ACRL News Issue (B) of College & Research Libraries 317 T h e M ission o f an U n d e r g r a d u a te L ib ra ry (M odel S tatem en t) F o r e w o r d At the 1978 M idw inter M eeting of th e ACRL U n d e r g r a d u a te L ib ra ria n s D isc u ss io n G ro u p (UGL), a group of librarians expressed in te rest in w riting a m odel statem ent that would define the scope a n d a rtic u la te th e U G L p u rp o s e in th e academ ic library. F o r the past year and a half the m em bers of the group have m et, corresponded, and worked on im p ro v in g s u c c e s s iv e d r a fts of a m is sio n sta te m e n t. T hey have trie d to ad d ress th e key factors in th e establishm ent of th e U G L and d e ­ velop a service philosophy that reflects the spe­ cific n e e d s a n d t h e m a jo r c o m p o n e n ts o f an un d e rgraduate library operation. L ib rarian s may use th e m odel mission sta te ­ m ent for comparison with th e ir local statem ents, as evidence to Support the purpose of the UGL, and as a starting point for con tin u e d definition and advocacy of th e U G L at local a nd national levels. W ith these ends in m ind, the study group has kept the text general. It has tried to provide distinctions u nique to the U G L while encourag­ ing b readth in in terpretation to suit local situa­ tions. T he study group in clu d e d Lan Dyson (Santa C ruz, California), Monty Maxwell (Bloomington, Indiana), L inda Phillips (Knoxville, T ennessee), Jay Poole (Austin, Texas), Tim Richards (Ann Ar­ b o r, M ichigan), Liz S a lze r (S tanford), D o n n a Senzig (Madison, W isconsin), and Yorum Szekely (Cornell). “T he M ission of an U n d e rg ra d u a te L ib ra ry ” (Model Statem ent) is here re p rin ted for the in­ formation of ACRL m em bers. T h e M i s s i o n o f a n U n d e r g r a d u a t e L i b r a ry ( M o d e l S t a t e m e n t ) T he purpose of the undergraduate library is to take p rim a ry re sp o n sib ility for m e e tin g th e li­ brary needs of u n d e rgraduate students in a large university environm ent. The n a tu re of the envi­ ronm ent, the specific n eed s of u n d ergraduates, and the kinds of staff and services re q u ire d to ef­ fectively m e e t th o se n e ed s a re m ore fully d e ­ scribed in th e following paragraphs. E nvironm ent T he library system s of large universities g e n er­ ally consist of several m ajor d e p artm ental librar­ ies plus num ero u s special libraries and reading rooms spread over a large cam pus area. T he ma­ terials collection of th e lib ra ry system is m ea­ su red in millions of volumes. Each library w ithin th e sy ste m c o n c e n tr a te s on th e n e e d s o f th e m e m b e rs of a specific d e p a r tm e n t o r field of study, and the quality of the library is defined in term s of th e strengths of the research collection. Specialized services are often provided for those doing research, such as com puterized searching o f c o m m e rc ia l re s o u rc e d a ta b a se s. T h e sta ff m em b e rs o f th e lib ra ries are se lec te d for th e ir ability to p rovide g ra d u ate-le v el re fe re n ce s e r­ vices, to org a n iz e com plex c o lle ctio n s, a n d to select th e often esoteric m aterials n e ed e d in a r e ­ search library. In -d ep th subject know ledge and managerial skills are also frequently required. Users Into this re sea rc h -o rie n te d se ttin g are placed large n u m b e rs of u n d e rg ra d u a te s tu d e n ts who come to the university with varying levels of ex­ p erien ce and ability in using libraries. As a group m o st e n te r i n g f r e s h m e n s h a re th e fo llo w in g characteristics: 1. T hey do not yet have the sophisticated r e ­ se a rc h skills n e e d e d d u rin g th e ir college careers. 2. They are intim idated by the complexity and size of a large library system. 3. T hey are re lu c ta n t to ask for assistance in the use of a library. 4. T hey are unaw are of the m any services and resources which are available in university libraries. T he needs of academ ic library users are on a spectrum , with study space, instruction in basic research tools, and reserv e books at one end, and prim ary source m aterials and special bibliographic services at the o th er end. All of the com m unity may n eed som ething from anyw here on the spec­ trum : a faculty m e m b e r may w ant to look at a basic work, and an occasional u n d e rgraduate may be w riting a p a p er that requires access to archival materials. But the concentration of needs of the undergraduate is at one end of the spectrum , and the concentration of needs of th e advanced grad­ uate stu d e n t or research er is at th e o th er end. It is at th e form er e n d of th e sp e c tru m th at th e u n d ergraduate library focuses. Inform ation Services An u n d e rgraduate library with a collection of the size and n ature re q u ire d to m eet u n d e rg ra d ­ uate n eeds is not easy to use. The identification of m aterials w anted is always confusing and often incom prehensible until the user is actually shown how the system works. Teaching students how to 318 use a library is therefore a basic service provided by the staff of the undergraduate library. The teaching programs of undergraduate libraries are varied. They include teaching by personal contact and through the preparation of printed materials and audio-visual programs. They include formal library programs, team-teaching with instructors in their classes and/or classrooms, and informal, unstructured contacts with students. The pro­ grams generally include three types of activities: reference and referral, orientation, and biblio­ graphic instruction. R eference encounters with u ndergraduates often result not only in answering specific ques­ tions, but also in personalized instruction in the methods of identifying and retrieving library ma­ terials. Supplemental to this personal contact is the provision of bibliographies, booklists, and other aids designed to introduce undergraduates to the materials available in the library and to guide them in finding the materials. The refer­ ence service provided by undergraduate librar­ ians is also a referral service. Referrals might as­ sist an undergraduate in becoming aware of other campus and community libraries and information centers, as well as of personal supportive ser­ vices, including academic, financial, health, and counseling services. Orientation activities acquaint undergraduates with the facilities and services of the library. They include activities such as the distr ibution of maps and informational materials that describe the library system and the resources and services of the individual lib ra ries w ithin it, staff- conducted tours for groups, printed and audio­ visual self-guided tours, and information desks. Orientation may also include public relations ac­ tivities that help students become aware of the services and resources of the library. Bibliographic instruction programs should im­ prove the ability of students to make effective use of the library collections, services, and staff and increase their ability to become independent li­ brary users. A wide range of programs may be of­ fered including self-instructional point-of-use pro­ grams in the library, lectures to classes, work­ shops, term paper clinics, and for-credit courses in library research using workbooks, tests, and evaluations. Reference service, bibliographic instruction, and orientation activities are appropriate for all levels and types of library users. The undergrad­ uate librarian focuses on two problems that are particularly common to undergraduates—finding the materials they need, and knowing when to ask for help and having the confidence to do so. Undergraduate libraries provide a laboratory in which to teach students how to use a library. The experience of using an undergraduate library is preparation for using all libraries, preparation not merely for graduate work and research, but also for learning to use information sources that will be needed by undergraduates for the rest of their lives as citizens, as consumers, in their profes­ sions, and for their recreational interests. Collection The subject scope of the undergraduate library will primarily support the teaching curriculum. A given undergraduate library would operate at one of the following collecting levels: (1) at the level of freshman and sophomore classes; (2) at all levels of undergraduate classwork; (3) at all levels except in those disciplines supported by spe­ cialized subject libraries, in which cases biblio­ graphic support by the undergraduate library will be at the freshman and sophomore level. Since many undergraduate courses require large num­ bers of students to read the same library mate­ rials, direct curriculum support will be provided through reserve collections and through purchase of multiple copies of items with high demand. The undergraduate library will provide not only the best materials of historical or research value (which might be duplicated in other librar­ ies on campus) but also overviews of a subject, jargon-free explanations of a field, and introduc­ tory materials. Research reports and other items restricted to a very narrow subject area are less frequently of interest to undergraduates and will be purchased very selectively. The undergraduate library’s collection of periodical reference material will concentrate on the more general periodical indexes, since these are most heavily used by undergraduates; the periodical collections should emphasize the titles covered by these indexes. Media collections in various audio-visual formats and ephemeral materials such as pamphlet and clipping files may also be provided as additional resources for effective undergraduate research. Undergraduates select from a wide variety of courses and are therefore looking for library ma­ terials on a wide variety of subjects in order to meet course requirements. The subject range of the undergraduate library will be of sufficient comprehensiveness and depth so that, in general, the undergraduate will have a single starting point from which to find the basic information needed for papers, speeches, projects, etc. More advanced needs of undergraduates will be met by specific referral to graduate collections. The information needs of undergraduates ex­ tend beyond the requirements of the curriculum. Undergraduate students are vitally interested in current events and in the current state of the world. The developm ent of cultural and recre­ ational interests is also an important part of the life of an individual, and the undergraduate years are a time of exploring the wide range of activi­ ties and opportunities available. The library ex­ p erience of undergraduates should encourage them to seek materials in these areas. The collec­ tions of the undergraduate library will therefore be developed to meet these needs, since this is 319 as im p o rta n t to u n d e rg ra d u a te education a nd to th e mission of th e university as is th e su p p o rt of formal classroom instruction. S t a ff T he staff m em b e rs of th e u n d e rg ra d u a te library m u st h ave c e rta in a b ilities in ad d itio n to th e ir b ib lio g ra p h ic a n d lib ra ry skills. T h e a b ility to teach on a one-to-one basis is essential for all staff who in te rac t w ith stu d e n ts. U nde rg rad u a te lib ra r­ ians n e ed le c tu re and w orkshop skills if th e in­ structional program of th e library is to be suc­ cessful. In addition, they should be able to in te r­ act with faculty in p rom oting effective use o f li­ b rary resources in relation to classroom activities. T he ability to cooperate with staff of o th e r librar­ ies and resource c en ters is also n eeded. Above all, th e staff of an u n d e rg ra d u a te library m u s t h a v e sy m p a th y fo r u n d e r g r a d u a te s , an u n d e rsta n d in g of th e p re ssu re s of cam pus life, and a concern for u n d e rg ra d u a te needs and p ro b ­ lems. Such sym pathy will e nable the library staff to tre a t u n d e rg ra d u a te s w ith re s p e c t, to m ake th em feel com fortable in th e library, and to e n ­ courage th em to ask for help. O nly this personal interaction w ith stu d e n ts will hum anize th e ir li­ brary contacts, open paths of com m unication for th eir growth in using libraries, a nd increase th eir respect for libraries. S tu d y Facilities T he e n v iro n m en t of th e u n d e rg ra d u a te library should encourage th e use of th e library a nd its resources. T he h ours of o p eration m ust accom ­ m odate a range of stu d e n t re q u ire m e n ts based on class tim es, work com m itm ents, and varied social h a b its. M any u n d e rg ra d u a te s live in e n v iro n ­ m en ts w hich are n ot conducive to study; o thers simply p re fe r to study at a library. The u n d e r­ gra d u ate library should p rovide sufficient study spaces, based on th e size of th e stu d e n t p o pula­ tion, in a variety of seating to accom m odate stu ­ d e n t n e ed s and habits, e .g ., q u ie t study of own m aterials, study w ith access to library resources, lim ited group study, a nd informal interaction. D evelopm ent As u n d e rg ra d u a te education changes, .so m ust u n d e rg ra d u a te library service. T he und e rg ra d u a te lib ra ry m u s t b e in n o v a tiv e a n d e x p e rim e n ta l, a lert to changing u n d e rg ra d u a te needs, and m ust often a dopt non-traditional library m ethodology. C u rre n t areas of d e velopm ent m ight include: • C ontinuing exploration of effective use of li­ brary m aterials (including audio-visual m ate­ rials) in classroom teaching • Program s of bibliographic instruction • Service to special groups, e .g ., th e physically handicapped and visually im paired or th e in ­ ternational stu d e n t • C o m p u te r technology for use in creating b ib ­ liographic catalogs o f lib ra ry m aterials and for b ib lio g ra p h ic se a rc h in g of c o m m e rc ial data bases • C o o p e ra tiv e p ro g ra m s w ith o th e r c am pus u nits, such as tu to rin g and counseling se r­ vices D e v elopm ents in som e of th e s e areas may be at th e lib ra ry system level, ra th e r th an ex clu ­ sively w ith in th e u n d e rg ra d u a te lib ra ry . H o w ­ ever, it is th e responsibility of th e u n d e rg ra d u a te library staif to shape these developm ents to m eet th e n eed s and problem s of u n d ergraduates. ■■ E ditor's Note: A C R L m em bers m ay order single copies o f the Mission Statem ent by sending a self- addressed label a nd $.30 in postage to the A C R L office. N onm em bers should include $1 with their order. Retired Librarian of Congress, L. Quincy Mumford answers librarians' questions about the new CUMULATIVE TITLE INDEX TO THE CLASSIFIED COLLECTIONS OF THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, 1978 the unique 132 volume, single-alphabet listing of virtually every work classified by L C since 1897. B a c k g ro u n d : L ib ra ria n s have b ee n a s k in g p e n e tra tin g q u e s tio n s a b o u t th e C um ulative Title Index to the Classified C ollections o f the L ib ra ry o f Congress (T L C ) e v e r s in c e it w a s f ir s t a n n o u n c e d . W e d is tille d w h a t we b e lie v e d to be th e m o s t s ig n ific a n t o f th e s e q u e s tio n s a n d d is c u s s e d th e m w ith re tir e d L ib r a r ia n o f C o n g re s s Dr. L. Q u in c y M u m fo rd , w h o s e 21 y e a r re g im e (1 9 5 4 -1 9 7 4 ) w itn e s s e d s u c h re le v a n t la n d m a rk s as th e b e g in n in g o f M A R C a n d th e in t r o d u c t io n o f th e S h a re d C a ta lo g in g P ro g ra m . H e re a re s o m e o f th e q u e s tio n s a n d h is a n sw e rs. C a rr o llto n : Dr. M u m fo rd , ju s t w h y is t itle a c c e s s so — F re n c h L a n g u a g e w o rk s c a ta lo g e d b e fo re im p o r ta n t? 1973, — G e rm a n . S p a n is h a n d P o rtu g e s e L a n g u a g e M u m fo rd : W e ll, in th e case o f th e T itle In d e x to th e LC w o rk s c a ta lo g e d b e fo re 1975,C o lle c tio n s , its g re a te s t v a lu e p r o b a b ly lie s in its m o s t o b v io u s use. W h e n o n ly title s a re k n o w n to a — M a te ria ls in th e o th e r R o m a n -a lp h a b e t s e a rc h e r, T L C w ill s h o w : a u th o r s ’ n a m e s (a n d th e la n g u a g e s c a ta lo g e d b e fo re 1976, a n d ye a rs o f p u b lic a tio n ) , w h ic h le a d to N a tio n a l U n io n — T r a n s lite r a te d n o n -R o m a n a lp h a b e t m a ­ C a ta lo g e n trie s ; p re c is e L C C la s s ific a tio n N u m b e rs , te ria ls c a ta lo g e d b y LC th ro u g h 1978. w h ic h le a d to s p e c ific c a rd im a g e s on th e LC B e c a u s e o f th e s e d e la y s in e n te r in g th e R o m a n - S h e lflis t m ic ro fo rm s , a n d L C C a rd N u m b e rs fo r a lp h a b e t n o n -E n g lis h - L a n g u a g e m a te ria ls , it is o r d e r in g fro m th e C a ta lo g in g D is tr ib u tio n S e rv ic e . e s tim a te d th a t m o re th a n h a lf o f th e o n e m illio n In th e ca s e o f th e S h e lflis t, o f c o u rs e , s e a rc h e s fo r r e c o rd s p re p a re d d u r in g th e 12 y e a rs o f th e th e p re c is e C la ss N u m b e r s h o u ld be m a d e in T L C L ib r a r y 's S h a re d C a ta lo g in g P ro g ra m h a ve n o t e ve n if th e a u th o r is k n o w n as w e ll as th e title . e n te re d th e M A R C d a ta base. In a d d itio n to th is p r im a ry use, I s h o u ld lik e to A s m a ll n u m b e r o f e x c e p tio n s to th e a b o v e lis tin g c o m m e n t o n th e re c e n t tre n d by a c q u is itio n s a re re p re s e n te d b y th e L ib r a r y 's h ig h ly s e le c tiv e d e p a rtm e n ts to set up t h e ir r e c o rd s b y t itle in o rd e r R E C O N (R E tro s p e c tiv e C O N v e rs io n ) P ro g ra m to e n jo y fa s te r a n d m o re p re c is e a c c e s s th a n is w h ic h a fte r s e v e ra l y e a rs ha s o n ly ju s t re a c h e d its p r o v id e d in m a in e n tr y c a ta lo g s (e s p e c ia lly w h e n 1 5 0 ,000 th re c o rd (m o s t o f w h ic h c o v e re d 1968 a n d c o r p o r a te a u th o rs a n d o th e r p r o b le m a u th o r s a re 1969 E n g lis h L a n g u a g e re p rin ts ). in v o lv e d ). A c tu a lly , it h as b ee n th e L ib r a r y 's lo n g ra n g e T h e C a ta lo g M a n a g e m e n t D iv is io n o f th e L ib r a r y o f e m p h a s is on c o lle c tin g a n d c a ta lo g in g n o n -U .S . C o n g re s s c o n v e rte d its o w n P ro c e s s In fo r m a tio n m a te ria ls w h ic h ha s le d it w e ll b e y o n d th e ro le o f a F ile fro m a m a in e n tr y to t itle a rra n g e m e n t a b o u t “ n a tio n a l lib r a r y " to its p re e m in e n c e as a " lib r a r y to e ig h t y e a rs a g o , a n d I u n d e rs ta n d th a t t h e ir th e w o rld " . T h is e m p h a s is is illu s tr a te d b y th e fa c t s e a rc h in g e ffic ie n c y in cre a se d th a t in th e la s t te n ye a rs, o n ly 37 s u b s ta n tia lly a fte r th a t ch a n g e . “ Because o f the overwhelm ing p e rc e n t o f th e b o o k s p ro c e s s e d In s h o rt, lib r a r ia n s have lo n g by L C w e re in E n g lis h (a n d , o f n e e d e d a d e fin itiv e , s in g le ­ size, longevity, and international c o u rs e , a la rg e n u m b e r o f th e s e a lp h a b e t t itle in d e x to th e scope of LC ’s holdings, the great w e re o f n o n -U .S . o r ig in ) . L ib r a r y ’s h u g e re tro s p e c tiv e m ajority of the 6.5 m illio n records C a rr o llto n : W ell, th a t p r e tty w e ll c o lle c tio n o f th e w o rld 's in its Classified C ollections have ta k e s c a re o f T L C 's c o v e ra g e o f lite ra tu re , a n d th e re is no never been included in MARC, th e n o n -M A R C re c o rd s . N o w le t's d o u b t in m y m in d t h a t th is 132 v o lu m e se t is g o in g to fill th a t OCLC, o r any other data base.” ta lk a b o u t O C L C . Se ve ra l lib r a r ­ ia n s h a ve a s k e d w h a t b e n e fits need. t h e y w o u ld g e t fro m th e T itle C a rr o llto n : N o w th a t w e 'v e e s ta b lis h e d th e im p o r ta n c e In d e x th a t th e y w o u ld n o t a lre a d y be g e ttin g as o f t itle a c c e s s , le t ’s e x p lo re ju s t h o w m a n y a n d O C L C p a rtic ip a n ts . w h a t k in d s o f t i t l e s a r e in th e C l a s s if ie d C o lle c tio n s . M u m fo rd : F irs t, o f c o u rs e , is th e m a tte r o f c o v e ra g e . B e c a u s e o f th e o v e r w h e lm in g size , lo n g e v ity a n d M u m fo r d : E s s e n tia lly , th e s e c o n ta in a ll o f th e m a te ria ls in te r n a tio n a l s c o p e o f L C 's h o ld in g s , th e g re a t (b o th m o n o g ra p h s a n d s e ria ls ) w h ic h h a ve e v e r m a jo r ity o f re c o rd s in its c la s s ifie d c o lle c tio n s have b ee n c a ta lo g e d a n d c la s s ifie d b y th e L ib r a r y o f n ot b e e n in c lu d e d in M A R C , O C L C , o r a n y o th e r C o n g re s s s in c e th e a d o p tio n o f its C la s s ific a tio n d a ta bases. S y s te m in 1897. As o f J a n u a ry 1979, th e s e to ta le d a p p ro x im a te ly 6.5 m illio n title s . A b o u t o n e m illio n A c tu a lly , th e r e ’s no w a y o f k n o w in g e x a c tly h o w (o r 18 p e rc e n t) o f th e s e re c o rd s a re in c lu d e d in th e m a n y r e c o rd s a re in th e LC C la s s ifie d C o lle c tio n s M A R C (M A c h in e R e a d a b le C a ta lo g ) d a ta base th a t a re n o t in O C L C . W e k n o w h o w m a n y re c o rd s w h ic h w a s e s ta b lis h e d in 1968. L C has s e n t to O C L C (o v e r o n e m illio n M A R C C a rr o llto n : In v ie w o f th e fa c t th a t a c c e s s to th e M A R C re c o rd s ) b u t w e d o n o t k n o w h o w m a n y n o n ­ d a ta base is a lre a d y a v a ila b le to lib r a r ie s in a w id e d u p lic a te r e tro s p e c tiv e L C re c o rd s have b e e n p u t v a rie ty o f s e g m e n ts a n d fo rm a ts — a n d as it in to th e d a ta b a se b y O C L C p a r tic ip a n ts . In s p ite o f a m o u n ts t o o n ly o n e -s ix th o f th e L ib r a r y ’s th e la rg e n u m b e rs o f re c o rd s c ite d b y O C L C , a fte r c o lle c tio n — w o u ld y o u d e s c rib e fo r us ju s t w h a t o n e d e d u c ts th e M A R C in p u t, n o n - p r in t m a te ria ls , re c o rd s m a k e u p th e n on-M A R C p o r tio n o f T L C ? d u p lic a te re c o rd s , lo c a l p u b lic a tio n s , a n d o th e r n o n -L C m a te ria ls , th e n u m b e r o f re tro s p e c tiv e M u m fo rd : Yes. T h e m o re th a n 5% m illio n n on-M A R C n o n -M A R C L C re c o r d s e n te re d b y O C L C p a r t ic i­ e n trie s in T L C w ill in c lu d e th e fo llo w in g : p a n ts s h o u ld be re la tiv e ly s m a ll. B a sed o n — E n g lis h L a n g u a g e w o rk s c a ta lo g e d b e fo re c o n v e rs a tio n s w ith L C c a ta lo g e rs a n d o th e rs , 1968, h o w e v e r, m y o u ts id e g u e s s w o u ld be th a t s o m e 1.5 M u m f o r d ( C o n t in u e d ) m il l i o n u n iq u e n o n - M A R C L C r e c o r d s m a y h a v e c h a n g e s w i ll h a v e b e e n p ic k e d u p a n d p r in t e d in b e e n a d d e d b y O C L C p a r t i c i p a t i n g lib r a r ie s . T L C . In m a n y c a s e s w h e r e p a r t i c i p a t i n g O C L C This, o f c o u rs e , le aves 4 m illio n n o n -M A R C re c o rd s l ib r a r ie s d e r iv e t h e i r c a t a l o g i n g d a t a f r o m o ld L C in th e C la s s ifie d C o lle c tio n s th a t are not in th e p r in t e d c a r d s it w o u ld b e b e n e fic ia l if t h e y w o u ld O C L C d ata base. c o n s u l t T L C e n t r i e s b e f o r e t h e y c o n t r i b u t e r e t r o s p e c t iv e c a t a lo g in g t o t h e O C L C d a t a b a s e . T h e m a in r e a s o n s f o r t h e r e la t iv e la c k o f O C L C o v e r la p , a s i n d i c a t e d a b o v e , a r e t h e s iz e a n d A c c e s s t o u p - t o - d a t e L C C l a s s if ic a t io n n u m b e r s , o f i n t e r n a t io n a l n a t u r e o f th e L ib r a r y o f C o n g r e s s c o u r s e , w i ll a ls o b e e x t r e m e ly i m p o r t a n t t o lib r a r ie s h o ld in g s w h e n c o m p a r e d t o t h o s e o f e v e n th e c o n v e r t i n g f r o m D e w e y t o t h e L C C la s s if ic a t io n la r g e s t o f th e O C L C p a r t ic ip a n t s . s y s te m . M o r e o v e r , O C L C p a r t i c i p a n t s c a n r e fe r t o C O M P A R IS O N S O F H O L D IN G S T L C t o f i n d L C C la s s N u m b e r s f o r t h o s e O C L C r e c o r d s w h ic h s h o w o n l y D e w e y c a ll n u m b e r s .T h e o v e r w h e lm i n g r e la t iv e s t r e n g t h s o f th e L C c o l l e c t i o n s in s p e c i f i c s u b je c t a r e a s a r e b e s t C a r r o llt o n : D r. M u m f o r d , y o u ’v e d e m o n s t r a te d th e i l lu s t r a t e d in th e b ie n n ia l r e p o r t, T itle s C la s s ifie d u s e f u ln e s s a n d u n iq u e c o v e r a g e o f t h e L C T itle b y th e L ib ra ry o f C o n g re s s C la s s ific a tio n : N a tio n a l In d e x . B u t t h e s e t is e x p e n s iv e (e v e n w i t h o u r p r e ­ S h e lflis t C o u n t ( p u b lis h e d b y t h e U n iv e r s it y o f p u b l i c a t i o n p r ic e s a n d e x t e n d e d p a y m e n t p la n s ). C a lif o r n ia a t B e r k e le y u n d e r t h e a u s p ic e s o f th e H o w c a n l ib r a r ia n s j u s t i f y its c o s t ? o r g a n iz a t io n o f “ C h ie f C o lle c t io n D e v e lo p m e n t O ff ic e r s o f L a r g e R e s e a r c h L ib r a r ie s ” ). T h is s t u d y M u m f o r d : I t h i n k th e c o s t e f f e c t iv e n e s s o f th e s e t is c o m p a r e s th e h o l d i n g s o f L C t o t h o s e o f 27 m a jo r b e s t illu s t r a t e d b y t h e f a c t t h a t f o r a o n e - t im e U .S . r e s e a r c h lib r a r ie s in i n d i v id u a l L C C l a s s if ic a ­ e x p e n d it u r e w h ic h is le s s t h a n th e y e a r ’s s a la r y o f t i o n S c h e d u le s . a c a t a lo g e r , T L C w i ll g o o n y e a r a f t e r y e a r s a v in g T h e 1977 e d itio n o f th is r e p o r t s h o w s th a t th e L ib r a r y t i m e a n d m o n e y f o r a l i b r a r y ’ s R e f e r e n c e , o f C o n g r e s s ’ h o ld in g s a re A c q u i s i t i o n s a n d C a ta lo g in g o fte n tw o o r m o re tim e s as “ F o r a o n e -tim e e x p e n d itu re D e p a r tm e n t s — a n d d o s o d u r in g la rg e a s th o s e o f s e c o n d -p la c e t h o s e f u t u r e y e a r s w h e n i n f la t io n lib r a r ie s in a w id e v a r ie ty o f w h ic h is less th a n a y e a r's s a la ry w i ll h a v e in c r e a s e d s t a f f s a la r ie s s ig n i fic a n t s u b je c t a re a s , in ­ o f a c a ta lo g e r, TLC w ill g o on, a n d o t h e r c o s ts . c lu d in g : A m e r ic a n H is to r y y e a r a fte r ye a r; sa vin g tim e a n d (C la s s e s E -F ), S o c ia l S c ie n c e s m o n e y fo r a lib r a r y ’s R eference, L o o k in g a t it a n o th e r w a y , T L C ( H - H x ) , L a n g u a g e & L ite r a tu re A c q u is itio n s , a n d C a ta lo g in g D e ­ r e c o r d s c o s t o n l y $ 1 .7 8 p e r (P -P z ), T e c h n o lo g y (T -T x ), t h o u s a n d a t t h e p r e - p u b l i c a t i o n a n d B ib lio g r a p h y a n d L ib r a r y p a rtm e n ts .” p r ic e — a n d e v e n le s s if p a id in S c ie n c e (Z ). a d v a n c e . T h e a r g u m e n t s f o r In a t e le p h o n e s u r v e y c o n d u c t e d b y C a r r o llt o n o r d e r in g th e s e t n o w a n d p a y in g in a d v a n c e P re s s d u r in g S e p te m b e r , 1 9 7 9 , o f t h e 20 la r g e s t a ls o s e e m im p r e s s iv e t o m e . T h o s e lib r a r ie s w h ic h m e m b e r s o f th e A s s o c ia tio n o f R e s e a r c h L ib r a r ie s , it o r d e r e d M a n s e ll’s P re -19 5 6 Im p rin ts e d it io n o f th e w a s le a r n e d t h a t a lt h o u g h 16 o f t h e m a r e c u r r e n t l y N a t io n a l U n io n C a t a lo g w h e n i t w a s f i r s t O C L C p a r t i c i p a n t s , n o n e s u b m i t s i g n i f i c a n t a n n o u n c e d p a id le s s t h a n h a lf o f t o d a y ’s p r ic e f o r n u m b e r s o f r e t r o s p e c t iv e L C r e c o r d s t o O C L C . (A t h a t s e t. A ls o , th e 1 0% p r e p a y m e n t d is c o u n t o n th e p o s s ib le e x c e p t io n t o t h is is t h e U n iv e r s ity o f T e x a s , T it le I n d e x a m o u n t s t o a h e a lth y $ 1 ,1 4 3 . It is w h ic h h a s s e n t O C L C a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 0 ,0 0 0 t h e r e f o r e o b v io u s ly a d v a n ta g e o u s f o r lib r a r ie s t o r e t r o s p e c t iv e r e c o r d s t o d a te .) g e t t h e ir o r d e r s o n r e c o r d n o w a t t h e p r e ­ p u b l i c a t i o n p r ic e . T h a t w a y , t h e y ’ll b e c e r ta in t o g e t L C C L A S S IF I C A T I O N N U M B E R C H A N G E S t h e “ Z ” v o lu m e s a t t h e s a m e p r ic e t h e y p a id f o r th e T e n s o f t h o u s a n d s o f L C C l a s s if ic a t io n - N u m b e r " A ” v o lu m e s .