY* . Hiftory.- Seminal leaves, thofe which rife from the feed-lobes. Serrated, like the teeth of a favv. Sheath (fpatha), a kind of calyx like that of the crocus. Simple, undivided. Sitting leaves or flowers, without leaf or flower-ftalks. Solitary, only one in a place, Spear-egg-Jhaped, like a fpear at the bafe, and an egg at the extremity. Spike (fpica), a colledion of flowers placed alternately on each fide of a common fruitftalk without little fruitftalks. Stamen, confifts of a filament and anther. Staminiferous, bearing ftamens. Streaked, marked with depreffed lines. Syngenejia, united anthers. T Target-Jhaped leaf, having the ftalk fixed, not in the edge, but the centre. Tetragynia, four piftils. Tetradynamia, four ftamens longer. Tiled, one leaf or fcale partly covering another. Tooth ferrated, when the edge of a leaf is marked with little ferrated teeth. Triandria, three ftamens. Trigynia, three piftils. Tubercled, having folid warts; applied to certain lichens. Tuberous root, having many roundilh knobs in a bundle. Tubular, hollow like a tube. U. Umbel (umbella), an affemblage of flowers in which a number of flender fruitftalks, proceeding from the fame centre, rife to nearly the fame height, fo as to form a regular furface at the top, as in hemlock or carrot. Unequal florets (radiati), when the florets of an umbel are larger in the circumference than in the centre. Valve, the pieces of a capfule are called valves. Vaulted (fornicatus), like the roof of the mouth. Veil (calyptra), the calyx of moffes. ' W. Wheel-Jhaped, a corolla of one petal, with a flat border- and a ftiort tube. Whirls of branches, leaves or flowers j ex gr. the branches of the fir. Wings, the lateral petals of a butterfly-ftiaped bloffom. Winged leaf-ftalk, with a thin membrane on each fide. ■ leaf, when an undivided leaf-ftalk has many little leaves growing from each fide. Wing-cleft, a leaf deeply cut. Woody, oppofed to herbaceous. Woolly, curly haired clothing on fome plants. Z‘ Zigzag, having many contrary bendings. * INDEX. U'./l/Y'htbct/c/ tfru//->/' B O T A N Y. PLA TE C. Triandria. W.Jrakifra/d Srxft \, // '' i *• •' v-’: ' ' - ; ' * ' - » 1 . Tiiandiia ///S'rV/.J r" Sf.f/f/// ///V/ /YY/f/. ' f’S'/Yf/r'/ . . //3. ^/'y-rAvr *. //v/rz/Avr M. jlrr/tifatM $a/fy> .r J i O T A N ^ : FLA TE CEL F (julaiidrj a. v -■> \ X ■ j . . /v. y ti; civ tVf/cr, o If/m/ ///////r/Z/Z/r/// . WLAf'eAi&ald. S'cul/j / B O 7'ANY /z>/. '/Aur//(//vs ///v\j//y//(/ Z-'./O'?. PLA TE C\ vzzvz /o.?. Ileptandria Or r/r/f vm /O1? ////////// WArrh /6 a./c/ Scn/p //{! Wt/o'/z/’O Octaudria e7 ///. M'.Jnrhii’a/d Sciz/p. i * - % I B O T A N Y. PLA TE CVH WArvfiP a/d- S'crt//? .* l ; •, ■ i:'«| n O T A]\ Y. A^AVl/ PLATE CV1IL JJ £ C A IV I> RI A . HjKMsi TO X YJtOIC CJilt PE CWIAYUM DlOJSr^VLs* M US CTP UI+A Eruj* by W-ArchHald' SdavV . ' -.a- . :> %'» 1 i O TANY PLATE C/X D o de c ai lcIt i a . f \ \ ■'* \ \* \ f S / -* v M : ■ > , ‘ • < i ■:> Botany Plate CX. Dodeeaudria. Oararua Afan^ostan^. A fat u/o sfa/b Tree. E. -Milr/uE/f'l'/f?! *- f/'// / Z//.i ' ^ . r Zfr///f//svr <■'/'tj/y'st-s~ i Z-rr.y//./<2-4- BOTA1VY. (4//‘y/ //rV//////^V/. /// 'frSsyr.’i /iar/c./t. PLATE (MU W.Aretv Ur a. Id ■v B O TANY. PLATE CXI\ Eng l>y W- Arch^bcLLcLEctinJ r . v; - - *-* • ; . T I W.Archib aid Jatlp * PLJTh: CXVI. BOTANY. \u> w 7 it ic h riii.i i KKK im.i r.noiviA. P. A?/. HO,MILtX JfEl'T4PHYZLTTM. SILK COTTOS TREE. P. ?33. yll>. tSXM II JtICIT.ITl SO IK OOTRO P. H A’, hijutlj Sfltlpt V IS O TAX V. PLATE CXVH. MONNJERJA TRIFOE1A niAnELPiiiA. GEOFFISOYA SPI5TOSA. BASE CABBAGE TREE. T 240. A TKLrbrv Sculp! 13 O TANY. P olv n dr It >lixa . PLATE CXVm. \<\ / / /. " l): ■ /s/f V V/Z'/y// <^V/yyyy 1*1^ C 6/s * , 'f C*S/t/£—C/f//V?s/. /i / < '.S;.7 _ WJrrhibald • \ • « . ■ * I! * WArchibald Sculp ’ ■ ' ' ' :• • ,v : PLATE CXm. . A. 2^6. BOTANY. DICE C 1^ f sjr/aid. fculp. ‘ i" . ■ ' -'i . . WJn-hihi/J Sa/Tp.' PLATE CJXV. 232 Wstrchifi.iirf fatjpf -.1 JNTV JH)TAX> PLATE CXXVI. PCJL. 'YCAM1A. 1RCTOFIW ECHrXATlV, P. Z82. W^AT-e/ub alct Pceife .' •\ f t \ ■ \ , IN •- ^ ,, 'T ^ ! li O TA N Y. PLATE CXSVU. ff. An 'Jrili, thl . 93 176 J93 262 200 235 128 73 10 109 248 284 119 74 215 119 245 273 279 194 284 123 180 123 245 125 128 129 i79 ^5 *50 Sterbeckia Sterculia Sternodea Stilbe Stipa Stilago Stillingia Stoebe Strelitzia Strigilia Stroemia Strumpfia Strumaria Struthiola Strychnos Stuartia Styphelia Styrax Subularia Suriana Syena Symphonia Symplocos Syngenefia, clafs of Syringa Sytlems of botany Svvartzia S wertia Swietenia Symphitum T. Tabernaemontana Table of the numbers of plants Tacca Tagetes Talinum Tamarindus Tamarix Tam us Tansecium Tanacetum Targionia Taxus Tedlonia Telephium Terminalia TernftrcEmia Tetracera Tetradynamia, clafs of Tetragonia Tetrandria, clafs of Tetratheca Teucrium Thalia Thalidtrum Thapfia Thea Theligonum Theobroma Theophrafta Thefium Thlafpi Thouinia Thrinax page 200 188 214 280 97 258 26 ? 248 US 178 122 124, 248 I5I 110 120 230 120 178 223 180 96 229 242 244 79 292 199 J25 177 118 120 289 151 246 189 229 128 274 212 246 284 275 120 128 279 200 202 223 194 107 163 211 74 203 127 201 264 241 119 125 224 120 I53 Tbryallis Thuja Thunbergia Thy m bra Thymus Tiarella Tilia Tillaea Tillandfia Toluifera Ton fell a Tordylium Torenia Tormentilla Tornex Tor tula Tourettia Tournefortia Tournefort’s botanical rangement Tozzia Trachelium Trachonanthus Tradefcantia Tragia Tragopogon Trapa Tremella Triandria, clafs of Triantheraa Tribulus Trichilia Trichocarpus Trichomanes Trichofanthes Trichoftema Tricratus Tridax ' Trientalis Trifolium Triglochin Trigonella Triguera Trillium Trilix Tripteris Triofteum Tripfacum Triticum Triumfetta Trollius Tropajolum Trophis Tulbagia Tulipa Turraea Turnera Turritis Tuffilago Typha U. Ucriana Ulex Ulmus Ulva page 177 264 215 212 / ib. 179 201 112 150 176 96 126 212 194 188 215 214 120 ar- 296 213 121 245 105 262 244 no 285 95 179 177 ib. 20I2 284 265 212 117 247 161 236 154 236 121 I54 200 179 122 262 98 188 203 163 273 152 153 177 128 224 246 262 122 235 126 Ttf5 1 t 2 botany ex- Uniola Unona Unxia Urania Urena Urtica Ufteria Utricularia Uvaria Uvularia Vaeciniifm Vahlia Vaillantia Valentinia Valeriana Vallea Vallifneria Vandellia V angueria Varieties in plained Varronia Vatica Velezia Vella Ventilago Veratrum Verbafcum Verbena Verbefina Verea Veronica Viburnum Vicia Vinea Viola Vire£la Vifcum Vifnea Vitex Vitis Vitmannia Volkameria Voltheimia W. Wachendorfia Wahlbomia Waldfteinia Wallenia Walkera Waltheria Webera Weigelia Weinmannia Wendlandia Vv7illughbeia "Willichia Wintera Wintheringia Witfenia Writers, ancient, on tany Wulfenia Wm mbea 331 page 97 203 246 151 231 262 75 80 203 153 164 126 279 165 95 200 272 213 122 70 120 189 125 224 124 279 119 80 247 165 79 128 236 120 123 I2r 273 189 215 123 163 215 152 95 202 *93 108 123 229 122 118 *65 J54 120 96 202 108 95 bo- 289 79 554 Xanthium 332 Xanthium Xeranthemum Xerunhyta Ximenia Xiphidium Xylocarpus X. XylopTiylla page 263 Xylopia 246 Xyris 152 164 Yucca 95 164 Zamia BOTANY page 1 28 Zanichellia 203 Zanonia 96 Zanthoxylon Y. Zanthorhiza 153 Zea Z, . Zinnia 283 Zizania page 261 273 ib. 1 29 262 247 26.3 Ziziphora Ziziphus Zoegea Zortera Zwingera Zygophyllum Inde; x. page 80 247 75 'S B O T BOTANY-Eay, fo called from the great number of new plants which were difcovered by the naturaliils who firft vifited it. See New-HOLLANDi BOTANOMANCY, (from ?®rasv)), herb,and f.tarnici, divination'), an ancient fpecies df divination, by means of plants •, tfpecially lage and fig leaves. The manner of performing it was thus : the perfons who confulted wrote their own names and their queftions on leaves, which they expofed to the wind ; and as many of the letters as remained in their own places were taken up, and being joined together, contained an anfvver to the queftion. BOTARGO, a kind of faufage, made with the eggs and blood of the mullet, a large iilh common in the Mediterranean. The betl kind comes from Tunis in Barbary : It mult be chofen dry and reddilh. The people of Provence ufe a great deal of it, the common way of eating it being with olive oil and lemon juice. There is alfo a great confumption of it throughout the Levant. BOTE, (Sax.), fignines a recompenfe, fatisfaclion, or amends : hence comes manbote, compenfation or a- mends for a man (lain, &c. In King Ina’s laws is de¬ clared what rate was ordained for expiation of this of¬ fence, according to the quality of the perfon flain. From hence like-wife we have our common phrafe, to- boot, i. e. compenfationis gratia. There are houfe-bote, plough-bote, See. privileges to tenants in cutting of wood, &c. BOTELESS, (line remedio). In the charter of Hen. I. to Tho. archbifhop of York, it is faid, “ that no judgment or fum of money lhall acquit him that commits facrilege 5 but he is in Englifh called bote/efs, viz. without emendation.” We retain the word dill in common fpeech : as, It is bootlefs to attempt fuch a thing \ that is, It is in vain to attempt ,it. BOTH, John and Andrew, Flemifh painters, and pupils of Bloemart. The union of thefe brothers was very Angular 5 they were infeparable in their ftudies, travels and painting. John painted the landfcape part of their pictures in the manner of Lorrain, and Andrew the figures and animals in the llyle of Bamboche. They both died in 1650. John’s tafte in landfcape is ele¬ gant ; his ideas are grand ; his compofition beautiful ; and his execution rich and mafterly in the higheft de¬ gree. His light is not always well dillributed ; but his figures are excellent. It is to be regretted that we have not more of his works •, for they are certainly, upon the whole, among the bed landfcapes we have. BOTHNIA, a province of Sweden, at the en-d of 1 B O T the gulf of the fame name. It is divided into two parts called eaj} and %vcjl Bothma, the former of which belongs to Finland. Wed Bothnia is full of mountains ; the earth is fandy, and yet a fcarcity of provifions jg feldom known. Cattle and game are fo common, fal- mon and a fort of herrings fo plenty, and the trade of fkins is fo gainful, that the inhabitants can command what they want from their neighbours. There are on¬ ly two towns worth mentioning, viz. Tornea and Uma. The inhabitants of this province are Protedants ; and are a civil well-behaved people. BOTRYS, Botrus, or Bojira, in Ancient Geographyr a town of Phoenicia, on the Mediterranean, built by Saturn, (a proof at lead; of antiquity) ; twelve miles to the north of Byblus, and twenty to the fouth of Tri- polis. Now almod in ruins, and called Boteron, or Bo- turn, (Podellus). E. Long. 37. 30. N. Lat. 34. 6. BOTT, among bone-lace weavers, a kind of round culhion of. light matter placed on the knee, whereon they work or weave their lace with bobbins, &c. Eott, in Zoology. See BoTTS; BOTTICELLI, Sandro, or Alesandro, born at Florence in 1437, teamed the rudiments of painting under Filippo Uppi. He executed feveral piftures for Pope Sixtus IV. and others for the city of Flo¬ rence : for thefe he received large fums of money, all of which he expended, and died at lad in great didrefs, aged 78. He was not only a painter but a man of letters. Baldini, according to the general report, com¬ municated to him the fecret of engraving, then newly difcovered by Finiguerra their townfman. The fa¬ mous edition of Dante’s poem of Hell, printed at Flo¬ rence by Nicholo Lorenzo della Magna, A. D. 1481, and to which, according to fotne authors, Botticelli undertook to write notes, was evidently intended to have been ornamented with prints, one for each canto, and thefe prints (as many of them as were finidied) were dedgned, if not engraved, by Botticelli. It is remarkable, that tho two fird plates only were printed upon the leaves of the book, and for want of a blank fpace at the head of the firft canto, the plate belong¬ ing to it is placed at the bottom of the page. Blank fpaces are left for all the red •, that as many of them as were finifhed might be pafted on. Mr Wilbraham^ pofTeffes the fined copy of this book extant in any pri¬ vate library j and the number of prints in it amounts to nineteen. The two fird, as ufual, are printed on the leaves ; and the other feventeen, which follow re¬ gularly, are paded on the blank fpaces $ and thefe ap¬ parently were all that Botticelli ever executed. About -’ EOT [ 333 ] B O T Botticelli tlie y^r M^0» 11 ‘s ^aicJ ^)e engravec^ a ^et of || plates, reprefenling the Vrophets and Sibyls. Bafan Bottling, tells us that he marked thele plates with a monogttwr ccmpofed of an A and a B joined together. BOTTLE, a fmall veffel proper to contain liquors, made of leather, glaf-, or ffone. '1 be word is formed from bute/lur or boteltus, ufed in barbarous Latin wri¬ ters, for a letTer veffel of wine ; being a diminutive of bota, which denoted a butt or cafk of that liquor. The ancient Jewifh bottles were tags made of goats or other wild beads fkins, with the hair on the infide, well fewed and pitched together ; an aperture in one of the animals paws ferving for the mouth of the veffel. Glafs bottles are better for cyder than thofe of done. Foul glafs bottles are cured by rolling land or fmall ihot in them ; mufty bottles, by boiling them. See Glass. Bottles are chiefly made of thick coarfe glafs : though there are likewife bottles of boiled leather made and fold by the cafe-makers. Fine giafs-bottles cover¬ ed with ftraw or wicker, are called flajlis or bettees. The quality of the glafs has been fometimes found to affedf the liquor in the bottle. Dr Percival cautions againfl the practice of cleaning of wine bottles with leaden Ihot. It frequently hap¬ pens (he thinks), through inattention, that lome of the little pellets are left behind •, and when wine or beer is again poured into the bottles, this mineral poifon will (lowly diffolve, and impregnate thofe vinous liquors with its deleterious qualities. The fweetnefs which is fometimes perceived in red port wine may arife from this caufe, when fuch an adulteration is neither defign- ed nor fulpedled.—Potafti is recommended for cleanfing bottles : a fmall quantity in the water will clean two Sn)fs* , - . BOTTLING, the operation of putting up liquors in bottles corked, to keep, ripen, and improve. The wri¬ ters on good hufbandry give divers rules concerning the bottling of beer, cyder, and the like. The virtues of Spaw, Pyrmont, Scarborough, and other waters, de¬ pend on their being well bottled and corked, otherwife they lofe both their tafte and fmell. To preferve them, it is neceffary the bottles be filled up to the mouth, that all the air may be excluded, which is the great enemy of bottled liquors. The cork is alfo further fecured by a cement. Some improve their bottled beer, by put¬ ting cryftals of tartar, and wine or malt fpirits, and others, by putting fugar, boiled up with the effence of fome herb, and cloves, into each bottle. Cyder requires fpecial precautions in the bottling \ being more apt to fly, and burft the bottle, than other liquors. The beft way to fecure them, is to have the liquor thoroughly fine before it be bottled. lor want of this, fome leave the bottles open a while, or open them after two or three days bottling to give them vent. If one bottle break, through fermentation, it is beft to give them all vent, and cork them up again. Mean cyder is apter to break the bottles than rich. Some foak the corks in fealding water, to render them more pliant and ferviceable. Another particular to be obferved is, to lay the bottles fo as that the liquor may always keep the cork wet and fwelled. Something alfo depends on the place where the bottles are fet, which ought to be fuch as expofes them as little as poflible to Bottling the alterations and impreffions of the air j the ground || is better for this purpofe than a frame 3 fand better, Eottony- than the bare ground : and a running water, or a fpring i often changed, beft of all. To haften the ripening of bottled liquors, they are fometimes fet in a warm place, or even expofed to the fun, when a few days will bring them to maturity. BOTTOM, in a general fenfe, denotes the lowed part of a thing, in contradiftinflion to the top or up- perm oft part. Bottom, in Navigation, is ufed to denote as well the channel of rivers and harbours, as the body or hull of a ftsip. Thus, in the former fenfe, we fay, gra¬ velly bottom, clayey bottom, fandy bottom, &c. and in the latter fenfe, a Bntijh bottom, a Dutch bottom, &c. By ftatule, certain commodities imported in foreign bottoms, pay a duty called 'petty cujiom, over and above what they are liable to if imported in BritilL- bottoms. BOTTOMRY, in Commerce, (apra£Hce which ori¬ ginally arofe from permitting the mailer of a (hip in a foreign country to hypothecate the (hip in order to raife money to refit,) is in the nature of a mortgage of a Ihip •, when the owner takes up money to enable him • to carry on his voyage, and pledges the keel or bot¬ tom of the (hip (pars pro toto) as a fecurity for the re¬ payment. In which cafe it is underftood, that if the Ihip be loft, the lender lofes alfo his whole money ; but if it return in fafety, then he (hall receive back his prin¬ cipal, and alfo the premium or intereft agreed upon, however it may exceed the legal rate of intereft. And this is allowed to be a valid contrail in ail trading na¬ tions, for the benefit of commerce, and by reafen of the extraordinary hazard run by the lender. And in this cafe, the (hip and tackle, if brought home, are an- fwerable (as well as the perfon of the borrower) for the money lent. But if the loan is not upon the veffel, but upon the goods and merchandife, which muft ne- ceffarily be fold or exchanged in the courfe of the voyage, then alfo the borrower, perfonally, is bound to anfwer the contrafr j who therefore, in this cafe, is faid to take up the money at refpondentia. Thefe terms are alfo applied to contrafts for the repayment of mo¬ ney borrowed, not on the (hip and goods only, but on the mere hazard of the voyage itfelf-, when a man lends a merchant icool. to be employed in a beneficial trade, with condition to be repaid with extraordinary intereft, in cafe fuch a voyage be fafely performed •, which kind of agreement, is fometimes csMzd faints nauticum, and fometimes ujura maritima. But as this gave an open¬ ing for ufurious and gaming contra£ls, efpecially upon long voyages, it was enabled by the ftatute 19 Geo. II. c. 37. that all monies lent on bottomry, ,or at refpon- dentia, on veffels bound to and from the Eaft Indies, (hall be expreftly lent only upon the ftiip, or upon the merchandife ; that the lender (hall have the benefit of falvage j and that if the borrower has not on board ef- fc£!s to the value of the fum borrowed, he (hall be re- fponfible to the lender for fo much of the principal as hath not been laid out, with legal intereft and all other charges, though the (hip and merehandife be totally loft. BOTTONY. A crofs bottony, in Heraldry, termi¬ nates -v B O T t 334 ] ' . EOT Bottony nates at each end in three buds, knots, or buttons, re- (i fembling, in fome rneafure, the three-leaved grafs ; on Betts, which account Seguing, in his Trefor Herahlique, terms < jj. crojx trc£iee^ It is the badge of the order of St Mau¬ rice. See HERAI.DRY Plates. BOTTRIGARO, Hercole, a perfon eminently fkilledin the fcienceof mufic, though not a mufician by profeffion. He was a man of rank in Bologna ; and appears, from feveral letters to him that have been print¬ ed, to have had the title of Count. He publillied feve¬ ral controverlial pieces on the lubjeft of mufic. It feems that he entertained ilrong prejudices in favour of the ancient mufic ; and that he attempted, as Vincentine and others had done, to introduce the chromatic ge¬ nus into praftice, but with no. better fuccefs than had attended the endeavours of others. He corre&ed Go- gavino’s Latin verfion of Ptolemy in numberlefs in- ilanees 5 and that to fo good a purpofe, that Dr Wallis has in general conformed to it in that tranflation of the lame author which he gave to the world many years after. He alfo tranllated into Italian Boetius de Mu~ Jtcai and as much of Plutarch and Macrobius as relates to mufic : befides this, he made annotations upon Ari- ftoxenus, Franchinus, Spataro, Vicentino, Zarlino, and Galiilei $ and, in (hurt, on almoft every mufical trea- tife he could lay his hands on, as appears by the copies which were once his own, and are now repofited in many libraries in Italy. Of Bottrigaro’s works it is laid, that they contain greater proofs of his learning and (kill in mufic, than of his abilities as a writer, his llyle being remarkably inelegant: neverthelefs, he af- fe£led the charafter of a poet; and there is extant a colle6fion of poems by him, in 8vo, printed in 1557. * Mvfical Walther * represents him as an able mathematician, Lexicon. an(j a colleflor of rarities ; and fays that he was pofief- fed of a cabinet, which the emperor Ferdinand II. had a great defire to purchafe. He died in 1609. BOTTS, in 'Zoology, a Ipecies of worms which can be produced and nourifiied only in the inteftines of a horfe. It is there alone they can enjoy the proper tem¬ perature of heat, and receive the nourifliment neceffary for them. See Oestrus, Entomology Index. Befides the long worms which have been obferved in the bodies of horfes, there are alfo fhort ones.—By thefe are to be underftood what we call bolts. All authors, both ancient and modern, who have treated of the difeafes of horfes, have taken notice of thefe worms; but M. Vallifnieri is the firft who has tra¬ ced them to the lafl: ftage of their transformation, and has feen them change into a hairy kind of fly like the drone. The flies from which thefe botts are produced inha¬ bit the country, and do not come near houfes, at leafl; not near thofe of large towns : and therefore horfes are never liable to have the worms (i. e. botts) in their bodies, if they have been kept in the houfe, efpecially in a town, during the fummer and autumn. It is in the former of thefe feafons, and perhaps too in the beginning of the latter, that the females of thefe flies apply themfelves to the anus of horfes, and endea¬ vour to gain admittance, in order there to depofit their eggs, or perhaps their worms. The precife inftant of their entrance will fcarce ad¬ mit of an eye-witnefs, but by the mereft chance *, yet M. Vallifnieri fays, that Dr Garpari had attained this very uncommon fight. The doftor (he tells us) was Bom one day looking at his mares in the field ; and from be- -y— iilg very quiet, he obferved, that on a hidden they be¬ came very reftlefs, and ran about in great agitation, prancing, plunging, and kicking, with violent motions of their tails. He concluded, that thefe extraordinary effedts were produced by fome fly buzzing about them, and endeavouring to fettle upon the anus of one of them ; but the fly not being able to fucceed, he obfer¬ ved it to go off with lefs noife than before, towards a mare that was feeding at a difiance from the reft ; and now the fly taking a more effefinal method to obtain its defign, paffed under the tail of the mare, and fo made its way to the anus. Here at firft it occafioned only an itching, by which the inteftine was protruded with an increafing aperture of the anus ; the fly taking the advantage of this, penetrated further, and fecured itfelf in the fold of the intertine :—this effedled, it u'as in a fituation proper for laying its eggs. Soon af¬ ter this, the mare became very violent, running about, prancing, and kicking, and throwing herfelf on the ground j in fhort, was not quiet, nor returned to feed¬ ing, till after a quarter of an hour. The fly then, we fee, can find means of depofiting its eggs, or perhaps its worms (i. e. botts), in the funda¬ ment of the horfe ; which once effected, it has done all that it is neceffary for them. If thefe bott-worms are not hatched when firft depofited in the horfe, but are then only eggs, it will not be long before it happens, from the nutritive heat they there receive. Thefe bott-worms foon make their vTay into the in¬ teftines of the horfe : they occupy fuch parts of this region as are to them moll convenient 5 and fometimes (as we fliall fee prefently) they penetrate even to the llomach. All the hazard they appear to be expofed to, is that of being carried awTay from the places they have fixed on by the excrement, which may feem like¬ ly to drive all before it. But nature has provided for all things j and when we fhall have further deferibed thefe bott-worms, it will feem that they are able to maintain their fituation, and to remain in the body of the horfe, as long as they pleafe. There is a time when thefe bott-worms are of them¬ felves defirous to leave this their habitation, it being no longer convenient for them after the purpofes of their growth are anfwered. Their transformation to a fly mull be performed out of the horfe’s body : and ac¬ cordingly, when the time of their transformation draws near, they approach towards the anus of the horfe •, and then leave him of their own accord, or with the excrement, with which they then buffer themfelves to be carried along. According to M. de Reaumur’s obfervations, the bott-worms have two unequal claws, by which they are enabled to remain in the inteftines of the horfe in op- pofition to all efforts of the excrement to force them out.—Thefe claws are a fort of anchor, differently dif- pofed from thofe of common anchors, but contrived to produce the fame effect. Befides thefe two claws, na¬ ture has given them a great number of triangular fpines or briftles, very fufficient to arm them againft the coats of the inteftines, and to refill the force em¬ ployed to drive them towards the anus, provided the head be directed towards the ftomach of the horfe. It will be alked, no doubt, if thefe bott-worms are not BOV [3 not dangerous to horfes ?—The mares which afforded M. de Reaumur, for feveral years, thofe on which he made his obfervations, did not appear to be lefs in health than thofe which had none j but it may fome- times happen, that they are in fo great a quantity in the body of the horfe as to prove fatal to him. M. Vallifnieri fuppofes thefe bott-worms to have been the caufe of an epidemical difeafe that deftroyed a great many horfes about Verona and Mantua in the year 1713. —The obfervations communicated to him by Dr Gaf- pari fuffieiently confirm his fuppofition. This gentle¬ man, upon differing fome horfes that died of this dif- temper, found in their ftomachs a furprifing quantity of Ihort worms ; of which to give us fome idea, he compares them to the kernels of a pomegranate opened; each of thefe, by gnawing on the coat of the flomaeh, had made to itfelf a kind of cellule therein, each of which would eafily contain a grain of Indian wheat. It is eafy to imagine by this means the ftomach muff be reduced to a wretched condition; the outer membranes were inflamed, and the inner ones ulcerated and cor¬ rupted; a very fmall quantity of thefe worms was found in the fmall inteftines, and only a few in the larger, to which laft they were found affixed, but had not corro¬ ded them. It is only perhaps when thefe bott-worms are in great numbers, and thereby incommode each other in the inteftines of the horfe, that they make their way towards the ilomach; and indeed a very few flies muft be enough to overffock. the infide of a horfe, pro¬ vided they fiiould depofite all their eggs, and fuch fliould all be animated, M. Vallifnieri having counted 700 and odd in the body of one Angle fly. When one of thefe botts has left the anus of the horfe, it falls on the ground; and immediately feeks out for fome place of fafety, where it may retire, to pre¬ pare for the laft ftage of its transformation, by which it is to become a fly. And now by degrees the fkin hardens and thickens ; and at length forms a folid fhell or cod, the form of which fcarce differs from that of the worm. It is fir ft of a pale red colour, which changes into chefnut ; and at length, by the addition of gradual and fucceffive (hades of brown, the fhell is rendered black. The worm or bolt, before it paffes into a nymph, is of the form of an oblong ball ; it re¬ mains in this form much longer than worms of the flefh-fly kind. M. de Reaumur met with worms that retained this figure five or fix days : as yet, one can perceive no traces of the legs, wings, and head of the nymph. Hence he firft learned, that thofe bott-worms do not become nymphs immediately upon their firft change; but that, in order to become flies, they muft undergo one change more than caterpillars ordinarily do to become butterflies.—For the cure of horfes troubled with botts, fee Farriery Index. EOT WAR, a town of Germany, in the circle of Suabia, and fubjeft to the duke of Wirtemberg. E. Long. 9. 15. N. Lat. 49. o. BOTZENBURG, a town of Germany, in the duchy of Mecklenburg. It had a caftle, which was deftroyed by the Danes in 1202. It is feated on the Elbe, and the veffels that pafs by are obliged to pay a confiderable toll. E. Long. 10. 48. N. Lat. 53. 34. BOV A, an epifcopal town of Italy, in the kingdom of Napl es, feated near the Apehnine mountains, E, Long. 16. 15. N. Lat. 37. 15. 5 ] B O IT BOUCHAIN, a fortified town of the French Ne¬ therlands, in the province of Hainault. It is divided into two parts by the river Scheld. It wa^ taken by the French in 1676 : and by the allies under the duke of Marlborough in 1711, which was the laft military atchievement of that great general ; but the following year it was retaken by the French. E. Long. 3. 15. N. Lat. 50. 17. BOUCHE of court, the privilege of having meat and drink at court fcot-free. The word is alfo written bowge, bouge, and budge ; it is mere French, where it fignifies mouth.—The French ftill'ufe the phrafe, Avoir bouche a /a cour ; that is, to kavje table or diet at court. This privilege is fometimes only extended to bread, beer, and wine ; it was a cuftom anciently in ufe, as well in the houfes of noblemen as in the king’s court. Thomas earl of Lancafter retained Sir John de Ewre, to ferve him with ten men at arms in time of war, al¬ lowing them bouge of court, with livery of hay and oats, horfe-fhoes and nails. Sir Hugh Merril had the fame privilege for life, on condition of ferving King Ed¬ ward II. BOUCHET, John, a French poet and hiftorian, flourifhed in the 16th century. The moft confiderable of his writings are the Annals of Aquitaine, and his Ghapelet des Princes. BOUDRY, a fmall town of Swifferland, in the pro¬ vince of Neufchatel, and capital of a chatelainry of the fame name. E. Long. 7. 5. N. Lat. 47. 11. BOVEY coal, an inflammable foffil found in England, France, Italy, Swifferland, Germany, Ireland, &e. Its colour is brown or brownifh black, and of a laminar ftrufture. It is compofed of wood, penetrated with petrol or bitumen ; and frequently contains py¬ rites, alum, and copperas. BOUFLERS, Lewis Francis, Duke of, a peer and marfhal of France, and a general ot diftinguifhed reputation, was the fon of Francis count of Bouflers. He was born in the year 1644, and entering early in¬ to the army, was raifed in 1-669 to the rank of colonel of dragoons, and in the conqueft of Lorraine, ferved under Marfhal Crequi. In the war againft Holland he ferved under the celebrated Turenne, and frequent¬ ly diftinguiffied himfelf by his (kill and bravery ; and when that general was killed, in 1675, he command¬ ed the rear-guard during the retreat of the French ar¬ my. After performing various military fervices in Germany, in Flanders, and on the frontiers of Spain, he gradually rofe in rank as well as in reputation. In 1690, he was created general of the army of the Mofelle. In the following year, he adfed as lieutenant-general, under the king in perfon ; and while he inverted Mons was wounded in an attack on that place. He conduced the bombardment of Liege, although it was defended by a fuperior enemy, and he forced the allied generals to abandon Luxemburg. He was entrufted with the com¬ mand of the covering army, againft King William, at the fiege of Namur ; and for this and many other im¬ portant fervices, he was raifed in 1693 to the high rank of marfhal of France. In 1694, he was appointed go¬ vernor of French Flanders, and of the town of Lille. By a fkilful manoeuvre he threw himfelf into Namur, in 1695, anc^ out f°r fixty-three days, againft the combined armies of the allies under King William. Hav¬ ing agreed to a capitulation, he was arrefted prifoner of 4 war, Eoucham Bouflers. B O U f 336 ] - B O U :-13oufier3 War, becaufe the French had not performed the ftipu- (1 dated terms on which the garrifon had furrendered ; and 1 -^ougie- -when he remonidrated that the garrifon fhould have been retained rather than himfelf, he received a fine compliment, by being anfwered, that he was eftimated at 10,000 men. In the conferences which were ht-ld with the earl of Portland, and which terminated in the peace of Ryfvvick, he had a principal thare. D uring the following war, when Lifle was again threatened, in 1708, with a fiege by the duke of Marl¬ borough and Prince Eugene, Bouflers was appointed to the command, and made a very obftinate refifiance of four months. His magnanimity was not lefs re¬ markable than his military conduft j for when a parti- fan reprefented to him that it would not be difficult to kill Prince Eugene, he was told by the marlhal, that he might expert a great reward for taking him pri- foner, but the fevereft punifhment. if any thing were attempted againil his life. He was rewarded and ho¬ noured by the king for his defence of Lifle, as if he had been victorious. When the affairs of France were threatened with the mofl urgent danger, though a fe- nior officer to Villars, he made an offer to ferve under that general, and was with him at the battle of Mal- plaquet. Here he again difplayed his military fkill, by conducting the retreat, fo that he loft neither can¬ non nor prifoners. He died at Fountainbleau in the year 1711, at the age of 68, and left the character of a true patriot, as well as of a great commander. Ma¬ dame de Maintenon, faid of him, “ that his heart was the lafl part that died.” His conduft was uninfluenced by private interefl, andfuperior to court intrigue. When he was ordered to take upon him the defence of Lifle, and permitted to have the choice of his lieutenants, he waited not to arrange or regulate his private affairs, or even to take leave of his family, but flew to the place, and carried with him only two officers, one taken from the Baflile, and another who bad been in difgrace ; pre¬ ferring merit obfeured in the {hades of retirement, to the gaudy flutterer in the funfhine of court favour. BOUGEANT, William Hyacinth, a famous Jefuit, firfl taught humanity at Caen and Nevers, and afterwards fettled at the college of Louis the Great, where he employed himfelf in writing feveral works ; the principal of which were, 1. A collodion of phyfi- cal obfervations, extraCled from the beft authors. 2. A billory of the wars and negociations which preceded the treaty of Weftphalia. 3. The female doCtor, a philofophical amufement on the language of beafts, &.c. He died in 1743. BOUGH, denotes much the fame with BRANCH.— Green boughs anciently made part of the decoration of altars and temples, efpecially on feftival occafions. Oaken boughs were offered to Jupiter ; thofe of laurel, to Apollo •, of olive, to Minerva ; myrtle, to Venus 5 ivy, to Bacchus 5 pine, to Pan 5 and cyprefs to Pluto. Some make them the primitive food of mankind before acorns were invented. BOUGIE, in the French language, fignifies a wax candle, and is applied to a machine which (as the wax candle formerly was) is introduced into the urethra for removing obftru&ions there. Monf. Daran, a French furgeon, lately boafted of his introducing them as an improvement in his art, and acquired confiderable profit by making and felling them. Seuitetus, about Bou^ie the middle of tlie 17th century, ufed bougies indifeafes Bouhuurs. of the urethra, and Monf. Daran probably took the v-—j hint from him. Different compofitions have been ufed, Mctherby't and generally mercury was a p.irt of them. Kiverius made a plafler as follows: ]j, ol. oliv. lb iv. cerae ci- trin. lt> ii. minii & ceruff. aa tb ifs tereb. venet. &. rez. alb. aa 3 iii m. Whether the bougies are made up of this or any other compofition, they muft be of different fizes, from the bigntfs of a knitting needle to that of a goofe quill. They are made of linen rags, fpread with a proper matter, and then rolled up as follows. Having fpread any quantity of the linen rag with the compofition that is chofen for the purpofe, cut it into flips from fix to ten inches long, and from half an inch to an inch broad : then dexteroufly roll them on a glazed tile into the form of a waxed candle : and as the end of the bougie that is to be entered firft into the urethra fhould be fomewbat fmaller than the reft, it would be as well to cut the flips a little tapering. It Ihould alfo be obferved, that when the bougies are rol¬ led up, that fide muft be outward on which the plafter is fpread. Monf. Daran, and fome others, attributed the adtion of their bougies to the compofition they made ufe of in forming them. Mr Sharp apprehended, that as much of their efficacy was owing to the compreffion they made on the affefted part, as to any other principle j and Mr Aiken very juftly fays, As it is evident that bougies of very different compofitions fucceed equally well in curing the fame diforders in the urethra, it is plain that they do not act by means of any peculiar qualities in their compofition, but by means of fome property common to them all. This muft be their mechanical form and texture, therefore their mode of adtion muft be fimple compreffion. The efficacy of mere compreffion in many cafes of conftridtion is well known, from the ufe of fponge tents for widening parts that are ftraitened by cicatrices : and admitting obftrudtions in the uthera to be from a conftridtion formed by cicatrized ulcers, or a projedtion of the fpongy fubftance of the urethra into the canal, we may eafily conceive, that a gentle continued elaftic compref¬ fion will in time overcome the difeafe. We may alfo readily account for the inferior efficacy of metallic and whalebone bougies, from their not having the property of fwelling with moifture, and therefore not making fo equal a compreffion. As to bougies procuring a dif- charge of matter, there is no doubt but the mechanical ftimulus of a foreign body in fuch a tender part, though free from difeafe, muft produce it in fome degree ; and that this will be variid according to the chemically irritating quality of the compofition, and the irritable ftate of the urethra ; but it feems an abfurdity to apply a topic, made uniform throughout, to the whole length of a canal, with a view of producing extraordinary ef- fedts upon a particular part of it, by means of fome powerful quality in the ingredients. As to that part of the bougie which was in contadl with the difeafed part, being particularly covered with matter j this cir- cumftance is probably owing to the greater irritation of that part of the urethra where the diforder is, than any other. BOUHOURS, Dominic, a celebrated French cfi~ tie. B O U f 337 ] B O U tic, was born at Paris in 1628 ; and has been by feme confidered as a proper perfon to lucceed Malherbe, who died about that time. He was entered into the foeiety of Jefuits at the age of 16 ; and was appointed to read ledures upon polite literature in the college of Cler¬ mont at Paris, where he had ftudied : but he was lo inceflantly attacked with the headach, that he could not purfue the deftined talk. He afterwards undertook the education of two Tons of the duke of Longueville, which he difeharged with great applaufe. The duke had fuch a regard for Bouhours, that he would needs die in his arms ; and the “ Account of the pious and Chri- ftian death” of this great perfonage was the firft work which Bouhours gave the public. He was lent to Dun¬ kirk to the Popifh refugees from England; and in the midft of his millionary occupations, found means to compofe and publifh books. Among thefe were, En~ treliens iVArifte et d'Evgene, or “ Dialogues between Arillus and Eugenius j” a work of a critical nature, and concerning the French language. His book was printed no lefs than five times at Paris, twice at Gre¬ noble, at Lyons, at Bruflels, at Amfterdam, at Ley¬ den, &c. and embroiled him in quarrels with a great number of cenfors, with Menage in particular, who, however, lived in friendlhip with our author before and after. The fame of this piece, and the pleafure he took in reading it, recommended Bouhours fo effe^lu- ally to the celebrated minifter Colbert, that he trufted him with the education of his fon the marquis of Seg- nelai. He wrote afterwards feveral other works j the chief of which are, 1. Remarks and doubts upon the French language. 2. Dialogues upon the art of think¬ ing well in works of genius. 3. The life of St Igna¬ tius. 4. The art of pleafing in converfation. 5. The life of St Francis Xavier, apollle of the Indies and of Japan. This laft work was tranllated from the French into Englilh by Mr Dryden, and publilhed at London in the year 1668, with a dedication prefixed to James II.’s queen. BOUILLON, a town of France, in the duchy of the fame name, and in the county of Luxemburg, with a fortified caftle, which is feated on a rock that is al- moft inaccellible. The French took it in 16765 upon which it was given to the duke of Bouillon. This duchy is a fovereignty, independent of France 5 and in 1792, the king of Great Britain granted to Philip d’Auvergne, captain in the royal navy, his licenfe to accept the fuccellion to the faid duchy, in the cafe of the death of the hereditary prince, only fon of the reigning duke, without ilfue male, purfuant to a de¬ claration of his ferene highnefs, in 1791, “ at the de¬ fire, and with the exprefs and formal confent of the na¬ tion.” Accordingly, Captain d’Auvergne has fince af- fumed the title of prince of Bouillon. In May 1794 this town was taken by ftorm, by General Beaulieu, after defeating a confiderable body of republicans, and given up to pillage 5 1200 French were killed, and 300 taken prifoners. It is feated near the river Se- mois, 12 miles north of Sedan. E. Long. 5. 20. N. Lat. 49-45- . Bouillon, in the manege, a lump or excrefcence of flefh that grows either upon or juft by the frulh, info- much that the frulh (hoots out, juft-like a lump of tlefti, and makes the horfe halt 5 and this is called the flefh blowing upon thefrujh. Manege horfes, that never wet Vol. IV. Part I. their feet, are fubjecl to thefe excrefcences, which make Bouillon them very lame. See Frush. !i BOVINA AFFECTIO, a diftemper of black cattle, Boulanger, caufed by a worm lodging between the (kin and the llefti, and perforating the fame. Phis diftemper is not mentioned by the ancient Greeks, and is but little known in Europe. BOVINES, a fmall town of the Auftrian Nether¬ lands, in the province of Namur, feated on the river Maefe or Meufe, in E. Long.'4. 50. N. Lat. 49. 45.. BOVINO, an epifcopal town of Italy, in the Capi- tanata, feated at the foot of the Apennine mountains, in E. Long. 16. 15. N. Lat. 41. 17. BOVIUM (Itinerary) 5 a town of the Silures, in Britain, fifteen miles to the ibuth of Ifca Silurum, or Caer-leon, in Monmouthlhire : Now called Cowbridge; according to Baudrand, Bangor in Caernarvonlhire. BOUL AIN VILLI ERS, Henry de, Lord of St Saife, and an eminent French writer, was defeended from a very ancient and noble family, and born at St Saife in 1658. His education was among the fathers of the oratory 5 where he difeovered from his infancy thofe uncommon abilities for which he was afterwards diftinguilhed. He applied himfelf principally to the ftudy of hiftory 5 and his performances in this way are numerous, and confiderable. He was the author of a hiftory of the Arabians 5 fourteen letters upon the ancient parliaments of France 5 a hiftory of France to the reign of Charles VIII. 5 the ftate of France, with hiftorical memoirs concerning the ancient government of that monarchy, to the time of Hugh Capet, “ writ¬ ten (fays M. Montefquieu) with a fimplicity and ho- neft freedom worthy of that ancient family from which their author was defeended.” M. Boulainvilliers died at Paris in 17225 and after his death was publilhed his Life of Mahomet. BOULANGER, Nicholas Anthony, a very lin¬ gular Frenchman, was born at Paris in 1722, and died there in 1759, aged only 37. During his education, he is faid to have come out of the college of Beauvais almoft as ignorant as he entered into it 5 but ft niggling hard againft his unaptnefs to learn, he at length over¬ came it. At feventeen, he began to ftudy mathema¬ tics and architedlure 5 and in three or four years made fuch a progrefs, as to be ufeful to the baron of ihiers, whom he accompanied to the army in quality of en¬ gineer. Afterwards he had the fupervifion of the highways and bridges 5 and he executed feveral public works in Champagne, Burgundy, and Lorrain. Ihe author of his life, in the DiBionnaire d$s Hommes cele~ bres, writes, that in this province a terrible fpirit dif¬ eovered itfelf in him, which he himfelf did not fufpeft before 5 and this was, it feems, the fpirit of “ thinking philofophically.” In cutting through mountains, di- refting and changing the courfes of rivers, and in breaking up and turning over the ftrata of the earth he faw a multitude of different fubftances, which (he thought) evinced the great antiquity of it, and a long feries of revolutions which it muft have undergone. From the revolutions in the globe, he paffed to the change's that muft have happened in the manners of* men, in focieties, in governments, in religion 5 and he formed many conjedlures upon all thefe. To be far¬ ther fatisfied, he wanted to know what, in the hiftory of ages, had been faid upon thefe particulars 5 and U u that Boulette. Strutt's Bia. B O u [338 Boulanger that he might be informed from the fountain-head, he learned firft Latin and then Greek. Not yet con¬ tent, he plunged into Hebrew, Syriac, Chaldaic, and Arabic ; and acquired fo immenfe an erudition, that, if he had lived, he would have been one of the moft learned men in Europe : but death, as we have obfer- ved, prematurely took him off. His works are, 1. Traite du Defpotifm Oriental, 2 vols. i2mo; a very bold work ; but not fo bold and licentious, as, 2. DAntiquitd devoil/e, 3 vols i2mo. This was pofthu- mous. 3. He furnilhed to the Ency/opedie the articles Deluge, Corvee, and Soeiete'. 4. He left behind him in MS. a Didtionary, which may be regarded as a concordance in ancient and modern language. As a man, he is faid to have been of a fvveet, calm, and en- gaging temper ; which, however, it is very difficult to reconcile with the dark, impetuous, ardent fpirit, that appears to have actuated him as a writer. Boulanger, John, an engraver, who flouriffied to¬ wards the end of the laft century, was a native of France. His firft manner of engraving appears to have been copied, in fome degree, from that of Francis de Poilly y but foon after he adopted one of his own, which, though not original, he however greatly im¬ proved : He finiffied the faces, hands, and all the naked parts of his figures, very neatly with dots inftead of ftrokes, or ftrokes and dots. The effeft is fingular enough, and by no means unpleafing : only, in fome few inftances, he has oppofed the coarfe graving of his draperies, and back-ground, fo violently to the neater work of the flefh, that the outline of the latter is there¬ by rendered hard, and the general appearance of it flat and chalky. This ftyle of engraving has been carried to its greateft perfeftion in the prefent day, particu¬ larly in England. He did not draw the naked parts of his figures correflly, or with fine tafte. His drape¬ ries are apt to be heavy, and the folds not well mark¬ ed. However, his beft prints poffefs much merit, and are defervedly held in great efteem. BOULAY, Gesar Egasse du, in Latin Bulceus, was born at St Ellier, a village of Maine in France y and became profeffor of humanity at the college of Na¬ varre, regifter, redtor, and biftoriographer of the univer- fity of Paris. He died in 1678, after having publiffied feveral works. The principal of them are, A Hiftory of the Univerfity of Paris, in Latin, 6 vols folio ; and the Treafure of Roman Antiquities, in 1 vol. folio. BOULCOLACA, among the modern Greeks, de¬ notes the fpedtre of fome wicked perfon who died ex¬ communicated by the patriarch, reanimated by the devil, and oaufing great difturbance among the people 5 of which many ftrange ftbries are told. The word is Greek, and is fometimes written bourko/a- kos ; and fuppofed to be derived from or fiance, “ mud,” and Xccxxog, a “ ditch,” on account of the fil- thinefs of the fight. BOULDER-WALL, a kind of wall built of round flints or pebbles, laid in ftrong mortar, and ufed where the fea has a beach eaft up, or where there are plenty of flints. BOULETTE, in the manege. A horfe is called boulette, when the fetlock, or paftern-joint, bends for¬ ward, and out of its natural fituation, whether through violent riding, or by reafon of being too ffiort-jointed, in which cafe the leaft fatigue will bring it. ] B 0 u - BOULLOGNE, Lewis, painter to the French Boulk™ king, and profeffor of the academy of painting, diftin- || 6 guiftied himfelf by his art j and died at Paris in i674,Boulognois( aged 65. There are three of his pidfures in the church of Notre Dame.—He left two fons who were admired for their fkill in painting. The elder, who is well known under the name of Bon Boullogne, was firft inftrudled by his father ; after which he went to perfed himfelf in Italy, and for that purpofe the king allowed him a penfion : at his return, he was made profeffor of the academy of painting. Louis XIV. employed him in adorning feveral of his palaces 5 and there are a great number of his piftures at Paris. His talents for copy¬ ing the pictures of the great Italian mafters were fo very extraordinary, that he frequently deceived the greateft judges. Fie died in 1717.—Lewis Boullogne, his brother, after being alfo inftrudled by his father gained the prize of painting at 18 years of age ; upon which he obtained the king’s penfion. He fet out for Italy at his brother’s return, and acquired great ikill in defigning and colouring. At his return to Paris he was much employed j and at length became director of the academy of painting, knight of the order of St Michael, and firft painter to the king. Louis XIV. allowed him feveral penfions, and railed him and his pofterity to the rank of nobility. He embellilhed the church of the Invalids, the chapel of Verfailles &c. Boullogne, Bon de, a painter of fome emi¬ nence, was born at Paris in 1649. From his father Louis de Boullogne he learned the firft principles of the art: but went to Rome in order to perfeft him¬ felf from the works of the beft mafters. He abode in Italy five years. He excelled in hiftory and portrait.. His talents for copying the piftures of the great Ita¬ lian painters were fo very extraordinary, that he fre¬ quently deceived the greateft judges. He died at Pa¬ ris in 1717, aged 68. Boullogne, Louis de, born at Paris in 1654, was the younger brother of the preceding-, and, like him, learned from his the father the firft principles of paint¬ ing, and afterwards went to Rome to complete his ftudies. His works, on his return, were fo much efteemed, that Louis XIV. honoured him with the or¬ der of St Michael, and, after the death of Antony Coypell, appointed him his principal painter. He chiefly excelled in hiftorical and allegorical fubjefls. He died at Paris in 1734, aged 80 years. BOULOGNE, a large fea-port town of Picardy in France, and capital of the Boulognois, now called the department of the Straits of Calais, with a harbour, and formerly a biffiop’s fee. It is divided into two towns; the higher, and the lower. The former is ftrong both by nature and art; and the latter is only furrounded with a Angle wall. The harbour has a mole for the fafety of {flipping, which at the fame time pre¬ vents it from being choked up. The lower town is in¬ habited by merchants, and has three large flreets, one of which leads to the high town, and the other two run. in a line on the fide of the river. It is fituated at the mouth of the river Lianne, and 14 miles fouth of Ca¬ lais. E. Long. I. 42. N. Lat. 50. 42. BOULOGNOIS, a territory of France, in the north- part of Picardy, about 30 miles in length and 20 in breadth. The chief town is Boulogne, and the chief trade r B O U [ 339 ] B G U Boulognois trade is in pit-coal and butter. It now forms the de- jjouiter. partment ot the llraits of Calais. u—'v~“ BOUL'i'EIi, Dr Hugh, was born in or near Lon¬ don, oi reputable and wealthy parents. He was edu¬ cated at Merchant-taylors tchool j and, belore the Re¬ volution, was from thence admitted a commoner of Chrift-church in Oxford. Some time after he was cho- fen a demy oi Magdalen college, at the fame eledtion with Mr Addifon and Dr Wilcox. From the merit and learning of the perfons elected, this was commonly call¬ ed by Dr Hough, prefident of the college, the golden eleSiion. He afterwards became fellow of the fame col¬ lege } in which Ration he continued in the univerfity till he was invited to London by Sir Charles Hodges, principal fecretary of Rate, in the year 1700, who made him his chaplain, and recommended him to Dr Tenifon archbifliop of Canterbury ; but his firR prefer¬ ments were owing to the earl of Sunderland, by whofe intereR and influence he was promoted to the parfon- age of St Olave in Southwark, and the archdeaconry of Surry. Here he continued difcharging very faith¬ fully and diligently every part of his pafloral office, till he was recommended to attend George I. as his chap¬ lain when he went to Hanover in 1719. He had the honour to teach Prince Frederie the Engliffi language j and by his conduct he fo won the king’s favour, that he promoted him to the deanery of ChriR-church, and the bilhopric of Briflol, in the fame year. As he was viliting his diocefe five years aftemvards, he received a letter from the fecretary of Rate, acquainting him that his majeRy had nominated him to the archbifhopric of Armagh and primacy of Ireland. This honour he would gladly have declined; and defired the fecretary to ufe his good offices with his majeRy to excufe him from ac¬ cepting it. Ireland happened to be at this jundlure in a great flame, occafioned by Wood’s ruinous projedt j and the miniRry thought that the bilhop would greatly contribute to quench it by his judgment, moderation, and addrefs. The king therefore laid his abfolute commands upon him : to which he fubmitted, but with fome reludlance. As foon as he had taken pofieffion of the primacy, he began to confider that country, in which his lot was caR for life, as his own; and to pro¬ mote its true intereR with the greateR zeal and affi- duity. Accordingly, in innumerable inRances, he ex¬ erted himfelf in the nobleR a£ts of beneficence and pu¬ blic fpirit. In feafons of the greateR fcarcity, he was more than once inRrumental in preventing a famine which threatened that nation. On one of thefe occa- fions he diRributed vaR quantities of corn throughout the kingdom, for which the houfe of commons paifed a vote of public thanks ; and at another time 2500 per- lons were fed at the poor-houfe in Dublin, every morn¬ ing, and as many every evening, for a confiderable time together, moflly at the primate’s expence. When fchemes were propofed for the advantage of the coun¬ try, he encouraged and promoted them not only with his counfel but his purfe. He had great compaffion for the poor clergy of his diocefe, who were difabled from giving their children a proper education *, and he main¬ tained feveral of the children of fuch in the univerfity. He eredled four houfes at Drogheda for the reception of clergymen’s widows, and purchafed an 'ate for the endowment of them. His charities for augmenting fmall livings and buying glebes amounted to upwards of 30,020!. befides what he devifed by will for the like purpoles in England. In Ihort, the inRances he gave {! of his generofily and benevolence of heart, his virtue, B°unfy- his piety, and his wifdom, are almoR innumerable, and the hiflory of his life is his nobleR panegyric. This ex¬ cellent prelate died at London, on the 2d of June 1742, and was interred in WeRminfler-abbey, where a beautiful monument of finely poliffied marble is erect¬ ed to his memory. BOULT1NE, a term which workmen ufe for a moulding, the convexity of which is juR one-fourth of a circle •, being the member jufl below the plinth in the Tufcan and Doric capital. BOULUKE, in the military orders of the Turks, a body of the janizaries, with an ofiicer in the place of a colonel at their bead, fent upon fome particular enter- prile ; they are felefted out of the body for this, and as foon as the bufinefs is over, are received again into their former companies. BOUM, in Ancient Geography, a town in Ethiopia beyond Egypt, on the vveR fide of the Nile. Boum solis stabula, in Ancient Geography, the territory of Mylae, fo called : A peninfula on the eaR coafl of Sicily, to the north of Syracufe j remarkable for its fertility and rich paRures (TheophraRus) : and hence arofe the fable of the oxen of the fun feeding there (Scholiafl on Apollonius). Pliny and Seneca fay, that fomething like dung is thrown out on the coaR of Mylas and Meflana, which gave rife to the fable of the oxen of the fun being flailed there j and at this day the inhabitants affirm the fame thing (Clu- verius). BOUNCE, in Ichthyology, the Englifli name of a fpecies of fqualus. See Squalus. BOUND, in dancing, a fpring from one foot to the other j by which it differs from a hop, where the fpring is from one foot to the fame. It alfo difl’ers from a half coupee, as in the latter the body always bears on the floor, either on one foot or the other 5 whereas, in the bound, it is thrown quite from the floor. BOUND-Bailiffs, are flieriffs officers for executing of procefs. The flieriffs being anfwerable for their mif- demeanors, the bailiffs are ufually bound in a bond for the due execution of their office ; and thence are call¬ ed bound-bailiffs, which the common people have cor¬ rupted into a much more homely appellation. BOUNDS of lands. See Abuttals. BOUNTY, in Commerce, a premium paid by go¬ vernment to the exporters of certain Britiffi commodi¬ ties, as fail-cloth, gold and filver lace, fiik flockings, fiflr, corn, &c. The happy influence which bounties have on trade and manufadlures is well known ; nor can there be a more convincing proof of the good inten¬ tions of the government under which we live, than the great care that is taken to give all poffible encourage¬ ment to thofe who {hall eflablifti or improve any hazar¬ dous branch of trade. All undertakings, in refpeft either to mercantile en- Campbell's terprifes, or in the eflabliffiment of manufaftures, are Political weak and feeble in their beginnings) and if ynfuQcefsful, Survey of either fink entirely, or at lead are feldom revived in the Li"i( age. Accidents of this nature are not only deflru&iv to private perfons, but exceedingly detri¬ mental to the public interefl. On this principle, more U u 2 efpecially B O U [ 340 ] B O U Bounty, efpecially fince trade, for which Providence defigned -“-v ; us, hath been attended to, fuch attempts have been thought deferving, and have been favoured, with pub¬ lic fupport. This in former times ufually flowed from the crown, in the form of letters-patent, charters, or other grants of privileges, which, however requifite they might be, were notwithftanding very frequently obje&s of eenfure. If fuch as obtained them failed in their endeavours, they were reputed projectors ; if, on the other hand, they fucceeded, they were confidered as monopolisers. Corporations, which imply the uni¬ ting certain individuals into a body, that they may thereby become more ufeful to the community, are created by the crown. Many of thefe were formed for promoting trade j and, according to the old fyftem of our government, were neceffary and ufeful. On the fame principle, privileges were granted to private per- fons, on a fuggeftion, that what was immediately of ufe to them would terminate in public utility. Thefe alfo did good in bringing in many arts and manufac¬ tures j though, in fome cafes, tending to private in- terefl more than public emolument, they were liable to legal correflion. In later times, and in concerns of moment, a much better method has been adopted, as often as it hath been found prafticable, by reje£ling private or particular intereft, and propofing the de¬ figned advantages to fuch as fhould perform the flipu- ^ lations on which they are granted. Thefe bounties, as they are paid by the public, fo they are folely calcu¬ lated for the benefit of the public. They are fometimes given to encourage induftry and application in railing a neceflary commodity; which was intended by the bounty on exporting corn.* The intention of this bounty was to encourage agriculture ; and the confe- quence hath been, that we now7 grow more than twuce as much as we did at the eftablifhment of the bounty ; we even confume twice as much bread as we then grew ; yet in A. D. 1697, we exported a fifteenth part of what we grew, of late years a tw7enty-ninth part only. The bounty on this twenty-ninth part amounted to fomewhat more than 50,000!. and the produce to more than 400,000!. It is evident that all this is fo much clear gain to the nation. But this is far from being all that we have annually gained. For if our cultivation is double, as indeed it is, then the rent of lands, the fubfiftence of working hands, the profits of the tradefmen fupplying them with utenfils, clothes, the value of horfes employed, &c. muft all be taken into the account. Befides this, we muft add the freight (amounting to half the bounty), to make the idea of the advantages complete. Sometimes bounties are given with a view to promote manufa£tures, as in the cafe of thofe made of filk. Many laws are to be found in our ftatute books in favour of the filk manufa&ure, made with great wifdom and pro¬ priety, for the encouragement and fupport of many tboufands of induftrious perfons employed therein. By flatute 8 Geo. I. cap. 15. § I. a bounty was given on the due exportation of ribbons and fluffs, of filk only, of three (hillings upon a pound weight; filk, and rib¬ bons of filk, mixed with gold and filver, four (hillings a-pound ; on filk gloves, filk ftockings, filk fringes, filk laces, and fewing filk, one (hilling and threepence a pound; on fluffs of filk and grogram yarn, eight- pence a-pound ; on filks mixed with inkle or cotton., one fhilling; on fluffs of filk mixed with worfted, fix- Bounty pence a-pound, for three years ; and, from experience ——y—, of their utility, thefe were continued by fubfequent ftatutes. Sometimes bounties are given to fupport a new ma- nufafture againft foreigners already in poffeflion of it, as in making linen and fail-cloth. The promoting of the manufadlure of Britifh fail-cloth was undoubtedly a very important national object, as the confumption was very large, and of confequence the purchafe of it from foreigners a heavy expence on the public. Ma¬ ny methods were therefore devifed, and countenanced by law, both here and in Ireland, for introducing and encouraging our own in preference to that of ftrangers, more efpecially in the royal navy. By flat. 12 Anna-, cap. 16. § 2. a bounty was given of one penny per ell on all that was exported for a term, and continued by fubfequent ftatutes. By 4 Geo. II. cap. 27. § 4. an additional bounty of another penny an ell is granted. Thefe bounties were to be paid out of an additional duty on imported fail-cloth. By the fame ftatute every fhip built in Britain, or in the plantations, is, under the- penalty of 50I. to be furnifhed with a complete fuit of fails of Britifh manufa&ure. The amounts of tbefe bounties mark the progrefs of the manufadlure, which* is alfo aflifted by the fund on which the payment is- afligned. The affiftances, however, are never beftowed but on mature deliberation, in virtue of ftrong proofs, and" with a moral certainty of a national benefit. The great intention of bounties is to place the Britith trader oiv fuch ground as to render his commerce beneficial to his country. In order to this, fome profit muft accrue to himfelf, otherwife he would not embark therein ; but this, whatever it be, muft prove inconfiderable in com- parifon of what refults to the public. For if, by the help of fuch a bounty, one or many traders export to the value of 1000, 10,000, or 100,coo pounds worth of commodities or manufactures, whatever his or their profit or lofs (for the latter, through avidity and over¬ loading the market, fometimes happens) may be, the- nation gains the 1000I. io,ocol. or ioo,OOol.; which was the objeCl of the legiflature in granting the bounty. Upon this confideration, that the entire pro¬ duce of what is exported accrues to the nation, the le¬ giflature, when an alteration of circumftances required it, have made no fcruple of augmenting a bounty ; as in the cafe of refined fugar exported, from three to nine ftiillings per hundred weight. In like manner, the ori¬ ginal bounty of one pound per ton in favour of veffels employed in the whale-fifhing hath been doubled, and many new regulations made, in order to render this fithery more advantageous to the public. As a bounty is given on malt when allowed to be exported, fo an equivalent of 30 (hillings per ton hath been granted on all Britith-made malt-fpirits when exported, which is a common benefit to land, manufactures, and commerce. It is indeed true, that on whatever account, or to whatever amount, this reward is given, the public feem to pay, and private perfons feem to receive. But thefe private perfons receive it as the hire from the public, for performing a fervice which otherwife they would not perform, the benefit of which accrues to the public, and who can therefore very well afford to pay that reward in reality, which, as we have dated it, the on- Bounty. B O U [34 ly Teems to do. For, looking a little clofer, we can- ' not help obferving, that the bounty is paid to indivi- duals, who, as fuch, make a part of the public. But the commodities or manufa&ures exported are fold to foreigners, and the whole produce of them, be it what it will, comes into the purfe of the public. By at¬ tending to this felf-evident do&rine, every reafonable and public-fpirited man will be eafily reconciled to bounties j and the three following confiderations will be fufficient to obviate the molt common objections that have been made to the praCtice of giving them. 1. That no bounty can be defired but on the plea of national uti¬ lity, which always deferves notice, and cannot be mif- taken. It mult likewife be alleged and proved, that this is the only means whereby the national benefit can be attained. 2. The fums iflued on this account not only (how the clear expence of the bounty, but alfo indicate the profit gained by the public 5 for as the one cannot exift without the other, that amount muft be the inconteftable index of both. 3. It mult be remem¬ bered (and of this too fome inllances might be given), that if bounties Ihould be improperly bellowed, they will of courfe prove ineffe&ual, and after a few fruit- lefs trials will remain unclaimed, and confequently pro¬ duce no expence. There is indeed another objeClion which hath been made againlt the giving of bounties. This is grounded on the frauds to which they are fup- pofed to be liable *, and particularly the relanding of the goods on which the bounty hath been paid, and thereby deceiving and cheating the public. But who¬ ever perufes the laws made on this head, and attentive¬ ly confiders the numerous precautions taken to fix every circumllance relative to the obtaining the bounty, the checks on the (hipping of goods, the fecurities taken for their due exportation, the certificates required to afcertain their being pftually delivered and fold in a foreign market, muft be convinced, that to difcharge all thofe fecurities, in cafe of an intended fraud, is a thing very difficult, if not impoflible. To thefe remarks-we may add, that bounties are ufually granted only for a limited time, and then expire *, are always liable to be fufpended 5 and of courfe can never be the caufe of any great national lofs. There is no doubt that, exclufive of frauds, the immoderate third of gain may tempt interefted men to aim at con¬ verting what was calculated for public benefit to its detriment, for their own private advantage. Thus, on a profpeft of (hort crops in other countries, men may take meafures within the letter, but dire£tly againft the fpJrit, of the law, to fend fo much of our corn abroad as to endanger a famine at home. For this the wifdom of parliament provides, not barely by fufpend- ing the bounty, but by prohibiting exportation and opening the ports for foreign fupplies. We cannot with any (hadow of juftice afcribe fcareity to the bounty on the exportation. If this was the cafe, fufpenfions would be frequent, whereas there have been but five in a courfe of 70 years. If the bounty had any (hare, the larger the exportation, the greater would be the fcarcity. In A. D. 1750 we exported more than one fifth of our growth of wheat, which was notwithftand- ing but at four (hillings per buftiel j whereas a century before, A. D. 1650, when we had neither bounty nor exportation, wheat was at nine (hillings and fixpence per buftiel. The caufes of fcarcity are unkindly fea- 1 ] B o U Tons; which though human policy cannot prevent, yet Bounty, their fad effedls have been evidently leffened by our Bourbon, increafed growth, fince the taking place of bounty —v~—~ and exportation. ^j/een Anne's BOUNTT, for augmenting poor livings under 50I. per annum, confifts of the produce of the firft fruits and tenths, after the charges and penfions payable out of the fame are defrayed. A corporation for management of the fame was fettled, &c. in 1704^ See Augmentation. BOURBON, or Mascarenhas, IJIe of, an ifland in the Indian ocean, lying on the eait of Madagafcar, in E. Long. 58. 30. S. Lat. 21. 23. This iffand has no port, and is in fome places inacceflible. Its length and breadth have not been well determined ; but the circumference, according to the account of a perfon who refided there fome time, is about ^7 leagues. It is for the moft part mountainous, but in fome places there are very beautiful and fertile plains. In the fouth part of the ifland there is a burning mountain, which has thrown out vaft quantities of bitumen, fulphur, and other combuftible materials ; neither does it ceale throwing them out dill, fo that the country about it is ufelefs, and is called by the inhabitants pays brule, that is, burnt land. The (hore is high and rocky all round ; but though on this account it hath no ports, there are feveral good roads, particularly one on the weft, and another on the north-eaft. As to its form, this ifland is irregular, fo that it is difficult to judge from the. maps whether it is round or long. The air is equally pleafant and wholefome, infomuch that the people live to a great age without feeling either infir¬ mities or difeafes. This is occafioned by the hurri¬ canes, of which they have one or two every year. Thefe purge and cleanfe the air fo as to render it highly falubrious; the certainty of which is thus diftinguiflied, that when they fail of making their annual vifits, as fometimes they do, difeafes and death find an entrance into the ifland, which otherwife would foon be over- ftocked with inhabitants. The climate is hot, but not to fuch a degree as might be expedled from its fituation, the breezes from the mountains being conftant and very refrelhing. The tops of thefe mountains are in winter covered with fnow ; which, melting in the fum- mer, furnifties abundance of rivers and rivulets, with which the country is plentifully watered : fo that the foil, though not very deep, is wonderfully fruitful, pro¬ ducing Turkey corn and rice twice a-year, and the latter in great abundance. Moft forts of cattle are found here, good in their kind, and are very cheap ; wild goats and wild hogs are found in the woods and on the tops of the mountains ; here alfo are vaft quan¬ tities of wild fowl of different kinds, fifli, and land tor- toifes, affording at once the moft delicate and whole¬ fome food. As to fruits, they have bananas, oranges, citrons, tamarinds, and other kinds; neither does it want valuable commodities, particularly ebony, cotton, white pepper, gum benzoin, aloes, and tobacco ; all excellent in their kind, when compared with thofe of other countries. This ifland is alfo happy in its defi¬ ciencies ; for no animals that are venomous are to be found therein, and only two forts that are difagreeable to the fight, viz. fpiders of the fize of a pigeon’s egg, which weave nets of a furprifing (Length, reckoned by fome capable of being treated fo as to become as va¬ luable B O U Beurbon. laaable as filk •, and bats of a moft enormous fize, rvhich — are not only fkinned and eaten, but efteemed alfo the greateft delicacy that they have. JThe ifland of Bourbon was difcovered*by the Por- tuguefe in 1545, as appears by a date infcribed by them upon a pillar when they firlt landed ; but when the French fettled in Madagafcar, this ifland was to¬ tally delolate. I'hree Frenchmen being banifhed thi¬ ther, and left there for three years, made fuch a report of it at their return as furprifed their countrymen. 1 hey lived moll of that time upon pork ; and though they were in a manner naked, yet they affirmed that they never had the lead; pain or ficknefs whatever. This tempted one Anthony I’aureau to go over thi¬ ther in 1654, accompanied by feven French and fix ne¬ groes, who carried with them the cattle from which the ifland has been ftoeked ever fince. The firft thing they did was to ere61: the arms of France, by order of M. Falcourt who was governor of Madagafcar, and to be- ftow upon the ifland a new name. Then they fet up huts, and laid out gardens, in which they cultivated melons, different forts of roots, and tobacco ; but juft as the laft became ripe, the whole plantation was de- ftroyed by a hurricane. The French, however, went to work again ; and by having lome acquaintance with the climate, fucceeded better, and added aloes to the reft of their plantations j but receiving no fuccour from Madagafcar, and being tired of living by themfelves in the ifle of Bourbon, they very readily embraced the offer of an Engliffi captain, and in the year 1658 em¬ barked for Madras. When the laft great blow was given to the French at Madagafcar by the natives, who furprifed and cut them off in one night, there efcaped as many men as, with their wives, who were natives, filled two canoes 5 and thefe being driven by the wind on the ifle of Bourbon, were the next fet of people who inhabited it. This laft colony, for want of an op¬ portunity to remove, were conftrained to cultivate this new country of theirs, and to remain in it. It was not long before a further ftock of inhabitants arrived. A pirate that had been committing depredations in the Indies, returning to Europe, ran affiore and was fplit to pieces on the rocks, fo that the crew w’as forced to join themfelves to the former inhabitants j and as they had on board their veffel a great many Indian wo¬ men whom they had made prifoners, they lived with them, and in procefs of time had a numerous pofterity. As Eaft India {hips touched frequently here, when too late to double the Cape, many of the failors, for the fake of the women, deferted at the time of their de¬ parture, and flaying behind became planters in the ifle - of Bourbon. As the place grew more populous, the people naturally became more civilized, and defirous of living in a more commodious manner j which induced them to build fmall veffels, that in thefe they might fometimes make a trip to Madagafcar, in order to pur- chafe flaves, whom they employed in their plantations to cultivate aloes, tobacco, and other things, with which they drove a fmall trade, when ffiips of any na¬ tion anchored in their roads for the fake of refrefliments. In this fituation they were, when the French Eaft In¬ dia Company put in their claim j and affuming the pro¬ perty of the ifland, fent thither five or fix families and a governor. At firft the inhabitants expected to reap 1 542 ] B O U fome benefit from their new mailers 5 but finding very Bom.^on little, and thinking the governor took too much upon him, they revolted at the infligation of a prieft, feized their governor and put him into a dungeon, where he died of hunger and-grief. For this fome of the ring¬ leaders were puniftred, a kind of fort was eredted, fome guns placed on it, and the French flag kept flying j but in other refpedls, fo littje care was taken, that, till within thefe 40 years, the ifland v\as in no ilale of de¬ fence. The number of inhabitants in the year 1717 was computed at 2000 ; viz. 900 free, and I joo flaves. A- mongft thefe people the ufual diftindtion of whites and blacks entirely fails : for even the free are of different colours } and a French writer affures us, that he law in a church one family, confifting of five generations, of all complexions. The eldeft was a female, 108 years of age, of a brown black, like the Indians of Madagafcar 5 her daughter, a mulatto : her grand-daughter, a mellizo } her great grand-daughter, of a dutky yellow; her daughter again, of an olive colour j and the daughter of this laft, as fair as an Engliffi girl of the fame age. Thefe people are, generally {’peaking, of a gentle quiet difpofition, very induftrious, and fubmiffive enough to authority, provided it is exercifed with a tolerable de¬ gree of equity and decency ; for othervvife the whole of them are apt to rife in rebellion at once j and the flaves have fo little reafon to complain of their mafters, that they are always on the fame fide. The ifland is divided into four quarters. The firft is that of St Paul, which is the largeft and beft peopled : their houfes are built at the foot of a fteep mountain, on both fides of a frelh water lake. As for the plantations, they are on the top of a mountain, which they afeend by a very rough and troublefome pafl'age. On the fummit there isafpacious plain, a great part of which is divided into plantations of rice, tobacco, corn, fugar, and fruits. The quarter of St Dennis lies feven leagues from that of St Paul, towards the eaft, and there the governor refides. It is not fo well peopled as the former ; but the country is more pleafant, and the fituation better. At two leagues diftance, proceeding along the fea-coaft, is the quarter of St Mary’s, which is but thinly peopled. The laft and moft fertile quarter is that of St Sufannah, which is at the diftance of four leagues from St Dennis. The road between thefe two quarters is tolerable, though part of it has been cut with much difficulty through a wood •, but the paffage from St Dennis to St Paul is only by fea. When the prefent company of India became, by their perpetual eftabliffiment, poffeffed of the ifland of Bourbon, they began to improve it exceedingly ; rai¬ ling new forts and batteries, fo as to render it in a man¬ ner inacceffible; and importing coffee trees from Ara¬ bia ; which have fucceeded fo well, that it is believed they produce an eighth, according to fome a fixtb, part as much coffee as is railed,in the kingdom of Yemen in Arabia, and it is likewife held next in goodnefs to that. —In 1763, the population amounted to 4627 white people, and 15,149 blacks *, the cattle confilled of 8702 beeves, 4084 flieep, 7405 goats, and 7619 hogs. Upon an extent of 125,909 acres of cultivated land, they gathered as much caffava as would feed their flaves, 135,000 pounds weight of corn, 844,100 pounds of rice. B O U [ 343 ] B O U Bourbon rice, 2,879,100 pounds of maize, and 2,535,100 pounds || of coffee ; which laft the company bought up at about Bourbourg. per pound. In 1748, Admiral Bofcawen appeared before this ifland with a Britifb fleet •, but found it fo well forti¬ fied, both by nature and art, that he was obliged, after fome cannonading to very little purpofe, to purfue his voyage. Bourbon, Nicholas, a famous Latin poet in the 16th century, was a native ofVandeure near Langres, and the fon of a wealthy man who was mafter of feveral forges. Margaret de Valois appointed him preceptor to her daughter Jane d’Albert of Navarre, the mother of King Henry IV. At length he retired to Conde, where he had a benefice, and died about the year 1 ^50. He wrote eight books of Epigrams; and a poem on the forge, which he has entitled Ferraria. He had great knowledge of antiquity, and of the Greek lan¬ guage. Erafmus praifes his Epigrams. Bourbon, Nicholas, a celebrated Greek and Latin poet, was nephew of the preceding. He taught rhe¬ toric in feveral colleges of Paris ; and the cardinal de Perron caufed him to be nominated profeffor of elo¬ quence in the Royal College : he was alfo canon of Langres, and one of the 40 of the French academy. At length he retired to the fathers of the oratory, where he died in 1644, aged 70. He is elieemed one of the greateft Latin poets France has produced. His poems were printed at Paris in 1630. BOURBON-Luncy, a town of France, in the depart¬ ment of Saone and Loire. It is remarkable for its caflle and baths ; and there is a large marble pave¬ ment, called the great bath, which is a work of the Ro¬ mans. It is feated near the river Loire, in E. Long. 3. 46. N. Lat. 46. 37. BOURBON I?Archambaud, a town of France, in the department of Allier, remarkable for its baths, which are exceedingly hot. E. Long. 3. 28. N. Lat, 46. 35. Family of BOURBON, the late royal family of France. Henry IV. in 1589, though of the 10th generation, was the neareft heir, and fucceeded Henry III. (the laft of the Valois race), whofe brother Francis II. mar¬ ried Mary queen of Scots, and both died without iffue. Louis XVI. was the fifth king of this family in fuccef- fion. This family alfo mounted the throne of Spain in 1700, by Philip V. grandfon to Louis XIV. which was the occafion of the long and bloody war that ended in the peace of Utrecht. A branch of the Spanifti family likewife mounted the throne of the two Sicilies in 1734. Thefe three branches entered into a treaty offenfive and defenfive in 17-61, which goes by the name of the fa- mily-compaf}. BOURBONNE-le-bains, a town of France, in Champagne, and in the Bafngni, famous for its hot baths. E. Long. 5. 45. N. Lat. 47. 54. BOURBONNOIS, a province of France, with the title of a duchy ; bounded on the north, by Nivernois and Berry *, on the weft, by Berry and a fmall part of Upper Marche; on the fouth, by Auvergne 5 and on the eaft, by Burgundy and Forez. It abounds in corn, fruits, paftures, wood, game, and wine. Its principal town is Moulins ; and the rivers are the Loire, the Allier, and the Chur. BOURBOURG, a town in French Flanders, whofe fortifications are demoliftied. It is feated on a canal that goes to Dunkirk, in E. Long. 2. 15. N. Lat. 50. Bourbourg 55- BOURCHIER, John, Lord Bemars, grandfon and^our^eaux* heir of a lord of the fame name, who was defcended ' * from I homas of Woodftock, duke of Gloucefter, and had been knight of the Garter and conftable of Wind- for-caftle. Under Edward IV. our Lord John was cre¬ ated a knight of the Bath, at the marriage of the duke of York fecond fon of Edward IV. and was firft known by quelling an infurreflion in Cornwall and Devon- ftiire, raifed by Michael Jofeph a blackfmitb, in 1495, which recommended him to the favour of Henry VIL He was a captain of the pioneers at the fiege of The- rounne, under Henry VIII. by whom he was made chancellor of the exchequer for life, lieutenant of Calais and the Marches, appointed to conduft the lady Mary, the king’s fifter, into France on her marriage with Louis XII. and had the extraordinary happinefs of con¬ tinuing in favour with Henry VIII. for the fpace of 18 years. He died at Calais in 1532, aged 63. Fie tranflated, by King Henry’s command, Froiflart’s Chro¬ nicle; which was printed in 1523, by Richard Pinfon, thefcholar of Caxton, and the fifth on the lift of Englifh printers. His other works were a whimfical medley of tranflations from French, Spanifti, and Italian novels, which feem to have been the mode then, as they were afterwards in the reign of Charles II. Thefe were, The life of Sir Arthur, an Armorican knight; The famous exploits of Sir Hugh Bourdeaux ; Marcus Aurelius ; and, The Caftle of Love. He compofed. alfo a book of the duties of the inhabitants of Calais; and a come¬ dy entitled Ite in Vineam, which is mentioned in none of our catalogues of Englifh plays. Anthony Wood fays it was ufually afted at Calais after vefpers. BOURDALOUE, Lewis, a celebrated preacher among the Jefuits, and one of the greateft orators France has produced, was born at Bourges on the 20th of Auguft 1632. After having preached in Provence, he in 1699 went to Paris ; and there met with fuch ap- plaufe, that the king refolved to hear him ; on which he was fent for to court, and frequently preached be¬ fore L ouis XIV. He aflifted the fick, vifited the pri- foners and hofpitals, and was very liberal in giving alms. He died at Paris on the 13th of May 1704. The heft edition of his fermons is in o£tavo. BOURDEAUX, an ancient, large, handfome, and rich town in France, in the department of Gironde, is the capital of Guienne, and an archbi(hop’s fee ; has an univerfity and an academy of arts and faiences. It is built in the form of a bow, of which the river Garonne is the firing. This river is bordered by a large quay, and the water rifes four yards at full tide, for which reafon the largeft veflels can come up to it-very readily. The caftle called the Trumpet is feated at the entrance of the quay, and the river runs round its walls. Moft of the great ftreets lead to the quay. The town has 12 gates; and near another caftle are fine walks under feveral rows of trees. The ancient city of Bour¬ deaux, though confiderable in point of fize, was ill built, badly paved, dangerous, without police or any of thofe municipal regulations indifpenfably requifite to render a city Iplendid or elegant. It has entirely changed its appearance within thefe laft thirty years. The public edifices are very noble, and all the ftreets newly built are regular and handfome. The quays are four B O U [ 34+ ] B O U Bourdeaux. four miles in length, and the river itfelf is confiderably ‘““■v broader than the Thames at London bridge. On the oppofite fide, a range of hills covered with woods, vine¬ yards, churches, and villas, extends beyond the view. Almofi; in the centre of the town is a fine equefirian ftatue in bronze eredred to Louis XV. in 1743, with the following infcription *. Ludovico quindccitno, Scepe viRon, femper pacificatori ; Suos omnes, quam late regnum patet, Pater no pe&ore gerenti ; Suorum in animis penitus habitanti. The beauty of the river Garonne, and the fertility of the adjoining country, were probably the caufes which induced the Romans to lay the foundations of this city. The ruins of a very large amphitheatre yet remain, con- flrudled under the emperor Gallienus $ it is of brick, as are moft of the edifices of that period, when the empire was verging to its fall, and the arts began rapidly to decline. During the irruptions of the barbarous na¬ tions, and particularly in thofe which the Normans re¬ peatedly made, Bourdeaux was ravaged, burnt, and al- naoft entirely deftroyed. It only began to recover again under Henry II. of England, who having united it to the crown by his marriage with Eleanor of Aqui¬ taine, rebuilt it, and made it a principal objedt of his policy to reflore the city again to the luftre from which it had fallen. The Black Prince received all Guienne, Gafcony, and many inferior provinces, in full fovereign- ty from his father Edward III. He brought his royal captive, John king of France, to this city, after the battle of Poidliers in 1356 j and held his court and re- fidence here during eleven years. -His exalted charac¬ ter, his uninterrupted feries of good fortune, his vidlo- ries, his modefty, liis affability, and his munificence, drew ftrangers to Bourdeaux from every part of Eu¬ rope ; but all this fplendour foon difappeared. He li¬ ved to experience the ingratitude of Peter the Cruel, to whom he had reflored the kingdom of Caftile 5 he became a prey to difiempers in the vigour of life 5 he faw his dominions reunited again in many of their branches to the crown of France, by Charles V. j he loft his eldeft fon Edward, a prince of the higheft ex¬ peditions *, and at length, overcome with forrow’ at this laft afflidfion, he quitted Bourdeaux, and re-embarked for England, there to expire a memorable example of the hafty revolution of human greatnefs ! In 1453, Charles VII. king of France, re-entered the city, and fubjedted the whole province of Guienne, which had * 1 been near three centuries under the Englifh govern¬ ment. Confcious of the importance of fuch a conqueft, he ordered the Chateau Trompette to be built to defend the paflage of the river ; and Louis XIV. afterwards employed the celebrated Vauban to eredt a new fortrefs in the modern ftyle of military architedlure, on the fame fpot.—Madame de Maintenon, whom fortune feemed to have chofen as the objedt of her extremefi: rigour and extremeft bounty, was removed from the prifons of Niort in Poidfou, where fhe was born, with her father the Baron d’Aubigne, to tin’s caftle, where flie ufed to play with the daughter of the turnkey, in the greateft indigence. Bourdeaux prefents few re¬ mains of antiquity. The cathedral appears to be very old, and has fuffered confiderably from the effedls of time. The unfortunate duke of Guienne, brother to Eourdeau* Louis XI. who was poifoned in 1473, lies buried |1. before the high altar. The adjacent country, more Bourges. particularly the Pai/s de Medoc, which produces the ““"V— fineft claret, is exceedingly pleafant, and at the fea- fon of the vintage forms one of the moft delicious landfcapes in the world. W. Long. o. 39. N. Lat. 44. 50. BOURDELOT, John, a learned French critic, who lived at the clofe of the 16th and beginning of the 17th centuries. He diftinguilhed himfelf by writing notes on Lucian, Petronius, and Heliodorus; by an Univerfal Hiftory j Commentaries on Juvenal 5 a Trea- tife on the Etymology of French words; and by fome other wmrks which were never publilhed.—There was alfo an abbe Bourdelot, his filler’s fon, who changed his name from Peter Michon to oblige his uncle. He was a celebrated phyfician at Paris, who gained great reputation by a Treatife on the Viper, and other works* He died in 1685. BOURDINES, a town of the Auftrian Nether¬ lands, in the province of Namur. E. Long. 5. o. N. Lat- 5°- 35- BOURDON, Sebastian, a famous painter, born at Montpelier, in 1619. He ftudied feven years at Rome j and acquired fuch a reputation, that at his re¬ turn to France he had the honour of being the firft vrho was made re£lor of the academy of painting at Paris. He fucceeded better in his landfcapes than in his hif- tory-painting. His pieces are feldom finilhed $ and thofe that are fo, are not always the fineft. He once laid a wager with a friend, that he (hould paint twelve heads after the life, and as big as the life, in one day. He won it: and thefe are faid not to be the worft things he ever did. His moft confiderable pieces are, The gallery of M. de Bretonvilliers, in the aifle of Notre Dame j and, The feven works of mercy, which he etched by himfelf. But the moft efteemed of all his performances is, The martyrdom of St Peter, drawn for the church of Notre Dame : It is kept as one of the choiceft rarities of that cathedral. Bourdon was a Calvinift j much valued and refpefted, however, in a Popifh country, becaufe his life and manners were good. We have alfo by this mailer a great number of etch¬ ings ; which are executed in a bold naafterly ftyle, and much more finilhed than thofe we generally meet with from the point of the painter. They are juftly held in the higheft eftimation by the generality of the collec¬ tors. He died in 1673, aged 54. BOURDONE'E, in Heraldry, the fame with Po- MEE. BOURG, the capital of the illand of Cayenne, a French colony on the coaft of Guiana, in South Ame¬ rica, in W. Long. 52. o. N. Lat. 5. o. BOURG-en-BreJje, a town in France, and capital of Breffe, in the province of Burgundy. It is feated on the river Refouffe, almoft in the centre of Breffe, in E. Long. 4. 19. N. Lat. 46. 13. BOURG fur-Mer, a fea-port town of France in Gux- enne, and in the Bourdelois, with a tolerable good har¬ bour : feated at the confluence of the rivers Dordogne and Garonne, in W. Long. 3. 35. N. Lat. 45. o. BOURGES, an ancient town of France, in the de¬ partment of Cher, and formerly an archbilhop’s fee, •with a famous univerfity, The archbilhop affumes the title B O U [ 3 Bwrges, title of Patriarch of the Aquitains, and enjoys tlie rights fiouget. of primacy -with regard to Albi. It isfeated between two fmall rivers, the Every and the Orron, upon a hill that has a gentle defcent down to thefe rivers, by which it is almoft furrounded, for there is but one avenue to it by land, which is that of Port Bourbonnoux. It (lands upon a great deal of ground *, but one part of it is with¬ out houfes j and the reft is but thinly peopled with gentlemen, ftudents, and ecclefiaftics, the whole num¬ ber of fouls amounting only to about 1 3,000. They have no manner of trade but for their own neceflaries. It is divided into the old and new town. The walls of the old are almoft entire, and the new town is almoft as large as the old. There are feveral churches, convents, and nunneries. The parilh-church, dedicated to St Ste¬ phen, is a fine old Gothic ftru61 are : it is feated in the higheft part of the city, and on each fide of the front are two handfotne high towers. -The new one, which is built in the room of one which fell down, is almoft 200 feet high. Bourbon-fquare is the largeft in the city, where there Was formerly an amphitheatre, and now a market. There is a fine walk from St Michael’s gate into the fields, and three alleys, formed by four ranks of trees, the middlemoft of which is fpacious j befides which, there is a very long mall. The univerfity is fa¬ mous for the ftudy of the law. This city (lands almoft in the centre of France. E. Long. 2. 30. N. Lat. 47. 10. > > BOUGET, Dom John', an ingenious French an¬ tiquary, was born at the village of Beaumains near Falaife, in the diocefe of Seez, in 1724. He was educated at the grammar-fchool at Caen, whence he was removed to that univerfity, and purfued his ftu- dies with great diligence and fuccefs till 1745, when he became a Benedi6Iine monk of the abbey of St Mar¬ tin de Seez. Some time after this, he was appointed prior clauftral of the faid abbey, and continued fix years in that office, when he was nominated prior of Tiron en Perche : whence being tranflated to the ab¬ bey of St Stephen at Caen, in the capacity of fub prior, he managed the temporalties of that religious houfe during two years, as he did their fpiritualties for one year longer; after which, according to the cuftom of the houfe, he refigned his office. His fuperiors, fen- fible of his merit and learning, removed him thence to the abbey of Bee, where he refided till 1764. He was defied an honorary member of the Society of Anti¬ quaries of London, Jan. 10. 1765; in which year he returned to the abbey of St Stephen at Caen, where he continued to the time of his death. Thefe honour¬ able offices, to which he was promoted on account of his great abilities, enabled him not only to purfue his favourite ftudy of the hiftory and antiquities of feme of the principal Benedifline abbeys in Normandy, but likewife gave him accefs to all their charters, deeds, regifter-books, &c. &c. Thefe he examined with great care, and left behind him in MS. large and ac¬ curate accounts of the abbeys of St Peter de Jumieges, St Stephen, and the Holy Trinity at Caen (founded by William the Conqueror and his queen Matilda), and a very particular hiftory of the abbey of Bee. Thefe were all written in French. The “ Hiftory of the Royal Abbey of Bee” (which he prefented to Dr Ducarel in 1764) is only an abftrafl of his larger work. This ancient abbey (which hath produced fe- VOL. IV. Part I. 45 ] B O U veral archbiftiops of Canterbury and other illuftrious Bonnet prelates of this kingdom) is frequently mentioned by ij our old hiftorians. The death of our worthy Benedic- ^ourguig- tine (which happened on new-year’s day 1776) was 1 , occafioned by his unfortunate negleft of a hurt he got in his leg by falling down two or three fteps in going from the hall to the cloifter of the abbey of St Ste¬ phen at Caen, being deceived by the ambiguous light of a glimmering lamp that was placed in the paffage. He lived univerfally efteemed, and died fincerely re¬ gretted by all thofe who were acquainted with him ; and was buried in the church of the faid abbey, Jan. 3. 1776. BOURGET, a town of Savoy, fubje6l to the king of Sardinia, feated at the fouthern extremity of a lake of the fame name. E. Long. j. 55. N. Lat. 44- 4.9- BOURGOGNE, or Burgundy, as it is called ; a confiderable province of France, with the title of a duchy. It is 130 miles in length, and 75 in breadth. It is bounded on the eaft, by the Franche Compte ; on the weft, by Bourbonnois and Nivernois; on the fouth, by Lyonnois; and on the north by Champagne. It is very fertile in corn and fruit, and produces excellent wine. It is watered by the rivers Seine, Dehune, Bre- bince, Armangon, Ouche, Souzon, Tille, and Saone. There are four mineral fprings, at Apoigny, Primeau, Bourbon-Lancy, and St Reine. The firft are obfeure, and the two laft in high reputation. In the canton of Brefle, there are two fubterranean lakes which often overflow in times of the greateft drought, and lay a large tra6l of ground under water : one of them has no apparent fpring or opening; and yet in a dry feafon, it throws out water enough te overflow the meadow-land near it. The grottoes or caves of Arcy are feated about 18 miles from Auxerre, and over them is foil about 10 feet deep. The entrance into thefe cavities is 200 paces long, but narrow. There are arches which form feveral vaults, from whence drops clear water, which turns into a brilliant hard (lone. Fwenty paces from the entrance is a lake, which feems to be formed by that part of the water that will not petrify. The higheft of thefe vaults is not above eight feet. About 80 paces from the entrance there is a kind of hall, with a coffee- coloured ceiling, wherein there are a thoufand odd fi¬ gures, which have a very agreeable effefl. Dijon is the capital town. BOtlRGUIGNONS, or Burgundians, one of the northern nations who overran the Roman empire, and fettled in Gaul. They were of a great ftature, and very warlike ; for which reafon the emperor Valentinian the Great engaged them in his fervice againft the Germans. They lived in tents which were clofe to each other, that they might the more readily unite in arms on any un- forefeen attack. Thefe conjunflions of tents they called burgs; and they were to them what towns are to us. Sidonius Apollinaris tells us .that they wore long hair, took great pleafure in finging, and were fond of praife for their vocal talents. He adds, that they ate great quantities; and anointed their hair with butter, deem¬ ing that un6tion very ornamental. Their crown was at firft elgflive, and the authority of their kings expi¬ red with their fuccefs. They were not only account¬ able for their own mifcondudl, but likewife for the ca¬ lamities of nature, and the caprice of fortune. They X x were Boaro. B O U [346 Bourgiiig. were depofed if they had loft a battle •, if they fucceed- nons ed ill in any enterprife; or if, in ihort, any great event had not correfponded with the hopes of the public. 1 They were not more favourably treated in cafe of a bad harveft or vintage, or if any epidemical diftemper had ravaged the ftate. At fir ft they were governed by many kings, and henden was the title of the royal dignity. But in latter times they were fubjeft to one fovereign ; and they grew humane and civilized, efpecially when Chriftianity was propagated in their country. Before that epocba their religion was much the fame with that of the other northern nations. They had many priefts, the chief of whom was diftinguiftied by the name of JiniJlrus. He was perpetual, and they paid him great refpeft and veneration. BOURIGNON, Antonietta, a famous enthufiaf- tic preacher and pretended prophetefs, was born at Lifle in 1616. At her birth (he was fo deformed, that it was debated fome days in the family whether it was not proper to ftifle her as a monfter: but her deformity di- minifiiing, fhe was fpared j and afterwards attained fuch a degree of beauty, that (he had her admirers. From her childhood to her old age ftie had an extraordinary turn of mind. She fet up for a reformer, and publilhed a great number of books filled with very Angular no¬ tions ; the mod remarkable of which are entitled The light of the World, and The Tejlimony of Truth. She was an enemy to reafon and common fenfe, which (he maintained ought to give place to the illumination of divine faith ; and aflerted, that whenever any one was born‘ again by embracing her doftrine, ftie felt the pains and throws of a woman in labour. Of her pre¬ tended vifions and revelations we (hall give one inftance as a fample. In one of her ecftacies (he faw Adam in the fame form in which he appeared before his fall, and the manner in which he was capable of procreating other men, fince he himfelf poffefied in himfelf the principles of both fexes*. Nay (he pretended it was told her that he had carried this procreating faculty fo far as to produce the human nature of Jefus Chrift. “ The firft man (fays (he), whom Adam brought forth without any concurrent afliftance in his glorified ftate, was chofen by God to be the throne of the Divinity ; the organ and inftrument by which God would com¬ municate himfelf externally to men : This is Chrift the firft born united to human nature, both God and man.” Befides thefe and fuch like extravagancies, (he had other forbidding qualities : her temper was morofe and pee- virti, and (he was extremely avaricious and greedy of amafling riches. She dreffed like a hermit, and tra¬ velled to France, Holland, England, and Scotland, fn the laft (he made a ftrong party, and fome thou- fand fe&arifts, known by the name of Bourignonijls. She died at Franeker in the province of Frife, O&ober 30. 1680. Her works have been printed in 18 vols. oftavo. BOURN, a town of Lincolnftiire, in England, feated in E. Long. 1. 17. N. Lat. 52. 40. It is a pretty large place, has a good market for corn and pro- vifions, and is noted for the coronation of King Ed¬ mund. BOURNE, or Burn, an appellation anciently given to all little brooks or rivulets, and ftill ufed in the fame fenfe in Scotland and in the north of England. BOURO, an iftand in the Eaft Indian ocean, be- ] BOW * See the article Adam. tween the Moluccas and Celebes. It is well cultivated • and is now fubjedft to the Dutch, who have built a for- trefs here. Some mountains in it are exceeding high, and the fea on one fide is uncommonly deep. It pro- duces nutmegs and cloves, as well as cocoa and banana trees 5 befides many vegetables introduced by the Dutch. It is about 50 miles in circumference. E. Long. 129. S. Lat. 4. 30. BOUT ANT, or Arch-Boutant, in AdrchiteBure, an arch, or part of an arch, abutting againft the reins of a vault to prevent its giving way. A Pillar BOUT ANT, is a large chain or pile of ftone, made to fupport a wall, terrace, or vault. BOUTE', in the manege. A horfe is called boute when his legs are in a ftraight line from the knee to the coronet: fhort-jointed horfes are apt to be boute, and on the other hand long-jointed horfes are not. BOUTS-RIMES, a popular term in the French poe¬ try ; fignifying certain rhymes, difpofed in order, and given to a poet together with a fubjeft, to be filled up with verfes ending in the fame words, and the fame order. 1 he invention of the bouts-rimes isowing to one Du Lot, a poet, in the year 1649. In fixing the bouts, it is ufual to choofe fuch as feem the remoteft, and have the leaft connexion. Some good authors fancy that thefe rhymes are of all others the eafieft, that they affift the invention, and furnfth the moft new thoughts of all others. Sar- rafin has a poem on the defeat of the bouts-rimes. The academy of Lanternifts at Thouloufe have contributed towards keeping in countenance the bouts-rimes, by propofing each year a fet of fourteen, to be filled up on the glories of the grand monarque ; the victorious fon- net to be rewarded with a fine medal.—An inftance hereof may be given in the following one, filled up by P. Commire. Bouro II Bow. Tout ef grand da,ns leroi, UofpeB feul de fon bufte Rend nos fiers ennemis plus froids que des gla^ons. Tt Guillaume ri*attend que le terns des moiflbns. Pour fe voir foccomber fous un brasJi robufte. ^u'on ne nous vante plus les miracles d"* Augufte j Louis de bien regner lui feroit des lemons : Horace en vain Regale aux dieux dans fes chanfons: Moins que mon heros il etoit fage et julte, &c. BOUTON, an ifland in the Eaft Indian ocean, about 12 miles diftant from the fouth-eaft part of the ifland of Macaffar, or Celebes. The inhabitants are fmall but well fhaped, and of a dark oiive complexion. The principal town is Callafujung, which is about a mile from the fea, on the top of a fmall hill, and round it a ftone wall. The houfes are not built upon the ground, but on pofts. The religion of the inhabitants is Mahometanifm. E. Long. 122. 30. S. Lat. 4. 3°* BOUVILLON, a city of Luxemburg in the Au- ftrian Netherlands, fituated in E. Long. 5. o. N. Lat. 49 • 55- BOW, (arcus f a weapon of offence made of wood, horn, or other elaftic matter, which, after being ftrong- ly bent, by means of a firing faftened to its two ends, in returning to its natural ftate throws out an arrow with great force. It is alfo called the long-bow, by way of diftinClion from the crofs-bow or arbaleft. The bow is the moft ancient, and the moft univerfal of BOW [ 347 ] BOW Bow. weapons. It has been found to obtain among the —Y-”*-'' moft barbarous and remote people, and who had the lead communication with the reft of mankind. The ufe of the bow and arrow was firft aboliftied in France under Louis XL in 1481, and in their place were introduced the Swifs arms, that is, the halberd, pike, and broad-fword. The long-bow was formerly in great vogue in England $ moft of our victories in France were acquired by it; and many laws were made to regulate and encourage its ufe. The parliament under Henry VIII. complain “ of the difufe of the long-bow, heretofore the fafeguard and defence of this kingdom, and the dread and terror of its enemies.” 33 Hen. VIII. cap. 6. The art of ufing bows is called archery, and thofe pra&ifed therein, archers or bowmen. See Archery. The ftrength of a bow may be calculated on this principle, that its fpring, i. e. the power whereby it re- ftores itfelf to its natural pofition, is always proportion¬ ate to the diftance or fpace it is removed therefrom. The moft barbarous nations often excel in the fabric of the particular things which they have the greateft neceflity for in the common offices of life. The Lap¬ landers, who fupport themfelves almoft entirely by hunting, have an art of making bows, which we, in thefe improved parts of the world, have never arrived at. Their bow is made of two pieces of tough and ftrong wood, ffiaved down to the fame fize, and flatted on each fide j the two flat fides of the pieces are brought clofely and evenly together, and then joined by means of a glue made of the fkins of perch, which they have in great plenty, and of which they make a glue fupe- rior in ftrength to any which we have. The two pieces, when once united in this manner, will never feparate, and the bow is of much more force to expel the arrow, than it could poffibly have been under the fame dimen- fions if made only of one piece. Among the ancients, the bow-ftring, called was made of horfes hair, and hence alfo called iiriruot *, though Homer’s bow-ftrings are frequently made of hides cut into fmall thongs : whence T«|«e /So£<«. The uppermoft part of the bow, to which the firing was fa¬ ttened, was called ko^mwi, being commonly made of gold, and the laft thing towards finiffiing the bow. The Gre¬ cian bows were frequently beautified with gold or fil- ver •, whence we have mention of aurci arcus ; and A- pollo is called A^yv^orofys. But the matter of which they were ordinarily compofed, feems to have been wood : though they were anciently, Scythian-like, made of horn, as appears from that of Pandarus in Ho¬ mer, Iliad. v. 105. The invention of the bow is ufually afcribed to A- pollo, and was communicated to the primitive inha¬ bitants of Crete, who are faid to have been the firft of mortals who underftood the ufe of bows and arrows. And hence, even in later ages, the Cretan bows were famous, and preferred by the Greeks to all others. Some, however, rather choofe to honour Perfes, the fon of Perfeus, with the invention of the bow ; while others afcribe it to Scythes, fon of Jupiter, and proge¬ nitor to the Scythians, who were excellent at this art, and by many reputed the firft , mafters of it. From them it was derived to the Grecians, fome of whofe ancient nobility were inftrudfed by the Scythians in the ufe of the bow, which in thofe days patted for a moft princely education. It was firft introduced into the Roman army in the fecond Punic war. The Indians ftill retain the bow. In the repofitory of the Royal Society we fee a Weft Indian bow two yards long. The Scythian bow was famous for its incurvation, which diftinguiffied it from the bows of Greece and other nations j being fo great as to form a half moon or femicircle : whence the ffiepherd in Athenaeus, be¬ ing to defcribe the letters in Thefeus’s name, and ex- preffing each of them by fome appofite refemblance, compares tne third to the Scythian bow ; meaning not the more modern charafler 2, but the ancient C, which is femicircular, and bears the third place in ©HCEVC. Crofs-Bow, is alfo called arbalej} or arba/et; which word is derived from arbalifta, i. e. arcubalifla, “ a bow with a fling.” The arbalet confifts of a fteel bow fet in a ffiaft of wood, furnifhed with a firing and a trigger j and is bent with a piece of iron fitted for that purpofe. It ferves to throw bullets, large ar¬ rows, darts, &c. The ancients had large machines for throwing many arrows at once, called arbalets or ha- liftce. Bow, is alfo an inftrument ufed at fea, for taking the fun’s altitude 5 confifting of a large arch of 90° gradu¬ ated, a fliank or ftaff, a fide vane, a fight vane, and a horizon vane. It is now out of ufe. Bow, among builders, a beam of wood or brafs, with three long fcrews that diredt a lathe of wood or fteel to any arch j chiefly ufed in drawing draughts of ffiips and projedtions of the fphere, or w’herever it is requi- fite to draw large arches. Bow, in Mujic, a fmall machine, which being drawrn over the firings of a mufical inftrument, makes it re¬ found. It is compofed of a fmall flick, to which are faftened 80 or 100 horfe hairs, andaferew which ferves to give thefe hairs a proper tenfion. In order that the bow may touch the firings brifkly, it isufual to rub the hairs with rofin. The ancients do not appear to have been acquainted with bows of hair: in lieu hereof they touched their inftruments with a pledlrum j over which our borvs have great advantage, for giving long and ffiort founds, and other modifications which a pledlrum cannot produce. Bow, among artificers, an inftrument fo called from its figure j in ufe among gunfmiths, lockfmiths, watch¬ makers, &c. for making a drill go. Among turners it is the name of that pole fixed to the ceiling, to which they fallen the cord that whirls round the piece to be turned. Bow, a town of Devonffiire in England, 188 miles weft from London, and a little to the weft of Crediton, has a weekly market, and two fairs in the year. The court of the duchy of Lancafter is commonly kept here. BOWS of a Saddle, are two pieces of wood laid arch¬ wife to receive the upper part of a horfe’s back, to give the faddle its due form, and to keep it tight. The fore-bow which fuftains the pommel, is compo¬ fed of the withers, the breafts, the points or toes, and the corking. The hind-bow bears the torfequin or quilted roll. The bows are covered with finews, that is, with bulls pizzles beaten, and fo run all over the bows to make them ftronger. Then they are ftrengthened with bands X x 2 of BOW [ 348 1 BOW Navire. Bow. of iron to keep them tight j and on the lower fide are nailed on the faddle-ftraps, with which they make faft the girths. Bow (Epanle), in Ship-Building, the rounding part of a (hip’s fide forward, beginning at the place where the planks arch inwards j and terminated where they clofe, at the ftem or prow. It is proved by a variety of experiments, that a (hip with a narrow bow is much better calculated for failing fwiftly, than one with a broad bowj but is not fo well fitted for a high fea, into which (lie always pitches or plunges her fore part very deep, for want of fufficient breadth to repel the volume of water which (he fo eafily divides in her fall. The former of thefe is called by feamen a lean, and the other a bluff, bow. “ The bow which meets with the lead refiftance in a direft courfe, not only meets with the lead rtfidance in oblique courfes, but alfo has the additional property of driving the lead to leeward j which is a double advantage gained by forming the bow fo as to give it that figure which wdll be lead re- * Ser/fttfT-'j fided in moving through any medium Trane de Qn (jie Bow, in Navigation, an arch of the horizon comprehended between fome didant objeft and that point of the compafs which is right a-head, or to which the (hip’s dem is direfted. The phrafe is equally ap¬ plicable when the objedl is beheld from the (hip, or dif- covered by trigonometrical calculation : As, We faw a fleet at day-break bearing three points on the Jlarboard- bow : that is., three points from that part of the horizon which is right a-head, towards the right hand. See the article Bearing. BoW-dye, a kind of fcarlet red, fuperior to madder ^ but inferior to the true fcarlet grain for fixednefs and duration. It was brought into England, and fird prac- tifed at the village of Bow, near London, by Kephler, a Dutchman, in the year 1643. BOW grace, in the fea-language, a frame or compo- fition of old ropes or junks of cables, ufed to be laid out at the bows, flems, and fides of fln’ps, to preferve tHhai trom great flakes of ice, chiefly when they fail in high north or fouth latitudes. Bow net, or BoW-wheel, an engine for catching fifli, chiefly lobders and craw-fidi, made of two round wick¬ er bafleets, pointed at the end, one of which is thrufl into the other ; at the mouth is a little rim, four or five inches broad, fome what bent inwards. It is alfo ufed for catching fparrnws. Bow-legged or &andi/-legged. Some children are bow-legged from their birth : others become fo from fetting them on their feet too early. The tibia of fome is crooked ; the knees of others are didorted •, from a fault in the ankle, the feet of fome are turned inwards. Thefe are called vari; and in others, who are called valgi, they are turned outwards. The bed method of preventing thefe diforders in weakly children is to ex- ercife them duly, but not violently, by dancing or tof- fing them about in one’s arms ; and not fettmg them much upon their feet, at lead not without properly fupporting them : if the diforder attends at the birth, or increafes after it is begun, apply emollients, then apply boots of flrong leather, wood, &c. fo as gradu¬ ally to difpofe the crooked legs to a proper form ; or other inflruments ma.y be ufed inflead of boots, which, when not too coflly,. are ufually to be preferred. Slighter inflances of the(e diforders yield to careful £osy nurfing, without indruments. Bow-line, or Bowling, a rope faflened near the Bowling, middle of the leech, or perpendicular edge of the fquare finis, by three or four fubordinate parts called bridles. It is only ufed when the wind is fo unfavourable that the fails mud be all braced fidevvays, or clofe hauled to the wind : in this (Ituation the bow-lines are employed to keep the weather or windward edges of the principal fails tight, forward, and deady, without which, they would always be dnvering, and rendered incapable of fervice. To chech the bow line is to flacken it, when the wind becomes large.. Bow-Pieces, are the pieces of ordnance at the bow of a (hip. Rain-BOW. See RAIN-Bow. BOW-Bearer, an inferior officer of the fored, who is fvvorn to make inquifition of all trefpalfies againll vert or venifon, and to attach offenders. BOWELS, in Anatomy, the fame with intedinesi See Anatomy Index. BOWER, in Gardening, a place under covert of trees, differing only from an arbour, as being round or fquare, and made with a kind of dome or ceiling at top j whereas the arbour is always built long and arched. Bower, in the fea-language, the name of an anchor carried at the bow of a drip. There are generally two bowers, called JirJl and fecond, great and little, or bejl and bower. See Anchor. BOWESS, or Bowet, in Falconry, a young hawk, when die draws any thing out of her ned, and covets to clamber on the boughs. BOWL, denotes either a ball of wood, for the ufe of bowling : or a veffel of capacity, wherein to hold li¬ quors. BOWLDER STONES, fmall dones of a roundidi fi¬ gure, and no determinate fize, found on the fea-diore, and on banks or rather channels of rivers. BOWLING, the art of playing at bowls.—This game is pradlifed either in open places, as bares and bowling-greens, or in clofe-bovvling-alleys. The (kill of bowling depends much on a knowledge of the ground, and the right choice of a bowl fuitabla to it : for clofe alleys, the flat bowl $ for green fvvards, plain and level, the bowl as round as a ball is prefer- icd. The terms ufird in bowling are, to bowl wide, wfliich is when the bias does not hold, or is not flrong enough j narrow, when it is too flrong, or holds too much j finely bowled, is when the ground is well chofen, and tire bowl paffes near the block, even though it goes much beyond it: bowling through, or a yard over, is done in order to move the block ; an over-bowl, that which goes beyond it; a bowl laid at hand, is that put down within the gamefler’s reach, to be in the way of the next bowler, and hinder his having the advantago- of the bed ground $ bowling at length, neither bowling through nor fliort j a dead length, a jufl or exadl one 5 throwing or fiinging, is difeharging a bowl with a (Length purpofely too great for a length, in order to carry off either the block or fome near bowl', bowl- room, or mifing-wood, is when a bowl has free paffage, without driking on any other $ get off, is when a bowl ' being. ' I BOW [ 349 ] BO W Bowling being narrow, is wanted to be wider ; bowlbtjl at block, [| ^ that neareft the block : drawing a cajl or bowl, is to Bowyer. w;n Jt by bowling nearer, without ftirring either the bowl or block a bowl is laid to rub, when it meets with forne obftacle in the ground, which retards its motion, and weakens its force •, it is gone, when far beyond the block. Block fignifies a little bowl laid for a mark, alfo called a jack. Mark, is a proper bowling didance, not under fo many yards ; and being at leall a yard and a half from the edge of the green. Ground, a bag or handkerchief laid down to mark where a bowl is to go. Lead, the advantage of throwing the block, and bowling firft. Cajl, is one beft bowl at an end. End, a hit, or when all the bowls are out. The game, or ///>, is five cafts or beft bowls. BOTVLING-Green, in Gardening, a kind of parterre in a grove, laid with fine turf, requiring to be frequently mowed, laid out in compartments of divers figures, with dwarf-trees and other decorations. Bowling- greens are of Englifh origin, but have been adopted by the French and Italians, who have them only for ornament ; being unacquainted with or not fancying the exercife, on account of which they were firft made in England. BoiVLING-Brid/es, are the ropes by which the bow¬ line is fafiened to the leech of the fail. BOWSE, in the fea-language, fignifies as much as to bale or pu/l. Thus bowjing upon a tack, is hauling upon a tack. Bowie away, that is, Pull away all to¬ gether. BOWSPRIT, or Boltsprit, a kind of maft, reft- ing flopewife on the head of the main ftern, and having its lower end faftened to the partners of the fore-maft, and farther fupported by the fore ftay. It carries the fprit-fail, fprit-top fail, and jack-ftaff; and its length is ufually the fame with that of the fore-maft. BOWYER, William, the moft learned printer of his age, was born at White Friars in London, December 17. 1699. His father, whofe name alfo was William, had been eminent in the fame profeflion ; and his maternal grandfather (Icabod Dawks) was employed in printing the celebrated Polyglott bible of BHhop Walton. At a proper age, he was placed for grammatical education under the care of Mr Am- brofe Bonwicke, a nonjuring clergyman of known piety and learning, who then lived at Headly, near Leatherhead in Surry. Here Mr Bowyer made great advances in literature, and a firm attachment com¬ menced betwixt him and his mafter. On the 30th of January 1713, the whole property of the elder Mr Bowyer was deftroyed by fire j on which occafion Mr Bonwicke generoully undertook the education of his pupil for one year. In 1716, young Mr Bowyer was admitted a fizar at St John’s college, Cambridge, where Dr Robert Jenkin was at that time mafter. He continued at the college of Cambridge under the tuition of the reverend Dr John Newcombe till June 1722, during which period he probably took his de¬ gree of bachelor of arts •, and it appears that he was defirous of obtaining a fellowftiip, though it is not cer¬ tain that he ever flood a candidate for that honour. Soon after this he had an opportunity of repaying the kindnefs which Mr Bonwicke had ftiown him, by of¬ ficiating fome time after his death in the capacity of a fchoolmafter for the benefit of his family. . Mr Bowyer now entered into the printing-bufinefs Bowyer. along with his father. One of the firft books which received the benefit of his correedion was the complete edition of Selden, in three volumes folio, by Dr David Wilkins. This edition was begun in 1722, and fi- ni(lied in 1726; and Mr Bowyer’s great attention to it appeared in his drawing up an epitome of Selden de Synedriis, as he read the proof theets. In 1727, he drew up an excellent fketch of William Baxter’s Glof- fary of the Roman Antiquities. This was called “ A view of a book entitled Re/iquice Baxterianw. In a let¬ ter to a friend.” A fingle Iheet 8vo. By this firft: public proof of Mr Bowyer’s abilities, Dr Wotton and Mr Claike were highly pleafed ; but as it was never publilhed, and a very few copies printed, it is very feldom found with the gloilary. In 1727 Mr Bowyer loft his mother 5 on which occafion he received a letter of confolation from Mr Chiftiull the learned editor of the Antiquitates AJiaticce. In Odlober 1728 he married Mifs Ann Prudom, his mother’s niece, a very accom- pliihed lady, by whom he had two fens, William and Thomas: the former of whom died an infant, and the latter furvived his father. In 1729 Mr Bowyer pub- liftied a curious treatife, entitled, “ A Pattern for young Students in the Univerfity j fet forth in the Life of Ambrofe Bonwicke, fome time fcbolar of St John’s College, Cambridge but though this treatife was generally aferibed to Mr Bowyer, it was in reality, the produdlion of Mr Ambrofe Bonwicke the elder. About this time it appears, that Mr Bowyer had writ¬ ten a pamphlet againft the Separatifts, though neither the title nor the occafion of it are now remembered. The fame year, through the friendftiip of the Right Hon. Arthur Onflow, he was appointed printer of the votes of the houfe of commons j which office he held, under three fucceffive fpeakers, for near fifty years. In 1731 Mr Bowyer publiftied, and, it is be¬ lieved, tranjlated, Voltaire’s Life of Charles XII. This year alfo his wife died j on which occafion his friends Mr Clarke and Mr Chifliull wrote him very ite and Chriftian letters. He remained a widower till 1747, when he married a very benevolent and worthy woman, Mrs Elizabeth Bill, by whom he had no chil¬ dren. In 1733 he publiffied a piece in two ffieets 410, entitled, “ The Beau and the Academic:” being a tranflation from a Latin poem recited that year at the Sheldonian theatre: and in 1736 he was admitted in¬ to the Society of Antiquarians, where he became, an aftive and ufeful member. In 1737 Mr Bowyer loft hrs father •, and on this occafion Mr Clarke again ad- drefled to him a letter of confolation. In 1742 our author publifhed a tranflation of Trapp’s Latin Lec¬ tures on Poetry, in. which he was affifted by Mr Clarke, though the latter had a contemptible opinion of the performance. In 1749, Mr Bowyer, along with Dr Burton, was virulently attacked by Dr King in a piece entitled Elogium famce irferviens Jacci Etonenjis Jive Gig antis : or “ The praifes of Jack Eaton, commonly called Jack the Giant.'1'1—This abufe was probably occafioned by Mr Bowyer’s having hinted in converfation fome doubts concerning the Doctor’s Ikill in Latin. Our au¬ thor drew up fome ftri£lures in his own defence, which he intended to infert at the conclufion of a preface to Montefquieu’s Reflexions j but by Dr Clarke’s advice they- BOW [ 35° ] BOW Bowyer. they were omitted. In 1750, a prefatory critical dif- "—■V 1 fertation and fome notes were annexed by our author to Kufter’s Treatife De ufu verborum mediorum; a new edition of which, with farther improvements, ap¬ peared in 1773. He wrote likewife about the fame time a Latin preface to hee&esWeteres poetce citati, &c.—Being foon after employed to print an edition of Col. Bladen’s tranflation of Caefar’s Commentaries, that work received conliderable improvements from Mr Bowyer’s hands, with the addition of fuch notes in it as are figned Typogr. In the fubfequent editions of this work, though printed by another perfon during our author’s lifetime, the fame fignature, though contrary to decorum, and even to juftice, was ftill retained. In 1751, he wrote a long preface to Montefquieu’s “ Re¬ flections on the rife and fall of the Roman Empire j” tranflated the dialogue between Sylla and Socrates j made feveral corrections to the work from the Baron’s “ Spirit of Laws and improved it with his own notes. A new edition, with many new notes, was printed in 1759. In 1751 he alfo publiflied the firft tranflation that ever was made of Rouffeau’s paradoxi¬ cal oration, which gained the prize at the academy of Dijon in 1750; and which firfl: announced that Angu¬ lar genius to the attention and admiration of Europe. On the publication of the third edition of Lord Orrery’s “ Remarks on the Life and Writings of Dr Swift,” in 1752, Mr Bowyer wrote and printed, but never pub- liftied, “ Two Letters from Dr Bentley in the Shades below, to Lord Orrery in a Land of thick darknefs.” The notes figned B, in the ninth quarto volume of Swift’s works, are extracted from thefe Letters. In 1753, he endeavoured to allay the ferment occafioned by the Jew bill •, with which view he publiflied, in quarto, “ Remarks on the fpeech made in common- council, on the bill for permitting perfons profefling the Jewifli religion to be naturalized, fo far as prophe¬ cies are fuppofed to be affeCted by it.” This little traCl w^= written with fpirit, and well received by thofe who were fuperior to narrow prejudices. Its defign was to Ihow that whatever political reafons might be alleged againft the bill, Chriftianity was in no danger of being prejudiced by the intended protection promifed to the Jews. The fame year fome of Mr Bowyer’s notes were annexed to Bifliop Claton’s tranflation of “ A Journal from Grand Cairo to Mount Sinai and back again.”—In 1754, Mr Bowyer with a view of leffen- ing his fatigue entered into partnerfliip with a rela¬ tion 5 but fome difagreement arifing, the connection was dilfolved in three years. On the death of Mr Richardfon in 1761, Mr Bowyer fucceeded him as printer to the Royal Society, through the favour of the late Earl of Macclesfield 5 and, under the friend- fliip of five fueceflive prefidents, enjoyed that office till his death. In 1763, Mr Bowyer publiflied an excellent edition of the Greek Teftament, in two vols i2mo. It ap¬ peared under the following title : Novum 'Tejlamentum Grcecum ; ad jidem Gracorum folum Codicum MSS. nunc primum imprcjfum, adflipulante Joanne Jacobo Wetjlenio, juxta Secliones Jo. Alberti Bengelii divifum ; et nova interpretatione fccpius illujlratum. Accejfere in altero volumine, Emendationes conjeBurales virorum doc- torum undecunque colledlce. This fold with great rapi¬ dity : the Conjeftural Emendations were well received by the learned, and are thought to be a valuable work, n The prefident and fellows of Havard college in Cam- -- bridge expreffed their approbation of this edition in very high terms, in a letter to Mr Bowyer, written in the year 1767. “ This work (fay they), though fmall in bulk, we efteem as a rich treafure of facred learning, and of more value than many large volumes of the commentators.” A fecond edition of the Con¬ jectures on the New Tefiament, with very confiderable enlargements, was feparately publiflied, in one vol. 8vo, in 1772. Bifliop Warburton having cenfured a paf- fage in the former edition, Mr Bowyer fent him a copy of this book, with a conciliatory letter. Dr War- burton’s Divine Legation had received very confider¬ able advantage from Mr Bowyer’s corrections j and this even in an edition which was necefiarily given to another prefs. In 1761 he was employed to print his Lordffiip’s DoCtrine of Grace. A fecond edition be¬ ing foon wanted, and Mr Bowyer not having been in¬ truded with the care of it, he prepared a feries of let¬ ters to the bifliop in his own defence ; of which, toge¬ ther with a few he had formerly received from that great writer, he afterwards printed twelve copies, of which ten have fince been deftroyed. However, there is the belt authority for aflerting, that notwithftand- ing any little altercations which happened, Dr War- burton always retained a fincere regard for our au¬ thor. In 1765, at the requeft of Thomas Hollis, Efq. Mr Bowyer wrote a fliort Latin preface to Dr Wallis’s Grammatica Linguce Anglicance. He wrote alfo a large Englifli preface for the fame work, which, however, ftill remains imprinted. In 1 766 he entered into partnerfliip with Mr Nichols, who had been train¬ ed by him to the profeffion, and had for feveral years affifted him in the management of his bufinefs. The fame year, Mr Bowyer wrote an excellent Latin pre¬ face to Joannis Harduini, Jefuitce, ad Cenfuram Scrip- torum veterum Prolegomena. Juxta Autographum. In 1767 he was appointed to print the journals of the houfe of lords and the rolls of parliament. This year he printed Mr Clarke’s excellent and learned work on “ The ConneCHon of the Roman, Saxon, and Englifli Coins j” and wrote fome notes upon it, which are in- terfperfed throughout the volume with thofe of the au¬ thor. Part of the Diflertation on the Roman fefterce was likewife Mr Bowyer’s production j and the index, which is an uncommonly good one, was drawn up by him entirely. In January 1771 Mr Bowyer loft his fecond wife, and again received a letter of confolation from his old friend Mr Clarke, who had fent him one almoft forty years before on a fimilar occafion. In the Philofophi- cal TranfaCtions for this year was printed a very inge¬ nious “ Inquiry into the Value of the ancient Greek and Roman Money,” by the late Matthew Raper, Efq. But his opinions not coinciding with thofe of Mr Bowyer, he printed a fmall pamphlet, entitled, “ Remarks, occafioned by a late Diflertation on the Greek and Roman Money.” In 1773 three little traCls were publiffied by him, under the title of “ Se- leCt Difcourfes. 1. Of the correfpondence of the He¬ brew months with the Julian, from the Latin of Pro- feflbr Michaelis. 2. Of the Sabbatical years, from the fame. 3. Of the years of Jubilee, from an anonymous writer in Maffon’s Hiftoire Critique de la Republique des BOX [ 35i ] BOX Bovvyer, des Lettres.” In 1774 he correfled a new edition of Box. Schrevelius’s Greek Lexicon •, to which he has added a number of words, diftinguifhed by an afterifk, which he himfelf had colle&ed in the courfe of his fludies. Confiderable additions, ftill in manufcript, were made by him to the lexicons of Hederic and Buxtorf, the Latin ones of Faber and Littleton, and the Englifli Di&ionary of Bailey j and he left behind him many other proofs of his critical {kill in the learned langua¬ ges. In 1774 was publiflied, “ The origin of print¬ ing, in two eflays. I. The fubftance of Dr Middle¬ ton’s Differtation on the Origin of Printing in Eng¬ land. 2. Mr Meerman’s Account of the Invention of the art at Haarlem, and its progrefs to Mentz, with occafional Remarks, and an Appendix.” The original idea of this valuable trad was Mr Bowyer’s, but it was completed by Mr Nichols. Although our author, during the laft ten years of his life, had been affli&ed with the palfy and done, he not only preferved a remarkable cheerfulnefs of tem¬ per, but was enabled to fupport the labour of almolt inceffant reading ; and he regularly correfted the learn¬ ed works, efpecially the Greek books, which came from his prefs. This he continued to do till within a few weeks of his death, which happened in November 1777, when he had nearly completed his 78th year. For more than half a century Mr Bowyer was unrivalled as a learned printer; and many of the mod maderly pro¬ ductions of this kingdom have come from his prefs. To his literary and profeflional abilities he added an excellent moral character ; and he was particularly didinguidied by his indexible probity, and an uncom¬ mon alacrity in relieving the neceditous. BOWYERS, artificers whofe bufinefs is to make bows : in which fenfe, bowyers dand didinguidied from detchers, who made arrows. The bowyers company in London was incorporated in 1620 : and condds of a mader, two wardens, twelve adidants, and 30 on the livery. See Archery. BOX, in its mod common acceptation, denotes a fmall ched or coffer for holding things. Dice-Box, a narrow deep cornet, channelled within, wherein the dice are diaken and thrown. This anfwerS to what the Romans called fritillus ; whence, crepitan- tes fritilli; and, in Seneca, refonante fritillo. The fame author ufes alfo concutere fritillum, figuratively, for playing.—Befides the fritillus, the Romans, for greater fecurity, had another kind of dice-box called pyrgus, and fometimes turricula. It was placed im¬ moveable in the middle of the table, being perforated or open at both ends, and likewife channelled within ; over the top was placed a kind of funnel, into which the dice were cad out upon the fritillus j whence de- fcending, they fell through the bottom on the table $ by which all prailifing on them with the fingers was effeflually prevented. F'or want of fome contrivance of this kind, our (harpers have opportunities of playing* divers tricks with the box, as palming, -topping, dab¬ bing, &c. Box, is alfo ufed for an uncertain quantity or mea- fure : Thus a box of quickfilver contains from one to two hundred weight 5 a box of prunellas only impounds 5 a box of rings for keys, t wo grofs, &c. Box Tree. See Buxus, Botany Index. African Box. See Myrsine, Botany Index. 2 BOXERS, a kind of athletce, who combat or con- Boxers tend for viclory with their fids. Boxers amount to the jl fame with what among the Romans was called pugiles., B°xing» The ancient boxers battled with great force and fury, infomuch as to dafh out each others teeth, break bones, and often kill each other. The drange disfigurements the boxers underwent were fuch that they frequently could not be known, and rendered them the fubjefl of many railleries. In the Greek anthology there are four epigrams of the poet Lucilius, and one of Lucian, wherein their disfigurements are pleafantly enough ex- pofed. See Boxing. BOXHORNIUS, Marc Zuerius, a learned critic, born at Bergen-op-Zoom in 1612, was profeffor of elo¬ quence at Leyden, and at length of politics and hidory in the room of Heinfius. He publidied, 1. Theatrum urbium Hollandice. 2. Scriptores hijloricc Augnjlce, cum notis. 3. Poetce fatyrici tninores, cum comment. 4. Notes on Judin, Tacitus *, and a great number of other works. He died in 1653, aged 41- BOXING, the exercife of fighting with the fids, either naked or with a done or leaden ball grafped in them : in which fenfe, boxing coincides with the pugil- latus of the Romans, and what in our amphitheatres is fometimes called trial of manhood. When the cham¬ pions had ripciigcti, or balls, whether of lead or done, it was properly denominated being acquainted with the unhappy circumftances of the learned Sanderfon, afterwards biftiop of Lincoln, who had loft all his pre¬ ferments on account of his attachment to the royal party, conferred upon him an honorary ftipend of 50I. a-year. This ftipend was given as an encouragement to that excellent mafter of reafoning to apply himfelf to the writing of “ Cafes of Confcience and accord¬ ingly BOY [ 357 ] BOY ingly he printed his lectures De ohligatione confcienticey which he read at Oxford in 1647, and dedicated them to his friend and patron. Upon the reftoration of Charles II. Mr Boyle was treated with great civility and refpedt by the king, as well as by the two great minifters the lord treafurer Southampton and the lord chancellor Clarendon. He was folicited by the latter to enter into holy orders, not only out of regard to him and his family, but chiefly with a view to ferve the church itfelf $ for Mr Boyle’s noble family, his diftinguifhed learning, and, above all, his unblemifhed reputation, induced Lord Clarendon to think that any ecclefiaftical preferments he might attain would be worthily difcharged, fo as to do honour to the clergy, and fervice to the eftablifhed communion. Mr Boyle confidered all this with due attention : but, to balance thefe, he refle&ed, that, in the fituation of life in which he was, whatever he wrote with refpeft to religion would have fo much the greater weight as coming from a layman : fince he -well knew that the irreligious fortified themfelves againft all that the clergy could offer, by fuppofing, and fay¬ ing, that it was their trade, and that they were paid for it. He confidered likewife, that, in point of for¬ tune and charafter, he needed no acceflions ; and in¬ deed he never had any appetite fop either. He chofe, therefore, to purfue his philofophical fludies in fuch a manner as might be moft effedhial for the fupport of religion ; and began to communicate to the world the fruit of thefe fludies. The firft of thefe was printed at Oxford in 1.660, in 8vo, under the title of, 1. New experiments, phyfico- mechanical, touching the fpring of the air and its ef¬ fects. 2. Seraphic love ; or fome motives and incen¬ tives to the love of God, pathetically difcourfed of in a letter to a friend.. 3. Certain phyfiological effays and other tra&s, 1661, 4to. 4. Sceptical chemift, 1662, 8vo } a very curious and excellent work, reprinted a- bout the year 1679, 8vo, with the addition of divers experiments and notes about the produciblenefs of che¬ mical principles. In the year 1663, the Royal Society being incorpo¬ rated by King Charles II. Mr Boyle was appointed one of the council j and as he might be juftly reckon¬ ed among the founders of that learned body, fo he con¬ tinued one of the moft ufeful and induftrious of its members during the whole courfe of his life. In June 1663, publiftied, 5. Confiderations touching the ufefulnefs of Experimental Natural Philofophy, 410. 6. Experiments and confiderations upon Colours j to which was added a letter, containing Obfervations on a Diamond that (bines in the dark, 1663, 8vo. This treatife is full of curious and ufeful remarks on the hi¬ therto unexplained doftrine of light and colours 5 in which he (hows great judgment, accuracy, and pene¬ tration $ and may be faid to have led the way to that mighty genius, the great Sir Ifaac Newton, who has iince fet that point in the cleared; and moft convincing light. 7. Confiderations on the ftyle of the Holy Scriptures, 1663, 8vo. It was an extraft from a lar¬ ger work, entitled, “ An Effay on Scripture j” which was afterwards publifhed by Sir Peter Pett, a friend of Mr Boyle’s. In 1664, he was ele&ed into the company of the royal mines j and was all this year taken up in the profecution of various good defigns, which probably Eoyia. was the reafon why he did not fend abroad any trea- ' ■■■—/— tifes either of religion or philofophy. The year fol¬ lowing, came forth, 8. Occafional reflexions upon fe- veral fubjeXs $ whereto is prefixed a difcourfe about fuch kind of thoughts, 1665, 8vo. This piece is ad- dreffed to Sophronia, under which name he concealed that of his beloved After the vifcountefs of Ranelagh. The thoughts themfelves are on a vaft variety of lub- jeXs, written many years before ; fome indeed upon trivial occafions, but all with great accuracy of lan¬ guage, much wit, more learning, and in a wonderful drain of moral and pious refleXion. Yet this expofed him to the only fevere cenfure that ever was paffed up¬ on him j and that too from no lefs a man than the ce¬ lebrated Dean Swift, who, to ridicule thefe difeourfes, wrote A pious meditation upon a broomjlick, in the Jhjie of the honourable Mr Boyle. But as his noble relation, the late Lord Orrery has faid, “ To what a height muft the fpirit of farcafm arife in an author, who could prevail on himfelf to ridicule fo good a man as Mr Boyle ? The fword of wit, like the feythe of time, cuts dowm friend and foe, and attacks every objeX. that lies in its way. But, (harp and irrefiftible as the edge of it may be, Mr Boyle will always remain in¬ vulnerable.” The fame year, he publilhed an important work, en¬ titled, 9. New experiments and obfervations upon cold, 1665, 8vo. In the year 1666, he publifhed, 10. Hy~ droftatical paradoxes made out by new experiments, for the moft part phyfical and eafy, in 8vo. II. The origin of forms and qualities, according to the corpuf- cular philofophy, illuftrated by confiderations and ex¬ periments. This treatife did great honour to Mr Boyle, whether we confider the quicknefs of his wit, the depth of his judgment, or his indefatigable pains in fearching after truth. We muft not forget to obferve, that, both in this and the former year, he communi¬ cated to his friend Mr Oldenburg, who was fecretary to the Royal Society, feveral curious and excellent (hurt treatifes of his own, upon a great variety of fubjeXs,. and others tranfmitted to him by his learned friends both at home and abroad, which are printed and pre- ferved in the Philofophical TranfaXions. In the year 1668, Mr Boyle refolved to fettle in London for life : and removed for that purpofe to the houfe of his fifter, the lady Ranelagh, in Pall-Mall. This was to the infinite benefit of the learned in gene¬ ral, and particularly to the advantage of the Royal So¬ ciety, to whom he gave great and continual afliftanee, as the feveral pieces communicated to them from time to time, and printed in their TranfaXions, do abun¬ dantly teftify. Thofe who applied to him, either to defire his help, or to communicate to him any new difeoveries in fcience, he had his fet hours for receiv¬ ing j otherwife it is eafy to conceive that he would have had very little of his time for himfelf. But, be- fides thefe, he kept a very extenfive correfpondence with perfons of the greateft figure, and moft famous for learning, in all parts of Europe. In the year 1669, he publiftied, 12. A continuation of new expe¬ riments touching the weight and fpring of the air \ to which is added, A difcourfe of the atmofpheres of con- fiftent bodies: and the fame year he revifed and made many additions to feveral of his former traXs, fome of whicK. BOY [ 358 ] BOY Boyle, which were now tranllated into Latin, in order to gra- —V—•'tify the curious'abroad. 13. Trafts about the cofmi- cal qualities of things j cofmical fufpicions : the tem¬ perature of the fubterraneous regions j the bottom of the fea: to which is prefixed an introduction to the hiftory of particular qualities. This book occafioned much fpeculation, as it feemed to contain a vaft trea- fure of knowledge which had never been communicated to the world before ; and this too grounded upon aCtual experiments, and arguments juftly drawn from them, inftead of that notional and conjeCtur’al philofophy which in the beginning of the 17th century had been fo much in fafhion. In the year 1671, he publilhed, 14. Confiderations on the ufefulnefs of experimental and natural philofo¬ phy ; the fecond part, 4to. And, 15. A collection of traCts upon feveral ufeful and important points of practical philofophy, 4to. Both of which works were received as new and valuable gifts to the learned world. 16. An eflay about the origin and virtues of gems, 1672, 8vo. 17. A collection of traCts upon the relation between flame and air j and feveral other ufeful and curious fubjeCts : befides furnifliing, in this and the former year, a great number of flrort diflerta- tions upon a vaft variety of topics, addrefled to the Royal Society, and inferted in their TranfaCtions. 18. Eflays on the ftrange fubtility, great efficacy, and de¬ terminate nature of effluvia 5 to which were added a variety of experiments on other fubjeCts; 1673, 8vo. *19. A collection of traCts upon the faltnefs of the fea, the moifture of the air, the natural and preternatural Hate of bodies; to which is prefixed a dialogue con¬ cerning cold ; 1674, 8vo. 20. The excellency of theology compared rvith philofophy, 1673, 8vo. This difcourfe was written in the year 1665, while Mr Boyle, to avoid the great plague which then raged in London, was forced to go from place to place in the country, and had little or no opportunity of confulting his books. It contains a great number of curious and ufeful, as "well as juft and natural obfervations. 21. A collection of traCts containing fufpicions about hid¬ den qualities of the air ; with an appendix touching celeftial magnets; animadverfions upon Mr Hobbes’s problem about a vacuum ; a difcourfe of the caufe of attraction and fuCtion ; 1674, 8vo. 22. Some confi¬ derations about the reconcileablenefs of reafon and re¬ ligion. By T. E. a layman. To which is annexed a difcourfe about the poffibility of the refurreClion. By Mr Boyle, 1675, 8vo. The reader muft be inform¬ ed, that both thefe pieces were of his writing ; only he thought fit to mark the former with the final letters of his name. Among other papers that he communi¬ cated this year to the Royal Society, there were two conneCIed into one difcourfe ; the firft was entitled, An experimental difcourfe of quickfilver growing hot with gold ; the other related to the fame fubjeCt; and both of them contained difcoveries of the utmoft im¬ portance. In the year 1676, he publiffled, 23. Experiments and notes about the mechanical origin or production of particular qualities ; in feveral difcourfes on a great variety of fubjeCts, and among the reft on eleCtricity. In 1678, he communicated to Mr Hooke a ftiort me¬ morial of fome obfervations made upon an artificia fubftance that fflines without any preceding illuftra'»- tion; which that gentleman thought fit to publilh in his Letliones Cut/eriance. 24. Hiltorical account of a degradation of gold made by an anti-elixir. This made a great noife both at home and abroad, and is looked upon as one of the moft remarkable pieces that ever fell from his pen ; fince the faCts contained in it would have been efteemed incredible, if they had been related by a man of lefs integrity arid piety than Mr Boyle. The regard which the great Newton had for Mr Boyle, appears from a very curious letter, which the former wrote to him, at the latter end of this year, for the fake of laying before him his fentiments of that etherial medium, which he afterwards confidered in his Optics as the caufe of gravitation. This letter is to be found in the life of our author by the reverend Dr Birch. In the year 1680, Mr Boyle publifhed, 25. The aerial nodiluca; or fome new phenomena, and a pro- cefs of a faClitious felf-fhining fubftance, 8vo. This year the Royal Society, as a proof of the juft fenfe of his great worth, and of the conftant and particular fer- vices which through a courfe of many years he had done them, made choice of him for their prefident; but he being extremely, and, as he fays, peculiarly tender in point of oaths, declined the honour done him, by a letter addrefled to “ his much refpeCIed friend Mr Robert Hooke, profeflor of mathematics at Grefham college.” 26. Difcourfe of things above rea¬ fon ; inquiring, whether a philofopher ffiould admit any fuch ; 1681, 8vo. 27. New experiments and ob¬ fervations upon the icy nodiluca : to which is added a chemical paradox, grounded upon new experiments, making it probable that chemical principles are tranf- mutable, fo that out of one of them others may be produced; 1682, 8vo. 28. A continuation of new experiments, phyfico mechanical, touching the fpring and weight of the air, and their effeds ; 1682, 8vo. In 1683, he publiffied nothing but a fhort letter to Dr Beale, in relation to the making of frefti water out of fait. In 1684, he publifhed two very confiderable works; viz. 29. Memoirs for the natural hiftory of human blood, efpecially the fpirit of that liquor, 8vo; and, 30. Experiments and confiderations about the po- rofity of bodies, &c. In 1685, Mr Boyle obliged the world with, 31. Short Memoirs for the natural experimental hiftory of mineral waters, with diredions as to the feveral me¬ thods of trying them ; including abundance of new and ufeful remarks, as well as feveral curious experiments. 32. An efl'ay on the great eflfeds of even languid and unheeded motion; whereunto is annexed an experi¬ mental difcourfe of fome hitherto little regarded caufes of the falubrity and infalubrity of the air and its ef¬ feds. None of his treatifes, it is faid, were ever re¬ ceived with greater or more general applaufe than this. 33. Of the reconcileablenefs of fpecific medi¬ cines to the corpufcular philofophy; to which is an¬ nexed a difcourfe about the advantages of the ufe of fimple medicines, 8vo. Befides thefe philofophical trads, he gave the world, the fame year, an excellent theological one, 34. Of the high veneration man’s in- telled owes to God, peculiarly for his wifdom and power, 8vo. At the entrance of the fucceeding year, came abroad his, 35. Free inquiry into the vulgarly received notion of BOY [ 359 ] BOY Boyle, of nature ; a piece which was then, and will always t>e> greatly admired by thofe who have a true zeal and relilh for pure religion and philofophy. In 1687, he publiihed, 36. The martyrdom of Theodora and Di- dymia; a work he had drawn up in his youth. 37. A difquiiition about the final caufes of natural things 5 wherein it is inquired, whether, and (if at all) with what caution, a naturalift fitould admit them j with an appendix about vitiated light 5 1688, 8vo. In the month of May this year, our author, though very un¬ willing, was conftrained to make his complaint to the public, of fome inconveniences under which he had long laboured •, and this he did by an advertifement, about “ the lofs of many of his writings addreffed to J. W. to be communicated to thofe of his friends that are virtuofi ; which may ferve as a kind of preface to moll of his mutilated and unfinilhed writings.” He ■complains in this advertifement of the treatment he had met with from plagiaries both at home and abroad j and though it might have been difficult in any other man to have done fo without incurring the imputation of felf-conceit and vanity, yet Mr Boyle’s manner is fuch as only to raife in us a higher elteem and admira¬ tion of him. This advertifement is inferted at length in his life by Birch. He began now to find that his health and ftrength, notwithftanding all his care and caution, gradually deT dined, as he obferves in a letter to M. le Clerc, dat¬ ed May 30. 1689 j which put him upon ufing every poffible method of huffianding his remaining time for the benefit of the learned. It was with this view that he no longer communicated particular difcourfes, or new difcoveries to the Royal Society j becaufe this could not be done without withdrawing his thoughts from talks which he thought of ftill greater importance. It was the more fteadily to attend to thefe, that he re- figned his poft of governor of the corporation for pro¬ pagating the gofpel in New England; nay, he went fo far as to fignify to the world that he could no longer receive vifits as ufual, in an advertifement which be¬ gins in the following manner : “ Mr Boyle finds him- felf obliged to intimate to thofe of his friends and ac¬ quaintance, that are wont to do him the honour and fa¬ vour of vifiting him, 1. That he has by fome unlucky accidents, namely, by his fervant’s breaking a bottle of oil of vitriol over a cheft which contained his pa¬ pers, had many of his writings corroded here and there, or otherwife fo maimed, that, without he him- felf fill up the lacunae out of his memory or invention, they will not be intelligible. 2. That his age and ficklinefs have for a good while admoniffied him to put his fcattered and partly defaced writings into fome kind of order, that they may not remain quite ufelefs. And, 3. That his fkilful and friendly phyfician, Sir Edmund King, feconded by Mr Boyle’s beft friends, has preffingly advifed him againft fpeaking daily with fo many perfons as are wont to vifit him, reprefenting it as what cannot but wafte his fpirits, &c. He or¬ dered likewife a board to be placed over his door, with an infeription fignifying when he did, and when he did not, receive vifits.” Among the other great works, which by this means he gained time to finifii, there is great reafon to be¬ lieve, that one was a colleftion of elaborate proceffes in chemiftry ; concerning which he wrote a letter to 3 a friend, which is Hill extant; wherein we read, that Boyle. “ he left it as a kind of hermetic legacy to the ftu- '"“■“’N dious difciples of that art.” Befides thefe papers com¬ mitted to the care of one whom he efteemed his friend, he left very many behind him at his death, relating to chemiftry : which, as appears by a letter dire&ed to one of his executors, he defired might be infpe&ed by three phyficians whom he named, and that fome of the molt valuable might be prelerved. In the mean time, Mr Boyle publiflied fome other works before his death ; as, 38. Medicina Hydrqjlatica; or, Hydroftatics applied to the materia medica, ffiow- ing how, by the weight that divers bodies ufed in phy- fic have in water, one may difeover whether they be genuine or adulterated. To which is fubjoined a pre¬ vious hydroftatical way of eftimating ores, 1690, 8vo. 39. The Chriftian virtuofo ; ffiowing, that, by being addicted to experimental philolbphy, a man is rather aflnted than indiipofed to be a good Chriftian. To which are fubjoined, 1. A difeourfe about the diftinc- tion that reprefents fome things as above reafon, but not contrary to reafon. 2. The firft chapters of a dif¬ eourfe entitled Greatnefs of mind promoted by Chri/iia~ nity. The laft work which he publilhed himfelf, was in the fpring of 1691 *, and is entitled, 40. Experimenta et Obfervationes Physicce: wherein are briefly treated of feveral fubjedts relating to natural philofophy in an experimental way. To which is added a fmall collec¬ tion of ftiange reports, 8vo. About the entrance of the fummer, he began to feel fuch an alteration in his health as induced him to think, of fettling his affairs ; and accordingly, on the 18th of July, he figned and fealed his laft will, to which he af¬ terwards added feveral codicils. In Odlober, his diftem- pers increafed; and on the laft day of December 1691, he departed this life, in the 65th year of his age. He was buried in St Martin’s church in the Fields, Weft- mincer, on the 7th of January following ; and his fu¬ neral fermon was preached by Dr Gilbert Burnet, bi~ fliop of Salifbury. The biflrop made choice upon this oceafion for a text very appofite to the fubjedl ; namely, “ For God giveth to a man that is good in his fight, v'ifdom, knowledge, and joy After explaining the * Ecclef. ix» meaning of the words, he applied the doftrine to the.*6, honourable perfon deceafed ; of whom, he tells us, he was the better able to give a character from the many happy hours he had fpent in converfation with him, in the courfe of 29 years. He gives a large account of Mr Boyle’s fincere and unaffedltd piety; and more e- fpecially of his zeal for the Chriftian religion, without having any narrow notions concerning it, or miflaking, as fo many do, a bigotted heat in favour of a particu¬ lar fedt, for that zeal which is an ornament of a true Chriftian. He mentions as a proof of this, his noble foundation for ledlures in defence of the gofpel againft; infidels of all forts; the effedts of which have been fo confpicuous in the many volumes of excellent difcourfes which have been publithed in confequence of that noble and pious foundation. He was at the charge of the tranflation and impreffion of the New Teftament into the Malayan tongue, which he fent over all the Eaft Indies. He gave a noble reward to him that tranflat- ed Grotius’s incomparable book “ Of the truth of the Chriftian religion” into Arabic ; and was at the charge of a whole impreffion, which he took care ffiould BOY [3 Boyle, fhould be difperfed in all the countries where that v~ language was underftood. He was refolved to have carried on the impreflion of the New Teftament in the jturkiih language j but the company thought it be¬ came them to be the doers of it, and fo fuffered him only to give a large (hare towards it. He was at 700I. charge in the edition of the Irifti bible, which he or¬ dered to be diftributed in Ireland j and he contri¬ buted liberally to the impreflion of the Welfh bible. He gave, during his life, 300!. to advance the defign of propagating the Chritlian religion in America j and as foon as he heard that the Eaft India Company were entertaining propofitions for the like defign in the eaft, he fent tool, for a beginning, as an example, but intended to carry it much farther when it ftiould be fet on foot to purpofe. In other rtfpedls his charities were fo bountiful and extenfive, that they amounted, as this prelate tells us, from his own knowledge, to upwards of loool. a-year. But as our limits will not allow us to follow the bifliop in the copious and eloquent account he has given of this great man’s abilities, we muft there¬ fore content ourlelves with adding the ftiort eulogium by the celebrated phyfician, philofopher, and chemift, Dr Herman Boerhaave j who, after having declared Lord Bacon to be the father of experimental philofo- phy, afferts, that “ Mr Boyle, the ornament of his age and country., fucceeded to the genius and inqui¬ ries of the great chancellor Verulam. Which (fays he) of all Mr Boyle’s writings {hall I recommend ? All of them. To him we owe the fecretsof fire, air, water, animals, vegetables, foflils : fo that from his works may be deduced the whole fyftem of natural knowledge.” The reader perhaps may here be pleafed to know, that Mr Boyle was born the fame year in which Lord Bacon died. As to the perfon of this great man, we are told, that he was tall, but {lender j and his countenance pale and emaciated. His conftitution was fo tender and delicate, that he had divers forts of cloaks to put on when he Avent abroad, according to the temperature of the air •, and in this he governed himfelf by his thermometer. He efcaped indeed the fmall-pox j but for almoft forty years he laboured under fuch feeble- nefs of body, and fuch lownefs of ftrength and fpirits, that it was aftoniftiing how he could read, meditate, make experiments, and write, as he did. He had like- wife a weaknefs of his eyes j which made him very tender of them, and extremely apprehenfive of fuch diftempers as might affeft them. He imagined like- wife, that if ficknefs ftiould confine him to his bed, it might raife the pains of the ftone to a degree vrhich might be above his ftrength to fupport j fo that he feared his laft minutes ftiould be too hard for him. This was the ground of all the caution and apprehenfion with which he was obferved to live 5 but as to life it- felf, he had that juft indifference for it which became a philofopher and a Chriftian. However, his fight be¬ gan to grow dim not above four hours before he died j and when death came upon him, he had not been above three hours in bed before it made an end of him, with fo little pain that the flame appeared to go out merely for want of oil to maintain it. Mr Boyle was never married j but Mr Evelyn was allured, that he courted the beautiful and ingenious 60 ] BOY daughter of Cary earl of Monmouth, and that to this Ba !e paffion was owing his “ Seraphic Love.” In the me- v- morandum of Mr Boyle’s life fet down by JBiftiop Bur¬ net, it is remarked that he abftained from marriage, at firft out of policy, afterwards more philofophically j and we find by a letter of Dr John Wallis to him, dated at Oxford, July 17th 1669, that he had an overture made him with refpeft to the lady Mary Haftings, filter to the earl of Huntingdon : But it does not appear from any of his papers, that he had ever entertained the leaft thoughts of that kind ; nay, there is a letter of his, wrote when he was young, to the lady Barrymore his niece, who had informed him of a report that he was actually married, which almoft {hows that he never did. The letter is written with great politenefs, and in the true fpirit of gallantry j and is a clear proof that though Mr Boyle did not choofe to marry, yet it was no mifan- thropic cynical humour which reftrained him from it. It is impoflible to entertain the reader better than by prefenting him with that part of it which concern.-) the point in queftion. “ It is high time for me to haften the payment of the thanks I owe your ladyftiip for the joy you are pleafed to wifti me, and of which that wilh poflibly gives me more than the occafion of it would. You have certainly reafon, madam, to fufpend your be¬ lief of a marriage, celebrated by no prieft but fame, and made unknown to the fuppofed bridegroom. I may poflibly ere long give you a fit of the fpleen upon this theme; but at prefent it were incongruous to blend fuch pure raillery, as I ever prate of matrimony and amours with, among things I am fo ferious in as thofe this feribble prefents you. I {hall therefore only tell you, that the little gentleman and I are ftill at the old defiance. You have carried away too many of the per- fedlions of your fex to leave enough in this country for reducing fo ftubborn a heart as mine ; whofe conqueft; were a talk of fo much difficulty, and fo little worth it, that the latter property is always likely to deter any that hath beauty and merit enough to overcome the former. But though this untamed heart be thus infen- fible to the thing itfelf called love ; it is yet very accef- fible to things very near of kin to that paffion ; and efteem, friendffiip, refpeft, and even admiration, are things that their proper objefls fail not proportionably to exa£t of me, and confequently are qualities which in their higheft degrees are really and conftantly paid my lady Barrymore by her moft obliged humble fer- vant, and affeftionate uncle, Robert Boyle.” We ffiall conclude this account of Mr Boyle with the mention of his poll humous works, which are as fol¬ low. 1.“ The general hiftory of the air deligned and begun. 2. “ General heads for the natural hiftory of a country, great or fmall ; drawn out for the ufe of tra¬ vellers and navigators.” 3. “ A paper of the honour¬ able Robert Boyle’s, depofited with the fecretaries of the Royal Society, 06tober 14th, 1680, and opened fince his death ; being an account of his making the. phofphorus, September 30. 1680.” Printed in the Philofophical Tranfaftions. 4. “ An account of a way of examining waters as to frelhnefs or faltnefs.” 5. “ A free difcourfe againft cuftomary fwearing, and a dif- fuafive from curling, 1695, 8vo. 6. “ Medicinal ex¬ periments, or a colledlion of choice remedies, chiefly fimple and eafily prepared, ufeful in families, and fit for the fervice of the country people. The third and laft volume, BOY [ 361 ] BOY Boyle, volume, publiflied from the author’s original manu- —v—' fcript; ^hereunto is added feveral ufeful notes explica¬ tory of the fame.” 1698, X2mo. Beautiful editions of all his works have been printed at London, in 5 vo¬ lumes folio, and fix volumes 4to. Boyle, Charles, earl of Orrery in Ireland, and baron of Mafton in the county of Somerfet, was the fecond fon of Roger the fecond earl of Orrery, and was born in Auguft 1679. He was educated at Chrift-church in Oxford, and foon diftinguilhed him- felf by his learning and abilities. Like the firll earl of Orrery, he was an author, a foldier, and a ftatefman. He tranfiated the life of Lyfander from the Greek of Plutarch ; and publilhed a new edition of the epiftles of Phalaris, which engaged him in a literary difpute, in which he defended the genuinenefs of thofe, epiftles againft Dr Bentley. He was three times member for the town of Huntingdon ; but his elder brother, Lio¬ nel earl of Orrery dying on the 23d of Auguft 1703 without iffue, he fucceeded to that title ; and, entering into the queen’s fervice, had a regiment given him, when he behaved with fuch bravery, that in 1709 he was raifed to the rank of major-general, and fworn one of her majefty’s privy council. At the famous battle of the Wood, he gave the ftrongeft proofs of his intre¬ pid courage, remaining at the head of his regiment in the warmeft part of the adlion, till the victory was complete, which, as it was one of the moft glorious, fo it was the deareft bought, of any of that war. His lordftiip had the honour of being appointed the queen’s envoy to the ftates of Brabant and Flanders 5 and having honourably difcharged the truft, was raifed to the dignity of a Britilh peer, by the title of Lord Boyle, baron of Mafton, in Somerfetfhire. He enjoyed feve¬ ral other additional honours in the reign of King George I.j but having the misfortune to fall under the fufpicion of the government, his lordlhip was commit¬ ted to the Tower: he was, however, at length, admitted to bail; and nothing being found that could be efteem- ed fufficient ground for profecution, he was dif¬ charged. His lordftiip died after a flight indifpofition, on the 21 ft of Auguft 1731. To his tutor Mr Atterbury, he probably owed a good part of that fine relifli he had for the writings of the ancients. He made thefe his conftant ftudy, and expreffed a high contempt, fays Budgell, for the greater part of our modern wits and authors. He was delighted with the company of two forts of perfons; either fuch as were really geniules of the firft: rank, who had fine underftandings, ftrong judgements, and true taftes; or fuch as had a few foi¬ bles, and an eye of ridicule in them, which ferved to make him laugh. He would rally thefe in fo agreeable, and yet in fo tender a manner, that, though it diverted himfelf and others, it was never offenfive to the perfon rallied. The inftrument which was invented by him, and bears his name, reprefenting the folar fyftem ac¬ cording to the fentiments of the new aftronomers, is an undeniable proof of his mechanic genius. His lordfliip had alfo a turn for medicine; which led him not only to buy and read whatever was publifhed on that fub- jeft, but alfo to employ his friends to fend him ac¬ counts of herbs and drugs in foreign countries. Boyle, John, earl of Cork and Orrery, a noble¬ man diftinguiftied by his learning and genius, was the only fon of Charles earl of Orrery, and was born on the Vol. IV. Part I. 2d of January 1707. He was educated at Chrift-church p ^ college in Oxford; but, as he himfelf declares, early ^ difappointments, indifferent health, and many untoward Boyfe. accidents, rendered him fond of retirement, and of im- proving his talents for polite literature and poetry ; of which laft art he gave feveral excellent fpecimens. He alfo wrote a tranflation of Pliny the Younger’s letter, with various notes, for the fervice of his eldeft fon the Lord Boyle, in two volumes, 4(0. This was firft publifh¬ ed in 1751. The year following, he publiftied the Life of Dean Swift, in feveral letters, addreffed to his fe¬ cond fon Hamilton Boyle ; and afterwards printed Memoirs of Robert Cary earl of Monmouth, a manu- fcript prefented to him by a relation, with explanatory notes. He died in 1762. BOYLE'S Lectures, a courfe of eight fermons or lec¬ tures preached annually, fet on foot by the honour¬ able Robert Boyle, Efq. by a codicil annexed to his will in 1691 ; whofe defign, as expreffed by the infti- tutor, is, to prove the truth of the Chriftian religion againft infidels, without defending to any controver- fies among Chriftians; and to anfwer new difficulties, fcruples, &c. For the fupport of this ledlure he af- figned the rent of his houfe in Crooked-lane to fome learned divine within the bills of mortality, to be defi¬ ed for a term not exceeding three years, by the late Archbiftiop Tennifon and others. But the fund pro¬ ving precarious, the falary was ill paid ; to remedy which inconveniences, the faid archbifhop procured a yearly ftipend of 50I. for ever, to be paid quarterly, charged on a farm in the parifh of Brill in the coun¬ ty of Bucks. To this appointment wre are indebted for many elaborate defences both of natural and reveal¬ ed religion. BOYNE, a river in Ireland, which rifes in Queen’s county in the province of Leinfter, and runs north-eaft by Trim and Cavan, falling at laft into the Iriftr chan¬ nel a little below Drogheda. It is memorable for a battle fought on its banks between James II. and King William III. in which the former was defeated. BOYSE, Boys or Bois, John, one of the tranfla- tors of the Bible in the reign of James I. was fon of William Bois, reflor of Weft Stowe, near St Ed- munffiury, Suffolk, and born at Nettleftead in Suffolk on the 3d of January 1560. He was taught the firft rudiments of learning by his father; and his capacity was fuch, that at the age of five years he read the Bible in Hebrew. He went afterwards to Hadley fchool; and at 14 was admitted of St John’s college, Cam¬ bridge, where he diftinguilhed himfelf by his fldll in Greek. Happening to have the fmall-pox when he was elefted fellow, he, to preferve his feniority, caufed himfelf to be carried in blankets to be admitted. He applied himfelf for fome time to the ftudy of medicine; but, fancying himfelf affedted with every difeafe he read of, he quitted that fcience. He was ten years chief Greek ledturer in his college, and read every day. He voluntarily read a Greek ledture for fome years at four in the morning, in his own chamber, which Was frequented by many of the fellows. On the death of his father, he fucceeded him in the redtory of Weft Stowe. At the age of 36, he married the daughter of Mr Holt, redlor of Buxworth, in Cambridgeftiire ; whom he fuceeeded in that living, Odlober 13. 1596. On his quitting the univerfity, the college gave him Z z 190I. j BOY Boyfe. lool. His young wife, who was bequeathed to him —with the living, which was an advowfon, proving a bad economift, and he himfelf being wholly addi&ed to his ftudies, he foon became fo much involved in debt, that he was obliged to fell his choice colle&ion of books, confiding of almoft every Greek author then extant. When a new tranliation of the Bible was by King James I. directed to be made, Mr Bois was elefted one of the Cambridge tranflators. He per¬ formed not only his own, but alfo the part affigned to another, with great reputation ; though with no pro¬ fit, for he had no allowance but his commons. He was alfo one of the fix who met at Stationers Hall to revife the whole ; which talk they went through in nine months, having each from the company of ftationers, during that time 30s. a-week. He afterwards aflift- ed Sir Henry Savile in publilhing the works of St Chryfoftom. In 1615, Dr Lancelot Andrews, bilhop of Ely, bellowed on him, unalked, a prebend in his church. He died on the 14th of January 1643, in the 84th year of his age. He left a great many ma- nufcripts behind him, particularly a Commentary on almoft all the books of the New Teltament.—When he was a young ftudent at Cambridge, he received from the learned Dr Whitaker three rules for avoiding thofe diftempers which ufually attend a fedentary life, to which he adhered with equal conftancy and fuccefs. The firlt was, To ftudy always Handing ; the fecond, Never to ftudy in a window •, and the third, Never to go to bed with his feet cold. Boyse, Jofeph, a late eminent diffenting minifter in Dublin, much refpedfed not only for learning and abilities, but his extenfive humanity and undiffembled piety. During his minifterial charge at Dublin, he publilhed many fermons which compofe feveral folio volumes, a few poems, and other trails 5 but what chiefly diftinguilhed him as a writer, was the controverfy he carried on with Dr King, archbilhop of Dublin, and author of the Origin of Evil, concerning the office of a fcriptural bilhop. This controverted point was mana¬ ged on both fides with great force of argument and calmnefs of temper. The bilhop aflerted, that theepif- copal right of jurifdiclion had its foundation in the New Teflament : Mr Boyfe, confiftent with his prin¬ ciples, denied that any ecclefiaftical fuperiority ap¬ peared there, with the greateft candour and good man¬ ners. He was father to Boyse, Samuel, the poet, a man remarkable for the finenek of his geniu<=, the lownefs of his manners, and the wretchednefs of his life. He was born in 1708, and received the rudiments of his education in a pri¬ vate fchool in Dubin. When he was but 18 years old, his father, who probably intended him for the miniftry, fent him to the univerfity of Glafgow, that he might finifh his education there. He had not been a year at the univerfity, when he fell in love with the daughter of a tradefman in that city, and was imprudent enough to interrupt his education by marrying her before he had entered into his 20th year. The natural extravagance of his temper foon expofed him to want; and as he had now the additional charge of a wife, his reduced cir- cumtlances obliged him to quit the univerfity, and go over with his wife (who alfo carried a filler with her) to Dublin, where they relied on the old gentleman for fupport. Young Boyfe was of all men the furthelf re- BOY moved from a gentleman ; he had no graces of perfon, £0}.f6 and fewer Hill of converfation. Never were three people —y- of more libertine charadlers than young Boyfe, his wife, and filter-in-law ; yet the two ladies wore fuch a maik of decency before the old gentleman, that his fondnefs was never abated. The ellate his father pofleffed in Yorklhire was fold to difeharge his debts ; and when the old man lay in his lalt ficknefs, he was entirely fupported by prefents from his congregation, and bu¬ ried at their expence. We have no further account of Mr Boyfe, till ule find him foon after his father’s death at Edinburgh. At this place his poetical genius raifed him many friends, and fome patrons of very great emi¬ nence. He publiffied a volume of poems in 1731, to which are fubjoined The Tablature of Cebes, and A Let¬ ter upon Liberty, inferted in the Dublin Journal, 1726 ; and by thefe he obtained a very great reputation. They are addrelfed to the countefs of Eglinton. This ami¬ able lady was the patronefs of all men of wit, and greatly diftinguilhed Mr Boyfe while he refided in that country. Upon the death of the vifeountefs Stormont, Mr Boyfe wrote an elegy, which was very much ap¬ plauded by her lady lliip’s relations. This elegy he en¬ titled The Tears of the Mufes, as the deceafed lady was a woman of the moft refined tafte in the fciences, and a great admirer of poetry. The lord Stormont was fo much pleafed with this mark of efteem paid to the me¬ mory of his lady, that he ordered a very handfome pre- fent to be given to Mr Boyfe by his attorney at Edin¬ burgh. The notice which Lady Eglinton and the lord Stormont took of our poet, recommended him likewife to the patronage of the duchefs of Gordon ; who was fo felicitous to raife him above neceffity, that Ihe em¬ ployed her intereft in procuring the promife of a place for him. She gave him a letter, which he was next day to deliver to one of the commiffioners of the cuftoms at Edinburgh. It happened that he was then fome miles diftant from the city ; and the morning on which he was to have rode to town with her grace’s letter of re¬ commendation proved to be rainy. This llender eir- cumftance wTas enough to difeourage Boyfe, who never looked beyond the prefent moment : he declined going to town on account of the rainy weather ; and while he let flip the opportunity, the place was bellowed upon another, which the commiffioner declared he kept for fome time vacant in expedlation of feeing a perfon re¬ commended by the duchefs of Gordon. Boyfe at laft having defeated all the kind intentions of his patrons towards him, fell into contempt and poverty, which obliged him to quit Edinburgh. He communicated his defign of going to London to the duchefs of Gordon ; who, having Hill a very high opinion of his poetical abilities, gave him a letter of recommendation to Mr Pope, and obtained another for him to Sir Peter King the lord chancellor of England. Lord Stormont recom¬ mended him to the folicitor general his brother, and many other perfons of the firft fafhion. Upon receiving thefe letters, he, with great caution, quitted Edinburgh, regretted by none but his creditors. Upon his arrival in London, he went to Twickenham, in order to deliver the ducliefs of Gordon’s lettter to Mr Pope} but that gentleman not being at home, Mr B<'vfe never gave himfelf the trouble to repeat hisvifit. Pie wrote poemsj but thofe, though excellent in their kind, were loft to the world, by being introduced with no advantage. [ 362 ] BOY [ 363 ] BRA Bcyfe. 3 propenfity to grovelling-, that his ac- quaintance were generally of fuch a caft as could be of no fervice to him •, and thofe in higher life he addrefl’ed by lettei-s, not having fufficient confidence or politenefs to converfe familiarly with them. Thus unfit to fup- port himfelf in the world, he was expofed to a variety of didrelles, from which he could invent no means of ex¬ tricating himfelf but by writing mendicant letters. It will appear amazing, that this man, of fo abjeft a fpirit, was voluptuous and luxurious ; he had no tafte for any thing elegant, and yet was to the lad degree expenfive. Can it be believed, that often when he had received but a guinea in confequence of a fup- plicating letter, he would go into a tavern, order a fupper to be prepared, drink of the richeft wines, and fpend ail the money that had juft been given him in charity, without having any one to participate the re¬ gale with him, and while his wife and child were ftar- ving at home ? It was about the year 1740, that Mr Boyfe, reduced to the laft extremity of human vrretchednefs, had not a fliirt, a coat, or any kind of apparel, to put on j the (heets in which he lay wrere carried to the pawn-bro¬ ker’s, and he was obliged to be confined to his bed with no other covering than a blanket. He had little fupport but what he got by writing letters to his friends in the moft abjedl ftyle ; but was perhaps aftia- med to let this inftance of his diftrefs be known, which probably was the occafion of his remaining fix weeks in that fituation. During this time he had fome em¬ ployment in writing verfes for the Magazines $ and whoever had feen him in his ftudy, muft have thought the objedf fingular enough : he fat up in bed with the blanket wrapt about him, through which he had cut a hole large enough to admit his arm, and, placing the paper upon his knee, fcribbled in the beft manner he could the verfes he was obliged to make : whatever he got by thofe, or any other of his begging letters, was but juft fufficient for the prefervation of life. And per¬ haps he would have remained much longer in this diftrefsful ftate, had not a compaffionate gentleman, upon hearing this circumftance related, ordered his clothes to be taken out of pawn, and enabled him to appear again abroad. About the year 1745, Mr Boyfe’s wife died. He was then at Reading, and pretended much concern when he heard of her death. His bufinefs at Reading was to compile a Review of the moft material tranfac- tions at home and abroad during the laft war : in which he has included a fliort account of the late rebellion. Upon his return from Reading, his behaviour was more decent than it had ever been before j and there were lome hopes that a reformation, though late, would be wrought upon him. He was employed by a bookfeller to tranflate Fenelon on the Exi/lence of a God; during which time he married a fecon'd wife, a woman in low circumftances, but well enough adapted to his tafte. He began now to live with more regard to his charac¬ ter, and fupported a better appearance than ufual *, but while his circumftances were, mending, and his irregular appetites lofing ground, his health vifibly declined. He had the fatisfadtion, while in this lingering illnefs, to obferve a poem of his, entitled The Deity, recommend¬ ed by two eminent writers, the ingenious Mr Fielding, and the reverend Mr James Harvey author of The Me- Boyfe dilations. II Mr Boyfe’s mind was often religioufiy difpofed ; he Braban frequently talked upon that fubjedt, and probably fuf- , ° fered a great deal from the remorfe of his confcience. The early impreffions of his good education were never entirely obliterated ; and his whole life was a continued ftruggle between his will and reafon, as he was always violating his duty to the one, while he fell under the fubjedtion of the other. It was in confequence of this w-ar in his mind, that he wrote a beautiful poem called The Recantation. In May 1749, he died in obfeure lodgings near Shoe lane j but in fentiments, there is the greateft reafon to believe, very different from thofe in which he had fpent the greateft part of his life. An old acquaintance of his endeavoured to colledt money to defray the expences of his funeral, fo that the fcan- dal of being buried by the pariftr might be avoided ; but in vain : the remains of this fon or the mufes were, with very little ceremony, hurried away by the pariffi- offieers. Never was a life fpent with lefs grace than that of Mr Boyfe, and never were fuch diftinguilhed abilities given to lefs purpofe. His genius was not confined to poetry only : he had a tafte for painting, mufic, and heraldry; with the latter of which he was very well ac¬ quainted. His poetical pieces, if colledted, would make fix moderate volumes. Many of them are fcattered in The Gentleman's Magazine, marked with the letter T, and A/ceus. Two volumes were publiffied in London. An ode of his in the manner of Spenfer, entitled The Olive, was addreffed to Sir Robert Walpole, which pro¬ cured him a prefent of ten guineas. He tranfiated a poem from the High Dutch of Van Haren, in praife of peace, upon the conclufion of that made at Aix-la- Chapelle ; but. the poem which procured him the great¬ eft reputation was that upon the attributes of the Deity. He was employed by Mr Ogle to tranflate fume of Chaucer’s tales into modern Englifh, which he per¬ formed with great fpirit, and received at the rate of threepence a line for his trouble. Mr Ogle publilhed a complete edition of that old poet’s Canterbury Tales modernized; and Mr Boyfe’s name is put to fuch tales as were done by him. In 1743, Mr Boyfe publilhed, without his name, an ode on the battle of Dettingen, entitled Albion's Triumph. BOZOLA, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Mantua, capital of a territory of the fame name, and fubjedh to the houfe of Auftria. E. Long. 10. 25. N. Lat. 45.9. B (.MJADRO, Quadrato, or Durale, in Mufic, called by the French bquarre, from its figure \\. This is what we call B natural oxfiharp, in diftinftion to B mol or flat. See Flat and Sharp. If the flat \) be placed before a note in'the thorough bafs, it intimates, that its third is to be minor ; and if placed with any cypher over a note in the bafs, as h 6, or \) 5, &c. it denotes, that the fifth or fixth thereto are to be flat. But if the quadro \\ be placed over any note, or with a cypher, in the thorough bafs, it has the contrary effeiff ; for thereby the note or interval thereto is raifed to its natural order. BR ABANCIONES, in middle age writers, a kind of Netherland foldiery, infamous for rapine, being lit- Z z 2 tic / « .Braban- ciones Bracciolini. » BRA [ 364 ] B 11 A tie better than cOmmiffioned banditti, who hired them- felves to fight for any that could pay them belt. The word is varioully written by the hiftorians of thofe 'days; all given them from the country of Brabant, which was the chief nurfery of thofe troops. They are alfo frequently confounded with the Rouliers, Ro- tuners, Ruptarii, Ruterarii, Corteraux, &c. BRA BANT, a large province of the Netherlands, with the title of a duchy. It is bounded on the north by the province of Holland and the duchy of Guelder' land ; on the eaft, by the fame duchy and the bilhop- ric of Liege ; on the fouth, by the province of Namur and Hainault ; and on the weft, by Zealand. It is di¬ vided into Dutcli Brabant and Auftrian Brabant; wa¬ tered by feveral rivers, of which the Scheld, the Rup- pel, and the Dommel, are the chief. The foil is very fertile ; and it contains 26 fortified towns, of which Bruflels is the capital. BRABEJUM, the African Almond. See Bo¬ tany Index. BRABEUTES, or Brabeuta, in antiquity, an of¬ ficer among the Greeks, who prefided at the public games, and decided controverfies that happened among the antagonifts in the gymnaftical exercifes. The num¬ ber of brabeutae was not fixed ; fometimes there was only one, but more commonly they amounted to nine or ten. BRACCIANO, a town of St Peter’s patrimony, about 12 miles north of Rome, fituated on the weft fide of a lake to which it gives name. E. Long. 13. N. Lat. 42. BRACCIOLINI, Francis, an Italian poet, a na¬ tive of Poftoia, and the friend of Pope Urban VIII. was born about the year 1566. Removing to Florence, he was admitted into the academy there, and devoted himfelf to literature. At Rome he entered into the fervice of Cardinal Maffeo Barberini, with whom he afterwards went to France. After the death of Cle¬ ment VIII. he returned to his own country, and for fome years profecuted his ftudies in retirement. When his patron Barberini was defied pope^ under the name of Urban VIII. Bracciolini repaired to Rome where he was well received, and made fecre- tary to the pope’s brother, Cardinal Antonio. He had alfo the honour conferred on him of taking a furname from the arms of the Barberini family, which were Bees ; and thenceforth he was known by the name of Bracciolini dell’> Api. He refided in Rome during the whole of that pontificate, frequenting the moft illuftri- ous academies, and liftened to with general applaufe, but, at the fame time, cenfured for his fordid avarice. He returned at length to his native city, where he died in the. year 1645. Bracciolini was a copious writer. There is fcarcely any fpecies of poetry, epic, dramatic, paftoral, lyric, and burlefque, which he did not attempt. He is p|in- cipally noted for his mock-heroic poem, entitled Scherno degli Dei, which is a ridicule of the' heathen mytho¬ logy, and which difputes priority of date with TalToni’s Secchia Rapita. In merit, indeed, its inferiority is acknowledged, yet it obtained confiderable applaufe. Of his ferious heroic poems, the moft celebrated is the Croce Racquiftata, which by fome is placed next to the great works of Ariofto and Taflb, but not without 4 large interval. He celebrated the elevation of his 3 patron Urban VIII. in a poem of twenty-three books,.Braccioi;,,- which (hews with what facility he could write ver- || m fes. His dramatic paftoral entitled I? Amor of0 Sdegno, Bradmans, is accounted one of the belt produitions of the age in which it was written ; and fome of his trage¬ dies met with much applaufe, particularly his Evan- dro. BRACE is commonly taken for a couple or pair, and applied by huntfmen to feveral beafts of game, as a brace of bucks, foxes, hares, &c. Brace, or Brajfe, is alfo a foreign meafure, anfwer- ing to our fathom. See Fathom. Brace, in Architecture, a piece of timber framed in with bevil joints, the ufe of which is to keep the build¬ ing from fwerving either way. When the brace is fra¬ med into the kinglelfes or principal rafters, it is by fome called a Jlrut. Brace, in writing or printing, a crooked line enclo- fing a paflage, as in a triplet. Braces, in the fea-language, are ropes belonging to all the yards of a (hip, except the mizen, two on each yard, reeved through blocks that are faftened to pennants, feized to the yard-arms. Their ufe is ei¬ ther to fquare or traverfe the yards. Hence to brace the yard, is to bring it to either fide. All braces come aftward on ; as, the main brace comes to the poop, the main-top-fail brace comes to the mizen-top and thence to the main Ihrouds ; the fore and fore-top-fail braces come down by the main and main-top-fail flays, and fo of the reft. But the mizen-bowline ferves to brace to the yard, and the crofs-jack braces are brought for¬ wards to the main-lhrouds, when the Ihip fails clofe by a wind. BRACES of a Coach, thick ftraps of leather on which it hangs. BRACELET, an ornament worn on the wrift, much ufed among the ancients ; it was made of dif¬ ferent materials, and in different faftiions, according to the age and quality of the wearer. The word is French, bracelet; which Menage derives further from bracele- tum, a diminutive of bracile, a word occurring in wri¬ ters of the Juftinian age; all formed from the Latin brachium, arm. It amounts to the fame with what was called by the ancients armilla, brachiale, occabus ; in the middle age, boga, bauga, armifpatha. Bracelets are much worn by the favages of Africa, who are fo exceffively fond of them, as to give the richeft commodities, and even their fathers, wives, and children, in exchange for thofe made of no richer ma¬ terials than fhells, glafs-beads, and the like. They form alfo, in modern civilized countries, a very common part of the ornaments of the ladies. BRACHIiEUS, the name of a muicle. See Ana¬ tomy, Table of the Mufcles. Coratro-BRACHIALIS. See Anatomy //zcfav. BRACHIUM, or Arm. See Anatomy Index. BRACHMINS, or Brachmans, a branch of the ancient Gymnofophifts, or philofophers of India, re¬ markable for the feverity of their lives and manners. See the article Gymnosophists. Some fay they derive their name from the patriarch Abraham, whom they call in their language Brachma, or Bramn. Others deduce it from the name of their god Brachma ; which fome again take to be the fame with Abraham : whence Poftel calls them Abrachmanes. F. Thomaffm t a BRA [ 365 1 B 11 A •. . F. Thomaflin derives the word from tlie Hebrew barach, Bfichmins or ej-cape . becaafe the Brachtnans retire into the Bracke:s. country and live in deferts. The fame author gives us u» v—■ another derivation, viz. from the Hebrew barac/i {bene- dicere, orare), to blefs or pray ; in regard this is their principal occupation.—The Greeks afcribe to them the do&rine of the immortality of the foul, and certain no¬ tions concerning the nature of the Supreme Being and future rewards and punilhments. To this fpecies of knowledge the Brachmans added an infinite number of religious obfervances, which were adopted by Pytha¬ goras in his fchool ; fuch as falling, prayer, filence, and contemplation. They were looked upon as the friends of the gods, becaufe they affe&ed to pay them fo much regard ; and as the proteftors of mankind, becaufe they pid them no regard at all. No bounds were therefore fet to the refpeft and gratitude that were fliown them : princes themfelves did not fcruple to confult thefe re- clufes upon any critical conjunfture, from a fuppofition, no doubt, that they were infpired ; fince it was impof- fible to imagine that they had the advantages of expe¬ rience. We can fcarcely, however, deny, that there might be among them fome men of real virtue, whofe minds relilhed the pure and ingenious delights of ftudy and fcience ; and who, by nobly railing their thoughts to the contemplation of the Firft Being, muft have had more powerful incitements to render themfelves worthy of his care, and none to juftify them in deceiving and tyrannizing over their fellow-creatures. There appear ftill fome remains of the ancient brach¬ mans in the eaft, under the denomination of Bramins. See Bramins. BRACHYGRAPHY, the art of fhort-hand-wri¬ ting. See Short Hand. BR ACHY LOGY, (from and z«yaj “ ex- preflion”), in Rhetoric, the exprefling any thing in the moll concife manner. This, fo far as confiftent with perfpicuity, is a virtue and beauty of flyle j but if ob- feurity be the confequence, which is often the cafe, it becomes a blemilh and inexcufable defe£l.—Quintilian gives an inilance of brachylogy from Salluft : Mithri- dates corpore ingenti pennde amatus; “ Mithridates, as it were, armed with the hugenefs of his ftature.” BRACHYPTERA, a term ufed by Willoughby, to denote thofe hawks which have their wings fo Ihort as not to reach to the end of the tail. Of this kind are the gofs-hawk, fparrow-hawk, &c. BRACHYPRENTA, in the hiftory of Mils, a genus of feptariae, with a fhort, roundifti nucleus. See SEPTARIAl. BRACHYTELOSTYLA, in Natural Hijlory, the name by which Dr Hill calls thofe cryllals wdiich are compofed 6f a Ihort hexangular column terminated at each end bv an hexangular pyramid. See Crystal. BRACKET, among carpenters, &c. a kind of wooden flay, ferving to fupport (helves and the like. Brackets, in a (hip, the fmall knees, ferving to fupport the galleries, and commonly carved. Alfo the timbers that fupport the grating in the head are called brackets. Brackets, in Gunnery, are the cheeks of the car¬ riage of a mortar : they are made of ftrong planks of wood, of almoft a femicircular figure, and bound round with thick iron plates ; they are fixed to the beds by four bolts, which are called bed-bolts ; they rife up on each fide of the mortar, and ferve to keep her at any Brackets elevation by means of fome llrong iron bolts, called II bracket-bolts, which go through thefe cheeks or brae- Braufor kets. BRACKLAU, a ftrong town in Poland, capital of a palatinate of the fame name. The houfes are built of wood. It was taken by the Turks in 1672, but re¬ taken three years afterwards. It is feated on the river Bog, in E. Long. 29. 20. N. Lat. 48. 5. BRACKLAW, a palatinate of that name, which is the eaftern part of Podolia 5 it is alfo called Lower Podolia, and is of greater extent than Upper Podolia, but is more defolate, on account of the neighbourhood of the 1 artars. BRACKLEY, a borough-town in Northampton- Ihire, in England, feated on the edge of the county, next Buckinghamlhire, on a branch of the river Oufe. It is an ancient and large corporation-town, containing two parilh-churches j is governed by a mayor and al¬ dermen j and fends two members to parliament. It had formerly a college, which is turned into a free fchool. W. Long. I. 15. N. Lat. 52. O. BRACTEA, in Natural Hijlory, denotes a fpangle, or thin flake of any fubftance. Bractea, in Botany, a thin leaf or plate of any folium florale, ranged by Linnaeus among the fulcra of plants. Thefe floral leaves differ in lhape and colour, from the other folia of the plant j are generally fituated on the pendunculus, and often fo near the corolla as to be eafily miftaken for the calyx ; than which, however, the braBece are generally more permanent. Examples of the floral leaves are feen in the tilia, fumaria bul- bofa, lavendula and horminum. BRACTEARIA, in Natural Hijlory, a genus of, talcs, compofed of fmall plates in form of fpangles, each plate either being very thin, or fiflile into very thin ones. Of this genus there are a great many fpecies, called from their different colours, mica aurea, or gold-glim- mer ; and mica argentea, filver-glimmer, or cats-filver, &c. BRACTON, Henry, lord chief juftice of Eng¬ land in the reign of Henry III. was probably a native of Devonlhire. He was educated at Oxford, where he took the degree of doftor of laws, and was made one of the itinerant judges about the year 1244. Ten years after he became chief juftiee, and had the earl of Der¬ by’s houfe in London afligned him for his town refi- dence, during the minority of that nobleman. He is faid to have filled this important office with lingular reputation during 20 years. When he died is not known j probably it was in the reign of Edward I. He wrote De legibus et confuetudinibus sdnghte, which is one of the moft ancient, and alfo moll methodical books on our laws. His method is copied from Jufti- nian. This work was printed at London in 1569, fo¬ lio ; and in 1640, 4to. The firft is very incorreft. BRAD, a town of Sclavonia, feated on the north fide of the river Save, in E. Long. 18. 40. N. Lat. 45. 20. BRADFIELD, a town of Eflfex in England, in E. Long. o. 30. N. Lat. 51. 14. BRADFORD, a town of Wiltlhire in England, feated in W. Long. 2. 40 N. Lat. 51. 20. Bradford, John, a divine, and martyr to the re¬ formation,. BRA [ 366 ] BRA Bfalford rormation, was born in the former part of the reign of I! Henry VIII. at lYIanchelter in LancaQiire. Being a , j3!at'iey' remarkable penman and accountant, he became fecre- tary to Sir John Harrington, who was feveral times em¬ ployed by King Henry, and his fucceffor Edward VI. as paymafter to the troops abroad. Bradford at this time was a gay man, and to lupport his extravagance made free with the king’s money ; but being at latt unable to fupport the reflexion of his guilt, he deter¬ mined to malce reftitution, and actually repaid the money. Quitting his employment of fecretary, about the year 1547, he took chambers in the inner temple, and for fome time ftudied the law; but finding in him- felf an inclination to preach the gofpel, in the follow¬ ing year h,e removed to Catharine-hall in Cambridge, where he applied with fuch uncommon afliduity to the ftudy of divinity, that in a much fhorter time than ufual he was admitted to the degree of mailer of arts, and foon after made fellow of Pembroke-hall. Bifhop Rid¬ ley, who, in 1550, was tranfiated to the fee of Lon¬ don, charmed with Bradford’s application and zeal, now fent for him to the metropolis, ordained and ap¬ pointed him his chaplain. In 1553, lie was alfo made chaplain to Edward VI. during which time he became one of the moft popular preachers in the kingdom. Such a reformer was too dangerous to be fuffered in the fucceeding reign. Mary was hardly in pofieffion of the crown, before Bradford’s perfecutions began. He was firft confined in the Tower for fedition, where he continued a year and a half 5 during which time he wrote feveral epiftles that were difperfed in various parts of the kingdom. He wTas afterwards removed to other prifons, and at laft brought to his trial before that infernal court of inquifition in which Gardiner fat as chief inquifitor, where he defended his principles to the laft, in contempt of their utmoft power. They condemned him to the flames ; and he was accordingly burnt alive in Smithfield, on July 1. 1555. His works are, r. Seventy turn letter*, written to various people, whi 1ft the author was in prifon •, printed in Bifliop Co- verdale’s collection. 2. Ten letters, printed in Fox’s Acts and Monuments. 3. Complaint of verity, 1559, 8vo. 4. Three examinations before the commiffioners, and his private talk with the priefts, with the original of his life, 1561, oftavo. 5. Two notable fermons 1574, oftavo, 163T. 6. Godly meditations and prayers 1614, Sqto. 7. Treatife of repentance, 1622. With feveral tranflations and other pieces. BRADFORTH, a town in the weft of Vorkfhire, feated on a branch of the river Are, in W. Long. 1.35. N. Lat. 53. 40. BRAD LEV, Dr James, a famous Englifh aftro- nomer, was the third fon of William and Jane Brad¬ ley, and was born at Sherborne in Dorfetfhire in the year 1692. Hr .was educated for the univerfity at North Leach by Mr Egles and Mr Brice, who kept a boarding-fehool there •, and from North Leach he was fent to Oxford. His friends intended him for the church, and his flu- dies were regulated with that view ; and as foon as Ire was of fufficient age to receive holy orders, the bifhop of Hereford, who had conceived a great efteem for him, gave him the living of Bridflow, and foon after he was induced to that of Welfrie in Pembrokefhire. I But notwithflanding thefe advantages, from which he might promife bimfdf flill farther advancement in the church, he at length refigned his livings, that he might ^ ^ be wholly at liberty to purfue his favourite fludy the mathematics, and particularly aftronomy. He* was nephew to Mr Pound, a gentleman who is well known in the learned world by many excellent obfervatiohs, and who would have enriched it with more, if the jour¬ nals of his voyages had not been burnt at Pulo Con- dore, when the place war, fet on fire, and the Englifh who were fettled there cruelly maflacred, Mr Pound himfelf very narrowly efeaping with his life. With this gentleman, Mr Bradley palled all the time that he could fpare from the duties of his fun&ion •, and per¬ haps he fometimes trefpaffed upon them : he was then fufficiently acquainted with the mathematics to im¬ prove by Mr Pound’s converfation ; yet it does not appear that, in this tlody, he had any preceptor but his genius, or any affiftant but his labour. It may be eafily imagined, that the example and converfation of Mr Pound did not render Bradley more fond of his profeflion than he was before ; he continued, however, as yet to fulfil the duties of it, though at this time he had made fuch obfervations as laid the founda¬ tion of thofe difeoveries which afterwards diftinguifii- ed him as one of the greatelt allronomers of his age. Though thefe obfervations were made as it were.by Health, they gained him at firft the notice, and then the friendfhip, of the lord chancellor Macclesfield, Mr Newton, afterwards Sir Ifaac, Mr Halley, and many other members of the Royal Society, into which he was foon defied a member. About the fame time, the chair ot Savilian profeffor of aftronomy became vacant by the death of the celebrated Dr Keil; and Mr Brad¬ ley was defied to fucceed him on the 31ft of Oflober 1721, being then juft 29 years old ; and his colleague was Mr Halley, who was profeflbr of geometry on the fame foundation. Bradley, upon his being defied in¬ to this profeflorihip, gave up both his livings, and with great joy quitted a lituation in which his duty was di- reflly oppofite to his inclination. From this time, he applied himfelf wholly to the ftudy of his favourite faienceand in the year 1727 he publilhed his theory of the aberration of the fixed liars, which is allowed to be one of the moft ufeful and ingenious difeoveries of modern aftronomy. Three years after this difeovery, by which Mr Bradley acquired very great reputation, he was appointed leflurer in aftronomy and phylics, at the mufeum of Oxford. He purfued his ftudies with equal application and delight j and in the courfe of his obfervations, which were innumerable, he difeovered that the inclination of the earth’s axis'upon the plane of the ecliptic was not always the fame, but that it varied backwards and for¬ wards fome feconds, and that the period of thefe varia¬ tions was nine years. This period feemed altogether unaccountable, as it could not be fuppofed to have any thing in common with the revolution of the earth, which is performed in one year. Mr Bradley, how¬ ever, difeovered the caufe of this phenomenon in the Newtonian fyftem of attraction. He publiftied this difeovery in 1737, fo that in the fpace of about ten years he communicated to the world two of the fineft difeoveries in modern aftronomy, which will for ever make a memorable epocha in the hiftory of that fcience. Mr BRA [ 367 ] B R A‘ ISradley. Mr Bradley always preferred the efteem and friend- fl^ip of Mr Halley j who, being worn out by age and infirmities, thought he could do nothing farther for the fervice of ailronomy, than procure for Mr Bradley the place of regius profeflbr of aftrcrnomy at Green¬ wich, which he had poflefled himfelf many years with the greateft reputation. With this view, he wrote ma¬ ny letters, which have been fince found among Mr Bradley’s papers, defiring his permiffion to apply for a grant of the reverfion of it to him, and even offering to refign in his favour, if it fhould be thought necef- fary : but before Mr Halley could bring this kind pro- jecff to bear, he died. Mr Bradley, however, obtained the place afterwards, by the favour and intereft of Lord Macclesfield, who was afterwards prefident of the Royal Society. As loon as the appointment of Mr Bradley to this place was known, the univerfity of Ox¬ ford fent him a diploma creating him dodlor of divi¬ nity. The appointment of aftronomer at Greenwich placed Mr Bradley in his proper element, and he pur- fued his obfervations with unwearied diligence. How¬ ever numerous the colledlion of allronomical inftru- ments at the obfervatory at Greenwich, it was impof- fible that fuch an obferver as Dr Bradley Ihould not defire to increafe them, as well to anfwer thofe parti¬ cular views, as in general to make obfervations with greater exaflnefs. In the year 1748, therefore, he took the opportunity of the annual vifit made by the Royal Society to the obfervatory, in order to examine the inftruments and receive the profeffor’s* obfervations for the year, to reprefent fo flrongly the neceffity of repairing the old inftruments, and purchafing new, that the fociety thought proper to reprefent it to his maje- fty, and his majefty gave them roool. for that pur- pofe. This fum was laid out under the dirediion of Dr Bradley, who, with the afliftance of the late cele¬ brated Mr Graham and Mr Bird, furnilhed the obfer¬ vatory. with as complete a collection of aftronomical inftruments, as the moft Ikilful and diligent obferver could defire. Dr Bradley, furnilhed with fuch affift- ance, purfued his obfervations with new aftiduity, an incredible number of which were found after his death, and put into the hands of the Royal Society. It h as been already obferved, that when Dr Brad.- ley was eledted to the profeffor’s chair at Oxford, he gave up his two livings, which were at fuch a diftance, that he could not poflibly fulfil the duties of them him¬ felf; but it happened that after he was fettled at Green¬ wich the living of that parilh became vacant, which is very confiderable, and which was offered to him, as he was upon the fpot to perform the duty, and had the claim of uncommon merit to the reward. This living, however, Dr Bradley, very greatly to his ho¬ nour, refufed, fearing the duties.of the aftronomer would too much interfere with thofe of the divine. His rna- jeftv, however, hearing of the refufal, was fo pleafed with it, that he granted him a penfion of 250k a-year, in confideration of his great abilities and knowledge in aftronomy and other branches of the mathematics, which had procured fo much advantage to the com¬ merce and navigation of Great Britain, as is particu¬ larly mentioned in the grant, which is dated the 15th of Feb uary I752* -^r Bradley, about the fame time, was admitted into the council of the Royal Society. In the year 1748, he was admitted a member of the royal 4 academy of fciences and belles lettres of Berlin, upon the death of M. Crevier, firft phyfician to his Catholic majefty ; in the year 1752, a member of the imperial academy at Peterfburg ; and in 1757, of that inftitu- ted at Bologna. Dr Bradley was ftill indefatigable in his'obfervations, and whatever honour he received became an incitement to obtain new diftindtion ; his corporeal abilities, how¬ ever, at length declined, though his intelledlual fuf- fered no abatement. In the year 1760, he became extremely weak and infirm ; and towards the end of June 1762, he was attacked with a total fuppreffion of urine, caufed by an inflammation of the reins, which on the 12th of July following put an end to his life, in the 70th year of his age. He was buried at Mit- chin Hampton, in Gloucefterfhire, in the fame grave with his mother and his wife. In the year 1744, he married Sufannah Peach, the daughter of a gentleman of that name in Gloueefterlhire, by whom he had only one daughter. As to his chara&er, he was remarkable for a placid and gentle modefty, very uncommon in perfons of an aftive temper and robuft conftitution. It was ftill more remarkable, that, with this untroubled equanimity of temper, he was compaflionate and liberal in the higheft degree. Although he was a good fpeaker, and pof- feffed the rare but happy art of expreffing his ideas with the utmoft precifion and perfpicuity, yet no man was a greater lover of filence, for he never fpoke but when he thought it abfolutely neceffary. He did in¬ deed think it neceffary to fpeak when he had a fair- opportunity to communicate any ufeful knowledge in his own way ; and he encourged thofe that attended his leftures to aik him queftions, by the exa&nefs with which he anfwered, and the care he took to adapt him¬ felf to every capacity. He was not more inclined to write than to fpeak, for he has publilhed very little ; he had a natural diffidence, which made him always afraid that his works ffiould injure his character ; and therefore fuppreffed many, which probably were well worthy of the public attention. He was even known, as.it were, in fpite of himfelf; and, in fpite of himfelf, he was known much, and confequently much efteemed. He was acquainted with many of the firft perfons in this kingdom, perfons eminent as well for their rank as their abilities ; he was honoured by all men of learning in general ; and there was not an aftronomer of any eminence in the world with whom he had not a lite¬ rary correfpondence. Upon the whole, it may be faid of Dr Bradley, that no man cultivated great talents with more fuccefs, cjr had a better claim to be ranked among the ereateft aftronomers of his age. BR ADNINCPI, a town of Devonffiire, once a con¬ fiderable place, but fome time ago totally deftroyed by fire. W. Long. 3. 35. N. Lat. 50. 45. BRADS, among artificers, a kind of nails ufed in building, which have no fpreading heads as other nails have. Thev are diftinguifhed by ironmongers by fix names ; as joiner's brads, jlooring-brads, batten-brads, bill-brads, or quarter-heads, &c. Joiners-brads are for hard wain foot; batten-brads are for foft wainfeot; bill- brads are ufed when a floor is laid in hafte, or for (hal¬ low joifts fubjedt to warp. See Nail. BRADSHAW, Henry, a Benedidtine monk, was born at Chefter, about the middle of the 15th century. Difcovering Bradley H Bradlhaw. BRA C 368 ] BRA Eradrtiaw Difcovering an early propenfity to religion and litera- where he was fucceflively promoted to feveral livings j || ture, he -was received while a boy into the monaftery and at the time of his death was redlor of Clapham, Brady. 0f gt Werberg in that city ; and having there imbibed minifter of Richmond, and chaplain to the duke of Or- v- the rudiments of his education, he was afterwards fent mond’s troop of horfe-guards. He wrote part of t{ie to Gloucefter college, in the fuburbs of Oxford, where new verfion of the Pfalms, now fung in many churches for a time he ftudied theology with the novices of his in England and Ireland $ the iEneids of Virgil, in order, and then returned to his convent at Chefter ; 4 vols $ and 3 vols of fermons. He died May 20th here, in the latter part of his life, he applied himfelf 1726. chiefly to the ftudy of hiftory, and wrote feveral books. BRADYPUS, or Sloth, a genus of quadrupeds, He died in the year 1513, the fifth of Henry VIII. belonging to the order of bruta. See Mammalia His poetry is not inferior to that of any of his cotem- Index. poraries. * His works are, 1. De antiquitate et magniji- BRAE-Mar, a mountainous territory of Scotland, ventin urbis Cejlrice. 2. Chronicon. 3. The life of the in the {hire of Aberdeen, where the laft earl of Mar glorious virgin St Werberg. Printed Bond. 1521, began to raife a rebellion in 1715. It is 27 miles qto, in verfe. The life of St Werberg makes only north-weft of Aberdeen. part of this work \ for it contains alfo a defcription of BRAE-Murray, a mountainous and woody traft of the kingdom of Mercia, life of St Etheldred, the life land, lying in the (hires of Elgin and Nairn in Scot- of St Sexburg, the foundation and hiftoi'y of Chefter, land. and the chronicles of fome kings. Poflibly this work - BRAG, an ingenious and pleafant game at cards, may include the two firft. BHhop Tanner fays that he where as many may partake as the cards will fupply j wrote a chronicle in Englifti verfe, extracted from the eldeft hand dealing three to each perfon at one time, Bede Malmfbury, Giraldus, and others. Probably and turning up the laft card all round. This done, this is the chronicle above mentioned. each gamefter puts down three flakes, one for each BRADWARDIN, Thomas, archbifhop of Can- card.—The firft flake is won by the beft card turned terbury, was born at Hartfield in Suffex, about the up in the dealing round •, beginning from the ace, king, clofe of* the 13th century. He was educated at Mer- queen, knave, and fo downwards. When cards of the ton college, Oxford, where he took the degree of doftor fame value are turned up to two or more of the game- of divinity-, and acquired the reputation of a profound fters, the eldeft hand gains ; but it is to be obferved, fcholar a fkilful mathematician, and confummate di- that the ace of diamonds wins, to whatever hand it be vine. 'Authors are not agreed as to his firft prefer- turned up.—The fecond flake is won by what is called ments. Pitt fays he was profeffor of divinity at Oxford. the brag, which confifts in one of the garnefters chal- They * agree, however, in afferting, that from being lenging the reft to turn up cards equal^ to his : Now it chancellor of the diocefe of London, he became a cour- is to be obferved, that a pair of aces is the beft brag, tier and confeffor to Edward III. whom he conftantly a pair of kings the next, and fo on ; and a pair of any attended during his war with France, aflifting that vie- fort wins the flake from the moft valuable Angle card, torious prince with his advice, animating the troops, In this part confifts the great diverfion of the game ; and fervently praying for their fuccefs. After his re- for, by the artful management of the looks, geftures, turn from the war, he was made prebendary of Lincoln, and voice, it frequently happens, that a pair of fives, and afterwards archbifhop of Canterbury. He died at treys, or even deuces, outbrags a much higher pair, and Lambeth in the year 1349, forty days after his confe- even fome pairs royal, to the no fmall merriment of the cration ; and was buried in St Anfelm’s chapel, near company. The knave of clubs is here a principal fa- the fouth wall. His works are, 1. De caufa Dei, vourite, making a pair with any other card in hand, printed at London, 1618, publirtied by J. H. Savil. and with any other two cards a pair royal.—The third 2. De geometria fpeculativa, &c. Paris, 1495, 1512, flake is won by the perfon who firft makes up the cards 1 r^o. 3. De arithmetica prattica, Paris, 1502, 1512. in his hand one and thirty; each dignified card going 4. De proportionibus, Paris, 1495. Venice, 1505, folio, for ten, and drawing from the pack, as ufual in this c. De quadrature circuli, Paris, 1495, folio. game. . BRADY, Robert, born in Norfolk in 1643, was BRAGA, the capital of the province of Entre-min- mufter of Caius college, Cambridge, regius profeffor ho-duro, in Portugal, fituated on the river Cavado, in there and twice reprefentative of that univerfity in W. Long. 8. 40. N. Lat. 41. 20. parliament. In 1685, he was made keeper of the re- BRAGANZA, a city of Portugal, and capital of cords in the Tower, and was phyfician in ordinary to a duchy of the fame name. It is fe a ted on an eminence, Tames II. He wrote. An introduttion to Old Eng- by a brook called Farvenca; and is divided into two lifti hiftory ; A hiftory of England, from the time of parts, the old city and die town. The former is upon the Romans to the end of the reign of Richard II; and, an eminence, and fortified with a double wall. That A treatife on Englifli boroughs. He died in 1700. part next the town has five baftions, but no ditch ; the Brady, Nicholas, an excellent divine and poet, citadel is on the oppofite fide joined to the wall. The born at Bandon, in the county of Cork, Oftober 28th town is in a plain, and defended by a fort with four 1639. He ftudied at Weftminfter-fchool, and after- baftions. It is feated near the river Sabor, on thefron- wards at Oxford and Dublin college. He was a zea- tiers of Galicia, in W. Long. 6. 15. N. Lat. 41. 27. lous promoter of the Revolution ; and, in 1690, when BRAGGOT, a kind of drink made of malt, honey, the troubles broke out in Ireland, by his intereft with and fpices, much ufed in Wales. M‘Carty, King James’s general, he thrice prevented BRAHE, Tycho, a celebrated aftronomer, de- the burning of the town of Bandon. Having quitted feended of an illuftrious family originally of Sweden .feveral preferments in Ireland, he fettled in London, but fettled at Denmark, was born December 14. 1546, — Brady H Brahe. Brahe. R A [ at Knudftorp in the county of Schonett. He was - taught Latin when feven years old, and ftudied five years under private tutors. His father dying, his un¬ cle fent him, in April 1559, to ftudy philofophy and rhetoric at Copenhagen. The great eclipfe of the fun r>n the 21 ft of Auguft 1560, happening at the precife time the aftronomers had foretold, he began to look upon aftronomy as fomething divine ; and purchafing the tables of Stadius, gained fome notion of the theory of the planets. In 1562, he was fent by his uncle to Leipfic to ftudy law j but aftronomy wholly engroffed his thoughts, and in purchafing books on that fcience he employed all his pocket-money. Having procured a fmall celeftial globe, he was wont to wait till his tu¬ tor was gone to bed, in order to examine the conftel- lations and learn their names ; and when the Iky was clear, he fpent whole nights in viewing the ftars. In 1 $65, a difference arifing between Brahe and a Da- nifh nobleman, they fought, and the former had part of his nofe cutoff-, which defeat he fo artfully fup- plied with one made of gold and filver, that it was not perceivable. It was about this time that he began to apply to chemiftry, propofing nothing lefs than to ob¬ tain the philofopher’s ftone. In 1571, he returned to Denmark ; and was favoured by his mother’s brother, Steno Belle, a lover of learning, with a convenient place at his caftle of Herritzvad near Knudftorp, for making his obferyations, and building a laboratory. His marrying a country girl, beneath his rank, occa- fioned fuch a violent quarrel between him and his rela¬ tions, that the king was obliged to interpofe to recon¬ cile them. In 1574, by his majefty’s command, he read leisures upon the theory of the comets at Copen¬ hagen. The year following he began his travels through Germany, and proceeded as far as Venice: he then refolved to remove his family, and fettle at Bafil 5 but Frederic II. king of Denmark being in¬ formed of his defign, and unwilling to lofe a man that was capable of being fuch an ornament to his country, promifed to enable him to purfue his ftudies, to be¬ llow upon him for life the ifland of Huen in the Sound, to ereft an obfervatory and laboratory there, and to defray all the expences neceffary for carrying on his defigns. Tycho Brahe readily embraced this propo- fal j and accordingly the firft ftone of the obfervatory was laid Auguft 8. 1576. The king alfo gave him a penfion of 2000 crowns out of the treafury, a fee in Norway, and a canonry of Rofchild, which brought him in 1000 more. James VI. of Scotland, after¬ wards raifed to the crown of England, going to Den¬ mark in order to marry the princefs Anne, paid a vi- fit to our author in his retirement at Uraniaburg, made him feveral prefents, and with his own hand wrote a copy of verfes in his praife ; but, foon after the death of King Frederic, he was deprived of his penfion, fee, and canonry ; upon which, finding himfelf incapable of bearing the expences of his obfervatory, he went to Copenhagen, whither he brought fome of his inftru- ments, and continued his aftronomical obfervations in that city, till Valkendorf, chamberlain to the houfe- hold of Chriftian IV. commanded him by the king’s order to difcontinue them. He then removed his fa¬ mily to Roftock, and afterwards to Holftein, in order to folicit Henry Ranzou to introduce him to the em- oeror j and that gentleman complying with his requeft, VOL. IV, Part I 369 ] BRA s he was received by the emperor at Prague with the utmoft civility and refpeft. That prince gave him a magnificent houfe, till he could procure one for him more fit for aftronomical obfervations ; affigned him a penfion of 30CO crowns ; and promifed upon the firit opportunity, a fee for him and his deicendants : but he did not long enjoy this happy fituation 5 for, upon the 24th of Odlober 1601, he died of a retention of urine, in the 55th year of his age, and was interred in a very magnificent manner in the principal church at Prague, where a noble monument was erefted to him. —His fkill in aftronomy is univerfally known, and he is famed for being the inventor of a new fyftem, which he endeavoured, though without fuccefs, to eftablifli upon the ruins of that of Copernicus. He was very credulous with regard to judicial aftrology and pre- fages. If he met an old woman when he went out of doors, or a hare upon the road in a journey, he ufed to turn back immediately, being perfuaded that it was a bad omen. When he lived at Uraniaburg, he had at his houfe a madman, whom he placed at his feet at table, and fed himfelf. As he imagined that every thing fpoken by mad perfons prefaged fomething, he carefully obferved all that this man faid ; and becaufe it fometimes proved true, he imagined it might always be depended on. A mere trifle put him in a paffion ; and againft perfons of the firft rank, with whom it was his duty to keep on good terms, he openly difeovered his refentment. He was very apt to rally others, but highly provoked if the fame liberty was taken with himfelf. His principal works are, 1. Progymnafmata ojlronomice. 2. De munii at herd recentioribus phaiio- mems. 3. Epiftolarum ajlronomicarum liber. BRAHMA. See Brama. BRAIDALBIN, a diftrift of Perthftiire in Scot¬ land, ftretching 32 miles from eaft to weft, and 13 where broadeft from fouth to north. It is a mountainous country, lying among the Grampian hills, fuppofed to. be the country anciently known by the name of Alba- nii; whence the Highlanders to this day call them- felves Albimch. It is bounded on the weft by Locha- ber, Lorn, and Knapdale $ on the north and eaft, by part of Lochaber and part of Athol ; and on the fouth by Strathern and Monteith. It produces plenty of game and black cattle; is inhabited by Highlanders laid to be the moft ferocious in all Scotland 5 and gives the title of earl to a branch of the Campbell family, which is pofleffed of a noble and magnificent feat in this divifion. Much flax is cultivated here. Some years ago, when premiums were given for the greateft crops, from 70 to 120 hogflieads of linfeed were an¬ nually fown, each peck yielding two ftones of dreffed flax -, and when the yarn fold higheft, 2000I. worth has been fold out of the country. Oats and potatoes are the other crops. Oats yield from four to fix fold at the moft, oftener lefs; bear from eight to ten, at an average fix. The corn raifed feldom fuffices the number of inhabitants, fo they are often obliged to have recourfe to importation. From their potatoes fome have diftilled a very ftrong fpirit, which has beei* found cheaper than >vhat is diftilled from any grain. Starch is alfo made from them ; and, in fome places, bread. Corcur, or the lichen omphaloides, is an arti- ■Je of commerce ; great quantities have been feraped from the rocks, and -exported for the uCe of the dyers, 3 A [ Bramber. BRA Braidalbin at the price of is. or i6d. per ftone. A good many fheep are reared here, and much wool is lent out of the country. There are few horfes raifed in this coun- ~ try : fuch as feed on the tops of the higher hills are often afflidted with a diltemper that commonly proves fatal, if a remedy is not applied within 24 hours. It attacks them in the months of July and Auguft, ufual- ly after a fall of rain, or before the dew rifes in the morning. An univerfal fwelling fpreads over the bo¬ dy ; the remedy is exercife, chafing, or any other me¬ thod that promotes urine and perfpiration. The com¬ mon people attribute this evil to a certain animal that fcatters its poifon over the grafs j but more probably it arifes from fome noxious vegetable, hitherto unob- ierved. Before the year 1745, Lord Braidalbin was obliged to keep a conftant guard for the protection of his vafials cattle, or to retain fpies among the thievilh clans j having too much fpirit to fubmit to pay an in- iamous tax, called black mail, to the plundering chief- tans, as the price of their fafety. BRAIL, or Brails, in a Ihip, are fmall ropes made ufe of to furl the fails acrofs: they belong only to the two courfes and the mizen fail \ they are reeved through the blocks, feized on each fide the ties, and come down before the fail, being at the very fkirt thereof faitened to the cringles; their ufe is, when the fail is furled acrofs, to hale up its bunt, that it may the more eafily be taken up or let fall. Hale up the brails, or brail up the fail 5 that is, Hale up the fail, in order to be furled or bound clofe to the yard. BRAILOW, a town of Poland, in the province of Podolia, feated on the river Bog, in E. Lung. 29. o. N. Lat. 43. 50. BRAIN, in Anatomy, is that large, foft, whitilh mafs, enclofed in the cranium or fkull j wherein all the organs of fenfe terminate, and the foul is fuppofed principally to refide. See Anatomy Index. BRAIN le Comte, a town of the Auftrian Nether¬ lands, in the province of Hainault. £. Long. 4. 11. N. Lat. 50. 35. BRAINTREE, a large town of Effex in England, fituated in E. Long. o. 30. N. Lat. 51. 50. BRAKE, denotes temale fern, or the place where it grows.—Alfo a lharp bit or fnaffle for horfes j and a baker’s kneading-trough.—Alfo an inftrument with teeth to bruife flax or hemp. See FLAX-DreJJing. BRAKEL, a town of Germany, in the circle of Weftphalia, and in the bifhopric of Paderborn, feated on the rivulet Brught, in E. Long. 9. 8. N. Lat. 51. 46. BRAMA, or Bruma, a pagan deity of the Eaft Indies. He is the firlt perfon of a kind of trinity in their theology *, is the great progenitor of mankind j and has created as many worlds as there are. confider- able parts in his body. See the articles Brachmans, Bramins, and Indostan. Brama, in Ichthyology, the trivial name of a fpe- cies of cyprinus. See Cyprinus. BRAMANT, a town of Savoy in the valley of Maurich, feated on the river Arck, in E. Long. 4. 15. N. Lat. 45. o. BRAMBER, a town of Suflex in England, for¬ merly of fome account, but has neither market nor fair •, however, it fends trvo members to parliament % Long. 0. 15. N. Lat. 50. 50, 2 37° ] BRA BRAMBLE, in Botany, the Englilh name of the » Rubus. See Botany Index. j| e BRAMBLE-Net, otherwife called hallier, is a net to Bramhall. catch birds in of feveral fizes : the great meflies muft ^“V—' be four inches fquare ; thufe of the leaft fize are three inches fquare j and thofe of the biggeft, five. In the depth they thould not be above three or four inches j but as for the length, they may be enlarged at plea- fure ; the fhortefl; being 18 feet long. Bramble, or Brambding, in Ornithology, the trivial name of a fpecies of Fringilla. BRAMER, Leonard, hiftory-painter, was born at Delft in 1596 ; but learned the art of painting in the fchool of Rembrandt, and imitated the manner of his mafter in fmall. In the 18th year of his age he went to Rome for his improvement; but although he continued in Italy for fome years, and acquired fome- whal in his ftyle rather more graceful than Rembrandt, yet he could never divefi: himfelf of the Flemifh gout, He had a fine tafle of defign ; his expreflion is gene-ton’s'di!}, rally good, and in fome of his compofitions truly no¬ ble. Jiis pencil is delicate, and his colouring very peculiar in the tints, being alfo remarkably thin in many parts, fo as barely to cover the pannel ; yet, bv great fldll in the management of the chiaro-fcuro, his colouring is bright, bold, and full of luftre ; particu¬ larly in the vafes, which he vTas fond of introducing in every fubjedt that could admit them, as he knew how to give them a rich and fine relievo. He had ac- cultomed himfelf to paint with a very thin body of co¬ lour, efpecially in the browns and fliadowy parts, in order to give his pictures a greater tranfparence. At Venice, Naples, Florence, Mantua, and other cities of Italy, as well as at Rome, he left many proofs of his extraordinary merit, which rendered his name de- fervedly famous 5 and his works are rarely to be met with out of Italy, where he painted moft ; but when¬ ever they are to be purchaftd they are bought at con- fiderable prices, if they are entire and undamaged. One of the moft capital pictures of Bramer is the Eai- Jing of La%arus, in which there is a charming oppofi- tion of light and ftiadow j and another is the Denial of St Peter: They are both painted in his belt man¬ ner 5 they are bright, tranfparent, and finely penciled, and are ftill preferved at Rome. Likewife at the pa¬ lace of Ryfwick, there are feveral valuable paintings by this mafter j in which the invention and execution are highly commendable. But none of his works can be more admired than a fmall piflure on copper repre- fenting the ftory of Pyramus and Thifbe. BRAMHALL, Dr John, archbiihop of Armagh, was born of an ancient family at PontefraiR in York- fhire, about the year 1593. He was invited over to Ireland by the lord deputy Wentworth ; and foon af¬ ter obtained the arch-deaconry of Meath, the beft in that kingdom. In 1634, he was made bilhop of Lon¬ donderry, which fee he improved very much ; but the greateft fervice he did to the church of Ireland, was by getting, with the deputy’s afliftance, feveral a£ts palled for aboliftiing fee-farms, recovering impropria¬ tions, &c. by which, and by other means, he regain¬ ed to the church in the fpace of four years 30,000!. or 40,000!. a-year. In the convocation he prevailed up-f on the church of Ireland to unite in the fame faith with the church of England, by adopting the 39 arti¬ cles BRA [ 371 ] BRA Bramha'l, cles of that church j and would willingly have intro- Bramins. duced the Englilh canons, but could only prevail on v their accepting fuch as they deemed proper. Articles of treafon were exhibited againft him in the Irith par¬ liament j and at the treaty of Uxbridge in 1644, the Englith parliament made it a preliminary article, that Bithop Bramhall, with Archbilhop Laud, and others, fhould be excepted from the general pardon. He went abroad j but on the reftoration was appointed archbi- fhop of Armagh, primate and metropolitan of all Ire¬ land, and was chofen fpeaker of the houfe of lords. He died in 1663 ; and was the author of feveral works, which are colledted in one vol. folio. BRAMINS, the name of the priefts among the idolatrous Indians ; the fucceffors of the ancient Brach- mans. See the article Brachmans. Their name is formed from Brama, their particular deity. They are found in Siam, Malabar, China, Co¬ romandel, and moft other eaftern nations anywife ci- * See In- vilized ; but their chief feat is in Indoftan *, or the dojlan. Mogul’s country. They have a language peculiar to themfelves, which they call Shanfcrit; in which they have feveral ancient books, written, as is alleged, by their great prophet Brahma ; as the Shajlram, which is their bible •, and Porane, a hiftory which they efteem facred, and pretend to have been di&ated by God him- felf. There are feveral orders of Bramins. Thofe who mix in fociety are for the moft part very corrupt in their morals : they believe that the water of the Gan¬ ges will wafli away all their crimes ; and, as they are not fubjeft to any civil jurifdi&ion, live without either reftraint or virtue, excepting that chara&er of com- paffion and charity which is fo commonly found in the mild climate of India. The others, who live abftraft- ed from the world, are either weak-minded men or en- thufiafts 5 and abandon themfelves to lazinefs, fuperfti- tion, and the dreams of metaphyfics. We find in their difputes the very fame ideas that occur in the writings of our moft celebrated metaphyficians ; Tuch as, fub- ftance, accident, priority, pofteriority, immutability, in- divifibility, &c. Their religion, which was anciently of the allegori¬ cal and moral kind, hath degenerated into a heap of extravagant and obfcene fuperftitions, owing to their having realized thofe fiftions which were intended mere¬ ly as fo many fymbols and emblems. Were it poflible to obtain a fight of their facred books, the only re¬ mains there are of the Indian antiquities, we might in fome meafure be enabled to remove the veil that enve¬ lopes thole numerous myfteries ; but the following ftory will Avow how little reafon there is to hope that we fliall ever be intrufted with fuch a communica¬ tion. Haynal's The emperor Mahmoud Akbar had an inclination to make himfhlf acquainted with the principles of all es' the religious fe£Is throughout his extenfive provinces. Having difcarded the fuperftitious notions with which he had beer: prepoffefied by his education in the Ma¬ hometan faith, he refolved to judge for himfelf. It was eafy for him to be acquainted with the nature of thofe fyftems that are formed upon the plan of making profelytes; but he found himfelf dilappointed in his defign when he came to treat with the Indians, who will not admit any perfon whatever to the participa- Brainin', tion of their myfteries. Neither the authority nor promifes of Akbar could prevail with the Bramins to difclofe the tenets of their religion ; he was therefore obliged to have recourfe to artifice. The ftratagem he made ufe of, was to caufe a boy, of the name of Ftizi,' to be committed to the care of thefe priefts, as a poor orphan of the facerdotal line, who alone could be initiated into the facred rites of their theology. Feizi, having received the proper inftruftions for the part he was to aft, was conveyed privately to Benares, the feat of knowledge in Indoftan j he was received into the horde of a learned Bramin, who educated him with the fame care as if he had been his own fon. Af¬ ter the youth had fpent ten years in ftudy, Akbar was defirous of recalling him : but he was ftruck with the charms of the daughter of his preceptor. The women of the lacerdotal tribe are looked upon as the greateft. beauties in Indoftan. The old Bramin laid no re¬ ftraint upon that growing paffion of the two lovers : he was fond of Feizi, who had gained his affeftion bv his addrefs and docility ; and offered him his daughter in marriage. The young man, divided between love and gratitude, refolved to conceal the fraud no long¬ er ; and falling at the feet of the Bramin, difcovered the impofture, and afked pardon for his offence. The prieft, without reproaching him in the leaft, feized a poignard, which hung at his girdle, and was going to plunge it in his breaft, if Feizi had not prevented him by taking hold of his arm. The young man ufed every means to pacify him, and declared himfelf ready to do any thing to expiate his treachery. The Bramin, burfting into tears, promifed to pardon him on condi¬ tion that he Ihould fwear never to tranllate the Beclas or lacred volumes, or difclofe to any perfon whatever the fymbol of the Bramin creed. Feizi readily pro¬ mifed all that the Bramin required : how far he kept his word is not known *, but the faered books of the Indians have never been tranflated by him, or any one elfe, to this day. As the Bramins are the only per- fons who underftand the language of the facred books, their comments on the text are the fame as thofe that have ever been made on religious books j all the max¬ ims which fancy, intereft, paffion, or falfe zeal can fuggeft, are to be found in thefe volumes. See the articles Shastar and Vedam. They own a fupreme God, who created Brama, and gave him a power to create tha^world. They have alfo their fubaltern deities, their pagods or temples, and idols, whom they fan to defend from flies, dancing be¬ fore them. They.alfo hold a feaft in honour of the fun confidered as the fource of light and heat, where¬ by all nature is fecundified. Their pagods or temples confift of three parts. The firft is a vaulted roof, fupported on ftone columns : it lies open, and all perfons, without diftinftion, are al¬ lowed to enter into it. It is adorned with fymbolical figures made of wood, as elephants, oxen, and horfes. The fecond part is open in the day time, and flmt at night. It is filled with grotefque and monftrous fi¬ gures, as men with many heads and arms. The third, which is a kind of chancel, is kept always Unit, with a very ftronggate. In this is placed the ftatue of the deity to whom the pagod is dedicated. A great num- 3 A 2 her - BRA f 3 Bramins ber of lamps burn day and night before the idol. The I! Bramins, before they go into the paged, pull oft' their ^ran~ ftioes, and leave them at the door. The Bramins of Siam and Coromandel maintain that the earth will be deftroyed by fire j and the for¬ mer aftert that another will arife out of its allies, in which there (hall be no fea, nor any change of fea- fons, but an eternal fpring $ and the latter maintain a plurality of worlds, which are alternately deftroyed and renewed. Robert de Nobili, an Italian Jefuit, and one of the Indian miftionaries, in the beginning of the l^th cen¬ tury, in order to fecure fuccefs to his milfion, afl'umed the title and appearance of a Bramin, and at length pfirfuaded the credulous people that he was in reality a member of that venerable order. He forged a deed in the ancient Indian chara&ers, Ihowing that the Bra- mins of Rome were elder than thofe of India, and that the Jefuits of Rome defcended in a dire£l line from the god Brama. He farther declared on oath, that be derived his origin from this Indian deity. By this impofture he profelyted twelve eminent Bramins, whofe influence proved very favourable to his million. Af¬ ter his death, the Portuguese Jefuits carried on the impofture with very confiderable fuccefs. Thefe mif- ftons, however, were fufpended and abandoned in con- fequence of a papal mandate, iffued out in the year 1744, by Benedict XIV. who declared his difapproba- tion of the artifices that had been ufed in the conver- fion of the Indians. See further under the article Ob- SERVATORT. BRAMPOUR, or Brampore, a city of Alia, in the dominion of the Great Mogul, and capital of Can- dilh. It formerly flood on as much ground as Lon¬ don ; but it is now greatly decayed, and chiefly inhabit¬ ed by Banians. The ftreets are numerous but nar¬ row, with low thatched houfes made of earth, though a few are covered with varnilhed tiles. In rainy wea¬ ther many of the ftreets are overflowed. In the mar¬ ket place is the ftatue of an elephant in red ftone, as big as the life. On the other fide of the river they have built a new town, which is in a better fituation. A great trade is carried on in this town, and through¬ out all the province, where there is made a prodigious quantity of cotton-cloths, as cotton is in greater plen¬ ty here than in any other place of the empire. E. Long. 77. 25. N. Lat. 21. 10. BRAMPTON, a town of Cumberland in England, feated not far from the Pi£ls wall, and on the river Ir- thin. It is a very ancient place, but at prefent is very fmal!. W. Long. 2. 40. N. Lat 54. 50. BRAN, the. (kins or hulks of corn, efpecially wheat, ground, feparated from the flour by a fieve or boulter. It contains, befides, a portion of the farinaceous mat¬ ter ; this is lei’s glutinous than the finer flour, and is fuppofed to have a detergent quality. Infuftons of bran are not unfrequently employed in this intention externally, and fometimes likewife taken inwardly. Among the ancients bran was ufed as an erotic, to excite love. Bran boiled purges feurf, dandreff, and cleanfes the hands in lieu of foap. The dyers reckon it among the nut-coloured drugs j and ufe it for making what they call th j four waters, with which they pre¬ pare their feveral dyes. B ah is alfo ufed as a medi¬ cine for horfes. See Farriery Index. 72 ] BRA BRANCH, in Botany, an arm of a tree, or a part Branch which, iprouting out from the trunk, helps to form the |j head or crown thereof. Branches do not fpring out ®r:i»rhio. of the mere furface of the trunk, but are profoundly , ^e£'- rooted therein, fo as not only to penetrate into the cor- v tical, but alio the woody fubftance, and even the pith. The eonflituent parts therefore of a branch are the fame as of the trunk, viz, Ikin, bark, wood, and pith. See the article Plants. BRANCHES of a Bridle, in the manege, are two pieces of iron bended, which, in the interval between the one and the other, bear the bit-mouth, the crofs- chains, and the curb 3 fo that on one end they anfwer to the head-flail, and on the other to the reins, in order to keep the horfe’s head in fubjetftlor. With regard to their form and ftrinflure, branches are either ftraight, in form of a piftil, for young horfes to form their mouth 3 or after the conftable of France’s faftiion, proper for a horfe that carries his head well. Some are in form of a gigot or leg, which rvill prevent horfes from carrying too low : Some are in form of a bent knee, contrived for horfes that arm themfelves againft the operation of the bit J and others after the French falhion, which is hardly above-one third of an inch at the fevile hole, and kneed 1^- inch at the jarret or ham. It is to be obferved, I. That the farther the branch is from the horfe’s neck, the more effe£l it will have. 2. That fliort branches, cceteris paribus, are ruder, and their effefls more fudden, than thofe of longer. 3. That the branch is to be proportioned to the length-of a horfe’s neck 5 and one may fooner err in ehoofing one too ftiort than too long. BRANCHES of Ogives, in ArchiteBure, are the arches of Gothic vaults. Thefe arches, traverling from one angle to another diagonal-wife, form a crofs between the other arches, which make the ftdes of the fquare* of which the arches are diagonal. BRANCH-Stand, with falconers, a term ufed to figni- fy the making a hawk leap from tree to tree, till the dog fprings the game.. BRANCHER, among fportfmen, a young hawk, newly taken out of the neft, that can hop from bough to bough. BRANCHIAE, or Gills, in the anatomy of filhes,. the parts correfponding to the lungs of land-animals* All fillies, except the cetaceous ones, and the pteromy- zum, which have lungs, are furniflied with thefe organs of refpiration. See Anatomy Index. BRANCHIDiE, in Grecian antiquity, priefts of the temple of Apollo, which was at Didymus in Ionia, a province of Lefler Alia, towards the iEgean fea, up¬ on the frontier of Caria. They opened to Xerxes the temple of Apollo, the riches whereof he took away. After which, thinking it unfafe to flay in Greece, they fled to Sogdiana, on the other fide of the Cafpian fea, upon the frontiers of Perfia, where they built a city called by their own name : but they did not ef- cape the punilhment of their crime 3 for Alexander the Great having conquered Darius king of Perfia, and being informed of their treachery, put them alkto the fword, and razed their city, thus punilhing the impiety of the fathers in their pofterity. BRANCHIOSTEGI, in Ichthyology, a terra ufed to exprefs one of the general elaffes of fifties 3 the char rafters of which are, that the rays of the fins are of a bony granchio- ftegi 1! Branden¬ burg. BRA C 37 bony fubftance, but tbefe fifli have no bones or oflicula at the branchiae, as the malacopterygious and acan- thopterygious fifties all have. BRANCHON, a town of the Auftrian Netherlands, in the province of Namur, feated on the river Me- haigne. E. Long. 4. 40. N. Lat. 50. 32. BRAND Sunday, Dimanche des Brandons, in French ectlefiaftical writers, denotes the firft Sunday in Lent, which is thus called on account of an ancient practice in the Lyonnois, where the peafants, in the night of this day, walked about their orchards, gar¬ dens, &c. with torches lighted, or fire-brands in their bands ; in which plight they vifited every tree, and ad- d re fling themfelves to them one after another, threat¬ ened, that if they did not bear fruit well the enfuing feafon, they ftiould be cut down to the ground and burnt. This is evidently a relick of Paganifm j the like of which was pra&ifed by the ancient idolaters in the month of February 5 hence called Februarius, a fe- brtiando. BRANDEIS, a tovrn of Bohemia, feated on the river Elbe. E. Long. 14. 25. N. Lat. 50. 15. BRANDENBURG, Marquifate of, a large coun¬ try of Germany, having Mecklenburg and Pomera¬ nia on the north ; Poland, on the eaft ; Silefia, with the Lufatias, the electorate of Saxony, Anhalt, and duchy of Magdeburg, on the fouth j and part of the fame duchy, and that of Lunenburg, on the weft. Its greateft length is near 200 miles, and its greateft breadth near 100. Its northern fituation makes it very cold for feven or eight months in winter. The foil in general is far from being fruitful, a great part of it confifting of fand : yet there are feveral fruitful fpots in it $ and the whole, under the laft and prefent reign, has been greatly improved, and much better peopled. In fome parts there is great plenty of potatoes and tur¬ nips •, in others of buck-wheat, millet, and flax ; in others of tobacco, woad, and other herbs for dyeing. All forts of colour-earth, together with alum, falt- petre, amber, iron, ftone, and medicinal fprings, are found in it. Abundance of cattle, efpecially (beep, are bred here j and the woods not only fupply the inhabi¬ tants with fuel, but with timber, charcoal, tar, and wood-aihes, both for domeftic ufes and for exportation. The culture of filk is alfe carried on in this country with great fuccefs. The principal rivers by which it is watered are the Elbe, the Oder, the Prignitz, the Havel, the Warte, and the Spree. Some of the ri¬ vers and lakes abound in fifti, and are united by canals for the benefit of navigation. They reckon in the whole Mark 120 towns, above 2500 villages, and about 800,000 inhabitants. The ftates here confift of the nobility and towns, whofe aflembly-houfe is in the Spandau-ftreet at Berlin, and who ftill enjoy fome fmall remains of their aircient privileges. 1 he here¬ ditary officers of the marquifate are a marlhal, chamber- lain, cup-bearer, purveyor, fewer, treafurer, and ran¬ ger. The king of Pruffia, who is alfo ele&or of Bran^ denburg, with his whole court, are Calvinifts; but the religion of moft of the inhabitants is Lutheranifm, The churches of both perfuafions are well endowed, and the laity jointly employed by the government. The Roman Catholics are alfo tolerated here. In fiiort, every inhabitant enjoys full liberty of confcience. A great vaiiety of-manufactures, moft of . which were i< 3 ] BRA introduced by the French refugees, are carried on in the marquifate, efpecially at Berlin and Potfdam ; where are alfo excellent painters, ftatuaries, and en¬ gravers. By means of thefe manufa&ures, fabrics, and arts, not only large fums are kept in the country, but alfo imported from other parts, to which confider- able quantities of the manufactures and natural pro- dudtions are exported. For the education of youth and the advancement of learning, befides Latin fchools in feveral places, and gymnafia, there is an univerfity at Frankfort on the Oder, and an academy of fciences at Berlin. The Brandenburg family is of great antiquity. Some hiltorians fay it was founded by the Sclavonians, who gave it the name of Branber, which fignifies the “ Guards of the Forefts and the Germans called it- Branburgh. Henry I. furnamed the Fowler, fortified this place in the year 923, to ferve as a rampart a- gainft the Huns, a warlike nation, who were extreme¬ ly troublefome by their frequent incurfions. He be¬ llowed the government of Sifro, count of Ringelheim, with the title of Margrave or Marquis, which lignifies' Proteflor of the Marches or Frontiers, in 923. It defcended to Gerod, margrave of Lufatia j and in fucceffion of time pafled into the families of Staden, Afcania, Bellenftadt, and that of Bavaria, till the em¬ peror Sigifmund, with the confent of the flates of the empire, in 1416, gave perpetual inveftiture to Frede¬ rick VI. of Nuremberg j who alfo the following year received from the emperor, at the diet of Conftance, the inveftiture of the county of Brandenburg as Frede¬ rick I. j having had previoufly conferred upon him the dignity of eleftor and arch-chamberlain of the Holy- Roman empire. Brandenburg remained long in fubje£lion to Poland j and the inveftiture of Pruffia was granted by the Po- lilh kings to each fucceeding margrave. Frederick- William, having concluded a treaty with the king of Poland was acknowledged to be fovereign of Ducal Pruffia by an aflerably of the ftates at Koniglberg A. D. 1663. By the treaty of Vienna the emperor confirmed this title ; and Frederick, the fon of Frede¬ rick-William, was proclaimed king of Pruffia, Janua- ary 18. 17B1. He was fucceeded by his fon, who per¬ formed the greateft fervices to his country, and pre¬ pared the materials of the future grandeur of the late fovereign, Frederick III. who began his reign on. the 31ft of May 1740, at the age of 28. See Prussia. Among the ele&ors he pofieffes the feventh place. As arch-chamberlain, he carries the fceptre before the emperor at his coronation, and brings him ivater in a lilver bafon to wadi with. In the college of princes of the empire he has five voices. His afleffinent, as eledlor, is 60 horfe and 277 foot, or 1828 florins in lieu of them. To the chamber of Wetzlar, his quota is 811 rix-dollars 58 kruitzers, each terra. As to the orders of the knights of the Black Eagle, and of Merit, it is fufficient here to obferve, that the former was in- ftituted by Frederick I. at his coronation, and the other by the prefent king. For the government of this coun¬ try and the adminiftration of juftice, there are feveral fupreme colleges and tribunals j particularly for the de¬ partments of war, foreign affairs, and the finances, there are diftinff boards. Here is a fupreme ecclefiaftical council and confiftory for the Lutherans $ a fupreme dire&ory Bratiden. burg. BRA [ 3 Brand©n- dire&ory of the Calviniil church j a fupreme medicinal buJ'g. college ; a fupreme mine-office ; a college or board of . ran^eum-f trade, &c. Thofe of the French nation, fettled in this country, are allowed particular courts of their own. The amount of the yearly revenues of the Mark, an¬ ting from the domains, protection money paid by the Jews, tolls, land-tax, mines, forefts, duties on ftamp- paper, fait, and variety of other imports and excifes, is computed at about 2,500,000 crowns j but the money is faid to be much inferior in goodnefs to that of Saxony and the dominions of Hanover. During the late con¬ tinental war it was extremely debafed. Some eftimate the whole number of the inhabitants of the royal and eledrtoral dominions at 5,000,000, and the revenues at about 2,000,000 fterling. Upwards of 100,000 men are kept on foot in time of peace, which are faid to coft more than half of the royal revenue. Thefe troops are under ftriCt difcipline, very expert at their exercife, always in readinefs to march, and always complete. Each regiment has a particular canton or diftriCt al¬ lotted it for its quarters and raifing recruits. The infantry are clothed in blue, and the horfe and dra¬ goons in white *, and both are required to hear fer- xnon twice a-day when in quarters or garrifons. In time of peace they are allowed for feveral months in the year, to hire themfelves out, or to follow their bufinefs either as burghers or peafants, in the canton where they are quartered ; but they are not allowed to marry. A confiderable part of thefe troops are ftation- ed in the Mark, particularly at Berlin and Potfdam. The corps of huflars alone amounts to about 10,coo men. The Mark of Brandenburg is divided, in gene¬ ral, into the electoral and new Marks. The former is again fubdivided into the old Mark, the Pregnitz, the middle Mark, and the Ucker Mark. The old Mark, which lies on the weft fide of the Elbe, between that river and Lunenburg, is about 50 miles in length, and 30 in breadth. Brandenburg, a city of Germany, and capital of the marquifate of that name, fituated on the river Ha¬ vel, in E. Long. 13. o. N. Lat. 52. 25. It is divided into the old and new town, and was anciently the fee of a biftiop. The mountain in the neighbourhood, called Marienberg, is planted with vines. Here is a fmall colony of French Calvinifts, with a manufacture of cloth, fuftian, and canvas ; and a pretty good trade is carried on by the Havel. The fort here looks like a fuburb, and contains a riding fchool, with the cathedral church. The greatert part alfo of the members of the chapter, which ftill fubfifts, and is compofed of a Lu¬ theran provoft, dean, fenior, fubfenior, and three other canons, refide in it. They are diftinguiffied by a crofs of gold enamelled with violet, terminating in eight points ; and have a confiderable eftate. Near the town is a large lake. > BRANDEUM, in ecclefiaftical writers, a linen cloth or veil put over the tombs of the apoftles St Pe¬ ter and St Paul, and left there for fome time ; by which it is fuppofed to acquire a degree of fanCiity, fo as to be worrtiipped as a relic j and for that purpofe frequently fent by the pope as a prefent to fome prince. In this fenfe, Brandeum amounts to the fame with what was otherwife called JanSiucirium, fudarium, orarium, and velum. The ufe of brandea was introduced as a means of diffufing and propa gating the virtues and in- 4 ] BRA fluences of relics, without moving, or any way impair-Brai d* ing, the fubftance of them ; the tranflation of relics in |j ^ early days being forbidden. Branfta. BRANDING, in the face or hand, denotes a pu- n'fhment infliCted by law on various offences, by burn¬ ing with a hot iron, after the offender hath been once admitted to benefit of clergy. BRANDON, a town of Suffolk in England, feated on the little river Oufe, over which it has a bridge, and a ferry at a mile’s difiance : whence it is divided into Brandon, and Brandon ferry j which lart has the molt bufinefs, becaufe commodities are brought thither from the ifle of Ely. This place gives the Britilh title of duke to the family of Hamilton in Scotland. E. Long, O. 55. N. Lat. 52. 30. BRANDRITH, denotes a trevet or other iron ftand, whereon to fet a veffel over the fire. Brandrith, among builders, denotes a fence or rail about the mouth of a well. BRANDT, Gerard, a learned divine of the re¬ formed religion, was born at Amfterdam in 1626, and was fucceffively minifter in feveral places of the Ne¬ therlands. He wrote fome works which are efteemed, particularly the hiftory of the reformation of the Ne¬ therlands, 4 vols 410 ; and The Life of Admiral Ruy- ter j both writen in the Flemilh tongue. He died at Rotterdam in 1685. BRANDY, a fpirituous and inflammable liquor, extradled from-wine and other liquors by diftillation. See Distillation. Wine-brandy, made in France, is efteemed the bell in Europe. They make it wherever they make wine, and for that purpofe ufe wine that is pricked rather than good wine. The chief brandies for foreign trade, and thofe accounted beft, are the brandies of Bourdeaux, Rochelle, Cogniac, Charenton, the ifle of Rhe, Or¬ leans, the county of Blafois, Poiftou, Touraine, Anjou, Nantz, Burgundy, and Champaign. BRANK, an infbument ufed in fome parts of Scotland, and in Staffordfiure, for corredling fcolding women. It is a fort of head-piece, which opens and enclofes the head of the impatient, while an iron, (harp as a chiffel, enters the mouth, and fubdues the more dreadful weapon within. Thus harneffed, the offender is led in triumph through the ftreets. Dr Plott, in his Hiftory of Staffordlhire, has favoured the world with a minute defcription and figure of the inftrument*, which *l>age3S(J’ is there called a fcolding bridle ; and tells us, he looks upon it “ as much to be preferred to the ducking-ftool, which not only endangers the health of the party, but alfo gives the tongue liberty betwixt every dip j to nei¬ ther of which this is at all liable.” BR ANLIN, in Ichthyology, a fpecies of falmon, with feveral tranfverfe black ftreaks^refembling the impref- fion of fo many fingers. BRANNODUNUM (Notitise), with a garrifon of the Equites Dalmatiae, a town of Britain, on the Sinus Metaris : now Brancefter, in Norfolk, on the Wathes. BRANOGENIUM, or Branonium, a town of the Coritani, a people in the heart of Britain : from the diftances of the Itinerary, Camden fuppofes it to be Worcefter. BRANSK A, a town of Tranfilvania, fituated on the river Marifti. E. Long. 23, 15. N. Lat. 46. o. BRASIDA, BRA [ 375 ] BRA Brafida Brafil. BRASIDA, an anniverfary folemnlty at Sparta, in memory of Brafidas, a Lacedemonian captain, famous for his achievements at Methone, Pylos, and Amphi- poll’s. It was celebrated with facrifices and games, wherein none were permitted to attend but free-born Spartans. Whoever negle&ed to be prefent at the fo- lemnity was fined. BRASIDAS, a celebrated general of the Lacede¬ monians, about 424 years before the birth of Chrift. He defeated the Athenians by land and fea, took many places, and rendered his country formidable to all the neighbouring flates. He conquered the Athenians on their attempting to furprife Amphipolis, but died of the wounds he received in that battle. See Attica and Lacedemon. BRASIL, a large country of South America, be¬ ing the eaftermoft part of that continent lying between the equinoctial line and the tropic of Capricorn. It is about 1560 miles in length, and 1000 in breadth 5 but meafuring along the coaft, it is 2000 miles long, and is bordered with mountains that open from time to time, and form good harbours where veflels may lie in fafety. It was accidentally difcovered by the Por- tuguefe in 1500. Emmanuel king of Portugal had e- quippeda fquadron of 13 fail, carrying i20ofoldiers and Jailors deftined for the Eaft Indies, under the conduCt of Peter Alvarez Cabral. This admiral, quitting Lif- bon on the 19th of March 1500, ftruck out to fea to avoid the coaft of Guinea, and fleered his courfe fouth- ward, that he might the more eafily turn the Cape of Good Hope, which projefts a good way into the ocean. On the 24th of April, he got fight of the con¬ tinent of South America, which he judged to be a large ifland at fome diftanee from the coaft of Africa. Goading along for fome time, he ventured to fend a boat on ftiore; and was aftoniftied to obferve the inha¬ bitants entirely different from the Africans in features, hair and complexion. It Avas found, however, im- prafticable to feize upon any of the Indians, who retired with great celerity to the mountains on the approach of the Portuguefe ; yet, as the failors had difcovered a good harbour, the admiral thought proper to come to an anchor, and called the bay 'Puerto Segura. Next day he fent another boat on fliore, and had the good fortune to lay hold on two of the natives, whom he clothed and treated kindly, and then difmiffed, to make a proper report to their countrymen. The ftratagem had the defired effedt. The Indians, having heard the relation of the prifoners, immediately crowded to the Jhore, finging, dancing, and founding horns of different kinds •, which induced Cabral to land, and take folemn poffeffion in the name of his Portuguefe majefty. As foon as the court of Lifbon had ordered a furvey to be taken of the harbours, bays, rivers, and coafts of Brafil, and was convinced that the country afforded neither gold nor filver, they held it in fuch contempt, that they fent thither none but condemned criminals and abandoned women. Two {hips were fent every year from Portugal, to carry the refufe of the king¬ dom to this new world, and to bring home parrots and woods for the dyers and cabinet-makers. Ginger was afterwards added; but foon after prohibited, left it ihould interfere with the fale of the fame article from India. In 1548, the Jews, many of whom had taken re¬ fuge in Portugal, beginning to be perfecuted by the inquifition, were ftripped of their poffeflions, and ba- 1 nilhed to Brafil. Here, however, they were not en¬ tirely forfaken. Many of them found kind relations and faithful friends j others, who were known to be men of probity and underftanding, obtained money in advance from merchants of different nations v'ith whom they had formerly had tranfaflions. By the afiiftance of fome enterprifing men, they Avere enabled to culti¬ vate fugar canes, Avhich they firft procured from the ifland of Madeira. Sugar, Avhich till then had been ufed only in medicine, became an article of luxury. Princes and great men Avere all eager to procure them- felves this neAV fpecies of indulgence. This circnmftance proved favourable to Brafil, and enabled it to extend its fugar plantations. The court of Lifbon, notwith- ftanding its prejudices, began to be fenfible that a co¬ lony might be beneficial to the mother country, Avith- out producing gold or filver j and this fettlement, Avhich had been AvholN left to the capricious management of the colonifts, Avas noAV thought to deferve fome kind of attention *, and accordingly Thomas de Souza Avas fent thither, in 1549, to regulate and fuperintend it. This able governor began by reducing thefe men, Avho had always lived in a ftate of anarchy, into pro¬ per fubordination, and bringing their fcattered planta¬ tions defer together : after Avhich he applied himfelf to acquire fome information refpedling the natrves, Avith Avhom he knew he muft be inceffantly engaged either in traffic or Avar. This it Avas no eafy matter to accomplifti. Bfafil Avas full of fmall nations, fome of Avhich inhabited the forefts, and others lived in the plains and along the rivers. Some had fettled habita¬ tions 5 but the greater number of them led a roving life, and moft of them had no intercourfe with each other. It is not to be fuppofed that fuch a people Avould be at all difpofed to fubmit to the yoke which the Portuguefe wanted to put upon them on their arrival. At firft they only declined all intercourfe Avith thefe ftrangers: but finding themfelves purfued in order to be made flaves, and to be employed in the labours of the field, they took the refolution to murder and devour all the Europeans they could feize upon. The friends and relations of the favages that Avere taken prifoners* alfo ventured to make frequent attempts to refeue them, and were fometimes fuccefsful: fo that the Portuguefe Avere forced to attend to the double em¬ ployments of labour and Avar. S uza did not bring a fufficifnt number of forces to change the fituation of affairs. Indeed, by building San Salvador, he gave a centre to the colony ; but the honour of fettling, extending, and making it really ufe- ful to the mother country, Avas referved for the Jefuits Avho attended him. Thefe men, Avho for their arts of infinuation and addrefs have been equalled by none, difperfed themfelves among the Indians. When any of the miflionaries Avere murdered, they Avere immedi¬ ately replaced by others ; and feeming to be infpired only Avitli fentiments of peace and charity, the Indians, in procefs of time, grew not only familiar to but paflion- ately fond of them. As the miflionaries were too few in number to tranfaft all the bufinefs themfelves, they frequently deputed fome of the moft intelligent Indians in their ftead. Thefe men having diftributed hatchets, knives, and looking-glaffes, among the favages they met Brafil. BRA t 37'5 ] BRA met with, reprefented the Portuguefe as a harmlefs, •humane, and good fort of people. The profperity of the colony of Brafil, which was vifible to all Europe, excited the envy of the French, Spaniards, and Dutch fucceflively. The latter, indeed, bid faireft for the conqueft of the whole. Their ad¬ miral Henry Lonk arrived, in the beginning of the year 1630, with 46 men of war, on the coaft of Fer- nambucca, one of the largeft and belt fortified captain- ihips of thefe parts. He reduced it after feveral oblti- nate engagements, in which he was always victorious. The troops he left behind fubdued the captainfhips of Tamaraca, Pareiba, and Rio Grande, in the years 1633, 1634, and 1635. Thefe, as well as Fernambuc- ca, lurnilhed annually a large quantity of fugar, a great deal of wood for dyeing, and other commodities. The Hollanders were fo elated with the acquifition of this wealth, which flowed to Amfterdam inltead of Lilbon, that they determined to conquer all the Brafils, and xntrufted Maurice of Naflfau with the conduft of this enterprife. That general reached the place of his def- tination in the beginning of the year 1637. He found the foldiers fo well difeiplined, the commanders fuch experienced men, and fo much readinefs in all to en¬ gage, that he direClly took the field. He was fuccef- fively oppofed by Albuquerque, Banjola, Lewis Rocca de Borgia, and the Brafilian Cameron, the idol of his people, paffionately fond of the Portuguefe, brave, ac¬ tive, cunning, and who wanted no qualifications necef- fary for a general, but to have learned the art of war under able commanders. Thefe feveral chiefs exerted their utmoft efforts to defend the poffeflions that were under their protedion ; but their endeavours proved in¬ effectual. The Dutch feized upon the captainfhips of Siara, Seregippe, and the greater part of that of Bahia. Seven of the 15 provinces which compofed the colony had already fubmitted to them, and they flattered them- felves that one or two campaigns would make them mafters of the reft of their enemies poffeflions in that part of America} when they were fuddenly checked by the revolution happening on the banifhment of Philip IV. and placing the duke of Braganza on the throne. After this, the Portuguefe recovering their fpirits, foon drove the Dutch out of Brafil, and have continued mafters of it ever fince. The country of Brafil is divided into the following provinces, viz. Paria, Maragnano, Sira, Rio Grande, Pareiba, Tamaraca, Fernambucca, Seregippe, Bahia, Porto Seguro, Efperito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, Angra, St Vincent, and Del Rey. See thefe articles. The firft afpeCI of the country from the fea is rather unfavourable, as it appears high, rough, and unequal; but, on a more narrow infpeCtion, nothing can be more delightful, the eminences being covered with woods, and the valleys and favannahs with the molt refrefhing verdure. In fo vaft a trad of land, it cannot be imagi¬ ned that the climate will be found at all equal, or the leafons uniform. The northern provinces are fubjeCt to heavy rains and variable winds, like other countries under the fame parallels. Tornadoes, ftorms, and the utmoft fury of the elements, wreak ?their vengeance here j while the foutherly regions are blefled with all the comforts which a fine fertile foil and temperate cli¬ mate can afford. In fome of the provinces, the heat of the climate is thought to prove favourable to the gene¬ ration of a great variety of poifonous reptiles: forae of which, as the /iboy or roebuck fnake, are faid to ex¬ tend to the length of 30 feet, and to be two or three yards in circumference. The rattlefnake and other reptiles of the fame kind, grow likewife to an enor¬ mous fize -y and the ferpent called ibibaboka is affirmed to be 7 yards long, and half a yard in circumference, poffefftd too of a poifon inftantaneoufly fatal to the hu¬ man race. Here alfo are fcorpions, ant-bears, tygers or madilloes, porcupines, janonveras, and an animal called tapirajfon, which is the production of a bull and an afs, having a great refemblance to both. No country on earth affords a greater number of beautiful birds, nor variety of the moft exquifite fruits *, but the chief com¬ modities are Brafil wood, ebony, dyeing woods, amber¬ gris, rofin, balfams, indigo, fweetmeats, fugar, tobac¬ co, gold, diamonds, beautiful pebbles, cryftal, emeralds, jafper, and other precious ftones ; in all which the Por- tuguefe carry on fuch an amazing trade, as may juftly be reputed the fupport, and indeed the vital fountain, of the mother country. The gold and diamond mines are but a recent difeovery : they were firft opened in the year 16B1 4 and have fince yielded above five mil¬ lions fterling annually, of which fum a fifth belongs to the crown, So plentiful are diamonds in this country, that the court of Portugal had found it neceffary to reftrain their importation, to prevent too great a dimi¬ nution of their value. They are neither fo hard nor fo clear as thofe of the Eaft Indies, nor do they fparkle fo much, but they are whiter. The Brafilian diamonds are fold ten per cent, cheaper than the Oriental ones, fup- pofing the weights to be equal. The largeft diamond in the world was fent from Brafil to the king of Portugal. It weighs 1680 carats, or 12^ ounces j and has been va¬ lued at 56,787,500!. Some Ikilful lapidaries, however, are of opinion that this fuppofed diamond is only a to¬ paz $ in which cafe a very great abatement muft be made in its value. The crown revenue arifing from this colony amounts to two millions fterling in gold, if we may credit fome late writers, befides the duties and cuftoms on merchandife imported from that quarter. This indeed is more than a fifth of the precious metal produced by the mines 5 but, every other confequent advantage confidered, it probably does not much ex¬ ceed the truth. The exceflive confluence of people to the Brafil colonies, as well from other countries as from Portugal, not only enlarges the imports of gold, but, what is of infinitely more importance to Europe in ge¬ neral, the exportation of the manufa&ures of this hemi- fphere j of which the principal are the following. Great Britain fends woollen tnanufaftures j fuch as fine broad medley cloths, fine Spanilh cloths, fcarlet and black cloths ; ferges, duroys, druggets, fagathies, flialloons, camblets, and Norwich fluffs j black Colchefter baife j fays, and perpetuanas, called long ells ; hats, ftockings, and gloves. Holland, Germany, and France, chiefly export fine hollands, bone-lace, and fine thread : filk manufaftures, pepper, lead, block tin, and other ar¬ ticles, are alfo fent from different countries. Befides the particulars already fpecified, England likewife • trades with Portugal, for the ufe of the Brafils, in cop¬ per and brafs, wrought and unvmwght pewter, and all kinds of hardware : all which articles have fo enlarged the" Portuguefe trade, that, inftead of 12 Ihips ufually employed in the Brafil commerce, there are now never fewer BRA C 377 ] BRA Brafil fewer than 100 fail of large veffelsconftantly going and • || returning to thofe colonies; To all this may be added Brafs. the vaft flave-trade carried on with the coaft of Africa v ' for the ufe of the Brafil colonies ; which, we may be¬ lieve, employs a great number of fhipping, from the multitude of Haves that are annually tranfported. In¬ deed the commerce of Brafil alone is fufficient to raife Portugal to a confiderable height of naval power, as it maintains a conftant nurfery of feamen j yet a certain infatuation in the policy of the country has prevented that effeft, even amidll all thefe extraordinary advan¬ tages. All the ftiips in this trade, being under the di- reftion of the government, have their appointed feafons of going and returning, under convoy of a certain num¬ ber of men of war ; nor can a iingle Ihip clear out or go, except with the fleet, but by a fpecial licence from the king, which is feldom granted ; though it is eafily determined, that fuch reflri£lions can prove no way be¬ neficial to the general commerce, though poffibly the crown revenue may be better guarded thereby. The fleets fail in the following order, and at the following ftated periods : That to Rio de Janeiro fets fail in Ja¬ nuary ; the fleet to Bahia, or the bay of All Saints, in February ; and the third fleet, to Fernambucca, in the month of March. BRASIL-tVoori, or Brazil-wood, an American wood of a red colour, and very heavy. It is denominated varioufly, according to the places from whence it is brought : Thus we have brafil of Fernambucca, Sappan, Lamon, &c. For its defcription, &c. fee CiESALPlNIA, Botany Index. BRASILETTO, the fame with Brazil wood. BR ASL AW, a confiderable town of Poland, in Li¬ thuania, and palatinate of Wilna, with a caftle. It is feated on a fmall lake, in E. Long. 17. 5. N. Lat. 55- 45- • „ BRASS, or, as the French call it, yellow copper, is a fadfitious metal, compofed of copper and zinc. See Chemistry Index. The firft formation of brafs, as we are affured by fcripture, was prior to the flood, and difcoveted even in * Gen. iv. the feventh generation from Adam*. But the ule of it was not, as is generally believed, and the Arundelian marbles aflert, previous to the knowledge of iron. They were both firft known in the fame generation, and firft wrought by the fame difcoverer. And the knowledge of them muft have been equally carried over the world afterwards, with the fpreading of the colonies of the Noachidce. An acquaintance with the one or the other was abfolutely neceffary to the exiftence of the colonifts j the clearing away of the woods about their fettlements, and the ereftion of houfes for their habitation. The ancient Britons, though acquainted from the remoteft periods with the ufe of both thefe metals, re¬ mained long ignorant that they were to be obtained in the ifland. Before this difcovery they imported all their iron and brafs from the continent. And when they had at length detedled the former in their own hills, and had ceafed to introduce it, they continued to receive the latter. Their want of the metal remained, and no mines of it were opened in the ifland. In the earlieft ages, whofe manners have been delineated by hiftory, we find the weapons of their warriors inva¬ riably framed of this fa£litious metal •, and the moft au¬ thentic of all the profane records of antiquity, the A- Vol. IV. Part I. rundelian marbles, for that reafon, miftakenly date the Brafs. firft difcovery of iron a couple of centuries below the Trojan war. Every military nation, as fuch, is natu- . rally ftudiousof brightnefs in its arms ; and the Britons, particularly, gloried in the neatnefs of theirs. For this reafon the nations of the world ftill fabricated their arms of brafs, even long after the Arundelian era for the dif¬ covery of iron j and the Britons continued to import it from the continent, though they had found iron to be a native of the country, and could have fupplied themfelves with a fufficient quantity of it. Mr Whitaker f fuppofes, that when the Britons de-1 Hi/l. of rived their iron and brafs from the continent, they pur- Manchejier chafed the latter at an eafier expence than the former. The Gauls had many large brafs works carried on in the kingdom, but feem to have had but few iron forges within it. And this would naturally induce the Belgae to be lefs diligent in their inquiry after the veins of copper and calamine at home, than for the courfes of iron ore ; though the one vras equally difcoverable in the ifland as the other, and lay equally within the Bel- gic regions of it. Brafs being thus cheaper than iron, they neceffarily formed it with fome domeftic as well as military implements. Such were common among the Gauls j and fuch were familiar to the Britons, ei¬ ther imported into the ifland, as fome actually were, or manufactured within it, as others alfo afliiredly were. The Britons had certainly brafs founderies ereCted a- mong them, and minted money and fabricated weapons of brafs. In this condition of the works, the Romans entered the ifland. And feeing fo great a demand among the natives for this article, they would fpeedily inftruCt them to difcover the materials of it among themfelves. This muft unavoidably have refulted from the conqueft of the Romans. The power of furprifing their new fubjefts with fo unexpected a difcovery would natu¬ rally ftimulate the pride of the Roman intellect j and the defire of obliging themfelves with fo cheap a fupply of that ufeful metal, ftationary as they were in that kingdom, would alfo equally aCtuate the felfiftmefs of the Roman breaft. The veins of copper and calamine would be eafily found out by any experienced inquirer after them 5 and the former metal is therefore diftin- guiftied among the Wellh, only by the Roman appel¬ lation of cyprium, koppr, or copper. And many foun¬ deries of brafs appear to have been eftabliflied in the ifland. Some had been ereCted before, one perhaps within the confines of every kingdom, and probably in the vicinity of every capital. One at leaft would be neceflary, in order to fupply the armoury of the prin¬ cipality : and one perhaps was fufficient for moft of the Britifh ftates. But feveral appear now to have been fettled in every kingdom, and one perhaps near every ftationary town. Two have been difcovered in the Angle county of Eflex, and within a narrow por¬ tion of it, at Fifield and Danbury. And a third was placed upon Eafterly Moor in Yorklhire, 12 miles to the north-weft of York, and in the neighbourhood of Ifurium or Aldborough. Corinthian BRASS, famous in antiquity, is a mixture of gold, filver, and copper. L. Mummius having fack- ed and burnt the city of Corinth, 146 years before Chrift, it is faid this metal was formed from the im- menfe quantities of gold, filver, and copper, wherewith 3 B that Erafs. BRA. [378 that city abounded, thus melted and run together by the violence of the conflagration. Brass, in the glafs trade.— Ihrice calcined brafs is a preparation which ferves the glaffmen to. give many very beautiful colours to their metal. The manner of preparing it is this : Place thin plates of brafs on tiles on the leet of the furnace near the occhis j let it fland to be calcined there for four days, and it will become a black powder flicking together in lumps. Powder this, lift it line, and recalcine it four or five days more 5 it will not then flick togetner, but remain a loofe powder, of a ruflet colour. Ibis is to be calcined a third time in the fame manner ^ but great care muft be taken in the third calcination, that it be not overdone nor under¬ done ; the way to be certain when it is right is, to try it feveral times in glafs while melting. If it makes it, when well purified, to fwell, boil, and rife, it is pro¬ perly calcined ; if not, it requires longer time. This makes, according to the different proportions in which it is ufed, a fea-green, an emerald-green, or a turcoife colour. , Brafs, by long calcination alone, and without any mixture, affords a fine blue or green colour for glafs ; but they have a method of calcining it alfo with pow¬ dered brimftone, fo as to make it afford a red, a yel¬ low, or a chalcedony colour, according to the quantity and other variations in the ufing it. The method of making the calcination is this : Cut thin plates of brafs into fmall pieces with (hears, and lay them ffratum fu- per ftratum, with alternate beds of powdered fuiphur, in a crucible j calcine this for 24 hours in a ftrong fire $ then powder and lift the whole; and finally expofe this powder upon tiles for 12 days to a reverberating fur¬ nace ; at the end of this time powder it fine, and keep it for ufe. The glafs-makers have alfo a method of procuring a red powder from brafs, by a more fimple calcination, which ferves them for many colours. The method of preparing it is this: They put fmall and thin plates of brafs into the arches of the glafs furnaces, and leave them there till they are fufhciently calcined, which the heat in that place, not being enough to melt them, does in great perfeftion. The calcined matter, powdered, is of a dufky red, and requires no farther preparation. BRASS-Co/our, one prepared by the braziers and co¬ lour-men to imitate brafs. There are two forts of it ; the red brafs or bronze, and the yellow or gilt brafs ; the latter is made only of copper-filings, the fmalleft and brighteft that can be found ; with the former they mix fome red'ochre, finely pulverized ; they are both ufed with varnifh.—In order to make a fine brafs that will not take any ruft or verdigris, it muft be dried with a chafing diffi of coals as foon as it is applied.— The fineft brafs-colour is made with, powder-brafs im¬ ported from Germany, diluted into a varnifh, made and ufed after the following manner: The varnifh is com- pofed of one pound four ounces of fpirit of wine, two ounces of gum-lac, and two ounces of fandarac ; thefs two laft drugs are pulverized feparately, and afterwards put to diffblve in fpirit of wine, taking care to fill the bottle but half full. The varnifh being made, you mix fuch quantity as you pleafe of it with the pulverized brafs, and apply it with a fmall brufh to what you would brafs over. But you muft not mix too much at inhabited by Portuguefe. The land is A^ery high,’ and- confifts of mountains Avhich look like pyramids? It a- bounds in Indian corn, gourds, water melons, potatoes, horfes, alTeSj and hogs. There is alfe plenty of fife, on the Braffica H Bravo. BRA [ 384 ] BRA Bravo the coaft, and the ifland produces falt-petre. W. Long. H 25. 35. N. Lat. 14. o. , ljlay‘ , Bravo, a town of Africa, on the coaft of Ajan, with a pretty good harbour. It is an independent place, and is about 80 miles diftant from Magadoxo. E. Long. 41. 35. N. Lat. 1. o. I BRAURONIA, in Grecian antiquity, a feftival in honour of Diana, furnamed Braurom'a, from its having been obferved at Brauron, an Athenian borough. This feftival was celebrated once in five years, being ma¬ naged by ten men, called in Greek h^oTroiot. The victim offered in facrifice was a goat, and it was cuf- tomary for certain men to fing one of Homer’s Iliads. The moft remarkable perfons at this folemnity were young virgins, habited in yellow gowns, and confe- crated to Diana. It was unlawful for any of them to be above ten or under five years of age. BRAWN, the flefh of a boar fouced or pickled : for which end the boar (hould be old ; becaufe the older he is, the more horny will the brawn be.—The me¬ thod of preparing brawn is as follows : The boar be¬ ing killed, it is the flitches only, without the legs, that are made brawn ; the bones of which are to be taken out, and then the flefti fprinkled with fait, and laid in a tray, that the blood may drain off: Then it is to be falted a little, and rolled up as hard as poflible. The length of the collar of brawn ftiould be as much as one fide of, the boar will bear, fo that when rolled up it will be nine or ten inches diameter. The collar being thus rolled up, is to be boiled in a copper, or large kettle, till it is fo tender, that you can run a ftraw through it; then fet it by till it is thorough cold, and put it into the following pickle. To every gallon of water, put a handful or two of fait, and as much wheat-bran: Boil them together, then drain the bran as clear as you can from the liquor j and when the liquor is quite cold, put the brawn in¬ to it. BRAY, Sir Reginald, a celebrated architeft and politician, was the fecond fon of Sir Richard Bray, one of the privy council to King Henry VI. Sir Reginald was inftrumental in the advancement of King Henry VII. to the throne of England ; and was greatly in favour with that prince, who beftowed honours and wealth upon him. His fldll in architetture appears from Henry VII.’s chapel at Weftminfter, and the chapel of St George at Windfor, as he had a principal concern and direftion in the building of the former, and the finiftiing and bringing to perfeftion the latter, to which he was alfo a liberal benefa&or. In the middle of the fouth aifle of the above chapel is a fpaci- ous chapel built by him, and ftill called by his name. •He died in 1501 •, and was interred in the above cha¬ pel, probably under the ftone where lies Dr Waterland *, for, on opening the vault for that gentleman, who died in 1740, a leaden coffin of ancient form was found, which, by other appearances, was judged to be that of Sir Reginald, and was, by order of the dean, inimedi- ately arched over. Bray, Dr Thomas, an eminent, learned, and pious divine, was born at Marton, in Shropffiire, in the year 1656, and educated at Oxford. He was at length pre- fented to the vicarage of Over-Whitacre, in Warwick- ihire : and in 1690, to the reftory of Sheldon, where he compofed his Catechetical Le&ures; which procured him fuch reputation, that Dr Compton, biftiop of Lon- Bra?. don pitched upon him as a proper perfon to model the jj infant church of Maryland, and eftabliffi it upon a fo- Brazen, lid foundation, and for that purpofe he was invefted '"""V’—> with the office of commiffary. He now engaged in fe- veral noble undertakings. He procured fums to be raifed for purchafing fmall libraries for the ufe of the poor minifters in the feveral parts of our plantations ; and the better to promote this defign, he publiffied two books 5 one entitled Bibliotheca or a fcheme of fuch theological and other heads as feem requifite to be perufed or occafionally confulted by the clergy, together with a catalogue of books which may be pro¬ fitably read on each of thofe points •, the other, Apof- tolical Charity, its nature and excellency confidered. He endeavoured to get a fund eftabliffied for the pro¬ pagation of the gofpel, efpecially among the unculti¬ vated Indians ; and by his means a patent was obtained for eretling the corporation called The fociety for the propagation of the gojpel. He, by his induftry, pro¬ cured relief for prifoners j and formed the plan for the fociety for the reformation of manners, charity-fchools, &c. He wrote, j. His Martyrology, or papal ufurpa- tion, in one volume folio 5 2. DireBorium mijfwnarium ; and other works. This excellent man died in 1730, aged 73. Bray, a port town of Ireland, in the county of Wicklow, and province of Leinfter, feated on St George’s channel, eight miles fouth of Dublin. W\ Long. 6. 16. N. Lat. 53. 8. BRAT fur Seine, a town of France, in Champagne, and in Senonois, on the confines of Brie. E. Long. 2. 15. N. Lat. 48. 35. BRAYLE, among fportfmen, a piece of leather flit to put upon the hawk’s wing, to tie it up. BRAZED, in Heraldry, a term ferving to deferibe three cheverons, one clafping another. BRAZEN, fomething confifting of brafs, or formed out of it. See Brass. Braken Age. See Age. Brazen Difh, among miners, is the ftandard by which the other difties are gauged, and is kept in the king’s hall. Brazen Sea, in Jewilh antiquity, one of the facred utenfils in the temple of Solomon. It was caft in the plain of Jordan, and removed from thence into the in¬ ner court of the temple •, where it was placed upon 12 oxen, three of which looked towards each quarter of the world. It was ten cubits from the one brim to the other, five cubits in height, and 30 cubits in cir¬ cumference, and contained 3000 baths. The brim of it was perfe£lly round, and fo it continued in the two upper cubits •, but below the brim, in the three lower cubits, it was fquare. It was a handbreadth thick, and the brim was wrought like the brim of a cup, with flowers of lilies. About the body of this huge veffel there were two borders of engravings, being the heads of oxen in demi-relief: out of which fome fuppofe the water iffued, and that they were made as cocks and conveyances for that purpofe.—This brazen or molten fea, was defigned for the priefts to waffi themfelves in before they performed the fervice of the temple. The fupply of water was through a pipe out of the well Etam •, though fome are of opinion, that it was con- ftantlv fupplied with water by the Gibeonites. ' ^ BRAZIER, B R E [ 385 ] B R E gr£Ujt, BRAZIER* an artificer who makes and deals in || all kinds of brafs ware. This trade, as exercifed in Bread. Britain, may be reckoned a branch of the fmithery, L » ' ‘ though they feldom keep forges, except for brazing or foldering, and tinning the infides of their vefftls, which they work up chiefly out of copper and brafs prepared rough to their hands. They confift of a working part, and a fhop-keeping part, which latter many carry on to a great extent, dealing as well in all forts of iron and fteel, as copper and brafs goods for houfehold fur¬ niture ; and lately have fallen much into felling what is called French plate, made of a fort of white metal, filvered and polifhed to fuch a degree that the eye can¬ not foon diftinguilh it from real filver. BRAZIL. See Brasie. BRAZING, the foldering or joining two pieces of iron together by means of thin plates of brafs, melted between the pieces that are to be joined. If the work be very fine, as when two leaves of a broken faw are to be brazed together, they cover it with pulverized borax, melted with water, that it may incorporate with the brafs powder, which is added to it : The piece is then expofed to the fire without touching the coals, and heated till the brafs is feen to run. Brazing is alfo the joining two pieces of iron toge¬ ther by beating them hot, the one upon the other, which is ufed for large pieces by farriers, &c. BRAZZA, a town and ifland on the coat! of Dal¬ matia, in the gulf of Venice, oppofite to Spalatro, and fubjefl to Venice. E. Long. 28. o. N. Lat. 43. o. BREACH, in a general fenfe, denotes a break or rupture in fome part of a fence or enclofure, whether owing to time or violence.—Inundations, or overflow¬ ings of lands, are frequently owing to breaches in the dikes or fea banks. Dagenham breach is famous ; it was made in 1707, by a failure of the Thames wall in a very high tide. The force wherewith it burft in up¬ on the neighbouring level tore up a large channel or paflage for water 100 yards wide, and in fome places 20 feet deep, by which a multitude of fubterraneous trees that had been buried many ages before Were laid hare. Breach, in Fortification, a gape made in any part of the works of a town by the cannon or mines of the befiegers, in order to make an attack upon the place. To make the attack more difficult, the befieged fovv the breach with crow-feet, or Hop it with chevaux de frixe.—A practicable breach, is that where the men may mount and make a lodgment, and ought to be 15 or 20 fathoms wide. The befiegers make their way to it, by covering themfelves with gabions, earth- bags, &c. Breach, in a legal fenfe, is where a perfon breaks through the condition of a bond or covenant j on an aCtion upon which, the breach mult be affigned : And this affignment muft not be general, but particular, as, in an aCtion of covenant for not repairing houfes, it ought to be affigned particularly what is the want of reparation : and in fuch certain manner, that the de¬ fendant may take an ilfue. BREAD, a mafs of dough kneaded and baked in an oven. See Baker, Baking, and Barm. Macquer's ^',e Sra"ms °f aR vegetables are almoft entirely Viern. D/tf.compok'd of fubflances very proper for the nourifhment of animals * and among!! grains thofe which contain a Vol. IV. Part I. farinaceous matter are the moft agreeable and moft nu- Bread, tritive. —i—v— Man who appears to be defigned by nature to eat of all fubftances which are capable of nourifliing him, and ftill more of vegetables than animals, has, from time immemorial, and in all parts of the earth, ufed farinaceous grains as the principal balls of his food : but as thefe grains cannot be without difficulty eaten by men in their natural Hate, this aCfive and intelli¬ gent animal has gradually found means not only to ex- traCI the farinaceous part, that is, the only nutritive part of thefe grains, but alfo to prepare it fo that it be¬ comes a very agreeable and wholefome aliment, fuch as the bread we now generally eaL Nothing appears fo eafy at firft fight as to grind corn, to make a pafte with the flour and water, and to bake this pafte in an oven. They who are accuf- tomed to enjoy the advantages of the fineft human in¬ ventions, without refleding on the labour it has colt to complete them, think all thefe operations common and trivial. However, it appears very certain, that for a long time men no otherwife prepared their com than by boiling and forming compafi vifcous cakes, not very agreeable to the tafte, and of difficult digef- tion. Before they were able to make bread of good tafte and quality, as we have now, it was neceflary to invent and complete ingenious machines for grind¬ ing corn, and feparating the pure flour with little trouble and labour ; and that inquiries, or rather fome happy chance, which fome obferving perfon availed himfelf of, ffiould difcover, that flour, mixed with a certain quantity of water, is fufceptible of a fermenta¬ tion which almoft entirely deftroys its vifcidity, height¬ ens its tafte, and renders it proper to make a light bread, very agreeable to the tafte, and of eafy digef- tion. This eflential operation, on which the good quality of bread depends, is entirely of the province of che- miftry. It would add to the honour of the ancient cultivators of chemiftry, to attribute to them fo ufeful and important a difcovery j but, unhappily, it is too probable that they had no lhare in it. The ancient chemifts were engaged in other purfuits than that of bread and other common objecls. They hoped to make gold j and what is bread in companion with gold ? However that be, to the fortunate invention of rai¬ ling the pafte before baking we owe the perfe£Hon of the art of making bread. This operation confifts in keeping fome pafte or dough, till by a peculiar fpiri- tuous fermentation it fwells, rarefies, and acquires a fmell and tafte quick, pungent, fpirituous, fome what four, and rather difagreeable. This fermented dough is well worked with fome freffi dough, which is by that mixture and moderate heat difpofed to a fimilar but lefs advanced fermentation than that above mentioned. By this fermentation the dough is attenuated, and di¬ vided; air is introduced into it, which being incapable of difengaging itfelf from the tenacious and folid pafte, forms in it fmall cavities, raifes and fwells it: hence the fmall quantity of fermented pafte which difpofes the reft to ferment, is called leaven, from the French word lever, fignifying to raife. When the dough is thus railed, it is in a proper ftate to be put into the oven ; where, while it is baked, it 3 C dilates B R E [ 386 ] B R E Bread, dilates itfelf ftill more by the rarefaftion of the air, w v ll1- ' and of the fpirituous fubftance it contains, and it forms a bread full of eyes or cavities ; confequently light, and entirely different from the heavy, compact, vifcous, and indigefted maffes, made by baking unfermented dough. The invention of beer, or wine of grains, furnifhes a new matter ufeful in the making of bread. This matter is the froth which forms upon the furface of thefe liquors during fermentation. When it is mixed with dough, it raifes it better and more quickly than ordinary leaven. It is called yeaji or barm. By means of this, the fineft lighted bread is made. It often happens, that bread made with leaven dough has a fourith and not agreeable tafte j which may proceed from too great a quantity of leaven, or from leaven in which the fermentation has advanced too far. This in¬ convenience does not happen to bread made with yeafl j becaufe the fermentation of this fubftance is not too far advanced, or becaufe more attention is given to that finer bread. It may be alked, Why, fince dough is capable of fermenting fpontaneoufly and fingly, as we fee from the leaven, a fubftance is added to difpofe it to fer¬ ment ? The true reafon is, That all the parts of a fer¬ menting fubftance do not ferment at the fame time, nor to the fame degree j fo that fome parts of this fubftance have finilhed their fermentation, while others have not yet begun. The fermentable liquors which contain much fugar, as hydromel, and muft of wines, give proofs of this truth j for, after thefe liquors have be¬ come very vinous, they have ftill very diftindlly a fac- charine tafte : but all faccharine matter is ftill fufcep- tible of fermentation j and, in fadl, if vinous hydro- mel, or muft, or even new beer, be diftilled, lo that all their ardent fpirit (hall be feparated, and the refi- duums diluted with water, we Ihall fee a fecund fer¬ mentation take place, and a new quantity of ardent fpirit formed. The fame thing precifely happens to dough, and ftill more fenfibly, from its vifcolity and want of fluidity j fo that if it be left to ferment alone, and without the help of leaven, as the fermentation proceeds very flowly and fucceflively, the parts which ferment firft will have become four and vapid before all the reft be futflciently attenuated and changed, by which the bread will ac¬ quire a difagreeable tatte. A mixture of a fmall quantity of leaven with dough effedlually prevents this inconvenience; becaufe the eflfeft of this leavsn, and of all fermenting fubtlances, is to difpofe to a fimilar fermentation all matters capa¬ ble of it, with which it is mixed ; or rather, by means of leaven, the fermentation of all the parts ot fuch fub- ftances is effected more nearly at the fame time. Bread well raifed and baked differs from unferment¬ ed bread, not only in being lets compact, lighter, and of a more agreeable tafte, but alfo in being more eafily mifcible with water, with which it does not form a vifcous mafs, which circumftance is of great importance in digeftion. Cullen on It is obfervable, that without bread, or fomewhat Mat. 0f this form, no nation feems to live. Thus the Lap¬ landers, having no corn of their own, make a fort of bread of their dried fifties, and of the inner rind of the pine, which feems to be ufed, not fo much for their 3 nouriftiment as for fupplying a. dry food. For this Bread, mankind feem to have an univerfal appetite, reje&ing bland, flippery, and mucilaginous foods. This is not commonly accounted for, but feems to depend on very Ample principles. The preparation of our food depends on the mixture of the animal fluids in every ftage. A- mong others the faliva is neceffary, which requires dry food as a neceffary ftimulus to draw it forth, as bland, llippery, fluid aliments are too inert, and make too Ihort ftay in the mouth, to produce this effett, or to caufe a fufficient degree of manducation to emulge that liquor. For this reafon we commonly ufe dry bread along with animal food, which otherwife would be too quickly fwallowed. For blending the oil and water of our food nothing is fo fit as bread, affifted by a previous manducation. For which purpofe, bread is of like ne- ceflity in the ftomach, as it is proper that a fubftance of folid confiftence fliould be long retained there. Now the animal fluids muft be mixed with our aliment, in order to change the acefcency it undergoes. But li¬ quid foods would not attain this end, whereas the folid ftimulates and emulges the glands of the ftomach. The bread then appears to be exceedingly proper, being bulky without too much folidity, and firm without dif¬ ficulty of folution. Among the ancients we meet with various denomi- ^uppl. to nations of bread; as, 1. Panis Ji/igeneus, called alfo^^m’/ mundus, athleticus, ifungia, co/iphius, and robys, an- fwering to our white bread ; being made of the pureft flour of the beft wheat, and only ufed by the richer fort. 2. Ptfm's fecundus or fccundarius, called alfo ftni- laceus or fmilagineus, the next in purity ; being made of fine flour, only all the bran not lifted out. 3. Au- topyrus, called alfo fyncomijius and confufaneus, made of the whole fubftance of the wheat, without either re¬ trenching the finer flour or coarfer bran ; anfwering to our houfehold bread. 4. Cacabaceu^ apparently the fame with what was otherwife denominated fordidus, as being given to dogs; furfuraceus, furfureus, or furfurativus, becaufe made in great part of bran ; and, in the middle age, biffus, on account of its brownnefs ; fometimes alfo letbo. There were other forts of bread, denominated from the manner in which they were made, or the ufes they were applied to ; as, 1. The militaris, which was prepared by the foldiers.and offi¬ cers in camp with their own hands; for which purpofe fome had hand-mills, others pounded the corn in a mortar, and baked it on the coals. 2. Clibajiites, that baked in an oven, by way of contradiftinftion from that baked on the hearth or under the embers. 3. That called fubcineritius, or fub cinere caElus ; fometimes alfo reverfatus, becaufe it was to be turned in the baking. 4. Nauticus, anfwering to our fea-bifcuit, and denomi¬ nated accordingly bis coflus, becaufe baked feveral times over to make it keep the longer. Other kinds of bread were denominated from their qualities and ac¬ cidents ; as, I. The panis Jiccusy that w hich had been long baked ; fuch as were the bis cottas, naval and buccellated bread. 2. Madidus, a fort made of rye or bear, fometimes alfo made of fine flour, wherewith they fmeared their faces, by way of a cofmetie, to render them fmooth. 3. Acidus, or four bread, which was acidulated with vinegar. 4. Azymus, that unlea¬ vened or unfermented. The French have alfo a great variety of breads; as queen’s- Bread. B R E [ 387 ] B R E queen’s bread, alaraode bread, bread de Segovie, de Gentillay, quality-bread, &c. all prepared in peculiar manners by the bakers of Paris. The bread de Go- neffe excels all others, on account of the waters at Go- neffe, a town three leagues from Paris. It is light, and full of eyes, which are the marks of its goodnefs. Fain de manege, is that which each family bakes for itfelf. Spice-bread,denotes bread baked and iced over with the fcum taken off fugar in refin¬ ing houfes ; it is fometimes alfo made with honey and other forts of leafoning, and anfwers to what the an¬ cients call panis mellitus. Among us, bread is chiefly divided into white, wheaten, and houfehold j differing only in degrees of purity. In the firft, all the bran is feparated j in the fecond, only the coarfer j in the third, none at all: fo that fine bread is made only of flour ; wheaten bread of flour and a mixture of the finer bran ; and houfe¬ hold, of the whole fubftance of the grain, without ta¬ king out either the coarfe bran or fine flour. We alfo meet with fymnel bread, manchet or roll bread, and French bread : which are only fo many denominations of the fineft and whiteft bread, made of the pureft flour ; except that in ill-roll bread there is an addition of milk, and in French bread, of eggs and butter alfo. In Lancafhire, and feveral of the northern counties of England, they have feveral forts of oaten bread ; as, I. The bannock, which is an oat-cake, kneaded only with water, and baked on the embers. 2. Clap-bread, which is made into thin hard cakes. 3. Bitchinefs bread, which is made of thin batter, and made into thin foft oat-cakes. 4. Riddle-cakes, which are thick and four, have but little leaven, and are kneaded ftiff. And, 5. Jannock, which is oaten bread made up into loaves. Add to thefe, peafe-bread, much ufed in many parts of Scotland 5 being bread confifting either wholly of the flour of peafe, or of this and oat-meal mixed : the dough, fometimes leavened, fometimes made only with water, is formed either into bannocks or cakes, and ba¬ ked over the embers •, or into what they call baps, i. e. a kind of flattifli rolls, and baked in the oven. In the flatute of aflize of bread and ale, 51 Hen. III. men¬ tion is made of waftel-bread, cocket-bread, and bread of treet j which anfwer to the three kinds of bread now in ufe, called white, wheaten, and honfehold bread. In religious houfes, they heretofore diftinguiflied bread by the names efquires bread, panis armigerorum; monks bread, panis conventualis; boys bread, panis puerorum ; and fervants bread, panis famulorum, called alfo panis fervienta/is. A like diftribution obtained in the houfeholds of nobles and princes ; where, however, we find fome other denominations •, as meffengers bread, panis nuncius, that given to meffengers as a re¬ ward of their labour ; court-bread, panis curialis, that allowed by the lord for the maintenance of his houfe¬ hold •, eleemofynary bread, that dittributed to the poor by way of alms. It is for the intereft of the community that the food of the poor fliould be as various as poflible, that, in time of dearth and fcarcity of the ordinary kinds, they may not be without ready and cheap refources. To the difcovery of fueh refources feveral benevolent phi- lofophers having fuccefsfully turned their inquiries, we fhall lay before the reader the refult of their ex peri- Bread, ments. v 1. Bread of Potatoes*. Potatoes, previoufly de-* I ron1 prived of their fkin, cut into thin flices, and put be-chymique tween paper, will dry in a heat fomewhat lefs than 3$°des Pommes of Reaumur’s thermometer 5 and, when thus dried,**’2Vrn?, they will preferve their white colour. By this procefsj^c they lofe about two thirds of their weight, and they ap0th ma_? may then be reduced to a fine powder. A little ofjor(ie p ho- this powder thrown upon the fire fends out a fmoke, tel des in- accompanied with a fmell refembling burnt bread. Asvabdes this fmell is perceived from all farinaceous vegetablesPalIi' when treated in the fame manner, M. Parmentier thinks it may be confidered as the charadleriftic of the prefence of an amylaceous\ matter. This fmell does! See the not, however, he obferves, arife from the amylaceousn0te ™fra“ or fibrous part feparately, but from both taken toge¬ ther. The powder of potatoes, obtained in the man¬ ner defcribed above, has the fmell and tafte of wheat j and, like it, is devoured by rats and mice j but, even when moft finely powdered, it has not the feel or brightnefs of the flour of wheat j although, on a che¬ mical analyfis, it yields the fame produdls. It is alfo nutritious, and keeps well for a long time. Finding fo great a fimilarity between the meal of wheat and what may be called the meel of potatoes, M. Parmentier next endeavoured to make bread of them when mixed in different proportions. His trials were made with one-fourth, one-third, one-half, and two-thirds, of the potato-meal, the remainder being flour from wheat. Thefe proportions, with the addi¬ tion of a little fait and yeaft, yielded bread which was well tafted, but which had fermented little, was brown, and covered with hard brown crufts. Bread made from the meal of potatoes alone, with the addition of fait and yeaft, was eatable, but very heavy, unfer¬ mented, and exceedingly brown. This bread, from the meal of potatoes alone, was apt to crumble into powder. To give it more adhefion, he mixed with the meal a decoftion of bran, or a mixture of honey and water; either of which made it lighter and more fermented : it obtained alfo a cruft of a golden colour, became well tafted, and fufficiently adhefive. M. Parmentier obtained bread alfo, well fermented, and of a good colour and tafte, from a mixture of raw po¬ tato-pulp with meal of wheat, or potato-meal, with the addition of yeaft and fait. Potatoes, when ufed for making bread, are not rea¬ dily difpofed to ferment; without which, bread is very infipid, and not eafily digefted. But M. Parmentier found, from a variety of experiments, that good bread might be made from equal quantities of flour and po¬ tato-meal. He concludes, therefore, with recommend¬ ing the mixture of potatoes, in times of fcarcity, with the flour of wheat, inftead of employing rye, barley, or oats as has frequently been done. When grain is altogether wanting, he recommends the ufe of bread made from a mixture of the amylace¬ ous powder of potatoes and of their pulp, this mixture being fermented with leaven or with honey. The meal of this root, when diluted with hot water, acquires a tenacious and gluey confiftence. However fair the meal of potatoes may be, it always gives a gray colour to the bread made by mixing it with the flour of 3 C 2 wheat: B R E * From Me mo ire fur le ■ ve- Bread. ulieat: but a mixture of the pulp of potatoes with v ' the flour of wheat does not produce brown-coloured bread. M. Parmentier made bread, very much like that of wheat, by a mixture of the following four fubftances, viz. four ounces of amylaceous powder of potatoes, one dram of mucilage extracted from barley, one dram of the bran of rye, and a dram and a half of glutinous matter dried and powdered. 2. B BEAD from different Vegetables not commonly in Ufe *. Although horfe-chefnut has not hitherto been employed, yet it is certain that wholefome bread, with- getaux qui out an^ bitternefs, may be obtained from it. M. Par- pourrotent rentier advifes, that the fruit, after the fkin is taken fuppleer en off, and the juice prefled from it, be made into a pafle. tempsdedi- Phis mafs mufl: be diluted in water, and then drained t^roU^^ 3 ^eve* A milky-coloured liquor is thus fe- ploye com- floated, which, on {landing, depofits a fine powder. mune nent Phis, being dried, is without either fmell or tafte, and a la nourjri- very fit for aliment •, the mafs from which it is pro- Xonmes curecl Naming the bitternefs of the fruit. &c par* M. Phe roots of the bryona, when treated in the fame manner, yielded a fimilar white powder. By the fame treatment alfo, fine, w'hite, infipid, inodorous powders may be procured from the roots of the iris, gladiolus, ranunculus, fumaria, arum dracunculus, mandragora, colchicum, filipendula, and helleborus •, plants which grow fpontaneoufly, and in great abundance. Of acorns bread has frequently been made ; and to this day, in fome countries, they are in common ufe. The method of preparation which M. Parmentier re¬ commends is, that they be deprived of their cover by boiling, then dried and powdered, and afterwards bak¬ ed in the feme manner as the flour of wheat. When fully ripe, and made into a palle, they were deprived of their aflringencv by merely prefling their juice from them. The mafs remaining after the prefliire, when dried, was eafily reduced to a fine powder by no means difagreeable. The gramen caninum arvenfe, in its appearance, ap¬ proaches to corn ; and fome naturalifts have confider- [ 388 ] B R E Farmeri tier. ed it as the original fpecies from which all our grain is produced. Its roots are fweet-tailed, and have'"long been employed in making ptifans. In the preparation of them for bread, it is only neceflary that the roots fliould be clean fed, cut fmall, dried, and pounded. This powder, M. Parmentier obferves, does not diffolve in cold water or fpirits ; but it does in boiling water, which it renders thick and cloudy, and, upon cooling’ the whole mafs obtains a gelatinous confidence. Upon a chemical analyfi:-. it yields an acid empyreumatic oil, which poflefles. a Angular odour, refembling that which is perceived on burning the plant. J he fpongy re- fiduum, calcined in the air, gives a fixed alkali. ^Ihefe properties incontellably prove, that it contains an amylaceous (a) matter fimilar to that of grain, which appears to be the nutritive part of vegetables. This amylaceous matter, formed into a jelly, and diffufed in water, keeps for a long time without fuffering any change ; it then turns acid, and at length putrefies. 1 he amylaceous matter of acrid and poifonous plants, although innocent and nutritive, cannot be converted into bread without the addition of fome mucilaginous fubftance. In times of great fcarcity, common bran will anfvver the purpofe ; but when potatoes are to be had, the addition of a proper proportion of thefe is to be preferred. M. Parmentier gives an account of the bread which he obtained from the amylaceous powders of the dif¬ ferent vegetables mentioned above, with the addition of potatoes and a fmall quantity of common leaven of grain. This bread appeared in general to be well fer¬ mented ; it was of a good white colour, and free from any difegreeable odour: but to the tafte, it was fome- what infipid j which, however, he imagines, might have been corre&ed by the addition of a proper quan¬ tity of felt. As the refources againft: fcarcity here pointed out can be procured only at particular feafons, the author propofes a method for preferving the matter thus ob¬ tained. For this purpoie, he advifes, that bread pre¬ pared in the manner mentioned above fhould be care¬ fully (a) M. Beccari of the Bolognian academy has difcovered in the flour of wheat two diftinfl fubflances. The one he terms an animal or glutinous matter •, the other, an amylaceous matter or vegetable pafe. The gluten has been fuppofed to be the nutritive part of corn, from its not diflblving unlefs in vegetable acids ; from its afluming a fpongy form in boiling water ; from its fuppofed analogy to the animal lymph ; and, laftly, from the fimilitude which the products it affords, on a chemical analyfis, bear to thofe obtained from animal fubftances. M. Parmentier, however, from various experiments, v'as led to conclude, with the cele¬ brated Model of Peterfburg, that the gluten or animal r alter of Beccari exifts in the bran, and is not the nu¬ tritive part of the wheat. Having made experiments with four different kinds of flour, it appeared that the quantity of animal matter was always proportioned to the coarfenefs of the flour. Hence, were this gluten the nutritive part, the coarfeft bread, or that which contained moft bran, would afford the greateft quantity of nou- rifhment. The contrary of this, however, is now known to be fa£t. The amylaceous part, or, as fome have termed it, the fecula, of wheat and other vegetables, is a peculiar gum, not foluble in fpirit of wine, vinegar, or cold water. It contains more acid, and lefs water, than the or¬ dinary gums. It is found in many of thofe plants that make the nourifhment of men and other animals. Hence M. Parmentier concludes it to be the nutritive matter. Though we are not to confider the glutinous matter as the nutritious part of vegetables, yet it is a very ne- ceflarv ingredient. It is that which preferves the cohefion of the pafte in fermenting bread : it is that which forms the vifcid pellicle, and flops the air in fermentation j gives the favoury tafte to bread; occafions it to be light to ferment, and which forms the fmall cells feen in it. It is found efpecially near the cortical part of grain ; and this accounts for its being found in the greateft quantity in coarfe brown meal. It is this gluten which renders wheat a fuperior aliment to the other grains and roots. B R E C 389 ] B R E Breaj fully dried, reduced to powder, and then kept in a clofe L J-v ■ calk. By this means, he is of opinion that it may be preferved for a very long time, and will always be ready to make an agreeable and wholefome panada by the ad¬ dition of a little butter and fait. M. Parmentier, in order to difcover the degree of power wherewith this alimentary powder nourilhed, made himfelf the fubje£t of experiment*, and found, that three ounces of it for dinner, and as much for fupper, made into panada with water, was a-fufficient quantity of aliment for a day. From his difcharge by llool while he ufed it, he had reafon to believe that it is almoft totally alimentary. He concludes with recommending it not only as ufeful in times of fcar- city, but as a proper fubftitute for fea bifcuit, and as a fpecies of food well adapted for armies and hofpi- tals. 3. Cheap method of making wholefotne BbEAD, when • From a 'wheat-flour is dear, by mixing turnip with it *. letter in the “ At the time I tried this method, bread was very Mufevm dear, inlomuch that the poor people, in the country Ruflicum et I live, could hardly afford themfelves half a meal Lommcra- a This put me upon confidering whether fome cheaper method might not be found than making it of wheat-meal. Turnips were at that time very plen¬ tiful. I had a number of them pulled, Avafhed clean, pared, and boiled*, when they were become foft enough to mafh, I. had the greateft part of the water preffed out of them, and afterwards had them mixed with an equal quantity in weight of coarfe wheat-meal ; the dough was then made in the ufual manner, with yeaft or barm, fait, water, &c. It rofe very well in the trough ; and after being well kneaded, was formed into loaves, and put into the oven to be baked. I had at the fame time fome other bread made with common meal in the ordinary way. I baked ray turnip bread rather longer than the other. When they were drawn from the oven, I c..ufed a loaf of each fort to be cut ; and found, on examination, the turnip-bread was fweeter than the other, to the full as light and as white, but had a lit¬ tle tafte (though nowife difagreeable) of the turnip. Twelve hours afterwards I tafted my turnip-bread again, when I found the tafle of the turnip in it fcarcely per-" ceivable, and the fmell quite gone off. On examining it when it had been baked 24 hours, had I not known that there were turnips in its compofition, I fhould not have imagined it: it had, it is true, a peculiar fweetilh talfe, but by no means difagreeable $ on the contrary, I rather preferred it to the bread made of wheat-meal alone. After it had been baked 48 hours, it underwent another examination, when it appeared to me to be rather fuperior to the other ; it ate frefher and moifter, and had not at all abated in its good qualities : to be (hort, it was Hill very good after a week : and, as far as I could fee, kept as well as the bread made of com¬ mon wheat-meal. “ In my trials of this bread by the tafte, I was not fatisfied witheating it by itfelf; I had fome of it fpread with butter *, I tafted it with eheefe 5 I ate of it toafted and buttered, and finally in boiled milk and in foup : in all thefe forms it was very palatable and good. Bread, in Medicine. Befides the alimentary, bread has alfo medical, qualities.—Decoftions, creams, and jellies of bread, are dire&ed in fome difpenfaries. Bread 3. carefully toafted, and infufed or lightly boiled in Wa- Bread, ter, imparts a deep colour, and a fufticiently agreeable v—» reftringent tafte. This liquor, taken as common drink, has done good fervice in a weak lax flate of the ftomach and inteftines ; and in bilious vomiting and purging, or the cholera morbus: examples are related in the F- dinburgh eftays of feveral cafes of this u.nd cured by it^ without the ufe of any other medicine.—In Weftphalia there is a very coarfe bread eaten, which ftill retains the opprobrious name given it by a French traveller of Bonpournike/, “ good for his horfe Nicke/.'n It is the fame with what the Romans called panis furfuraceus, or panis impurus, from its not being cleanfed from the hulk j and panis ater, from the blacknefs of its colour : though we learn from Pliny, that the Romans for 300 years knew no other bread. The Germans* * Hoffman two forts of waters by diftillation from this bread ; the Obf. Cbem. one with, the other without, the addition of a fpirituous liquor: to both which great virtues areaferibed. That without any thing fpirituous, is made out of the juice of craw-filh, may-dew, rofe-water, nutmegs, and faf- fron, diftilled from a large quantity of this bread. This is efteemed a great reftorative, and given in hedtic ha¬ bits. The other is diftilled from this bread and Rhe- nilh wine, with nutmegs and cinnamon. This is given in all the diforders of the ftomach, vomiting, lofs of appetite, and other complaints of the fame kind : and befides thefe, there is a fpirit diftilled from it by the retort in the dry way, which, when feparated from its fetid oil, is efteemed a powerful fudorific, and very valuable medicine in removing impurities of the blood. Bread is alfo medicinal, applied externally, as is vul¬ garly known *. Mr Boyle affures us he drew a men-*Boyle’s Itruum from bread ftronger than aquafortis, and which Phil. Works would a£l even upon glafs itfelf f. abridged, BREAD-Tree, See Artocarpus, Botany Index. p j72#’ Bees-BREAD. See Bee. jlbid,vol.i, Caffada BREAD. See JatropHA, Botany Index. P 34- 49- Earth BREAD%. “ In the lordflrip of Mofcaw in t^rom the Upper Lufatia, a fort of white earth is found, pUmerides which the poor, urged by the calamities of the wars 1764. ’ which raged in thofe parts, make bread. It is taken out of a hill where they formerly worked at faltpetre. When the fun has fomewhat warmed this earth, it cracks, and fmall white globules proceed from it as meal j it does not ferment alone, but only when mixed with meal. Mr Sarlitz, a Saxon gentleman, was pleafed to inform u1;, that he has feen perfons who in a great meafure lived upon it for fome time. He affured us that he procured bread to be made of this earth alone, and of different mixtures of earth and meal ; and that he even kept fome of this bread by him upwards of fix years : he further fays, a Spaniard told him, that this earth is alfo found near Geronne in Catalonia.” Eucharift ox Sacramental BREAD, in the Proteftant churches, is common leavened bread, in conformity to the ancient pradlice. In the Romifti mafs, azymous or unleavened bread is ufed, particularly in the Gallican church, where a fort is provided for this purpofe, called pain a chanter, made of the pureft wheaten flour pref¬ fed between two iron plates graven like wafer-moulds, being firft rubbed with white wax to prevent the pafte from flicking. The Greeks obferve divers ceremonies in their making the eucharift bread. It is neceffary the B R E Bread* the perfon who bakes- it have not lain , - with his wife the day before ; or, if it be a woman, that ftie have not converfed with her huiband. The Abyffinians have an apartment in thei churches for this lervice, being-a kind of lacrifty. f. Sirmond, in his difquifition on a- zymous bread, iliows, from the council of Toledo, that anciently there were as many ceremonies ufed in the Latin church in the preparation of the unleavened bread as are ftill retained in the eaftern churches. He cites the example of Queen Radegonda, who diftributed with her own hands in the church, the bread which (lie herfelf had made. It appears alfo from the difpute of Cardinal Humbert againlt the Greeks, that in the Latin chuich no bread was ufed for the eucharift, but what was taken out of the facrifty, and had been made by the deacons, fubdeacons, and even priefts, who re- hearfed feveral pfalms during the procefs. Ecclefiaftical writers enumerate other fpecies of bread allotted for purpofes of religion 5 as, 1. Calendarius, that anciently offered to the prieft at the kalends. 2. Prebendarius, the fame with capitularis, that diftri¬ buted daily to each prebendary or canon. 3. Benedi&us, that ufually given to catechumens before baptifm, in lieu of the eucharift bread, which they were incapable of partaking of. The panis benediSius, was called alfo panagium and eulogium, being a fort of bread bleffed and confecrated by the prieft, whereby they prepare the catechumens for the reception of the body of Chrift. The fame was ufed afterwards, not only by catechu¬ mens, but by believers themfelves, as a token of their mutual communion and friendlhip. Its origin is dated from the 7th century, at the council at Nantz. In the Gallican church we ftill find panis benedittus, pain be nit, ufed. for that offered for benedhftion, and afterwards diftributed to pious perfons who attend divine fervice in chapels. 4. Confecrated bread is a piece of wax, pafte, or even earth, over which leveral ceremonies have been performed with benedi&ions, &c. to be fent in an Agnus Dei, or relic-box, and prefented for veneration. 3. Unleavened bread, panis a*zymus. The Jews eat no other bread during their paffover : and exatt fearch was made in every houfe, to fee that no leavened bread was left. I he ufage was introduced in memory of their hafty departure from Egypt, when they had not leifure to bake leavened. 6. Shew-bread was/that offered to God every babbath-day, being placed on the golden table in the holy of holies. Hotfe-BREAD is made of wheat, oats, and beans j to which fometimes are added anifeed, gentian, liquorice, fenugreek, eggs, and ale j and fometimes rye and white wine are ufed. .For race-horfes three forts of bread are ufually given with fuccefs, for the fecond, third, and fourth nights feeding : they are all made of beans and wheat worked with barm ; the difference confifting chiefly in the pro¬ portion of the two former. In the firft kind, three times the quantity of beans is ufed to one of wheat; in the fecond, equal quantities of both ; in the third, three times the quantity of wheat to one of beans. Sago-Bread. See Sago. * See Af- AJ/i%e* of Bread. The price and weight of bread is ^z B R E Breda. fpies, as he appeared wholly unacquainted with the date of affairs in Breda, which was fully provided for a fiege of feveral months, and defended by foldiers who preferred death to the neceffity of furrendering. At that time the befieged were not informed of the death of tne prince of Orange. They flattered themfelves with the hopes of jpeedy fuccour, and were entirely ignorant of Prince Henry’s late difappointment. When they wrote to the army an account of their miferable condition, Henry returned an anfwer, written with his own hand, and figned with his name, apprifing them of the death of Maurice, the unfuccefsful attempts made to raife the fiege and throw in fuccours, the great in¬ feriority of his troops in point of numbers, and the deatn of King James, whereby be was difappointed of a> ftr°ng. reinforcement ; concluding, that he left the city entirely to the difcretion of the governor and other principal officers. Juftin was thunderffruck with the contents of this letter. He had hitherto concealed the total want of provifion and ammunition from the enemy, and his own garrifon, except a few officers and other perfons in whom he repofed confidence. The colonels Hauterive and Morgan would liften to no pro- pofitions, faying, that the honour of their feveral coun¬ tries was concerned, and that they were refponfible for the conduct of the Engliffi and French forces. They therefore required an exprefs order from the prince of Orange to furrender, notwithftanding they pined under the united preffure of fatigue, fcarcity, and difeafe. Juftin acquainted the prince with their refolution, and he fent back an order to furrender, threatening with capital puniftiment whoever ftiould difobey j but he requefted that the garrifon would firft acquaint him by a certain number of fires, lighted up in different parts of the city, how many days they fliould be able to hold out. Upon receipt of this order, eleven fires were kindled 5 but as the prince had fent a dupli¬ cate of the order by another meffenger, and this fell into the hands of the enemy, Spinola was now acquaint¬ ed with the defperate circumftances of the befieged. ty this acquifition he likewife difcovered the myftery of the eleven fires : a council of war was affembled to deliberate whether they ftiould ftay the eleven days, and then oblige the garrifon to iurrender at difcretion, or immediately offer conditions worthy of fo brave a gar¬ rifon. I he Spanifti officers were of the former opi¬ nion ; the count de Berg and Spinola fupported the latter. At laft the marquis, determined to purfue the dictates of his noble generofity, fent fuch terms as could not be refufed. ihe count de Berg condufled the negociation. T. wo feparate capitulations were drawn up, one for the garrifon and the other for the city, and both the mpft honourable and advantageous that could be devifed. They were accepted, and the garrifin marched out on the 6th of June, after having fuftained a fiege for ten months, whereby they were diminifhed two thirds ; nor was the lofs inferior on the part of the inhabitants. Spinola drew up his army to falute them, and, furrounded by his field offi¬ cers, paid particular compliments to the governor, the colonels Morgan, Hauterive, and Lohre. Fie diffri- buted money among the foldiers, ordered the fick and w'ounded to be treated with the utmoft tendernefs, con¬ veyed the reft in the manner moft commodious for them to Gertruydenburg, and difplayed all the fenti- « 4 * [ 394 1 B R E Breda ments of a hero in the regard paid to the valour and merits of his enemies. Breda was retaken by the prince of Orange, for the Breeches. United Provinces, in 1637. There was a congrefs v— held there, and peace concluded, in 1667, between the Dutch and the Englifh. E. Long. 4. 43. N. Lat. 51* 35* JjREDA, John Van, painter of hiftory, landfcape, and converfations, was born at Antwerp *in 1683, the fon of Alexander Van Breda, an artift who was much efteemed for landfcapes, views of particular feenes in Italy, fairs, and markets, with a variety of animals and figures. He was inffrufted by his father : and bavin°- the advantage of a good example and a good direftor, added to his own great application, he continued his ftudies with his father till he was 18 years of age. A- mong the variety of capital paintings which were at that time in the poffeflion of John de Wit at Antwerp, Breda fixed upon thofe of Velvet Breughel, which he copied with extraordinary fuccefs j and he was alfo em¬ ployed for nine years in copying the pictures of feveral other great mailers j which he performed with fuch in¬ credible exadlnefs as fcarcely to leave it in the power of any judicious perfon to diftinguifti the originals from the copies. Having at length eftablilhed his reputation in Holland, he went to London with Ryfbrack the fculp- tor, and there gradually role into fuch efteem, that he was vifited by perfons of the highelt rank, and parti¬ cularly patronized by the unfortunate earl of Derwent- W'ater, who was beheaded for rebellion in 1713. He found fo much encouragement in London, that he was employed by the court and the nobility, and could fcaree execute the large demands for his performances. After a refidence of fome years in England, he return¬ ed to Antwerp loaded with riches, the honourable te- 11 imonies of Englilh liberality, as well as of his owu merit ^ and in the year 1746, when Louis XV. ar¬ rived in that city, he fa far honoured this mailer as to purchafe four of his pictures; One reprefented Chrift at the fea of liberiasj another, Chrift performing miracles j and the other two were landfcapes, with a number of figures, fo exquifitely drawn and finiified that it would be difficult to dillinguifti them from thefe of Velvet Breughel. He certainly approached nearer to thofe great mailers, whofe manner he imita¬ ted, namely, Breughel and Wouvermans, than any other artift: of this time. His landfcapes are in the llyle and talle of the former ; and his converfations, hillorical figures, fairs, fkirmilhes, or battles, are in the manner of the latter. His colouring is good ; his touch neat ; his Ikies and diftances natural and beauti- PU^Jyft ful; and his talle of defign agreeable. He had as^ ‘ much fire in his compofition, and perhaps more ge¬ nius, than Breughel, in thofe fubje&s which he paint¬ ed in the ftyle of that mailer : his figures are general¬ ly well placed j his grounds Ikilfully broken 5 every fmall figure has its particular charadler, and occupies its proper place ; and, in ftiort, he is a painter of luch a rank, that the value and ellimation of his works muff always increafe. He died in 1730. BREECH of a great gun, or cannon, the end next the touch-hole. BREECFIES, a garment worn by males, reaching from the girdle to the knees, and ferving to cover the hips, thighs, &e. 1 The B R E C 395 1 B R E Breeches The ancient Romans had nothing in tlicir drefs an¬ il Avering to our breeches and dockings j inftead of which, Breeding. un(jer their lower tunics and waiftcoats they fometimes bound their thighs and legs round with filken fcarves or fafcue, called tibialia and femora/in. Breeches ap¬ pear to be a habit peculiar to the barbarous nations, efpecially thofe inhabiting the colder countries of the north whence Tacitus calls them barbarian legmen. We find mention made of them among the ancient Getae, Sarmatse, Gauls, Germans, and Britons 5 they alfo obtained among the Medes and Perfians, as being a people of Scythian origin j they alfo afterwards got footing in Italy, fome pretend, as early as the time of Augullus 5 but without much foundation, that empe¬ ror’s breeches, mentioned by Suetonius, being appa¬ rently only fwaths tied over his thighs. However this be, breeches were at laft received into Italy, and grew fo highly into falhion, that it was thought neceffary, under Honorius and Arcadius, to reftrain them by law, and expel the bracarii or breeches-makers out of the city 5 it being thought unworthy of a nation that commanded the world, to wear the apparel of barba¬ rians. BREECHINGS, in the fea language, the ropes with which the great guns are lalhed or fattened to the tliip’s fide. They are thus called, becaufe made topafs round the breech of the gun. BREEDING, in a general fenfe, the producing, nouritliing, and educating, all manner of young ani¬ mals. Breeding, in a moral fenfe, denotes a perfon’s de¬ portment or behaviour in the external offices and deco¬ rums of focial life. In this fenfe we fay well-bred, ill- bred, a man of breeding, &c. Good-breeding is hard to define ; none can underttand the fpeculation but thofe who have the practice. Good-breeding amounts to much the fame with what is otherwife called politenefs, among the ancient Romans urbanity. Good-breeding is near to virtue, and will of itfelf lead a man a great part of the way towards the fame. It teaches him to rejoice in a£ts of civility, to feek out objefts of com- paffion, and to be pleafed with every occafion of doing them good offices. Lord Shaftefbury compares the well-bred man with the real philofopher ; both charac¬ ters aim at what is excellent, afpire to a juft tafte, and carry in view the model of what is beautiful and beco¬ ming. The conduft and manners of the one are formed according to the moft perfeft eafe, and good entertain¬ ment of company; of the other, according to the ftrift- eft intereft of mankind : the one according to his rank and quality in his private ftation ; the other according to his rank and dignity in nature. Horace feems to have united both characters, $btnd verum atque decens euro el rogo, et omnis in hoc fum. See the article Good-MANNERS. Breeding of Horfes. See Equus. B REEDING of Fifh. The neceflary qualities of a pond, to make it ferve well for breeding fifti, are very differ¬ ent from thofe which are to make it ferve for the feed¬ ing of them, infomuch that fome particular ponds ferve only for one of thefe purpofes, and others for the o- ther ; and fcarce ever the fame pond is found to an- fwer for them both. In general, it is much more rare to find a good breeding pond than a good feeding one. The belt indications of a good-breeding pond are thefe ; Breeding that there be a good quantity of ruffies and grafs about || its fides, with gravelly ffioals, fuch as horfe-ponds ufu- jBrd“ar> ally have : when a pond has this property, and takes to v’ the breeding of fifli, it is amazing what a progrefs will be made, in a little time. The fpawn of filh is prodi¬ gious in quantity ; and where it fucceeds, one is able to produce many millions; thus, in one of thefe breed¬ ing ponds, two or three melters, and as many fpawners, will, in a very little time, flock the whole country. When thefe ponds are not meant entirely for breeding, but the owner would have the fifh to grow to fome fize in them, the method is to thin the numbers, becaufe they would otherwife ftarve one another, and to put in other fifh that will prey upon the young, and thin them in the quick^ft manner. Eels and perch are the moft ufeful on this account; becaufe they prey not only up¬ on the fpawn itfelf, but upon the young fry from the firft hatching to the time they are of confiderable fize. Some fifh are obferved to breed indifferently in all kinds of waters, and that in confiderable plenty ; of this na¬ ture are the roach, pike, and perch. BREENBERG, Bartholomew, an excellent painter, was born in 1620. He is beft known by the name of Bartolomeo, an appellation beftowed upon him, for diftinClion fake, by the fociety of Flemifti painters at Rome called Benivogels. He was born at Utrecht ; but in the early part of his life went to Rome. His ftudies in the art of painting ivere attended with fuch fuccefs, that his pictures were held in the higheft efti- mation. He greatly excelled in landfcapes, and thefe he enriched with hiftorical fubjeCb. The figures and animals which he introduced were very fpirited, and drawm in a mafterly manner ; efpecially when they were not larger than the fize in which heufually paint¬ ed them. He died in 1660, aged 40 years. He alfo etched from his own defigns a fet of 24 Views and Landfcapes, ornamented with Ruins. BREEZE, a fhifting wind that blows from fea or land for fome certain hours in the day or night ; common in Africa and fome parts of the Eaft and Weft Indies. Breezes differ from ctefee or trade-winds, as the for¬ mer are diurnal, or have their periods each day ; and the latter are anniverfary, and blow at a diftance from land. The fea-breezes rule by day, and the land-breezes by night ; fo that, dividing their empire, they remain conftant as the feafons of the year, or courfe of the fun, on which they feem to depend ; not but that they ap¬ pear fooner or later, ftronger or weaker, in fome places than in others; and vary the alternative according to the feveral latitudes, fituations, and foils, &c. of the countries where they are found. See the article Wind. BREEZE-Fly. See Tabanus, Entomology Index. BREGENTZ, or Bergentz, a town of Tyrol in Germany, fituated at the eaft end of the lake of Con- ftance, in E. Long. 9. 40. N. Lat 4*7. 36. BREGMA, in Ldnatomy, the fame with finciput. See Anatomy Index. _ BREHAR, one of the Scilly iflands, lying almoft dire&ly weft of the Land’s End in Cornwall, about the diftance of 30 miles. It lies between the iftesof Mi- carol, Guel, Trefcaw, and Samfon. It is the rougheft and moft mountainous of them all, and not many years 3U2 fince,■ Brehar B R E [ 3Q6 ] lince, there were only two families in it, but now there peopled. Bremen. are 13. There are a few poor houfes called the town of Brehar ; and there are feveral BARROWS-edged with ftone, in which they buried confiderable perfons in an¬ cient times •, betides many monuments of the Druids. Some are of opinion, that this with the reft made but one ifland, which is the reafon why fo many antiquities are now found in moft of them. EREHONS, the provincial judges among the an¬ cient Irith, by whom juftice was adminiflered, and con- troverfies decided. Thefe fages were a diftindf tribe or family, to whom competent lands were allowed in inhe¬ ritance. In criminal cafes the brehon had the eleventh part of all the fines j which could not but be confider¬ able at a time when murders, rapes, robberies, and the like offences, were only lubjeft to pecuniary commuta¬ tions. / Brehon-Laws, or Leges Brehonicee, denote the ge¬ neral maxims or rules of law obferved by the brehons, and having the force of laws throughout all the pro¬ vinces of Ireland. Several fragments of the leges bre- honicce are ftill extant in public and private libraries. The raoft complete colIeewoo(!, to inundations. In 1617, on Chriftmas-day, feveral' thoufand cattle were drowned, befides feveral hundred of men : and the country was fo covered with water, that it has coft immenfe fums to repair the dykes. Bre¬ men is the capital town. BREMEN-Veerd, a town of Germany, in the circle of Lower Saxony, and duchy of Bremen. It is an open town, feated on the river Ooft, and was formerly the place of refidence of the archbifliop. E. Long. 8. 35. N- Lat- S3- 58- BRENNAGE, Brennagium, in middle-age wri¬ ters, a kind of tribute paid in lieu of bran, or bran itfelf, which the tenants were obliged to furnifh for the fupport of the lord’s hounds. The word is alfo written brenage, brenagium, and brenaige, bernagium, brenaticum, and brennaticum. BRENNUS, a celebrated captain among the Gauls, who, about 388 years before the Chriftian era, entered Italy with a powerful army j made great conquefts there ; defeated the Romans ; and facked Rome. The capitol alone was defended ; and Camillus coming to its relief, drove the Gauls not only out of Rome, but out of all Italy. See (Hijlory of) Rome. BRENT, a town of Devonfhire, with a market on Saturdays, and two fairs, on May 13th and O&ober loth, for horned cattle. It is but a (mail place, and lies on the road from Exeter to Plymouth, being 26 miles fouth-weft from the former, and 198 weft by fouth of London. W. Long. 5. 7. N. Lat. 50. 30. BrENT Goofe, a fpecies of goofe with a black neck, and a white collar round ; ufually confounded with the barnacle, though in reality a diftinft fpecies. See Anas, Ornithology Index. BRENTFORD, a town of Middlefex, on the great London road to the weft. It is divided into old and new Brentford, in which laft are the church and mar- ket-houfe, and where the county ele&ions are held. It is a long place, w'ell (locked with public houfes, and is feated on the river Thames, in W. Long. o. 10. N. Lat. 51. 26. BRENTWOOD or Burntwood, a town of Eflex in England. It (lands on a rifing ground in the road from London to Colchefter, and has feveral good inns. E. J^ong. o. 25. N. Lat. 31. 38. BREREWOOD, Edward, a very learned Englifti mathematician and antiquary, was the fon of Robert Brerewood, a tradefman, who was thrice mayor of Chef- ter •, and born in that city in the year 1565. He was educated in grammar learning at the free fchool in Chef- ter; and afterwards admitted, in 1581, of Brazen-nofe- college in Oxford. In the year 1596, he became the firft profeffor of aftronomy in Greftiam-college in Lon¬ don ; where he led the fame private and retired courfe of life that he had before done in Oxford. He died there of a fever, upon the 4th of November 1613, much lamented. He was a great fearcher into antiquity and curious knowledge 5 but is remarkable for having never publifhed any thing during his lifetime. After his death came out the following works. 1. De ponderibus et pretiis veterum nummorum. 2. Inquiries touching the diverfities of languages and religion through the chief parts of the world. 3. Elementa logicce in gra- tiam B R E [ 397 ] B R E i tiam Jludiofce juventutis in Acad. Ox on. 4. Tra&atus r [| quidam logici. 5. 6. Two treaties on the Sabbath. Breflau. TraBatus duo, quorum primus ejl de meteor is, fecun- <*—1' Jus de oculo. 8. Commentani in ethica Arijlotelis. Mr Wood tells us, that the original manufcript of this, written with his own hand, is in the fmalleft and neateft characters that his eyes ever beheld : and that it was fi- nilhed by him on the 27th of October 1586. 9. Patri¬ archal government of the ancient church. BRESCIA, a ftrong and handfome town of Italy, with a bilhop’s fee and good citadel. It is the capital of Brefciano in the territory of Venice, and is feated in an agreeable plain on the river Garza, in E. Long. 10. 5. N. Lat. 45. 31. BRESCIANO, a province of Italy in the territory of Vdniee •, bounded on the north, by the Grifons and the bidiopric of Trent ; on the ealt, by the lake Garda, the Veronefe, and the duchy of Mantua ; on the fouth, by the duchy of Mantua and the Cremonefe $ and on the weft by the Cremafco, the Bergamafco, and the Valtelina. It is watered by feveral fmall rivers, which render it very fertile ; and is full of towns and villages, of which Brefcia is the capital. BRESELLO, a fmall town of Italy, in the duchy of Modena, feated on the river Po, in E. Long. 10. 25. N. Lat. 44. 55. ^ BRESCICATE, in Commerce, a kind of baize, in which there is fome trade carried on with the negroes, between the river Gambia and Sjerra Leona. Thebeft forts for that purpofe are the blue and the red. BRESLAU, a fmall duchy of Lower Silefia, in Germany, lying between thofe of Wolavv, OUTe, Brieg, Schtvednitz, and Lignitz. It is everywhere level and Hat: is an excellent corn country, yielding alfo good pafture j abounding alfo with herds of cattle and flocks of ftieep ; but deftitute of wood, except in one diftrift or circle ; and the roads in general are very bad. It is an immediate principality, that is, one of which both the property and jurifdiftion belong to the king, form¬ ing a part of one of the three bailiwics into which all the immediate principalities are divided. Breslau, the chief town of the duchy of that name, and of all Silefia, is fituated at the conflux of the Ci¬ der and Ohlau, in E. Long. 17. 5. N. Lat. 51. 4. In¬ cluding the fuburbs, it is of great extent; having many large regular fquares, broad ftreets, ftately public and private edifices ; but the fortifications are of no great importance. Here are in particular a great many churches and convents belonging to the Catholics \ of the former are feveral alfo belonging to the Lutherans, one to the Calvinifts, and another to the Greeks. The Jews have likewife two fynagogues, the bilhop a ftately palace, and the Lutherans two gymnafiums. I he Po- pilh univerfity is a noble ilru6fure, nor is the exchange deftitute of magnificence. This city is the feat of all the high colleges j and the third in rank, next to Berlin and Konigfberg, in all the Pruflian dominions. 'I he magiftracy of it is Lutheran, and its trade and manu- fadlures are very confiderable. Several of the monafte- ries and nunneries are very magnificent; and there are alfo fome good public libraries in it, with two armou¬ ries, a college of phvficians, and a mint. Breflau is very populous, and much frequented by Hungarian, Bohemian, Polilh, and other merchants, having feveral yearly fairs. The city was taken by the king of Pruflia Breflau in 1741, and retaken by the Auftrians in 1757 > but li the king of Pruffia took it back again in the fame year, Brefte- and gained a fignal viftory over the Auftrians at Lou- then, a village not far from the capital. BRESSE, a province of France, bounded on the north by Burgundy and the Tranche Compte j on the eaft, by Savoy ; on the fouth, by Viennois ; on the weft, by the principality of Dombes and the Somme. It is 40 miles from north to fouth, and 23 from eaft to weft. It is fertile in corn and hemp, has fine paltures, and feveral lakes with plenty of fifh. It is divided into the higher and lower •, the firft is on the fide of Bourges, and the fecond towards St Trivier and the river Sonne. The French got poffeffion of it in 1601. The princi¬ ple places are Bourg en Breffe, Montluel, Pont de Vaux, and Coligny. BRESSICI, in Geograplnj. See Breste. BREST, a maritime town of France, in the depart¬ ment of Finifterre, feated on the declivity of a hill on the fide of its port, which is the largeft in the kingdom, and will hold 500 ftiips at a time. There is an arfenal with fea-ftores, which v'as placed there on account of its near- nefs to the woods, mines of iron, and other things pro¬ per for the building of {hips. It was entirely confumed by fire in 1744, which was an irreparable lofs to France. The entrance into the port is guarded by a ftrong eaftle feated on a rock, which cannot be attempted on the fea-fide, becaufe it is craggy, and is defended on the land-fide by a large ditch and other fortifications. The ftreets of Breft are very narrow, ill contrived, few in number, and have all a defcent. A great quay fur- rounds this fide of the port, which is above a mile in length, and 200 paces broad ; and there are magazines on the quay full of all foreign merchandifes. On the other fide of the port the fine church of Notre Dame is fituated ^ and in a fuburb, which is as big as half the, city, there is a ftrong tower oppofite to the caftle, at the entrance of the port ; there is alfo a great quay on this fide, bordered with large magazines, partly within the rock, which has been cut away to enlarge the place. Thefe are extended almoft as far as the bottom of the harbour, where there are two docks very commodious for the building of large (hips : the (Imps and houfes of the workmen are all around them : the rope-walks are feparated from the city by one of thefe docks. The entrance into the harbour is called \A\e gul¬ let, and is a paffage extremely difficult on account of the funk rocks on both fides of the thore *, but there are experienced pilots who carry {hips in very fafely. The Englifh attempted to take poffeflion of this harbour in 1694, but were difappointed. W. Long. 4. 26. N. Lat. 48 23. Brest, or Breaji, in ArchiteBure, a term fometimes ufed for the member of a column, more ufually called . torus. See Torus. BREST Summers, in timber buildings, are pieces in the outward fide thereof, into which the girders are framed : this, in the ground-floor, is called a cell; and, in the garret-floor, a beam.—As to their fize, it is the fame with that of girders. See Girders. BRESTE, the palatinate of, is one of the provinces of Cuiava, in Poland. It lies between the palatinates of Ploelko, Rava, and Lencici Wiadiflaw. It is divid¬ ed 8 rode, Brethren. B R E [ 398 ] B R ed into four chatelanies, and Brefte is the capital of ter end of the fifteenth century. E the whole. Breste, or Bre/fici, the capital of the palatinate of Breffici, and of Pwlefia in Poland, feated on the river Bog, 80 miles ead of Warfaw, and fubjeft to Poland. It is a fortified town, and has a callle built upon a rock. Here is a famous fynagogue, reforted to by the Jews from all the countries in Europe. E. Long. 24. o. N. Lat. 4r. 35. BiiE 1, a name the people on the coafts of Lincoln- fliire give to the common turbot, a filh extremely plen- tiiul w'ith them, and taken in vaft abundance. 1 he way of catching them is in a net trailed on the ground by two horfes ; the one going up to the middle of his body in water, the other on (liore. BRET ESSE, in Heraldry, denotes a line embattled on both fidcs. BRETHREN and sisters of the free spirit, in Ecclefiaftical Hillory, an appellation affiimed by a new fe6l which iprung up towards the clofe of the thirteenth century, and gained many adherents in Italy, 1 ranee, and Germany. They took their denomina¬ tion from the words of St Paul, Rom, chap. viii. ver. 2. 14. •, and maintained, that the true children of God were invefted with the privilege of a full and perfefl ireedom from the jurifdidlion of the law'. They were enthufiafts to a degree of diftrafrion, both in their principles and prattice. They refembled the Beghards, by which name they were fometimes called, in their afpefl, apparel, and manner of living. Some of their profefied principles refembled thofe of the Pantheifts ; for they held, that all things flowed by emanation from God ; that rational fouls wTere portions of the Deity, and that the univerfe was God ; and that, by the power of contemplation, they ivere united to the Deity, and acquired hereby a glorious and fublime liberty, both from the finful lulls and the common inftinfls of na¬ ture : and hence they concluded, that the perfon, who was thus abforbed in the abyfs of the Deity, became a part of the Godhead, and was the fon of God, in the fame fenfe 'and manner that Chrift was, and that he was freed from the obligation of all laws human and divine. They treated with contempt all Chriflian ordinances, and all external afts of religion, as un¬ suitable to the (late of perfection at which they were arrived. Some of them were honeft but deluded en- thufiafls j and they endured the torments inflifted up¬ on them by the inquifitors with aftonifhing caltnnefs and triumph. Others proceeded to the moil extrava¬ gant licentioufnefs of conduft. They held their fecret aflemblies Hark naked, and lay in the fame beds with their fpiritual fillers, and indiferiminately with other women, without the leafl fcruple or hefitation : modefty ^nd decency being, according to their creed, marks of inward corruption. And fome of them proceeded Hill farther, and maintained, that the divine man, or believer, could not fin, let his condufl be ever fo hor¬ rible or atrocious. Many edifts w'ere publifhed a- gainll them ; but notwithflanding the feverities they fuffered, they continued till about the middle of the fifteenth century. They w'ere called by feveral other names, fucb as Schw'ellriones, Picards, Adamites, and Turin pins. B RETHREN and Clerks of the Common Life, a denomi¬ nation aflumed by a religious fraternity towards the lat- They lived under the Brethre rule of St Augullin, and were eminently ufeful in pro- Breton!' muting the caule of religion and learning. Their fo- ciety was firfl formed in the preceding century, by Ge¬ rard de Groote, a native of Deventer } but did not flourilh till about the period above mentioned, when it obtained the approbation of the council of Conftance, and became very refipedable in Holland, the Lower Germany, and the adjacent provinces. It was divided into two clafifes •, the lettered brethren or clerks, and the illiterate: they lived in feparate habitations, but main¬ tained the clofefl fraternal union. The former ap¬ plied to the ftudy of polite literature, and the educa¬ tion of youth ; whilfl the latter were employed in manual labour, and the mechanic arts. They were frequently called Beghards and Lollards, by way of re¬ proach. White BRETHREN. fratres aibati, were the followers of a leader, about the beginning of the fifteenth centu¬ ry, who was arrayed in a white garment ; and as they were alio clothed in white linen, they were diftinguifh- ed by this title. Their leader was a prieft from the Alps, who carried about a crofs, like a ftandard, and whole apparent fandlity and devotion drew together a ' number of followers. J his deluded enthufiaft pradli- led many adls of mortification and penance, endeavour¬ ed to perfuade the European nations to renew the holy war, and pretended that he was favoured with divine vifions. Boniface IX. ordered him to be apprehend¬ ed and committed to the flames, upon which his fol¬ lowers difperfed. BRETON, or Cape-Britain, an ifland near the eaftern continent of North America, lying between 45 and 47 degrees of north latitude. It is feparated from Nova Scotia by a narrow ftrait called Canfo, and is about 100 miles in length, and 50 in breadth. It is furrounded with little fliarp-pointed rocks, feparated from each other by the waves, above which fome of their tops are vifible. All its harbours are open to the eafl, turning towards the fouth. On the other parts of the coafl: there are but a few anchoring places for fmall veflels, in creeks, or between iflets. Except in the hilly parts, the furface of the country has but little fo- lidity, being everywhere covered with a light mofs, and with water. I he dampnefs of the foil is exhaled in fogs, without rendering the air unwholefome. In other refpedfs, the climate is very cold ; owing either to the prodigious quantity of lakes, which cover above half the ifland, and remain frozen a long time ; or to the number of forefls, that totally intercept the rays of the fun ; the effedf of which is befides decreafed by perpe¬ tual clouds. Though fome fifliermen had long reforted to this ifland every fummer, not more than 20 or 30 had ever fixed there. 1 he French, who took pofleffion of it in Augufl 1713, were properly the firft inhabitants. They changed its name into that of IJle Royale, and fixed upon Fort Dauphin for their principal fettlement. I his harbour was two leagues in circumference. The fliips came to the very fliore, and were (heltered from winds. Forefls affording oak fufficient to fortify and build a large city, were near at hand ; the ground ap¬ peared lefs barren than in other parts, and the filhery was more plentiful. This harbour might have been rendered impregnable at a trifling expence ; but the difficulty I B R E [ 399 ] B R E Breton, difficulty of approaching it (a circumftance that had at v"— ^ firft made a ftronger impreffion than the advantages re- fulting from it) occafioned it to be abandoned, after great labour had been bellowed upon the undertaking. They then turned their views to Louilbourg, the accefs to which was ealier ; and convenience was thus prefer¬ red to fecurity : the fortification of Louilbourg, how¬ ever, was not begun till 1720. In the year 1714, fotne filhermen, who till then had lived in Newfoundland, fettled in this illand. It was expelled that their number would foon have been in- creafed by the Acadians, who were at liberty, from the treaties that had been granted them, to remove with all their effedls, and even to difpofe of their ellates ; but thefe hopes were difappointed. The Acadians chofe rather to retain their’pofleffions under the dominion of Britain, than to give them up for any precarious ad¬ vantage they might derive from their attachment to France. Their place was fupplied by fome diftrelfed adventurers from Europe, who came over from time to time to Cape Breton, and the number of inhabitants gradually increafed to 4060. They were fettled at Louilbourg, Fort Dauphin, Port Touloufe, Nerucka, and on all the coalls where they found a proper beach for drying the cod. The inhabitants never applied themfelves to agriculture, the. foil being unfit for it. ’I hey often fowed corn, but it feldom came to maturi¬ ty *, and when it did thrive fo much as to be worth reaping, it had degenerated fo confiderably, that it was not fit for feed for the next harved. They have only continued to plant a few pot-herbs that are tolerably well tailed, but mull be renewed every year from abroad. The poornefs and fcarcity of paftures has like- wife prevented the increafe of cattle. In a word, the foil of Cape Breton feemed calculated to invite none but fifhermen and foldiers. Though the ifland was entirely covered with forells before it was inhabited, its wood has fcarce ever been an objefl of trade. A great quantity, however, of foft wood was found there fit for firing, and fome that might be ufed for timber ; but the oak has always been fcarce, and the fir never yielded much refin. The peltry trade was a very inconfiderable objefl. It confided only in the Ikins of a few lynxes, elks, mulk-rats, wild cats, bears,- otters, and foxes both of a red and filver-gray colour. Some of thefe were procured from a colony of Mick mac Indians who had fettled on the illand with the French, and never could raife more than 60 men able to bear arms. The red came from St John’s, or the neighbouring continent. Greater advantages might poffibly have been derived from the coal-mines which abound in the idand. They lie in a horizontal direc¬ tion : and being no more than fix or eight feet below the furface, may be worked without digging deep, or draining od the waters. Notwithdanding the prodigi¬ ous demand for this coal from New England, from the year 1745 to 1749, thefe mines would probably have been forfaken, had not the diips which were fent out to the French idands wanted ballad. In one of thefe mines a fire has been kindled, which could never yet be extinguilhed. I he people of Cape Breton did not fend all their fidi to Europe. They fent part of it to the French fouthern idands, on board 20 or 25 diips from 70 to 140 tons burden. Befides the cod, which made at lead half their cargo, they exported to the other colonies tim¬ ber, planks, thin oak-boards, failed falmon and mac¬ kerel, train-oil, and fea-coal. All thefe were paid for in fugar and coffee, but chiefiy in rum and molaffes. Fhe idand could not confume all thefe commodities. Canada took off but a fmall part of the overplus j it was chiefiy bought by the people of New England, who gave in exchange fruits, vegetables, wood, brick, and cattle. This trade of exchange was allowed 5 but a fmuggling trade was added to it, carried on in flour and fait fifli. This ifland, the key of Canada, was attacked by the Englilh in 1 745 ? anc^ the event is of fo Angular a na¬ ture, that it deferves a particular detail. The plan of this firft invafion was laid at Bofton, and New England bore the expence of it. A merchant named Peppere/, who had excited, encouraged, and directed the enter- prife, was entruiled with the command of an army of 6000 men, which had been levied for this expedition. Though thefe forces, convoyed by a fquadron from Jamaica, brought the firil news to Cape Breton of the danger that threatened it ; though the advantage of a furprife would have fecured the landing without oppo- fition ; though they had but 600 regular troops to en¬ counter, and 800 inhabitants haflily armed ; the fuc- cefs of the undertaking was Hill precarious. What great exploits, indeed, could be expedled from a militia fuddenly affembled, who had never feen a fiege or faced an enemy, and were to adl under the direftion of fea- officers only. Fhefe unexperienced troops flood in need of the afliflance of fome fortunate incident, which they were indeed favoured with in a Angular manner. I he conflrudlion and repairs of the fortifications had always been left to the care of the garrifon of Louif- bourg. I he foldiers were eager of being employed in thefe works, which they confidered as conducive to their fafety, and as the means of procuring them a com¬ fortable fubfiftence. When they found that thofe who were to have paid them, appropriated to themfelves the profit of their labours, they demanded juftice. It was denied them, and they were determined to affert their right. As thefe depredations had been ftiared be¬ tween the chief perfons of the colony and the fubaltern officers, the foldiers could obtain no redrefs. Their in¬ dignation againft thefe rapacious extortioners rofe to fuch a height, that they defpifed all authority. They had lived in an open rebellion for fix months, when the Britiffi appeared before the place. This was the time to conciliate the minds of both parties, and to unite in the common caufe. The fol¬ diers made the firft advances; but their commanders miflrufled a generofity of which they themfelves were incapable. It was firmly believed that the foldiers were only defirous of fallying out, that they might have an opportunity of deferting ; and their own offi¬ cers kept them in a manner prisoners, till a defence fo ill managed had reduced them to the ncceffity of capi¬ tulating. The whole ifland ffiared the fate of Louif- bourg, its only bulwark. This valuable poffeffion, reftored to France by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, was again attacked by the Britilh in 175^’ 0° of June, a fleet of 23 (hips of the line and 18 frigates, carrying i6,OCO well difei- plined troops, anchored in Gabarus bay, within half a league Breton- 1 B R E [ 400 1 B R E Breton, league o£ Loulfbourg. As it was evident it would be to -—no purpofe to land at a great diftance, becaufe it would be impoflible to bring up the artillery and other necef- faries for a confiderable fiege, it had been attempted to render the landing impraflieable near the town. In the prudent precautions that had been taken, the befiegers faw the dangers and difficulties they had to expe£t •, but, far from being deterred by them, they had recourfe to ftratagem, and while by extending their line they threatened and commanded the whole coaft, they landed by force of arms at the creek of Cormorant. This place was naturally weak. The French had for¬ tified it with a good parapet planted with cannon. Be¬ hind this rampart they had polled 2000 excellent fol- diers and fome Indians. In front they had made fuch a clofe hedge with branches of trees, that would have been very difficult to penetrate, even if it had not been defended. This kind of pallifade, which concealed all the preparations for defence, appeared at a dillance to be nothing more than a verdant plain. This would have preferved the colony, had the afiail- ■ants been fuffered to complete their landing, and to ad¬ vance with the confidence that they had but few ob- ftacles to furmount. Had this been the cafe, over¬ powered at once by the fire of the artillery and the fmall arms, they Would infallibly have perilhed on the ffiore or in the hurry of embarking 5 especially as the fea was jufi then very rough. This unexpedled lofs might have interrupted the whole projedl. But all the prudent precautions that had been taken were rendered abortive by the impetuofity of the French. The Engliffi had fcarce begun to move towards the ffiore, when their enemies haftened to difcover the fnare they had laid for them. By the brifk and hafly fire that was aimed at their boats, and Hill more by the pre¬ mature removal of the boughs that malked the forces, which it was fo much the intereft of the French to con¬ ceal, they gueffed at the dahger they were going to ruffi into. They immediately turned back, and faw no other place to affeft their landing but a rock, which had been always deemed inacceffible. General Wolfe, though much taken up in reimbarking his troops, and fending off the boats, gave the fignal to Major Scot to repair thither. That officer immediately removed to the fpot with his men. His own boat coming up firft, and finking at the very inftant he was ftepping out, he climbed up the rock alone. He was in hopes of meet¬ ing with 100 of his men who had been fent thither fome hours before. He found only ten. With thefe few, however, he gained the fummit of the rock. Ten In¬ dians and 60 Frenchmen killed two of his men, and mortally wounded three. In fpite of his weaknefs, he flood his ground under cover of a thicket, till his brave countrymen, regardlefs of the boifterous waves and the fire of the cannon, came up to him, and put him in full poffeffion of that important port, the only one that could fecure their landing. The French, as foon as they faw that the enemy had got a firm footing on land, betook themfelves to the only remaining refuge, and fhut them- felves up in Louiffiourg. The fortifications were in a bad condition, becaufe the fea fand, which they had been obliged to ufe, is by no means fit for works of mafonry. The revetments of the feveral curtains were entirely crumbled away. There was only one cafemate and a fmall magazine that were bomb proof. The gar- Breton rifon which was to defend the place confifted only of |j 2900 men. ~ Breughel. Notwithftanding all thefe difadvantages, the befieged't— were determined to make an obflinate refiftance. It is fcarce credible that the French were confirmed in their refolution by the courage of a woman. Madame de Drucourt was continually upon the ramparts, with her purfe in her hand •, and firing herfelf three guns every day, feemed to difpute with the governor her huffiand the glory of his office. The befieged were not difmayed at the ill fuccefs of their feveral fallies, or the mafterly operations concerted by Admiral Bofcawen and General Amherft. It was but at the eve of an affault, which it was impoffible to fuftain, that they talked of furren¬ dering. They made an honourable capitulation ; and the conqueror (bowed more reipeft for his enemy and for Kimielf, than to fully his glory by any adl of bar¬ barity or avarice.—-The poffeffion was confirmed to Great Britain by the peace in 1763 ; fince which the fortifications have been blown up, and the town of Louiffiourg difmantled. BRETTIGAW, a territory or valley of the Gri¬ ffins, lying between the Rhine and the county of Ty¬ rol, and along the river Banquet. The fortrefs of Cartels is the principal town. BREVE, in Law, is any writ diredled to the chan¬ cellor, judges, ffieriffs, or other officers, whereby a per- fon is fummoned, or attached, to anfwer in the king’s court, &c. BREVE Perquirere, the purchafing of a writ or li- cenfe for trial in the king’s courts; whence comes the prefent ufe of paying 6s. 8d. fine to the king in fuit, for money due on bond, where the debt is 40I. and of 10s. where it is tool. &c. Breve de ReHo, is a writ of right or lieenfe for a perfon ejedled, to fue for the poffeffion of the eftate detained from him. Breve, in Mujic, a note or character of time, in the form of a diamond or fquare, without any tail, and equivalent to two meafures or minims. BREVET, in the French cuftoms, denotes the grant of fome favour or donation from the king ; in which fenfe it partly anfwers to our warrant, and partly to letters patent. Brevet, more particularly denotes the commiffion of a fubaltern officer, being only written on parchment, and without feal. A brevet officer is one whofe rank in the army is above his pay : for inftance, a brevet major ferves only as a captain, and receives pay as fuch. BREUGHEL, Peter, an eminent painter, common¬ ly called Old Breughel, to diftinguiffi him from his ffin, was born at a village of the fame name near Breda, in the year 1565 ; and was the firft pupil of Peter Cock, whofe daughter he married. It was cuftomary with him to drefs like a country-man, in order to be more eafily admitted Into the company of country-people, and be allowed to join in their frolics, by which means he became perfectly acquainted with their manners and geftures, of which he made excellent ufe in his pictures. He travelled to France and Italy, and for a long time ftudied landfcapes on the mountains of 'lyrol. His humorous turn of mind difplayed itfelf in all his pic¬ tures, which generally confifted of country-dances, marriages, B R E [ 401 ] B ii E Breughel marriages, fports, and diverfions.; thongli lie fometimes H performed pieces from the hiftorical parts of the holy Bieviary. ycrjptureSi return from Italy, he fettled at Antwerp, and in his lalt illnefs caufed his wife to gather together all his immodelt pieces and burn them before his face. It is uncertain in what year he died. Of the works of old Breughel, the great duke of Tuf- cany has, Chrifl: carrying his crofs, with a great num¬ ber of figures; and a country feaft. The emperor has the tower of Babel, the maffacre of the Innocents, and the converfion of St Paul, of his painting : the elector Palatine, a landfcape, with St Philip baptizing Queen Candace’s eunuch ; and St John preaching in the wil- dernefs, with a great many figures. Oid Breughel alfo, for his amufement, is faid to have engraved lame few plates of landfcapes and grotefque fubjects. Breughel, Peter, the younger, was the fon of the above-mentioned artift, and named Hellifh Breughel, from the horrible fubje&s he delighted to reprefent. He engraved alfo, according to M. Heineken ; but his works are not fpecified. He died in 1642. BREUGHEL, John, commonly called Velvet Breughel, fm]n his generally wearing velvet .clothes, was the fon of Peter Breughel, and born about the year 1575. He fiift applied himfelf to painting flowers and fruit, in which he excelled ; and afterwards had great fuccefsin drawing landfcapes, and views of the fea, fet off with fmall figures. He lived long at Cologne, where he ac¬ quired great reputation. He travelled to Italy, where his fame had got before him ; and where his fine land¬ fcapes, adorned with fmall figures, fuperior to thofe of his father, gave very great fatisfaclion. If a good judge¬ ment may be formed from the great number of pidlures he left behind him, all highly finilhed, he mufl: have been exceedingly induftrious. Nor did he fatisfy him¬ felf with embellifliing his own works only, but was very ufeful in this refpeft to his friends. Even Rubens made ufe of Breughel’s hand in the land¬ fcape part of feveral of his fmall pictures, fuch as his Vertumnus and Pomona ; the fatyr viewing the fleep- ing nymph ; and the terreftrial paradife, which is looked upon as his mafterpiece. He died in 1642. —Several of his works are to be feen in the arch- bilhop’s gallery at Milan ; particularly a hunting-piece with a vaft many figures ; a landfcape reprefenting a defert, with the picture of St Hierom painted by Ce- rano, alias Gio Baptifta Crefpi, In the Ambrofian li¬ brary are 20 pieces of this mallerly hand ; particularly Daniel in the lion’s den, the infide of the great church at Antwerp, the four feafons on copper, and the burn¬ ing of Gomorrah. In the polTeffion of the eleflor Pa¬ latine at Dufleldorp, Chrift preaching on the fea-fliore ; a country-dance; a fea-port, with a great many fi¬ gures ; a coach and two chariots, with a multitude of figures and animals ; a landfcape, wherein Flora is crowned by a nymph ; St John preaching in the wil- dernefs; .. fmall fea-landfcape, and feveral other pieces. In the poflelTion of the late king of France, a woman playing with a dog, the battle between Alexander and Darius, both in wood : Orpheus in hell, &c. BREVIARY, a daily office, or book of divine fer- vice, in the Roman church. It is compofed of matins, lauds, firft, third, fixth, and ninth vefpers, and the com¬ pline or poll communio. 1 he breviary of Rome is general, and may be ufed Vol. IV. Part II. in all places ; but on the model of this various others have been built, appropriated to each diocefe, and each order of religious. The breviary of the Greeks is the fame in almofl all churches and monafleries that follow the Greek rites : the Greeks divide the pfalter into 20 parts- In gene¬ ral, the Greek breviary confirts of two parts : the one containing the office for the evening, the. other that of the morning, divided into matins, lauds, firft, third, fixth, and ninth vefpers, and the compline ; that is, of feven different hours, on account of that faying of Da¬ vid, Septies in die laudem dixi tibi. The inftitution ot the breviary is not very ancient ; there have been infer ted in it the lives of the faints, full of ridiculous and ill-attefted ftories, which gaveoccaiion to leveral reformations of it, by fevtral councils, par¬ ticularly thofe of Trent and Cologne ; by feveral popes, particularly Pius V. Clement VIII. and Urban VIII.; and alfo by feveral cardinals and bifhops, each lopping off fome extravagancies, and bringing it nearer to the fimplicity of the primitive offices. Originally, every body was obliged to recite the breviary every day ; but by degrees the obligation was reduced to the clergy only, who are enjoined, under penalty of mortal fin and ecclefiaftical cenfures, to recite it at home, when they cannot attend in public. In the 14th century, there was particular referve granted in favour of biftiops, who were allowed, on extraordinary occafions, to pafs three days without rehearfing the breviary. This office was originally called curfus; and after¬ wards, the breviarium: which latter name imports that the oid office was abridged ; or rather, that this collec¬ tion is a kind of abridgement of all the prayers. The breviaries now in ufe are innumerable ; the dif¬ ference between them confifts principally in the num-» ber and order of the pfalms, hymns, paternofters, ave- Maries, creeds, magnificates, cantemus’s, benedidtus’s, canticamui’s, nunc dimittis’s, roiferere’s, hallelujahs, gloria patri’s, &c. Breviary, in Roman antiquity, a book firft: intro¬ duced by Auguftus, containing an account of the ap¬ plication of the public money. BREVIATOR, an officer under the eaftern empire, whofe bufinefs it was to write and tranflate briefs.—At Rome thofe are ftyled breviators, or abbreviators, who didlate and draw up the pope’s briefs. BREV1BUS, a rotulis liberandis, a writ or command to a (heriff to deliver to bis fuccefforthe coun¬ ty, with the appurtenances, and the rolls, writs, and other things to his office belonging. BREVIER, among printers, a fmall kind of type or letter between bourgeois and minion. BREVITY, in a general fenfe, that which deno¬ minates a thing brief or (hort. Brevity is more particularly ufed in fpeaking of the ftyle or compofition of difcourfe. Brevity of dif- courfc is by fome called brachylogia and breviloquentia ; fometimes laconiftnus, Tacitus and Perfius are re¬ markable for the brevity of their ftyle, There are two kinds of brevity, one arifing from drynefs, poverty, and narrowmefs of genius ; the other from judgment and refledlion ; which latter alone is laudable. Brevity is fo effential to a tale, a fong, and an epigram, that without it they neceffarily languiffi and become dull. Rhetoricians make brevity one of the principal marks 3 E «r B R E .Brevity II lirewer. or conditions of eloquence : but the rules they pre- fcribe for attaining it are difficult to apply, fo as Hill to keep the due medium between too much and too little. A jull brevity is attained by ufing all the words which are neceffary, and none but thole which are ne- ceflary. Sometimes it may alfo be had, by choofing a word which has the force of feveral. It is this laft kind which Quintilian admires fo much in Salluft ; and the imitation of which, by other writers, has caufed fo much obfcurity. BREVIUM gustos. See Gustos. BREVORDT, a town of Guelderland, in the Uni¬ ted Netherlands, fituated in E. Long. 6, 35. N. Lat. 52. BREWER, Anthony, a dramatic poet who flou- riffied in the reign of King Charles I. and appears to have been held in high eftimation by the wits of that time, as may be more particularly gathered from an ele¬ gant compliment paid to him in a poem called Steps to Parnajfus, wherein he is fuppofed to have a magic power to call the mufes to his affiftance, and is even fet on an equality with the immortal Shakefpeare him- felf. There are, however, great difputes among the feveral writers, as to the number of his works. Thofe which have been afcribed to him with any certainty are, 1. The country girl, a comedy. 2. The love-fick king, a comedy. And, 3. Lingua : a piece in regard to which Winftanley records a remarkable anecdote, which points it out to have been in fome meafure the innocent caufe of thofe troubles that difturbed the peace of thefe realms in the middle of the 17th century. He tells us, that when this play was a£fed at Cambridge, Oliver Cromwell (then a youth) affed a part in it. The fubftance of the piece is a contention among the Senfes for a cro>vn, which Lingua had laid for them to find. The part allotted to young Cromwell was that of Taflus or Touch $ who having obtained the contefted coronet, makes this fpirited declamation : Rofes and bays, pack hence ! this crown and robe My brows and body circles and inverts : How gallantly it fits me ! fure the flaVe Meafur’d my head who wrought this coronet.— They lie that fay complexions cannot change ! My blood’s ennobled, and I am transform’d Unto the faered temper of a king. Methinks I hear my noble parafites Styling me Ccefar, or Great Alexander^ Licking my feet, &c. It is faid that he felt the whole part fo warmly, and more efpecially the above-quoted fpeech, that it was what firft fired his foul with ambition, and excited him, from the poffeffion of an imaginary crown, to ftretch his views to that of a real one $ for the accompliffi- ment of which he was content to wade through feas of blood. Brewer, a perfon who profeffes the art of brewing. There are companies of brewers in moft capital ci¬ ties , that of London was incorporated in 1427 by Henry VI. and that of Paris is ftill order. The apparatus and utenfils of a brewer, or a brew- houfe, are, A furnace made clofe and hollow for faving fuel, and with a vent for the fmoke lelt it taint the li¬ quor } a copper, which is preferable to lead ; a malk- vat near the head ; a cooler near the malk-vat ; and a [ 402 ] B R E Brewer, Brewing. guile-vat under the cooler: adjoining to all are feveral clean tubs, to receive the worts and liquors. Brewers Haven, a good harbour at the north end of the ffiand of Chiloe on the coal! of Chili, in South America, and in the South fea. The Dutch landed forces here in 1643, defigning to get poffeffion of fome part of Chili ; but they were driven from thence by the Spaniards and the natives. W. Long. 82°. S. Lat. 420. BREWING, the operation of preparing ale or beer from Malt. t Though the art of brewing is undoubtedly a part of No fettled chemiftry, and certainly depends upon fixed and inva-theo7 of riable principles, as well as every other branch of thatbrewin£' fcience, thefe principles have never yet been thoroughly inveftigated. For want of a fettled theory, therefore, the praftice of this art is found to be precarious ; and to fucceed unaccountably with fome, and mifgive as unaccountably with others. Some few hints, however, have been thrown out, in order to eftablilh a regular theory of brewing 5 the principal of which we lhall lay before our readers. 2 The ufual procefs of brewing is as follows : A qiftTj- Common tity of water being boiled, is left to cool till the height Food's de. of the fleam be over 5 when fo much is poured to aicnbed‘ quantity of malt in the maflung tub, as makes it of a confiftence ftift enough to be jufl well rowed up : after Handing thus a quarter of an hour, a fecond quantity of the water is added, and rowed up as before : laftly, the full quantity of water is added ; and that in pro¬ portion as the liquor is intended to be ftrong or weak. —This part of the operation is called majhing.—The whole now Hands two or three hours, more or lefs, ac¬ cording to the ftrength of the wort or the difference of weather, and is then drawn off into a receiver ; and the maffiing repeated for a fecond wort, in the fame man¬ ner as for the firft, only the water muft be»cooler than before, and muft not ftand above half the time. Tho two worts are then to be mixed, the intended quantity of hops added, and the liquor clofe covered up, gently boiled in a copper for the fpace of an hour or two j then let into the receiver, and the hops ftrained from it into the coolers. When cool, the barm or yeaft is ap¬ plied ; and it is left to work or ferment till it be fit to tun up. For fmall beer there is a third maftiing with the water near cold, and not left to ftand above three quar¬ ters of an hour ; to be hopped and boiled at difcretion. For double beer or ale, the liquors refulting from the two firft malhings muft be ufed as liquor for the third maftiing of freffi malt. ^ From confidering this procefs, and the multiplicity Difficulties of circumftanees to be attended to in it, we may eafily attending fee that it muft be a very precarious one. The fuccefs'1- of the operation, i.e. the goodnefs of the beer, muft depend upon the quality of the malt from which it is made ; on that of the water with which it is infufed 5 on the degree of heat applied in the infufion ; on the length of time the infufion is continued 3 on the proper degree of boiling, the quantity and quality of the hops employed 3 on the proper degree of fermentation, &c. : all which, as already obferved, have never yet been thoroughly inveftigated and afcertained. . ^4^ The manner of making malt Sir Robert Murray de- fcribes as follows.—Take good barley newly thrafhed, methodof &c. 3 put about fix Englilh quarters in a ftone trough mait-ma- full kiuS- B R E [ 403 ] B 11 E Brewing, full of water, where let it fleep till the water be of a bright reddifli colour j xvhich will be in about three days, more or lefs according to the moifture or drynefs, fmallnefs or bignefs, of the grain, the feafon of the year, or the temperature of the weather. In fummer, malt never makes well ; in winter it requires longer deeping than in fpring or autumn. It may be known when it is deeped enough by other marks befides the colour of the water j as by the excedive fwelling of the grain, if it be over-deeped, and by too much foftnefs j being, when it is in a right temper, like the barley prepared to make broth of. Where it is fufficiently deeped, take it out of the trough, and lay it in heaps to let the water drain from it j then, after two or three hours, turn it over with a fcoop, and lay it in a new heap, 20 or 24 inches deep. This is called the coming heap, in the right management whereof lies the princi¬ pal (kill. In this heap it may lie 40 hours, more or lefs according to the forementioned qualities of the grain, &c. before it come to the right temper of malt; which that it may do equally, is mainly defired. While it lies in this heap, it mud be carefully looked to afteu* the fird 15 or 16 hours : for about that time the grains begin to put forth roots; which, when they have equal¬ ly and fully done, the malt mud, within an hour after, be turned over with a fcoop •, otherwife the grains will begin to put forth the blade and fpire alfo, which mud by all means be prevented. If all the malt do not come equally, but that which lies in the middle, being warmed, come the fooned j the whole mud be turned, fo that what was outmod may be inmod j and thus it is managed till it be all alike. As foon as the malt is fufficiently come, turn it over, and fpread it to a depth not exceeding five or fix inches 5 and by the time it is all fpread out, begin and turn it over again three or four times. Afterwards turn it over in like manner once in four or five hours, making the heap deeper by degrees; and continue to do fo for the fpace of 48 hours at lead. This frequent turning it over, cools, dries, and deadens the grain j whereby it becomes mel¬ low, melts eafily in brewing, and feparates entirely from the hulk. Then throw up the malt into a heap as high as you can 4. where let it lie till it grow as hot as your hand can endure it, which ufually happens in about the fpace of 30 hours. This perfects the fweetnefs and mellownefs of the malt. After it is fufficiently heat¬ ed, throw it abroad to cool, and turn it over again about fix or eight hours after ; and then lay it on a kiln with a hair-cloth or wire fpread under it j where, after one fire which mud lad 24 hours, give it ano¬ ther more dow, and afterwards, if need be, a third : for if the malt be not thoroughly dried, it cannot be well ground, neither will it diffolve well in the brew¬ ing *, but the ale it makes will be red, bitter, and unfit for keeping. From this account of the procefs of malting, it ap¬ pears, that, befides the proper management in wetting, turning, &c. the drying is an article of the utmod con- fequence •, and concerning the proper degrees of heat Mr Cora- *0 employed for this purpofe, Mr Combrune has re- brune’sex- lated the following experiments. “ In an earthen pan, periments of about two feet diameter, and three inches deep, biVotmll?;1 put as much of the paled malts, very unequally Ejfay on ’ grcnvn> as filled it on a level to the brim. This I pla- hrekving. ced over a little charcoal lighted in a fmall dove, and kept continually dirring it from bottom to top j at Brewing, fird it did not feel fe damp as it did about half an hour v——y—— after. “ In about an hour more, it began to look of a bright orange colour on the outfide, and appeared more fwelled than before. Every one is fenfible how long-continued cudom alone makes us fufficient judges of colours. Then I macerated fome of the grains, and found they were nearly fuch as are termed brown malts. On dirring and making a heap of them to¬ wards the middle, I placed therein at about half depth the bulb of my thermometer, and found it rofe to 140 degrees: here the malt felt very damp, and had but little fmell. “ At 165 degrees I examined it in the fame man ner as before, and could perceive no damp : the malt was very brown ; and, on being macerated, fome few black fpecks appeared. “ Now many corns, neared the bottom, were be¬ come black and burnt ; with all the diligence I could ufe, I placed my thermometer nearly there, and it rofe to 175 degrees. But the particles of fire, arifing from the dove, aft on the thermometer in proportion to the didance of the fituation it is placed in j for which, through the whole experiment, an abatement of 5 de¬ grees ffiould be allowed, as near as I could edimate ; fo, a little after, putting my thermometer in the fame pofi- tion, where nearly half the corns were black, it diowed 180 degrees. I now judged that the water was nearly all evaporated, and the heap grew black apace. “ Again, in the centre of the heap raifed in the middle of the pan, I found the thermometer at 180 degrees j the corn taded burnt ; and the whole, at top, appeared about one half part a full brown, the red black : on being macerated, dill fome white fpecks appeared ; which I obferved to proceed from the barley corns which had not been thoroughly germinated, and whofe parts, cohering more together, the fire, at this degree of heat, had not penetrated them : their tade was infi- pid, the malts brittle, and readily parting from the Ikin: but the thermometer was now more various, as it was nearer to or farther from the bottom $ and here I judged all the true malt to be charred. “ However, I continued the experiment 5 and, at 190 degrees, dill found fome white fpecks on macerating the grain ; the acrofpire always appearing of a deeper black or brown than the outward Ikin : the corn now fried at the bottom of the pan. “ I next increafed the fire $ the thermometer, pla¬ ced in the mean between the bottom of the pan and the upper edge of the corn, fliowed 210 degrees. The malt hilfed, fried, and fmoked abundantly ; though, during the whale procefi, the grain had been kept dir- ing, yet, on examination, the whole had not been equally affedled with the fire. I found a great part thereof reduced to perfect cinders, eafily crumbling to dud between the fingers, fome of a very black hue without glofs, fome very black with oil fhining on the outfide. Upon the whole, two-thirds of the corn were perfectly black 5 the red were of a deep brown, more or lefs fo as they were hard, deely, or imperfeft- ly germinated *, which was eafily difcovered by the length of the {hoot. Mod of them feemed to have lod their cohefion, and had a tade refembling that of high roaded coffee. 3 E 2 - “In B R E Ere win or. “ In the laft ftage of charring the malt, I fet there- - on a wine glafs inverted, into which arofe a pinguious oily matter, which tafted very fait. Perhaps it may not be unneceffary to fay, that the length of time this experiment took up was four hours, and that the ef¬ fect it had both on myfelf and the perfon who attend¬ ed me was fuch as greatly refembled the cafe of ine¬ briation. “ Though, from hence, it is not poffible to fix the exaft degree of heat in which malts charr, yet we fee fome black appeared when the thermometer was at 165 degrees, that fome were entirely black at and at 180 degrees, that the grains thus affe&ed were fuch as had been perfe&ly germinated, and that thofe which bore a greater heat were defe&ive in that point 5 whence we may conclude, with an exa&nefs that will be fufficient for the purpofes of brewing, that true ger¬ minated malts are charred in heats between and 180 degrees ; and that, as thefe corref • md to the de¬ grees in which pure alcohol, or the fineit fpirit of the grain itfelf boils, or difengages itfelf therefrom, they may point out to us the reafon of barley being the fit¬ ted grain for the purpofes of brewing.” From thefe experiments, our author has conftru&ed the following table of the different degrees of the dry- nefs of malt, w'ith the colour occasioned by each de¬ gree. Deg. 119 White. 124 Cream colour. 129 Light yellow. 134 Amber colour. 138 High amber. 143 Pale brown. 148 Brown. 152 High brown. 157 Brown inclining to black. 162 High brown fpeckled with black. 167 Blackilh brown with black fpecks. 171 Colour of burnt coffee. 176 Black. “ The above table (fays he) not only fhows us how to judge of the drynefs of malt from its colour, but alfo when a grift is compofed of feveral forts of malt, what effedft the whole will have when blended toge¬ ther by extra (Sion ; and although poflihly fome frnall errors may arile in judgments thus formed by our fenffs, vet as malts occupy different volumes in pro- portion to their drynefs in the practice of brewing, if the reluit ot the water coming in contadf with the malt Ihow the degree expected, fuch parcel of malt may be faid to have been judged of rightly in the degree of drynefs it was eftimated at ; fi> that the firft trial either confirmsj or fets us numerically right as to our opinion thereot.” It is found by experience, that the lefs heat em¬ ployed in drying the malt, the (horter time will be re¬ quired before the beer is fit to be ufed 5 and of this our author has given the following table. Des 1 4°4 ] B R E Den. 119 124 1 29 134 338 2 weeks, a mon*h. 3 months. 4 months. 6 months. x *43 147 *52 I57 162 8 months. 10 months. 13 months. 20 months, two years. Laftly, Mr Combrune hath given the following table, fliowing the tendency beers have to become fine, when properly brewed from malts of different degrees of drynefs. ° Brewir Deg. II9 I24 129 *34 13S *43 148 152 157 162 Colour of malt. White. Cream colour. { Light yellow. Amber colour. High amber. Pale brown. Brown. High brown. Brown inclining to f black. 1 w Brown fpeckled with black. Thefe when properly brewed,, become fpontaneoufly fine, 1^ even as far as 13S0; when f brewed for amber by repeated j fei mentations, they become J pellucid. grow \ By precipitation thefe J bright in a fliort time. With precipitation thefe require S or 10 months to become bright. ith precipitation thefe may be lined, but will never become bright. } 167 Blackiftibrown fpec-| Thefe with difficulty can be Li i_ I brewed wif-hnut iVt-tinfr 171 176 led with black. . . Corourofburntcoffee. j* becon^bright,1 Black. 1 0 brewed without fetting the goods, and will by no means become bright, not even with J the ftrongtft acid menftruum. In a pamphlet entitled “ Theoretic hints on an im- (VTr Rich- proved practice of brewing malt-liquors, &.c. by Johnardfon’sob. Richardfon,” we have the following obfervations on ^ervat*onS' the nature and properties of malt. “ 1 he proeeis of making malt is an artificial or forced vegetation, in which the nearer we approach the footfteps of nature in her ordinary progrefs, the more certainly (hall we arrive at that perfeftion of which the fubjedl is capable. The farmer prefers a dry feafon to fow his corn in, that the common moi- fture of the earth may but gently inlinuate itfelf into the pores of the grain, and thence gradually difpofe it fur the reception of the future ftiower, and the a£tion of vegetation., J he malttter cannot proceed by fuch- flow degrees, but makes an immerfion in water a fub- ftitute for the moifture of the earth, where a few hours infufion is equal to many days employed in the ordi¬ nary courfe of vegetation •, and the corn is accordingly removed as foon as it appears fully faturated, left a folution, and confequently a deftru&ion, of feme of its parts, fliould be the effect of a longer continuance in water, inftead of that feparation which is begun by this introduftion of aqueous particles into the body of the grain. “ Were it to be fpread thin after this removal, it would become dry, and no vegetation would enfue 5 but being thrown into the couch, a kind of vegetative fermentation commences, which generates heat, and produces the firft appearance of germination. This ftate of the barley is nearly the fame with that of many days continuance in the earth after fowing : but being in fo large a body it requires occafionally to be turn¬ ed over, and fpread thinner ; the former to give the outward parts of the heap their ftiare of the required warmth and moifture, both of which are leffened by expofure to the air j the latter to prevent the progrefs of the vegetative to the putrcfadHve fermentation, which would be the confequence of fuffering it to pro¬ ceed beyond a certain degree. “ To fupply the moifture thus continually decreafing by evaporation and confumption, an occafional but.- faring B R E [ 405 ] B R E Brewing, fparing fprinkling of water fliould be given to the floor v■— ' to recruit the languifhing powers of vegetation, and imitate the (bower upon the corn-field. But this fliould not be too often repeated ; for, as in the field, too much rain, and too little fun, produce rank ftems and thin ears, fo here would too much water, and of courfe too little dry warmth, accelerate the growth of the malt, fo as to occafion the extra&ion and lofs of fuch of its valuable parts, as by a flower procefs would have been duly feparated and left behind. “ By the flow mode of conducing vegetation here recommended, an adtual and minute feparation of the parts takes place. The germination of the radicles and acrofpire carries off the cohefive properties of the barley, thereby contributing to the preparation of the faccharine matter, which it has no tendency to extraft or otherwife injure, but to increafe and meliorate, fo long as the acrofpire is confined within the hufk •, and by how much it is wanting of the end of the grain, by fo much does the malt fall fhort of perfeftion, and in proportion as it has advanced beyond, is that purpofe defeated. “ This is very evident to the moft common obfer- vation, on examining a kernel of malt in the different ftages of its progrtfs. When the acrofpire has (hot but half the length of the grain, the lower part only is converted into that yellow faccharine flour we are felicitous about, whilft the other half affords no other figns of it than the whole kernel did at its firft germi¬ nation. Let it advance to two-thirds of the length, and the lower end will not only have increafed its fac¬ charine flavour, but will have proportionally extended its bulk, fo as to have left only a third part unmalted. This, or even lefs than this, is contended for by many maltfters, as a fufficient advance of the acrofpire, which they fay has done its bufinefs as foon as it has paffed the middle of the kernel. But we need feek no far¬ ther for their conviftion of error, than the examination here alluded to. “ Let the kernel be flit down the middle, and tafted at either end, whilft green ; or let the eflfedis of ma- ftication be tried when it is dried off; when the for¬ mer will be found to exhibit the appearances juft men¬ tioned, the latter to difcover the unwrought parts of the grain, in a body of flony hardnefs, which has no other effeft in the mafh-tun than that of imbibing a large portion of the liquor, and contributing to the retention of thofe faccharine parts of the malt which are in contact with it 5 whence it is a rational infe¬ rence, that three bufhels of malt, imperfect in this proportion, are but equal to two of that which is car¬ ried to its utmoft perfeftion. By this is meant the fartheft advance of the acrofpire, when it is juft hurtl¬ ing from its confinement, before it has effected its en¬ largement. The kernel is then uniform in its internal appearance, and of a rich fvveetnefs in flavour, equal to any thing we can conceive obtainable from imper- fe6f vegetation. If the acrofpire be fuflFered to pro¬ ceed, the mealy fubftance melts into a liquid fweet, which foon pafles into the blade, and leaves the hufk entirely exhaufted. “ The fweet thus produced by the infant efforts of vegetation, and loft bv its more powerful action, re¬ vives and makes a fecond appearance in the ftem, but is then too much difperfed and altered in its form to an- Brewmgv fwer any of the known purpofes of art. v—-y— “ Were we to enquire, by what means the fame barley, with the fame treatment, produces unequal portions of the faccharine matter in different fituations, we fhould perhaps find it principally owing to the dif¬ ferent qualities of the water ufed in malting. Hard water is very unfit for every purpofe of vegetation, and foft will vary its effects according to the predomina¬ ting qualities of its impregnations. Pure elementary water is in itfelf fuppofed to be the only vehicle of the nutriment of plants, entering at the capillary tubes of the roots, riling into the body, and there difperfing its acquired virtues, perfpiring by innumerable fine pores at the furface, and thence evaporating by the pureft diftillation into the open atmofphere, where it begins anew its round of eolle&ing frefti properties, in order to its preparation for frefh fervice. “ This theory leads us to the confideration of an attempt to increafe the natural quantity of the faccha- rum of malt by adventitious means j but it muft be ob- ferved on this occafion, that no addition to water will rife into the veffels of plants, but fuch as will pafs the filter ; the pores of which appearing fomewhat fimilar to the fine drainers or abforbing veffels employed by nature in her nicer operations, we by analogy con¬ clude, that properties fo intimately blended with water as to pafs the one, will enter and unite with the econo¬ my of the other, and vice verfa. “ Suppofing the malt to have obtained its utmoft perfedlion, according to the criterion here inculcated to prevent its farther progrefs, and fecure it in that ftate, we are to call in the afliftance of a heat fufficient to deftroy the aftion of vegetation, by evaporating every particle of water, and thence leaving it in a ftate of prefervation, fit for the prefent or future purpofe of the brewer. “ Thus having all its moifture extrafted, and being by the previous procefs deprived of its cohefive pro¬ perty, the body of the grain is left a mere lump of flour, fo eafily divifible, that, the hulk being taken off, a mark may be made with the kernel, as with a piece of loft chalk. The extradftible qualities of this flour are, a faccharum clofely united with a large quantity of the farinaceous mucilage peculiar to bread corn, and a fmall portion of oil enveloped by a fine earthy fubftance, the whole readily yielding to the impreffion of water applied at different times and dif¬ ferent degrees of heat, and each part predominating in proportion to the time and manner of its applica¬ tion. “Tn the curing of malt, as nothing more is requi- fite than a total extrication of every aqueous particle, if we had in the feafon proper for malting, a folar heat, fufficient to produce perfeft drvnefs, it were praflicable to reduce beers nearly colourlefs ; but that being wanting, and the force of cuftom having made it neceffary to give our beers various tindlures and qua¬ lities refulting from fire, for the accommodation of va¬ rious taftes, we are neceffitated to apply fuch heats in the drying as (hall not only anfwer the purpofe of pre¬ fervation, but give the complexion and property re¬ quired. “ To effect this with certainty and precifion, tha introdudicB B R E [ 406 Brewing, introduclion of the thermometer is neceffary; but the real advantages of its application are Only to be known by experiment, on account of the different conftruc- tion of different kilns, the irregularity of the heat in different parts of the fame kiln, the depth of the malt, the diftance of the bulb of the thermometer from the floor, &c. &c. for though fimilar heats will produce flmilar effedls in the fame fituation, yet is the difper- fion of heat in every kiln fo irregular, that the me¬ dium fpot muft be found for the local fituation of the thermometer ere a ftandard can be fixed for afcertain- ing effedls upon the whole. That done, the feveral degrees neceffary for the purpofes of porter, amber, pale beers, &c. are eafily difcovered to the utmoft ex- aftnefs, and become the certain rule of future prac¬ tice. “ Though cuftom has laid this arbitrary injun&ion of variety in our malt liquors, it may not be amifs to intimate the Ioffes we often fuftain, and the inconveni¬ ences we combat, in obedience to her mandate. “ The further we purfue the deeper tints of colour by an increafe of heat beyond that which Ample pre- fervation requires, the more we injure the valuable qualities of the malt. It is well known that fcorched oils turn black, and that calcined fugar affumes the fame complexion. Similar effects are producible in malts, in proportion to the increafe of heat, or the time of their continuing expofed to it. The parts of the whole being fo united by nature, an injury cannot be done to the one, without affefting the other: accord¬ ingly we find, that fuch parts of the fubjeiff, as might have been feverally extracted for the purpofes of a more intimate union by fermentation, are, by great heat in curing, burnt and blended fo effeftually toge¬ ther, that all difcrimination is loll, the unfermentable are extra£fed with the fermentable, the integrant with the conftituent, to a very great lofs both of fpirituofity and tranfparency. In paler malts, the extrafling li¬ quor produces a feparation which cannot be effefled in brown, where the parts are fo incorporated, that un- lefs the brewer is very well acquainted with their fe¬ veral qualities and attachments, he will bring over, with the burnt mixture of faccharine and mucilaginous principles, fuch an abundance of the fcorched oils, as no fermentation can attenuate, no precipitants remove ; for, being in themfelves impediments to the aflion of fermentation, they leffen its efficacy, and being of the fame fpecific gravity with the beer, they remain fuf- pended in, and incorporated with the body 6f it, an offence to the eye, and a naufea to the palate, to the , lateft period.” The next confideration is the quality of the water to be employed in brewing *, and here foft water is univerfally allowed to be preferable to hard, both for the purpofes of mafhing and fermentation. Tranfpa¬ rency is, however, more eafily obtained by the ufe of hard than foft water : firfl, from its inaptitude to ex- trafl fuch an abundance of that light mucilaginous matter, which, floating in the beer for a long time, oc- cafions its turpidity ; fecondly, from its greater ten¬ dency to a flate of quietude after the vinous fermenta¬ tion is finiflied, by which thofe floating particles are more at liberty to fubfide; and, laftly, from the mu¬ tual aggregation of the earthy particles of the water with thofe of the materials, which by their greater fpe- Quality of the water to be em¬ ployed in brewing. ] B R E fpecific gravity thus aggregated, not only precipitate Brewi™ themfelves, but carry down alfo that lighter mucilage '—-v-Ij juft mentioned. For thefe reafons, hard water is not well adapted to the brewing of porter, and fuch beers as require a fulnefs of palate, when drawn to the great lengths of the London brewery, and of fome country fituations. The purity of water is determined by its lightnefs ; and in this, diftilled water only can claim any material degree of perfection. Rain water is the pureft of all naturally produced : but by the perpetual exhalations of vegetables, and other fine fubftances floating in the atmolphere, it does not come down to us entirely free from thofe qualities which pond and river waters pof- fefs in a greater degree. Thefe, efpecially of rivers running through fens and moraffes, from the quantity of grafs and weeds growing therein, imbibe an abun¬ dance of vegetable iblutions which occafions them to contain more fermentable matter, and confequently to yield a greater portion of fpirit ; but at the fame time induces fuch a tendency to afcidity as will not eaffly be conquered. This is more to be apprehended to¬ wards the latter end of the fummer than at any other time; becaufe thefe vegetable fubftances are then in a ftate of decay, and thence more readily impart their pernicious qualities to the water which paffes over them. At fuch an unfavourable time, fliould the brewer be neceffitated to purfue his practice, it will behove him to pay the utmoft attention to the caufe of this difpofition in his liquor, and thence endeavour to pre¬ vent the ill confequences, by conducing his procefs to the extraction and combination of fuch parts of the materials as his judgment informs him will belt coun¬ teract its effeCts. Where there is the liberty of choice, we would re¬ commend the ufe of that water which, from natural purity, equally free of the aufterity of imbibed earths, and the ranknefs of vegetable faturation, has a foft ful¬ nefs upon the palate, is totally flavourlefs, inodorous, and colourlefs ; whence it is the better prepared for the reception and retention of fuch qualities as the pro- cefs of brewing is to communicate and preferve. The next thing to be confidered is the proper de¬ gree of heat to be employed in making the infufion ; and here it is evident, that though this muft be an ob- jeCt of the utmoft importance to the fuccefs of the o- peration, it is extremely difficult, perhaps impoffible, to fix upon a precife ftandard that ffiall at all times fully anfwer the purpofe. On this fubjeCt Mr Rich- ardfon prefents us with the following obfervations. g “ The quality of the faccharine part of malt refem-Mr Rfch- bles that of common fugar, to which it is practicable ardlou’sob- to reduce it ; and its charaCteriftical properties are en- ferv‘ltl0"s . , 1 r. . , . onthede- tirely owing toils intimate connexion with the othergreeof parts of the malt, from which fuch diftinguiffiing fla-heat. vours of beers are derived as are not the immediate re- fult of the hop. Were it not for thefe properties, the brewer might adopt the ufe of fugar, molaffes, honey, or the fweet of any vegetable, to equal advantage ; which cannot now be done, unlefs an eligible fucceda- neum be found to anfwer that purppfe. As we are at prefent circumftanced, a fearch on the other fide would turn more to the brewer’s account. We have in malt a fuperabundance of the groffer principles ; and would government B R E [ 407 ] B R E Brewing, government permit the introdufHon of a foreign addi- ——v > tion to the faccharine, which is too deficient, many- valuable improvements might be made from it; as we could, by a judicious application of fuch adventitious principle, produce a fecond and third wort, of quality very little inferior to the firfl. “ But in thefe experiments a very particular atten¬ tion would be neceflary to the folvent powers of the water at different degrees of heat, and to the inquiry ho w far a menftruum faturated with one principle may be capable of diffolving another. Such a confideration is the more necelfary on this occafion to direft us clear of two extremes equally difagreeable : the firft is, that of applying the menftruum pure, and at fuch a heat as to bring off an over proportion of the oleaginous and earthy principles, which would occafion in the beer, thus wanting its natural fhare of faccharum, a harlh- nefs and aufterity which fcarce any time the brewer could allow would be able to diflipate : the other is, that of previoufly loading the menftruum with the adopted fweet in fuch an abundance as to deftroy its folvent force upon the charadteriftical qualities we with to unite with it, and thereby leave it a mere folution of fugar. The requifite mean is that of confidering what portion of the faccharine quality has been ex¬ tracted in the firft wort, according to the quantity of water and degree of heat applied ; and then to make fuch a previous addition of artificial fweet as will juft ferve to counterbalance the deficiency, and aflimilate with that portion of the remaining principles we are taught to expedt will be extradted with the fucceeding Wort. “ From the nature of the conftituent principles of malt, it is eafy to conceive, that the former, or fac¬ charine or mucilaginous parts, yield moft readily to the impreftion of water, and that at fo low a degree of heat, as would have no vifible effedi upon the . latter. If, therefore, we are to have a certain proportion of every part, it is a rational inference, that the means of obtaining it reft in a judicious variation of the ex¬ tracting heat according to the feveral proportions re¬ quired. “ A low degree of heat, adting principally upon the faccharum, produces a wort replete with a rich foft fweet, fully impregnated with its attendant mucilage, and in quantity much exceeding that obtainable from increafed heat ; which by its more powerful infinuation into the body of the malt adting upon all the parts to¬ gether, extradls a confiderable portion of the oleagi¬ nous and earthy principles, but falls ftiort in foftnefs, fulnefs, fweetnefs, and quantity. This is occafioned by the coagulating property of the mucilage, which, partaking of the nature of flour, has a tendency to run into pafte in proportion to the increafe of heat applied ; by which means it not only locks up a confiderable part of the faccharum contained therein, but retains with it a proportionate quantity of the extradling li¬ quor, which would otherwife have drawn out the im- prifoned fweet, thence leflening both the quantity and quality of the worts. And this has fometimes been known to have had fo powerful an effedf, as to have occafioned the Jetting of the goods, or the uniting the whole into a pafty mafs; for though heat increafes the folvent powers of water in moft inftances, there are fome in which it totally deftroys them. Such is the prefence of flour, which it converts into pafte ; be- Brewing, fides thofe of blood, eggs, and fome other animal fub- ' v — fiances, which it invariably tends to harden. “ From a knowledge of thefe effedts, we form our ideas of the variations necelfary in the heat of the ex¬ tradling liquor : which are of more extenfive utility than has yet been intimated, though exceedingly li¬ mited in their extent from one extreme to the other. “ The moft common effedls of too low a heat, be- fides fometimes producing immediate acidity, are an infipidity of the flavour of the beer, and a w'ant of ear¬ ly tranfparency, from the fuperabundance of mucilagi¬ nous matter extradted by fuch heats, which, after the utmoft efforts of fermentation, will leave the beer tur¬ bid with fuch a cloud of its lighter feculencies as will require the feparation and precipitation of many months to difperfe. “ The contrary application of too much heat, at the fame time that it leffens this mucilage, has, as we have feen before, the effedi of diminilhing the faccha¬ rum alfo ; whence that lean thin quality obfervable in fome beers; and, by extradling an over proportion of oleaginous and earthy particles, renders the bufinefs of fermentation difficult and precarious, and impreffes an aufterity on the flavour of the liquor which will not eafily be effaced. “ Yet the true medium heat for each extradl cannot be univerfally afeertained. An attention not only to the quality of the malt, but to the quantity wetted, is abfolutely neceffary to the obtaining every due advan¬ tage ; nor mult the period at which the beer is in¬ tended for ufe be omitted in the account. The qua¬ lity of the water alfo claims a ffiare in the confidera¬ tion, in order to fupply that deficient thinnefs and want of folvent force in hard, and to allow for the na¬ tural fulnefs and fermentative quality of foft ; a parti¬ cular to which London in a great meafure owes the pe¬ culiar mucilaginous and nutritious quality of its malt liquors. “ Although the variations above alluded to are in- difpenfable, it is eafy to conceive, from the fmall ex-, tent of the utmoft variety, that they cannot be far di- ftant. If, therefore, we know that a certain degree extraffs the firfi principles in a certain proportion, we need not much confideration to fix upon another de¬ gree that ffiall produce the required proportion of the remaining qualities, and effedt that equal diftribution of parts in the extradl which it is the bufinefs of fer¬ mentation to form into a confiftent whole.” The principal ufe of boiling, as it refpedls the worts of boiling particularly, is to feparate the groffer or more palpable worts, parts of the extradl, preparatory to that more minute feparation which is to be effedled in the gyle tun. The eye is a very competent judge of this effedi ; for the concretions into which the continued adlion of boiling forms thefe parts are obvious to the flighteft infpec- tion, whilft the perfedt tranfparency of the interftices of the worts points out its utility in promoting that de- firable quality in the beer. Thefe coagulable parts are formed from the fuperabundant mucilage already mentioned ; and hence they are found in greater pro- portion in the firft worts than in thofe that come af¬ ter ; at the fame time, they are in thefe lalt fo ming¬ led with a quantity of oleaginous matter, that they be¬ come much more difficultly coagulable in the weak worts , B R E [ 408 ] B R E Brewing, wbrts than in fuch as are ftronger, and hence thefe re- is fcarce any virtue, will be thrown off and the (olid 1 -v quire to be much longer boiled than the others. will remain behind in form of a cake,’ which may be -During this operation the hops are generally added, packed in a barrel or box, and will keep for a Ion? which are found to be abfolutely neceffary for prevent- time fweet and fragrant, and fit for the fined ufes • ing the too great tendency of beer to acidity. The and the fame method may be taken either with wine- fine effenlial oil of hops being molt volatile and fooneft lees or the flowers of wine. The former may be extracted, we are therefore taught the advantage of brought from abroad with great eafe in this manner: boiling the firft wort no longer than is fufficient to the latter may be made with us from the lees by only form the extra#, without expofing it to the adtion of diffolving them in water, and ftirring them about with the fire fo long as to diffipate the finer parts of this a flick j by this means, the lighter, more moveable, moft valuable principle, and defeat the purpofe of ob- and more adtive part of the lees will be thrown up to taining it. lo the fubfequent worts we can afford a the top, and may be taken off and preferved, in the larger allowance, and purfue the means of prefervation manner above mentioned, in any quantity defired. By fo long as we can keep in view thofe of flavour j to this means, an eafy method is found of raifin* an in- which no rules can pofitively dire&, the procefs vary- exhauftible fund; or a perpetual fupply of the moft; ing with every variety of beer, and differing as effen- proper ferments may be readily formed in the way of tially in the produdtion of porter and pale ale as the fucceflive generation, fo as to cut off all future occa- modes of producing wine and vinegar. fion of complaint for want of them in the bufinefs of The confequence of not allowing a fufficient time diftillation. It muft be obferved that all ferments a- for the due reparation of the parts of the wort and ex- bound in effential oil much more than the liquors tradlion of the requifite qualities of the hop muft be which produce them ; whence they very ftrongly re- obvious. If we proceed to the other extreme, we tain the particular flavour and fcent of the fubjedt from have every thing to apprehend from the introdu#ion whence they were made. It is requifite, therefore, °f to° large a quantity of the groffer principles of the before the ferment is applied, to confider what flavour iiop, which .are very inimical to fermentation ; and ought to be introduced, and accordingly what fpecies from impairing the fermentative quality of the worts of ferment is moft fuited to the liquor. The alteration themfelves, by fuffering their too long expofure to the thus caufed by ferments is fo confiderable, as to deter- a#ion of the fire palling through them, whereby they mine or bring over any naturally fermentable liquor of are reduced, to a more denfe confiftence, and their a neutral kind to be of the fame kind with that which parts too intimately blended to yield to the feparating yielded the ferment. The benefit of this, however, force of fermentation with that eafe the perfeflion of does not extend to malt, or to any other matter that 10 the produ# requires. does not naturally yield a tolerably pure and taftelefs Of fennen- ( ^ ftep in the procefs of brewing is to ferment fpirit, as it other wife makes not a fimple, pure, and fition. t|ie ]|qUor properly ; for if this is not done, whatever uniform flavour, but a compound and mixed one. care and pains have been taken in the other parts, they The greateft circumfpeilion and care are neceffary will be found altogether infufficient to produce the li- in regard to the quality of the ferment. It muft be quor defired. I he firft thing to be done here is to pro- chofen perfectly fweet and frelh : for all ferments are cure a proper ferment; for though all fermentable li- liable to grovv mufty and corrupt; and if in this cafe quors would in time begin to ferment of themfelves, they are mixed with the fermentable liquor, they will yet, being alfo fufceptible of putrefadiion, the vinous communicate their naufeous and filthy flavour to it in and putrefactive ferments would both take place at the fuch a manner as never to be got off. If the ferment is fame time in fuch a manner that the produ# would be four, it muft by no means be ufed for any liquor; for it entirely fpoiled. There are only two kinds of artificial will communicate its flavour to the whole, and even pre¬ ferments procurable in large quantity, and at a low vent its rifing to a head, and give it an acetous, in¬ price, viz. beer-yeaft and wine-lees. A prudent manage- ftead of a vinous, tendency. When the proper quan- ment of thefe might render the bufinefs of the brewery tity is got ready, it muft be put to the liquor in a ftate for diftillation, as in the bufinefs of the malt-diftiller, barely tepid, or fcarce lukewarm. The beft method * See Di- &.c. much more eafy and advantageous*. Brewers of putting them together, fo as to make the fermenta- Jlillation. have always found it. a confiderable difficulty to pro- tion ftrong and quick, is as follows. When the fer- cure thefe ferments in fufficient quantities, and pre- ment is folid, it muft be broken to pieces, and gently ferve them conftantly ready for ufe ; and this has been thinned with fome of the warm liquor ; but a complete fo great a difcouragement to the bufinefs, that fome or uniform folution of it is not to be expedled or defired, have endeavoured to produce other ferments, or to form as this would weaken its efficacy for the future bufi- mixtures or compounds of particular fermentable in- nefs. The whole intended quantity being thus loofely gredients ; but this has been attempted without any mixed in fome of the lukewarm liquor, and kept near great fuccefs, all thefe mixtures falling ftiort even of the fire or elfewhere in a tepid ftate, free from too rude common baker’s leaven in their ufe. Whoever has a commerce with the external air, more of the infenfibly turn for making experiments and attempting improve- warm liquor ought at proper intervals to be brought ments of this kind, will find it much eafier and more in, till thus by degrees the whole quantity is fet at advantageous to preferve and raife nurferies of the com- work together. When the whole is thus fet at work, mon ones, than to devife mixtures of others. Yeaft fecured in a proper degree of warmth, and kept from may be preferved by freeing it from its moifter parts, a too free intercourfe with the external air, it becomes This may be done by the fun’s heat, but flowly and as it were the bufinefs of nature to finifti the opera- imperfe#ly. The beft method is by gently preffing it tion. in canvas bags; Ihusthe liquid part, in which there In the operation of fermentation, however, the de¬ gree B R E See Mor- rice on Brewing, London, {802. [ Brewing. gree of heat employed is of the utmoft confequence. ; forming the extrafls of the malt, the variation of a few degrees of heat produces an important difference in the effe6t. In the heat of fermentation, fimilar confequen- ces refult from (imilar variety. Under a certain regu¬ lation of the procefs, we can retain in the beer, as far as art is capable, the finer mucilage, and thereby pre- ferve that fulnefs upon the palate which is by many fo much admired : on the other hand, by a flight altera¬ tion, we can throw it off, and produce that evennefs and uniformity of flavour which has fcarce any chara&erif- tical property, and is preferred by fome only for want of that heavinefs which they complain of in full beers. If a more vinous racy ale be required, we can, by col¬ luding and confining the operation within the body of the wort, caufe the feparation and abforption of fuch an abundant portion of the oleaginous and earthy princi¬ ples, as to produce a liquor in a perfed flate at the earlieft period, and fo highly flavorous as to create a fufpicion of an adventitious quality. But though all this may be done, and often hath been done, the proper management of fermenting liquors depends fo much upon a multiplicity of flight and feemingly unimportant circumftances, that it hath never yet been laid down in an intelligible manner •, and no rules, drawn from any thing hitherto publifhed on the fubjed of brewing, can be at all fufficient to dired any perfon in this mat¬ ter, unlefs he hath had confiderable opportunities of ob- ferving the pradice of a brewhoufe. To what we have now faid we flrall only add, from a pradical treatife on brewing lately publifhed, the names of the materials and their proportions, which are employed by the London brewers in the manufac¬ ture of the different kinds of malt liquors. 4O9 In Porter. Kinds of Malt. Weft country pale, Herts pale ■ brown, amber, Hops, 1 Coculus indie, o Leghorn juice, o cwt. qrs. lbs. o 6 30 Quarters 2 5 This yielded 89 barrels and 2 firkins of porter. Another proportion of materials for Porter. Kinds of Malt. cwt. qrs. lbs. Herts pale, 11 Hops, 1 2 —— amber, 7 Coculus indie, o o Weft country brown, 7 Leghorn juice o O o 4 30 Quarters, 25 This proportion of materials yielded 87 barrels one firkin. Brown Stout. Kinds of Malt. Herts brown, 12 amber, 4 —— white, 4 Quarters, 20 Vol. IV. Part II. Hops, 2 Coculus indie, o Sugar, o Bitter bean, c cwt. qrs. lbs. B R E Reading Beer. Pale malt, 20 quarters. Plops, Grains of Paradife, Coriander feed, ground, Sugar, cwt. qrs. lbs. o 6 10 o Kinds of Malt. Weft country pale, Herts pale, amber, Amber Beer. cwt. I Quarters, 25 Kinds of Malt. Herts white, amber, 24 Hops, 124 Leghorn juice, o 10 Molaffes, o Grains of Para¬ dife ground, O London Ale. cwt 23 Hops, 1 2 Grains of parad.o —— Coriander, o Orange powder, o Quarters, 25 Windsor Ale. Kinds of Malt. Herts pale, 25 quarters. qrs, o o o qrs, 3 o o o cwt. qrs, Hops, 2 o Honey, o o Coriander feed, o o Grains of parad. o o Welch Ale. Beft pale malt, nine quarters. cwt. qrs. lbs. Hops, beft Kent, o 2 14 Sugar, o O 20 Grains of paradife, 003 WlRTEMBERG AlE. Kinds of Malt. Herts pale 16 amber, 4 Quarters, 20 Hops, Honey, o Sugar, o Hartfti.fhavings, o Ground corian¬ der feed, o Caraway feeds, o cwt. qrs. lbs. 20 28 20 H 4 1 Kinds of Malt. Herts pale, ■■■ amber, Hock. 14 6 Quarters, 20 Hops, Coculus indic- cus berry, Sugar, Bitter bean, cwt. qrs. lbs. 10 4 20 2 Scurvy-grass Ale. Kinds of Malt. Herts pale, ——— amber, Hops, 25 pounds. Molaffes, 10 ditto. Garden feurvy-grafs, 5 buftieJ*. — Alexandrian fenna, 2 pdiiflds. Quarters, 6 Horfe-radifti root, 1 ditto. which is to be fliced into the working tun. 3 F • Table Brewing. lbs. o 20 3° lbs. 10 4 lbs. 9 40 4 Brewing II Bribery. Kinds of Malt. _v " Herts white, pale, amber, B R I Table Beer. Bribery 11 Brick. ■fEn. x ■?6S- 4 Hops, 2 Spanifh juice, 2 Quarters, 8 BREY, a town of Germany, on the frontiers of Brabant, feated on a rivulet, in E. Long. 5. 35. N. Lat. 51. 6. BREYNIA, in Botany, a fynonyme of the cappa- ris. See Capparis, Botany Index. BRIANCON, a town of France, in Upper Dau- phiny, capital of the Briamjonnois. E. Long. 6. 45. N. Lat. 44. 46. BRIANCONNOIS, a territory of France, in Dau- phiny, bounded by Grenoblois, Gapenzois, Ambrunois, Piedmont, and Savoy. It comprehends feveral valleys, which lie among the mountains of the Alps *, and though it is extremely cold, yet it is fertile in corn and_ paftures. The inhabitants have a great deal of wood ; yet they choofe to be in the ftables with their cattle fix months in the year, to keep themfelves warm. Bri- an^on is the capital town. BRIAR, in Botany, the Englifii name of a fpecies of rofa. See Rosa, Botany Index. BRIARE, a town of France, in the Gatinois, feat¬ ed on the river Loire. It is remarkable for nothing but a long ftreet full of inns and farriers, it being on the great road to Lyons j and the canal of Briare, which is 33 miles in length, and maintains a commu¬ nication be tween the Loire and the Seine, by means of the Loing. E. Long. 2. 45. N. Lat. 47. 40. BRIAREUS, in fabulous hiftory, a giant : the fon of ./Ether, Titan, or Ccelus, and Terra. This was his name in heaven j on the earth he was called IE$eon. He was of Angular fervice to Jupiter, when Juno, Pallas, Neptune, and the reft of the gods, endeavoured to bind him in chains and dethrone him. Afterwards, how¬ ever, he confpired with the reft of his gigantic brethren to dethrone Jupiter. Virgil, on this eccafion, deferibes him as having 100 hands, 50 heads, and breathing out firef. The fable fays that Jupiter, to punifh him, threw him under Mount ./Etna, which, as often as he moves, belches out fire. See ./Etna. BRIBE, a reward given to pervert the judgment.. See the next article. The word is French, bribe, which originally de¬ notes a bit, fragment, or relic of meat taken off the table *, on which footing, bribe imports as much as panis mendicatus, and ftill keeps up the idea of the matter whereof bribes anciently confifted. Hence al- fo the Spaniards ufe bribar and brivar for begging ; and brwia, brivoneria, and brivonifmo, for beggary. In middle-age writers, a bribe given a judge is calle.d quato litis, and the receiver, campi particeps, or cambi par- ticeps} becaufe the fpoils of the field, i. e. the profits of the caufe, were thus (hared with the giver. BRIBERY, in Law, is a high offence, where a per- fon in a judicial place takes any fee, gift, reward, or brockage, for doing his office, but of the king on¬ ly. But, taken largely, it fignifies the receiving or offering any undue reward to or by any perfon con¬ cerned in the adrniniftration of public juftice, whether [ 410 ] BRI judge, officer, &c. to aft contrary to his duty j and fometimes it fignifies the taking or giving a reward for a public office. ' 72 pounds. In the eaft it is the cuftom never to petition any fu- 12 ditto. perior for juftice, not excepting their kings, without a prefent. This is calculated for the genius of defpotic countries ; where the true principles of government are never underftood, and it is imagined that there is no obligation due from the fuperior to the inferior, no re¬ lative duty owing from the governor to the governed. The Roman law, though it contained many levere in- Blackft. junftions againft bribery, as well for felling a man’s vote in the fenate or other public affembly, as for the bartering of common juftice ; yet, by a ftrange indul¬ gence in one inftance, it tacitly encouraged this prac¬ tice 5 allowing the magiftrate to receive fmall prefents, provided they did not on the whole exceed 100 crowns a-year j not confidering the infinuating nature and gi¬ gantic progrefsof this vice, when once admitted. Plato, therefore, in his ideal republic, orders thofe who take prefents for doing their duty to be punifhed in the fe- vereft manner : and by the laws of Athens, he that of¬ fered a bribe was alfo profecuted, as well as he that re¬ ceived a bribe. In England this offence of taking bribes is punillied, in inferior officers, with fine and im- prifonment ; and in thofe that offer a bribe, though not taken, the fame. But in judges, efpecially the fuperior ones, it has been always looked upon as fo heinous an offence, that the chief juftice Thorpe was hanged for it in the reign of Edward III. By a ftatute 11 Hen¬ ry IV. all judges and officers of the king convifted of bribery, ftiall forfeit treble the bribe, be punifhed at the king’s will, and be difeharged from his fervice for ever. And fome notable examples have been made in parlia¬ ment, of perfons in the higheft ftations, and otherwife very eminent and able, but contaminated with this for¬ did vice. Thus in the reign of King James I. the earl of M. lord treafurer of England, being impeached by the commons, for refufing to hear petitions referred to him by the king, till he had received bribes, &c. was, by fentence of the lords, deprived of all his offices, and difabled to hold any for the future, or to fit in parlia¬ ment he was alfo fined 50,000!, and imprifoned du¬ ring the king’s pleafure. In the nth year of King George I. the lord chancellor M had a fomewhat milder punilhment: he was impeached by the com¬ mons, with great zeal, for bribery, in felling the places of mafters in chancery for exorbitant firms, and other corrupt praftices, tending to the great lofs and ruin of the fuitors of that court; and the charge being made good againft him, being before divefted of his office, he was fentenced to pay a fine of 30,000!, and impri¬ foned till it was paid. It is faid that one of the peers, if not two, who voted againft him, had been poffeffed of the office of chancellor, and fold the places of ma¬ fters in chancery whenever vacant. Bribert in Eledlions. See Elections. BRICIANI, thofe of the order of that name. This was a military order, inftituted by St Bridget, queen of Sweden, who gave them the rules and conftitutions of thofe of Malta and St Auguftin. This order was approved by Pope Urban V. They were to fight for the burying of the dead, to relieve and affift widows, orphans, the lame, lick, &c. BRICK, a fat reddifh earth, formed into long fquares, B R I Brick. fquares, four inches broad, and eight or nine long, by v— v ' means of a wooden mould, and then baked or burnt in a kiln, to ferve the purpofes of building. Bricks are of great antiquity, as appears by the fa- cred writings, the tower and walls of Babylon being built with them. The Greeks chiefly ufed three kinds of bricks ; the firft whereof was called i. e. of two palms j the fecond nr^nt^ov, of four palms 5 the third vnyTct- of five palma. They had alfo other bricks, juft half each of thofe, to render their works more fo- lid, and alfo more agreeable to the fight, by the diver- fities of the figures and fizes of the bricks. The dimenfions of the brick chiefly ufed by the Ro¬ mans, according to Pliny, were a foot and a half long, and a foot broad j which meafures agree with thofe of feveral Roman bricks in England, which are about 17 inches long, and 11 broad, of our meafure. Sir Henry Wotton fpeaks of a fort of bricks at Venice, of which {lately columns were built-, they were firft formed in a circular mould, and cut, before they were burnt, into four or more quarters or fides ; afterwards, in laying, they were jointed fo clofe, and the points concentered * Wotton's fo exadftly, that the pillars appeared one entire piece *. E/m. of ordinary Paris brick is eight inches long, four far* Mi" ^roa^' and two thick, French meafure, which makes fomething more than ours. But this fmallnefs is an ad¬ vantage to a building, the ftrength of which confifts much in the multitude of angles and joints, at leaft if well laid, and having a good bond. Supplement Bricks among us are various, according to their to Cham- various forms, dimenfions, ufes, method of making, &c. The principal are, compafs-bricks, of a circu¬ lar form, ufed in ftyning of walls : concave or hollow bricks, on one fide flat like a common brick, on the other hollowed, and ufed for conveyance of water : feather-edged bricks, which are like common ftatute- bricks, only thinner on one edge than the other, and ufed for penning up the brick pannels in timber build¬ ings : cogging bricks are ufed for making the indented works under the caping of walls built with great bricks : caping bricks, formed on purpofe for caping of walls : Dutch or Flemilh bricks, ufed to pave yards, ftables, and for foap-boiler’s vaults and cifterns : clinkers, fuch bricks as are glazed by the heat of the fire in making: fandel or famel-bricks, are fuch as lie outmoft in a kiln or clamp, and confequently are foft and ufelefs, as not being thoroughly burnt : great bricks are thofe twelve inches long, fix broad, and three thick, ufed to build fence-walls : plafter or buttrefs bricks, have a notch at one end, half the breadth of the brick ; their ufe is to bind the work which is built of great brick ; ftatute- bricks, or fmall common bricks, ought, when burnt, to be nine inches long, four and a quarter broad, and two and a half thick ; they are commonly ufed in paving cellars, finks, hearths, &c. Worlidge, and others after him, have endeavoured to excite brick makers to try their {kill in making a new kind of brick, or a compofition of clay and fand, where¬ of to form window-frames, chimney-pieces, door-cafes, and the like. It is to be made in pieces faftiioned in moulds, which, when burnt, may be fet together with a fine red cement, and feem as one entire piece, by which may be imitated all manner of ftone work. The thing fhould feem feafible, by the earthen pipes made B it 1 fine, thin, and durable, to carry water under ground at Brick. Portfmouth j and by the earthen backs and grates for v— chimneys, formerly made by Sir John Winter, of a great bignefs and thicknefs. If chimney-pieces thus made in moulds, and dried and burnt, were not found fmooth enough, they might be polifhed with fand and water ; or were care taken, when they were half dry in the air, to have them polifhed with an inftrument of copper or iron, then leave them till they wrere dry enough to burn, it is evident they would not want much polifhing afterwards. The work might even be glaz¬ ed, as potters do their fine earthen ware, either white or of any other colour; or it might be veined in imita¬ tion of marble, or be painted with figures of various colours, which would be much cheaper, perhaps equally durable, and as beautiful, as marble itfelf. Bricks are commonly red, though there are fome alfo of a white colour, for which fort Walpit in Suffolk is famous. Bricks may be made of any earth that is clear of ftones, even fea-oufe ; but all will not burn red, a property peculiar to earths which contain ferruginous particles. In England, bricks are chiefly made of a hazely, yellowifh-coloured, fatty earth, fomewhat red- difh, vulgarly called loam. The earth, according to Leibourn, ought to be dug before winter, but not made into bricks before fpring. For the making of fuch bricks as will Hand the fierceft fires, Stourbridge clay or Windfor loam are efteemed the beft. In general, the earth whereof bricks are made ought not to be too fandy, which would render them heavy and brittle; nor too fat, which would make them crack in drying. The firft ftep in the procefs of brick-making is call¬ ing the clay, or earth. The next ftep is to tread or temper it, which ought to be performed doubly of what is ufually done ; fince the goodnefs of the bricks de¬ pends chiefly upon this firft preparation. The earth it¬ felf, before it is wrought, is generally brittle and dufty ; but adding fmall quantities of water gradually to it, and working and incorporating it together, it opens its body, and tinges the whole with a tough gluey band or fubftance. If, in the tempering, you overwater them, as the ufual method is, they become dry and brittle, almoft as the earth they are made of; whereas, if duly tempered, they become fmootb and folid, hard and durable. A brick of this laft fort takes up near as much earth as a brick and a half made the contrary way ; in which the bricks are fpongy, light, and full of cracks, partly through want of due working, and partly by mixing of allies and light fandy earth to make it work eafy and with greater difpatch ; as alfo, to fave culm or coals in the burning. We may add, that for bricks made of good earth, and well tempered, as they become folid and ponderous, fo they take up a longer time in drying and burning than the common ones ; and that the well drying of bricks before they are burned prevents their cracking and crumbling in the burning. Bricks are burnt either in a kiln or clamp. Thofe that are burnt in a kiln, are firft fet or placed in it; and then the kiln being covered with pieces of bricks, they put in fome wood to dry them with a gentle fire ; and this they continue till the bricks are pretty dry, which is known by the fmoke’s turning from a darkilh colour to tranfparent fmoke : they then leave off putting in wood, and proceed to make ready fur burning ; which is performed by putting in brulh furze, fpray, heath, 3 F 2 brake t 411 ] B R I Brick, brake or fern faggots : but before they put in any fag- ' v gets, they dam up the mouth or mouths of the kiln with pieces of bricks (which they call Jhin/og) piled up one upon another, and clofe it up with rvet brick-earth inftead of mortar. The fhinlog they make fo high, that there is but juft room above it to thruft in a faggot : then they proceed to put in more faggots, till the kiln and its arches look white, and the fire appears at the top of the kiln j upon which they flacken the fire for an hour, and let all cool by degrees. This they con¬ tinue to do, alternately heating and flacking, till the ware be thoroughly burnt, which is ufually effe&ed in 48 hours. About London they chiefly burn in clamps, built of the bricks themfelves, after the manner of arches in kilns, with a vacancy between each brick, for the fire to play through ; but with this difference, that inftead of arching, they fpan it over by making the bricks pro- jeft one over another on both fides of the place, for the wood and coals to lie in till they meet, and are bound¬ ed by the bricks at the top, which clofe all up. The place for the fuel is carried up ftraight on both fides, till about three feet high j then they almoft fill it with wood, and over that lay a covering of fea-coal, and then overfpan the arch ; but they ftrevv fea-coal alfo over the clamp, betwixt all the rows of bricks j laftly, they kindle the wood, which gives fire to the coal; and when all is confumed, then they conclude the bricks are fuf- ficiently burnt. *Vol. i. In Dr Percival’s effays *, wre have the following ex- f. 30a. periment of the effefls of bricks on water. “ Two or three pieces of common brick were fteeped four days in a bafon full of diftilled water. The water was then decanted off, and examined by various chemical lefts. It was immifcible with foap, ftruck a lively green with fyrup of violets, was rendered (lightly laftefcent by the volatile alkali, and quite milky by the fixed alkali and by a folution of faccharum faturni. The infufion ©f tormentil root produced no change in it.” This ex¬ periment, he obferves, affords a ftriking proof of the impropriety of lining wells with brick, a praftice very common in many places, and which cannot fail of ren¬ dering the water hard and unwholefome. Clay gene¬ rally contains a variety of heterogeneous matters. The coloured loams often participate of bitumen, and the ochre of iron. Sand and calcareous earth are (fill more common ingredients in their compofition ; and the ex¬ periments of Mr Geoffroy and Mr Pott prove, that the earth of alurh alfo may in large quantity be extracted from clay. Now as clay is expofed to the open air for a long fpace of time, is then moulded into bricks, and burnt, this procefs refembles in many refpe£ts that by which the alum ftone is prepared. And it is probable that the white efflorefcence which is frequently obfer- vable on the furface of new bricks, is of an aluminous nature. The long expofure of clay to the air before it is moulded into bricks, the fulphureous exhalations of the pit-coal ufed for burning it, together with the fuffocating and bituminous vapour which arifes from the ignited clay itfelf, fufficiently account for the com¬ bination of a vitriolic acid with the earth of alum. Oil of BRICKS, olive oil imbibed by the fubftance of bri'cks, and afterwards diftilled from it. This.oil was once in great repute for curing many difeafes, but is new juftly laid afide. 3 B R I BRICK-Layer, an artificer, whofe bufinefs is to build with bricks, or make brick-work. Brick-layers work, or bufinefs, in London, includes tyling, walling, chimney-work, and paving with bricks and tyles. In the country it alfo includes the .mafon’s and plafterer’s bufinefs. The materials ufed by brick-layers are bricks, tyles, mortar, laths, nails, and tyle pins. Their tools are a brick trowel, wherewith to take up mortar; a brick-axe, to cut bricks to the determined ftiape ; a faw, for faw- ing bricks ; a rub-ftone, on which to rub them ; alfo a fquare, wherewith to lay the bed or bottom, and face or furface of the brick, to fee whether they are at right angles; a bevel, by which to cut the under fides of bricks to the angles required ; a fmall trannel of iron, wherewith to mark the bricks; a float-ftone, with which to rub a moulding of brick to the pattern defcribed; a banker, to cut the bricks on ; line pins to lay their rows or courfes by ; plumb-rule, whereby to carry their work upright; level, to conduct it horizontal ; fquare, to fet off right angles ; ten-foot rod, wherewith to take dimenfions; jointer, wherewith to run the long joints; rammer, wherewith to beat the foundation ; crow and pick axe, wherewith to dig through walls. The London brick-layers make a regular company, which was incorporated in 1568; and confifts of a ma¬ tter, two wardens, 20 afliftants, and 78 on the livery. BRICK-Laying, the art of framing edifices of bricks. Moxon hath an exprefs treatife on the art of brick¬ laying ; in which he defcribes the materials, tools, and method of working, ufed by brick-layers. Great care is to be taken, that bricks be laid joint on joint in the middle of the walls as feldom as may be; and that there be good bond made there, as well as on the outfides. Some brick-layers, in working a brick and half wall, lay the header on one fide of the wall perpendicular to the header on the other fide, and fo all along the whole courfe ; whereas, if the header on one fide of the wall were toothed as much as the ftretcher on the other fide, it would be a ftronger tooth¬ ing, and the joints of the headers of one fide would be in the middle of the headers of the courfe they lie upon of the other fide. If bricks be laid in winter, let them be kept as dry as poflible ; if in fummer, it will quit coft to employ boys to wet them, for that they will then unite with the mortar better than if dry, and will make the work ftronger. In large buildings, or where it is thought too much trouble to dip all the bricks feparate- ly, water may be thrown on each courfe after they are laid, as was done at the building the phyficians college, by order of Dr Hooke. If bricks are laid in fummer, they are to be covered ; for if the mortar dries too- ha- ftily, it will not bind fo firmly to the bricks as when left to dry more gradually. Jf the bricks be laid in winter, they (hould alfo be covered well, to protedt them from rain, fnow and froft ; which laft is a mortal enemy to mortar, efpecially to all fuch as have been wetted juft before the froft affaults it. BRICK-Maker, is he who undertakes the making of Bricks.. This is moftly performed at fome fmall di- ftance from cities and towns; and though fome, through ignorance, look upon it as a very mean employ, becaufe laborious, yet the matters about London, and other capital cities, are generally men of fubftance. BRICKING, among builders, the counterfeiting of [ 412 ] Brick, B R I [ 413 1 B R I Brick a brick-wall on plafter : which is done by fmearing j| it over with red ochre, and making the joints with an Bride- edged tool j thefe latl are afterwards filled with a fine ^room' . plafter. v BRIDE, a woman newly married. Among the Greeks, it was cuftomary for the bride to be condu£led from her father’s houfe to her hufband’s in a chariot, the evening being chofen for that purpofe, to conceal her blufties j (he was placed in the middle, her hufband fitting on one fide, and one of her moft intimate friends on the other ", torches were carried before her, and fhe was entertained on the paffage with a fong fuitable to the occafion. When they arrived at their journey’s end, the axle-tree of the coach they rode in was burnt, to fignify that the bride was never to return to her father’s houfe.—Among the Romans, the bride was to feem to be raviftied by force from her mother, in memory of the rape of the Sabines under Romulus : file was to be car¬ ried home in the night-time to the bridegroom’s houfe, accompanied by three boys, one whereof carried a torch, and the other two led the bride ■, a fpindle and diftaff being carried with her : ftie brought three pieces of money called affes, in her hand to the bridegroom, whofe doors on this occafion were adorned with flowers and branches of trees : being here interrogated who (he was, (he was to anfwer Caia, in memory of Caia Cecilia wife of Tarquin the Elder, who was an excellent lanifica or fpinftrefs; for the like reafon, before her entrance, {he lined the door-pofts with wool, and fmeared them with greafe. Fire and water being fet on the threfhold, flie touched both ; but ftarting back from the door refu- fed to enter, till at length fhe pafled the threftiold, be¬ ing careful to ftep over without touching it : here the keys were given her, a nuptial fupper was prepared for her, and minftrels to divert her ; (he was feated on the figure of a priapus, and here the attendant boys re- figned her to the pronubce, who brought her into the nuptial chamber and put her to bed. This office was to be performed by matrons who had only been once married, to denote that the marriage was to be for per¬ petuity. BRIDEGROOM, a man newly married, the fpoufe of the bride. The Spartan bridegrooms committed a kind of rape upon their brides. For matters being agreed on between them two, the woman that contrived and managed the match, having ftiaved the bride’s hair clofe to her {kin, dreffed her up in man’s clothes, and left her upon a mattrefs : this done, in came the bridegroom, in his ufual drefs, having flipped as ordinary, and ftealing as privately as he could to the room where the bride lay, and untying her virgin girdle, took her to his embra¬ ces j and having ftaid a iliort time with her, returned to his companions, with whom he continued to fpend his life, remaining with them by night as well as by day, unlefs he ftole a fliort vifit to his bride, which could not be done without a great deal of circumfpec- tion, and fear of being difcovered. Among the Ro¬ mans, the bridegroom was decked to receive his bride j his hair was combed and cut in a particular form 5 he had a coronet or chaplet on his head, and was dreffed in a white-garment. By the ancient canons, the bridegroom was to for¬ bear the enjoyment of his bride the firfl: night, in ho¬ nour of the nuptial benedi£lion given by the prieft on that day *. In Scotland, and perhaps alfo fome Bride- parts of England, a cuftom called marchet, obtained $ groom by which the lord of the manor was entitled to the firft .11 night’s habitation with his tenant’s bride f. . ^e‘ , BRIDEWELL, a work-houfe, or place of correc-* johnf. tion for vagrants, {trumpets, and other diforderly ^ex-Eccl. Law, Tons. Thefe are made to work, being maintained withan- I74°* clothing and diet j and when it feems good to | governors, they are fent by pafl'es into their native countries j however, while they remain here, they are not only made to work, but, according to their crimes, receive once a fortnight fuch a number of ftripes as the governor commands. Bridewell, near Fleet-ftreet, is a foundation of a mixt and lingular nature, partaking of the hofpital, the prifon, and work-houfe; it was founded in 1553, by Edward VI. who gave the place where King John had formerly kept his court, and which had been repaired by Henry VIII. to the city of London, with 700 merks of land, bedding, and other furniture. Several youths are fent to the hofpital as apprentices to manufaclurers, who refide there ; they are clothed in blue doublets and breeches, with white hats. Having faithfully ferved their time of feven years, they have their free¬ dom, and a donation of 10I. each, for carrying on their refpeftive trades. BRIDGE. A bridge is a mode of conveyance from one part of fpace to another, the intermediate part be- ‘ ing either impaffable, or difficult, or otherwife of an inconvenient accefs. The ftrength muft be in propor¬ tion to the weight which is to be fupported; the extent or width of the paffage being likewife taken ^ into confideration. This paffage may be of a confider- able diftance, and the weight to be fupported incon- fiderable ; for example a fpider is the greatell weight to be fupported ; and fhe can fpin as much matter from her bowels as will anfwer her purpofe, and can find fupports upon which fire can make the extremities of her bridge to reft. But not to take up time to men¬ tion the ingenuity (or under whatever name it may be defigned) of infefls, birds, or quadrupeds, who difcover admirable inftances of art fuitable to their nature, and ufes fitted for their fituation, our chief intention is to inveftigate the different exertions of the rational part of the creation, and their manner of accommodating themfelves to anfwer their neceffary exigencies, parti¬ cularly at prefent confining ourfelves to the formation of bridges of different kinds. The moft fimple part of thefe, we cannot doubt, were in ufe from the beginning of time. When any paffage exceeded the ftep or ftretch of a man’s legs, we cannot imagine, but his natural invention would lead him to apply a ftone, if of fufficient length to anfwer his purpofe ; but if not, a piece of wood, or trunk of a tree, would be employed in the fame way to render the paffage more eafy for himfelf. Hiftory does not inform us that this ufeful art was carried to any great extent, in the ages of the antedi¬ luvians ; but we can fcarcely imagine but they were acquainted with it, fo far as we have mentioned, and even to a greater degree. Can we fuppofe that fuch geniufes as difcovered the method of founding and working in iron and brafs, and the formation and ufe of mufical inftruments, would be wanting in difco- vering methods fo intimately connefted with their @wa B R I [ 4 own advantage? We have no accounts handed down to us, that they occupied houfes compofed of differ¬ ent apartments, and of different dories or flats ; yet we find the infinitely wife and merciful Governor of the univerfe, when admonilhing Noah refpefHng the building of an ark for his fa'fety, fpeak to' him of different rooms and (tones, of which it was to con- fift, in terms with which Noah was well acquainted. As the Almighty always accommodates himfelf to the capacities of his creatures, if Noah had not been acquainted with thefe terms, can wre doubt that the Almighty would not have furnifhed his favourite fer- vant wdth a perfpe£tive view of thefe rooms and (to¬ nes as he did to Mofes, when giving him inftruc- tions to raife and conftru£t a fabric of which he for¬ merly never had obtained a view ? But this amounts to no more than that it might be, and therefore we will not dwell upon it. Of what took place after the flood, we have no re¬ mains of antiquity, for many years, of this art being cultivated to any extent j although it is furprifing, that, upon viewing the beautiful and fuperb dome of the heavens, and the variegated arch that at times made its appearance, that an imitation of neither of thefe was wot earlier attempted. Among the eaftern nations, and after them the Egyptians, who have left us fo many monuments of grandeur and art, very little of the arch is to be found in any degree df elegance. In fome of the late refearches into their antiquities, a zodiac paint¬ ed in lively colours, and fome vaultings cut in a rock, have been difcovered •, but whai is formed of different (tones is but of a rude compofure ; yet being of the more early period, we cannot but conclude, that they gave the idea to the Greeks, who improved it in a more elegant ftyle. It is probable that the Chinefe, even at an earlier period,- arrived at a degree of perfection and ele¬ gance in this art, which neither the Greeks nor the Romans ever reached. We, who boaft, and not without fome reafon, of the elegance and extent to which we have carried it, have not outdone them. We find that they have conflruCted a bridge of one arch, the fpan 400 cubits, in the ordinary computa¬ tion 600 feet, from one mountain to another; the height of this arch is likewife given of 500 cubits or 750 feet. It is univerfally allowed, that if Noah was not the founder of that monarchy, it was fome of his grand-children, at a very early period ; their form of government refembks the patriarchal, which is in favour of Noah’s being their founder, and that they cultivate thefe arts, of which he inftrufted them in the rudiments : but this is not a place for difcuflion of this fub]e£t. But to return to the Greeks and Romans, of whofe hiftory we know more than we do of the other: Al¬ though we have admitted the Egyptians to have ftruck out the plan, yet, in point of elegance, in combining the parts of the arch, we will not deny the Greeks to have the firfl (hare. On account of an effigy, having Janus upon the one fide, and a bridge on the oppofite, fome have afcribed the honour of the art to him ; he might indeed, on account of his improvements of the art, (hewn himfelf deferving of having, along with his effigy, the diftinguiffied art he had excelled in, engra¬ ved on the metal, as a memorial of his merit. Whether 4 '4 ] B R I the bridge improved by Janus were over land or water we are not informed ; but certain it is, that ne- ceflity, which is the mother of invention, could not fail to form fchemes for conveyance over water. We find boats, or fome fpecies of (hips, ufed at a pretty early period ; and we are furprifed not to find them more early than we have account of. A boat or (hip is an inverted arch turned down into the water. Of a bridge of this kind, we find Darius avail himfelf in pafling the Hellefpont, or the Bofphorus, for we find different hiftorians of different opinions which of them he paf- fed, and the word Propontis anfwers to either ; al¬ though we rather agree with thofe that make the paffage at the Dardanelles, or in that ftrait. This mode of paffage is dill in ufe, and found very conveni¬ ent ; but we can fcarcely fupofe that Darius, and his officers, and court, never heard of a bridge before that idea ftruck them, in the execution of which they fo happily fucceeded. It is highly probable that they were acquainted with, and had formed bridges in their own country, and that want of materials to make a fo- lid w'all, induced them and others to conftruft arches, for the purpofe of aquedu&s, of which there is fo much occafion in Perfia, on account of the fcarcity of wa¬ ter ; and as they knew not the mode of conveying their water in pipes. Among the Romans we find arches of different kinds, and particularly triumphal arches, although thefe were not always formed of lading materials ; but their aquedufts were, of which the remains of feveral are found in France, Spain, and others of their ancient territories. Csfefar formed a bridge over the Rhine, Trajan over the Danube; with many others, the par¬ ticular mention of which would not much amufe bur readers: at the fame time we hope it will not be difagreeable to give a ftiort account of Trajan’s bridge, in the words of Dion Caflius. “ Trajan built a bridge over the Danube, which in truth one can¬ not fufficiently admire ; for though all the works of Trajan are very magnificent, yet this far ex¬ ceeds all the others. The piers were 20 in num¬ ber, of fquare (lone; each of them 150 feet high above the foundation, 60 feet in breadth, and di- flant from orte another 170 feet. Though the ex¬ pence of this work muff have been exceeding great, yet it becomes more extraordinary by the river’s being very rapid, and its bottom of a foft nature ; where the bridge was built was the narrowed: part of the river thereabout, for in other parts of the river it was double or treble this breadth ; and although on this account it became fo much the deeper, and more rapid, yet no other place was fo fuitable for this undertaking. The arches were afterwards broken down by Adrian ; but the piers are dill remaining, which feems as it were to teftify, that there is nothing which human ingenuity is not able to effect.” From this account, the whole length of this bridge is 4770 feet, that is 500 feet lefs than an Englilh mile. The architett of this great work is faid to be Apollodorus of Damafcus, who, it is likewife faid, left a defcription of the work ; but how much it is to be regreted that it is nowhere found on record ! Among the moderns, the French and German engineers, and perhaps the Italians, ought not to be negle<5ted. Of thofe who have writen on the fubjeff, "I B R I [ 415 ] B R I e, we may name Belidor, of whom it is faid, that he had the beft information, from his acquaintance and know¬ ledge of the chief works of France and Germany, as well as from his experience as an engineer. His di¬ rections as to an arch or bridge are (hortly thus $ that the piers ought to be one-fifth part of the opening, and not lefs than one-fixth ; that the arch ftones ought to be one thirty-fourth part of the opening : In gene¬ ral, that the pier ought to be of that ftrength, that it will fupport its arch as an abutment, which by prac¬ tice he finds one-fifth part of the opening to be fuffi- cient j but gives as a rule, one-fixth part, and two feet more : that is, an arch of 36 feet, one-fixth is 6-f-2=8, the thicknefs of the pier. And where the arch is 72 or more, he deduces three inches for every fix feet above 48 ; therefore the pier of 72 would be 14, that is two feet more than the one fixth-part j but with the above allowance the pier is only 13,4 when the width is 96 or above, he allows the one fixth part of the open¬ ing as quite fufficient : this he feeras only to deduce from obfervation, without adducing a reafon j now why a wide arch Ihould be fupported by more flen- der piers, in proportion, does not appear quite con¬ fident with his principles ; that the pier mult be of fuch ftrength as to ferve for an abutment to the arch thrown upon it, independent of the other arches, which when thrown, are allowed to be a counterpoife to the preffure. Although we do not fee why it is applicable to his principles, we will afterwards have occafion to fhow, that it tends to corroborate the principles we mean to advance. We find another experienced engineer, Mr Gautier, who only differs from Belidor, in fo far as we obferve, as to the length of the arch-ftones. Gautier direfls,. that if the arch is 24 feet, the arch-ftone ought to be 2 feet ; if 45, 3 feet ; if 60, 4 feet j if 75, 5 feet ; if 96, 6 feet ; if the ftone is of a durable nature : if foft, of greater dimenfions. Belidor gives the general rule, one twenty-fourth part of the opening : this muft cer¬ tainly be confidered under fome limitation j for, if the arch is only 12 feet, the arch-ftone would be only fix inches, which, we think, will be thought too flight j and arches over doors and windows would not be three inches ; but although he mentions no' limitation, we - fuppofe, if a 24 feet arch is allowed 2 feet of an aich- ftone, the rule may with fafety be followed ; and that a fix foot ftone, of a durable nature, may be an arch- ftone, although the fpan was 150 or 200 feet. Under whatever names later engineers have a/,/ re- prefent the two foci, or ia this, the centres of the leflfer circles ; D, D the inverted arches abutting upon the arch-ftones E, E ; V the vertex or crown of the arch ; 'F, F the thicknefs of the pier at the bed of the river ; A 0 B £ the thicknefs of the pier at the extre¬ mity of the greater axis. We have put on the bolt¬ ing in one of the arches, done with the Kentifti rag- ftone ; the bolts about a cubic foot funk half-way into each ftone; the ftooes in the pier are bolted with firm oak,. v-'—w Britl;*’- B R I [ 4- oak, of a folid foot, dovetailed into each (lone, which 21 ] B R I renders the whole pier firm as if one (lone. What has been (aid on the breadth of piers, renders any ©bfervations on the bridge over the Trent at Bur¬ ton, or the fingle arch over the Tave in Glamorganfhire, unneceffary ; the abutments of the laid being on land, the method of obtaining their ftrength will be point¬ ed out when we fpeak of the abutments of iron bridges, of which there are now feveral in England. Vol. x. The fird, as defcribed in the. Pbilofophical Magazine, over the Severn near Coalbrookdale in Shropshire, was built by Mr Abraham Darley; the iron work was call at Coalbrookdale in 1779. 11 confids of one arch of too feet fix inches of fpan j rifes to the height of 45 feet ; confids of ribs, each cad in two pieces, fecured at the crown by a cad iron key-plate 5 and connefted horizontally and vertically, by cad iron braces formed with dovetails, and forelocks ; the ribs are covered with cad iron plates ; the railing is of iron ; the weight of the whole is 3874 tons. The iron work executed by Meff. Wilkifon and Darley, iron-maders, of which they have great credit, being the fird indance of that material being applied in the bridge way. In 1801 it appeared as perfect as when put up, except what was owing to the failure in the done abutments, which had occafioned fome cracks in fome of the fmall pieces. The fecond bridge of this kind was built over the fame river at Builtwas, at the expence of the county of Salop, agreeable to a plan under the dire&ion of Mr Telford furveyor of the public works in that county ; the iron work was cad at Coalbrookdale in 1795, and 1796 : it confids of an arch of 130 feet fpan j the rife of the arch 27 feet from the fpring to the fo(fit. The fituation of the road here rendered it neceffary to be kept low; the outfide ribs are made to go up as high as the tops of the railing, and are connefted with the ribs that bear the covering plates by bars of iron cad with deep flanches clofe to each other, and form an arch of them- felves 5 fo that the bridge is made upon the whole, compaft and firm; the weight of the whole is 173 tonsiS^-cwt. Some fmaller arches and an aqueduft at Longdon, have been made under Mr Telford’s di- reftion in the fame county. The next upon a large fcale made of iron, is that over the river Wear at Monk-Wearmouth, in the county of Durham. This bridge, fig. 13. is the feg- ment of a circle, whofe radius is 443 or 444 feet ; the fpan of the arch, or length of the bridge, is 236 feet ; the height of its vertex above the fpring of the arch is 34 feet ; and height above the furface of the water 60 feet, fo that veffels of confiderable burden may pafs be¬ low it without interruption. The width of the bridge or breadth of the road-way is 32 feet; it is formed of fix ribs, placed about five feet didant from one another ; each rib confids of 125 blocks of cad iron, five feet in height, and two feet broad at the middle; the lines drawn from this to the centre of curvature determine the length of the block above and below, and a circle defcribed with the radius of curvature gives the con¬ vexity of the upper part of the block, and the concavi¬ ty in the lower, agreeable to the curvature of the whole arch of the bridge ; the parts of the block are reprefen- ted in fig. 14. upon a large fcale. In each of tl^e three longitudinary parts of the block there is a fquare groove one inch deep, into which is fitted a bar of wronght iron of the fame dimen- fions with the groove, into which it is inferted marked b, b, by which the blocks are joined together to form the rib. Thefe ribs are connected laterally by a hol¬ low bar of cad iron, fig. 15. about four inches diame¬ ter, and five feet long, with danches, through which iron bolts are. made to pafs it, and the fides of the ribs fixed with fcrews or forelocks; two of the blocks are joined by the bars of wrought iron, and con¬ nected with a bar of another rib by the iron hollow bar, as reprefented in fig. 16. All the ribs joined to¬ gether and connected in the fame manner as in fig. 16* complete the arch of the bridge. To fupport the beams that form the road-way, circular pieces are formed of cad iron, to abut upon one another at their horizontal diameter, the beams that form the road-way reding up¬ on the circular pieces at the vertical diameter, which gives a firmnefs to thefe fupports, that no weight com- ing upon the bridge can injure. ’I he beams or planks are then covered with plates of iron, and fuch materials as are reckoned to be bed adapted to form the road, and prevent water pading throilgh to the injury of the bridge; we have therefore no doubt of the drength of the circular fupports, and this figure is always pleafing to the eye; but perhaps in point of economy the form of a fupport we have given in fig. 13. and added a (hort defcription, might be diffidently drong, and we think contains led metal, which will produce a faving. As we have at the end of this paragraph given a defcription of the parts agreeable to the figure, we only add, that it was condruded under the diredion, and chiedy at the expence of Rowland Burdon, Efq. then M. P. for that county ; it was cad at the manufadory of Meff. Wal¬ ker of Rotheram in Yorkffiire, and does honour to the proje&or and iron-maders ; it is nearly double the fpan of that at Builtwas, and more than double the middle arch of Blackfriars Bridge. "^Ve have (een what js called a perfpeftive drawing of this bridge, but as it is. in many indances faulty, and in fome indanees ri¬ diculous, we would not widi-fuch a piece to appear in our work ; in the back ground drawing, the boufes va- niffi in the direction quite oppofite to the point of fight, and the view which is allowed to be from below, the eye is made to fee quite through between the arch ■ and the road-way at both ends of the bridge, although at the height of 60 feet, and didance of 236. Our draw¬ ing we defcribe thus: A, fig. 14. is one of he blocks^ b, b, b, are bars of wrought iron funk into their grooves, B, fig. 15. is the hollow crofs bar which joins the ribs in- the manner as reprefented fig. 16. which (hews two pieces joined, and bolted by the wrought iron bars, and the bolts reprefented at 1, 2, 3, and the two ribs joined by B, B, B, in which manner the whole bridge is connected ; the front of the ribs in length is reprefent¬ ed on fig. 9, by a, a, a, a, the other ribs by the different lines, which appear in the perfpe&ive ; E is an arch through which a road paffes, and dretches along be¬ hind the threfe houfes by the fide of the hill. The blocks, placed in a vertical pofition, in the fame man- ne. as in the front of the bridge, are to be confidered as curvilineal; but the great extent of the radius could not be conveniently applied, and at that fmall didance, would differ little from a right line when viewed - (epa— rately. Fig. 17. is the fupport we propofed in point t ofw" Bridger B R 1 [ 422 ] B R I Bridge, of economy to fupply the place of the circles, the **—v—»'; Ranches refting and coinciding with the curvature of the arch, and all abutting with one another form a co¬ vering arch, by which the blocks perhaps might be thought of fufficient ftrength, although fomewhat lefs than five feet in height, the upright^, of fuch height along, as the beams of the road-way might reft at the diftance of five feet, or thereby, from one another. Our only doubt of the durability of iron bridges is, that the water being blown in by ftorms, reds on the flats of the iron, and tends to corrode it and wafte its parts } and what will be of the worft confequence, find its way into the joints. Perhaps if between thefe, thin plates of lead were placed, the two pieces might have their joints clofed, by abutting upon the lead, and the fame precaution being taken with the wrought iron, where inferted into the grooves of the caft metal, the water would be prevented from entering, or fettling in the interftice. Two other bridges we find defcribed, for both of which patents are obtained, the one by Mr Jordan for a fufpended bridge, inrolled in December 1796, the patent obtained, and defcription January 1797, which exhibits the principle of the invention with its advan¬ tages, and a perfpe&ive drawing. It confifts of two fufpending ribs, one on each fide of the bridge, which are to extend over the whole breadth of the river : if this diftance is thought to be too great for one ftretch, it is propofed to raife two other ribs on the oppofite fide, to meet and abut upon one another; on this account a pier is required, upon which the two abutting ends may reft, and as it bears only the perpendicular pref- fure, it may be fo thin, as to make little obftruftion to the current of the river. The fufpending arch being eredled, is to be underftood to be of fuch ftrength as to bear the bridge fufpended to it from the arch } bars defcend on each fide to which crofs beams or bars of iron are fixed on each fide of the bridge at proper di- ftances 5 along thefe others are extended in a direction acrofs the river, and covered in fuch a way as to form a paffage for carriages and paflfengers of every defcription. It has this particular advantage, that it admits of a draw-bridge. The advantages propofed by the patentee are : That the fpan may be greater by this than by other con- ftru&ions, and that the diftances between the abutreffes and intermediate pier, may be greater than heretofore, or if more piers are requifite, between pier and pier : more particularly, I. A bridge of this conftrudtion re¬ quires lefs time to execute, it not being fubjeft to the interruption of tides. 2. That it is done at lefs ex¬ pence. 3. The afcent eafier. 4. They are not fo li¬ able to decay. 5. They may be repaired with more certainty and facility, and at lefs expence. 6. They will not be fubjefl to the accidents which have de- ftroyed others. 7. They may be erefted at any extent, in regard to length and width. 8. They can be fe- cured as to form one entire piece. 9. They can be preferved in their parts from decays of an accidental nature, and aflifted in their durability, by the applica¬ tion of different prefervatives. 10. And laftly, It is clearly evident on infpedlion of the figure, that bridges of this conftruftion, whatever their length be, are in no refped fubjeft to the continual accidents which arife to bridges on the common conftruflion, from currents, tides, fwells, inundations, &c. &c. In this bridge, there is much ingenuity difplayed ; and very confiderable advantages attached to the ufe ,of it } as it is a level, the pafiage over it is eafy j it being well adapted for a draw-bridge where requifite, renders it worthy of attention, and in feveral fituations it might be advifable to adopt it j but at the fame time, we are not certain, that fo many advantages would accrue from the ufe of it, as is propofed by the paten¬ tee *, for inftance the fufpending arch muft be raifed by fcaffolding as well as other arches; and this fcaffolding, we apprehend, muft be preferved till the whole of the bridge is finiftied. On the other hand, if piers are to be raifed, they may be llender, having osly the perpen¬ dicular weight to fuftain, and will on that account be little interruption to the courfe of the river. The other patent is obtained by Mr John Nafh, ar- chiteft, Dover-ftreet, London, for his invention of an iron bridge, Feb. 7. 1797, on a new and improved con- ftruftion. What the patentee here propofes, is that in forming the arches and piers for a bridge,in place of arch- ftones, that boxes of caft iron, or plate iron, be formed to the fize and figure of the arch ftone } and that thefe boxes be caft with a bottom, or that the bottom may be put in before ufing. The piers are raifed by like boxes, the firft row of boxes being laid for the found of the bridge, and fixed to the bed of the river by piles driven into the ground ; the boxes are then filled with clay, fand, fand mixed with lime, ftone of any kind, fmall or great, brick, with or without lime j being thus filled, another row of boxes is placed, and bedded as if ftone ; filled up in the fame manner till prepared for throwing the arch. The arch-boxes being prepared as already mentioned, are placed in the fame manner as arch-ftones are placed in an arch } and being filled as before directed, the arch is completed and formed of folid materials cafed with iron ; and that iron may not abut on iron, he propofes plates of lead laid between each box, and in this manner the bridge is finiftied, formed one folid mafs cafed with iron. In fome parts of this, and other countries, the fitua- tion is fuch, that neither ftone nor lime can be procured, but at an enormous expence ; in fuch a fituation the in¬ vention would be meritorious j as a bridge could be erefted forming a convenient paffage, the boxes being filled with fuch earthy or ftony materials as the place could fupply, and if filled with fmall or round ftones, the interftices might be filled with mortar, to ren¬ der them folid. In fome places fo fituated, that al¬ though ftone is to be got in quantity and quality fuffi¬ cient, yet lime cannot eafily -be procured, the inven¬ tion might fucceed ; but we fuppofe that when both ftone and lime can be procured, few would think of cafing it with iron, which is lefs durable than ftone, when conftantly expofed to the air, in wet and dry. A body of folid iron is very different from a thin plate, expofed on both fides to materials different from itfelf. We come now to the defcription of the greateft un¬ dertaking of this kind, that ever graced the Britilh annals, or was accomplifhed in Europe or the world, that we have accounts of, except in China, as former¬ ly mentioned. The London Bridge, which, though clumfily B R I Bridge, clumfily executed, and with no great judgment, has per- — v- formed its fervice faithfully for near 600 years ; but on account of the advance in trade, and neceffary im¬ provements, it muft now be fuperfeded by this noble fabric, that will even dazzle the eyes of the enlighten¬ ed world. This interefting projett has fo far engaged the atten¬ tion of the legiflature, that a feledt committee has been appointed of fuch members as were no ways concern¬ ed in any of the plans brought forward ; they have made three valuable reports, that refpe he ereCted a very extraordi- ] B R I nary water-engine at Clifton, in Lancalhire, for the Brindley, purpofe of draining coal-mines *, and, in 1755, was em- ' ' v ployed to execute the larger wheels for a new filk mill, at Congleton, in Chefliire. The potteries of Stafford- fhire were alfo, about this time, indebted to him for feveral valuable additions in the mills ufed by them for grinding flint-ftones. In 1756, he undertook to ereCt a fteam-engine near Newcaftle under Line upon a new plan •, and it is believed that he would have brought this engine to a great degree of perfection, if fome interefted engineers had not oppofed him. His attention, however, was feon afterwards called off to another objeCt, which, in its confequences, hath proved of high importance to trade and commerce ; namely, the projecting and executing “ Inland navi¬ gations.” By thefe navigations the expence of car¬ riage is leffened 5 a communication is opened from one part of the kingdom to another, and from each of thefe parts to the fea j and hence produCts and manufactures are afforded at a moderate price. The duke of Bridge- water hath, at Worfley, about feven miles from Man- chefter, a large eftate abounding with coal, which had hitherto lain ufelefs, becaufe the expence of land-car¬ riage was too great to find a market for confumption. The duke, wiihing to work thefe mines, perceived the neceflity of a canal from Worfley to Manchefter ; up¬ on which occafion Brindley, now become famous, was confulted ; and declaring the fcheme practicable, an aft for this purpofe was obtained in 1758 and 1759. It being, however, afterwards difcovered, that the na¬ vigation would be more beneficial, if carried over the river Irwell to Manchefter, another aCt was obtained to vary the courfe of the canal agreeably to the new plan, and likewife to extend a fide-branch to Long¬ ford bridge in Stretford. Brindley, in the mean time, had begun thefe great works, being the firft of the kind ever attempted in England, with navigable fub- terraneous tunnels and elevated aqueduCts; and as, in , order to preferve the level of the water, it fhould be free from the ufual obftruClions of locks, he carried the canal over rivers, and many large and deep val¬ leys. When it was completed as far as Barton, where the Irwell is navigable for large veffels, he propofed to carry it over that river, by an aqueduCt of thirty- nine feet above the furface of the water ; and though this projeCl was treated as wild and chimerical, yet, fupported by his noble patron, he began his work in Sept. 1760, and the firft boat failed over it in July 1761. The duke afterwards extended his ideas to Li¬ verpool; and obtained, in 1762, an aCt for branch¬ ing his canal to the tideway in the Merfey j this part of thtr canal is carried over the rivers Merfey and Bol- land, and over many wide and deep valleys. The fuccefs of the duke of Bridgewater’s undertak¬ ings encouraged a number of gentlemen and manufac¬ turers in Staflfordftiire, to revive the idea of a canal- navigation through that county •, and Brindley was, therefore, engaged to make a furvey from the Trent to the Merfey. In 1766, this canal was begun, and conduCled under Brindley’s direClion as long as he li¬ ved ; but finilhed after his death by his brother-in-law Mr Marihall, of whom he had a great opinion, in May 1777- The proprietors called it, “ the canal from the Trent to the Merfey j” but the engineer, more emphatically, “ the Grand Trunk Navigation,” B R I [ 4: Brindley, on account of the numerous branches, which, as he ——jullly fuppofcd, would be extended every way from it. It is 95 miles in length ; and, belides a large number of bridges over it, has 76 locks and five tunnels. The rnoft remarkable of the tunnels is the fubterraneous paffage of Harecaftle, being 2880 yards in length, and more than 70 yards below the furface of the earth. The fcheme of this inland-navigation had employed the thoughts of the ingenious part of the kingdom for up¬ wards of 20 years before j and fome furveys had been made : but Harecaftle hill, through which the tunnel is conftru Therefore I would advife you, as you tender your life, to devife fome excufe to (hift off your attendance on this parlia¬ ment. For God and man have determined to punilh the wickednefs of this time. And think not flightly of this advertifement j but retire yourfelf into the country, where you may expeft the event in fafety. For though there be no appearance of any ftir ; yet, "l fay, they (hall receive a terrible blow' this parliament j and yet they (hall not fee who hurts them. This coun- fel is not to be contemned, becaufe it may do you good, and can do you no harm : for the danger is over asfoon as you have burned this letter. And I hope God will give you the grace to make good ufe of it, to whofe holy proteftion I commend you.”—Though Monteagle imagined this letter to be only a ridiculous artifice to frighten him, he immediately carried it to Lord Salif- bury, fecretary of date ; who laid it before the king on his arrival in town a few days after. The king looked upon the letter in a more ferious light. From the manner in which it was wrote he concluded that fome defign was forming to blow up the parliament-houfe with gunpowder, and it was thought advifable to fearch the vaults below. The lord chamberlain, to whom this charge belonged, purpofely delayed the fearch till the day before the meeting of parliament. He remarked thofe great piles of wood and faggots which lay in the vault un¬ der the upper houfe j and calling his eye upon Fawkes, who flood in a corner and pafled himfelf for Percy’s fervant, he took notice of that daring and determined courage, which was confpicuous in his face, and fo much diflinguiihed this confpirator even among.ll the other heroes in villainy that were concerned in the fcheme. Such a quantity of fuel, alfo, for one who lived fo little in the town as Percy, appeared fome- what extraordinary; and, upon comparing all circum- flances, it was refolved to make a further fearch. A- bout midnight, Sir Thomas Knevet, a julf ice of peace, was fent with proper attendants ; and before the door of the vault, finding Fawkes, who had juft finilhed all his preparations, he immediately feized him, and, turn¬ ing over the faggots, difcovered the powder. The matches and every thing proper for fetting fire to the train were taken in Fawkes’s pocket ; who feeing now no refuge but in boldnefs and defpair, exprefled the utmoft regret that he had loft the opportunity of firing the powder at once, and of fweetening his own death with that of his enemies. For two or three days he difplayed the fame obftinate intrepidity ; hut, on being confined in the Tower, and the rack juft Ihown to him, his courage at laft failed, and he made a full difcovery of all the confpirators. C 439 1 B R I ^ 23 Fawkes feized. Catelby, Percy, and the other criminals, on learning Britain, that Fawkes was arrefted, hurried away to Warwick- -y—— (hire ; where Sir Edward Digby, imagining that his , 24 confederates had fucceeded, was already in arms, to^™^121" leize the princefs Elizabeth. She had efcaped intonjftJd, Coventry ; and they were obliged to put themfelves in a pofture of defence againft the country-people, who were raifed from all quarters and armed by the Iheriffs. J I he confpirators, with all tlieir attendants, never ex¬ ceeded the number of So perfons ; and being fur- rounded on every fide, could no longer have any hope either of prevailing or efcaping. Having therefore confefied themfelves, and received abfolution, they boldly prepared for death, and refolved to fell then- lives as dear as poffible. But even this miferable con- folation was denied them. Some of their powder took fire and difabled them from defending themfelves. 1 he people then rulhed in upon them. Percy and Ca¬ telby were killed with one thot. Digby, Rookwood, Winter, and others, being taken prifoners, were tried, confeffed their guilt, and died,, as well as Garnet, by the hands of the common executioner. The lords Stourton and Mordaunt, two catholics, were fined, the former of 4000I. the latter of io,oool. by the ftar- chamber ; becaufe their abfence from parliament had occafioned a fufpicion of their being made acquainted with the confpiracy. The earl of Northumberland was fined 30,000!. and detained feveral years a prifoner in the Tower ; becaufe, not to mention other grounds of fufpicion, he had admitted Percy into the number of gentlemen penfioners, without his taking the requifite oaths. In 16x2, James appears in his moft advantageous James’s point of view, namely, as legiflator of Ireland, and wife con- the perfon who undertook to civilize the barbarons jn-Curtinth«; habitants of that kingdom, and to render their fubjec-IefgTiflf lion durable and ufeful to the crown of England. jncf IreIan‘~ this work, James proceeded by a Heady, regular, and well-concerted plan. He began with abolilbing the ancient Irilh cuftoms which fupplied the place of laws, and which were exceedingly barbarous and abfurd. By the Brehon law-, every crime however enormous was punilhed, not with death, but by a fine. Murder itfelf was compenfated in this way. Every one had a value affixed to him, called his eric; and whoever xvas able to pay this, might kill him when he pleafed. As for fuch flight offences as oppreffion, extortion, or other things of that nature, no penalty was affixed to them, nor could any redrefs for them ever be obtained. By the cuflom of gavelkinde, upon the death of any perfon5 his land was divided among all the males of the lept or family, both ballard and legitimate : and after partition made, if any of the fept died, his portion was not ffiared out among his fons ; but the chieftain at his difcretion made a new partition of all the lands be- longing to that fept, and gave every one his lhare : as no man, by reafwn of this cuftom, enjoyed the fixed property of any land ; to build, cultivate, or improve, muft have been fo much loft labour. Their chieftains were eftahlillied by elesftion, or, more properly fpeak- ing, by force and violence. Their authority was ab- folute ; and, notwithftanding certain lands were affign- ed to the office, its chief profit refulted from exac¬ tions, duces, affeffments, for which there was no fixed law, and which were levied at pleafure. After B R I [ 440 1 B R I .Bvuaia. After aboli{hing lliefe cuftoms, and fubftituting En- —-v—glidi law in their place ; James having taken all the natives under his prote&ion, and declared them free citizens, proceeded to govern them by a regular ad- rniniftration, military as well as civih A fufficient army was maintained, its difcipline infpefted, and its pay tranfmitted from England, in order to prevent the foldiery from preying upon the country, -as had been ufual in former reigns. When O’Doghariie raifed an infurre&ion, a reinforcement was fent over, and the rebellion immediately extinguiftied. All minds being firft quieted by an univerfal indemnity, circuits were eftablifhed, juftice adminiftered, and crimes of every kind feverely punidied. As the Irilh had been univer- fally engaged in a rebellion againft Elizabeth, a relig- nation of all the rights formerly granted them to fe- parate jurifdi&ions was rigoroully exa6ted *, a refigna- tion to private eflates was even required 5 and when they were relfored, the proprietors received them un¬ der fuch conditions as might prevent all future tyranny and oppreflion over the cf)mmon people. The whole province of Ulfter having fallen to the crown by the attainder of rebels, a company was eflablidied in Lon¬ don for planting new colonies in that fertile country. The property was .divided into moderate (hares, the largeft not exceeding 200C acres; tenants were brought r.ver from England and Scotland : The Irilh were re¬ moved from the hills and faftnefles, and fettled in the open country ; Hulbandry and the arts were taught them ; and by thefe means Ulfter, from being the mod wild and diforderly province in Ireland, foon became the heft cultivated and mod civilized. This year was alfo-remarkable for the death of Hen¬ ry prince of Wales, who died fuddenly on the '6th of November, not without drong fufpicions of poifon, for which the. king himfelf was blamed. On opening his body, however, no fymptoms of poifon appeared ; but his death diffufed an univerfal grief throughout the nation, he being reckoned a prince of extraordinary accomplidiments. The marriage of the princefs Elizabeth with Frede¬ ric eleftor palatine, which was celebrated February cefs Eliza- 1613, ferved-to diflipate the grief which had arifen the elector on account Prince-Henry’s death. But this mar- palatine. riage, in the event, proved unhappy to the king as well as his fon-in-law. The eleftor, trading to fo great an alliance, engaged in enterprifes beyond his drength ; and James, not being able, and indeed perhaps not willing, to adid him in his didrefs, loft entirely what 2S remained of the affe&ions of his people. The elector Thefe bad confequences did not begin to appear till chofen king the year 1619. At that time the dates of Bohemia of Bohemia. j)avjng taken arms .againft the emperor Matthias, in defence of the Proteftant religion, and continued their revolt againft his fucceffor Ferdinand H» and being a- larmed at bis mighty preparations againft them, made an offer of their crown to the eleflor palatine. To this they were induced by the greatnefs of his connec¬ tions, as being fon-in-law to the king of England, and nephew to Prince Maurice, whole authority in the United Provinces was almoft abfolute ; and the young palatine, ftimulated by ambition, without con- •fulting either James or Maurice, whofe oppofition he iforefaw, immediately accepted the offer, and march¬ sS Death of Henry prince of Wales. 27 Marriage of the prin ed all his forces into Bohemia, in fupport of his new Britaim fiibjedts. The affairs of the new king were not long of co- 29 ruing to an unfortunate crifis. It was known almoft at one time in England, that Frederic being defeatedoutof j,;, i nthe great and decifive battle of Prague, had fled dominions, with his family into Holland ; wid that Spinoia the Spanilh general had invaded the palatinate, where meet¬ ing with little refiftance, except from one body of 2400 Englithmen commanded by the brave Sir Horace Vere, he had in a little time reduced almoft the whole prin¬ cipality. In 1621, the ban of the empire was publilh- ed againft the unfortunate eleftor, and the execution of it was committed to the duke of Bavaria. The up¬ per palatinate was in a little time conquered by that prince ; and meafures were taken in the empire for be¬ llowing on him the ele£toral dignity of which the pa¬ latine was defpoiled. Frederic was now obliged to live with his numerous family in poverty and diftrefs, either in Holland, or at Sedan, with his uncle the duke of Bouillon ; and the new conquefts of the Catholics throughout all Germany were attended with perfecu- tions againft the Proteftants. At this news the religious zeal of the Englilh was Englifh in- inflamed to the higheft degree; and they would havefiftforaw«' plunged headlong into a war with the houfe of Auf-^1^® tria, without refledling in the leaft on the confequences Auftria# that might enfue. The fufferings of their Protellant brethren in Germany were the only objefls of confi- deration, and the neutrality and ina£live fpirit Ihown 3I by James was loudly exclaimed againft. But though His ndicu- James might have defended his pacific meafures by l°usino,;i'.es very plaufible arguments, it is certain that fome of his motives were the moll ridiculous that can be imagined, Such was the opinion that he himfelf entertained of his own vvifdom, that he imagined himfelf capable of difarming hoftile nations by dint of argument ; and that the whole power of Auftria, though not awed by the power of England, would fubmit to his arbitration, merely out of refpedl to his virtue and moderation.— So much alfo he was wedded to his opinion concerning the prerogative of kings, that he imagined, wherever there was a contention between any fovereign and his fubje&s, the latter behoved always to be in the wrong; and for this reafon, from the very firft he had denied his fon-in-law the title of king of Bohemia, and forbade him to be prayed for in the churches under the appel- ^ lation. Befides thefe reafons, James was on another He is defi- account extremely averfe to come to a rupture withr°usofa Spain. He had entertained an opinion peculiar to him- felf, which was, that any alliance below that of a kinghisfon< was unw'orthy a prince of Wales; and be never ■would allow any princefs but a daughter of France or Spain, to be mentioned as a match for his fon. This piece of pride, which really implied meannefs, as if he could have received honour from any alliance, gave Spain an opportunity of managing this monarch in his moft im¬ portant concerns. With a view to engage him to a neutrality with regard to the fucceflion of Cleves, the elder daughter of the king of Spain had been indi- re£tly offered during the life of Prince Henry. The bait, however, did not then take ; James, in confe- quence of his alliance with the Dutch, marched 4OOO men to the afliftance of the Proteftants, by which means the r Britain. 33 Commons averfe to this raea- fure. 34 ftrance a- gain ft it. B R I the fucceflion was fecured to the Proteflattt line. 1618, Gondomar the Spanifh ambaflador made offer of the king’s fecond daughter to Prince Charles ; and, that he might render the temptation irrefiftible to the neceflitous James, gave hopes of an imnaenfe fortune that fliould attend the princefs. Upon this match James had built great hopes, not only of relieving his own necefiities,. but of recovering the palatinate for his fon-in-law 5 which lait, he imagined, might be procured from the mere motives of friendihip and perfonai attach¬ ment. This laft flep was equally difagreeable to the com¬ mons with the reft ; and, joined to the other pieces of James’s conduft, at laft blew into a flame the conten¬ tion which had fo long fubfifted between their fovereign 1 hey frame, and them. On the 14th of November 1621, the com- aretnon- mons frameg a remonftrance which they intended to carry to the king. They reprefented, that the enor¬ mous growth of the Auftrian power threatened the liberties of Europe ; that the progrefs of the Catholic religion in England bred the moft melancholy appre- henfions left it (hould again acquire an afcendant in the kingdom ; that the indulgence of his majefty to¬ wards the profeffors of that religion had encouraged their infolence and temerity * that the uncontrouled conquefts made by the Auftrian family in Germany raifed mighty expe&ations in the Englifti Papifts ; but above all, that the Spanifti match elevated them fo far as to hope for an entire toleration, if not a final re- eftablilhment, of their religion. They therefore in- treated his majefty, that he would immediately under¬ take the defence of the palatinate, and maintain it by force of arms j that he would turn his fword againft Spain, whofe armies and treafures were the chief fup- port of the Catholic intereft in Europe ; that he would enter into no negociation for the marriage of his fon but with a Proteftant princefs ; that the children df Popifh recufants fliould be taken from their parents, and committed to the care of Proteftant teachers and fchoolmafters ; and that the fines and confifcations to which the Catholics by law were-liable, fliould be levied with the utmoft feverity. The king, who was then at Newmarket, .hearing of the intended remonftrance, wrote a letter to the fpeak- er, in which he (harply rebuked the houfe for debat¬ ing on matters far above their reach and capacity ; and he ftri&Iy forbade them to meddle with any thing that regarded his government, or deep matters of ftate, and efpecially not to touch on his fun’s marriage with the Spanifh princels. Upon this the commons framed a new remonftrance, in which they afferted their right of debating on all matters of government, and that they poffeffed entire freedom of fpeech in their debates. The king replied, that their remonftrance was -more like a denunciation of war, than an addrefs of dutiful fubjefts; that their pretenfion to inquire into all ftate affairs without exception, was fuch a plenipotence as none of their anceftors, even during the reign of the weakeft princes, had ever pretended to; that public tranfa&ions depended on a complication of views and intelligence, with which they were entirely unac¬ quainted ; that they could mot better fliow their wif- dom, as well as duty, than by keeping within their proper Iphere ; and that in any bufinefs which depend- *d on his prerogative, they had no title to interpefe -Yol. IV. Part II.' ' Britain. 35. j Contention between the king and com¬ mons. 44i 1 B R. I In with their advice, unlefs when he pleafed to afk it, 8ic. I he commons in return framed the proteftation alrea¬ dy mentioned, which the king tore out of their jour¬ nals, and foon after diffolved the parliament. The leading members of the houfe, Sir Edward Coke and Sir Robert Phillips, were committed to the Tower; three others, Selden, Pym, and Mallory, to other pri- fons ; and, as a lighter puniftiment, feme others were font into Ireland to execute the king’s bufinefs. Sir John Saville, however, a powerful man, in the houfe of commons, and a zealous oppofer of the court, was made comptroller of the houiehold, a privy counfellor, and feon after a baron. This event is memorable ; as being the firft inftance in the Englifh biftory, of any king s advancing a man on account of parliamentary intereft, and of opposition to his meafures. ^ Ibis breach between the king and parliament feon Origin of made politics become a general fubjedl of difeourfe t^e f*on8 and every man began to indulge himfelf in reafeningsofdVV(hig and inquiries concerning matters of ftate ; and the fac-and i0iy‘ tions which commenced in parliament were propagated throughout the nation. In vain did James, by reite¬ rated proclamations, forbid difcourfes of this kind. Such proclamations, if they had any effea, ferved ra¬ ther to inflame the curiofity of the public. In every company or feciety the late tranfadions became the fubjed of argument and debate ; feme taking the fide of monarchy, others of liberty ; and this was the ori¬ gin of the two parties fince known by the names of Whigs and Tories. For five years,^ James continued the dupe of the James gains court of Spain. Though firmly refelved to contrad ' r no alliance with a heretic, the king of Spain had con of the cou^ tinned to procraftinate and invent one excufe after an~0t 5p:4n* other, while he pretended to be very willing to con¬ clude the match. At laft the king of England, finding out what was really the matter, reiolved to remove that obftacle if poflible. He iffued public orders for dif- charging all Popifh recufants who were imprffened ; and it was daily apprehended that he would forbid, for the future, the execution of the penal laws againft them. Tor this condud he was obliged to apologize, and even pretend that it was done in order to procure from foreign princes a toleration for the Proteftants ; the feverity of the Englifh laws againft Catholics, he faid, having been urged as a reafon againft Oiawing any favour to Proteftants refiding in catholic kingdoms. Thefe conceflions in favour -of the Catholics, how¬ ever iU relifhed by his fubjeds, at laft obtained James’s end with regard to the marriage. The earl of Briftol, ambaffador at the court of Spain, a minifter of vigi¬ lance and penetration, and who had formerly oppoled the alliance with Catholics, being now fully convinced of the Spanifh fincerity, was ready to congratulate the king on the completion of his projeds. The Spanifti princefs is reprefented as very accomplilhed ; (he was to bring with her a fortune of 6oo,ocol. ; and, what was more, not only Briftol confidered this match as an infallible prognoftic of the palatine’s feftoration, but the Spaniards themfelves did the fame. All things be- Marri!! f ing therefore agreed upon between the parties, nothingwiththfia. was wanting but the difpenfation from Rome, which fantaa- might be confidered as a matter of mere formality.Sreed uP°n. The king exulted in his pacific counfels, and boafted of his fuperior fagacity and penetration ; when all his 3 K .flattering B R I [ 442 ] B R I Britain. 39 Prince Charles and Bucking¬ ham reiblve on ajourney into Spain. 40 Their kind reception in that king¬ dom. flattering profpe&s were blafted by the temerity of the duke of Buckingham, who governed both court and nation with almoft unlimited fway. This nobleman had fuddenly been raifed to the high- eft honours. Though poffelfed of fome accomplifti- ments of a courtier, he was utterly devoid of every ta¬ lent of a minifter y but at once partook of the infolence which attends a fortune newly acquired, and the im- petuofity which belongs to perfons born in high fta- tions, and unacquainted with oppofition. Among thofe who had experienced the arrogance of this overgrown favourite, the prince of Wales himfelf had not been entirely fpared ; and a great coldnefs, if not enmity, had for that reafon taken place between them. Buck¬ ingham being defirous of putting an end to this cold¬ nefs, and at the fame time envious of the great reputa¬ tion of the earl of Briftol, perfuaded the prince to un¬ dertake a journey to Madrid 5 which, he faid, would be an unexpe£ted gallantry ; would equal all the fic¬ tions of Spanilh romance^ and, fuiting the amorous and enterprifing charafler of that nation, rouft imme¬ diately introduce him to the princefs under the agree¬ able character of a devoted lover and daring adventu¬ rer. Little perfuafion was neceflary to prevail with Prince Charles to undertake this journey $ and the im- petuofity of Buckingham having extorted a confent from James, our two adventurers fet out, Prince Charles as the knight-errant, and Buckingham as the fquire. They travelled through France in difguife, affuming the names of Jack and Tom Smith. They went to a ball at Paris, where the prince firft faw the princefs Henrietta, whom he afterwards married, who was then in the bloom of youth and beauty, and with whom the novelifts of that time fay, he then fell in love. On their arrival at Madrid, every body was furprifed by a ftep fo little ufual among great princes. The Spaniih monarch made Charles a vifit, expreffed the utmoft gratitude for the confidence he repofed in him, and made warm proteftations of a correfpondent confidence and friendlhip. He gave him a golden key which opened all his apartments, that the prince might, without any introduflion, have accefs to him at all hours : he took the left hand of him on every occafion, except in the apartments alligned to Charles ; for there, he faid, the prince was at home : Charles was introduced into the palace with the fame pomp and ce¬ remony which attended the kings of Spain on their co¬ ronation : the council received public orders to obey him as the king himfelf: Olivarez too, the prime mi¬ nifter, though a grandee of Spain, who has the right of being covered before his own king, would not put on his hat in the prince’s prefenee : all the prifons of Spain were thrown open, and all the prifoners received their freedom, as if an event the moft honourable and ipoft fortunate had happened to the monarchy $ and every fumptuary law with regard to apparel was fuf- pended during Prince Charles’s refidence in Spain. The infanta, however, was only Ihown to her lover in public } the Spanifh ideas of decency being fo ftri£l, as not to allow any farther intercourfe till the arrival of the difpenfation. The point of honour was carried fo far by thefe generous people, that no attempt was made, on account of the advantage they had acquired by having the prince of Wales in their power, to im- pofe any harder conditions of treaty ; their pious zeal 2 only prompted them on one occafion to defire more Britain, conceflions in the religious articles j but, on the oppo-v——v-—j fition of Briftol, they immediately defifted. The pope, however, hearing of Charles’s arrival in Madrid, tack¬ ed fome new claufes to the difpenfation ; and it be¬ came necefiary to tranfmit the articles to London, that ^ the king might ratify them. This treaty, which was Articles of made public, confifted of feveral articles, chiefly re-tHemar- garding the exercife of the Catholic religion by the in-"a2* fanta •, and, among thefe, nothing could reafonably be found fault with, except one article, in which the king promiftd that the children fliould be educated by the princefs till they were ten years of age 5 which undoubtedly was infifted upon with a view of feafon- ing their minds with catholic principles. But, befides this public treaty, there were fome private articles fworn to by James, which could not have been made public without grievous murmurs. A fufpenfion of the penal laws againft the Englilh Catholics was pro- mifed, as likewife a repeal of them in parliament, and a toleration for the exercife of that religion in private houfes. Meanwhile Gregory XV. who granted the difpenfation, died ; and Urban VIII. was chofen in his place. Upon this event, the nuncio refufed to de¬ liver the difpenfation till it ftiould be renewed by Ur¬ ban. This the crafty pontiff delayed, in hopes that, during the prince’s refidence in Spain, fome expedient might befallen upon to effect his converfion. The The prince king of England, as well as the prince, became impa- returns, tient: but, on the firft hint, Charles obtained leave to return 5 and Philip graced his departure with all the circumftances of civility and refpeft which had attend¬ ed his arrival. He eVen erefted a pillar on the fpot * where they took leave of each other, as a monument of mutual friendlhip : and the prince, having fworn to the obfervance of all the articles, embarked on board the Englilh fleet at St Andero. The modeft, referved, and decent behaviour of Charles, together with his unparalleled confidence in them, and the romantic gallantry he had praflifed with regard to their princefs, had endeared him to the whole court of Madrid. But in the fame proportion that Charles was beloved and efteemed, was Buckingham defpifed and hated. His fallies of paffion j his inde¬ cent freedoms with the prince j his diffolute pleafures ; his arrogant impetuous temper, which he neither could nor would difguife j were to the Spaniards the objects of peculiar averfion. They lamented the infanta’s fate, who muft be approached by a man wbofe temerity 43 feemed to refpeft no laws divine or human. Bucking-Bucking¬ ham, on the other hand, fenfible how odious he was^^ become to the Spaniards, and dreading the influence ^ refoive which that nation would naturally acquire after the ajr- againft th& rival of the infanta, refolved to employ all his credit marriage, in order to prevent the marriage. By what arguments he could prevail on the prinee to offer fuch an infult to the Spanilh nation, from whom he had received fuch generous treatment-, by what colours he could difguife the ingratitude and imprudence of fuch a meafure j thefe are totally unknown to us: certain it is, however, that when the prince left Madrid, he was firmly de¬ termined, in oppofition to his moft folemn promifes, to break off the treaty with Spain. On their arrival at London, therefore, the prince and Buckingham af- fumed the entire dire&ion of the negociation ; and is was * B R I t 443 3 B R I Britain. 44 Philip ob¬ liges hitn- felf to pro¬ cure the re- was their bufinefs to feek for pretences by which they could give a colour to their intended breach of treaty. At laft, after many fruitlefs artifices were employed to delay or prevent the efpoufals, Briftol received pofitive orders not to deliver the proxy which had been left in his hands, or to finilh the marriage, till fecurity was given for the full reftitution of the palatinate. Philip underftood this language: but being determined to throw the whole blame of the rupture on the Englifh, (titution of h® delivered into Briftol’s hand a written promife, by the palati- which he bound himfelf to procure the reftoration of nate. the palatinate either by perfualion or by every other poflible means *, and when he found that this conceflion gave no fatisfadHon, he ordered the infanta to lay afide the title of princefs of Wales, which flie bore after the arrival of the difpenfation from Rome, and to drop the fludy of the Englilh language j and as he knew that fuch ralh counfels as now governed the court of Eng¬ land would not flop at the breach of the marriage-trea¬ ty, he immediately ordered preparations for war to be ^ made throughout all his dominions. Match with A match for Prince Charles was foon after nego- Heurietta, ciated with Henrietta, daughter of the great Henry princefs of jy. ancj met with much better fuccefs than the former. However, the king had not the fame allure¬ ments in profecuting this match as the former, the por¬ tion prom ifed him being much fmaller; but, willing that his fon {hould not be altogether difappointed of a bride, as the king of France demanded only the fame terms that had been offered to the court of Spain, James thought proper to comply. In an article of this treaty of marriage, it was ftipulated, that the edu¬ cation of the children till the age of 13 fhould belong to the mother \ and this probably gave that turn to¬ wards popery which has fince proved the ruin of the , unfortunate family of Stuart. War deela- James now, being deprived of every other hope of red againit relieving his fon-in-law but by force of arms, declared Spain. war againft Spain and the emperor, for the recovery of the palatinate j 6000 men were fent over into Hol¬ land to affift Prince Maurice in his fchemes againft thofe powers ; the people were everywhere elated at the courage of their king, and were fatisfied with any war which was to exterminate the Papifts. This army was followed by another confifting of 12,000 men, commanded by Count Mansfeldt j and the court of France promifed its afliftance. But the Englifh were difappointed in all their views : the troops being em¬ barked at Dover, upon failing t» Calais, found no or¬ ders for their admiffion. After waiting for fome time, they were obliged to fail towards Zealand, where no proper meafures were yet confulted for their difembar- kation. Meanwhile, a peftilential diforder crept in among them, fo long cooped up in narrow veflels: half the army died while on board; and the other half weakened by ficknefs, appeared too fmall a body to march into the palatinate ; and thus ended this ill con¬ certed and fruitlefs expedition. Whether this misfor¬ tune had any effedl on the king’s conllitution or not, is uncertain \ but he was foon after feized with a ter¬ tian ague, which put an end to his life on the 27th of March 1625, after having lived 59 years, and reign¬ ed over England 22, and over Scotland almoft as long as he lived. James was fucceeded by his fon Charles I. who 47 Unfuccefs- ful expedi¬ tion of Count Mansfeldt. 48 Death of King James. c 45 Succeeded by his ion Charles I. afcended the throne amidft the higheft praifes and ca- Britain, refi'es of his fubjedls, for what was perhaps the moft v .■ blame-worthy adtion of his life, namely, his breaking off the match with the Spanilh princefs, and procuring the rupture with the houfe of Auftria. Being young H