id sid tid token lemma pos crl-24434 1 1 662 662 NUM crl-24434 1 2 the the DET crl-24434 1 3 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 1 4 wage wage NOUN crl-24434 1 5 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 1 6 in in ADP crl-24434 1 7 research research NOUN crl-24434 1 8 libraries librarie VERB crl-24434 1 9 heather heather ADJ crl-24434 1 10 a. a. NOUN crl-24434 1 11 howard howard PROPN crl-24434 1 12 , , PUNCT crl-24434 1 13 meara meara PROPN crl-24434 1 14 m. m. PROPN crl-24434 1 15 habashi habashi PROPN crl-24434 1 16 , , PUNCT crl-24434 1 17 and and CCONJ crl-24434 1 18 jason jason PROPN crl-24434 1 19 b. b. PROPN crl-24434 1 20 reed reed PROPN crl-24434 1 21 * * PUNCT crl-24434 2 1 the the DET crl-24434 2 2 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 2 3 wage wage NOUN crl-24434 2 4 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 2 5 impacts impact NOUN crl-24434 2 6 millions million NOUN crl-24434 2 7 of of ADP crl-24434 2 8 women woman NOUN crl-24434 2 9 throughout throughout ADP crl-24434 2 10 the the DET crl-24434 2 11 us us PROPN crl-24434 2 12 and and CCONJ crl-24434 2 13 world world NOUN crl-24434 2 14 , , PUNCT crl-24434 2 15 with with ADP crl-24434 2 16 women woman NOUN crl-24434 2 17 in in ADP crl-24434 2 18 the the DET crl-24434 2 19 us us PROPN crl-24434 2 20 making make VERB crl-24434 2 21 on on ADP crl-24434 2 22 average average ADJ crl-24434 2 23 82 82 NUM crl-24434 2 24 percent percent NOUN crl-24434 2 25 of of ADP crl-24434 2 26 men man NOUN crl-24434 2 27 ’s ’s PART crl-24434 2 28 salaries salary NOUN crl-24434 2 29 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 2 30 us us PROPN crl-24434 2 31 census census PROPN crl-24434 2 32 bureau bureau NOUN crl-24434 2 33 , , PUNCT crl-24434 2 34 2018 2018 NUM crl-24434 2 35 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 2 36 . . PUNCT crl-24434 3 1 in in ADP crl-24434 3 2 research research NOUN crl-24434 3 3 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 3 4 , , PUNCT crl-24434 3 5 a a DET crl-24434 3 6 field field NOUN crl-24434 3 7 dominated dominate VERB crl-24434 3 8 by by ADP crl-24434 3 9 women woman NOUN crl-24434 3 10 , , PUNCT crl-24434 3 11 this this PRON crl-24434 3 12 has have AUX crl-24434 3 13 historically historically ADV crl-24434 3 14 been be AUX crl-24434 3 15 true true ADJ crl-24434 3 16 as as ADV crl-24434 3 17 well well ADV crl-24434 3 18 , , PUNCT crl-24434 3 19 with with ADP crl-24434 3 20 men man NOUN crl-24434 3 21 rising rise VERB crl-24434 3 22 to to ADP crl-24434 3 23 top top ADJ crl-24434 3 24 positions position NOUN crl-24434 3 25 at at ADP crl-24434 3 26 a a DET crl-24434 3 27 higher high ADJ crl-24434 3 28 rate rate NOUN crl-24434 3 29 and and CCONJ crl-24434 3 30 making make VERB crl-24434 3 31 more more ADJ crl-24434 3 32 money money NOUN crl-24434 3 33 than than ADP crl-24434 3 34 women woman NOUN crl-24434 3 35 in in ADP crl-24434 3 36 the the DET crl-24434 3 37 same same ADJ crl-24434 3 38 positions position NOUN crl-24434 3 39 . . PUNCT crl-24434 4 1 over over ADP crl-24434 4 2 the the DET crl-24434 4 3 decades decade NOUN crl-24434 4 4 following follow VERB crl-24434 4 5 the the DET crl-24434 4 6 implementation implementation NOUN crl-24434 4 7 of of ADP crl-24434 4 8 affirmative affirmative ADJ crl-24434 4 9 action action NOUN crl-24434 4 10 , , PUNCT crl-24434 4 11 the the DET crl-24434 4 12 number number NOUN crl-24434 4 13 of of ADP crl-24434 4 14 women woman NOUN crl-24434 4 15 in in ADP crl-24434 4 16 administrative administrative ADJ crl-24434 4 17 positions position NOUN crl-24434 4 18 in in ADP crl-24434 4 19 research research NOUN crl-24434 4 20 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 4 21 has have AUX crl-24434 4 22 increased increase VERB crl-24434 4 23 dramatically dramatically ADV crl-24434 4 24 . . PUNCT crl-24434 5 1 this this DET crl-24434 5 2 article article NOUN crl-24434 5 3 explores explore VERB crl-24434 5 4 the the DET crl-24434 5 5 issue issue NOUN crl-24434 5 6 of of ADP crl-24434 5 7 women woman NOUN crl-24434 5 8 ’s ’s PART crl-24434 5 9 salaries salary NOUN crl-24434 5 10 in in ADP crl-24434 5 11 research research NOUN crl-24434 5 12 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 5 13 in in ADP crl-24434 5 14 five five NUM crl-24434 5 15 job job NOUN crl-24434 5 16 tiers tier NOUN crl-24434 5 17 . . PUNCT crl-24434 6 1 the the DET crl-24434 6 2 five five NUM crl-24434 6 3 job job NOUN crl-24434 6 4 tiers tier NOUN crl-24434 6 5 group group NOUN crl-24434 6 6 library library NOUN crl-24434 6 7 positions position NOUN crl-24434 6 8 based base VERB crl-24434 6 9 on on ADP crl-24434 6 10 power power NOUN crl-24434 6 11 dynamic dynamic NOUN crl-24434 6 12 , , PUNCT crl-24434 6 13 with with ADP crl-24434 6 14 the the DET crl-24434 6 15 first first ADJ crl-24434 6 16 tier tier NOUN crl-24434 6 17 including include VERB crl-24434 6 18 positions position NOUN crl-24434 6 19 that that PRON crl-24434 6 20 run run VERB crl-24434 6 21 academic academic ADJ crl-24434 6 22 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 6 23 , , PUNCT crl-24434 6 24 through through ADP crl-24434 6 25 the the DET crl-24434 6 26 fifth fifth ADJ crl-24434 6 27 tier tier NOUN crl-24434 6 28 , , PUNCT crl-24434 6 29 which which PRON crl-24434 6 30 includes include VERB crl-24434 6 31 front front ADJ crl-24434 6 32 - - PUNCT crl-24434 6 33 line line NOUN crl-24434 6 34 positions position NOUN crl-24434 6 35 . . PUNCT crl-24434 7 1 an an DET crl-24434 7 2 analysis analysis NOUN crl-24434 7 3 of of ADP crl-24434 7 4 data datum NOUN crl-24434 7 5 from from ADP crl-24434 7 6 the the DET crl-24434 7 7 association association NOUN crl-24434 7 8 of of ADP crl-24434 7 9 research research NOUN crl-24434 7 10 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 7 11 from from ADP crl-24434 7 12 1976 1976 NUM crl-24434 7 13 through through ADP crl-24434 7 14 2016 2016 NUM crl-24434 7 15 demonstrates demonstrate VERB crl-24434 7 16 that that PRON crl-24434 7 17 , , PUNCT crl-24434 7 18 though though SCONJ crl-24434 7 19 women woman NOUN crl-24434 7 20 have have AUX crl-24434 7 21 made make VERB crl-24434 7 22 progress progress NOUN crl-24434 7 23 in in ADP crl-24434 7 24 obtaining obtain VERB crl-24434 7 25 higher high ADJ crl-24434 7 26 - - PUNCT crl-24434 7 27 level level NOUN crl-24434 7 28 positions position NOUN crl-24434 7 29 , , PUNCT crl-24434 7 30 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 7 31 disparities disparity NOUN crl-24434 7 32 continue continue VERB crl-24434 7 33 to to PART crl-24434 7 34 exist exist VERB crl-24434 7 35 between between ADP crl-24434 7 36 men man NOUN crl-24434 7 37 and and CCONJ crl-24434 7 38 women woman NOUN crl-24434 7 39 at at ADP crl-24434 7 40 all all DET crl-24434 7 41 levels level NOUN crl-24434 7 42 . . PUNCT crl-24434 8 1 introduction introduction NOUN crl-24434 8 2 in in ADP crl-24434 8 3 the the DET crl-24434 8 4 us us PROPN crl-24434 8 5 , , PUNCT crl-24434 8 6 the the DET crl-24434 8 7 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 8 8 wage wage NOUN crl-24434 8 9 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 8 10 has have AUX crl-24434 8 11 shrunk shrink VERB crl-24434 8 12 in in ADP crl-24434 8 13 the the DET crl-24434 8 14 past past ADJ crl-24434 8 15 decades decade NOUN crl-24434 8 16 but but CCONJ crl-24434 8 17 still still ADV crl-24434 8 18 has have AUX crl-24434 8 19 not not PART crl-24434 8 20 disappeared disappear VERB crl-24434 8 21 , , PUNCT crl-24434 8 22 even even ADV crl-24434 8 23 though though SCONJ crl-24434 8 24 women woman NOUN crl-24434 8 25 have have AUX crl-24434 8 26 increasingly increasingly ADV crl-24434 8 27 entered enter VERB crl-24434 8 28 traditionally traditionally ADV crl-24434 8 29 male male ADJ crl-24434 8 30 occupations occupation NOUN crl-24434 8 31 and and CCONJ crl-24434 8 32 women woman NOUN crl-24434 8 33 ’s ’s PART crl-24434 8 34 educational educational ADJ crl-24434 8 35 attainment attainment NOUN crl-24434 8 36 has have AUX crl-24434 8 37 surpassed surpass VERB crl-24434 8 38 men’s.1 men’s.1 NOUN crl-24434 8 39 in in ADP crl-24434 8 40 2016 2016 NUM crl-24434 8 41 and and CCONJ crl-24434 8 42 2017 2017 NUM crl-24434 8 43 , , PUNCT crl-24434 8 44 the the DET crl-24434 8 45 census census NOUN crl-24434 8 46 bureau bureau NOUN crl-24434 8 47 reported report VERB crl-24434 8 48 that that SCONJ crl-24434 8 49 women woman NOUN crl-24434 8 50 made make VERB crl-24434 8 51 80 80 NUM crl-24434 8 52 percent percent NOUN crl-24434 8 53 of of ADP crl-24434 8 54 what what PRON crl-24434 8 55 men man NOUN crl-24434 8 56 earned earn VERB crl-24434 8 57 , , PUNCT crl-24434 8 58 and and CCONJ crl-24434 8 59 in in ADP crl-24434 8 60 2018 2018 NUM crl-24434 8 61 the the DET crl-24434 8 62 pew pew NOUN crl-24434 8 63 research research NOUN crl-24434 8 64 center center NOUN crl-24434 8 65 put put VERB crl-24434 8 66 the the DET crl-24434 8 67 number number NOUN crl-24434 8 68 at at ADP crl-24434 8 69 82 82 NUM crl-24434 8 70 percent.2 percent.2 NOUN crl-24434 8 71 each each DET crl-24434 8 72 year year NOUN crl-24434 8 73 the the DET crl-24434 8 74 national national PROPN crl-24434 8 75 committee committee PROPN crl-24434 8 76 on on ADP crl-24434 8 77 pay pay NOUN crl-24434 8 78 equity equity NOUN crl-24434 8 79 designates designate NOUN crl-24434 8 80 equal equal ADJ crl-24434 8 81 pay pay NOUN crl-24434 8 82 day day NOUN crl-24434 8 83 , , PUNCT crl-24434 8 84 an an DET crl-24434 8 85 event event NOUN crl-24434 8 86 that that PRON crl-24434 8 87 symbolizes symbolize VERB crl-24434 8 88 how how SCONJ crl-24434 8 89 much much ADV crl-24434 8 90 further far ADV crl-24434 8 91 into into ADP crl-24434 8 92 the the DET crl-24434 8 93 year year NOUN crl-24434 8 94 women woman NOUN crl-24434 8 95 must must AUX crl-24434 8 96 work work VERB crl-24434 8 97 to to PART crl-24434 8 98 earn earn VERB crl-24434 8 99 what what PRON crl-24434 8 100 men man NOUN crl-24434 8 101 earned earn VERB crl-24434 8 102 the the DET crl-24434 8 103 previous previous ADJ crl-24434 8 104 year year NOUN crl-24434 8 105 . . PUNCT crl-24434 9 1 3 3 NUM crl-24434 9 2 for for ADP crl-24434 9 3 2019 2019 NUM crl-24434 9 4 , , PUNCT crl-24434 9 5 the the DET crl-24434 9 6 equal equal ADJ crl-24434 9 7 pay pay NOUN crl-24434 9 8 is be AUX crl-24434 9 9 april april PROPN crl-24434 9 10 2 2 NUM crl-24434 9 11 . . PUNCT crl-24434 9 12 while while SCONJ crl-24434 9 13 these these DET crl-24434 9 14 numbers number NOUN crl-24434 9 15 reflect reflect VERB crl-24434 9 16 the the DET crl-24434 9 17 us us PROPN crl-24434 9 18 as as ADP crl-24434 9 19 a a DET crl-24434 9 20 whole whole NOUN crl-24434 9 21 , , PUNCT crl-24434 9 22 this this PRON crl-24434 9 23 is be AUX crl-24434 9 24 a a DET crl-24434 9 25 problem problem NOUN crl-24434 9 26 even even ADV crl-24434 9 27 in in ADP crl-24434 9 28 female female NOUN crl-24434 9 29 - - PUNCT crl-24434 9 30 dominated dominate VERB crl-24434 9 31 professions profession NOUN crl-24434 9 32 . . PUNCT crl-24434 10 1 this this DET crl-24434 10 2 paper paper NOUN crl-24434 10 3 seeks seek VERB crl-24434 10 4 to to PART crl-24434 10 5 investigate investigate VERB crl-24434 10 6 the the DET crl-24434 10 7 current current ADJ crl-24434 10 8 status status NOUN crl-24434 10 9 of of ADP crl-24434 10 10 the the DET crl-24434 10 11 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 10 12 pay pay NOUN crl-24434 10 13 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 10 14 in in ADP crl-24434 10 15 research research NOUN crl-24434 10 16 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 10 17 , , PUNCT crl-24434 10 18 which which PRON crl-24434 10 19 are be AUX crl-24434 10 20 predominantly predominantly ADV crl-24434 10 21 female female ADJ crl-24434 10 22 , , PUNCT crl-24434 10 23 in in ADP crl-24434 10 24 the the DET crl-24434 10 25 us us PROPN crl-24434 10 26 and and CCONJ crl-24434 10 27 canada canada PROPN crl-24434 10 28 and and CCONJ crl-24434 10 29 determine determine VERB crl-24434 10 30 if if SCONJ crl-24434 10 31 improvements improvement NOUN crl-24434 10 32 have have AUX crl-24434 10 33 occurred occur VERB crl-24434 10 34 over over ADP crl-24434 10 35 time time NOUN crl-24434 10 36 . . PUNCT crl-24434 11 1 literature literature NOUN crl-24434 11 2 review review NOUN crl-24434 11 3 reasons reason NOUN crl-24434 11 4 for for ADP crl-24434 11 5 the the DET crl-24434 11 6 pay pay NOUN crl-24434 11 7 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 11 8 the the DET crl-24434 11 9 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 11 10 pay pay NOUN crl-24434 11 11 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 11 12 has have AUX crl-24434 11 13 long long ADV crl-24434 11 14 been be AUX crl-24434 11 15 linked link VERB crl-24434 11 16 to to ADP crl-24434 11 17 differences difference NOUN crl-24434 11 18 in in ADP crl-24434 11 19 experiences experience NOUN crl-24434 11 20 and and CCONJ crl-24434 11 21 work work NOUN crl-24434 11 22 force force NOUN crl-24434 11 23 interruptions interruption NOUN crl-24434 11 24 , , PUNCT crl-24434 11 25 going go VERB crl-24434 11 26 back back ADV crl-24434 11 27 to to ADP crl-24434 11 28 mincer mincer NOUN crl-24434 11 29 and and CCONJ crl-24434 11 30 polachek polachek PROPN crl-24434 11 31 ’s ’s PART crl-24434 11 32 seminal seminal ADJ crl-24434 11 33 1974 1974 NUM crl-24434 11 34 paper.4 paper.4 NOUN crl-24434 11 35 they they PRON crl-24434 11 36 suggest suggest VERB crl-24434 11 37 that that SCONJ crl-24434 11 38 , , PUNCT crl-24434 11 39 under under ADP crl-24434 11 40 a a DET crl-24434 11 41 * * ADJ crl-24434 11 42     SPACE crl-24434 11 43 heather heather PROPN crl-24434 11 44 a. a. PROPN crl-24434 11 45 howard howard PROPN crl-24434 11 46 is be AUX crl-24434 11 47 assistant assistant NOUN crl-24434 11 48 professor professor NOUN crl-24434 11 49 , , PUNCT crl-24434 11 50 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 11 51 and and CCONJ crl-24434 11 52 school school NOUN crl-24434 11 53 of of ADP crl-24434 11 54 information information NOUN crl-24434 11 55 studies study NOUN crl-24434 11 56 , , PUNCT crl-24434 11 57 at at ADP crl-24434 11 58 purdue purdue ADJ crl-24434 11 59 university university NOUN crl-24434 11 60 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 11 61 email email NOUN crl-24434 11 62 : : PUNCT crl-24434 11 63 howar198@purdue.edu howar198@purdue.edu PROPN crl-24434 11 64 . . PUNCT crl-24434 12 1 meara meara PROPN crl-24434 12 2 m. m. PROPN crl-24434 12 3 habashi habashi PROPN crl-24434 12 4 is be AUX crl-24434 12 5 clinical clinical ADJ crl-24434 12 6 assistant assistant NOUN crl-24434 12 7 professor professor NOUN crl-24434 12 8 , , PUNCT crl-24434 12 9 krannert krannert PROPN crl-24434 12 10 school school PROPN crl-24434 12 11 of of ADP crl-24434 12 12 management management NOUN crl-24434 12 13 , , PUNCT crl-24434 12 14 jane jane NOUN crl-24434 12 15 brock brock NOUN crl-24434 12 16 - - PUNCT crl-24434 12 17 wilson wilson NOUN crl-24434 12 18 women woman NOUN crl-24434 12 19 in in ADP crl-24434 12 20 management management NOUN crl-24434 12 21 center center NOUN crl-24434 12 22 , , PUNCT crl-24434 12 23 at at ADP crl-24434 12 24 purdue purdue ADJ crl-24434 12 25 university university NOUN crl-24434 12 26 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 12 27 email email NOUN crl-24434 12 28 : : PUNCT crl-24434 12 29 mhabashi@purdue.edu mhabashi@purdue.edu PROPN crl-24434 12 30 . . PUNCT crl-24434 13 1 jason jason PROPN crl-24434 13 2 b. b. PROPN crl-24434 13 3 reed reed PROPN crl-24434 13 4 is be AUX crl-24434 13 5 assistant assistant ADJ crl-24434 13 6 professor professor NOUN crl-24434 13 7 , , PUNCT crl-24434 13 8 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 13 9 and and CCONJ crl-24434 13 10 school school NOUN crl-24434 13 11 of of ADP crl-24434 13 12 information information NOUN crl-24434 13 13 studies study NOUN crl-24434 13 14 , , PUNCT crl-24434 13 15 at at ADP crl-24434 13 16 purdue purdue ADJ crl-24434 13 17 university university NOUN crl-24434 13 18 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 13 19 email email NOUN crl-24434 13 20 : : PUNCT crl-24434 13 21 reed252@purdue reed252@purdue ADJ crl-24434 13 22 . . PUNCT crl-24434 14 1 edu edu PROPN crl-24434 14 2 . . PUNCT crl-24434 15 1 © © ADJ crl-24434 15 2 2020 2020 NUM crl-24434 15 3 heather heather PROPN crl-24434 15 4 a. a. NOUN crl-24434 15 5 howard howard PROPN crl-24434 15 6 , , PUNCT crl-24434 15 7 meara meara PROPN crl-24434 15 8 m. m. PROPN crl-24434 15 9 habashi habashi PROPN crl-24434 15 10 , , PUNCT crl-24434 15 11 and and CCONJ crl-24434 15 12 jason jason PROPN crl-24434 15 13 b. b. PROPN crl-24434 15 14 reed reed PROPN crl-24434 15 15 , , PUNCT crl-24434 15 16 attribution attribution NOUN crl-24434 15 17 - - PUNCT crl-24434 15 18 noncommercial noncommercial ADJ crl-24434 15 19 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 15 20 https:// https:// NOUN crl-24434 15 21 creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ NOUN crl-24434 15 22 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 15 23 cc cc VERB crl-24434 15 24 by by ADP crl-24434 15 25 - - PUNCT crl-24434 15 26 nc nc PROPN crl-24434 15 27 . . PROPN crl-24434 15 28 mailto:howar198@purdue.edu mailto:howar198@purdue.edu PROPN crl-24434 16 1 mailto:mhabashi@purdue.edu mailto:mhabashi@purdue.edu PROPN crl-24434 16 2 mailto:reed252@purdue.edu mailto:reed252@purdue.edu NOUN crl-24434 17 1 mailto:reed252@purdue.edu mailto:reed252@purdue.edu NUM crl-24434 18 1 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 NOUN crl-24434 18 2 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 NOUN crl-24434 18 3 the the DET crl-24434 18 4 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 18 5 wage wage NOUN crl-24434 18 6 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 18 7 in in ADP crl-24434 18 8 research research NOUN crl-24434 18 9 libraries librarie VERB crl-24434 18 10 663 663 NUM crl-24434 18 11 traditional traditional ADJ crl-24434 18 12 division division NOUN crl-24434 18 13 of of ADP crl-24434 18 14 family family NOUN crl-24434 18 15 labor labor NOUN crl-24434 18 16 , , PUNCT crl-24434 18 17 with with ADP crl-24434 18 18 the the DET crl-24434 18 19 woman woman NOUN crl-24434 18 20 as as ADP crl-24434 18 21 primary primary ADJ crl-24434 18 22 caregiver caregiver NOUN crl-24434 18 23 , , PUNCT crl-24434 18 24 women woman NOUN crl-24434 18 25 will will AUX crl-24434 18 26 anticipate anticipate VERB crl-24434 18 27 leaving leave VERB crl-24434 18 28 the the DET crl-24434 18 29 workforce workforce NOUN crl-24434 18 30 for for ADP crl-24434 18 31 prolonged prolonged ADJ crl-24434 18 32 periods period NOUN crl-24434 18 33 during during ADP crl-24434 18 34 childbearing childbearing ADJ crl-24434 18 35 years year NOUN crl-24434 18 36 . . PUNCT crl-24434 19 1 due due ADP crl-24434 19 2 to to ADP crl-24434 19 3 this this PRON crl-24434 19 4 , , PUNCT crl-24434 19 5 they they PRON crl-24434 19 6 are be AUX crl-24434 19 7 less less ADV crl-24434 19 8 likely likely ADJ crl-24434 19 9 to to PART crl-24434 19 10 seek seek VERB crl-24434 19 11 on on ADP crl-24434 19 12 - - PUNCT crl-24434 19 13 the the DET crl-24434 19 14 - - PUNCT crl-24434 19 15 job job NOUN crl-24434 19 16 training training NOUN crl-24434 19 17 than than ADP crl-24434 19 18 men man NOUN crl-24434 19 19 . . PUNCT crl-24434 20 1 the the DET crl-24434 20 2 reduced reduce VERB crl-24434 20 3 human human ADJ crl-24434 20 4 capital capital NOUN crl-24434 20 5 investment investment NOUN crl-24434 20 6 and and CCONJ crl-24434 20 7 workforce workforce NOUN crl-24434 20 8 experience experience NOUN crl-24434 20 9 lead lead VERB crl-24434 20 10 to to ADP crl-24434 20 11 lower low ADJ crl-24434 20 12 wages wage NOUN crl-24434 20 13 throughout throughout ADP crl-24434 20 14 a a DET crl-24434 20 15 woman woman NOUN crl-24434 20 16 ’s ’s PART crl-24434 20 17 career career NOUN crl-24434 20 18 . . PUNCT crl-24434 21 1 francine francine PROPN crl-24434 21 2 blau blau PROPN crl-24434 21 3 found find VERB crl-24434 21 4 that that SCONJ crl-24434 21 5 women woman NOUN crl-24434 21 6 will will AUX crl-24434 21 7 avoid avoid VERB crl-24434 21 8 positions position NOUN crl-24434 21 9 that that PRON crl-24434 21 10 require require VERB crl-24434 21 11 firm firm ADJ crl-24434 21 12 - - PUNCT crl-24434 21 13 specific specific ADJ crl-24434 21 14 training training NOUN crl-24434 21 15 , , PUNCT crl-24434 21 16 which which PRON crl-24434 21 17 imparts impart VERB crl-24434 21 18 skills skill VERB crl-24434 21 19 only only ADV crl-24434 21 20 useful useful ADJ crl-24434 21 21 in in ADP crl-24434 21 22 a a DET crl-24434 21 23 specific specific ADJ crl-24434 21 24 workplace workplace NOUN crl-24434 21 25 , , PUNCT crl-24434 21 26 because because SCONJ crl-24434 21 27 the the DET crl-24434 21 28 returns return NOUN crl-24434 21 29 on on ADP crl-24434 21 30 these these DET crl-24434 21 31 time time NOUN crl-24434 21 32 investments investment NOUN crl-24434 21 33 can can AUX crl-24434 21 34 only only ADV crl-24434 21 35 be be AUX crl-24434 21 36 had have VERB crl-24434 21 37 by by ADP crl-24434 21 38 staying stay VERB crl-24434 21 39 with with ADP crl-24434 21 40 a a DET crl-24434 21 41 specific specific ADJ crl-24434 21 42 employer.5 employer.5 NOUN crl-24434 21 43 additionally additionally ADV crl-24434 21 44 , , PUNCT crl-24434 21 45 employers employer NOUN crl-24434 21 46 may may AUX crl-24434 21 47 show show VERB crl-24434 21 48 reluctance reluctance NOUN crl-24434 21 49 to to PART crl-24434 21 50 hire hire VERB crl-24434 21 51 women woman NOUN crl-24434 21 52 for for ADP crl-24434 21 53 these these DET crl-24434 21 54 positions position NOUN crl-24434 21 55 due due ADP crl-24434 21 56 to to ADP crl-24434 21 57 the the DET crl-24434 21 58 costs cost NOUN crl-24434 21 59 associated associate VERB crl-24434 21 60 with with ADP crl-24434 21 61 firm firm ADJ crl-24434 21 62 - - PUNCT crl-24434 21 63 specific specific ADJ crl-24434 21 64 training training NOUN crl-24434 21 65 . . PUNCT crl-24434 22 1 this this DET crl-24434 22 2 explainable explainable ADJ crl-24434 22 3 difference difference NOUN crl-24434 22 4 has have AUX crl-24434 22 5 decreased decrease VERB crl-24434 22 6 over over ADP crl-24434 22 7 time time NOUN crl-24434 22 8 as as SCONJ crl-24434 22 9 human human ADJ crl-24434 22 10 capital capital NOUN crl-24434 22 11 investment investment NOUN crl-24434 22 12 of of ADP crl-24434 22 13 women woman NOUN crl-24434 22 14 has have AUX crl-24434 22 15 increased increase VERB crl-24434 22 16 to to PART crl-24434 22 17 match match VERB crl-24434 22 18 men man NOUN crl-24434 22 19 . . PUNCT crl-24434 23 1 francine francine PROPN crl-24434 23 2 blau blau PROPN crl-24434 23 3 and and CCONJ crl-24434 23 4 lawrence lawrence PROPN crl-24434 23 5 kahn kahn PROPN crl-24434 23 6 found find VERB crl-24434 23 7 that that SCONJ crl-24434 23 8 human human ADJ crl-24434 23 9 capital capital NOUN crl-24434 23 10 factors factor NOUN crl-24434 23 11 accounted account VERB crl-24434 23 12 for for ADP crl-24434 23 13 25.6 25.6 NUM crl-24434 23 14 percent percent NOUN crl-24434 23 15 of of ADP crl-24434 23 16 the the DET crl-24434 23 17 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 23 18 pay pay NOUN crl-24434 23 19 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 23 20 in in ADP crl-24434 23 21 1979 1979 NUM crl-24434 23 22 , , PUNCT crl-24434 23 23 but but CCONJ crl-24434 23 24 only only ADV crl-24434 23 25 7.93 7.93 NUM crl-24434 23 26 percent percent NOUN crl-24434 23 27 in in ADP crl-24434 23 28 1998 1998 NUM crl-24434 23 29 as as SCONJ crl-24434 23 30 women woman NOUN crl-24434 23 31 improved improve VERB crl-24434 23 32 their their PRON crl-24434 23 33 qualifications qualification NOUN crl-24434 23 34 relative relative ADJ crl-24434 23 35 to to ADP crl-24434 23 36 men.6 men.6 PROPN crl-24434 23 37 the the DET crl-24434 23 38 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 23 39 pay pay NOUN crl-24434 23 40 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 23 41 narrowed narrow VERB crl-24434 23 42 substantially substantially ADV crl-24434 23 43 throughout throughout ADP crl-24434 23 44 the the DET crl-24434 23 45 1980s 1980 NOUN crl-24434 23 46 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 23 47 however however ADV crl-24434 23 48 , , PUNCT crl-24434 23 49 it it PRON crl-24434 23 50 has have AUX crl-24434 23 51 slowed slow VERB crl-24434 23 52 since since SCONJ crl-24434 23 53 the the DET crl-24434 23 54 1990s 1990s NUM crl-24434 23 55 , , PUNCT crl-24434 23 56 and and CCONJ crl-24434 23 57 an an DET crl-24434 23 58 unexplained unexplained ADJ crl-24434 23 59 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 23 60 still still ADV crl-24434 23 61 remains.7 remains.7 VERB crl-24434 23 62 the the DET crl-24434 23 63 reasons reason NOUN crl-24434 23 64 given give VERB crl-24434 23 65 for for ADP crl-24434 23 66 this this DET crl-24434 23 67 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 23 68 vary vary VERB crl-24434 23 69 , , PUNCT crl-24434 23 70 with with ADP crl-24434 23 71 some some PRON crl-24434 23 72 claiming claim VERB crl-24434 23 73 it it PRON crl-24434 23 74 is be AUX crl-24434 23 75 due due ADJ crl-24434 23 76 to to ADP crl-24434 23 77 women woman NOUN crl-24434 23 78 ’s ’s NOUN crl-24434 23 79 lower low ADJ crl-24434 23 80 ability ability NOUN crl-24434 23 81 to to ADP crl-24434 23 82 negotiate.8 negotiate.8 NOUN crl-24434 23 83 others other NOUN crl-24434 23 84 say say VERB crl-24434 23 85 women woman NOUN crl-24434 23 86 do do AUX crl-24434 23 87 not not PART crl-24434 23 88 perform perform VERB crl-24434 23 89 as as ADV crl-24434 23 90 well well ADV crl-24434 23 91 in in ADP crl-24434 23 92 competitive competitive ADJ crl-24434 23 93 environments environment NOUN crl-24434 23 94 , , PUNCT crl-24434 23 95 though though SCONJ crl-24434 23 96 this this PRON crl-24434 23 97 has have AUX crl-24434 23 98 been be AUX crl-24434 23 99 disputed.9 disputed.9 ADV crl-24434 23 100 another another DET crl-24434 23 101 reason reason NOUN crl-24434 23 102 may may AUX crl-24434 23 103 be be AUX crl-24434 23 104 career career NOUN crl-24434 23 105 - - PUNCT crl-24434 23 106 family family NOUN crl-24434 23 107 tradeoffs tradeoff NOUN crl-24434 23 108 , , PUNCT crl-24434 23 109 as as SCONJ crl-24434 23 110 women woman NOUN crl-24434 23 111 tend tend VERB crl-24434 23 112 to to PART crl-24434 23 113 place place VERB crl-24434 23 114 a a DET crl-24434 23 115 higher high ADJ crl-24434 23 116 priority priority NOUN crl-24434 23 117 on on ADP crl-24434 23 118 their their PRON crl-24434 23 119 families family NOUN crl-24434 23 120 . . PUNCT crl-24434 24 1 claudia claudia PROPN crl-24434 24 2 goldin goldin PROPN crl-24434 24 3 suggests suggest VERB crl-24434 24 4 that that SCONJ crl-24434 24 5 workers worker NOUN crl-24434 24 6 who who PRON crl-24434 24 7 labor labor VERB crl-24434 24 8 long long ADJ crl-24434 24 9 hours hour NOUN crl-24434 24 10 and and CCONJ crl-24434 24 11 work work VERB crl-24434 24 12 specific specific ADJ crl-24434 24 13 hours hour NOUN crl-24434 24 14 are be AUX crl-24434 24 15 disproportionally disproportionally ADV crl-24434 24 16 rewarded reward VERB crl-24434 24 17 and and CCONJ crl-24434 24 18 that that SCONJ crl-24434 24 19 women woman NOUN crl-24434 24 20 would would AUX crl-24434 24 21 benefit benefit VERB crl-24434 24 22 from from ADP crl-24434 24 23 changes change NOUN crl-24434 24 24 in in ADP crl-24434 24 25 job job NOUN crl-24434 24 26 structure structure NOUN crl-24434 24 27 to to PART crl-24434 24 28 allow allow VERB crl-24434 24 29 for for ADP crl-24434 24 30 more more ADV crl-24434 24 31 flexible flexible ADJ crl-24434 24 32 work work NOUN crl-24434 24 33 hours.10 hours.10 NOUN crl-24434 24 34 a a DET crl-24434 24 35 study study NOUN crl-24434 24 36 of of ADP crl-24434 24 37 mba mba ADJ crl-24434 24 38 graduates graduate NOUN crl-24434 24 39 from from ADP crl-24434 24 40 the the DET crl-24434 24 41 booth booth NOUN crl-24434 24 42 school school NOUN crl-24434 24 43 of of ADP crl-24434 24 44 business business NOUN crl-24434 24 45 at at ADP crl-24434 24 46 the the DET crl-24434 24 47 university university PROPN crl-24434 24 48 of of ADP crl-24434 24 49 chicago chicago PROPN crl-24434 24 50 found find VERB crl-24434 24 51 that that SCONJ crl-24434 24 52 , , PUNCT crl-24434 24 53 though though SCONJ crl-24434 24 54 there there PRON crl-24434 24 55 is be VERB crl-24434 24 56 a a DET crl-24434 24 57 small small ADJ crl-24434 24 58 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 24 59 differential differential NOUN crl-24434 24 60 at at ADP crl-24434 24 61 the the DET crl-24434 24 62 outset outset NOUN crl-24434 24 63 of of ADP crl-24434 24 64 a a DET crl-24434 24 65 career career NOUN crl-24434 24 66 , , PUNCT crl-24434 24 67 by by ADP crl-24434 24 68 10 10 NUM crl-24434 24 69 to16 to16 PROPN crl-24434 24 70 years year NOUN crl-24434 24 71 postdegree postdegree NOUN crl-24434 24 72 , , PUNCT crl-24434 24 73 men man NOUN crl-24434 24 74 are be AUX crl-24434 24 75 earning earn VERB crl-24434 24 76 significantly significantly ADV crl-24434 24 77 more more ADJ crl-24434 24 78 than than ADP crl-24434 24 79 women.11 women.11 PRON crl-24434 24 80 this this PRON crl-24434 24 81 was be AUX crl-24434 24 82 found find VERB crl-24434 24 83 to to PART crl-24434 24 84 be be AUX crl-24434 24 85 caused cause VERB crl-24434 24 86 primarily primarily ADV crl-24434 24 87 by by ADP crl-24434 24 88 career career NOUN crl-24434 24 89 interruptions interruption NOUN crl-24434 24 90 and and CCONJ crl-24434 24 91 weekly weekly ADJ crl-24434 24 92 hours hour NOUN crl-24434 24 93 worked work VERB crl-24434 24 94 . . PUNCT crl-24434 25 1 the the DET crl-24434 25 2 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 25 3 pay pay NOUN crl-24434 25 4 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 25 5 may may AUX crl-24434 25 6 also also ADV crl-24434 25 7 be be AUX crl-24434 25 8 the the DET crl-24434 25 9 result result NOUN crl-24434 25 10 of of SCONJ crl-24434 25 11 implicit implicit ADJ crl-24434 25 12 or or CCONJ crl-24434 25 13 explicit explicit ADJ crl-24434 25 14 gender gender PROPN crl-24434 25 15 discrimination.12 discrimination.12 PROPN crl-24434 25 16 belinda belinda PROPN crl-24434 25 17 probert probert PROPN crl-24434 25 18 set set VERB crl-24434 25 19 out out ADP crl-24434 25 20 to to PART crl-24434 25 21 examine examine VERB crl-24434 25 22 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 25 23 inequity inequity NOUN crl-24434 25 24 in in ADP crl-24434 25 25 higher high ADJ crl-24434 25 26 education education NOUN crl-24434 25 27 institutes institute NOUN crl-24434 25 28 in in ADP crl-24434 25 29 australia australia PROPN crl-24434 25 30 , , PUNCT crl-24434 25 31 where where SCONJ crl-24434 25 32 men man NOUN crl-24434 25 33 are be AUX crl-24434 25 34 far far ADV crl-24434 25 35 more more ADV crl-24434 25 36 likely likely ADJ crl-24434 25 37 than than SCONJ crl-24434 25 38 women woman NOUN crl-24434 25 39 to to PART crl-24434 25 40 rise rise VERB crl-24434 25 41 into into ADP crl-24434 25 42 high high ADJ crl-24434 25 43 - - PUNCT crl-24434 25 44 level level NOUN crl-24434 25 45 positions position NOUN crl-24434 25 46 , , PUNCT crl-24434 25 47 which which PRON crl-24434 25 48 is be AUX crl-24434 25 49 also also ADV crl-24434 25 50 the the DET crl-24434 25 51 case case NOUN crl-24434 25 52 at at ADP crl-24434 25 53 universities university NOUN crl-24434 25 54 in in ADP crl-24434 25 55 the the DET crl-24434 25 56 us we PRON crl-24434 25 57 and and CCONJ crl-24434 25 58 uk.13 uk.13 ADV crl-24434 25 59 she she PRON crl-24434 25 60 found find VERB crl-24434 25 61 that that SCONJ crl-24434 25 62 , , PUNCT crl-24434 25 63 while while SCONJ crl-24434 25 64 women woman NOUN crl-24434 25 65 were be AUX crl-24434 25 66 more more ADV crl-24434 25 67 successful successful ADJ crl-24434 25 68 than than ADP crl-24434 25 69 men man NOUN crl-24434 25 70 when when SCONJ crl-24434 25 71 they they PRON crl-24434 25 72 applied apply VERB crl-24434 25 73 for for ADP crl-24434 25 74 a a DET crl-24434 25 75 promotion promotion NOUN crl-24434 25 76 , , PUNCT crl-24434 25 77 they they PRON crl-24434 25 78 were be AUX crl-24434 25 79 much much ADV crl-24434 25 80 less less ADV crl-24434 25 81 likely likely ADJ crl-24434 25 82 to to PART crl-24434 25 83 actually actually ADV crl-24434 25 84 apply apply VERB crl-24434 25 85 . . PUNCT crl-24434 26 1 her her PRON crl-24434 26 2 results result NOUN crl-24434 26 3 showed show VERB crl-24434 26 4 that that SCONJ crl-24434 26 5 the the DET crl-24434 26 6 absence absence NOUN crl-24434 26 7 of of ADP crl-24434 26 8 women woman NOUN crl-24434 26 9 in in ADP crl-24434 26 10 higher high ADJ crl-24434 26 11 positions position NOUN crl-24434 26 12 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 26 13 would would AUX crl-24434 26 14 appear appear VERB crl-24434 26 15 to to PART crl-24434 26 16 be be AUX crl-24434 26 17 linked link VERB crl-24434 26 18 to to ADP crl-24434 26 19 the the DET crl-24434 26 20 way way NOUN crl-24434 26 21 households household NOUN crl-24434 26 22 organize organize VERB crl-24434 26 23 the the DET crl-24434 26 24 division division NOUN crl-24434 26 25 between between ADP crl-24434 26 26 paid pay VERB crl-24434 26 27 and and CCONJ crl-24434 26 28 unpaid unpaid ADJ crl-24434 26 29 work work NOUN crl-24434 26 30 rather rather ADV crl-24434 26 31 than than ADP crl-24434 26 32 to to AUX crl-24434 26 33 discrimination discrimination VERB crl-24434 26 34 against against ADP crl-24434 26 35 women woman NOUN crl-24434 26 36 in in ADP crl-24434 26 37 the the DET crl-24434 26 38 workplace workplace NOUN crl-24434 26 39 . . PUNCT crl-24434 27 1 ”14 ”14 PROPN crl-24434 27 2 as as ADP crl-24434 27 3 in in ADP crl-24434 27 4 other other ADJ crl-24434 27 5 professions profession NOUN crl-24434 27 6 , , PUNCT crl-24434 27 7 women woman NOUN crl-24434 27 8 in in ADP crl-24434 27 9 academia academia NOUN crl-24434 27 10 are be AUX crl-24434 27 11 more more ADV crl-24434 27 12 often often ADV crl-24434 27 13 the the DET crl-24434 27 14 primary primary ADJ crl-24434 27 15 caregivers caregiver NOUN crl-24434 27 16 in in ADP crl-24434 27 17 the the DET crl-24434 27 18 home home NOUN crl-24434 27 19 . . PUNCT crl-24434 28 1 though though SCONJ crl-24434 28 2 academic academic ADJ crl-24434 28 3 librarians librarian NOUN crl-24434 28 4 are be AUX crl-24434 28 5 certainly certainly ADV crl-24434 28 6 a a DET crl-24434 28 7 part part NOUN crl-24434 28 8 of of ADP crl-24434 28 9 the the DET crl-24434 28 10 larger large ADJ crl-24434 28 11 academic academic ADJ crl-24434 28 12 community community NOUN crl-24434 28 13 , , PUNCT crl-24434 28 14 this this DET crl-24434 28 15 profession profession NOUN crl-24434 28 16 differs differ VERB crl-24434 28 17 from from ADP crl-24434 28 18 many many ADJ crl-24434 28 19 other other ADJ crl-24434 28 20 disciplinary disciplinary ADJ crl-24434 28 21 areas area NOUN crl-24434 28 22 in in ADP crl-24434 28 23 that that SCONJ crl-24434 28 24 it it PRON crl-24434 28 25 is be AUX crl-24434 28 26 female female ADV crl-24434 28 27 - - PUNCT crl-24434 28 28 dominated dominate VERB crl-24434 28 29 . . PUNCT crl-24434 29 1 as as SCONJ crl-24434 29 2 blau blau NOUN crl-24434 29 3 and and CCONJ crl-24434 29 4 kahn kahn PROPN crl-24434 29 5 note note NOUN crl-24434 29 6 , , PUNCT crl-24434 29 7 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 29 8 within within ADP crl-24434 29 9 female female NOUN crl-24434 29 10 - - PUNCT crl-24434 29 11 dominated dominate VERB crl-24434 29 12 occupations occupation NOUN crl-24434 29 13 , , PUNCT crl-24434 29 14 women woman NOUN crl-24434 29 15 tend tend VERB crl-24434 29 16 to to PART crl-24434 29 17 earn earn VERB crl-24434 29 18 less less ADJ crl-24434 29 19 than than ADP crl-24434 29 20 their their PRON crl-24434 29 21 male male ADJ crl-24434 29 22 counterparts counterpart NOUN crl-24434 29 23 , , PUNCT crl-24434 29 24 and and CCONJ crl-24434 29 25 they they PRON crl-24434 29 26 tend tend VERB crl-24434 29 27 to to PART crl-24434 29 28 move move VERB crl-24434 29 29 up up ADP crl-24434 29 30 the the DET crl-24434 29 31 career career NOUN crl-24434 29 32 ranks rank VERB crl-24434 29 33 more more ADV crl-24434 29 34 slowly slowly ADV crl-24434 29 35 . . PUNCT crl-24434 30 1 this this DET crl-24434 30 2 phenomenon phenomenon NOUN crl-24434 30 3 has have AUX crl-24434 30 4 been be AUX crl-24434 30 5 termed term VERB crl-24434 30 6 a a DET crl-24434 30 7 glass glass NOUN crl-24434 30 8 escalator escalator NOUN crl-24434 30 9 for for ADP crl-24434 30 10 men man NOUN crl-24434 30 11 . . PUNCT crl-24434 31 1 ”15 ”15 PROPN crl-24434 32 1 michelle michelle PROPN crl-24434 32 2 budig budig PROPN crl-24434 32 3 investigated investigate VERB crl-24434 32 4 the the DET crl-24434 32 5 male male ADJ crl-24434 32 6 advantage advantage NOUN crl-24434 32 7 in in ADP crl-24434 32 8 male male NOUN crl-24434 32 9 - - PUNCT crl-24434 32 10 dominated dominate VERB crl-24434 32 11 , , PUNCT crl-24434 32 12 female female NOUN crl-24434 32 13 - - PUNCT crl-24434 32 14 dominated dominate VERB crl-24434 32 15 , , PUNCT crl-24434 32 16 and and CCONJ crl-24434 32 17 balanced balanced ADJ crl-24434 32 18 jobs job NOUN crl-24434 32 19 and and CCONJ crl-24434 32 20 found find VERB crl-24434 32 21 that that SCONJ crl-24434 32 22 men man NOUN crl-24434 32 23 have have VERB crl-24434 32 24 an an DET crl-24434 32 25 advantage advantage NOUN crl-24434 32 26 of of ADP crl-24434 32 27 the the DET crl-24434 32 28 same same ADJ crl-24434 32 29 magnitude magnitude NOUN crl-24434 32 30 in in ADP crl-24434 32 31 all all DET crl-24434 32 32 job job NOUN crl-24434 32 33 types type NOUN crl-24434 32 34 , , PUNCT crl-24434 32 35 both both PRON crl-24434 32 36 in in ADP crl-24434 32 37 pay pay NOUN crl-24434 32 38 levels level NOUN crl-24434 32 39 and and CCONJ crl-24434 32 40 wage wage NOUN crl-24434 32 41 growth.16 growth.16 PROPN crl-24434 32 42 ruth ruth PROPN crl-24434 32 43 simpson simpson PROPN crl-24434 32 44 interviewed interview VERB crl-24434 32 45 male male ADJ crl-24434 32 46 workers worker NOUN crl-24434 32 47 in in ADP crl-24434 32 48 the the DET crl-24434 32 49 female female ADV crl-24434 32 50 - - PUNCT crl-24434 32 51 dominated dominate VERB crl-24434 32 52 professions profession NOUN crl-24434 32 53 of of ADP crl-24434 32 54 academic academic ADJ crl-24434 32 55 librarianship librarianship NOUN crl-24434 32 56 , , PUNCT crl-24434 32 57 cabin cabin NOUN crl-24434 32 58 crew crew NOUN crl-24434 32 59 , , PUNCT crl-24434 32 60 nurses nurse NOUN crl-24434 32 61 , , PUNCT crl-24434 32 62 and and CCONJ crl-24434 32 63 primary primary ADJ crl-24434 32 64 school school NOUN crl-24434 32 65 teachers.17 teachers.17 NOUN crl-24434 32 66 their their PRON crl-24434 32 67 experiences experience NOUN crl-24434 32 68 point point VERB crl-24434 32 69 to to ADP crl-24434 32 70 advantages advantage NOUN crl-24434 32 71 in in ADP crl-24434 32 72 assumptions assumption NOUN crl-24434 32 73 of of ADP crl-24434 32 74 enhanced enhanced ADJ crl-24434 32 75 leadership leadership NOUN crl-24434 32 76 , , PUNCT crl-24434 32 77 differential differential ADJ crl-24434 32 78 treatment treatment NOUN crl-24434 32 79 , , PUNCT crl-24434 32 80 and and CCONJ crl-24434 32 81 an an DET crl-24434 32 82 association association NOUN crl-24434 32 83 with with ADP crl-24434 32 84 a a DET crl-24434 32 85 more more ADV crl-24434 32 86 careerist careerist ADJ crl-24434 32 87 attitude attitude NOUN crl-24434 32 88 . . PUNCT crl-24434 33 1 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 33 2 pay pay NOUN crl-24434 33 3 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 33 4 in in ADP crl-24434 33 5 academic academic ADJ crl-24434 33 6 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 33 7 when when SCONJ crl-24434 33 8 librarianship librarianship NOUN crl-24434 33 9 began begin VERB crl-24434 33 10 to to PART crl-24434 33 11 organize organize VERB crl-24434 33 12 in in ADP crl-24434 33 13 the the DET crl-24434 33 14 1870s 1870 NOUN crl-24434 33 15 , , PUNCT crl-24434 33 16 it it PRON crl-24434 33 17 became become VERB crl-24434 33 18 an an DET crl-24434 33 19 alternative alternative NOUN crl-24434 33 20 for for ADP crl-24434 33 21 teaching teaching NOUN crl-24434 33 22 as as ADP crl-24434 33 23 664 664 NUM crl-24434 33 24 college college PROPN crl-24434 33 25 & & CCONJ crl-24434 33 26 research research PROPN crl-24434 33 27 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 33 28 may may AUX crl-24434 33 29 2020 2020 NUM crl-24434 33 30 a a DET crl-24434 33 31 career career NOUN crl-24434 33 32 suitable suitable ADJ crl-24434 33 33 for for ADP crl-24434 33 34 women.18 women.18 NOUN crl-24434 33 35 librarianship librarianship NOUN crl-24434 33 36 fit fit ADJ crl-24434 33 37 within within ADP crl-24434 33 38 the the DET crl-24434 33 39 acceptable acceptable ADJ crl-24434 33 40 bounds bound NOUN crl-24434 33 41 of of ADP crl-24434 33 42 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 33 43 women woman NOUN crl-24434 33 44 ’s ’s PART crl-24434 33 45 work work NOUN crl-24434 33 46 , , PUNCT crl-24434 33 47 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 33 48 and and CCONJ crl-24434 33 49 male male ADJ crl-24434 33 50 library library NOUN crl-24434 33 51 leaders leader NOUN crl-24434 33 52 welcomed welcome VERB crl-24434 33 53 female female ADJ crl-24434 33 54 library library NOUN crl-24434 33 55 assistants assistant NOUN crl-24434 33 56 due due ADP crl-24434 33 57 to to ADP crl-24434 33 58 their their PRON crl-24434 33 59 low low ADJ crl-24434 33 60 wages.19 wages.19 NOUN crl-24434 33 61 the the DET crl-24434 33 62 american american PROPN crl-24434 33 63 library library PROPN crl-24434 33 64 association association PROPN crl-24434 33 65 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 33 66 ala ala PROPN crl-24434 33 67 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 33 68 was be AUX crl-24434 33 69 formed form VERB crl-24434 33 70 in in ADP crl-24434 33 71 1876 1876 NUM crl-24434 33 72 , , PUNCT crl-24434 33 73 with with ADP crl-24434 33 74 the the DET crl-24434 33 75 first first ADJ crl-24434 33 76 meeting meeting NOUN crl-24434 33 77 including include VERB crl-24434 33 78 90 90 NUM crl-24434 33 79 men man NOUN crl-24434 33 80 and and CCONJ crl-24434 33 81 13 13 NUM crl-24434 33 82 women woman NOUN crl-24434 33 83 . . PUNCT crl-24434 34 1 by by ADP crl-24434 34 2 1910 1910 NUM crl-24434 34 3 , , PUNCT crl-24434 34 4 librarianship librarianship NOUN crl-24434 34 5 was be AUX crl-24434 34 6 78.5 78.5 NUM crl-24434 34 7 percent percent NOUN crl-24434 34 8 female female ADJ crl-24434 34 9 , , PUNCT crl-24434 34 10 and and CCONJ crl-24434 34 11 by by ADP crl-24434 34 12 1920 1920 NUM crl-24434 34 13 it it PRON crl-24434 34 14 had have AUX crl-24434 34 15 reached reach VERB crl-24434 34 16 nearly nearly ADV crl-24434 34 17 90 90 NUM crl-24434 34 18 percent.20 percent.20 NOUN crl-24434 34 19 throughout throughout ADP crl-24434 34 20 these these DET crl-24434 34 21 early early ADJ crl-24434 34 22 days day NOUN crl-24434 34 23 of of ADP crl-24434 34 24 librarianship librarianship NOUN crl-24434 34 25 , , PUNCT crl-24434 34 26 women woman NOUN crl-24434 34 27 ’s ’s PART crl-24434 34 28 wages wage NOUN crl-24434 34 29 were be AUX crl-24434 34 30 just just ADV crl-24434 34 31 a a DET crl-24434 34 32 fraction fraction NOUN crl-24434 34 33 of of ADP crl-24434 34 34 men man NOUN crl-24434 34 35 ’s ’s NOUN crl-24434 34 36 , , PUNCT crl-24434 34 37 and and CCONJ crl-24434 34 38 this this DET crl-24434 34 39 unequal unequal ADJ crl-24434 34 40 treatment treatment NOUN crl-24434 34 41 was be AUX crl-24434 34 42 blamed blame VERB crl-24434 34 43 on on ADP crl-24434 34 44 the the DET crl-24434 34 45 weakness weakness NOUN crl-24434 34 46 of of ADP crl-24434 34 47 women woman NOUN crl-24434 34 48 as as ADP crl-24434 34 49 a a DET crl-24434 34 50 gender.21 gender.21 NOUN crl-24434 34 51 in in ADP crl-24434 34 52 recent recent ADJ crl-24434 34 53 history history NOUN crl-24434 34 54 , , PUNCT crl-24434 34 55 librarianship librarianship NOUN crl-24434 34 56 has have AUX crl-24434 34 57 been be AUX crl-24434 34 58 a a DET crl-24434 34 59 female female ADV crl-24434 34 60 - - PUNCT crl-24434 34 61 dominated dominate VERB crl-24434 34 62 profession profession NOUN crl-24434 34 63 , , PUNCT crl-24434 34 64 with with ADP crl-24434 34 65 about about ADV crl-24434 34 66 one one NUM crl-24434 34 67 man man NOUN crl-24434 34 68 for for ADP crl-24434 34 69 every every DET crl-24434 34 70 five five NUM crl-24434 34 71 women.22 women.22 NOUN crl-24434 34 72 in in ADP crl-24434 34 73 1991 1991 NUM crl-24434 34 74 , , PUNCT crl-24434 34 75 80 80 NUM crl-24434 34 76 percent percent NOUN crl-24434 34 77 of of ADP crl-24434 34 78 the the DET crl-24434 34 79 library library NOUN crl-24434 34 80 workforce workforce NOUN crl-24434 34 81 were be AUX crl-24434 34 82 women woman NOUN crl-24434 34 83 , , PUNCT crl-24434 34 84 whereas whereas SCONJ crl-24434 34 85 80 80 NUM crl-24434 34 86 percent percent NOUN crl-24434 34 87 of of ADP crl-24434 34 88 library library NOUN crl-24434 34 89 management management NOUN crl-24434 34 90 positions position NOUN crl-24434 34 91 were be AUX crl-24434 34 92 held hold VERB crl-24434 34 93 by by ADP crl-24434 34 94 men man NOUN crl-24434 34 95 . . PUNCT crl-24434 35 1 by by ADP crl-24434 35 2 1999 1999 NUM crl-24434 35 3 , , PUNCT crl-24434 35 4 women woman NOUN crl-24434 35 5 had have AUX crl-24434 35 6 overtaken overtake VERB crl-24434 35 7 men man NOUN crl-24434 35 8 and and CCONJ crl-24434 35 9 held hold VERB crl-24434 35 10 a a DET crl-24434 35 11 majority majority NOUN crl-24434 35 12 of of ADP crl-24434 35 13 top top ADJ crl-24434 35 14 academic academic ADJ crl-24434 35 15 library library NOUN crl-24434 35 16 leadership leadership NOUN crl-24434 35 17 positions position NOUN crl-24434 35 18 in in ADP crl-24434 35 19 association association NOUN crl-24434 35 20 of of ADP crl-24434 35 21 research research NOUN crl-24434 35 22 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 35 23 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 35 24 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 35 25 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 35 26 institutions institution NOUN crl-24434 35 27 , , PUNCT crl-24434 35 28 the the DET crl-24434 35 29 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 35 30 board board PROPN crl-24434 35 31 of of ADP crl-24434 35 32 directors director NOUN crl-24434 35 33 , , PUNCT crl-24434 35 34 and and CCONJ crl-24434 35 35 the the DET crl-24434 35 36 ala ala PROPN crl-24434 35 37 ’s ’s PROPN crl-24434 35 38 executive executive PROPN crl-24434 35 39 board board NOUN crl-24434 35 40 and and CCONJ crl-24434 35 41 officer officer NOUN crl-24434 35 42 positions.23 positions.23 NOUN crl-24434 35 43 this this PRON crl-24434 35 44 may may AUX crl-24434 35 45 be be AUX crl-24434 35 46 due due ADJ crl-24434 35 47 , , PUNCT crl-24434 35 48 in in ADP crl-24434 35 49 part part NOUN crl-24434 35 50 , , PUNCT crl-24434 35 51 to to ADP crl-24434 35 52 the the DET crl-24434 35 53 impact impact NOUN crl-24434 35 54 in in ADP crl-24434 35 55 the the DET crl-24434 35 56 subsequent subsequent ADJ crl-24434 35 57 decades decade NOUN crl-24434 35 58 of of ADP crl-24434 35 59 the the DET crl-24434 35 60 civil civil ADJ crl-24434 35 61 rights right NOUN crl-24434 35 62 act act NOUN crl-24434 35 63 of of ADP crl-24434 35 64 1964 1964 NUM crl-24434 35 65 , , PUNCT crl-24434 35 66 which which PRON crl-24434 35 67 prohibited prohibit VERB crl-24434 35 68 discrimination discrimination NOUN crl-24434 35 69 based base VERB crl-24434 35 70 on on ADP crl-24434 35 71 race race NOUN crl-24434 35 72 , , PUNCT crl-24434 35 73 color color NOUN crl-24434 35 74 , , PUNCT crl-24434 35 75 religion religion NOUN crl-24434 35 76 , , PUNCT crl-24434 35 77 sex sex NOUN crl-24434 35 78 , , PUNCT crl-24434 35 79 or or CCONJ crl-24434 35 80 national national ADJ crl-24434 35 81 origin origin NOUN crl-24434 35 82 in in ADP crl-24434 35 83 all all DET crl-24434 35 84 employment employment NOUN crl-24434 35 85 practices practice NOUN crl-24434 35 86 . . PUNCT crl-24434 36 1 to to PART crl-24434 36 2 help help VERB crl-24434 36 3 correct correct ADJ crl-24434 36 4 past past ADJ crl-24434 36 5 discriminations discrimination NOUN crl-24434 36 6 , , PUNCT crl-24434 36 7 executive executive ADJ crl-24434 36 8 order order NOUN crl-24434 36 9 11246 11246 NUM crl-24434 36 10 created create VERB crl-24434 36 11 affirmative affirmative ADJ crl-24434 36 12 action action NOUN crl-24434 36 13 in in ADP crl-24434 36 14 1965 1965 NUM crl-24434 36 15 , , PUNCT crl-24434 36 16 which which PRON crl-24434 36 17 aims aim VERB crl-24434 36 18 to to PART crl-24434 36 19 reduce reduce VERB crl-24434 36 20 discrimination discrimination NOUN crl-24434 36 21 toward toward ADP crl-24434 36 22 targeted target VERB crl-24434 36 23 groups group NOUN crl-24434 36 24 and and CCONJ crl-24434 36 25 increase increase VERB crl-24434 36 26 their their PRON crl-24434 36 27 numbers number NOUN crl-24434 36 28 in in ADP crl-24434 36 29 certain certain ADJ crl-24434 36 30 occupations occupation NOUN crl-24434 36 31 and and CCONJ crl-24434 36 32 , , PUNCT crl-24434 36 33 starting start VERB crl-24434 36 34 in in ADP crl-24434 36 35 1972 1972 NUM crl-24434 36 36 , , PUNCT crl-24434 36 37 institutions institution NOUN crl-24434 36 38 of of ADP crl-24434 36 39 higher high ADJ crl-24434 36 40 education education NOUN crl-24434 36 41 . . PUNCT crl-24434 37 1 three three NUM crl-24434 37 2 studies study NOUN crl-24434 37 3 have have AUX crl-24434 37 4 examined examine VERB crl-24434 37 5 the the DET crl-24434 37 6 impact impact NOUN crl-24434 37 7 of of ADP crl-24434 37 8 affirmation affirmation NOUN crl-24434 37 9 action action NOUN crl-24434 37 10 on on ADP crl-24434 37 11 administrators administrator NOUN crl-24434 37 12 in in ADP crl-24434 37 13 academic academic ADJ crl-24434 37 14 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 37 15 . . PUNCT crl-24434 38 1 barbara barbara PROPN crl-24434 38 2 moran moran PROPN crl-24434 38 3 compared compare VERB crl-24434 38 4 the the DET crl-24434 38 5 status status NOUN crl-24434 38 6 of of ADP crl-24434 38 7 women woman NOUN crl-24434 38 8 in in ADP crl-24434 38 9 academic academic ADJ crl-24434 38 10 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 38 11 in in ADP crl-24434 38 12 1972 1972 NUM crl-24434 38 13 and and CCONJ crl-24434 38 14 1985 1985 NUM crl-24434 38 15 and and CCONJ crl-24434 38 16 found find VERB crl-24434 38 17 that that SCONJ crl-24434 38 18 women woman NOUN crl-24434 38 19 made make VERB crl-24434 38 20 advances advance NOUN crl-24434 38 21 in in ADP crl-24434 38 22 being be AUX crl-24434 38 23 appointed appoint VERB crl-24434 38 24 to to ADP crl-24434 38 25 mid mid ADJ crl-24434 38 26 - - ADJ crl-24434 38 27 level level ADJ crl-24434 38 28 administrative administrative ADJ crl-24434 38 29 positions position NOUN crl-24434 38 30 , , PUNCT crl-24434 38 31 especially especially ADV crl-24434 38 32 assistant assistant ADJ crl-24434 38 33 / / SYM crl-24434 38 34 associate associate NOUN crl-24434 38 35 director director NOUN crl-24434 38 36 and and CCONJ crl-24434 38 37 department department NOUN crl-24434 38 38 head head NOUN crl-24434 38 39 level level NOUN crl-24434 38 40 . . PUNCT crl-24434 39 1 24 24 NUM crl-24434 39 2 this this DET crl-24434 39 3 study study NOUN crl-24434 39 4 was be AUX crl-24434 39 5 replicated replicate VERB crl-24434 39 6 by by ADP crl-24434 39 7 coleen coleen PROPN crl-24434 39 8 sullivan sullivan PROPN crl-24434 39 9 in in ADP crl-24434 39 10 1996 1996 NUM crl-24434 39 11 to to PART crl-24434 39 12 determine determine VERB crl-24434 39 13 if if SCONJ crl-24434 39 14 additional additional ADJ crl-24434 39 15 advances advance NOUN crl-24434 39 16 at at ADP crl-24434 39 17 the the DET crl-24434 39 18 director director NOUN crl-24434 39 19 level level NOUN crl-24434 39 20 had have AUX crl-24434 39 21 been be AUX crl-24434 39 22 made make VERB crl-24434 39 23 since since SCONJ crl-24434 39 24 there there PRON crl-24434 39 25 were be VERB crl-24434 39 26 more more ADJ crl-24434 39 27 women woman NOUN crl-24434 39 28 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 39 29 in in ADP crl-24434 39 30 the the DET crl-24434 39 31 pipeline pipeline NOUN crl-24434 39 32 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 39 33 for for ADP crl-24434 39 34 top top ADJ crl-24434 39 35 - - PUNCT crl-24434 39 36 level level NOUN crl-24434 39 37 positions position NOUN crl-24434 39 38 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 39 39 she she PRON crl-24434 39 40 found find VERB crl-24434 39 41 the the DET crl-24434 39 42 answer answer NOUN crl-24434 39 43 to to PART crl-24434 39 44 be be AUX crl-24434 39 45 overwhelming overwhelming ADJ crl-24434 39 46 affirmative affirmative NOUN crl-24434 39 47 , , PUNCT crl-24434 39 48 with with ADP crl-24434 39 49 women woman NOUN crl-24434 39 50 making make VERB crl-24434 39 51 significant significant ADJ crl-24434 39 52 gains gain NOUN crl-24434 39 53 in in ADP crl-24434 39 54 director director NOUN crl-24434 39 55 , , PUNCT crl-24434 39 56 associate associate ADJ crl-24434 39 57 / / SYM crl-24434 39 58 assistant assistant NOUN crl-24434 39 59 director director NOUN crl-24434 39 60 , , PUNCT crl-24434 39 61 and and CCONJ crl-24434 39 62 department department NOUN crl-24434 39 63 head head NOUN crl-24434 39 64 positions position NOUN crl-24434 39 65 . . PUNCT crl-24434 40 1 25 25 NUM crl-24434 40 2 barbara barbara PROPN crl-24434 40 3 moran moran PROPN crl-24434 40 4 , , PUNCT crl-24434 40 5 elisabeth elisabeth PROPN crl-24434 40 6 leonard leonard PROPN crl-24434 40 7 , , PUNCT crl-24434 40 8 and and CCONJ crl-24434 40 9 jessica jessica PROPN crl-24434 40 10 zellers zeller NOUN crl-24434 40 11 replicated replicate VERB crl-24434 40 12 the the DET crl-24434 40 13 study study NOUN crl-24434 40 14 once once ADV crl-24434 40 15 again again ADV crl-24434 40 16 in in ADP crl-24434 40 17 2009 2009 NUM crl-24434 40 18 and and CCONJ crl-24434 40 19 found find VERB crl-24434 40 20 that that SCONJ crl-24434 40 21 women woman NOUN crl-24434 40 22 had have AUX crl-24434 40 23 made make VERB crl-24434 40 24 even even ADV crl-24434 40 25 more more ADJ crl-24434 40 26 gains gain NOUN crl-24434 40 27 , , PUNCT crl-24434 40 28 now now ADV crl-24434 40 29 holding hold VERB crl-24434 40 30 more more ADJ crl-24434 40 31 administrative administrative ADJ crl-24434 40 32 positions position NOUN crl-24434 40 33 than than ADP crl-24434 40 34 men man NOUN crl-24434 40 35 across across ADP crl-24434 40 36 the the DET crl-24434 40 37 board board NOUN crl-24434 40 38 in in ADP crl-24434 40 39 academic academic ADJ crl-24434 40 40 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 40 41 . . PUNCT crl-24434 41 1 26 26 NUM crl-24434 41 2 most most ADV crl-24434 41 3 strikingly strikingly ADV crl-24434 41 4 , , PUNCT crl-24434 41 5 the the DET crl-24434 41 6 percentage percentage NOUN crl-24434 41 7 of of ADP crl-24434 41 8 female female ADJ crl-24434 41 9 arl arl NOUN crl-24434 41 10 directors director NOUN crl-24434 41 11 went go VERB crl-24434 41 12 from from ADP crl-24434 41 13 2 2 NUM crl-24434 41 14 percent percent NOUN crl-24434 41 15 in in ADP crl-24434 41 16 1972 1972 NUM crl-24434 41 17 to to ADP crl-24434 41 18 60 60 NUM crl-24434 41 19 percent percent NOUN crl-24434 41 20 in in ADP crl-24434 41 21 2004 2004 NUM crl-24434 41 22 . . PUNCT crl-24434 42 1 though though SCONJ crl-24434 42 2 women woman NOUN crl-24434 42 3 were be AUX crl-24434 42 4 close close ADJ crl-24434 42 5 to to ADP crl-24434 42 6 parity parity NOUN crl-24434 42 7 in in ADP crl-24434 42 8 holding hold VERB crl-24434 42 9 these these DET crl-24434 42 10 administrative administrative ADJ crl-24434 42 11 positions position NOUN crl-24434 42 12 , , PUNCT crl-24434 42 13 those those DET crl-24434 42 14 studies study NOUN crl-24434 42 15 did do AUX crl-24434 42 16 not not PART crl-24434 42 17 take take VERB crl-24434 42 18 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 42 19 into into ADP crl-24434 42 20 account account NOUN crl-24434 42 21 . . PUNCT crl-24434 43 1 darren darren PROPN crl-24434 43 2 sweeper sweeper PROPN crl-24434 43 3 and and CCONJ crl-24434 43 4 steven steven PROPN crl-24434 43 5 smith smith PROPN crl-24434 43 6 looked look VERB crl-24434 43 7 at at ADP crl-24434 43 8 information information NOUN crl-24434 43 9 on on ADP crl-24434 43 10 357 357 NUM crl-24434 43 11 college college NOUN crl-24434 43 12 graduates graduate NOUN crl-24434 43 13 working work VERB crl-24434 43 14 in in ADP crl-24434 43 15 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 43 16 and and CCONJ crl-24434 43 17 found find VERB crl-24434 43 18 no no DET crl-24434 43 19 significant significant ADJ crl-24434 43 20 differences difference NOUN crl-24434 43 21 in in ADP crl-24434 43 22 the the DET crl-24434 43 23 earnings earning NOUN crl-24434 43 24 between between ADP crl-24434 43 25 women woman NOUN crl-24434 43 26 and and CCONJ crl-24434 43 27 men man NOUN crl-24434 43 28 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 43 29 however however ADV crl-24434 43 30 , , PUNCT crl-24434 43 31 the the DET crl-24434 43 32 study study NOUN crl-24434 43 33 does do AUX crl-24434 43 34 not not PART crl-24434 43 35 distinguish distinguish VERB crl-24434 43 36 between between ADP crl-24434 43 37 different different ADJ crl-24434 43 38 types type NOUN crl-24434 43 39 of of ADP crl-24434 43 40 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 43 41 or or CCONJ crl-24434 43 42 librarianship librarianship NOUN crl-24434 43 43 . . PUNCT crl-24434 44 1 27 27 NUM crl-24434 44 2 recently recently ADV crl-24434 44 3 , , PUNCT crl-24434 44 4 quinn quinn PROPN crl-24434 44 5 galbraith galbraith PROPN crl-24434 44 6 , , PUNCT crl-24434 44 7 adam adam PROPN crl-24434 44 8 henry henry PROPN crl-24434 44 9 callister callister PROPN crl-24434 44 10 , , PUNCT crl-24434 44 11 and and CCONJ crl-24434 44 12 heather heather ADJ crl-24434 44 13 kelley kelley NOUN crl-24434 44 14 looked look VERB crl-24434 44 15 at at ADP crl-24434 44 16 35 35 NUM crl-24434 44 17 years year NOUN crl-24434 44 18 of of ADP crl-24434 44 19 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 44 20 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 44 21 data datum NOUN crl-24434 44 22 , , PUNCT crl-24434 44 23 as as ADV crl-24434 44 24 well well ADV crl-24434 44 25 as as ADP crl-24434 44 26 the the DET crl-24434 44 27 2014 2014 NUM crl-24434 44 28 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 44 29 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 44 30 survey survey NOUN crl-24434 44 31 data datum NOUN crl-24434 44 32 , , PUNCT crl-24434 44 33 and and CCONJ crl-24434 44 34 found find VERB crl-24434 44 35 that that SCONJ crl-24434 44 36 the the DET crl-24434 44 37 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 44 38 wage wage NOUN crl-24434 44 39 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 44 40 is be AUX crl-24434 44 41 substantially substantially ADV crl-24434 44 42 smaller small ADJ crl-24434 44 43 in in ADP crl-24434 44 44 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 44 45 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 44 46 than than ADP crl-24434 44 47 in in ADP crl-24434 44 48 the the DET crl-24434 44 49 workforce workforce NOUN crl-24434 44 50 as as ADP crl-24434 44 51 a a DET crl-24434 44 52 whole.28 whole.28 NOUN crl-24434 44 53 starting start VERB crl-24434 44 54 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 44 55 can can AUX crl-24434 44 56 have have VERB crl-24434 44 57 a a DET crl-24434 44 58 giant giant ADJ crl-24434 44 59 impact impact NOUN crl-24434 44 60 on on ADP crl-24434 44 61 the the DET crl-24434 44 62 pay pay NOUN crl-24434 44 63 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 44 64 for for ADP crl-24434 44 65 librarians librarian NOUN crl-24434 44 66 , , PUNCT crl-24434 44 67 given give VERB crl-24434 44 68 the the DET crl-24434 44 69 nature nature NOUN crl-24434 44 70 of of ADP crl-24434 44 71 wages wage NOUN crl-24434 44 72 over over ADP crl-24434 44 73 time time NOUN crl-24434 44 74 . . PUNCT crl-24434 45 1 as as SCONJ crl-24434 45 2 the the DET crl-24434 45 3 vast vast ADJ crl-24434 45 4 majority majority NOUN crl-24434 45 5 of of ADP crl-24434 45 6 professional professional ADJ crl-24434 45 7 academic academic ADJ crl-24434 45 8 library library NOUN crl-24434 45 9 positions position NOUN crl-24434 45 10 are be AUX crl-24434 45 11 salaried salary VERB crl-24434 45 12 , , PUNCT crl-24434 45 13 negotiating negotiate VERB crl-24434 45 14 starting start VERB crl-24434 45 15 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 45 16 not not PART crl-24434 45 17 only only ADV crl-24434 45 18 has have VERB crl-24434 45 19 an an DET crl-24434 45 20 impact impact NOUN crl-24434 45 21 on on ADP crl-24434 45 22 the the DET crl-24434 45 23 initial initial ADJ crl-24434 45 24 pay pay NOUN crl-24434 45 25 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 45 26 , , PUNCT crl-24434 45 27 but but CCONJ crl-24434 45 28 , , PUNCT crl-24434 45 29 given give VERB crl-24434 45 30 that that SCONJ crl-24434 45 31 raises raise NOUN crl-24434 45 32 are be AUX crl-24434 45 33 often often ADV crl-24434 45 34 percentage percentage NOUN crl-24434 45 35 based base VERB crl-24434 45 36 , , PUNCT crl-24434 45 37 a a DET crl-24434 45 38 pay pay NOUN crl-24434 45 39 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 45 40 would would AUX crl-24434 45 41 increase increase VERB crl-24434 45 42 over over ADP crl-24434 45 43 time time NOUN crl-24434 45 44 . . PUNCT crl-24434 46 1 elise elise VERB crl-24434 46 2 silva silva NOUN crl-24434 46 3 and and CCONJ crl-24434 46 4 quinn quinn ADJ crl-24434 46 5 galbraith galbraith PROPN crl-24434 46 6 found find VERB crl-24434 46 7 that that SCONJ crl-24434 46 8 male male ADJ crl-24434 46 9 librarians librarian NOUN crl-24434 46 10 were be AUX crl-24434 46 11 38 38 NUM crl-24434 46 12 percent percent NOUN crl-24434 46 13 more more ADV crl-24434 46 14 likely likely ADJ crl-24434 46 15 to to PART crl-24434 46 16 negotiate negotiate VERB crl-24434 46 17 their their PRON crl-24434 46 18 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 46 19 than than ADP crl-24434 46 20 female female ADJ crl-24434 46 21 librarians librarian NOUN crl-24434 46 22 . . PUNCT crl-24434 47 1 even even ADV crl-24434 47 2 when when SCONJ crl-24434 47 3 women woman NOUN crl-24434 47 4 did do AUX crl-24434 47 5 negotiate negotiate VERB crl-24434 47 6 , , PUNCT crl-24434 47 7 they they PRON crl-24434 47 8 were be AUX crl-24434 47 9 less less ADV crl-24434 47 10 successful successful ADJ crl-24434 47 11 than than ADP crl-24434 47 12 their their PRON crl-24434 47 13 male male ADJ crl-24434 47 14 colleagues colleague NOUN crl-24434 47 15 , , PUNCT crl-24434 47 16 who who PRON crl-24434 47 17 received receive VERB crl-24434 47 18 on on ADP crl-24434 47 19 average average ADJ crl-24434 47 20 an an DET crl-24434 47 21 additional additional ADJ crl-24434 47 22 $ $ SYM crl-24434 47 23 825.35.29 825.35.29 NOUN crl-24434 47 24 however however ADV crl-24434 47 25 , , PUNCT crl-24434 47 26 there there PRON crl-24434 47 27 is be VERB crl-24434 47 28 evidence evidence NOUN crl-24434 47 29 that that SCONJ crl-24434 47 30 negotiation negotiation NOUN crl-24434 47 31 rates rate NOUN crl-24434 47 32 , , PUNCT crl-24434 47 33 regardless regardless ADV crl-24434 47 34 of of ADP crl-24434 47 35 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 47 36 , , PUNCT crl-24434 47 37 increase increase VERB crl-24434 47 38 with with ADP crl-24434 47 39 experience.30 experience.30 NOUN crl-24434 47 40 further far ADV crl-24434 47 41 , , PUNCT crl-24434 47 42 female female ADJ crl-24434 47 43 librarians librarian VERB crl-24434 47 44 the the DET crl-24434 47 45 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 47 46 wage wage NOUN crl-24434 47 47 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 47 48 in in ADP crl-24434 47 49 research research NOUN crl-24434 47 50 libraries librarie VERB crl-24434 47 51 665 665 NUM crl-24434 47 52 in in ADP crl-24434 47 53 administrative administrative ADJ crl-24434 47 54 roles role NOUN crl-24434 47 55 negotiate negotiate VERB crl-24434 47 56 more more ADJ crl-24434 47 57 than than ADP crl-24434 47 58 women woman NOUN crl-24434 47 59 in in ADP crl-24434 47 60 front front ADJ crl-24434 47 61 - - PUNCT crl-24434 47 62 line line NOUN crl-24434 47 63 positions position NOUN crl-24434 47 64 and and CCONJ crl-24434 47 65 there there PRON crl-24434 47 66 is be VERB crl-24434 47 67 no no DET crl-24434 47 68 statistical statistical ADJ crl-24434 47 69 difference difference NOUN crl-24434 47 70 in in ADP crl-24434 47 71 negotiation negotiation NOUN crl-24434 47 72 rates rate NOUN crl-24434 47 73 between between ADP crl-24434 47 74 females female NOUN crl-24434 47 75 and and CCONJ crl-24434 47 76 males male NOUN crl-24434 47 77 in in ADP crl-24434 47 78 administrative administrative ADJ crl-24434 47 79 positions position NOUN crl-24434 47 80 , , PUNCT crl-24434 47 81 leaving leave VERB crl-24434 47 82 the the DET crl-24434 47 83 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 47 84 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 47 85 at at ADP crl-24434 47 86 this this DET crl-24434 47 87 high high ADJ crl-24434 47 88 level level NOUN crl-24434 47 89 unexplained unexplaine VERB crl-24434 47 90 by by ADP crl-24434 47 91 negotiation.31 negotiation.31 NOUN crl-24434 47 92 method method NOUN crl-24434 47 93 data datum NOUN crl-24434 47 94 and and CCONJ crl-24434 47 95 procedures procedure NOUN crl-24434 47 96 to to PART crl-24434 47 97 examine examine VERB crl-24434 47 98 the the DET crl-24434 47 99 effects effect NOUN crl-24434 47 100 of of ADP crl-24434 47 101 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 47 102 on on ADP crl-24434 47 103 research research NOUN crl-24434 47 104 librarian librarian PROPN crl-24434 47 105 salaries salary NOUN crl-24434 47 106 , , PUNCT crl-24434 47 107 data datum NOUN crl-24434 47 108 was be AUX crl-24434 47 109 compiled compile VERB crl-24434 47 110 from from ADP crl-24434 47 111 the the DET crl-24434 47 112 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 47 113 annual annual ADJ crl-24434 47 114 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 47 115 survey.32 survey.32 PROPN crl-24434 47 116 the the DET crl-24434 47 117 arl arl NOUN crl-24434 47 118 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 47 119 is be AUX crl-24434 47 120 a a DET crl-24434 47 121 membership membership NOUN crl-24434 47 122 organization organization NOUN crl-24434 47 123 of of ADP crl-24434 47 124 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 47 125 and and CCONJ crl-24434 47 126 archives archive NOUN crl-24434 47 127 in in ADP crl-24434 47 128 major major ADJ crl-24434 47 129 public public ADJ crl-24434 47 130 and and CCONJ crl-24434 47 131 private private ADJ crl-24434 47 132 universities university NOUN crl-24434 47 133 , , PUNCT crl-24434 47 134 federal federal ADJ crl-24434 47 135 government government NOUN crl-24434 47 136 agencies agency NOUN crl-24434 47 137 , , PUNCT crl-24434 47 138 and and CCONJ crl-24434 47 139 large large ADJ crl-24434 47 140 public public ADJ crl-24434 47 141 institutions institution NOUN crl-24434 47 142 in in ADP crl-24434 47 143 canada canada PROPN crl-24434 47 144 and and CCONJ crl-24434 47 145 the the DET crl-24434 47 146 us us PROPN crl-24434 47 147 . . PUNCT crl-24434 48 1 ”33 ”33 X crl-24434 49 1 at at ADP crl-24434 49 2 the the DET crl-24434 49 3 time time NOUN crl-24434 49 4 of of ADP crl-24434 49 5 writing writing NOUN crl-24434 49 6 , , PUNCT crl-24434 49 7 there there PRON crl-24434 49 8 were be VERB crl-24434 49 9 124 124 NUM crl-24434 49 10 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 49 11 institutions.34 institutions.34 PROPN crl-24434 49 12 this this DET crl-24434 49 13 data datum NOUN crl-24434 49 14 set set VERB crl-24434 49 15 was be AUX crl-24434 49 16 selected select VERB crl-24434 49 17 because because SCONJ crl-24434 49 18 it it PRON crl-24434 49 19 was be AUX crl-24434 49 20 an an DET crl-24434 49 21 existing exist VERB crl-24434 49 22 , , PUNCT crl-24434 49 23 comprehensive comprehensive ADJ crl-24434 49 24 data datum NOUN crl-24434 49 25 set set VERB crl-24434 49 26 that that PRON crl-24434 49 27 allowed allow VERB crl-24434 49 28 for for ADP crl-24434 49 29 a a DET crl-24434 49 30 retrospective retrospective ADJ crl-24434 49 31 analysis analysis NOUN crl-24434 49 32 of of ADP crl-24434 49 33 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 49 34 across across ADP crl-24434 49 35 positions position NOUN crl-24434 49 36 , , PUNCT crl-24434 49 37 sorted sort VERB crl-24434 49 38 by by ADP crl-24434 49 39 sex sex NOUN crl-24434 49 40 and and CCONJ crl-24434 49 41 position position NOUN crl-24434 49 42 type type NOUN crl-24434 49 43 . . PUNCT crl-24434 50 1 each each DET crl-24434 50 2 year year NOUN crl-24434 50 3 , , PUNCT crl-24434 50 4 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 50 5 publishes publish VERB crl-24434 50 6 an an DET crl-24434 50 7 annual annual ADJ crl-24434 50 8 report report NOUN crl-24434 50 9 summarizing summarize VERB crl-24434 50 10 the the DET crl-24434 50 11 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 50 12 of of ADP crl-24434 50 13 professional professional ADJ crl-24434 50 14 staff staff NOUN crl-24434 50 15 across across ADP crl-24434 50 16 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 50 17 member member NOUN crl-24434 50 18 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 50 19 . . PUNCT crl-24434 51 1 the the DET crl-24434 51 2 report report NOUN crl-24434 51 3 includes include VERB crl-24434 51 4 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 51 5 analyzed analyze VERB crl-24434 51 6 by by ADP crl-24434 51 7 a a DET crl-24434 51 8 variety variety NOUN crl-24434 51 9 of of ADP crl-24434 51 10 demographic demographic ADJ crl-24434 51 11 variables variable NOUN crl-24434 51 12 including include VERB crl-24434 51 13 sex sex NOUN crl-24434 51 14 , , PUNCT crl-24434 51 15 race race NOUN crl-24434 51 16 , , PUNCT crl-24434 51 17 years year NOUN crl-24434 51 18 of of ADP crl-24434 51 19 experience experience NOUN crl-24434 51 20 , , PUNCT crl-24434 51 21 and and CCONJ crl-24434 51 22 position position NOUN crl-24434 51 23 . . PUNCT crl-24434 52 1 the the DET crl-24434 52 2 current current ADJ crl-24434 52 3 study study NOUN crl-24434 52 4 includes include VERB crl-24434 52 5 data datum NOUN crl-24434 52 6 across across ADP crl-24434 52 7 41 41 NUM crl-24434 52 8 years year NOUN crl-24434 52 9 , , PUNCT crl-24434 52 10 from from ADP crl-24434 52 11 academic academic ADJ crl-24434 52 12 year year NOUN crl-24434 52 13 1976–1977 1976–1977 NUM crl-24434 52 14 to to ADP crl-24434 52 15 2016–2017 2016–2017 NUM crl-24434 52 16 , , PUNCT crl-24434 52 17 and and CCONJ crl-24434 52 18 focuses focus VERB crl-24434 52 19 on on ADP crl-24434 52 20 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 52 21 as as ADP crl-24434 52 22 the the DET crl-24434 52 23 variable variable NOUN crl-24434 52 24 of of ADP crl-24434 52 25 interest interest NOUN crl-24434 52 26 , , PUNCT crl-24434 52 27 which which PRON crl-24434 52 28 was be AUX crl-24434 52 29 derived derive VERB crl-24434 52 30 from from ADP crl-24434 52 31 the the DET crl-24434 52 32 sex sex NOUN crl-24434 52 33 survey survey NOUN crl-24434 52 34 field field NOUN crl-24434 52 35 . . PUNCT crl-24434 53 1 the the DET crl-24434 53 2 specific specific ADJ crl-24434 53 3 data datum NOUN crl-24434 53 4 set set VERB crl-24434 53 5 used use VERB crl-24434 53 6 for for ADP crl-24434 53 7 this this DET crl-24434 53 8 study study NOUN crl-24434 53 9 includes include VERB crl-24434 53 10 only only ADV crl-24434 53 11 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 53 12 university university NOUN crl-24434 53 13 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 53 14 , , PUNCT crl-24434 53 15 excluding exclude VERB crl-24434 53 16 medical medical ADJ crl-24434 53 17 and and CCONJ crl-24434 53 18 law law NOUN crl-24434 53 19 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 53 20 , , PUNCT crl-24434 53 21 which which PRON crl-24434 53 22 arl arl NOUN crl-24434 53 23 reports report VERB crl-24434 53 24 differently differently ADV crl-24434 53 25 . . PUNCT crl-24434 54 1 for for ADP crl-24434 54 2 the the DET crl-24434 54 3 purposes purpose NOUN crl-24434 54 4 of of ADP crl-24434 54 5 this this DET crl-24434 54 6 study study NOUN crl-24434 54 7 , , PUNCT crl-24434 54 8 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 54 9 research research NOUN crl-24434 54 10 librarian librarian NOUN crl-24434 54 11 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 54 12 is be AUX crl-24434 54 13 defined define VERB crl-24434 54 14 as as ADP crl-24434 54 15 professional professional ADJ crl-24434 54 16 staff/ staff/ NUM crl-24434 54 17 librarians librarian NOUN crl-24434 54 18 employed employ VERB crl-24434 54 19 at at ADP crl-24434 54 20 an an DET crl-24434 54 21 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 54 22 library library PROPN crl-24434 54 23 . . PUNCT crl-24434 55 1 results result NOUN crl-24434 55 2 proportion proportion NOUN crl-24434 55 3 of of ADP crl-24434 55 4 men man NOUN crl-24434 55 5 as as ADP crl-24434 55 6 librarians librarian NOUN crl-24434 55 7 to to PART crl-24434 55 8 examine examine VERB crl-24434 55 9 the the DET crl-24434 55 10 distribution distribution NOUN crl-24434 55 11 of of ADP crl-24434 55 12 males male NOUN crl-24434 55 13 and and CCONJ crl-24434 55 14 females female NOUN crl-24434 55 15 in in ADP crl-24434 55 16 the the DET crl-24434 55 17 field field NOUN crl-24434 55 18 of of ADP crl-24434 55 19 research research NOUN crl-24434 55 20 librarians librarian NOUN crl-24434 55 21 , , PUNCT crl-24434 55 22 a a DET crl-24434 55 23 variable variable NOUN crl-24434 55 24 representing represent VERB crl-24434 55 25 the the DET crl-24434 55 26 proportion proportion NOUN crl-24434 55 27 of of ADP crl-24434 55 28 men man NOUN crl-24434 55 29 in in ADP crl-24434 55 30 these these DET crl-24434 55 31 positions position NOUN crl-24434 55 32 was be AUX crl-24434 55 33 created create VERB crl-24434 55 34 . . PUNCT crl-24434 56 1 this this DET crl-24434 56 2 variable variable NOUN crl-24434 56 3 divided divide VERB crl-24434 56 4 the the DET crl-24434 56 5 figure figure NOUN crl-24434 56 6 1 1 NUM crl-24434 56 7 proportion proportion NOUN crl-24434 56 8 of of ADP crl-24434 56 9 men man NOUN crl-24434 56 10 in in ADP crl-24434 56 11 research research NOUN crl-24434 56 12 librarian librarian ADJ crl-24434 56 13 positions position NOUN crl-24434 56 14 across across ADP crl-24434 56 15 year year NOUN crl-24434 56 16 666 666 NUM crl-24434 56 17 college college PROPN crl-24434 56 18 & & CCONJ crl-24434 56 19 research research PROPN crl-24434 56 20 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 56 21 may may AUX crl-24434 56 22 2020 2020 NUM crl-24434 56 23 number number NOUN crl-24434 56 24 of of ADP crl-24434 56 25 men man NOUN crl-24434 56 26 in in ADP crl-24434 56 27 all all DET crl-24434 56 28 research research NOUN crl-24434 56 29 librarian librarian ADJ crl-24434 56 30 positions position NOUN crl-24434 56 31 by by ADP crl-24434 56 32 the the DET crl-24434 56 33 total total ADJ crl-24434 56 34 number number NOUN crl-24434 56 35 of of ADP crl-24434 56 36 research research NOUN crl-24434 56 37 librarians librarian NOUN crl-24434 56 38 . . PUNCT crl-24434 57 1 therefore therefore ADV crl-24434 57 2 , , PUNCT crl-24434 57 3 values value NOUN crl-24434 57 4 closer close ADV crl-24434 57 5 to to ADP crl-24434 57 6 1.0 1.0 NUM crl-24434 57 7 represent represent VERB crl-24434 57 8 a a DET crl-24434 57 9 larger large ADJ crl-24434 57 10 number number NOUN crl-24434 57 11 of of ADP crl-24434 57 12 men man NOUN crl-24434 57 13 . . PUNCT crl-24434 58 1 we we PRON crl-24434 58 2 submitted submit VERB crl-24434 58 3 this this DET crl-24434 58 4 dependent dependent ADJ crl-24434 58 5 variable variable NOUN crl-24434 58 6 to to ADP crl-24434 58 7 a a DET crl-24434 58 8 one one NUM crl-24434 58 9 - - PUNCT crl-24434 58 10 way way NOUN crl-24434 58 11 anova anova PROPN crl-24434 58 12 with with ADP crl-24434 58 13 year year NOUN crl-24434 58 14 as as ADP crl-24434 58 15 the the DET crl-24434 58 16 predictor predictor NOUN crl-24434 58 17 variable variable NOUN crl-24434 58 18 . . PUNCT crl-24434 59 1 as as SCONJ crl-24434 59 2 seen see VERB crl-24434 59 3 in in ADP crl-24434 59 4 figure figure NOUN crl-24434 59 5 1 1 NUM crl-24434 59 6 , , PUNCT crl-24434 59 7 the the DET crl-24434 59 8 proportion proportion NOUN crl-24434 59 9 of of ADP crl-24434 59 10 men man NOUN crl-24434 59 11 seems seem VERB crl-24434 59 12 to to PART crl-24434 59 13 steadily steadily ADV crl-24434 59 14 decrease decrease VERB crl-24434 59 15 over over ADP crl-24434 59 16 the the DET crl-24434 59 17 41 41 NUM crl-24434 59 18 - - PUNCT crl-24434 59 19 year year NOUN crl-24434 59 20 period period NOUN crl-24434 59 21 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 59 22 with with ADP crl-24434 59 23 the the DET crl-24434 59 24 exception exception NOUN crl-24434 59 25 of of ADP crl-24434 59 26 2010–2012 2010–2012 NUM crl-24434 59 27 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 59 28 , , PUNCT crl-24434 59 29 but but CCONJ crl-24434 59 30 there there PRON crl-24434 59 31 was be VERB crl-24434 59 32 no no DET crl-24434 59 33 significant significant ADJ crl-24434 59 34 change change NOUN crl-24434 59 35 in in ADP crl-24434 59 36 the the DET crl-24434 59 37 proportion proportion NOUN crl-24434 59 38 of of ADP crl-24434 59 39 men man NOUN crl-24434 59 40 across across ADP crl-24434 59 41 that that DET crl-24434 59 42 period period NOUN crl-24434 59 43 , , PUNCT crl-24434 59 44 f(1 f(1 PROPN crl-24434 59 45 , , PUNCT crl-24434 59 46 939 939 NUM crl-24434 59 47 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 60 1 = = X crl-24434 60 2 1.134 1.134 NUM crl-24434 60 3 , , PUNCT crl-24434 60 4 p p NOUN crl-24434 60 5 = = SYM crl-24434 60 6 0.266 0.266 NUM crl-24434 60 7 . . PUNCT crl-24434 61 1 to to PART crl-24434 61 2 examine examine VERB crl-24434 61 3 the the DET crl-24434 61 4 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 61 5 makeup makeup NOUN crl-24434 61 6 of of ADP crl-24434 61 7 research research NOUN crl-24434 61 8 librarians librarian NOUN crl-24434 61 9 across across ADP crl-24434 61 10 different different ADJ crl-24434 61 11 types type NOUN crl-24434 61 12 of of ADP crl-24434 61 13 position position NOUN crl-24434 61 14 and and CCONJ crl-24434 61 15 levels level NOUN crl-24434 61 16 of of ADP crl-24434 61 17 power power NOUN crl-24434 61 18 , , PUNCT crl-24434 61 19 a a DET crl-24434 61 20 variable variable NOUN crl-24434 61 21 was be AUX crl-24434 61 22 created create VERB crl-24434 61 23 indicating indicate VERB crl-24434 61 24 the the DET crl-24434 61 25 level level NOUN crl-24434 61 26 of of ADP crl-24434 61 27 organizational organizational ADJ crl-24434 61 28 power power NOUN crl-24434 61 29 held hold VERB crl-24434 61 30 by by ADP crl-24434 61 31 the the DET crl-24434 61 32 individual individual NOUN crl-24434 61 33 within within ADP crl-24434 61 34 the the DET crl-24434 61 35 position position NOUN crl-24434 61 36 . . PUNCT crl-24434 62 1 the the DET crl-24434 62 2 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 62 3 data data PROPN crl-24434 62 4 includes include VERB crl-24434 62 5 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 62 6 broken break VERB crl-24434 62 7 down down ADP crl-24434 62 8 by by ADP crl-24434 62 9 sex sex NOUN crl-24434 62 10 and and CCONJ crl-24434 62 11 position position NOUN crl-24434 62 12 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 62 13 such such ADJ crl-24434 62 14 as as ADP crl-24434 62 15 director director NOUN crl-24434 62 16 , , PUNCT crl-24434 62 17 assistant assistant NOUN crl-24434 62 18 director director NOUN crl-24434 62 19 , , PUNCT crl-24434 62 20 branch branch NOUN crl-24434 62 21 head head NOUN crl-24434 62 22 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 62 23 . . PUNCT crl-24434 63 1 each each PRON crl-24434 63 2 of of ADP crl-24434 63 3 the the DET crl-24434 63 4 positions position NOUN crl-24434 63 5 was be AUX crl-24434 63 6 assigned assign VERB crl-24434 63 7 to to ADP crl-24434 63 8 one one NUM crl-24434 63 9 of of ADP crl-24434 63 10 five five NUM crl-24434 63 11 tiers tier NOUN crl-24434 63 12 based base VERB crl-24434 63 13 on on ADP crl-24434 63 14 the the DET crl-24434 63 15 level level NOUN crl-24434 63 16 of of ADP crl-24434 63 17 decision decision NOUN crl-24434 63 18 - - PUNCT crl-24434 63 19 making make VERB crl-24434 63 20 power power NOUN crl-24434 63 21 assigned assign VERB crl-24434 63 22 to to ADP crl-24434 63 23 the the DET crl-24434 63 24 individual individual NOUN crl-24434 63 25 within within ADP crl-24434 63 26 the the DET crl-24434 63 27 position position NOUN crl-24434 63 28 . . PUNCT crl-24434 64 1 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 64 2 for for ADP crl-24434 64 3 a a DET crl-24434 64 4 summary summary NOUN crl-24434 64 5 list list NOUN crl-24434 64 6 of of ADP crl-24434 64 7 all all DET crl-24434 64 8 positions position NOUN crl-24434 64 9 by by ADP crl-24434 64 10 tier tier NOUN crl-24434 64 11 , , PUNCT crl-24434 64 12 see see VERB crl-24434 64 13 table table NOUN crl-24434 64 14 1 1 NUM crl-24434 64 15 . . PUNCT crl-24434 64 16 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 65 1 two two NUM crl-24434 65 2 coders coder NOUN crl-24434 65 3 , , PUNCT crl-24434 65 4 trained train VERB crl-24434 65 5 research research NOUN crl-24434 65 6 librarians librarian NOUN crl-24434 65 7 , , PUNCT crl-24434 65 8 categorized categorize VERB crl-24434 65 9 each each PRON crl-24434 65 10 of of ADP crl-24434 65 11 the the DET crl-24434 65 12 positions position NOUN crl-24434 65 13 and and CCONJ crl-24434 65 14 had have VERB crl-24434 65 15 100 100 NUM crl-24434 65 16 percent percent NOUN crl-24434 65 17 agreement agreement NOUN crl-24434 65 18 . . PUNCT crl-24434 66 1 first first ADV crl-24434 66 2 , , PUNCT crl-24434 66 3 the the DET crl-24434 66 4 proportion proportion NOUN crl-24434 66 5 of of ADP crl-24434 66 6 men man NOUN crl-24434 66 7 in in ADP crl-24434 66 8 each each DET crl-24434 66 9 tier tier NOUN crl-24434 66 10 across across ADP crl-24434 66 11 all all DET crl-24434 66 12 years year NOUN crl-24434 66 13 was be AUX crl-24434 66 14 submitted submit VERB crl-24434 66 15 to to ADP crl-24434 66 16 a a DET crl-24434 66 17 one one NUM crl-24434 66 18 - - PUNCT crl-24434 66 19 way way NOUN crl-24434 66 20 anova anova PROPN crl-24434 66 21 with with ADP crl-24434 66 22 tier tier NOUN crl-24434 66 23 as as ADP crl-24434 66 24 the the DET crl-24434 66 25 predictor predictor NOUN crl-24434 66 26 variable variable NOUN crl-24434 66 27 and and CCONJ crl-24434 66 28 proportion proportion NOUN crl-24434 66 29 of of ADP crl-24434 66 30 men man NOUN crl-24434 66 31 as as ADP crl-24434 66 32 the the DET crl-24434 66 33 dependent dependent ADJ crl-24434 66 34 variable variable NOUN crl-24434 66 35 . . PUNCT crl-24434 67 1 as as SCONJ crl-24434 67 2 seen see VERB crl-24434 67 3 in in ADP crl-24434 67 4 figure figure NOUN crl-24434 67 5 2 2 NUM crl-24434 67 6 , , PUNCT crl-24434 67 7 the the DET crl-24434 67 8 proportion proportion NOUN crl-24434 67 9 of of ADP crl-24434 67 10 men man NOUN crl-24434 67 11 is be AUX crl-24434 67 12 much much ADV crl-24434 67 13 greater great ADJ crl-24434 67 14 in in ADP crl-24434 67 15 the the DET crl-24434 67 16 higher higher ADV crl-24434 67 17 - - PUNCT crl-24434 67 18 tiered tiere VERB crl-24434 67 19 positions position NOUN crl-24434 67 20 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 67 21 such such ADJ crl-24434 67 22 as as ADP crl-24434 67 23 director director NOUN crl-24434 67 24 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 67 25 than than ADP crl-24434 67 26 lower lower ADV crl-24434 67 27 - - PUNCT crl-24434 67 28 tiered tiere VERB crl-24434 67 29 positions position NOUN crl-24434 67 30 , , PUNCT crl-24434 67 31 f(1 f(1 PROPN crl-24434 67 32 , , PUNCT crl-24434 67 33 974 974 NUM crl-24434 67 34 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 67 35 = = NOUN crl-24434 67 36 99.368 99.368 NUM crl-24434 67 37 , , PUNCT crl-24434 67 38 p p NOUN crl-24434 67 39 < < X crl-24434 67 40 0.001 0.001 NUM crl-24434 67 41 . . PUNCT crl-24434 68 1 more more ADV crl-24434 68 2 specifically specifically ADV crl-24434 68 3 , , PUNCT crl-24434 68 4 the the DET crl-24434 68 5 proportion proportion NOUN crl-24434 68 6 of of ADP crl-24434 68 7 men man NOUN crl-24434 68 8 consistently consistently ADV crl-24434 68 9 decreases decrease VERB crl-24434 68 10 as as SCONJ crl-24434 68 11 the the DET crl-24434 68 12 level level NOUN crl-24434 68 13 of of ADP crl-24434 68 14 organizational organizational ADJ crl-24434 68 15 power power NOUN crl-24434 68 16 decreases decrease NOUN crl-24434 68 17 . . PUNCT crl-24434 69 1 in in ADP crl-24434 69 2 fact fact NOUN crl-24434 69 3 , , PUNCT crl-24434 69 4 in in ADP crl-24434 69 5 tier tier NOUN crl-24434 69 6 1 1 NUM crl-24434 69 7 positions position NOUN crl-24434 69 8 across across ADP crl-24434 69 9 all all DET crl-24434 69 10 years year NOUN crl-24434 69 11 , , PUNCT crl-24434 69 12 the the DET crl-24434 69 13 proportion proportion NOUN crl-24434 69 14 of of ADP crl-24434 69 15 men man NOUN crl-24434 69 16 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 69 17 m m PROPN crl-24434 69 18 = = X crl-24434 69 19 0.60 0.60 NUM crl-24434 69 20 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 69 21 is be AUX crl-24434 69 22 almost almost ADV crl-24434 69 23 double double DET crl-24434 69 24 the the DET crl-24434 69 25 proportion proportion NOUN crl-24434 69 26 of of ADP crl-24434 69 27 men man NOUN crl-24434 69 28 in in ADP crl-24434 69 29 the the DET crl-24434 69 30 lowest low ADJ crl-24434 69 31 - - PUNCT crl-24434 69 32 tier tier NOUN crl-24434 69 33 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 69 34 tier tier NOUN crl-24434 69 35 5 5 NUM crl-24434 69 36 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 69 37 positions position NOUN crl-24434 69 38 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 69 39 m m PROPN crl-24434 69 40 = = NUM crl-24434 69 41 0.32 0.32 NUM crl-24434 69 42 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 69 43 . . PUNCT crl-24434 70 1 table table NOUN crl-24434 70 2 1 1 NUM crl-24434 70 3 positions position NOUN crl-24434 70 4 within within ADP crl-24434 70 5 each each DET crl-24434 70 6 tier tier NOUN crl-24434 70 7 or or CCONJ crl-24434 70 8 level level NOUN crl-24434 70 9 of of ADP crl-24434 70 10 power power NOUN crl-24434 70 11 tier tier NOUN crl-24434 70 12 positions position NOUN crl-24434 70 13 1 1 NUM crl-24434 70 14 directors director NOUN crl-24434 70 15 , , PUNCT crl-24434 70 16 deans dean NOUN crl-24434 70 17 2 2 NUM crl-24434 70 18 associate associate NOUN crl-24434 70 19 directors director NOUN crl-24434 70 20 , , PUNCT crl-24434 70 21 assistant assistant NOUN crl-24434 70 22 directors director NOUN crl-24434 70 23 3 3 NUM crl-24434 70 24 branch branch NOUN crl-24434 70 25 heads head NOUN crl-24434 70 26 4 4 NUM crl-24434 70 27 department department NOUN crl-24434 70 28 heads head VERB crl-24434 70 29 5 5 NUM crl-24434 70 30 specialists specialist NOUN crl-24434 70 31 , , PUNCT crl-24434 70 32 public public ADJ crl-24434 70 33 services service NOUN crl-24434 70 34 , , PUNCT crl-24434 70 35 technical technical ADJ crl-24434 70 36 services service NOUN crl-24434 70 37 , , PUNCT crl-24434 70 38 research research NOUN crl-24434 70 39 , , PUNCT crl-24434 70 40 catalogers cataloger NOUN crl-24434 70 41 figure figure VERB crl-24434 70 42 2 2 NUM crl-24434 70 43 proportion proportion NOUN crl-24434 70 44 of of ADP crl-24434 70 45 men man NOUN crl-24434 70 46 in in ADP crl-24434 70 47 research research NOUN crl-24434 70 48 librarian librarian ADJ crl-24434 70 49 positions position NOUN crl-24434 70 50 by by ADP crl-24434 70 51 tier tier NOUN crl-24434 70 52 or or CCONJ crl-24434 70 53 level level NOUN crl-24434 70 54 of of ADP crl-24434 70 55 organizational organizational ADJ crl-24434 70 56 power power NOUN crl-24434 70 57 the the DET crl-24434 70 58 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 70 59 wage wage NOUN crl-24434 70 60 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 70 61 in in ADP crl-24434 70 62 research research NOUN crl-24434 70 63 libraries librarie VERB crl-24434 70 64 667 667 NUM crl-24434 70 65 next next ADV crl-24434 70 66 , , PUNCT crl-24434 70 67 this this DET crl-24434 70 68 difference difference NOUN crl-24434 70 69 in in ADP crl-24434 70 70 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 70 71 makeup makeup NOUN crl-24434 70 72 across across ADP crl-24434 70 73 positions position NOUN crl-24434 70 74 by by ADP crl-24434 70 75 year year NOUN crl-24434 70 76 was be AUX crl-24434 70 77 examined examine VERB crl-24434 70 78 . . PUNCT crl-24434 71 1 as as SCONJ crl-24434 71 2 seen see VERB crl-24434 71 3 in in ADP crl-24434 71 4 figure figure NOUN crl-24434 71 5 3 3 NUM crl-24434 71 6 , , PUNCT crl-24434 71 7 the the DET crl-24434 71 8 proportion proportion NOUN crl-24434 71 9 of of ADP crl-24434 71 10 men man NOUN crl-24434 71 11 in in ADP crl-24434 71 12 higher high ADJ crl-24434 71 13 - - PUNCT crl-24434 71 14 power power NOUN crl-24434 71 15 positions position NOUN crl-24434 71 16 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 71 17 tiers tier NOUN crl-24434 71 18 1 1 NUM crl-24434 71 19 and and CCONJ crl-24434 71 20 2 2 NUM crl-24434 71 21 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 71 22 has have AUX crl-24434 71 23 steadily steadily ADV crl-24434 71 24 decreased decrease VERB crl-24434 71 25 across across ADP crl-24434 71 26 the the DET crl-24434 71 27 years year NOUN crl-24434 71 28 , , PUNCT crl-24434 71 29 f(39 f(39 PROPN crl-24434 71 30 , , PUNCT crl-24434 71 31 80 80 NUM crl-24434 71 32 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 71 33 = = PUNCT crl-24434 71 34 3.264 3.264 NUM crl-24434 71 35 , , PUNCT crl-24434 71 36 p p NOUN crl-24434 71 37 < < X crl-24434 71 38 0.001 0.001 NUM crl-24434 71 39 , , PUNCT crl-24434 71 40 but but CCONJ crl-24434 71 41 has have AUX crl-24434 71 42 remained remain VERB crl-24434 71 43 the the DET crl-24434 71 44 same same ADJ crl-24434 71 45 in in ADP crl-24434 71 46 lower low ADJ crl-24434 71 47 - - PUNCT crl-24434 71 48 level level NOUN crl-24434 71 49 positions position NOUN crl-24434 71 50 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 71 51 tiers tier NOUN crl-24434 71 52 3 3 NUM crl-24434 71 53 , , PUNCT crl-24434 71 54 4 4 NUM crl-24434 71 55 , , PUNCT crl-24434 71 56 and and CCONJ crl-24434 71 57 5 5 NUM crl-24434 71 58 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 71 59 , , PUNCT crl-24434 71 60 f(39 f(39 PROPN crl-24434 71 61 , , PUNCT crl-24434 71 62 819 819 NUM crl-24434 71 63 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 71 64 = = PUNCT crl-24434 71 65 0.423 0.423 NUM crl-24434 71 66 , , PUNCT crl-24434 71 67 p p NOUN crl-24434 71 68 = = X crl-24434 71 69 0.999 0.999 NUM crl-24434 71 70 . . PUNCT crl-24434 72 1 wage wage NOUN crl-24434 72 2 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 72 3 for for ADP crl-24434 72 4 research research NOUN crl-24434 72 5 librarians librarian NOUN crl-24434 72 6 to to PART crl-24434 72 7 examine examine VERB crl-24434 72 8 the the DET crl-24434 72 9 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 72 10 wage wage NOUN crl-24434 72 11 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 72 12 among among ADP crl-24434 72 13 research research NOUN crl-24434 72 14 librarians librarian NOUN crl-24434 72 15 , , PUNCT crl-24434 72 16 a a DET crl-24434 72 17 variable variable NOUN crl-24434 72 18 representing represent VERB crl-24434 72 19 the the DET crl-24434 72 20 wage wage NOUN crl-24434 72 21 ratio ratio NOUN crl-24434 72 22 was be AUX crl-24434 72 23 created create VERB crl-24434 72 24 . . PUNCT crl-24434 73 1 this this DET crl-24434 73 2 variable variable NOUN crl-24434 73 3 was be AUX crl-24434 73 4 created create VERB crl-24434 73 5 by by ADP crl-24434 73 6 dividing divide VERB crl-24434 73 7 the the DET crl-24434 73 8 average average ADJ crl-24434 73 9 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 73 10 for for ADP crl-24434 73 11 women woman NOUN crl-24434 73 12 by by ADP crl-24434 73 13 the the DET crl-24434 73 14 corresponding corresponding ADJ crl-24434 73 15 average average ADJ crl-24434 73 16 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 73 17 for for ADP crl-24434 73 18 men man NOUN crl-24434 73 19 in in ADP crl-24434 73 20 the the DET crl-24434 73 21 same same ADJ crl-24434 73 22 position position NOUN crl-24434 73 23 that that DET crl-24434 73 24 year year NOUN crl-24434 73 25 . . PUNCT crl-24434 74 1 therefore therefore ADV crl-24434 74 2 , , PUNCT crl-24434 74 3 values value NOUN crl-24434 74 4 less less ADJ crl-24434 74 5 than than ADP crl-24434 74 6 1.0 1.0 NUM crl-24434 74 7 indicate indicate VERB crl-24434 74 8 women woman NOUN crl-24434 74 9 earned earn VERB crl-24434 74 10 less less ADJ crl-24434 74 11 than than ADP crl-24434 74 12 men man NOUN crl-24434 74 13 in in ADP crl-24434 74 14 that that DET crl-24434 74 15 position position NOUN crl-24434 74 16 , , PUNCT crl-24434 74 17 while while SCONJ crl-24434 74 18 values value NOUN crl-24434 74 19 greater great ADJ crl-24434 74 20 than than ADP crl-24434 74 21 1.0 1.0 NUM crl-24434 74 22 indicate indicate VERB crl-24434 74 23 women woman NOUN crl-24434 74 24 earned earn VERB crl-24434 74 25 more more ADJ crl-24434 74 26 than than ADP crl-24434 74 27 men man NOUN crl-24434 74 28 in in ADP crl-24434 74 29 that that DET crl-24434 74 30 position position NOUN crl-24434 74 31 . . PUNCT crl-24434 75 1 it it PRON crl-24434 75 2 is be AUX crl-24434 75 3 important important ADJ crl-24434 75 4 to to PART crl-24434 75 5 note note VERB crl-24434 75 6 that that SCONJ crl-24434 75 7 the the DET crl-24434 75 8 overall overall ADJ crl-24434 75 9 average average ADJ crl-24434 75 10 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 75 11 ratio ratio NOUN crl-24434 75 12 across across ADP crl-24434 75 13 position position NOUN crl-24434 75 14 and and CCONJ crl-24434 75 15 year year NOUN crl-24434 75 16 was be AUX crl-24434 75 17 0.975 0.975 NUM crl-24434 75 18 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 75 19 therefore therefore ADV crl-24434 75 20 , , PUNCT crl-24434 75 21 the the DET crl-24434 75 22 wage wage NOUN crl-24434 75 23 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 75 24 in in ADP crl-24434 75 25 research research NOUN crl-24434 75 26 librarians librarians PROPN crl-24434 75 27 is be AUX crl-24434 75 28 significantly significantly ADV crl-24434 75 29 smaller small ADJ crl-24434 75 30 than than ADP crl-24434 75 31 the the DET crl-24434 75 32 national national ADJ crl-24434 75 33 wage wage NOUN crl-24434 75 34 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 75 35 for for ADP crl-24434 75 36 2016 2016 NUM crl-24434 75 37 of of ADP crl-24434 75 38 0.82.35 0.82.35 NOUN crl-24434 75 39 this this DET crl-24434 75 40 dependent dependent ADJ crl-24434 75 41 variable variable NOUN crl-24434 75 42 was be AUX crl-24434 75 43 submitted submit VERB crl-24434 75 44 to to ADP crl-24434 75 45 a a DET crl-24434 75 46 one one NUM crl-24434 75 47 - - PUNCT crl-24434 75 48 way way NOUN crl-24434 75 49 anova anova PROPN crl-24434 75 50 with with ADP crl-24434 75 51 year year NOUN crl-24434 75 52 as as ADP crl-24434 75 53 the the DET crl-24434 75 54 predictor predictor NOUN crl-24434 75 55 variable variable NOUN crl-24434 75 56 . . PUNCT crl-24434 76 1 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 76 2 all all DET crl-24434 76 3 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 76 4 analyses analyse VERB crl-24434 76 5 control control NOUN crl-24434 76 6 for for ADP crl-24434 76 7 yearly yearly ADJ crl-24434 76 8 inflation inflation NOUN crl-24434 76 9 rate rate NOUN crl-24434 76 10 . . PUNCT crl-24434 76 11 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 77 1 as as SCONJ crl-24434 77 2 seen see VERB crl-24434 77 3 in in ADP crl-24434 77 4 figure figure NOUN crl-24434 77 5 4 4 NUM crl-24434 77 6 , , PUNCT crl-24434 77 7 the the DET crl-24434 77 8 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 77 9 ratio ratio NOUN crl-24434 77 10 has have AUX crl-24434 77 11 always always ADV crl-24434 77 12 been be AUX crl-24434 77 13 lower low ADJ crl-24434 77 14 than than ADP crl-24434 77 15 1.0 1.0 NUM crl-24434 77 16 , , PUNCT crl-24434 77 17 indicating indicate VERB crl-24434 77 18 that that SCONJ crl-24434 77 19 men man NOUN crl-24434 77 20 have have AUX crl-24434 77 21 always always ADV crl-24434 77 22 made make VERB crl-24434 77 23 slightly slightly ADV crl-24434 77 24 more more ADJ crl-24434 77 25 than than ADP crl-24434 77 26 women woman NOUN crl-24434 77 27 . . PUNCT crl-24434 78 1 results result NOUN crl-24434 78 2 reveal reveal VERB crl-24434 78 3 there there PRON crl-24434 78 4 was be VERB crl-24434 78 5 a a DET crl-24434 78 6 significant significant ADJ crl-24434 78 7 change change NOUN crl-24434 78 8 in in ADP crl-24434 78 9 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 78 10 ratio ratio NOUN crl-24434 78 11 across across ADP crl-24434 78 12 the the DET crl-24434 78 13 40 40 NUM crl-24434 78 14 - - PUNCT crl-24434 78 15 year year NOUN crl-24434 78 16 period period NOUN crl-24434 78 17 , , PUNCT crl-24434 78 18 f(1 f(1 PROPN crl-24434 78 19 , , PUNCT crl-24434 78 20 939 939 NUM crl-24434 78 21 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 79 1 = = X crl-24434 79 2 1.458 1.458 NUM crl-24434 79 3 , , PUNCT crl-24434 79 4 p p NOUN crl-24434 79 5 = = NOUN crl-24434 79 6 0.038 0.038 NUM crl-24434 79 7 . . PUNCT crl-24434 80 1 women woman NOUN crl-24434 80 2 earned earn VERB crl-24434 80 3 significantly significantly ADV crl-24434 80 4 less less ADJ crl-24434 80 5 than than ADP crl-24434 80 6 men man NOUN crl-24434 80 7 in in ADP crl-24434 80 8 the the DET crl-24434 80 9 1980s 1980s NUM crl-24434 80 10 , , PUNCT crl-24434 80 11 their their PRON crl-24434 80 12 salaries salary NOUN crl-24434 80 13 increased increase VERB crl-24434 80 14 throughout throughout ADP crl-24434 80 15 the the DET crl-24434 80 16 ’ ’ NOUN crl-24434 80 17 80s 80 NOUN crl-24434 80 18 and and CCONJ crl-24434 80 19 ’ ’ NOUN crl-24434 80 20 90s 90 NOUN crl-24434 80 21 , , PUNCT crl-24434 80 22 then then ADV crl-24434 80 23 slowly slowly ADV crl-24434 80 24 decreased decrease VERB crl-24434 80 25 or or CCONJ crl-24434 80 26 remained remain VERB crl-24434 80 27 the the DET crl-24434 80 28 same same ADJ crl-24434 80 29 in in ADP crl-24434 80 30 the the DET crl-24434 80 31 21st 21st ADJ crl-24434 80 32 century century NOUN crl-24434 80 33 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 80 34 2000–2016 2000–2016 NUM crl-24434 80 35 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 80 36 . . PUNCT crl-24434 81 1 however however ADV crl-24434 81 2 , , PUNCT crl-24434 81 3 it it PRON crl-24434 81 4 is be AUX crl-24434 81 5 important important ADJ crl-24434 81 6 to to PART crl-24434 81 7 note note VERB crl-24434 81 8 that that SCONJ crl-24434 81 9 the the DET crl-24434 81 10 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 81 11 ratio ratio NOUN crl-24434 81 12 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 81 13 m m PROPN crl-24434 81 14 = = X crl-24434 81 15 0.974 0.974 NUM crl-24434 81 16 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 81 17 in in ADP crl-24434 81 18 the the DET crl-24434 81 19 last last ADJ crl-24434 81 20 year year NOUN crl-24434 81 21 of of ADP crl-24434 81 22 data datum NOUN crl-24434 81 23 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 81 24 2016 2016 NUM crl-24434 81 25 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 81 26 is be AUX crl-24434 81 27 higher high ADJ crl-24434 81 28 than than ADP crl-24434 81 29 the the DET crl-24434 81 30 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 81 31 ratio ratio NOUN crl-24434 81 32 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 81 33 m m PROPN crl-24434 81 34 = = X crl-24434 81 35 0.953 0.953 NUM crl-24434 81 36 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 81 37 in in ADP crl-24434 81 38 the the DET crl-24434 81 39 first first ADJ crl-24434 81 40 year year NOUN crl-24434 81 41 of of ADP crl-24434 81 42 data datum NOUN crl-24434 81 43 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 81 44 1976 1976 NUM crl-24434 81 45 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 81 46 , , PUNCT crl-24434 81 47 indicating indicate VERB crl-24434 81 48 women woman NOUN crl-24434 81 49 have have AUX crl-24434 81 50 made make VERB crl-24434 81 51 figure figure NOUN crl-24434 81 52 3 3 NUM crl-24434 81 53 proportion proportion NOUN crl-24434 81 54 of of ADP crl-24434 81 55 men man NOUN crl-24434 81 56 in in ADP crl-24434 81 57 research research NOUN crl-24434 81 58 librarian librarian ADJ crl-24434 81 59 positions position NOUN crl-24434 81 60 by by ADP crl-24434 81 61 tier tier NOUN crl-24434 81 62 or or CCONJ crl-24434 81 63 level level NOUN crl-24434 81 64 of of ADP crl-24434 81 65 organizational organizational ADJ crl-24434 81 66 power power NOUN crl-24434 81 67 across across ADP crl-24434 81 68 years year NOUN crl-24434 81 69 668 668 NUM crl-24434 81 70 college college PROPN crl-24434 81 71 & & CCONJ crl-24434 81 72 research research PROPN crl-24434 81 73 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 81 74 may may AUX crl-24434 81 75 2020 2020 NUM crl-24434 81 76 strides stride NOUN crl-24434 81 77 in in ADP crl-24434 81 78 their their PRON crl-24434 81 79 earning earn VERB crl-24434 81 80 potential potential NOUN crl-24434 81 81 , , PUNCT crl-24434 81 82 although although SCONJ crl-24434 81 83 these these DET crl-24434 81 84 gains gain NOUN crl-24434 81 85 are be AUX crl-24434 81 86 not not PART crl-24434 81 87 significantly significantly ADV crl-24434 81 88 higher high ADJ crl-24434 81 89 , , PUNCT crl-24434 81 90 f(1 f(1 PROPN crl-24434 81 91 , , PUNCT crl-24434 81 92 34 34 NUM crl-24434 81 93 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 81 94 = = PUNCT crl-24434 81 95 1.48 1.48 NUM crl-24434 81 96 , , PUNCT crl-24434 81 97 p p NOUN crl-24434 81 98 = = SYM crl-24434 81 99 0.232 0.232 NUM crl-24434 81 100 . . PUNCT crl-24434 82 1 to to PART crl-24434 82 2 determine determine VERB crl-24434 82 3 the the DET crl-24434 82 4 effect effect NOUN crl-24434 82 5 of of ADP crl-24434 82 6 organizational organizational ADJ crl-24434 82 7 power power NOUN crl-24434 82 8 on on ADP crl-24434 82 9 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 82 10 ratio ratio NOUN crl-24434 82 11 , , PUNCT crl-24434 82 12 the the DET crl-24434 82 13 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 82 14 ratio ratio NOUN crl-24434 82 15 in in ADP crl-24434 82 16 each each DET crl-24434 82 17 tier tier NOUN crl-24434 82 18 was be AUX crl-24434 82 19 examined examine VERB crl-24434 82 20 separately separately ADV crl-24434 82 21 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 82 22 see see VERB crl-24434 82 23 table table NOUN crl-24434 82 24 1 1 NUM crl-24434 82 25 for for ADP crl-24434 82 26 tier tier NOUN crl-24434 82 27 definitions definition NOUN crl-24434 82 28 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 82 29 . . PUNCT crl-24434 83 1 one one NUM crl-24434 83 2 sample sample NOUN crl-24434 83 3 ttests ttest NOUN crl-24434 83 4 were be AUX crl-24434 83 5 conducted conduct VERB crl-24434 83 6 for for ADP crl-24434 83 7 each each DET crl-24434 83 8 tier tier NOUN crl-24434 83 9 with with ADP crl-24434 83 10 1.0 1.0 NUM crl-24434 83 11 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 83 12 the the DET crl-24434 83 13 value value NOUN crl-24434 83 14 of of ADP crl-24434 83 15 the the DET crl-24434 83 16 ratio ratio NOUN crl-24434 83 17 representing represent VERB crl-24434 83 18 equal equal ADJ crl-24434 83 19 pay pay NOUN crl-24434 83 20 for for ADP crl-24434 83 21 women woman NOUN crl-24434 83 22 and and CCONJ crl-24434 83 23 men man NOUN crl-24434 83 24 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 83 25 set set VERB crl-24434 83 26 as as ADP crl-24434 83 27 the the DET crl-24434 83 28 test test NOUN crl-24434 83 29 value value NOUN crl-24434 83 30 . . PUNCT crl-24434 84 1 as as SCONJ crl-24434 84 2 illustrated illustrate VERB crl-24434 84 3 in in ADP crl-24434 84 4 table table NOUN crl-24434 84 5 2 2 NUM crl-24434 84 6 , , PUNCT crl-24434 84 7 women woman NOUN crl-24434 84 8 are be AUX crl-24434 84 9 consistently consistently ADV crl-24434 84 10 earning earn VERB crl-24434 84 11 less less ADJ crl-24434 84 12 than than ADP crl-24434 84 13 men man NOUN crl-24434 84 14 in in ADP crl-24434 84 15 all all DET crl-24434 84 16 positions position NOUN crl-24434 84 17 and and CCONJ crl-24434 84 18 at at ADP crl-24434 84 19 all all DET crl-24434 84 20 levels level NOUN crl-24434 84 21 of of ADP crl-24434 84 22 organizational organizational ADJ crl-24434 84 23 power power NOUN crl-24434 84 24 . . PUNCT crl-24434 85 1 next next ADV crl-24434 85 2 , , PUNCT crl-24434 85 3 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 85 4 ratio ratio NOUN crl-24434 85 5 across across ADP crl-24434 85 6 positions position NOUN crl-24434 85 7 by by ADP crl-24434 85 8 year year NOUN crl-24434 85 9 was be AUX crl-24434 85 10 examined examine VERB crl-24434 85 11 . . PUNCT crl-24434 86 1 as as SCONJ crl-24434 86 2 seen see VERB crl-24434 86 3 in in ADP crl-24434 86 4 figure figure NOUN crl-24434 86 5 4 4 NUM crl-24434 86 6 and and CCONJ crl-24434 86 7 stated state VERB crl-24434 86 8 previously previously ADV crl-24434 86 9 , , PUNCT crl-24434 86 10 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 86 11 ratio ratio NOUN crl-24434 86 12 for for ADP crl-24434 86 13 research research NOUN crl-24434 86 14 librarians librarians PROPN crl-24434 86 15 has have AUX crl-24434 86 16 changed change VERB crl-24434 86 17 slightly slightly ADV crl-24434 86 18 across across ADP crl-24434 86 19 the the DET crl-24434 86 20 41 41 NUM crl-24434 86 21 - - PUNCT crl-24434 86 22 year year NOUN crl-24434 86 23 period period NOUN crl-24434 86 24 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 86 25 however however ADV crl-24434 86 26 , , PUNCT crl-24434 86 27 the the DET crl-24434 86 28 difference difference NOUN crl-24434 86 29 in in ADP crl-24434 86 30 the the DET crl-24434 86 31 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 86 32 ratio ratio NOUN crl-24434 86 33 from from ADP crl-24434 86 34 1976 1976 NUM crl-24434 86 35 to to ADP crl-24434 86 36 2016 2016 NUM crl-24434 86 37 is be AUX crl-24434 86 38 not not PART crl-24434 86 39 significantly significantly ADV crl-24434 86 40 different different ADJ crl-24434 86 41 . . PUNCT crl-24434 87 1 this this PRON crl-24434 87 2 is be AUX crl-24434 87 3 surprising surprising ADJ crl-24434 87 4 , , PUNCT crl-24434 87 5 since since SCONJ crl-24434 87 6 the the DET crl-24434 87 7 number number NOUN crl-24434 87 8 of of ADP crl-24434 87 9 men man NOUN crl-24434 87 10 in in ADP crl-24434 87 11 high high ADJ crl-24434 87 12 level level NOUN crl-24434 87 13 positions position NOUN crl-24434 87 14 has have AUX crl-24434 87 15 significantly significantly ADV crl-24434 87 16 decreased decrease VERB crl-24434 87 17 . . PUNCT crl-24434 88 1 to to AUX crl-24434 88 2 more more ADV crl-24434 88 3 closely closely ADV crl-24434 88 4 examine examine VERB crl-24434 88 5 this this DET crl-24434 88 6 effect effect NOUN crl-24434 88 7 , , PUNCT crl-24434 88 8 we we PRON crl-24434 88 9 conducted conduct VERB crl-24434 88 10 a a DET crl-24434 88 11 correlational correlational ADJ crl-24434 88 12 analysis analysis NOUN crl-24434 88 13 examining examine VERB crl-24434 88 14 how how SCONJ crl-24434 88 15 salaries salary NOUN crl-24434 88 16 for for ADP crl-24434 88 17 men man NOUN crl-24434 88 18 and and CCONJ crl-24434 88 19 women woman NOUN crl-24434 88 20 change change VERB crl-24434 88 21 as as ADP crl-24434 88 22 the the DET crl-24434 88 23 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 88 24 ratio ratio NOUN crl-24434 88 25 changes change NOUN crl-24434 88 26 . . PUNCT crl-24434 89 1 results result NOUN crl-24434 89 2 indicate indicate VERB crl-24434 89 3 that that SCONJ crl-24434 89 4 there there PRON crl-24434 89 5 is be VERB crl-24434 89 6 no no DET crl-24434 89 7 relationship relationship NOUN crl-24434 89 8 between between ADP crl-24434 89 9 men man NOUN crl-24434 89 10 ’s ’s PART crl-24434 89 11 salaries salary NOUN crl-24434 89 12 and and CCONJ crl-24434 89 13 the the DET crl-24434 89 14 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 89 15 ratio ratio NOUN crl-24434 89 16 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 89 17 in in ADP crl-24434 89 18 other other ADJ crl-24434 89 19 words word NOUN crl-24434 89 20 , , PUNCT crl-24434 89 21 the the DET crl-24434 89 22 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 89 23 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 89 24 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 89 25 , , PUNCT crl-24434 89 26 r r NOUN crl-24434 89 27 = = SYM crl-24434 89 28 0.015 0.015 NUM crl-24434 89 29 , , PUNCT crl-24434 89 30 p p NOUN crl-24434 89 31 = = NOUN crl-24434 89 32 0.634 0.634 NUM crl-24434 89 33 . . PUNCT crl-24434 90 1 however however ADV crl-24434 90 2 , , PUNCT crl-24434 90 3 there there PRON crl-24434 90 4 is be VERB crl-24434 90 5 a a DET crl-24434 90 6 significant significant ADJ crl-24434 90 7 relationship relationship NOUN crl-24434 90 8 between between ADP crl-24434 90 9 the the DET crl-24434 90 10 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 90 11 ratio ratio NOUN crl-24434 90 12 and and CCONJ crl-24434 90 13 women woman NOUN crl-24434 90 14 ’s ’s PART crl-24434 90 15 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 90 16 , , PUNCT crl-24434 90 17 r r NOUN crl-24434 90 18 = = SYM crl-24434 90 19 0.111 0.111 NUM crl-24434 90 20 , , PUNCT crl-24434 90 21 p p NOUN crl-24434 90 22 < < X crl-24434 90 23 0.001 0.001 NUM crl-24434 90 24 . . PUNCT crl-24434 91 1 as as SCONJ crl-24434 91 2 shown show VERB crl-24434 91 3 in in ADP crl-24434 91 4 figure figure NOUN crl-24434 91 5 6 6 NUM crl-24434 91 6 , , PUNCT crl-24434 91 7 as as SCONJ crl-24434 91 8 the the DET crl-24434 91 9 wage wage NOUN crl-24434 91 10 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 91 11 increases increase NOUN crl-24434 91 12 and and CCONJ crl-24434 91 13 the the DET crl-24434 91 14 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 91 15 ratio ratio NOUN crl-24434 91 16 gets get VERB crl-24434 91 17 smaller small ADJ crl-24434 91 18 , , PUNCT crl-24434 91 19 indicating indicate VERB crl-24434 91 20 that that SCONJ crl-24434 91 21 women woman NOUN crl-24434 91 22 are be AUX crl-24434 91 23 earning earn VERB crl-24434 91 24 less less ADJ crl-24434 91 25 compared compare VERB crl-24434 91 26 to to ADP crl-24434 91 27 men man NOUN crl-24434 91 28 , , PUNCT crl-24434 91 29 women woman NOUN crl-24434 91 30 are be AUX crl-24434 91 31 earning earn VERB crl-24434 91 32 less less ADJ crl-24434 91 33 in in ADP crl-24434 91 34 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 91 35 but but CCONJ crl-24434 91 36 men man NOUN crl-24434 91 37 ’s ’s PART crl-24434 91 38 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 91 39 is be AUX crl-24434 91 40 unchanging unchanging ADJ crl-24434 91 41 . . PUNCT crl-24434 92 1 more more ADV crl-24434 92 2 specifically specifically ADV crl-24434 92 3 , , PUNCT crl-24434 92 4 figure figure VERB crl-24434 92 5 4 4 NUM crl-24434 92 6 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 92 7 ratio ratio NOUN crl-24434 92 8 of of ADP crl-24434 92 9 research research NOUN crl-24434 92 10 librarians librarian NOUN crl-24434 92 11 across across ADP crl-24434 92 12 years year NOUN crl-24434 92 13 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 92 14 values value NOUN crl-24434 92 15 closer close ADV crl-24434 92 16 to to ADP crl-24434 92 17 1 1 NUM crl-24434 92 18 indicate indicate VERB crl-24434 92 19 men man NOUN crl-24434 92 20 and and CCONJ crl-24434 92 21 women woman NOUN crl-24434 92 22 earn earn VERB crl-24434 92 23 similar similar ADJ crl-24434 92 24 salaries salary NOUN crl-24434 92 25 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 92 26 table table NOUN crl-24434 92 27 2 2 NUM crl-24434 92 28 comparison comparison NOUN crl-24434 92 29 of of ADP crl-24434 92 30 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 92 31 ratios ratio NOUN crl-24434 92 32 to to ADP crl-24434 92 33 equity equity NOUN crl-24434 92 34 index index NOUN crl-24434 92 35 tier tier NOUN crl-24434 92 36 ratio ratio NOUN crl-24434 92 37 test test NOUN crl-24434 92 38 for for ADP crl-24434 92 39 difference difference NOUN crl-24434 92 40 from from ADP crl-24434 92 41 1 1 NUM crl-24434 92 42 1 1 NUM crl-24434 92 43 .9881 .9881 NUM crl-24434 92 44 t(39 t(39 NOUN crl-24434 92 45 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 92 46 = = X crl-24434 92 47 – – PUNCT crl-24434 92 48 2.497 2.497 NUM crl-24434 92 49 , , PUNCT crl-24434 92 50 p p NOUN crl-24434 92 51 = = SYM crl-24434 92 52 0.017 0.017 NUM crl-24434 92 53 2 2 NUM crl-24434 92 54 .969 .969 NUM crl-24434 92 55 t(79 t(79 NUM crl-24434 92 56 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 92 57 = = X crl-24434 92 58 – – PUNCT crl-24434 92 59 8.839 8.839 NUM crl-24434 92 60 , , PUNCT crl-24434 92 61 p p NOUN crl-24434 92 62 < < X crl-24434 92 63 0.001 0.001 NUM crl-24434 92 64 3 3 NUM crl-24434 92 65 .9157 .9157 PUNCT crl-24434 92 66 t(39 t(39 NOUN crl-24434 92 67 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 92 68 = = X crl-24434 92 69 – – PUNCT crl-24434 92 70 26.461 26.461 NUM crl-24434 92 71 , , PUNCT crl-24434 92 72 p p NOUN crl-24434 92 73 < < X crl-24434 92 74 0.001 0.001 NUM crl-24434 92 75 4 4 NUM crl-24434 92 76 .983 .983 NUM crl-24434 92 77 t(341 t(341 NOUN crl-24434 92 78 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 92 79 = = X crl-24434 92 80 – – PUNCT crl-24434 92 81 4.721 4.721 NUM crl-24434 92 82 , , PUNCT crl-24434 92 83 p p NOUN crl-24434 92 84 < < X crl-24434 92 85 0.001 0.001 NUM crl-24434 92 86 5 5 NUM crl-24434 92 87 .9754 .9754 NUM crl-24434 92 88 t(477 t(477 NOUN crl-24434 92 89 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 92 90 = = X crl-24434 92 91 – – PUNCT crl-24434 92 92 13.201 13.201 NUM crl-24434 92 93 , , PUNCT crl-24434 92 94 p p NOUN crl-24434 92 95 < < X crl-24434 92 96 0.001 0.001 NUM crl-24434 92 97 the the DET crl-24434 92 98 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 92 99 wage wage NOUN crl-24434 92 100 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 92 101 in in ADP crl-24434 92 102 research research NOUN crl-24434 92 103 libraries librarie VERB crl-24434 92 104 669 669 NUM crl-24434 92 105 figure figure NOUN crl-24434 92 106 5 5 NUM crl-24434 92 107 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 92 108 ratio ratio NOUN crl-24434 92 109 for for ADP crl-24434 92 110 research research NOUN crl-24434 92 111 librarian librarian ADJ crl-24434 92 112 positions position NOUN crl-24434 92 113 by by ADP crl-24434 92 114 tier tier NOUN crl-24434 92 115 or or CCONJ crl-24434 92 116 level level NOUN crl-24434 92 117 of of ADP crl-24434 92 118 organizational organizational ADJ crl-24434 92 119 power power NOUN crl-24434 92 120 across across ADP crl-24434 92 121 years year NOUN crl-24434 92 122 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 92 123 values value NOUN crl-24434 92 124 closer close ADV crl-24434 92 125 to to ADP crl-24434 92 126 1 1 NUM crl-24434 92 127 indicate indicate VERB crl-24434 92 128 men man NOUN crl-24434 92 129 and and CCONJ crl-24434 92 130 women woman NOUN crl-24434 92 131 earn earn VERB crl-24434 92 132 similar similar ADJ crl-24434 92 133 salaries salary NOUN crl-24434 92 134 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 92 135 figure figure NOUN crl-24434 92 136 6 6 NUM crl-24434 92 137 average average ADJ crl-24434 92 138 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 92 139 for for ADP crl-24434 92 140 men man NOUN crl-24434 92 141 and and CCONJ crl-24434 92 142 women woman NOUN crl-24434 92 143 at at ADP crl-24434 92 144 different different ADJ crl-24434 92 145 levels level NOUN crl-24434 92 146 of of ADP crl-24434 92 147 the the DET crl-24434 92 148 wage wage NOUN crl-24434 92 149 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 92 150 across across ADP crl-24434 92 151 years year NOUN crl-24434 92 152 and and CCONJ crl-24434 92 153 tiers tier VERB crl-24434 92 154 670 670 NUM crl-24434 92 155 college college PROPN crl-24434 92 156 & & CCONJ crl-24434 92 157 research research PROPN crl-24434 92 158 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 92 159 may may AUX crl-24434 92 160 2020 2020 NUM crl-24434 92 161 the the DET crl-24434 92 162 wage wage NOUN crl-24434 92 163 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 92 164 in in ADP crl-24434 92 165 research research NOUN crl-24434 92 166 librarians librarians PROPN crl-24434 92 167 seems seem VERB crl-24434 92 168 to to PART crl-24434 92 169 be be AUX crl-24434 92 170 because because SCONJ crl-24434 92 171 women woman NOUN crl-24434 92 172 are be AUX crl-24434 92 173 earning earn VERB crl-24434 92 174 less less ADJ crl-24434 92 175 compared compare VERB crl-24434 92 176 to to ADP crl-24434 92 177 their their PRON crl-24434 92 178 male male ADJ crl-24434 92 179 counterparts counterpart NOUN crl-24434 92 180 , , PUNCT crl-24434 92 181 not not PART crl-24434 92 182 because because SCONJ crl-24434 92 183 of of ADP crl-24434 92 184 changes change NOUN crl-24434 92 185 in in ADP crl-24434 92 186 men man NOUN crl-24434 92 187 ’s ’s PART crl-24434 92 188 salaries salary NOUN crl-24434 92 189 . . PUNCT crl-24434 93 1 this this PRON crl-24434 93 2 may may AUX crl-24434 93 3 be be AUX crl-24434 93 4 an an DET crl-24434 93 5 initial initial ADJ crl-24434 93 6 indication indication NOUN crl-24434 93 7 that that SCONJ crl-24434 93 8 , , PUNCT crl-24434 93 9 when when SCONJ crl-24434 93 10 the the DET crl-24434 93 11 wage wage NOUN crl-24434 93 12 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 93 13 exists exist VERB crl-24434 93 14 , , PUNCT crl-24434 93 15 it it PRON crl-24434 93 16 is be AUX crl-24434 93 17 because because SCONJ crl-24434 93 18 women woman NOUN crl-24434 93 19 are be AUX crl-24434 93 20 undervalued undervalue VERB crl-24434 93 21 , , PUNCT crl-24434 93 22 while while SCONJ crl-24434 93 23 the the DET crl-24434 93 24 value value NOUN crl-24434 93 25 of of ADP crl-24434 93 26 men man NOUN crl-24434 93 27 seems seem VERB crl-24434 93 28 to to PART crl-24434 93 29 be be AUX crl-24434 93 30 unchanging unchanging ADJ crl-24434 93 31 . . PUNCT crl-24434 94 1 years year NOUN crl-24434 94 2 of of ADP crl-24434 94 3 experience experience NOUN crl-24434 94 4 for for ADP crl-24434 94 5 research research NOUN crl-24434 94 6 librarians librarian VERB crl-24434 94 7 one one NUM crl-24434 94 8 possible possible ADJ crl-24434 94 9 explanation explanation NOUN crl-24434 94 10 for for ADP crl-24434 94 11 the the DET crl-24434 94 12 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 94 13 wage wage NOUN crl-24434 94 14 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 94 15 in in ADP crl-24434 94 16 research research NOUN crl-24434 94 17 librarians librarians PROPN crl-24434 94 18 is be AUX crl-24434 94 19 that that SCONJ crl-24434 94 20 men man NOUN crl-24434 94 21 have have AUX crl-24434 94 22 spent spend VERB crl-24434 94 23 more more ADJ crl-24434 94 24 time time NOUN crl-24434 94 25 in in ADP crl-24434 94 26 these these DET crl-24434 94 27 positions position NOUN crl-24434 94 28 than than ADP crl-24434 94 29 women woman NOUN crl-24434 94 30 and and CCONJ crl-24434 94 31 therefore therefore ADV crl-24434 94 32 received receive VERB crl-24434 94 33 more more ADJ crl-24434 94 34 raises raise NOUN crl-24434 94 35 and and CCONJ crl-24434 94 36 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 94 37 adjustments adjustment NOUN crl-24434 94 38 . . PUNCT crl-24434 95 1 to to PART crl-24434 95 2 rule rule VERB crl-24434 95 3 out out ADP crl-24434 95 4 this this DET crl-24434 95 5 possibility possibility NOUN crl-24434 95 6 , , PUNCT crl-24434 95 7 we we PRON crl-24434 95 8 examined examine VERB crl-24434 95 9 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 95 10 differences difference NOUN crl-24434 95 11 in in ADP crl-24434 95 12 years year NOUN crl-24434 95 13 of of ADP crl-24434 95 14 experience experience NOUN crl-24434 95 15 at at ADP crl-24434 95 16 each each DET crl-24434 95 17 tier tier NOUN crl-24434 95 18 . . PUNCT crl-24434 96 1 years year NOUN crl-24434 96 2 of of ADP crl-24434 96 3 experience experience NOUN crl-24434 96 4 was be AUX crl-24434 96 5 collected collect VERB crl-24434 96 6 as as ADP crl-24434 96 7 part part NOUN crl-24434 96 8 of of ADP crl-24434 96 9 the the DET crl-24434 96 10 larger large ADJ crl-24434 96 11 survey survey NOUN crl-24434 96 12 starting start VERB crl-24434 96 13 in in ADP crl-24434 96 14 1983 1983 NUM crl-24434 96 15 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 96 16 therefore therefore ADV crl-24434 96 17 , , PUNCT crl-24434 96 18 the the DET crl-24434 96 19 current current ADJ crl-24434 96 20 analysis analysis NOUN crl-24434 96 21 includes include VERB crl-24434 96 22 data datum NOUN crl-24434 96 23 from from ADP crl-24434 96 24 1983 1983 NUM crl-24434 96 25 on on ADP crl-24434 96 26 . . PUNCT crl-24434 97 1 we we PRON crl-24434 97 2 created create VERB crl-24434 97 3 a a DET crl-24434 97 4 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 97 5 years year NOUN crl-24434 97 6 of of ADP crl-24434 97 7 experience experience NOUN crl-24434 97 8 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 97 9 difference difference NOUN crl-24434 97 10 variable variable ADJ crl-24434 97 11 by by ADP crl-24434 97 12 subtracting subtract VERB crl-24434 97 13 the the DET crl-24434 97 14 average average ADJ crl-24434 97 15 years year NOUN crl-24434 97 16 of of ADP crl-24434 97 17 experience experience NOUN crl-24434 97 18 of of ADP crl-24434 97 19 women woman NOUN crl-24434 97 20 from from ADP crl-24434 97 21 the the DET crl-24434 97 22 average average ADJ crl-24434 97 23 years year NOUN crl-24434 97 24 of of ADP crl-24434 97 25 experience experience NOUN crl-24434 97 26 of of ADP crl-24434 97 27 men man NOUN crl-24434 97 28 . . PUNCT crl-24434 98 1 positive positive ADJ crl-24434 98 2 values value NOUN crl-24434 98 3 indicate indicate VERB crl-24434 98 4 men man NOUN crl-24434 98 5 had have VERB crl-24434 98 6 more more ADJ crl-24434 98 7 experience experience NOUN crl-24434 98 8 , , PUNCT crl-24434 98 9 while while SCONJ crl-24434 98 10 negative negative ADJ crl-24434 98 11 values value NOUN crl-24434 98 12 indicate indicate VERB crl-24434 98 13 women woman NOUN crl-24434 98 14 had have VERB crl-24434 98 15 more more ADJ crl-24434 98 16 experience experience NOUN crl-24434 98 17 . . PUNCT crl-24434 99 1 results result NOUN crl-24434 99 2 revealed reveal VERB crl-24434 99 3 that that SCONJ crl-24434 99 4 experience experience NOUN crl-24434 99 5 differences difference NOUN crl-24434 99 6 existed exist VERB crl-24434 99 7 at at ADP crl-24434 99 8 each each DET crl-24434 99 9 tier tier NOUN crl-24434 99 10 , , PUNCT crl-24434 99 11 but but CCONJ crl-24434 99 12 this this DET crl-24434 99 13 pattern pattern NOUN crl-24434 99 14 was be AUX crl-24434 99 15 inconsistent inconsistent ADJ crl-24434 99 16 , , PUNCT crl-24434 99 17 f(1 f(1 PROPN crl-24434 99 18 , , PUNCT crl-24434 99 19 787 787 NUM crl-24434 99 20 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 99 21 = = X crl-24434 99 22 12.333 12.333 NUM crl-24434 99 23 , , PUNCT crl-24434 99 24 p p NOUN crl-24434 99 25 < < X crl-24434 99 26 0.001 0.001 NUM crl-24434 99 27 . . PUNCT crl-24434 100 1 as as SCONJ crl-24434 100 2 illustrated illustrate VERB crl-24434 100 3 in in ADP crl-24434 100 4 table table NOUN crl-24434 100 5 3 3 NUM crl-24434 100 6 , , PUNCT crl-24434 100 7 the the DET crl-24434 100 8 pattern pattern NOUN crl-24434 100 9 of of ADP crl-24434 100 10 which which DET crl-24434 100 11 group group NOUN crl-24434 100 12 has have VERB crl-24434 100 13 more more ADJ crl-24434 100 14 experience experience NOUN crl-24434 100 15 is be AUX crl-24434 100 16 inconsistent inconsistent ADJ crl-24434 100 17 across across ADP crl-24434 100 18 tiers tier NOUN crl-24434 100 19 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 100 20 therefore therefore ADV crl-24434 100 21 , , PUNCT crl-24434 100 22 experience experience NOUN crl-24434 100 23 can can AUX crl-24434 100 24 not not PART crl-24434 100 25 be be AUX crl-24434 100 26 a a DET crl-24434 100 27 plausible plausible ADJ crl-24434 100 28 explanation explanation NOUN crl-24434 100 29 for for ADP crl-24434 100 30 the the DET crl-24434 100 31 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 100 32 wage wage NOUN crl-24434 100 33 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 100 34 . . PUNCT crl-24434 101 1 discussion discussion NOUN crl-24434 101 2 at at ADP crl-24434 101 3 first first ADJ crl-24434 101 4 glance glance NOUN crl-24434 101 5 , , PUNCT crl-24434 101 6 the the DET crl-24434 101 7 overall overall ADJ crl-24434 101 8 results result NOUN crl-24434 101 9 indicate indicate VERB crl-24434 101 10 an an DET crl-24434 101 11 increase increase NOUN crl-24434 101 12 in in ADP crl-24434 101 13 representation representation NOUN crl-24434 101 14 for for ADP crl-24434 101 15 women woman NOUN crl-24434 101 16 at at ADP crl-24434 101 17 all all DET crl-24434 101 18 levels level NOUN crl-24434 101 19 of of ADP crl-24434 101 20 authority authority NOUN crl-24434 101 21 , , PUNCT crl-24434 101 22 including include VERB crl-24434 101 23 leadership leadership NOUN crl-24434 101 24 positions position NOUN crl-24434 101 25 , , PUNCT crl-24434 101 26 and and CCONJ crl-24434 101 27 a a DET crl-24434 101 28 very very ADV crl-24434 101 29 small small ADJ crl-24434 101 30 wage wage NOUN crl-24434 101 31 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 101 32 , , PUNCT crl-24434 101 33 with with ADP crl-24434 101 34 women woman NOUN crl-24434 101 35 making make VERB crl-24434 101 36 97 97 NUM crl-24434 101 37 percent percent NOUN crl-24434 101 38 of of ADP crl-24434 101 39 what what PRON crl-24434 101 40 men man NOUN crl-24434 101 41 are be AUX crl-24434 101 42 paid pay VERB crl-24434 101 43 . . PUNCT crl-24434 102 1 however however ADV crl-24434 102 2 , , PUNCT crl-24434 102 3 when when SCONJ crl-24434 102 4 investigating investigate VERB crl-24434 102 5 the the DET crl-24434 102 6 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 102 7 information information NOUN crl-24434 102 8 based base VERB crl-24434 102 9 on on ADP crl-24434 102 10 tiered tiere VERB crl-24434 102 11 positions position NOUN crl-24434 102 12 , , PUNCT crl-24434 102 13 this this DET crl-24434 102 14 study study NOUN crl-24434 102 15 shows show VERB crl-24434 102 16 that that SCONJ crl-24434 102 17 , , PUNCT crl-24434 102 18 while while SCONJ crl-24434 102 19 women woman NOUN crl-24434 102 20 are be AUX crl-24434 102 21 becoming become VERB crl-24434 102 22 more more ADV crl-24434 102 23 represented represented ADJ crl-24434 102 24 in in ADP crl-24434 102 25 administrative administrative ADJ crl-24434 102 26 positions position NOUN crl-24434 102 27 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 102 28 tiers tier NOUN crl-24434 102 29 1 1 NUM crl-24434 102 30 and and CCONJ crl-24434 102 31 2 2 NUM crl-24434 102 32 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 102 33 , , PUNCT crl-24434 102 34 they they PRON crl-24434 102 35 are be AUX crl-24434 102 36 still still ADV crl-24434 102 37 experiencing experience VERB crl-24434 102 38 a a DET crl-24434 102 39 significant significant ADJ crl-24434 102 40 wage wage NOUN crl-24434 102 41 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 102 42 in in ADP crl-24434 102 43 those those DET crl-24434 102 44 positions position NOUN crl-24434 102 45 . . PUNCT crl-24434 103 1 efforts effort NOUN crl-24434 103 2 by by ADP crl-24434 103 3 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 103 4 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 103 5 to to PART crl-24434 103 6 increase increase VERB crl-24434 103 7 female female ADJ crl-24434 103 8 representation representation NOUN crl-24434 103 9 in in ADP crl-24434 103 10 leadership leadership NOUN crl-24434 103 11 positions position NOUN crl-24434 103 12 was be AUX crl-24434 103 13 and and CCONJ crl-24434 103 14 continues continue VERB crl-24434 103 15 to to PART crl-24434 103 16 be be AUX crl-24434 103 17 effective effective ADJ crl-24434 103 18 . . PUNCT crl-24434 104 1 this this DET crl-24434 104 2 claim claim NOUN crl-24434 104 3 can can AUX crl-24434 104 4 be be AUX crl-24434 104 5 seen see VERB crl-24434 104 6 in in ADP crl-24434 104 7 the the DET crl-24434 104 8 large large ADJ crl-24434 104 9 increase increase NOUN crl-24434 104 10 in in ADP crl-24434 104 11 women woman NOUN crl-24434 104 12 in in ADP crl-24434 104 13 tiers tier NOUN crl-24434 104 14 1 1 NUM crl-24434 104 15 and and CCONJ crl-24434 104 16 2 2 NUM crl-24434 104 17 since since SCONJ crl-24434 104 18 the the DET crl-24434 104 19 implementation implementation NOUN crl-24434 104 20 of of ADP crl-24434 104 21 affirmative affirmative ADJ crl-24434 104 22 action action NOUN crl-24434 104 23 in in ADP crl-24434 104 24 higher high ADJ crl-24434 104 25 education education NOUN crl-24434 104 26 in in ADP crl-24434 104 27 1972 1972 NUM crl-24434 104 28 . . PUNCT crl-24434 105 1 now now ADV crl-24434 105 2 the the DET crl-24434 105 3 same same ADJ crl-24434 105 4 effort effort NOUN crl-24434 105 5 and and CCONJ crl-24434 105 6 attention attention NOUN crl-24434 105 7 needs need VERB crl-24434 105 8 to to PART crl-24434 105 9 be be AUX crl-24434 105 10 spent spend VERB crl-24434 105 11 on on ADP crl-24434 105 12 eliminating eliminate VERB crl-24434 105 13 the the DET crl-24434 105 14 wage wage NOUN crl-24434 105 15 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 105 16 . . PUNCT crl-24434 106 1 this this PRON crl-24434 106 2 is be AUX crl-24434 106 3 especially especially ADV crl-24434 106 4 important important ADJ crl-24434 106 5 considering consider VERB crl-24434 106 6 that that SCONJ crl-24434 106 7 the the DET crl-24434 106 8 wage wage NOUN crl-24434 106 9 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 106 10 is be AUX crl-24434 106 11 present present ADJ crl-24434 106 12 even even ADV crl-24434 106 13 in in ADP crl-24434 106 14 entry entry NOUN crl-24434 106 15 - - PUNCT crl-24434 106 16 level level NOUN crl-24434 106 17 positions position NOUN crl-24434 106 18 , , PUNCT crl-24434 106 19 where where SCONJ crl-24434 106 20 women woman NOUN crl-24434 106 21 far far ADV crl-24434 106 22 outnumber outnumber VERB crl-24434 106 23 men man NOUN crl-24434 106 24 . . PUNCT crl-24434 107 1 although although SCONJ crl-24434 107 2 the the DET crl-24434 107 3 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 107 4 in in ADP crl-24434 107 5 wages wage NOUN crl-24434 107 6 seems seem VERB crl-24434 107 7 to to PART crl-24434 107 8 be be AUX crl-24434 107 9 small small ADJ crl-24434 107 10 , , PUNCT crl-24434 107 11 with with ADP crl-24434 107 12 ratios ratio NOUN crl-24434 107 13 above above ADP crl-24434 107 14 .90 .90 NUM crl-24434 107 15 in in ADP crl-24434 107 16 all all DET crl-24434 107 17 tiers tier NOUN crl-24434 107 18 , , PUNCT crl-24434 107 19 beginning begin VERB crl-24434 107 20 with with ADP crl-24434 107 21 any any DET crl-24434 107 22 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 107 23 in in ADP crl-24434 107 24 wages wage NOUN crl-24434 107 25 can can AUX crl-24434 107 26 compound compound VERB crl-24434 107 27 over over ADP crl-24434 107 28 time time NOUN crl-24434 107 29 . . PUNCT crl-24434 108 1 looking look VERB crl-24434 108 2 at at ADP crl-24434 108 3 tier tier NOUN crl-24434 108 4 1 1 NUM crl-24434 108 5 , , PUNCT crl-24434 108 6 where where SCONJ crl-24434 108 7 the the DET crl-24434 108 8 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 108 9 ratio ratio NOUN crl-24434 108 10 is be AUX crl-24434 108 11 closest close ADJ crl-24434 108 12 to to ADP crl-24434 108 13 1 1 NUM crl-24434 108 14 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 108 15 see see VERB crl-24434 108 16 table table NOUN crl-24434 108 17 2 2 NUM crl-24434 108 18 for for ADP crl-24434 108 19 ratios ratio NOUN crl-24434 108 20 by by ADP crl-24434 108 21 tier tier NOUN crl-24434 108 22 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 108 23 , , PUNCT crl-24434 108 24 indicating indicate VERB crl-24434 108 25 the the DET crl-24434 108 26 smallest small ADJ crl-24434 108 27 wage wage NOUN crl-24434 108 28 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 108 29 , , PUNCT crl-24434 108 30 differences difference NOUN crl-24434 108 31 in in ADP crl-24434 108 32 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 108 33 compound compound NOUN crl-24434 108 34 over over ADP crl-24434 108 35 time time NOUN crl-24434 108 36 . . PUNCT crl-24434 109 1 taking take VERB crl-24434 109 2 the the DET crl-24434 109 3 average average ADJ crl-24434 109 4 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 109 5 for for ADP crl-24434 109 6 men man NOUN crl-24434 109 7 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 109 8 $ $ SYM crl-24434 109 9 127,207.42 127,207.42 NUM crl-24434 109 10 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 109 11 and and CCONJ crl-24434 109 12 women woman NOUN crl-24434 109 13 table table NOUN crl-24434 109 14 3 3 NUM crl-24434 109 15 difference difference NOUN crl-24434 109 16 in in ADP crl-24434 109 17 years year NOUN crl-24434 109 18 of of ADP crl-24434 109 19 experience experience NOUN crl-24434 109 20 for for ADP crl-24434 109 21 men man NOUN crl-24434 109 22 and and CCONJ crl-24434 109 23 women woman NOUN crl-24434 109 24 across across ADP crl-24434 109 25 tiers tier NOUN crl-24434 109 26 tier tier NOUN crl-24434 109 27 differences difference NOUN crl-24434 109 28 in in ADP crl-24434 109 29 years year NOUN crl-24434 109 30 of of ADP crl-24434 109 31 experience experience NOUN crl-24434 109 32 group group NOUN crl-24434 109 33 with with ADP crl-24434 109 34 more more ADJ crl-24434 109 35 experience experience NOUN crl-24434 109 36 1 1 NUM crl-24434 109 37 1.132 1.132 NUM crl-24434 109 38 men man NOUN crl-24434 109 39 2 2 NUM crl-24434 109 40 – – SYM crl-24434 109 41 .545 .545 NUM crl-24434 109 42 women woman NOUN crl-24434 109 43 3 3 NUM crl-24434 109 44 .761 .761 NUM crl-24434 109 45 men man NOUN crl-24434 109 46 4 4 NUM crl-24434 109 47 – – SYM crl-24434 109 48 .302 .302 NUM crl-24434 109 49 women woman NOUN crl-24434 109 50 5 5 NUM crl-24434 109 51 .127 .127 NUM crl-24434 109 52 men man NOUN crl-24434 109 53 * * NOUN crl-24434 109 54 note note VERB crl-24434 109 55 : : PUNCT crl-24434 109 56 positive positive ADJ crl-24434 109 57 values value NOUN crl-24434 109 58 indicate indicate VERB crl-24434 109 59 men man NOUN crl-24434 109 60 had have VERB crl-24434 109 61 more more ADJ crl-24434 109 62 years year NOUN crl-24434 109 63 of of ADP crl-24434 109 64 experience experience NOUN crl-24434 109 65 . . PUNCT crl-24434 110 1 the the DET crl-24434 110 2 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 110 3 wage wage NOUN crl-24434 110 4 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 110 5 in in ADP crl-24434 110 6 research research NOUN crl-24434 110 7 libraries librarie VERB crl-24434 110 8 671 671 NUM crl-24434 110 9 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 110 10 $ $ SYM crl-24434 110 11 126,166.67 126,166.67 NUM crl-24434 110 12 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 110 13 in in ADP crl-24434 110 14 tier tier NOUN crl-24434 110 15 1 1 NUM crl-24434 110 16 across across ADP crl-24434 110 17 all all DET crl-24434 110 18 years year NOUN crl-24434 110 19 and and CCONJ crl-24434 110 20 submitting submit VERB crl-24434 110 21 it it PRON crl-24434 110 22 to to ADP crl-24434 110 23 an an DET crl-24434 110 24 annual annual ADJ crl-24434 110 25 increase increase NOUN crl-24434 110 26 of of ADP crl-24434 110 27 3.69 3.69 NUM crl-24434 110 28 percent percent NOUN crl-24434 110 29 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 110 30 the the DET crl-24434 110 31 average average ADJ crl-24434 110 32 cost cost NOUN crl-24434 110 33 of of ADP crl-24434 110 34 living living NOUN crl-24434 110 35 adjustment adjustment NOUN crl-24434 110 36 reported report VERB crl-24434 110 37 by by ADP crl-24434 110 38 the the DET crl-24434 110 39 social social ADJ crl-24434 110 40 security security PROPN crl-24434 110 41 administration administration NOUN crl-24434 110 42 across across ADP crl-24434 110 43 1976–2016 1976–2016 NUM crl-24434 110 44 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 110 45 indicates indicate VERB crl-24434 110 46 that that SCONJ crl-24434 110 47 women woman NOUN crl-24434 110 48 will will AUX crl-24434 110 49 make make VERB crl-24434 110 50 $ $ SYM crl-24434 110 51 55,460.36 55,460.36 NOUN crl-24434 110 52 less less ADJ crl-24434 110 53 than than ADP crl-24434 110 54 men man NOUN crl-24434 110 55 across across ADP crl-24434 110 56 29 29 NUM crl-24434 110 57 years year NOUN crl-24434 110 58 of of ADP crl-24434 110 59 work work NOUN crl-24434 110 60 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 110 61 the the DET crl-24434 110 62 average average ADJ crl-24434 110 63 years year NOUN crl-24434 110 64 of of ADP crl-24434 110 65 experience experience NOUN crl-24434 110 66 for for ADP crl-24434 110 67 men man NOUN crl-24434 110 68 and and CCONJ crl-24434 110 69 women woman NOUN crl-24434 110 70 at at ADP crl-24434 110 71 tier tier NOUN crl-24434 110 72 1).36 1).36 NUM crl-24434 110 73 turning turn VERB crl-24434 110 74 to to ADP crl-24434 110 75 tier tier NOUN crl-24434 110 76 3 3 NUM crl-24434 110 77 , , PUNCT crl-24434 110 78 which which PRON crl-24434 110 79 has have VERB crl-24434 110 80 the the DET crl-24434 110 81 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 110 82 ratio ratio NOUN crl-24434 110 83 furthest furth ADJ crl-24434 110 84 from from ADP crl-24434 110 85 1 1 NUM crl-24434 110 86 , , PUNCT crl-24434 110 87 indicating indicate VERB crl-24434 110 88 the the DET crl-24434 110 89 largest large ADJ crl-24434 110 90 wage wage NOUN crl-24434 110 91 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 110 92 , , PUNCT crl-24434 110 93 this this DET crl-24434 110 94 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 110 95 difference difference NOUN crl-24434 110 96 increases increase VERB crl-24434 110 97 to to ADP crl-24434 110 98 $ $ SYM crl-24434 110 99 139,161.54 139,161.54 NUM crl-24434 110 100 across across ADP crl-24434 110 101 20 20 NUM crl-24434 110 102 years year NOUN crl-24434 110 103 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 110 104 the the DET crl-24434 110 105 average average ADJ crl-24434 110 106 years year NOUN crl-24434 110 107 of of ADP crl-24434 110 108 experience experience NOUN crl-24434 110 109 for for ADP crl-24434 110 110 men man NOUN crl-24434 110 111 and and CCONJ crl-24434 110 112 women woman NOUN crl-24434 110 113 at at ADP crl-24434 110 114 tier tier NOUN crl-24434 110 115 3 3 NUM crl-24434 110 116 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 110 117 . . PUNCT crl-24434 111 1 and and CCONJ crl-24434 111 2 this this DET crl-24434 111 3 difference difference NOUN crl-24434 111 4 in in ADP crl-24434 111 5 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 111 6 gets get VERB crl-24434 111 7 larger large ADJ crl-24434 111 8 for for ADP crl-24434 111 9 each each DET crl-24434 111 10 additional additional ADJ crl-24434 111 11 year year NOUN crl-24434 111 12 in in ADP crl-24434 111 13 work work NOUN crl-24434 111 14 . . PUNCT crl-24434 112 1 starting start VERB crl-24434 112 2 at at ADP crl-24434 112 3 a a DET crl-24434 112 4 lower low ADJ crl-24434 112 5 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 112 6 leads lead VERB crl-24434 112 7 to to ADP crl-24434 112 8 an an DET crl-24434 112 9 inability inability NOUN crl-24434 112 10 to to PART crl-24434 112 11 catch catch VERB crl-24434 112 12 up up ADP crl-24434 112 13 later later ADV crl-24434 112 14 . . PUNCT crl-24434 113 1 more more ADJ crl-24434 113 2 research research NOUN crl-24434 113 3 needs need VERB crl-24434 113 4 to to PART crl-24434 113 5 be be AUX crl-24434 113 6 conducted conduct VERB crl-24434 113 7 to to PART crl-24434 113 8 discover discover VERB crl-24434 113 9 what what PRON crl-24434 113 10 is be AUX crl-24434 113 11 causing cause VERB crl-24434 113 12 the the DET crl-24434 113 13 wage wage NOUN crl-24434 113 14 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 113 15 to to PART crl-24434 113 16 appear appear VERB crl-24434 113 17 and and CCONJ crl-24434 113 18 increase increase VERB crl-24434 113 19 as as SCONJ crl-24434 113 20 women woman NOUN crl-24434 113 21 move move VERB crl-24434 113 22 up up ADP crl-24434 113 23 the the DET crl-24434 113 24 hierarchical hierarchical ADJ crl-24434 113 25 ladder ladder NOUN crl-24434 113 26 . . PUNCT crl-24434 114 1 identifying identify VERB crl-24434 114 2 the the DET crl-24434 114 3 cause cause NOUN crl-24434 114 4 / / SYM crl-24434 114 5 s s NOUN crl-24434 114 6 , , PUNCT crl-24434 114 7 whether whether SCONJ crl-24434 114 8 it it PRON crl-24434 114 9 be be AUX crl-24434 114 10 a a DET crl-24434 114 11 lack lack NOUN crl-24434 114 12 of of ADP crl-24434 114 13 negotiation negotiation NOUN crl-24434 114 14 , , PUNCT crl-24434 114 15 systemic systemic ADJ crl-24434 114 16 discrimination discrimination NOUN crl-24434 114 17 in in ADP crl-24434 114 18 the the DET crl-24434 114 19 level level NOUN crl-24434 114 20 of of ADP crl-24434 114 21 wages wage NOUN crl-24434 114 22 offered offer VERB crl-24434 114 23 to to ADP crl-24434 114 24 successful successful ADJ crl-24434 114 25 candidates candidate NOUN crl-24434 114 26 , , PUNCT crl-24434 114 27 or or CCONJ crl-24434 114 28 other other ADJ crl-24434 114 29 reasons reason NOUN crl-24434 114 30 , , PUNCT crl-24434 114 31 will will AUX crl-24434 114 32 allow allow VERB crl-24434 114 33 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 114 34 member member NOUN crl-24434 114 35 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 114 36 to to PART crl-24434 114 37 develop develop VERB crl-24434 114 38 an an DET crl-24434 114 39 effective effective ADJ crl-24434 114 40 strategy strategy NOUN crl-24434 114 41 for for ADP crl-24434 114 42 correcting correct VERB crl-24434 114 43 this this DET crl-24434 114 44 imbalance imbalance NOUN crl-24434 114 45 . . PUNCT crl-24434 115 1 one one NUM crl-24434 115 2 possible possible ADJ crl-24434 115 3 explanation explanation NOUN crl-24434 115 4 for for ADP crl-24434 115 5 the the DET crl-24434 115 6 improvement improvement NOUN crl-24434 115 7 in in ADP crl-24434 115 8 representation representation NOUN crl-24434 115 9 , , PUNCT crl-24434 115 10 but but CCONJ crl-24434 115 11 not not PART crl-24434 115 12 wage wage NOUN crl-24434 115 13 equality equality NOUN crl-24434 115 14 , , PUNCT crl-24434 115 15 is be AUX crl-24434 115 16 that that PRON crl-24434 115 17 representation representation NOUN crl-24434 115 18 is be AUX crl-24434 115 19 more more ADV crl-24434 115 20 visible visible ADJ crl-24434 115 21 than than ADP crl-24434 115 22 wages wage NOUN crl-24434 115 23 , , PUNCT crl-24434 115 24 which which PRON crl-24434 115 25 is be AUX crl-24434 115 26 often often ADV crl-24434 115 27 private private ADJ crl-24434 115 28 information information NOUN crl-24434 115 29 , , PUNCT crl-24434 115 30 and and CCONJ crl-24434 115 31 attention attention NOUN crl-24434 115 32 on on ADP crl-24434 115 33 the the DET crl-24434 115 34 underrepresentation underrepresentation NOUN crl-24434 115 35 of of ADP crl-24434 115 36 women woman NOUN crl-24434 115 37 in in ADP crl-24434 115 38 leadership leadership NOUN crl-24434 115 39 roles role NOUN crl-24434 115 40 leads lead VERB crl-24434 115 41 to to ADP crl-24434 115 42 active active ADJ crl-24434 115 43 measures measure NOUN crl-24434 115 44 to to PART crl-24434 115 45 improve improve VERB crl-24434 115 46 the the DET crl-24434 115 47 ratio ratio NOUN crl-24434 115 48 . . PUNCT crl-24434 116 1 interestingly interestingly ADV crl-24434 116 2 , , PUNCT crl-24434 116 3 the the DET crl-24434 116 4 proportion proportion NOUN crl-24434 116 5 of of ADP crl-24434 116 6 men man NOUN crl-24434 116 7 in in ADP crl-24434 116 8 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 116 9 institutions institution NOUN crl-24434 116 10 has have AUX crl-24434 116 11 been be AUX crl-24434 116 12 steadily steadily ADV crl-24434 116 13 decreasing decrease VERB crl-24434 116 14 , , PUNCT crl-24434 116 15 with with ADP crl-24434 116 16 the the DET crl-24434 116 17 exception exception NOUN crl-24434 116 18 of of ADP crl-24434 116 19 two two NUM crl-24434 116 20 years year NOUN crl-24434 116 21 . . PUNCT crl-24434 117 1 the the DET crl-24434 117 2 most most ADV crl-24434 117 3 dramatic dramatic ADJ crl-24434 117 4 was be AUX crl-24434 117 5 in in ADP crl-24434 117 6 2011 2011 NUM crl-24434 117 7 , , PUNCT crl-24434 117 8 which which PRON crl-24434 117 9 showed show VERB crl-24434 117 10 a a DET crl-24434 117 11 large large ADJ crl-24434 117 12 positive positive ADJ crl-24434 117 13 increase increase NOUN crl-24434 117 14 in in ADP crl-24434 117 15 male male ADJ crl-24434 117 16 employment employment NOUN crl-24434 117 17 . . PUNCT crl-24434 118 1 while while SCONJ crl-24434 118 2 the the DET crl-24434 118 3 percentages percentage NOUN crl-24434 118 4 return return VERB crl-24434 118 5 to to ADP crl-24434 118 6 a a DET crl-24434 118 7 downward downward ADJ crl-24434 118 8 trend trend NOUN crl-24434 118 9 , , PUNCT crl-24434 118 10 the the DET crl-24434 118 11 subsequent subsequent ADJ crl-24434 118 12 changes change NOUN crl-24434 118 13 have have AUX crl-24434 118 14 been be AUX crl-24434 118 15 very very ADV crl-24434 118 16 small small ADJ crl-24434 118 17 . . PUNCT crl-24434 119 1 the the DET crl-24434 119 2 authors author NOUN crl-24434 119 3 are be AUX crl-24434 119 4 unsure unsure ADJ crl-24434 119 5 of of ADP crl-24434 119 6 what what PRON crl-24434 119 7 caused cause VERB crl-24434 119 8 this this DET crl-24434 119 9 huge huge ADJ crl-24434 119 10 jump jump NOUN crl-24434 119 11 , , PUNCT crl-24434 119 12 but but CCONJ crl-24434 119 13 suspect suspect VERB crl-24434 119 14 it it PRON crl-24434 119 15 could could AUX crl-24434 119 16 be be AUX crl-24434 119 17 related relate VERB crl-24434 119 18 to to ADP crl-24434 119 19 economic economic ADJ crl-24434 119 20 recession recession NOUN crl-24434 119 21 that that PRON crl-24434 119 22 began begin VERB crl-24434 119 23 in in ADP crl-24434 119 24 2007 2007 NUM crl-24434 119 25 , , PUNCT crl-24434 119 26 which which PRON crl-24434 119 27 would would AUX crl-24434 119 28 have have AUX crl-24434 119 29 impacted impact VERB crl-24434 119 30 research research NOUN crl-24434 119 31 librarians librarian NOUN crl-24434 119 32 finishing finish VERB crl-24434 119 33 college college NOUN crl-24434 119 34 and and CCONJ crl-24434 119 35 entering enter VERB crl-24434 119 36 the the DET crl-24434 119 37 workforce workforce NOUN crl-24434 119 38 in in ADP crl-24434 119 39 2011 2011 NUM crl-24434 119 40 . . PUNCT crl-24434 120 1 however however ADV crl-24434 120 2 , , PUNCT crl-24434 120 3 it it PRON crl-24434 120 4 should should AUX crl-24434 120 5 be be AUX crl-24434 120 6 noted note VERB crl-24434 120 7 that that SCONJ crl-24434 120 8 the the DET crl-24434 120 9 percentage percentage NOUN crl-24434 120 10 of of ADP crl-24434 120 11 males male NOUN crl-24434 120 12 in in ADP crl-24434 120 13 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 120 14 institutions institution NOUN crl-24434 120 15 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 120 16 38 38 NUM crl-24434 120 17 % % NOUN crl-24434 120 18 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 120 19 is be AUX crl-24434 120 20 higher high ADJ crl-24434 120 21 than than ADP crl-24434 120 22 the the DET crl-24434 120 23 ala ala NOUN crl-24434 120 24 percentage percentage NOUN crl-24434 120 25 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 120 26 19 19 NUM crl-24434 120 27 % % NOUN crl-24434 120 28 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 120 29 , , PUNCT crl-24434 120 30 according accord VERB crl-24434 120 31 to to ADP crl-24434 120 32 the the DET crl-24434 120 33 most most ADV crl-24434 120 34 recent recent ADJ crl-24434 120 35 data datum NOUN crl-24434 120 36 from from ADP crl-24434 120 37 both both DET crl-24434 120 38 organizations.37 organizations.37 PROPN crl-24434 120 39 ala ala PROPN crl-24434 120 40 numbers number NOUN crl-24434 120 41 would would AUX crl-24434 120 42 reflect reflect VERB crl-24434 120 43 not not PART crl-24434 120 44 only only ADV crl-24434 120 45 academic academic ADJ crl-24434 120 46 librarians librarian NOUN crl-24434 120 47 , , PUNCT crl-24434 120 48 but but CCONJ crl-24434 120 49 also also ADV crl-24434 120 50 public public ADJ crl-24434 120 51 and and CCONJ crl-24434 120 52 school school NOUN crl-24434 120 53 librarians librarian NOUN crl-24434 120 54 , , PUNCT crl-24434 120 55 who who PRON crl-24434 120 56 tend tend VERB crl-24434 120 57 to to PART crl-24434 120 58 have have VERB crl-24434 120 59 lower low ADJ crl-24434 120 60 wages.38 wages.38 ADJ crl-24434 120 61 limitations limitation NOUN crl-24434 120 62 while while SCONJ crl-24434 120 63 mostly mostly ADV crl-24434 120 64 a a DET crl-24434 120 65 strong strong ADJ crl-24434 120 66 data data NOUN crl-24434 120 67 set set VERB crl-24434 120 68 , , PUNCT crl-24434 120 69 there there PRON crl-24434 120 70 are be VERB crl-24434 120 71 some some DET crl-24434 120 72 definite definite ADJ crl-24434 120 73 limitations limitation NOUN crl-24434 120 74 to to ADP crl-24434 120 75 the the DET crl-24434 120 76 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 120 77 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 120 78 data data PROPN crl-24434 120 79 . . PUNCT crl-24434 121 1 first first ADV crl-24434 121 2 , , PUNCT crl-24434 121 3 it it PRON crl-24434 121 4 only only ADV crl-24434 121 5 includes include VERB crl-24434 121 6 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 121 7 institutions institution NOUN crl-24434 121 8 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 121 9 as as ADP crl-24434 121 10 such such ADJ crl-24434 121 11 , , PUNCT crl-24434 121 12 the the DET crl-24434 121 13 trends trend NOUN crl-24434 121 14 in in ADP crl-24434 121 15 representation representation NOUN crl-24434 121 16 and and CCONJ crl-24434 121 17 wage wage NOUN crl-24434 121 18 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 121 19 may may AUX crl-24434 121 20 not not PART crl-24434 121 21 be be AUX crl-24434 121 22 the the DET crl-24434 121 23 same same ADJ crl-24434 121 24 across across ADP crl-24434 121 25 all all DET crl-24434 121 26 university university NOUN crl-24434 121 27 , , PUNCT crl-24434 121 28 college college NOUN crl-24434 121 29 , , PUNCT crl-24434 121 30 public public ADJ crl-24434 121 31 , , PUNCT crl-24434 121 32 and and CCONJ crl-24434 121 33 special special ADJ crl-24434 121 34 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 121 35 . . PUNCT crl-24434 122 1 second second ADJ crl-24434 122 2 , , PUNCT crl-24434 122 3 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 122 4 collects collect VERB crl-24434 122 5 information information NOUN crl-24434 122 6 on on ADP crl-24434 122 7 the the DET crl-24434 122 8 number number NOUN crl-24434 122 9 of of ADP crl-24434 122 10 hierarchical hierarchical ADJ crl-24434 122 11 tiers tier NOUN crl-24434 122 12 at at ADP crl-24434 122 13 each each DET crl-24434 122 14 institution institution NOUN crl-24434 122 15 , , PUNCT crl-24434 122 16 but but CCONJ crl-24434 122 17 this this DET crl-24434 122 18 data data NOUN crl-24434 122 19 is be AUX crl-24434 122 20 not not PART crl-24434 122 21 connected connect VERB crl-24434 122 22 to to ADP crl-24434 122 23 the the DET crl-24434 122 24 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 122 25 information information NOUN crl-24434 122 26 , , PUNCT crl-24434 122 27 which which PRON crl-24434 122 28 required require VERB crl-24434 122 29 the the DET crl-24434 122 30 authors author NOUN crl-24434 122 31 to to PART crl-24434 122 32 assign assign VERB crl-24434 122 33 job job NOUN crl-24434 122 34 titles title NOUN crl-24434 122 35 to to ADP crl-24434 122 36 a a DET crl-24434 122 37 most most ADV crl-24434 122 38 likely likely ADJ crl-24434 122 39 tier tier NOUN crl-24434 122 40 . . PUNCT crl-24434 123 1 finally finally ADV crl-24434 123 2 , , PUNCT crl-24434 123 3 because because SCONJ crl-24434 123 4 the the DET crl-24434 123 5 tiers tier NOUN crl-24434 123 6 had have VERB crl-24434 123 7 to to PART crl-24434 123 8 be be AUX crl-24434 123 9 assigned assign VERB crl-24434 123 10 , , PUNCT crl-24434 123 11 there there PRON crl-24434 123 12 could could AUX crl-24434 123 13 be be AUX crl-24434 123 14 an an DET crl-24434 123 15 argument argument NOUN crl-24434 123 16 made make VERB crl-24434 123 17 for for ADP crl-24434 123 18 moving move VERB crl-24434 123 19 different different ADJ crl-24434 123 20 job job NOUN crl-24434 123 21 classifications classification NOUN crl-24434 123 22 to to ADP crl-24434 123 23 different different ADJ crl-24434 123 24 tiers tier NOUN crl-24434 123 25 , , PUNCT crl-24434 123 26 particularly particularly ADV crl-24434 123 27 in in ADP crl-24434 123 28 regard regard NOUN crl-24434 123 29 to to ADP crl-24434 123 30 branch branch NOUN crl-24434 123 31 heads head NOUN crl-24434 123 32 . . PUNCT crl-24434 124 1 comparisons comparison NOUN crl-24434 124 2 between between ADP crl-24434 124 3 organizations organization NOUN crl-24434 124 4 are be AUX crl-24434 124 5 further far ADV crl-24434 124 6 complicated complicate VERB crl-24434 124 7 by by ADP crl-24434 124 8 diversity diversity NOUN crl-24434 124 9 in in ADP crl-24434 124 10 regard regard NOUN crl-24434 124 11 to to ADP crl-24434 124 12 staffing staffing NOUN crl-24434 124 13 size size NOUN crl-24434 124 14 between between ADP crl-24434 124 15 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 124 16 and and CCONJ crl-24434 124 17 their their PRON crl-24434 124 18 respective respective ADJ crl-24434 124 19 organizational organizational ADJ crl-24434 124 20 structures structure NOUN crl-24434 124 21 . . PUNCT crl-24434 125 1 potential potential ADJ crl-24434 125 2 bias bias NOUN crl-24434 125 3 there there PRON crl-24434 125 4 is be VERB crl-24434 125 5 always always ADV crl-24434 125 6 a a DET crl-24434 125 7 possibility possibility NOUN crl-24434 125 8 of of ADP crl-24434 125 9 error error NOUN crl-24434 125 10 when when SCONJ crl-24434 125 11 dealing deal VERB crl-24434 125 12 with with ADP crl-24434 125 13 large large ADJ crl-24434 125 14 data datum NOUN crl-24434 125 15 sets set NOUN crl-24434 125 16 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 125 17 but but CCONJ crl-24434 125 18 , , PUNCT crl-24434 125 19 because because SCONJ crl-24434 125 20 the the DET crl-24434 125 21 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 125 22 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 125 23 information information NOUN crl-24434 125 24 is be AUX crl-24434 125 25 collected collect VERB crl-24434 125 26 by by ADP crl-24434 125 27 each each DET crl-24434 125 28 institution institution NOUN crl-24434 125 29 ’s ’s PART crl-24434 125 30 respective respective ADJ crl-24434 125 31 dean dean NOUN crl-24434 125 32 , , PUNCT crl-24434 125 33 or or CCONJ crl-24434 125 34 their their PRON crl-24434 125 35 proxy proxy NOUN crl-24434 125 36 , , PUNCT crl-24434 125 37 for for ADP crl-24434 125 38 the the DET crl-24434 125 39 purposes purpose NOUN crl-24434 125 40 of of ADP crl-24434 125 41 creating create VERB crl-24434 125 42 the the DET crl-24434 125 43 annual annual ADJ crl-24434 125 44 report report NOUN crl-24434 125 45 , , PUNCT crl-24434 125 46 there there PRON crl-24434 125 47 is be VERB crl-24434 125 48 little little ADJ crl-24434 125 49 reason reason NOUN crl-24434 125 50 to to PART crl-24434 125 51 suspect suspect VERB crl-24434 125 52 systemic systemic ADJ crl-24434 125 53 bias bias NOUN crl-24434 125 54 in in ADP crl-24434 125 55 the the DET crl-24434 125 56 reporting reporting NOUN crl-24434 125 57 . . PUNCT crl-24434 126 1 recommendations recommendation NOUN crl-24434 126 2 the the DET crl-24434 126 3 first first ADJ crl-24434 126 4 recommendation recommendation NOUN crl-24434 126 5 is be AUX crl-24434 126 6 that that SCONJ crl-24434 126 7 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 126 8 should should AUX crl-24434 126 9 change change VERB crl-24434 126 10 their their PRON crl-24434 126 11 guidelines guideline NOUN crl-24434 126 12 for for ADP crl-24434 126 13 collecting collect VERB crl-24434 126 14 data datum NOUN crl-24434 126 15 and and CCONJ crl-24434 126 16 672 672 NUM crl-24434 126 17 college college NOUN crl-24434 126 18 & & CCONJ crl-24434 126 19 research research PROPN crl-24434 126 20 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 126 21 may may AUX crl-24434 126 22 2020 2020 NUM crl-24434 126 23 move move VERB crl-24434 126 24 from from ADP crl-24434 126 25 collecting collect VERB crl-24434 126 26 data datum NOUN crl-24434 126 27 based base VERB crl-24434 126 28 on on ADP crl-24434 126 29 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 126 30 sex sex NOUN crl-24434 126 31 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 126 32 to to ADP crl-24434 126 33 that that PRON crl-24434 126 34 of of ADP crl-24434 126 35 data datum NOUN crl-24434 126 36 based base VERB crl-24434 126 37 on on ADP crl-24434 126 38 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 126 39 information information NOUN crl-24434 126 40 . . PUNCT crl-24434 127 1 though though SCONJ crl-24434 127 2 the the DET crl-24434 127 3 authors author NOUN crl-24434 127 4 made make VERB crl-24434 127 5 the the DET crl-24434 127 6 determination determination NOUN crl-24434 127 7 to to PART crl-24434 127 8 use use VERB crl-24434 127 9 the the DET crl-24434 127 10 sex sex NOUN crl-24434 127 11 variable variable NOUN crl-24434 127 12 collected collect VERB crl-24434 127 13 by by ADP crl-24434 127 14 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 127 15 to to PART crl-24434 127 16 determine determine VERB crl-24434 127 17 the the DET crl-24434 127 18 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 127 19 wage wage NOUN crl-24434 127 20 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 127 21 , , PUNCT crl-24434 127 22 we we PRON crl-24434 127 23 recommend recommend VERB crl-24434 127 24 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 127 25 update update NOUN crl-24434 127 26 this this DET crl-24434 127 27 field field NOUN crl-24434 127 28 to to PART crl-24434 127 29 collect collect VERB crl-24434 127 30 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 127 31 information information NOUN crl-24434 127 32 , , PUNCT crl-24434 127 33 which which PRON crl-24434 127 34 is be AUX crl-24434 127 35 self self NOUN crl-24434 127 36 - - PUNCT crl-24434 127 37 identified identify VERB crl-24434 127 38 , , PUNCT crl-24434 127 39 as as SCONJ crl-24434 127 40 opposed oppose VERB crl-24434 127 41 to to ADP crl-24434 127 42 sex sex NOUN crl-24434 127 43 , , PUNCT crl-24434 127 44 which which PRON crl-24434 127 45 is be AUX crl-24434 127 46 defined define VERB crl-24434 127 47 at at ADP crl-24434 127 48 birth birth NOUN crl-24434 127 49 . . PUNCT crl-24434 128 1 additionally additionally ADV crl-24434 128 2 , , PUNCT crl-24434 128 3 the the DET crl-24434 128 4 data data NOUN crl-24434 128 5 collection collection NOUN crl-24434 128 6 should should AUX crl-24434 128 7 acknowledge acknowledge VERB crl-24434 128 8 that that SCONJ crl-24434 128 9 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 128 10 is be AUX crl-24434 128 11 nonbinary nonbinary ADJ crl-24434 128 12 and and CCONJ crl-24434 128 13 allow allow VERB crl-24434 128 14 for for ADP crl-24434 128 15 full full ADJ crl-24434 128 16 representation representation NOUN crl-24434 128 17 of of ADP crl-24434 128 18 employees employee NOUN crl-24434 128 19 in in ADP crl-24434 128 20 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 128 21 member member NOUN crl-24434 128 22 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 128 23 . . PUNCT crl-24434 129 1 in in ADP crl-24434 129 2 terms term NOUN crl-24434 129 3 of of ADP crl-24434 129 4 accountability accountability NOUN crl-24434 129 5 , , PUNCT crl-24434 129 6 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 129 7 could could AUX crl-24434 129 8 make make VERB crl-24434 129 9 a a DET crl-24434 129 10 public public ADJ crl-24434 129 11 presentation presentation NOUN crl-24434 129 12 on on ADP crl-24434 129 13 the the DET crl-24434 129 14 current current ADJ crl-24434 129 15 status status NOUN crl-24434 129 16 of of ADP crl-24434 129 17 representation representation NOUN crl-24434 129 18 across across ADP crl-24434 129 19 all all DET crl-24434 129 20 job job NOUN crl-24434 129 21 tiers tier NOUN crl-24434 129 22 and and CCONJ crl-24434 129 23 the the DET crl-24434 129 24 current current ADJ crl-24434 129 25 wage wage NOUN crl-24434 129 26 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 129 27 . . PUNCT crl-24434 130 1 discussion discussion NOUN crl-24434 130 2 of of ADP crl-24434 130 3 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 130 4 can can AUX crl-24434 130 5 be be AUX crl-24434 130 6 a a DET crl-24434 130 7 taboo taboo ADJ crl-24434 130 8 topic topic NOUN crl-24434 130 9 , , PUNCT crl-24434 130 10 which which PRON crl-24434 130 11 can can AUX crl-24434 130 12 hamper hamper VERB crl-24434 130 13 efforts effort NOUN crl-24434 130 14 to to PART crl-24434 130 15 eliminate eliminate VERB crl-24434 130 16 the the DET crl-24434 130 17 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 130 18 . . PUNCT crl-24434 131 1 acknowledging acknowledge VERB crl-24434 131 2 the the DET crl-24434 131 3 existence existence NOUN crl-24434 131 4 of of ADP crl-24434 131 5 the the DET crl-24434 131 6 pay pay NOUN crl-24434 131 7 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 131 8 would would AUX crl-24434 131 9 bring bring VERB crl-24434 131 10 the the DET crl-24434 131 11 discussion discussion NOUN crl-24434 131 12 into into ADP crl-24434 131 13 the the DET crl-24434 131 14 open open ADJ crl-24434 131 15 , , PUNCT crl-24434 131 16 where where SCONJ crl-24434 131 17 the the DET crl-24434 131 18 additional additional ADJ crl-24434 131 19 public public ADJ crl-24434 131 20 scrutiny scrutiny NOUN crl-24434 131 21 could could AUX crl-24434 131 22 help help VERB crl-24434 131 23 address address VERB crl-24434 131 24 and and CCONJ crl-24434 131 25 correct correct VERB crl-24434 131 26 the the DET crl-24434 131 27 existing exist VERB crl-24434 131 28 wage wage NOUN crl-24434 131 29 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 131 30 . . PUNCT crl-24434 132 1 this this PRON crl-24434 132 2 could could AUX crl-24434 132 3 encourage encourage VERB crl-24434 132 4 individual individual ADJ crl-24434 132 5 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 132 6 to to PART crl-24434 132 7 evaluate evaluate VERB crl-24434 132 8 their their PRON crl-24434 132 9 pay pay NOUN crl-24434 132 10 structures structure NOUN crl-24434 132 11 to to PART crl-24434 132 12 determine determine VERB crl-24434 132 13 in in ADP crl-24434 132 14 what what DET crl-24434 132 15 ways way NOUN crl-24434 132 16 they they PRON crl-24434 132 17 are be AUX crl-24434 132 18 contributing contribute VERB crl-24434 132 19 to to ADP crl-24434 132 20 this this DET crl-24434 132 21 problem problem NOUN crl-24434 132 22 . . PUNCT crl-24434 133 1 publicly publicly ADV crl-24434 133 2 addressing address VERB crl-24434 133 3 this this PRON crl-24434 133 4 would would AUX crl-24434 133 5 reflect reflect VERB crl-24434 133 6 the the DET crl-24434 133 7 librarian librarian ADJ crl-24434 133 8 beliefs belief NOUN crl-24434 133 9 in in ADP crl-24434 133 10 open open ADJ crl-24434 133 11 data datum NOUN crl-24434 133 12 , , PUNCT crl-24434 133 13 highlight highlight VERB crl-24434 133 14 the the DET crl-24434 133 15 existing exist VERB crl-24434 133 16 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 133 17 , , PUNCT crl-24434 133 18 and and CCONJ crl-24434 133 19 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 133 20 we we PRON crl-24434 133 21 hope hope VERB crl-24434 133 22 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 133 23 one one NUM crl-24434 133 24 day day NOUN crl-24434 133 25 allow allow VERB crl-24434 133 26 for for ADP crl-24434 133 27 a a DET crl-24434 133 28 celebration celebration NOUN crl-24434 133 29 of of ADP crl-24434 133 30 the the DET crl-24434 133 31 elimination elimination NOUN crl-24434 133 32 of of ADP crl-24434 133 33 the the DET crl-24434 133 34 wage wage NOUN crl-24434 133 35 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 133 36 across across ADP crl-24434 133 37 all all DET crl-24434 133 38 tiers tier NOUN crl-24434 133 39 . . PUNCT crl-24434 134 1 future future ADJ crl-24434 134 2 research research NOUN crl-24434 134 3 additional additional ADJ crl-24434 134 4 research research NOUN crl-24434 134 5 in in ADP crl-24434 134 6 the the DET crl-24434 134 7 form form NOUN crl-24434 134 8 of of ADP crl-24434 134 9 surveys survey NOUN crl-24434 134 10 , , PUNCT crl-24434 134 11 interviews interview NOUN crl-24434 134 12 , , PUNCT crl-24434 134 13 and and CCONJ crl-24434 134 14 focus focus NOUN crl-24434 134 15 groups group NOUN crl-24434 134 16 might might AUX crl-24434 134 17 help help AUX crl-24434 134 18 identify identify VERB crl-24434 134 19 the the DET crl-24434 134 20 cause cause NOUN crl-24434 134 21 / / SYM crl-24434 134 22 s s NOUN crl-24434 134 23 of of ADP crl-24434 134 24 the the DET crl-24434 134 25 continuing continue VERB crl-24434 134 26 wage wage NOUN crl-24434 134 27 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 134 28 . . PUNCT crl-24434 135 1 a a DET crl-24434 135 2 similar similar ADJ crl-24434 135 3 effort effort NOUN crl-24434 135 4 to to PART crl-24434 135 5 collect collect VERB crl-24434 135 6 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 135 7 data datum NOUN crl-24434 135 8 across across ADP crl-24434 135 9 all all DET crl-24434 135 10 academic academic ADJ crl-24434 135 11 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 135 12 could could AUX crl-24434 135 13 determine determine VERB crl-24434 135 14 if if SCONJ crl-24434 135 15 the the DET crl-24434 135 16 findings finding NOUN crl-24434 135 17 from from ADP crl-24434 135 18 this this DET crl-24434 135 19 study study NOUN crl-24434 135 20 are be AUX crl-24434 135 21 indeed indeed ADV crl-24434 135 22 prevalent prevalent ADJ crl-24434 135 23 across across ADP crl-24434 135 24 all all DET crl-24434 135 25 academic academic ADJ crl-24434 135 26 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 135 27 or or CCONJ crl-24434 135 28 an an DET crl-24434 135 29 issue issue NOUN crl-24434 135 30 in in ADP crl-24434 135 31 just just ADV crl-24434 135 32 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 135 33 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 135 34 . . PUNCT crl-24434 136 1 additionally additionally ADV crl-24434 136 2 , , PUNCT crl-24434 136 3 a a DET crl-24434 136 4 natural natural ADJ crl-24434 136 5 follow follow NOUN crl-24434 136 6 - - PUNCT crl-24434 136 7 up up NOUN crl-24434 136 8 to to ADP crl-24434 136 9 this this DET crl-24434 136 10 study study NOUN crl-24434 136 11 would would AUX crl-24434 136 12 be be AUX crl-24434 136 13 to to PART crl-24434 136 14 investigate investigate VERB crl-24434 136 15 potential potential ADJ crl-24434 136 16 issues issue NOUN crl-24434 136 17 in in ADP crl-24434 136 18 representation representation NOUN crl-24434 136 19 and/or and/or CCONJ crl-24434 136 20 wage wage NOUN crl-24434 136 21 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 136 22 for for ADP crl-24434 136 23 underrepresented underrepresented ADJ crl-24434 136 24 minorities minority NOUN crl-24434 136 25 in in ADP crl-24434 136 26 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 136 27 . . PUNCT crl-24434 137 1 conclusion conclusion VERB crl-24434 137 2 this this DET crl-24434 137 3 study study NOUN crl-24434 137 4 shows show VERB crl-24434 137 5 that that SCONJ crl-24434 137 6 , , PUNCT crl-24434 137 7 while while SCONJ crl-24434 137 8 research research NOUN crl-24434 137 9 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 137 10 have have AUX crl-24434 137 11 always always ADV crl-24434 137 12 been be AUX crl-24434 137 13 a a DET crl-24434 137 14 female female ADV crl-24434 137 15 - - PUNCT crl-24434 137 16 dominated dominate VERB crl-24434 137 17 profession profession NOUN crl-24434 137 18 , , PUNCT crl-24434 137 19 that that DET crl-24434 137 20 dominance dominance NOUN crl-24434 137 21 was be AUX crl-24434 137 22 not not PART crl-24434 137 23 always always ADV crl-24434 137 24 present present ADJ crl-24434 137 25 in in ADP crl-24434 137 26 the the DET crl-24434 137 27 highest high ADJ crl-24434 137 28 levels level NOUN crl-24434 137 29 of of ADP crl-24434 137 30 authority authority NOUN crl-24434 137 31 . . PUNCT crl-24434 138 1 there there PRON crl-24434 138 2 have have AUX crl-24434 138 3 been be AUX crl-24434 138 4 successful successful ADJ crl-24434 138 5 efforts effort NOUN crl-24434 138 6 to to PART crl-24434 138 7 work work VERB crl-24434 138 8 on on ADP crl-24434 138 9 the the DET crl-24434 138 10 issue issue NOUN crl-24434 138 11 of of ADP crl-24434 138 12 representation representation NOUN crl-24434 138 13 , , PUNCT crl-24434 138 14 but but CCONJ crl-24434 138 15 the the DET crl-24434 138 16 same same ADJ crl-24434 138 17 can can AUX crl-24434 138 18 not not PART crl-24434 138 19 be be AUX crl-24434 138 20 said say VERB crl-24434 138 21 for for ADP crl-24434 138 22 equal equal ADJ crl-24434 138 23 pay pay NOUN crl-24434 138 24 between between ADP crl-24434 138 25 males male NOUN crl-24434 138 26 and and CCONJ crl-24434 138 27 females female NOUN crl-24434 138 28 . . PUNCT crl-24434 139 1 while while SCONJ crl-24434 139 2 better well ADJ crl-24434 139 3 than than ADP crl-24434 139 4 the the DET crl-24434 139 5 us us PROPN crl-24434 139 6 overall overall ADJ crl-24434 139 7 pay pay NOUN crl-24434 139 8 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 139 9 , , PUNCT crl-24434 139 10 males male NOUN crl-24434 139 11 at at ADP crl-24434 139 12 every every DET crl-24434 139 13 level level NOUN crl-24434 139 14 make make VERB crl-24434 139 15 significantly significantly ADV crl-24434 139 16 more more ADJ crl-24434 139 17 , , PUNCT crl-24434 139 18 both both PRON crl-24434 139 19 statistically statistically ADV crl-24434 139 20 and and CCONJ crl-24434 139 21 in in ADP crl-24434 139 22 terms term NOUN crl-24434 139 23 of of ADP crl-24434 139 24 lost lose VERB crl-24434 139 25 wages wage NOUN crl-24434 139 26 during during ADP crl-24434 139 27 the the DET crl-24434 139 28 course course NOUN crl-24434 139 29 of of ADP crl-24434 139 30 a a DET crl-24434 139 31 career career NOUN crl-24434 139 32 , , PUNCT crl-24434 139 33 than than ADP crl-24434 139 34 their their PRON crl-24434 139 35 female female ADJ crl-24434 139 36 colleagues colleague NOUN crl-24434 139 37 . . PUNCT crl-24434 140 1 further further ADJ crl-24434 140 2 research research NOUN crl-24434 140 3 should should AUX crl-24434 140 4 be be AUX crl-24434 140 5 conducted conduct VERB crl-24434 140 6 to to PART crl-24434 140 7 discover discover VERB crl-24434 140 8 the the DET crl-24434 140 9 cause cause NOUN crl-24434 140 10 / / SYM crl-24434 140 11 s s NOUN crl-24434 140 12 of of ADP crl-24434 140 13 the the DET crl-24434 140 14 pay pay NOUN crl-24434 140 15 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 140 16 , , PUNCT crl-24434 140 17 and and CCONJ crl-24434 140 18 every every DET crl-24434 140 19 effort effort NOUN crl-24434 140 20 should should AUX crl-24434 140 21 be be AUX crl-24434 140 22 made make VERB crl-24434 140 23 to to PART crl-24434 140 24 correct correct VERB crl-24434 140 25 the the DET crl-24434 140 26 imbalance imbalance NOUN crl-24434 140 27 . . PUNCT crl-24434 141 1 these these DET crl-24434 141 2 efforts effort NOUN crl-24434 141 3 should should AUX crl-24434 141 4 be be AUX crl-24434 141 5 inclusive inclusive ADJ crl-24434 141 6 of of ADP crl-24434 141 7 the the DET crl-24434 141 8 entire entire ADJ crl-24434 141 9 workforce workforce NOUN crl-24434 141 10 and and CCONJ crl-24434 141 11 could could AUX crl-24434 141 12 include include VERB crl-24434 141 13 implicit implicit ADJ crl-24434 141 14 bias bias NOUN crl-24434 141 15 training training NOUN crl-24434 141 16 , , PUNCT crl-24434 141 17 increased increase VERB crl-24434 141 18 mentoring mentor VERB crl-24434 141 19 opportunities opportunity NOUN crl-24434 141 20 , , PUNCT crl-24434 141 21 and and CCONJ crl-24434 141 22 professional professional ADJ crl-24434 141 23 development development NOUN crl-24434 141 24 opportunities opportunity NOUN crl-24434 141 25 available available ADJ crl-24434 141 26 through through ADP crl-24434 141 27 conferences conference NOUN crl-24434 141 28 and and CCONJ crl-24434 141 29 webinars webinar NOUN crl-24434 141 30 . . PUNCT crl-24434 142 1 a a DET crl-24434 142 2 systemic systemic ADJ crl-24434 142 3 issue issue NOUN crl-24434 142 4 requires require VERB crl-24434 142 5 acknowledgment acknowledgment NOUN crl-24434 142 6 and and CCONJ crl-24434 142 7 support support NOUN crl-24434 142 8 throughout throughout ADP crl-24434 142 9 the the DET crl-24434 142 10 profession profession NOUN crl-24434 142 11 for for ADP crl-24434 142 12 industrywide industrywide ADJ crl-24434 142 13 changes change NOUN crl-24434 142 14 to to PART crl-24434 142 15 be be AUX crl-24434 142 16 successful successful ADJ crl-24434 142 17 . . PUNCT crl-24434 143 1 it it PRON crl-24434 143 2 is be AUX crl-24434 143 3 also also ADV crl-24434 143 4 important important ADJ crl-24434 143 5 to to PART crl-24434 143 6 bring bring VERB crl-24434 143 7 the the DET crl-24434 143 8 discussion discussion NOUN crl-24434 143 9 of of ADP crl-24434 143 10 the the DET crl-24434 143 11 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 143 12 wage wage NOUN crl-24434 143 13 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 143 14 into into ADP crl-24434 143 15 the the DET crl-24434 143 16 open open NOUN crl-24434 143 17 . . PUNCT crl-24434 144 1 it it PRON crl-24434 144 2 is be AUX crl-24434 144 3 hoped hope VERB crl-24434 144 4 that that SCONJ crl-24434 144 5 talking talk VERB crl-24434 144 6 about about ADP crl-24434 144 7 the the DET crl-24434 144 8 wage wage NOUN crl-24434 144 9 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 144 10 can can AUX crl-24434 144 11 reduce reduce VERB crl-24434 144 12 the the DET crl-24434 144 13 taboo taboo NOUN crl-24434 144 14 of of ADP crl-24434 144 15 discussing discuss VERB crl-24434 144 16 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 144 17 , , PUNCT crl-24434 144 18 both both CCONJ crl-24434 144 19 at at ADP crl-24434 144 20 an an DET crl-24434 144 21 individual individual ADJ crl-24434 144 22 and and CCONJ crl-24434 144 23 public public ADJ crl-24434 144 24 level level NOUN crl-24434 144 25 , , PUNCT crl-24434 144 26 and and CCONJ crl-24434 144 27 lead lead VERB crl-24434 144 28 to to ADP crl-24434 144 29 changes change NOUN crl-24434 144 30 like like ADP crl-24434 144 31 those those PRON crl-24434 144 32 experienced experience VERB crl-24434 144 33 in in ADP crl-24434 144 34 the the DET crl-24434 144 35 more more ADV crl-24434 144 36 visible visible ADJ crl-24434 144 37 area area NOUN crl-24434 144 38 of of ADP crl-24434 144 39 representation representation NOUN crl-24434 144 40 . . PUNCT crl-24434 145 1 notes note NOUN crl-24434 145 2 1 1 NUM crl-24434 145 3 . . PUNCT crl-24434 145 4 francine francine PROPN crl-24434 145 5 d. d. PROPN crl-24434 145 6 blau blau PROPN crl-24434 145 7 and and CCONJ crl-24434 145 8 lawrence lawrence PROPN crl-24434 145 9 m. m. PROPN crl-24434 145 10 kahn kahn PROPN crl-24434 145 11 , , PUNCT crl-24434 145 12 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 145 13 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 145 14 differences difference NOUN crl-24434 145 15 in in ADP crl-24434 145 16 pay pay NOUN crl-24434 145 17 , , PUNCT crl-24434 145 18 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 145 19 journal journal NOUN crl-24434 145 20 of of ADP crl-24434 145 21 economic economic ADJ crl-24434 145 22 perspectives perspective NOUN crl-24434 145 23 14 14 NUM crl-24434 145 24 , , PUNCT crl-24434 145 25 no no NOUN crl-24434 145 26 . . NOUN crl-24434 145 27 4 4 NUM crl-24434 145 28 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 145 29 2000 2000 NUM crl-24434 145 30 ): ): PUNCT crl-24434 145 31 75–99 75–99 NUM crl-24434 145 32 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 145 33 claudia claudia PROPN crl-24434 145 34 goldin goldin ADJ crl-24434 145 35 , , PUNCT crl-24434 145 36 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 145 37 the the DET crl-24434 145 38 quiet quiet ADJ crl-24434 145 39 revolution revolution NOUN crl-24434 145 40 that that PRON crl-24434 145 41 transformed transform VERB crl-24434 145 42 women woman NOUN crl-24434 145 43 ’s ’s PART crl-24434 145 44 employment employment NOUN crl-24434 145 45 , , PUNCT crl-24434 145 46 education education NOUN crl-24434 145 47 , , PUNCT crl-24434 145 48 and and CCONJ crl-24434 145 49 family family NOUN crl-24434 145 50 , , PUNCT crl-24434 145 51 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 145 52 american american PROPN crl-24434 145 53 economic economic PROPN crl-24434 145 54 review review PROPN crl-24434 145 55 96 96 NUM crl-24434 145 56 , , PUNCT crl-24434 145 57 no no NOUN crl-24434 145 58 . . NOUN crl-24434 145 59 2 2 NUM crl-24434 145 60 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 145 61 2006 2006 NUM crl-24434 145 62 ): ): PUNCT crl-24434 145 63 1–21 1–21 NOUN crl-24434 145 64 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 145 65 claudia claudia PROPN crl-24434 145 66 goldin goldin PROPN crl-24434 145 67 , , PUNCT crl-24434 145 68 lawrence lawrence PROPN crl-24434 145 69 f. f. PROPN crl-24434 145 70 katz katz PROPN crl-24434 145 71 , , PUNCT crl-24434 145 72 and and CCONJ crl-24434 145 73 ilyana ilyana PROPN crl-24434 145 74 kuziemko kuziemko NOUN crl-24434 145 75 , , PUNCT crl-24434 145 76 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 145 77 the the DET crl-24434 145 78 homecoming homecoming NOUN crl-24434 145 79 of of ADP crl-24434 145 80 american american PROPN crl-24434 145 81 college college PROPN crl-24434 145 82 women woman NOUN crl-24434 145 83 : : PUNCT crl-24434 145 84 the the DET crl-24434 145 85 reversal reversal NOUN crl-24434 145 86 of of ADP crl-24434 145 87 the the DET crl-24434 145 88 college college NOUN crl-24434 145 89 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 145 90 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 145 91 , , PUNCT crl-24434 145 92 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 145 93 journal journal NOUN crl-24434 145 94 of of ADP crl-24434 145 95 economic economic ADJ crl-24434 145 96 perspectives perspective NOUN crl-24434 145 97 20 20 NUM crl-24434 145 98 , , PUNCT crl-24434 145 99 no no NOUN crl-24434 145 100 . . NOUN crl-24434 145 101 4 4 NUM crl-24434 145 102 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 145 103 december december PROPN crl-24434 145 104 2006 2006 NUM crl-24434 145 105 ): ): PUNCT crl-24434 145 106 133–56 133–56 NUM crl-24434 145 107 , , PUNCT crl-24434 145 108 https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.20.4.133 https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.20.4.133 NOUN crl-24434 145 109 . . PUNCT crl-24434 146 1 2 2 X crl-24434 146 2 . . X crl-24434 146 3 nikki nikki PROPN crl-24434 146 4 graf graf PROPN crl-24434 146 5 , , PUNCT crl-24434 146 6 anna anna PROPN crl-24434 146 7 brown brown PROPN crl-24434 146 8 , , PUNCT crl-24434 146 9 and and CCONJ crl-24434 146 10 eileen eileen PROPN crl-24434 146 11 patten patten VERB crl-24434 146 12 , , PUNCT crl-24434 146 13 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 146 14 the the DET crl-24434 146 15 narrowing narrowing NOUN crl-24434 146 16 , , PUNCT crl-24434 146 17 but but CCONJ crl-24434 146 18 persistent persistent ADJ crl-24434 146 19 , , PUNCT crl-24434 146 20 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 146 21 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 146 22 in in ADP crl-24434 146 23 pay pay NOUN crl-24434 146 24 , , PUNCT crl-24434 146 25 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 146 26 pew pew NOUN crl-24434 146 27 https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.20.4.133 https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.20.4.133 NOUN crl-24434 146 28 the the DET crl-24434 146 29 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 146 30 wage wage NOUN crl-24434 146 31 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 146 32 in in ADP crl-24434 146 33 research research NOUN crl-24434 146 34 libraries librarie VERB crl-24434 146 35 673 673 NUM crl-24434 146 36 research research NOUN crl-24434 146 37 center center NOUN crl-24434 146 38 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 146 39 april april PROPN crl-24434 146 40 9 9 NUM crl-24434 146 41 , , PUNCT crl-24434 146 42 2018 2018 NUM crl-24434 146 43 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 146 44 , , PUNCT crl-24434 146 45 www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/04/09/gender-pay-gap-facts/ www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/04/09/gender-pay-gap-facts/ NOUN crl-24434 146 46 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 146 47 us us PROPN crl-24434 146 48 census census NOUN crl-24434 146 49 bureau bureau NOUN crl-24434 146 50 , , PUNCT crl-24434 146 51 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 146 52 income income NOUN crl-24434 146 53 and and CCONJ crl-24434 146 54 poverty poverty NOUN crl-24434 146 55 in in ADP crl-24434 146 56 the the DET crl-24434 146 57 united united PROPN crl-24434 146 58 states states PROPN crl-24434 146 59 : : PUNCT crl-24434 146 60 2016 2016 NUM crl-24434 146 61 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 146 62 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 146 63 september september PROPN crl-24434 146 64 12 12 NUM crl-24434 146 65 , , PUNCT crl-24434 146 66 2017 2017 NUM crl-24434 146 67 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 146 68 , , PUNCT crl-24434 146 69 https://www.census.gov/library/ https://www.census.gov/library/ INTJ crl-24434 146 70 publications/2017 publications/2017 NOUN crl-24434 146 71 / / SYM crl-24434 146 72 demo demo NOUN crl-24434 146 73 / / SYM crl-24434 146 74 p60 p60 NOUN crl-24434 146 75 - - PUNCT crl-24434 146 76 259.html 259.html NUM crl-24434 146 77 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 146 78 us us PROPN crl-24434 146 79 census census NOUN crl-24434 146 80 bureau bureau NOUN crl-24434 146 81 , , PUNCT crl-24434 146 82 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 146 83 income income NOUN crl-24434 146 84 and and CCONJ crl-24434 146 85 poverty poverty NOUN crl-24434 146 86 in in ADP crl-24434 146 87 the the DET crl-24434 146 88 united united PROPN crl-24434 146 89 states states PROPN crl-24434 146 90 : : PUNCT crl-24434 146 91 2017 2017 NUM crl-24434 146 92 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 146 93 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 146 94 september september PROPN crl-24434 146 95 12 12 NUM crl-24434 146 96 , , PUNCT crl-24434 146 97 2018 2018 NUM crl-24434 146 98 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 146 99 , , PUNCT crl-24434 146 100 https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2018/demo/p60-263.html https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2018/demo/p60-263.html PROPN crl-24434 146 101 . . PUNCT crl-24434 147 1 3 3 X crl-24434 147 2 . . X crl-24434 147 3 national national PROPN crl-24434 147 4 committee committee PROPN crl-24434 147 5 on on ADP crl-24434 147 6 pay pay PROPN crl-24434 147 7 equity equity PROPN crl-24434 147 8 , , PUNCT crl-24434 147 9 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 147 10 equal equal ADJ crl-24434 147 11 pay pay NOUN crl-24434 147 12 day day NOUN crl-24434 147 13 , , PUNCT crl-24434 147 14 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 147 15 https://www.pay-equity.org/day.html https://www.pay-equity.org/day.html PROPN crl-24434 147 16 [ [ X crl-24434 147 17 accessed access VERB crl-24434 147 18 january january PROPN crl-24434 147 19 7 7 NUM crl-24434 147 20 , , PUNCT crl-24434 147 21 2019 2019 NUM crl-24434 147 22 ] ] PUNCT crl-24434 147 23 . . PUNCT crl-24434 148 1 4 4 X crl-24434 148 2 . . X crl-24434 148 3 jacob jacob PROPN crl-24434 148 4 mincer mincer PROPN crl-24434 148 5 and and CCONJ crl-24434 148 6 solomon solomon PROPN crl-24434 148 7 polachek polachek PROPN crl-24434 148 8 , , PUNCT crl-24434 148 9 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 148 10 family family NOUN crl-24434 148 11 investments investment NOUN crl-24434 148 12 in in ADP crl-24434 148 13 human human ADJ crl-24434 148 14 capital capital NOUN crl-24434 148 15 : : PUNCT crl-24434 148 16 earnings earning NOUN crl-24434 148 17 of of ADP crl-24434 148 18 women woman NOUN crl-24434 148 19 , , PUNCT crl-24434 148 20 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 148 21 journal journal NOUN crl-24434 148 22 of of ADP crl-24434 148 23 political political ADJ crl-24434 148 24 economy economy NOUN crl-24434 148 25 82 82 NUM crl-24434 148 26 , , PUNCT crl-24434 148 27 no no NOUN crl-24434 148 28 . . NOUN crl-24434 148 29 2 2 NUM crl-24434 148 30 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 148 31 1974 1974 NUM crl-24434 148 32 ): ): PUNCT crl-24434 148 33 s76–108 s76–108 NOUN crl-24434 148 34 . . PUNCT crl-24434 149 1 5 5 X crl-24434 149 2 . . X crl-24434 149 3 francine francine PROPN crl-24434 149 4 d. d. PROPN crl-24434 149 5 blau blau PROPN crl-24434 149 6 and and CCONJ crl-24434 149 7 anne anne PROPN crl-24434 149 8 e. e. PROPN crl-24434 149 9 winkler winkler PROPN crl-24434 149 10 , , PUNCT crl-24434 149 11 the the DET crl-24434 149 12 economics economic NOUN crl-24434 149 13 of of ADP crl-24434 149 14 women woman NOUN crl-24434 149 15 , , PUNCT crl-24434 149 16 men man NOUN crl-24434 149 17 , , PUNCT crl-24434 149 18 and and CCONJ crl-24434 149 19 work work NOUN crl-24434 149 20 , , PUNCT crl-24434 149 21 8th 8th ADJ crl-24434 149 22 ed ed NOUN crl-24434 149 23 . . PUNCT crl-24434 150 1 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 150 2 new new PROPN crl-24434 150 3 york york PROPN crl-24434 150 4 , , PUNCT crl-24434 150 5 ny ny PROPN crl-24434 150 6 : : PUNCT crl-24434 150 7 oxford oxford PROPN crl-24434 150 8 university university PROPN crl-24434 150 9 press press NOUN crl-24434 150 10 , , PUNCT crl-24434 150 11 2018 2018 NUM crl-24434 150 12 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 150 13 . . PUNCT crl-24434 151 1 6 6 X crl-24434 151 2 . . X crl-24434 151 3 francine francine PROPN crl-24434 151 4 d. d. PROPN crl-24434 151 5 blau blau PROPN crl-24434 151 6 and and CCONJ crl-24434 151 7 lawrence lawrence PROPN crl-24434 151 8 m. m. PROPN crl-24434 151 9 kahn kahn PROPN crl-24434 151 10 , , PUNCT crl-24434 151 11 the the DET crl-24434 151 12 us us PROPN crl-24434 151 13 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 151 14 pay pay NOUN crl-24434 151 15 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 151 16 in in ADP crl-24434 151 17 the the DET crl-24434 151 18 1990s 1990s NUM crl-24434 151 19 : : PUNCT crl-24434 151 20 slowing slow VERB crl-24434 151 21 convergence convergence NOUN crl-24434 151 22 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 151 23 princeton princeton PROPN crl-24434 151 24 , , PUNCT crl-24434 151 25 nj nj PROPN crl-24434 151 26 : : PUNCT crl-24434 151 27 industrial industrial ADJ crl-24434 151 28 relations relation NOUN crl-24434 151 29 section section NOUN crl-24434 151 30 , , PUNCT crl-24434 151 31 princeton princeton PROPN crl-24434 151 32 university university PROPN crl-24434 151 33 , , PUNCT crl-24434 151 34 2006 2006 NUM crl-24434 151 35 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 151 36 . . PUNCT crl-24434 152 1 7 7 X crl-24434 152 2 . . X crl-24434 152 3 francine francine PROPN crl-24434 152 4 d. d. PROPN crl-24434 152 5 blau blau PROPN crl-24434 152 6 and and CCONJ crl-24434 152 7 lawrence lawrence PROPN crl-24434 152 8 m. m. PROPN crl-24434 152 9 kahn kahn PROPN crl-24434 152 10 , , PUNCT crl-24434 152 11 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 152 12 the the DET crl-24434 152 13 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 152 14 wage wage NOUN crl-24434 152 15 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 152 16 : : PUNCT crl-24434 152 17 extent extent NOUN crl-24434 152 18 , , PUNCT crl-24434 152 19 trends trend NOUN crl-24434 152 20 , , PUNCT crl-24434 152 21 and and CCONJ crl-24434 152 22 explanations explanation NOUN crl-24434 152 23 , , PUNCT crl-24434 152 24 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 152 25 nber nber PROPN crl-24434 152 26 working working PROPN crl-24434 152 27 paper paper PROPN crl-24434 152 28 series series NOUN crl-24434 152 29 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 152 30 national national ADJ crl-24434 152 31 bureau bureau PROPN crl-24434 152 32 of of ADP crl-24434 152 33 economic economic ADJ crl-24434 152 34 research research NOUN crl-24434 152 35 , , PUNCT crl-24434 152 36 january january PROPN crl-24434 152 37 2016 2016 NUM crl-24434 152 38 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 152 39 , , PUNCT crl-24434 152 40 https://www.nber.org/ https://www.nber.org/ X crl-24434 152 41 papers paper NOUN crl-24434 152 42 / / SYM crl-24434 152 43 w21913.pdf w21913.pdf PROPN crl-24434 152 44 . . PUNCT crl-24434 153 1 8 8 X crl-24434 153 2 . . PUNCT crl-24434 154 1 linda linda PROPN crl-24434 154 2 babcock babcock PROPN crl-24434 154 3 and and CCONJ crl-24434 154 4 sara sara PROPN crl-24434 154 5 laschever laschever PROPN crl-24434 154 6 , , PUNCT crl-24434 154 7 women woman NOUN crl-24434 154 8 do do AUX crl-24434 154 9 n’t not PART crl-24434 154 10 ask ask VERB crl-24434 154 11 : : PUNCT crl-24434 154 12 negotiation negotiation NOUN crl-24434 154 13 and and CCONJ crl-24434 154 14 the the DET crl-24434 154 15 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 154 16 divide divide NOUN crl-24434 154 17 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 154 18 princeton princeton PROPN crl-24434 154 19 , , PUNCT crl-24434 154 20 nj nj PROPN crl-24434 154 21 : : PUNCT crl-24434 154 22 princeton princeton PROPN crl-24434 154 23 university university PROPN crl-24434 154 24 press press NOUN crl-24434 154 25 , , PUNCT crl-24434 154 26 2003 2003 NUM crl-24434 154 27 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 154 28 , , PUNCT crl-24434 154 29 http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/purdue/detail.action?docid=445436 http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/purdue/detail.action?docid=445436 PROPN crl-24434 154 30 . . PROPN crl-24434 154 31 9 9 NUM crl-24434 154 32 . . X crl-24434 154 33 nabanita nabanita PROPN crl-24434 154 34 datta datta PROPN crl-24434 154 35 gupta gupta PROPN crl-24434 154 36 , , PUNCT crl-24434 154 37 anders ander NOUN crl-24434 154 38 poulsen poulsen VERB crl-24434 154 39 , , PUNCT crl-24434 154 40 and and CCONJ crl-24434 154 41 marie marie PROPN crl-24434 154 42 claire claire NOUN crl-24434 154 43 villeval villeval PROPN crl-24434 154 44 , , PUNCT crl-24434 154 45 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 154 46 male male ADJ crl-24434 154 47 and and CCONJ crl-24434 154 48 female female ADJ crl-24434 154 49 competitive competitive ADJ crl-24434 154 50 behavior behavior NOUN crl-24434 154 51 : : PUNCT crl-24434 154 52 experimental experimental ADJ crl-24434 154 53 evidence evidence NOUN crl-24434 154 54 , , PUNCT crl-24434 154 55 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 154 56 gate gate NOUN crl-24434 154 57 working working PROPN crl-24434 154 58 paper paper PROPN crl-24434 154 59 no no NOUN crl-24434 154 60 . . PUNCT crl-24434 155 1 w.p.05 w.p.05 NOUN crl-24434 155 2 - - SYM crl-24434 155 3 12 12 NUM crl-24434 155 4 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 155 5 rochester rochester PROPN crl-24434 155 6 , , PUNCT crl-24434 155 7 ny ny NOUN crl-24434 155 8 : : PUNCT crl-24434 155 9 social social ADJ crl-24434 155 10 science science NOUN crl-24434 155 11 research research NOUN crl-24434 155 12 network network NOUN crl-24434 155 13 , , PUNCT crl-24434 155 14 november november PROPN crl-24434 155 15 1 1 NUM crl-24434 155 16 , , PUNCT crl-24434 155 17 2005 2005 NUM crl-24434 155 18 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 155 19 , , PUNCT crl-24434 155 20 https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=906766 https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=906766 PROPN crl-24434 155 21 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 155 22 alan alan PROPN crl-24434 155 23 manning manning PROPN crl-24434 155 24 and and CCONJ crl-24434 155 25 farzad farzad NOUN crl-24434 155 26 saidi saidi NOUN crl-24434 155 27 , , PUNCT crl-24434 155 28 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 155 29 understanding understand VERB crl-24434 155 30 the the DET crl-24434 155 31 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 155 32 pay pay NOUN crl-24434 155 33 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 155 34 : : PUNCT crl-24434 155 35 what what PRON crl-24434 155 36 ’s ’ VERB crl-24434 155 37 competition competition NOUN crl-24434 155 38 got get VERB crl-24434 155 39 to to PART crl-24434 155 40 do do VERB crl-24434 155 41 with with ADP crl-24434 155 42 it it PRON crl-24434 155 43 ? ? PUNCT crl-24434 155 44 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 156 1 ilr ilr NOUN crl-24434 156 2 review review NOUN crl-24434 156 3 63 63 NUM crl-24434 156 4 , , PUNCT crl-24434 156 5 no no NOUN crl-24434 156 6 . . NOUN crl-24434 156 7 4 4 NUM crl-24434 156 8 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 156 9 july july PROPN crl-24434 156 10 1 1 NUM crl-24434 156 11 , , PUNCT crl-24434 156 12 2010 2010 NUM crl-24434 156 13 ): ): PUNCT crl-24434 156 14 681–98 681–98 PROPN crl-24434 156 15 , , PUNCT crl-24434 156 16 https:// https:// PROPN crl-24434 156 17 doi.org/10.1177/001979391006300407 doi.org/10.1177/001979391006300407 PROPN crl-24434 156 18 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 156 19 uri uri PROPN crl-24434 156 20 gneezy gneezy PROPN crl-24434 156 21 , , PUNCT crl-24434 156 22 muriel muriel PROPN crl-24434 156 23 niederle niederle PROPN crl-24434 156 24 , , PUNCT crl-24434 156 25 and and CCONJ crl-24434 156 26 aldo aldo PROPN crl-24434 156 27 rustichini rustichini NOUN crl-24434 156 28 , , PUNCT crl-24434 156 29 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 156 30 performance performance NOUN crl-24434 156 31 in in ADP crl-24434 156 32 competitive competitive ADJ crl-24434 156 33 environments environment NOUN crl-24434 156 34 : : PUNCT crl-24434 156 35 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 156 36 differences difference NOUN crl-24434 156 37 , , PUNCT crl-24434 156 38 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 156 39 quarterly quarterly ADJ crl-24434 156 40 journal journal NOUN crl-24434 156 41 of of ADP crl-24434 156 42 economics economic NOUN crl-24434 156 43 118 118 NUM crl-24434 156 44 , , PUNCT crl-24434 156 45 no no NOUN crl-24434 156 46 . . NOUN crl-24434 156 47 3 3 NUM crl-24434 156 48 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 156 49 2003 2003 NUM crl-24434 156 50 ): ): PUNCT crl-24434 156 51 1049–74 1049–74 NUM crl-24434 156 52 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 156 53 uri uri PROPN crl-24434 156 54 gneezy gneezy PROPN crl-24434 156 55 , , PUNCT crl-24434 156 56 kenneth kenneth PROPN crl-24434 156 57 l. l. PROPN crl-24434 156 58 leonard leonard PROPN crl-24434 156 59 , , PUNCT crl-24434 156 60 and and CCONJ crl-24434 156 61 john john PROPN crl-24434 156 62 a. a. PROPN crl-24434 156 63 list list PROPN crl-24434 156 64 , , PUNCT crl-24434 156 65 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 156 66 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 156 67 differences difference NOUN crl-24434 156 68 in in ADP crl-24434 156 69 competition competition NOUN crl-24434 156 70 : : PUNCT crl-24434 156 71 evidence evidence NOUN crl-24434 156 72 from from ADP crl-24434 156 73 a a DET crl-24434 156 74 matrilineal matrilineal NOUN crl-24434 156 75 and and CCONJ crl-24434 156 76 a a DET crl-24434 156 77 patriarchal patriarchal ADJ crl-24434 156 78 society society NOUN crl-24434 156 79 , , PUNCT crl-24434 156 80 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 156 81 econometrica econometrica PROPN crl-24434 156 82 77 77 NUM crl-24434 156 83 , , PUNCT crl-24434 156 84 no no NOUN crl-24434 156 85 . . NOUN crl-24434 156 86 5 5 NUM crl-24434 156 87 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 156 88 2009 2009 NUM crl-24434 156 89 ): ): PUNCT crl-24434 156 90 1637–64 1637–64 NUM crl-24434 156 91 . . PUNCT crl-24434 157 1 10 10 NUM crl-24434 157 2 . . X crl-24434 158 1 claudia claudia PROPN crl-24434 158 2 goldin goldin PROPN crl-24434 158 3 , , PUNCT crl-24434 158 4 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 158 5 a a DET crl-24434 158 6 grand grand ADJ crl-24434 158 7 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 158 8 convergence convergence NOUN crl-24434 158 9 : : PUNCT crl-24434 158 10 its its PRON crl-24434 158 11 last last ADJ crl-24434 158 12 chapter chapter NOUN crl-24434 158 13 , , PUNCT crl-24434 158 14 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 158 15 american american PROPN crl-24434 158 16 economic economic PROPN crl-24434 158 17 review review PROPN crl-24434 158 18 104 104 NUM crl-24434 158 19 , , PUNCT crl-24434 158 20 no no NOUN crl-24434 158 21 . . NOUN crl-24434 158 22 4 4 NUM crl-24434 158 23 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 158 24 april april PROPN crl-24434 158 25 2014 2014 NUM crl-24434 158 26 ): ): PUNCT crl-24434 158 27 1091–119 1091–119 PROPN crl-24434 158 28 , , PUNCT crl-24434 158 29 https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.4.1091 https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.4.1091 PROPN crl-24434 158 30 . . PUNCT crl-24434 159 1 11 11 NUM crl-24434 159 2 . . PUNCT crl-24434 159 3 marianne marianne PROPN crl-24434 159 4 bertrand bertrand PROPN crl-24434 159 5 , , PUNCT crl-24434 159 6 claudia claudia PROPN crl-24434 159 7 goldin goldin ADJ crl-24434 159 8 , , PUNCT crl-24434 159 9 and and CCONJ crl-24434 159 10 lawrence lawrence PROPN crl-24434 159 11 f. f. PROPN crl-24434 159 12 katz katz PROPN crl-24434 159 13 , , PUNCT crl-24434 159 14 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 159 15 dynamics dynamic NOUN crl-24434 159 16 of of ADP crl-24434 159 17 the the DET crl-24434 159 18 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 159 19 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 159 20 for for ADP crl-24434 159 21 young young ADJ crl-24434 159 22 professionals professional NOUN crl-24434 159 23 in in ADP crl-24434 159 24 the the DET crl-24434 159 25 financial financial ADJ crl-24434 159 26 and and CCONJ crl-24434 159 27 corporate corporate ADJ crl-24434 159 28 sectors sector NOUN crl-24434 159 29 , , PUNCT crl-24434 159 30 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 159 31 american american PROPN crl-24434 159 32 economic economic PROPN crl-24434 159 33 journal journal PROPN crl-24434 159 34 : : PUNCT crl-24434 159 35 applied apply VERB crl-24434 159 36 economics economics PROPN crl-24434 159 37 2 2 NUM crl-24434 159 38 , , PUNCT crl-24434 159 39 no no NOUN crl-24434 159 40 . . NOUN crl-24434 159 41 3 3 NUM crl-24434 159 42 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 159 43 2010 2010 NUM crl-24434 159 44 ): ): PUNCT crl-24434 159 45 228–55 228–55 NUM crl-24434 159 46 . . PUNCT crl-24434 160 1 12 12 NUM crl-24434 160 2 . . PUNCT crl-24434 161 1 marianne marianne PROPN crl-24434 161 2 bertrand bertrand PROPN crl-24434 161 3 , , PUNCT crl-24434 161 4 dolly dolly ADV crl-24434 161 5 chugh chugh NOUN crl-24434 161 6 , , PUNCT crl-24434 161 7 and and CCONJ crl-24434 161 8 sendhil sendhil PROPN crl-24434 161 9 mullainathan mullainathan PROPN crl-24434 161 10 , , PUNCT crl-24434 161 11 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 161 12 implicit implicit ADJ crl-24434 161 13 discrimination discrimination NOUN crl-24434 161 14 , , PUNCT crl-24434 161 15 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 161 16 american american PROPN crl-24434 161 17 economic economic PROPN crl-24434 161 18 review review PROPN crl-24434 161 19 95 95 NUM crl-24434 161 20 , , PUNCT crl-24434 161 21 no no NOUN crl-24434 161 22 . . NOUN crl-24434 161 23 2 2 NUM crl-24434 161 24 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 161 25 2005 2005 NUM crl-24434 161 26 ): ): PUNCT crl-24434 161 27 94–98 94–98 X crl-24434 161 28 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 161 29 john john PROPN crl-24434 161 30 t. t. PROPN crl-24434 161 31 jost jost PROPN crl-24434 161 32 et et PROPN crl-24434 162 1 al al PROPN crl-24434 162 2 . . PROPN crl-24434 162 3 , , PUNCT crl-24434 162 4 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 162 5 the the DET crl-24434 162 6 existence existence NOUN crl-24434 162 7 of of ADP crl-24434 162 8 implicit implicit ADJ crl-24434 162 9 bias bias NOUN crl-24434 162 10 is be AUX crl-24434 162 11 beyond beyond ADP crl-24434 162 12 reasonable reasonable ADJ crl-24434 162 13 doubt doubt NOUN crl-24434 162 14 : : PUNCT crl-24434 162 15 a a DET crl-24434 162 16 refutation refutation NOUN crl-24434 162 17 of of ADP crl-24434 162 18 ideological ideological ADJ crl-24434 162 19 and and CCONJ crl-24434 162 20 methodological methodological ADJ crl-24434 162 21 objections objection NOUN crl-24434 162 22 and and CCONJ crl-24434 162 23 executive executive ADJ crl-24434 162 24 summary summary NOUN crl-24434 162 25 of of ADP crl-24434 162 26 ten ten NUM crl-24434 162 27 studies study NOUN crl-24434 162 28 that that SCONJ crl-24434 162 29 no no DET crl-24434 162 30 manager manager NOUN crl-24434 162 31 should should AUX crl-24434 162 32 ignore ignore VERB crl-24434 162 33 , , PUNCT crl-24434 162 34 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 162 35 research research NOUN crl-24434 162 36 in in ADP crl-24434 162 37 organizational organizational ADJ crl-24434 162 38 behavior behavior NOUN crl-24434 162 39 29 29 NUM crl-24434 162 40 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 162 41 january january PROPN crl-24434 162 42 1 1 NUM crl-24434 162 43 , , PUNCT crl-24434 162 44 2009 2009 NUM crl-24434 162 45 ): ): PUNCT crl-24434 162 46 39–69 39–69 NUM crl-24434 162 47 , , PUNCT crl-24434 162 48 https://doi.org/10.1016/j https://doi.org/10.1016/j PROPN crl-24434 162 49 . . PUNCT crl-24434 162 50 riob.2009.10.001 riob.2009.10.001 SPACE crl-24434 163 1 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 163 2 ernesto ernesto PROPN crl-24434 163 3 reuben reuben PROPN crl-24434 163 4 , , PUNCT crl-24434 163 5 paola paola NOUN crl-24434 163 6 sapienza sapienza NOUN crl-24434 163 7 , , PUNCT crl-24434 163 8 and and CCONJ crl-24434 163 9 luigi luigi NOUN crl-24434 163 10 zingales zingale NOUN crl-24434 163 11 , , PUNCT crl-24434 163 12 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 163 13 how how SCONJ crl-24434 163 14 stereotypes stereotype NOUN crl-24434 163 15 impair impair NOUN crl-24434 163 16 women woman NOUN crl-24434 163 17 ’s ’s PART crl-24434 163 18 careers career NOUN crl-24434 163 19 in in ADP crl-24434 163 20 science science NOUN crl-24434 163 21 , , PUNCT crl-24434 163 22 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 163 23 proceedings proceeding NOUN crl-24434 163 24 of of ADP crl-24434 163 25 the the DET crl-24434 163 26 national national PROPN crl-24434 163 27 academy academy PROPN crl-24434 163 28 of of ADP crl-24434 163 29 sciences science NOUN crl-24434 163 30 of of ADP crl-24434 163 31 the the DET crl-24434 163 32 united united PROPN crl-24434 163 33 states states PROPN crl-24434 163 34 of of ADP crl-24434 163 35 america america PROPN crl-24434 163 36 111 111 NUM crl-24434 163 37 , , PUNCT crl-24434 163 38 no no NOUN crl-24434 163 39 . . NOUN crl-24434 163 40 12 12 NUM crl-24434 163 41 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 163 42 2014 2014 NUM crl-24434 163 43 ): ): PUNCT crl-24434 163 44 4403–08 4403–08 NUM crl-24434 163 45 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 163 46 p.a p.a PROPN crl-24434 163 47 . . PROPN crl-24434 163 48 riach riach PROPN crl-24434 163 49 and and CCONJ crl-24434 163 50 j. j. PROPN crl-24434 163 51 rich rich PROPN crl-24434 163 52 , , PUNCT crl-24434 163 53 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 163 54 field field NOUN crl-24434 163 55 experiments experiment NOUN crl-24434 163 56 of of ADP crl-24434 163 57 discrimination discrimination NOUN crl-24434 163 58 in in ADP crl-24434 163 59 the the DET crl-24434 163 60 market market NOUN crl-24434 163 61 place place NOUN crl-24434 163 62 , , PUNCT crl-24434 163 63 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 163 64 economic economic ADJ crl-24434 163 65 journal journal NOUN crl-24434 163 66 112 112 NUM crl-24434 163 67 , , PUNCT crl-24434 163 68 no no INTJ crl-24434 163 69 . . NOUN crl-24434 163 70 483 483 NUM crl-24434 163 71 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 163 72 2002 2002 NUM crl-24434 163 73 ): ): PUNCT crl-24434 163 74 f480–518 f480–518 NOUN crl-24434 163 75 . . PUNCT crl-24434 163 76 13 13 NUM crl-24434 163 77 . . PUNCT crl-24434 164 1 belinda belinda PROPN crl-24434 164 2 probert probert PROPN crl-24434 164 3 , , PUNCT crl-24434 164 4 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 164 5 ‘ ' PUNCT crl-24434 164 6 i i PRON crl-24434 164 7 just just ADV crl-24434 164 8 could could AUX crl-24434 164 9 n’t not PART crl-24434 164 10 fit fit VERB crl-24434 164 11 it it PRON crl-24434 164 12 in in ADP crl-24434 164 13 ’ ' PUNCT crl-24434 164 14 : : PUNCT crl-24434 164 15 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 164 16 and and CCONJ crl-24434 164 17 unequal unequal ADJ crl-24434 164 18 outcomes outcome NOUN crl-24434 164 19 in in ADP crl-24434 164 20 academic academic ADJ crl-24434 164 21 careers career NOUN crl-24434 164 22 , , PUNCT crl-24434 164 23 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 164 24 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 164 25 , , PUNCT crl-24434 164 26 work work NOUN crl-24434 164 27 & & CCONJ crl-24434 164 28 organization organization NOUN crl-24434 164 29 12 12 NUM crl-24434 164 30 , , PUNCT crl-24434 164 31 no no INTJ crl-24434 164 32 . . NOUN crl-24434 164 33 1 1 NUM crl-24434 164 34 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 164 35 2005 2005 NUM crl-24434 164 36 ): ): PUNCT crl-24434 164 37 50–72 50–72 NUM crl-24434 164 38 , , PUNCT crl-24434 164 39 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0432.2005.00262.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0432.2005.00262.x NOUN crl-24434 164 40 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 164 41 kristen kristen PROPN crl-24434 164 42 monroe monroe PROPN crl-24434 164 43 et et PROPN crl-24434 164 44 al al PROPN crl-24434 164 45 . . PROPN crl-24434 164 46 , , PUNCT crl-24434 164 47 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 164 48 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 164 49 equality equality NOUN crl-24434 164 50 in in ADP crl-24434 164 51 academia academia NOUN crl-24434 164 52 : : PUNCT crl-24434 164 53 bad bad ADJ crl-24434 164 54 news news NOUN crl-24434 164 55 from from ADP crl-24434 164 56 the the DET crl-24434 164 57 trenches trench NOUN crl-24434 164 58 , , PUNCT crl-24434 164 59 and and CCONJ crl-24434 164 60 some some DET crl-24434 164 61 possible possible ADJ crl-24434 164 62 solutions solution NOUN crl-24434 164 63 , , PUNCT crl-24434 164 64 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 164 65 perspectives perspective NOUN crl-24434 164 66 on on ADP crl-24434 164 67 politics politic NOUN crl-24434 164 68 6 6 NUM crl-24434 164 69 , , PUNCT crl-24434 164 70 no no NOUN crl-24434 164 71 . . NOUN crl-24434 164 72 2 2 NUM crl-24434 164 73 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 164 74 june june PROPN crl-24434 164 75 2008 2008 NUM crl-24434 164 76 ): ): PUNCT crl-24434 164 77 215–33 215–33 NUM crl-24434 164 78 , , PUNCT crl-24434 164 79 https://doi.org/10.1017/s1537592708080572 https://doi.org/10.1017/s1537592708080572 X crl-24434 164 80 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 164 81 liza liza NOUN crl-24434 164 82 howe howe NOUN crl-24434 164 83 - - PUNCT crl-24434 164 84 walsh walsh NOUN crl-24434 164 85 and and CCONJ crl-24434 164 86 sarah sarah PROPN crl-24434 164 87 turnbull turnbull NOUN crl-24434 164 88 , , PUNCT crl-24434 164 89 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 164 90 barriers barrier NOUN crl-24434 164 91 to to ADP crl-24434 164 92 women woman NOUN crl-24434 164 93 leaders leader NOUN crl-24434 164 94 in in ADP crl-24434 164 95 academia academia NOUN crl-24434 164 96 : : PUNCT crl-24434 164 97 tales tale NOUN crl-24434 164 98 from from ADP crl-24434 164 99 science science NOUN crl-24434 164 100 and and CCONJ crl-24434 164 101 technology technology NOUN crl-24434 164 102 , , PUNCT crl-24434 164 103 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 164 104 studies study NOUN crl-24434 164 105 in in ADP crl-24434 164 106 higher high ADJ crl-24434 164 107 education education NOUN crl-24434 164 108 41 41 NUM crl-24434 164 109 , , PUNCT crl-24434 164 110 no no NOUN crl-24434 164 111 . . NOUN crl-24434 164 112 3 3 NUM crl-24434 164 113 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 164 114 march march PROPN crl-24434 164 115 3 3 NUM crl-24434 164 116 , , PUNCT crl-24434 164 117 2016 2016 NUM crl-24434 164 118 ): ): PUNCT crl-24434 164 119 415–28 415–28 NOUN crl-24434 164 120 , , PUNCT crl-24434 164 121 https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2014.929102 https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2014.929102 NOUN crl-24434 164 122 . . PUNCT crl-24434 165 1 14 14 NUM crl-24434 165 2 . . PUNCT crl-24434 166 1 probert probert PROPN crl-24434 166 2 , , PUNCT crl-24434 166 3 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 166 4 i i PRON crl-24434 166 5 just just ADV crl-24434 166 6 could could AUX crl-24434 166 7 n’t not PART crl-24434 166 8 fit fit VERB crl-24434 166 9 it it PRON crl-24434 166 10 in in ADP crl-24434 166 11 , , PUNCT crl-24434 166 12 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 166 13 65 65 NUM crl-24434 166 14 . . NUM crl-24434 166 15 15 15 NUM crl-24434 166 16 . . PUNCT crl-24434 167 1 francine francine PROPN crl-24434 167 2 d. d. PROPN crl-24434 167 3 blau blau PROPN crl-24434 167 4 , , PUNCT crl-24434 167 5 marianne marianne PROPN crl-24434 167 6 a. a. PROPN crl-24434 167 7 ferber ferber PROPN crl-24434 167 8 and and CCONJ crl-24434 167 9 anne anne PROPN crl-24434 167 10 e. e. PROPN crl-24434 167 11 winkler winkler PROPN crl-24434 167 12 , , PUNCT crl-24434 167 13 the the DET crl-24434 167 14 economics economic NOUN crl-24434 167 15 of of ADP crl-24434 167 16 women woman NOUN crl-24434 167 17 , , PUNCT crl-24434 167 18 men man NOUN crl-24434 167 19 , , PUNCT crl-24434 167 20 and and CCONJ crl-24434 167 21 work work NOUN crl-24434 167 22 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 167 23 new new PROPN crl-24434 167 24 york york PROPN crl-24434 167 25 , , PUNCT crl-24434 167 26 ny ny PROPN crl-24434 167 27 : : PUNCT crl-24434 167 28 pearson pearson PROPN crl-24434 167 29 , , PUNCT crl-24434 167 30 2013 2013 NUM crl-24434 167 31 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 167 32 , , PUNCT crl-24434 167 33 286 286 NUM crl-24434 167 34 . . PUNCT crl-24434 168 1 16 16 NUM crl-24434 168 2 . . PUNCT crl-24434 168 3 michelle michelle PROPN crl-24434 168 4 j. j. PROPN crl-24434 168 5 budig budig PROPN crl-24434 168 6 , , PUNCT crl-24434 168 7 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 168 8 male male ADJ crl-24434 168 9 advantage advantage NOUN crl-24434 168 10 and and CCONJ crl-24434 168 11 the the DET crl-24434 168 12 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 168 13 composition composition NOUN crl-24434 168 14 of of ADP crl-24434 168 15 jobs job NOUN crl-24434 168 16 : : PUNCT crl-24434 168 17 who who PRON crl-24434 168 18 rides ride VERB crl-24434 168 19 the the DET crl-24434 168 20 glass glass NOUN crl-24434 168 21 escalator escalator NOUN crl-24434 168 22 ? ? PUNCT crl-24434 168 23 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 168 24 social social ADJ crl-24434 168 25 problems problem NOUN crl-24434 168 26 49 49 NUM crl-24434 168 27 , , PUNCT crl-24434 168 28 no no NOUN crl-24434 168 29 . . NOUN crl-24434 168 30 2 2 NUM crl-24434 168 31 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 168 32 2002 2002 NUM crl-24434 168 33 ): ): PUNCT crl-24434 168 34 258–77 258–77 PROPN crl-24434 168 35 , , PUNCT crl-24434 168 36 https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2002.49.2.258 https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2002.49.2.258 PROPN crl-24434 168 37 . . PROPN crl-24434 168 38 17 17 NUM crl-24434 168 39 . . PUNCT crl-24434 169 1 ruth ruth PROPN crl-24434 169 2 simpson simpson PROPN crl-24434 169 3 , , PUNCT crl-24434 169 4 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 169 5 masculinity masculinity NOUN crl-24434 169 6 at at ADP crl-24434 169 7 work work NOUN crl-24434 169 8 : : PUNCT crl-24434 169 9 the the DET crl-24434 169 10 experiences experience NOUN crl-24434 169 11 of of ADP crl-24434 169 12 men man NOUN crl-24434 169 13 in in ADP crl-24434 169 14 female female ADJ crl-24434 169 15 dominated dominate VERB crl-24434 169 16 occupations occupation NOUN crl-24434 169 17 , , PUNCT crl-24434 169 18 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 169 19 work work NOUN crl-24434 169 20 , , PUNCT crl-24434 169 21 employment employment NOUN crl-24434 169 22 and and CCONJ crl-24434 169 23 society society NOUN crl-24434 169 24 18 18 NUM crl-24434 169 25 , , PUNCT crl-24434 169 26 no no NOUN crl-24434 169 27 . . NOUN crl-24434 169 28 2 2 NUM crl-24434 169 29 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 169 30 june june PROPN crl-24434 169 31 1 1 NUM crl-24434 169 32 , , PUNCT crl-24434 169 33 2004 2004 NUM crl-24434 169 34 ): ): PUNCT crl-24434 169 35 349–68 349–68 NUM crl-24434 169 36 , , PUNCT crl-24434 169 37 https://doi.org/10.1177/09500172004042773 https://doi.org/10.1177/09500172004042773 PROPN crl-24434 169 38 . . PROPN crl-24434 169 39 18 18 NUM crl-24434 169 40 . . PUNCT crl-24434 170 1 barbara barbara PROPN crl-24434 170 2 e. e. PROPN crl-24434 170 3 brand brand PROPN crl-24434 170 4 , , PUNCT crl-24434 170 5 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 170 6 librarianship librarianship NOUN crl-24434 170 7 and and CCONJ crl-24434 170 8 other other ADJ crl-24434 170 9 female female ADJ crl-24434 170 10 - - PUNCT crl-24434 170 11 intensive intensive ADJ crl-24434 170 12 professions profession NOUN crl-24434 170 13 , , PUNCT crl-24434 170 14 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 170 15 journal journal PROPN crl-24434 170 16 of of ADP crl-24434 170 17 library library PROPN crl-24434 170 18 history history NOUN crl-24434 170 19 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 170 20 1974–1987 1974–1987 NUM crl-24434 170 21 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 170 22 18 18 NUM crl-24434 170 23 , , PUNCT crl-24434 170 24 no no NOUN crl-24434 170 25 . . NOUN crl-24434 170 26 4 4 NUM crl-24434 170 27 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 170 28 1983 1983 NUM crl-24434 170 29 ): ): PUNCT crl-24434 171 1 391–406 391–406 NUM crl-24434 171 2 . . NUM crl-24434 172 1 19 19 NUM crl-24434 172 2 . . PUNCT crl-24434 173 1 dee dee PROPN crl-24434 173 2 garrison garrison PROPN crl-24434 173 3 , , PUNCT crl-24434 173 4 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 173 5 the the DET crl-24434 173 6 tender tender NOUN crl-24434 173 7 technicians technician NOUN crl-24434 173 8 : : PUNCT crl-24434 173 9 the the DET crl-24434 173 10 feminization feminization NOUN crl-24434 173 11 of of ADP crl-24434 173 12 public public ADJ crl-24434 173 13 librarianship librarianship NOUN crl-24434 173 14 , , PUNCT crl-24434 173 15 1876–1905 1876–1905 NUM crl-24434 173 16 , , PUNCT crl-24434 173 17 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 173 18 journal journal NOUN crl-24434 173 19 of of ADP crl-24434 173 20 social social ADJ crl-24434 173 21 history history NOUN crl-24434 173 22 6 6 NUM crl-24434 173 23 , , PUNCT crl-24434 173 24 no no NOUN crl-24434 173 25 . . NOUN crl-24434 173 26 2 2 NUM crl-24434 173 27 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 173 28 december december PROPN crl-24434 173 29 1 1 NUM crl-24434 173 30 , , PUNCT crl-24434 173 31 1972 1972 NUM crl-24434 173 32 ): ): PUNCT crl-24434 173 33 131–59 131–59 PROPN crl-24434 173 34 , , PUNCT crl-24434 173 35 https://doi.org/10.1353/jsh/6.2.131 https://doi.org/10.1353/jsh/6.2.131 PROPN crl-24434 173 36 . . PROPN crl-24434 173 37 20 20 NUM crl-24434 173 38 . . PUNCT crl-24434 174 1 dee dee PROPN crl-24434 174 2 garrison garrison PROPN crl-24434 174 3 , , PUNCT crl-24434 174 4 apostles apostle NOUN crl-24434 174 5 of of ADP crl-24434 174 6 culture culture NOUN crl-24434 174 7 : : PUNCT crl-24434 174 8 the the DET crl-24434 174 9 public public ADJ crl-24434 174 10 librarian librarian NOUN crl-24434 174 11 and and CCONJ crl-24434 174 12 american american ADJ crl-24434 174 13 society society NOUN crl-24434 174 14 , , PUNCT crl-24434 174 15 1876–1920 1876–1920 NUM crl-24434 174 16 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 174 17 new new PROPN crl-24434 174 18 york york PROPN crl-24434 174 19 , , PUNCT crl-24434 174 20 ny ny NOUN crl-24434 174 21 : : PUNCT crl-24434 174 22 macmillan macmillan PROPN crl-24434 174 23 information information NOUN crl-24434 174 24 , , PUNCT crl-24434 174 25 1979 1979 NUM crl-24434 174 26 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 174 27 . . PUNCT crl-24434 175 1 http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/04/09/gender-pay-gap-facts/ http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/04/09/gender-pay-gap-facts/ NOUN crl-24434 175 2 https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2017/demo/p60-259.html https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2017/demo/p60-259.html PROPN crl-24434 175 3 https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2017/demo/p60-259.html https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2017/demo/p60-259.html PROPN crl-24434 175 4 https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2018/demo/p60-263.html https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2018/demo/p60-263.html PROPN crl-24434 175 5 https://www.pay-equity.org/day.html https://www.pay-equity.org/day.html PROPN crl-24434 175 6 https://www.nber.org/papers/w21913.pdf https://www.nber.org/papers/w21913.pdf NOUN crl-24434 175 7 https://www.nber.org/papers/w21913.pdf https://www.nber.org/papers/w21913.pdf NOUN crl-24434 175 8 http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/purdue/detail.action?docid=445436 http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/purdue/detail.action?docid=445436 VERB crl-24434 175 9 https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=906766 https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=906766 NOUN crl-24434 175 10 https://doi.org/10.1177/001979391006300407 https://doi.org/10.1177/001979391006300407 NOUN crl-24434 175 11 https://doi.org/10.1177/001979391006300407 https://doi.org/10.1177/001979391006300407 NOUN crl-24434 175 12 https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.4.1091 https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.4.1091 PROPN crl-24434 175 13 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2009.10.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2009.10.001 NUM crl-24434 175 14 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2009.10.001 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2009.10.001 PROPN crl-24434 175 15 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0432.2005.00262.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0432.2005.00262.x PROPN crl-24434 175 16 https://doi.org/10.1017/s1537592708080572 https://doi.org/10.1017/s1537592708080572 PROPN crl-24434 175 17 https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2014.929102 https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2014.929102 PUNCT crl-24434 176 1 https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2002.49.2.258 https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2002.49.2.258 NUM crl-24434 176 2 https://doi.org/10.1177/09500172004042773 https://doi.org/10.1177/09500172004042773 INTJ crl-24434 176 3 https://doi.org/10.1353/jsh/6.2.131 https://doi.org/10.1353/jsh/6.2.131 PROPN crl-24434 176 4 674 674 NUM crl-24434 176 5 college college PROPN crl-24434 176 6 & & CCONJ crl-24434 176 7 research research PROPN crl-24434 176 8 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 176 9 may may AUX crl-24434 176 10 2020 2020 NUM crl-24434 176 11 21 21 NUM crl-24434 176 12 . . PUNCT crl-24434 177 1 mary mary PROPN crl-24434 177 2 biggs biggs PROPN crl-24434 177 3 , , PUNCT crl-24434 177 4 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 177 5 librarians librarian NOUN crl-24434 177 6 and and CCONJ crl-24434 177 7 the the DET crl-24434 177 8 ‘ ' PUNCT crl-24434 177 9 woman woman NOUN crl-24434 177 10 question question NOUN crl-24434 177 11 ’ ' PUNCT crl-24434 177 12 : : PUNCT crl-24434 177 13 an an DET crl-24434 177 14 inquiry inquiry NOUN crl-24434 177 15 into into ADP crl-24434 177 16 conservatism conservatism NOUN crl-24434 177 17 , , PUNCT crl-24434 177 18 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 177 19 journal journal PROPN crl-24434 177 20 of of ADP crl-24434 177 21 library library PROPN crl-24434 177 22 history history NOUN crl-24434 177 23 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 177 24 1974–1987 1974–1987 NUM crl-24434 177 25 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 177 26 17 17 NUM crl-24434 177 27 , , PUNCT crl-24434 177 28 no no NOUN crl-24434 177 29 . . NOUN crl-24434 177 30 4 4 NUM crl-24434 177 31 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 177 32 1982 1982 NUM crl-24434 177 33 ): ): PUNCT crl-24434 177 34 409–28 409–28 NUM crl-24434 177 35 . . PUNCT crl-24434 178 1 22 22 NUM crl-24434 178 2 . . PUNCT crl-24434 179 1 american american PROPN crl-24434 179 2 library library PROPN crl-24434 179 3 association association PROPN crl-24434 179 4 website website PROPN crl-24434 179 5 , , PUNCT crl-24434 179 6 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 179 7 diversity diversity NOUN crl-24434 179 8 counts count NOUN crl-24434 179 9 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 179 10 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 179 11 march march PROPN crl-24434 179 12 29 29 NUM crl-24434 179 13 , , PUNCT crl-24434 179 14 2007 2007 NUM crl-24434 179 15 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 179 16 , , PUNCT crl-24434 179 17 www.ala.org/aboutala/offices/diversity/diversitycounts/divcounts www.ala.org/aboutala/offices/diversity/diversitycounts/divcount NOUN crl-24434 179 18 . . PUNCT crl-24434 180 1 23 23 NUM crl-24434 180 2 . . PUNCT crl-24434 181 1 sarla sarla PROPN crl-24434 181 2 r. r. PROPN crl-24434 181 3 murgai murgai PROPN crl-24434 181 4 , , PUNCT crl-24434 181 5 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 181 6 attitudes attitude NOUN crl-24434 181 7 toward toward ADP crl-24434 181 8 women woman NOUN crl-24434 181 9 as as ADP crl-24434 181 10 managers manager NOUN crl-24434 181 11 in in ADP crl-24434 181 12 library library NOUN crl-24434 181 13 and and CCONJ crl-24434 181 14 information information NOUN crl-24434 181 15 science science NOUN crl-24434 181 16 , , PUNCT crl-24434 181 17 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 181 18 sex sex NOUN crl-24434 181 19 roles role NOUN crl-24434 181 20 24 24 NUM crl-24434 181 21 , , PUNCT crl-24434 181 22 no no NOUN crl-24434 181 23 . . NOUN crl-24434 181 24 11 11 NUM crl-24434 181 25 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 181 26 june june PROPN crl-24434 181 27 1 1 NUM crl-24434 181 28 , , PUNCT crl-24434 181 29 1991 1991 NUM crl-24434 181 30 ): ): PUNCT crl-24434 181 31 681–700 681–700 NUM crl-24434 181 32 , , PUNCT crl-24434 181 33 https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00288206 https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00288206 NOUN crl-24434 181 34 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 181 35 marta marta PROPN crl-24434 181 36 mestrovic mestrovic PROPN crl-24434 181 37 deyrup deyrup NOUN crl-24434 181 38 , , PUNCT crl-24434 181 39 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 181 40 is be AUX crl-24434 181 41 the the DET crl-24434 181 42 revolution revolution NOUN crl-24434 181 43 over over ADP crl-24434 181 44 ? ? PUNCT crl-24434 182 1 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 182 2 , , PUNCT crl-24434 182 3 economic economic ADJ crl-24434 182 4 , , PUNCT crl-24434 182 5 and and CCONJ crl-24434 182 6 professional professional ADJ crl-24434 182 7 parity parity NOUN crl-24434 182 8 in in ADP crl-24434 182 9 academic academic ADJ crl-24434 182 10 library library NOUN crl-24434 182 11 leadership leadership NOUN crl-24434 182 12 positions position NOUN crl-24434 182 13 , , PUNCT crl-24434 182 14 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 182 15 college college PROPN crl-24434 182 16 & & CCONJ crl-24434 182 17 research research PROPN crl-24434 182 18 libraries librarie VERB crl-24434 182 19 65 65 NUM crl-24434 182 20 , , PUNCT crl-24434 182 21 no no NOUN crl-24434 182 22 . . NOUN crl-24434 182 23 3 3 NUM crl-24434 182 24 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 182 25 may may PROPN crl-24434 182 26 2004 2004 NUM crl-24434 182 27 ): ): PUNCT crl-24434 182 28 242–50 242–50 NOUN crl-24434 182 29 . . PUNCT crl-24434 183 1 24 24 NUM crl-24434 183 2 . . PUNCT crl-24434 183 3 barbara barbara PROPN crl-24434 183 4 b. b. PROPN crl-24434 183 5 moran moran PROPN crl-24434 183 6 , , PUNCT crl-24434 183 7 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 183 8 the the DET crl-24434 183 9 impact impact NOUN crl-24434 183 10 of of ADP crl-24434 183 11 affirmative affirmative ADJ crl-24434 183 12 action action NOUN crl-24434 183 13 on on ADP crl-24434 183 14 academic academic ADJ crl-24434 183 15 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 183 16 , , PUNCT crl-24434 183 17 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 183 18 library library NOUN crl-24434 183 19 trends trend NOUN crl-24434 183 20 , , PUNCT crl-24434 183 21 fall fall VERB crl-24434 183 22 1985 1985 NUM crl-24434 183 23 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 183 24 1985 1985 NUM crl-24434 183 25 ): ): PUNCT crl-24434 183 26 20 20 NUM crl-24434 183 27 . . NUM crl-24434 183 28 25 25 NUM crl-24434 183 29 . . PUNCT crl-24434 183 30 coleen coleen PROPN crl-24434 183 31 j. j. PROPN crl-24434 183 32 sullivan sullivan PROPN crl-24434 183 33 , , PUNCT crl-24434 183 34 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 183 35 affirmative affirmative ADJ crl-24434 183 36 action action NOUN crl-24434 183 37 and and CCONJ crl-24434 183 38 women woman NOUN crl-24434 183 39 in in ADP crl-24434 183 40 academic academic ADJ crl-24434 183 41 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 183 42 : : PUNCT crl-24434 183 43 how how SCONJ crl-24434 183 44 far far ADV crl-24434 183 45 have have AUX crl-24434 183 46 we we PRON crl-24434 183 47 come come VERB crl-24434 183 48 ? ? PUNCT crl-24434 183 49 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 183 50 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 183 51 chapel chapel PROPN crl-24434 183 52 hill hill PROPN crl-24434 183 53 , , PUNCT crl-24434 183 54 nc nc PROPN crl-24434 183 55 : : PUNCT crl-24434 183 56 university university PROPN crl-24434 183 57 of of ADP crl-24434 183 58 north north PROPN crl-24434 183 59 carolina carolina PROPN crl-24434 183 60 at at ADP crl-24434 183 61 chapel chapel PROPN crl-24434 183 62 hill hill PROPN crl-24434 183 63 , , PUNCT crl-24434 183 64 1996 1996 NUM crl-24434 183 65 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 183 66 . . PUNCT crl-24434 184 1 26 26 NUM crl-24434 184 2 . . PUNCT crl-24434 184 3 barbara barbara PROPN crl-24434 184 4 b. b. PROPN crl-24434 184 5 moran moran PROPN crl-24434 184 6 , , PUNCT crl-24434 184 7 elisabeth elisabeth PROPN crl-24434 184 8 leonard leonard PROPN crl-24434 184 9 , , PUNCT crl-24434 184 10 and and CCONJ crl-24434 184 11 jessica jessica PROPN crl-24434 184 12 zellers zeller NOUN crl-24434 184 13 , , PUNCT crl-24434 184 14 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 184 15 women woman NOUN crl-24434 184 16 administrators administrator NOUN crl-24434 184 17 in in ADP crl-24434 184 18 academic academic ADJ crl-24434 184 19 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 184 20 : : PUNCT crl-24434 184 21 three three NUM crl-24434 184 22 decades decade NOUN crl-24434 184 23 of of ADP crl-24434 184 24 change change NOUN crl-24434 184 25 , , PUNCT crl-24434 184 26 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 184 27 library library NOUN crl-24434 184 28 trends trend VERB crl-24434 184 29 58 58 NUM crl-24434 184 30 , , PUNCT crl-24434 184 31 no no NOUN crl-24434 184 32 . . NOUN crl-24434 184 33 2 2 NUM crl-24434 184 34 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 184 35 2009 2009 NUM crl-24434 184 36 ): ): PUNCT crl-24434 184 37 215–28 215–28 NUM crl-24434 184 38 , , PUNCT crl-24434 184 39 https://doi.org/10.1353/lib.0.0088 https://doi.org/10.1353/lib.0.0088 PROPN crl-24434 184 40 . . PUNCT crl-24434 185 1 27 27 NUM crl-24434 185 2 . . PUNCT crl-24434 186 1 darren darren PROPN crl-24434 186 2 sweeper sweeper PROPN crl-24434 186 3 and and CCONJ crl-24434 186 4 steven steven PROPN crl-24434 186 5 a. a. PROPN crl-24434 186 6 smith smith PROPN crl-24434 186 7 , , PUNCT crl-24434 186 8 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 186 9 assessing assess VERB crl-24434 186 10 the the DET crl-24434 186 11 impact impact NOUN crl-24434 186 12 of of ADP crl-24434 186 13 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 186 14 and and CCONJ crl-24434 186 15 race race NOUN crl-24434 186 16 on on ADP crl-24434 186 17 earnings earning NOUN crl-24434 186 18 in in ADP crl-24434 186 19 the the DET crl-24434 186 20 library library NOUN crl-24434 186 21 science science NOUN crl-24434 186 22 labor labor NOUN crl-24434 186 23 market market NOUN crl-24434 186 24 , , PUNCT crl-24434 186 25 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 186 26 college college PROPN crl-24434 186 27 & & CCONJ crl-24434 186 28 research research PROPN crl-24434 186 29 libraries librarie VERB crl-24434 186 30 71 71 NUM crl-24434 186 31 , , PUNCT crl-24434 186 32 no no NOUN crl-24434 186 33 . . NOUN crl-24434 186 34 2 2 NUM crl-24434 186 35 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 186 36 2010 2010 NUM crl-24434 186 37 ): ): PUNCT crl-24434 186 38 171–83 171–83 NUM crl-24434 186 39 , , PUNCT crl-24434 186 40 https://doi.org/10.5860/0710171 https://doi.org/10.5860/0710171 PROPN crl-24434 186 41 . . PUNCT crl-24434 187 1 28 28 X crl-24434 187 2 . . PUNCT crl-24434 188 1 quinn quinn PROPN crl-24434 188 2 galbraith galbraith PROPN crl-24434 188 3 , , PUNCT crl-24434 188 4 adam adam PROPN crl-24434 188 5 henry henry PROPN crl-24434 188 6 callister callister PROPN crl-24434 188 7 , , PUNCT crl-24434 188 8 and and CCONJ crl-24434 188 9 heather heather ADJ crl-24434 188 10 kelley kelley NOUN crl-24434 188 11 , , PUNCT crl-24434 188 12 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 188 13 have have AUX crl-24434 188 14 academic academic ADJ crl-24434 188 15 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 188 16 overcome overcome VERB crl-24434 188 17 the the DET crl-24434 188 18 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 188 19 wage wage NOUN crl-24434 188 20 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 188 21 ? ? PUNCT crl-24434 189 1 an an DET crl-24434 189 2 analysis analysis NOUN crl-24434 189 3 of of ADP crl-24434 189 4 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 189 5 pay pay NOUN crl-24434 189 6 inequality inequality NOUN crl-24434 189 7 | | NOUN crl-24434 189 8 galbraith galbraith PROPN crl-24434 189 9 | | PROPN crl-24434 189 10 college college PROPN crl-24434 189 11 & & CCONJ crl-24434 189 12 research research PROPN crl-24434 189 13 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 189 14 , , PUNCT crl-24434 189 15 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 189 16 https:// https:// PRON crl-24434 189 17 doi.org/10.5860/crl.80.4.470 doi.org/10.5860/crl.80.4.470 SPACE crl-24434 189 18 . . PUNCT crl-24434 190 1 29 29 NUM crl-24434 190 2 . . PUNCT crl-24434 190 3 elise elise VERB crl-24434 190 4 silva silva NOUN crl-24434 190 5 and and CCONJ crl-24434 190 6 quinn quinn ADJ crl-24434 190 7 galbraith galbraith NOUN crl-24434 190 8 , , PUNCT crl-24434 190 9 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 190 10 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 190 11 negotiation negotiation NOUN crl-24434 190 12 patterns pattern NOUN crl-24434 190 13 between between ADP crl-24434 190 14 women woman NOUN crl-24434 190 15 and and CCONJ crl-24434 190 16 men man NOUN crl-24434 190 17 in in ADP crl-24434 190 18 academic academic ADJ crl-24434 190 19 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 190 20 , , PUNCT crl-24434 190 21 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 190 22 college college PROPN crl-24434 190 23 & & CCONJ crl-24434 190 24 research research PROPN crl-24434 190 25 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 190 26 79 79 NUM crl-24434 190 27 , , PUNCT crl-24434 190 28 no no NOUN crl-24434 190 29 . . NOUN crl-24434 190 30 3 3 NUM crl-24434 190 31 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 190 32 2018 2018 NUM crl-24434 190 33 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 190 34 , , PUNCT crl-24434 190 35 https://doi.org/10.5860/crl.79.3.324 https://doi.org/10.5860/crl.79.3.324 PROPN crl-24434 190 36 . . PUNCT crl-24434 191 1 30 30 X crl-24434 191 2 . . PUNCT crl-24434 191 3 leo leo PROPN crl-24434 191 4 s. s. PROPN crl-24434 191 5 lo lo PROPN crl-24434 191 6 and and CCONJ crl-24434 191 7 jason jason PROPN crl-24434 191 8 b. b. PROPN crl-24434 191 9 reed reed PROPN crl-24434 191 10 , , PUNCT crl-24434 191 11 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 191 12 ‘ ' PUNCT crl-24434 191 13 you you PRON crl-24434 191 14 ’re ’re AUX crl-24434 191 15 hired hire VERB crl-24434 191 16 ! ! PUNCT crl-24434 191 17 ’ ' PUNCT crl-24434 191 18 : : PUNCT crl-24434 191 19 an an DET crl-24434 191 20 analysis analysis NOUN crl-24434 191 21 of of ADP crl-24434 191 22 the the DET crl-24434 191 23 perceptions perception NOUN crl-24434 191 24 and and CCONJ crl-24434 191 25 behaviors behavior NOUN crl-24434 191 26 of of ADP crl-24434 191 27 library library NOUN crl-24434 191 28 job job NOUN crl-24434 191 29 candidates candidate NOUN crl-24434 191 30 on on ADP crl-24434 191 31 job job NOUN crl-24434 191 32 offer offer VERB crl-24434 191 33 negotiations negotiation NOUN crl-24434 191 34 , , PUNCT crl-24434 191 35 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 191 36 southeastern southeastern ADJ crl-24434 191 37 librarian librarian PROPN crl-24434 191 38 64 64 NUM crl-24434 191 39 , , PUNCT crl-24434 191 40 no no NOUN crl-24434 191 41 . . NOUN crl-24434 191 42 2 2 NUM crl-24434 191 43 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 191 44 2016 2016 NUM crl-24434 191 45 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 191 46 . . PUNCT crl-24434 192 1 31 31 NUM crl-24434 192 2 . . X crl-24434 192 3 silva silva PROPN crl-24434 192 4 and and CCONJ crl-24434 192 5 galbraith galbraith PROPN crl-24434 192 6 , , PUNCT crl-24434 192 7 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 192 8 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 192 9 negotiation negotiation NOUN crl-24434 192 10 patterns pattern NOUN crl-24434 192 11 between between ADP crl-24434 192 12 women woman NOUN crl-24434 192 13 and and CCONJ crl-24434 192 14 men man NOUN crl-24434 192 15 in in ADP crl-24434 192 16 academic academic ADJ crl-24434 192 17 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 192 18 . . PUNCT crl-24434 192 19 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 193 1 32 32 NUM crl-24434 193 2 . . PUNCT crl-24434 194 1 suzanne suzanne PROPN crl-24434 194 2 frankie frankie PROPN crl-24434 194 3 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 4 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 194 5 arl arl NOUN crl-24434 194 6 annual annual ADJ crl-24434 194 7 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 194 8 survey survey NOUN crl-24434 194 9 1976–1977 1976–1977 NUM crl-24434 194 10 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 194 11 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 194 12 chicago chicago PROPN crl-24434 194 13 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 14 il il PROPN crl-24434 194 15 : : PUNCT crl-24434 194 16 association association PROPN crl-24434 194 17 of of ADP crl-24434 194 18 research research NOUN crl-24434 194 19 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 194 20 [ [ X crl-24434 194 21 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 194 22 ] ] X crl-24434 194 23 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 24 1977 1977 NUM crl-24434 194 25 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 194 26 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 194 27 suzanne suzanne PROPN crl-24434 194 28 frankie frankie PROPN crl-24434 194 29 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 30 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 194 31 arl arl NOUN crl-24434 194 32 annual annual ADJ crl-24434 194 33 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 194 34 survey survey NOUN crl-24434 194 35 1977–1978 1977–1978 NUM crl-24434 194 36 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 194 37 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 194 38 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 194 39 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 40 1978 1978 NUM crl-24434 194 41 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 194 42 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 194 43 gordon gordon PROPN crl-24434 194 44 fretwell fretwell PROPN crl-24434 194 45 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 46 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 194 47 arl arl NOUN crl-24434 194 48 annual annual ADJ crl-24434 194 49 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 194 50 survey survey NOUN crl-24434 194 51 1978–1979 1978–1979 NUM crl-24434 194 52 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 194 53 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 194 54 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 194 55 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 56 1980 1980 NUM crl-24434 194 57 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 194 58 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 194 59 gordon gordon PROPN crl-24434 194 60 fretwell fretwell PROPN crl-24434 194 61 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 62 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 194 63 arl arl NOUN crl-24434 194 64 annual annual ADJ crl-24434 194 65 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 194 66 survey survey NOUN crl-24434 194 67 1979–1980 1979–1980 NUM crl-24434 194 68 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 194 69 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 194 70 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 194 71 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 72 1980 1980 NUM crl-24434 194 73 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 194 74 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 194 75 gordon gordon PROPN crl-24434 194 76 fretwell fretwell PROPN crl-24434 194 77 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 78 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 194 79 arl arl NOUN crl-24434 194 80 annual annual ADJ crl-24434 194 81 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 194 82 survey survey NOUN crl-24434 194 83 1981 1981 NUM crl-24434 194 84 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 194 85 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 194 86 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 194 87 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 88 1982 1982 NUM crl-24434 194 89 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 194 90 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 194 91 gordon gordon PROPN crl-24434 194 92 fretwell fretwell PROPN crl-24434 194 93 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 94 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 194 95 arl arl NOUN crl-24434 194 96 annual annual ADJ crl-24434 194 97 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 194 98 survey survey NOUN crl-24434 194 99 1982 1982 NUM crl-24434 194 100 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 194 101 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 194 102 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 194 103 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 104 1982 1982 NUM crl-24434 194 105 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 194 106 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 194 107 gordon gordon PROPN crl-24434 194 108 fretwell fretwell PROPN crl-24434 194 109 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 110 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 194 111 arl arl NOUN crl-24434 194 112 annual annual ADJ crl-24434 194 113 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 194 114 survey survey NOUN crl-24434 194 115 1983 1983 NUM crl-24434 194 116 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 194 117 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 194 118 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 194 119 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 120 1984 1984 NUM crl-24434 194 121 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 194 122 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 194 123 gordon gordon PROPN crl-24434 194 124 fretwell fretwell PROPN crl-24434 194 125 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 126 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 194 127 arl arl NOUN crl-24434 194 128 annual annual ADJ crl-24434 194 129 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 194 130 survey survey NOUN crl-24434 194 131 1984 1984 NUM crl-24434 194 132 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 194 133 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 194 134 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 194 135 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 136 1984 1984 NUM crl-24434 194 137 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 194 138 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 194 139 gordon gordon PROPN crl-24434 194 140 fretwell fretwell PROPN crl-24434 194 141 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 142 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 194 143 arl arl NOUN crl-24434 194 144 annual annual ADJ crl-24434 194 145 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 194 146 survey survey NOUN crl-24434 194 147 1985 1985 NUM crl-24434 194 148 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 194 149 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 194 150 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 194 151 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 152 1986 1986 NUM crl-24434 194 153 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 194 154 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 194 155 gordon gordon PROPN crl-24434 194 156 fretwell fretwell PROPN crl-24434 194 157 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 158 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 194 159 arl arl NOUN crl-24434 194 160 annual annual ADJ crl-24434 194 161 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 194 162 survey survey NOUN crl-24434 194 163 1986 1986 NUM crl-24434 194 164 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 194 165 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 194 166 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 194 167 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 168 1987 1987 NUM crl-24434 194 169 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 194 170 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 194 171 gordon gordon PROPN crl-24434 194 172 fretwell fretwell PROPN crl-24434 194 173 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 174 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 194 175 arl arl NOUN crl-24434 194 176 annual annual ADJ crl-24434 194 177 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 194 178 survey survey NOUN crl-24434 194 179 1987 1987 NUM crl-24434 194 180 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 194 181 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 194 182 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 194 183 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 184 1988 1988 NUM crl-24434 194 185 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 194 186 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 194 187 gordon gordon PROPN crl-24434 194 188 fretwell fretwell PROPN crl-24434 194 189 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 190 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 194 191 arl arl NOUN crl-24434 194 192 annual annual ADJ crl-24434 194 193 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 194 194 survey survey NOUN crl-24434 194 195 1988 1988 NUM crl-24434 194 196 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 194 197 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 194 198 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 194 199 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 200 1988 1988 NUM crl-24434 194 201 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 194 202 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 194 203 gordon gordon PROPN crl-24434 194 204 fretwell fretwell PROPN crl-24434 194 205 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 206 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 194 207 arl arl NOUN crl-24434 194 208 annual annual ADJ crl-24434 194 209 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 194 210 survey survey NOUN crl-24434 194 211 1989 1989 NUM crl-24434 194 212 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 194 213 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 194 214 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 194 215 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 216 1990 1990 NUM crl-24434 194 217 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 194 218 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 194 219 gordon gordon PROPN crl-24434 194 220 fretwell fretwell PROPN crl-24434 194 221 and and CCONJ crl-24434 194 222 nicola nicola PROPN crl-24434 194 223 daval daval NOUN crl-24434 194 224 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 225 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 194 226 arl arl NOUN crl-24434 194 227 annual annual ADJ crl-24434 194 228 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 194 229 survey survey NOUN crl-24434 194 230 1992 1992 NUM crl-24434 194 231 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 194 232 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 194 233 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 194 234 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 235 1992 1992 NUM crl-24434 194 236 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 194 237 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 194 238 gordon gordon PROPN crl-24434 194 239 fretwell fretwell PROPN crl-24434 194 240 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 241 nicola nicola PROPN crl-24434 194 242 daval daval NOUN crl-24434 194 243 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 244 and and CCONJ crl-24434 194 245 patricia patricia PROPN crl-24434 194 246 brennan brennan PROPN crl-24434 194 247 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 248 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 194 249 arl arl NOUN crl-24434 194 250 annual annual ADJ crl-24434 194 251 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 194 252 survey survey NOUN crl-24434 194 253 1993 1993 NUM crl-24434 194 254 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 194 255 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 194 256 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 194 257 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 258 1994 1994 NUM crl-24434 194 259 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 194 260 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 194 261 gordon gordon PROPN crl-24434 194 262 fretwell fretwell PROPN crl-24434 194 263 and and CCONJ crl-24434 194 264 martha martha PROPN crl-24434 194 265 kyrillidou kyrillidou PROPN crl-24434 194 266 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 267 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 194 268 arl arl NOUN crl-24434 194 269 annual annual ADJ crl-24434 194 270 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 194 271 survey survey NOUN crl-24434 194 272 1994 1994 NUM crl-24434 194 273 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 194 274 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 194 275 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 194 276 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 277 1995 1995 NUM crl-24434 194 278 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 194 279 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 194 280 gordon gordon PROPN crl-24434 194 281 fretwell fretwell NOUN crl-24434 194 282 and and CCONJ crl-24434 194 283 sarah sarah PROPN crl-24434 194 284 pritchard pritchard PROPN crl-24434 194 285 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 286 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 194 287 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 194 288 annual annual ADJ crl-24434 194 289 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 194 290 survey survey NOUN crl-24434 194 291 1990 1990 NUM crl-24434 194 292 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 194 293 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 194 294 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 194 295 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 296 1991 1991 NUM crl-24434 194 297 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 194 298 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 194 299 gordon gordon PROPN crl-24434 194 300 fretwell fretwell NOUN crl-24434 194 301 and and CCONJ crl-24434 194 302 sarah sarah PROPN crl-24434 194 303 pritchard pritchard PROPN crl-24434 194 304 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 305 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 194 306 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 194 307 annual annual ADJ crl-24434 194 308 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 194 309 survey survey NOUN crl-24434 194 310 1991 1991 NUM crl-24434 194 311 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 194 312 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 194 313 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 194 314 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 315 1992 1992 NUM crl-24434 194 316 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 194 317 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 194 318 martha martha PROPN crl-24434 194 319 kyrillidou kyrillidou PROPN crl-24434 194 320 and and CCONJ crl-24434 194 321 les le VERB crl-24434 194 322 bland bland ADJ crl-24434 194 323 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 324 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 194 325 arl arl NOUN crl-24434 194 326 annual annual ADJ crl-24434 194 327 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 194 328 survey survey NOUN crl-24434 194 329 2009–2010 2009–2010 NUM crl-24434 194 330 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 194 331 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 194 332 december december PROPN crl-24434 194 333 17 17 NUM crl-24434 194 334 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 335 2010 2010 NUM crl-24434 194 336 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 194 337 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 338 https://publications.arl.org/arl-annual-salary-survey-2009-2010/ https://publications.arl.org/arl-annual-salary-survey-2009-2010/ X crl-24434 194 339 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 194 340 martha martha PROPN crl-24434 194 341 kyrillidou kyrillidou PROPN crl-24434 194 342 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 343 julia julia PROPN crl-24434 194 344 c. c. PROPN crl-24434 194 345 blixrud blixrud PROPN crl-24434 194 346 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 347 and and CCONJ crl-24434 194 348 jonathan jonathan PROPN crl-24434 194 349 green green PROPN crl-24434 194 350 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 351 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 194 352 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 194 353 annual annual ADJ crl-24434 194 354 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 194 355 survey survey NOUN crl-24434 194 356 1998–1999 1998–1999 NUM crl-24434 194 357 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 194 358 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 194 359 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 194 360 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 361 1999 1999 NUM crl-24434 194 362 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 194 363 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 194 364 martha martha PROPN crl-24434 194 365 kyrillidou kyrillidou PROPN crl-24434 194 366 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 367 julia julia PROPN crl-24434 194 368 c. c. PROPN crl-24434 194 369 blixrud blixrud PROPN crl-24434 194 370 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 371 and and CCONJ crl-24434 194 372 ken ken PROPN crl-24434 194 373 rodriguez rodriguez PROPN crl-24434 194 374 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 375 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 194 376 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 194 377 annual annual ADJ crl-24434 194 378 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 194 379 survey survey NOUN crl-24434 194 380 1997–1998 1997–1998 NUM crl-24434 194 381 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 194 382 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 194 383 association association NOUN crl-24434 194 384 of of ADP crl-24434 194 385 research research NOUN crl-24434 194 386 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 194 387 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 388 1998 1998 NUM crl-24434 194 389 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 194 390 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 194 391 martha martha PROPN crl-24434 194 392 kyrillidou kyrillidou PROPN crl-24434 194 393 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 394 mark mark PROPN crl-24434 194 395 young young ADJ crl-24434 194 396 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 397 and and CCONJ crl-24434 194 398 jason jason PROPN crl-24434 194 399 barber barber PROPN crl-24434 194 400 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 401 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 194 402 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 194 403 annual annual ADJ crl-24434 194 404 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 194 405 survey survey NOUN crl-24434 194 406 2007–2008 2007–2008 NUM crl-24434 194 407 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 408 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 194 409 october october PROPN crl-24434 194 410 21 21 NUM crl-24434 194 411 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 412 2008 2008 NUM crl-24434 194 413 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 414 https://publications.arl.org/arl-annual-salary-survey-2007-2008/ https://publications.arl.org/arl-annual-salary-survey-2007-2008/ SPACE crl-24434 194 415 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 194 416 martha martha PROPN crl-24434 194 417 kyrillidou kyrillidou PROPN crl-24434 194 418 and and CCONJ crl-24434 194 419 kimberly kimberly PROPN crl-24434 194 420 maxwell maxwell PROPN crl-24434 194 421 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 422 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 194 423 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 194 424 annual annual ADJ crl-24434 194 425 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 194 426 survey survey NOUN crl-24434 194 427 1995–1996 1995–1996 NUM crl-24434 194 428 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 194 429 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 194 430 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 194 431 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 432 1995 1995 NUM crl-24434 194 433 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 194 434 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 194 435 martha martha PROPN crl-24434 194 436 kyrillidou kyrillidou PROPN crl-24434 194 437 and and CCONJ crl-24434 194 438 kimberly kimberly PROPN crl-24434 194 439 maxwell maxwell PROPN crl-24434 194 440 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 441 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 194 442 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 194 443 annual annual ADJ crl-24434 194 444 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 194 445 survey survey NOUN crl-24434 194 446 1996–1997 1996–1997 NUM crl-24434 194 447 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 194 448 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 194 449 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 194 450 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 451 1996 1996 NUM crl-24434 194 452 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 194 453 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 194 454 martha martha PROPN crl-24434 194 455 kyrillidou kyrillidou PROPN crl-24434 194 456 and and CCONJ crl-24434 194 457 shaneka shaneka PROPN crl-24434 194 458 morris morris PROPN crl-24434 194 459 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 460 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 194 461 arl arl NOUN crl-24434 194 462 annual annual ADJ crl-24434 194 463 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 194 464 survey survey NOUN crl-24434 194 465 2010–2011 2010–2011 NUM crl-24434 194 466 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 194 467 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 194 468 october october PROPN crl-24434 194 469 31 31 NUM crl-24434 194 470 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 471 2011 2011 NUM crl-24434 194 472 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 194 473 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 474 https://publications.arl.org/arl-annual-salary-survey-2010-2011/ https://publications.arl.org/arl-annual-salary-survey-2010-2011/ NUM crl-24434 194 475 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 194 476 martha martha PROPN crl-24434 194 477 kyrillidou kyrillidou PROPN crl-24434 194 478 and and CCONJ crl-24434 194 479 shaneka shaneka PROPN crl-24434 194 480 morris morris PROPN crl-24434 194 481 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 482 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 194 483 arl arl NOUN crl-24434 194 484 annual annual ADJ crl-24434 194 485 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 194 486 survey survey NOUN crl-24434 194 487 2011–2012 2011–2012 NUM crl-24434 194 488 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 194 489 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 194 490 august august PROPN crl-24434 194 491 2 2 NUM crl-24434 194 492 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 493 2012 2012 NUM crl-24434 194 494 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 194 495 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 496 https://publications.arl.org/ https://publications.arl.org/ PROPN crl-24434 194 497 arl arl NOUN crl-24434 194 498 - - PUNCT crl-24434 194 499 annual annual ADJ crl-24434 194 500 - - PUNCT crl-24434 194 501 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 194 502 - - PUNCT crl-24434 194 503 survey-2011 survey-2011 NOUN crl-24434 194 504 - - PUNCT crl-24434 194 505 2012/ 2012/ NUM crl-24434 194 506 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 194 507 martha martha PROPN crl-24434 194 508 kyrillidou kyrillidou PROPN crl-24434 194 509 and and CCONJ crl-24434 194 510 shaneka shaneka PROPN crl-24434 194 511 morris morris PROPN crl-24434 194 512 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 513 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 194 514 arl arl NOUN crl-24434 194 515 annual annual ADJ crl-24434 194 516 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 194 517 survey survey NOUN crl-24434 194 518 2012–2013 2012–2013 NUM crl-24434 194 519 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 194 520 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 194 521 november november PROPN crl-24434 194 522 19 19 NUM crl-24434 194 523 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 524 2013 2013 NUM crl-24434 194 525 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 194 526 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 527 https://publications.arl.org/arl-annual-salary-survey-2012-2013/ https://publications.arl.org/arl-annual-salary-survey-2012-2013/ X crl-24434 194 528 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 194 529 martha martha PROPN crl-24434 194 530 kyrillidou kyrillidou PROPN crl-24434 194 531 and and CCONJ crl-24434 194 532 shaneka shaneka PROPN crl-24434 194 533 morris morris PROPN crl-24434 194 534 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 535 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 194 536 arl arl NOUN crl-24434 194 537 annual annual ADJ crl-24434 194 538 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 194 539 survey survey NOUN crl-24434 194 540 2013–2014 2013–2014 NUM crl-24434 194 541 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 194 542 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 194 543 june june PROPN crl-24434 194 544 23 23 NUM crl-24434 194 545 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 546 2014 2014 NUM crl-24434 194 547 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 194 548 , , PUNCT crl-24434 194 549 https://publications https://publications X crl-24434 194 550 . . PUNCT crl-24434 195 1 arl.org/arl-annual-salary-survey-2013-2014/ arl.org/arl-annual-salary-survey-2013-2014/ ADV crl-24434 195 2 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 195 3 martha martha PROPN crl-24434 195 4 kyrillidou kyrillidou PROPN crl-24434 195 5 and and CCONJ crl-24434 195 6 shaneka shaneka PROPN crl-24434 195 7 morris morris PROPN crl-24434 195 8 , , PUNCT crl-24434 195 9 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 195 10 arl arl NOUN crl-24434 195 11 annual annual ADJ crl-24434 195 12 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 195 13 survey survey NOUN crl-24434 195 14 2014–2015 2014–2015 NUM crl-24434 195 15 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 195 16 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 195 17 june june PROPN crl-24434 195 18 10 10 NUM crl-24434 195 19 , , PUNCT crl-24434 195 20 2015 2015 NUM crl-24434 195 21 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 195 22 , , PUNCT crl-24434 195 23 https://publications.arl.org/arl-annual-salary-survey-2014-2015/ https://publications.arl.org/arl-annual-salary-survey-2014-2015/ PROPN crl-24434 195 24 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 195 25 martha martha PROPN crl-24434 195 26 kyrillidou kyrillidou PROPN crl-24434 195 27 and and CCONJ crl-24434 195 28 michael michael PROPN crl-24434 195 29 o’connor o’connor PROPN crl-24434 195 30 , , PUNCT crl-24434 195 31 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 195 32 arl arl NOUN crl-24434 195 33 annual annual ADJ crl-24434 195 34 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 195 35 survey survey NOUN crl-24434 195 36 1999–2000 1999–2000 NUM crl-24434 195 37 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 195 38 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 195 39 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 195 40 , , PUNCT crl-24434 195 41 2000 2000 NUM crl-24434 195 42 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 195 43 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 195 44 martha martha PROPN crl-24434 195 45 kyrillidou kyrillidou PROPN crl-24434 195 46 and and CCONJ crl-24434 195 47 karen karen PROPN crl-24434 195 48 wetzel wetzel PROPN crl-24434 195 49 , , PUNCT crl-24434 195 50 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 195 51 arl arl NOUN crl-24434 195 52 annual annual ADJ crl-24434 195 53 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 195 54 survey survey NOUN crl-24434 195 55 2000–2001 2000–2001 NUM crl-24434 195 56 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 195 57 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 195 58 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 195 59 , , PUNCT crl-24434 195 60 2001 2001 NUM crl-24434 195 61 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 195 62 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 195 63 martha martha PROPN crl-24434 195 64 kyrillidou kyrillidou PROPN crl-24434 195 65 and and CCONJ crl-24434 195 66 mark mark VERB crl-24434 195 67 young young ADJ crl-24434 195 68 , , PUNCT crl-24434 195 69 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 195 70 arl arl NOUN crl-24434 195 71 annual annual ADJ crl-24434 195 72 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 195 73 survey survey NOUN crl-24434 195 74 2001–2002 2001–2002 NUM crl-24434 195 75 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 195 76 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 195 77 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 195 78 , , PUNCT crl-24434 195 79 2002 2002 NUM crl-24434 195 80 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 195 81 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 195 82 martha martha PROPN crl-24434 195 83 kyrillidou kyrillidou PROPN crl-24434 195 84 and and CCONJ crl-24434 195 85 mark mark VERB crl-24434 195 86 young young ADJ crl-24434 195 87 , , PUNCT crl-24434 195 88 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 195 89 arl arl NOUN crl-24434 195 90 annual annual ADJ crl-24434 195 91 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 195 92 survey survey NOUN crl-24434 195 93 2002–2003 2002–2003 NUM crl-24434 195 94 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 195 95 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 195 96 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 195 97 , , PUNCT crl-24434 195 98 2003 2003 NUM crl-24434 195 99 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 195 100 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 195 101 martha martha PROPN crl-24434 195 102 kyrillidou kyrillidou PROPN crl-24434 195 103 and and CCONJ crl-24434 195 104 mark mark VERB crl-24434 195 105 young young ADJ crl-24434 195 106 , , PUNCT crl-24434 195 107 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 195 108 arl arl NOUN crl-24434 195 109 annual annual ADJ crl-24434 195 110 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 195 111 survey survey NOUN crl-24434 195 112 2003–2004 2003–2004 NUM crl-24434 195 113 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 195 114 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 195 115 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 195 116 , , PUNCT crl-24434 195 117 2004 2004 NUM crl-24434 195 118 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 195 119 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 195 120 martha martha PROPN crl-24434 195 121 kyrillidou kyrillidou PROPN crl-24434 195 122 and and CCONJ crl-24434 195 123 mark mark VERB crl-24434 195 124 young young ADJ crl-24434 195 125 , , PUNCT crl-24434 195 126 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 195 127 arl arl NOUN crl-24434 195 128 annual annual ADJ crl-24434 195 129 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 195 130 survey survey NOUN crl-24434 195 131 2004–2005 2004–2005 NUM crl-24434 195 132 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 195 133 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 195 134 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 195 135 , , PUNCT crl-24434 195 136 2005 2005 NUM crl-24434 195 137 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 195 138 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 195 139 martha martha PROPN crl-24434 195 140 kyrillidou kyrillidou PROPN crl-24434 195 141 and and CCONJ crl-24434 195 142 mark mark VERB crl-24434 195 143 young young ADJ crl-24434 195 144 , , PUNCT crl-24434 195 145 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 195 146 arl arl NOUN crl-24434 195 147 annual annual ADJ crl-24434 195 148 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 195 149 survey survey NOUN crl-24434 195 150 2005–2006 2005–2006 NUM crl-24434 195 151 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 195 152 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 195 153 august august PROPN crl-24434 195 154 29 29 NUM crl-24434 195 155 , , PUNCT crl-24434 195 156 2006 2006 NUM crl-24434 195 157 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 195 158 , , PUNCT crl-24434 195 159 https://publications.arl https://publications.arl X crl-24434 195 160 . . PUNCT crl-24434 196 1 http://www.ala.org/aboutala/offices/diversity/diversitycounts/divcounts http://www.ala.org/aboutala/offices/diversity/diversitycounts/divcount NOUN crl-24434 196 2 http://www.ala.org/aboutala/offices/diversity/diversitycounts/divcounts http://www.ala.org/aboutala/offices/diversity/diversitycounts/divcount NOUN crl-24434 196 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00288206 https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00288206 PART crl-24434 196 4 https://doi.org/10.1353/lib.0.0088 https://doi.org/10.1353/lib.0.0088 ADV crl-24434 196 5 https://doi.org/10.5860/0710171 https://doi.org/10.5860/0710171 PUNCT crl-24434 196 6 https://doi.org/10.5860/crl.80.4.470 https://doi.org/10.5860/crl.80.4.470 NOUN crl-24434 196 7 https://doi.org/10.5860/crl.80.4.470 https://doi.org/10.5860/crl.80.4.470 NOUN crl-24434 196 8 https://doi.org/10.5860/crl.79.3.324 https://doi.org/10.5860/crl.79.3.324 NOUN crl-24434 196 9 https://publications.arl.org/arl-annual-salary-survey-2009-2010/ https://publications.arl.org/arl-annual-salary-survey-2009-2010/ X crl-24434 196 10 https://publications.arl.org/arl-annual-salary-survey-2007-2008/ https://publications.arl.org/arl-annual-salary-survey-2007-2008/ X crl-24434 197 1 https://publications.arl.org/arl-annual-salary-survey-2010-2011/ https://publications.arl.org/arl-annual-salary-survey-2010-2011/ INTJ crl-24434 197 2 https://publications.arl.org/arl-annual-salary-survey-2011-2012/ https://publications.arl.org/arl-annual-salary-survey-2011-2012/ X crl-24434 197 3 https://publications.arl.org/arl-annual-salary-survey-2011-2012/ https://publications.arl.org/arl-annual-salary-survey-2011-2012/ VERB crl-24434 197 4 https://publications.arl.org/arl-annual-salary-survey-2012-2013/ https://publications.arl.org/arl-annual-salary-survey-2012-2013/ X crl-24434 197 5 https://publications.arl.org/arl-annual-salary-survey-2013-2014/ https://publications.arl.org/arl-annual-salary-survey-2013-2014/ NOUN crl-24434 197 6 https://publications.arl.org/arl-annual-salary-survey-2013-2014/ https://publications.arl.org/arl-annual-salary-survey-2013-2014/ NOUN crl-24434 197 7 https://publications.arl.org/arl-annual-salary-survey-2014-2015/ https://publications.arl.org/arl-annual-salary-survey-2014-2015/ VERB crl-24434 198 1 https://publications.arl.org/arl-annual-salary-survey-2005-2006/ https://publications.arl.org/arl-annual-salary-survey-2005-2006/ INTJ crl-24434 198 2 the the DET crl-24434 198 3 gender gender NOUN crl-24434 198 4 wage wage NOUN crl-24434 198 5 gap gap NOUN crl-24434 198 6 in in ADP crl-24434 198 7 research research NOUN crl-24434 198 8 libraries librarie VERB crl-24434 198 9 675 675 NUM crl-24434 198 10 org org ADJ crl-24434 198 11 / / SYM crl-24434 198 12 arl arl NOUN crl-24434 198 13 - - PUNCT crl-24434 198 14 annual annual ADJ crl-24434 198 15 - - PUNCT crl-24434 198 16 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 198 17 - - PUNCT crl-24434 198 18 survey-2005 survey-2005 NOUN crl-24434 198 19 - - PUNCT crl-24434 198 20 2006/ 2006/ NUM crl-24434 198 21 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 198 22 martha martha PROPN crl-24434 198 23 kyrillidou kyrillidou PROPN crl-24434 198 24 and and CCONJ crl-24434 198 25 mark mark VERB crl-24434 198 26 young young ADJ crl-24434 198 27 , , PUNCT crl-24434 198 28 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 198 29 arl arl NOUN crl-24434 198 30 annual annual ADJ crl-24434 198 31 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 198 32 survey survey NOUN crl-24434 198 33 2006–2007 2006–2007 NUM crl-24434 198 34 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 198 35 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 198 36 october october PROPN crl-24434 198 37 23 23 NUM crl-24434 198 38 , , PUNCT crl-24434 198 39 2007 2007 NUM crl-24434 198 40 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 198 41 , , PUNCT crl-24434 198 42 https://publications.arl.org/arl-annual-salary-survey-2006-2007/ https://publications.arl.org/arl-annual-salary-survey-2006-2007/ SPACE crl-24434 198 43 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 198 44 shaneka shaneka PROPN crl-24434 198 45 morris morris PROPN crl-24434 198 46 , , PUNCT crl-24434 198 47 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 198 48 arl arl NOUN crl-24434 198 49 annual annual ADJ crl-24434 198 50 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 198 51 survey survey NOUN crl-24434 198 52 2015–2016 2015–2016 NUM crl-24434 198 53 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 198 54 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 198 55 april april PROPN crl-24434 198 56 28 28 NUM crl-24434 198 57 , , PUNCT crl-24434 198 58 2017 2017 NUM crl-24434 198 59 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 198 60 , , PUNCT crl-24434 198 61 https://publications.arl.org/arl-annual-salarysurvey-2015-2016/ https://publications.arl.org/arl-annual-salarysurvey-2015-2016/ X crl-24434 198 62 ; ; PUNCT crl-24434 198 63 shaneka shaneka PROPN crl-24434 198 64 morris morris PROPN crl-24434 198 65 , , PUNCT crl-24434 198 66 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 198 67 arl arl NOUN crl-24434 198 68 annual annual ADJ crl-24434 198 69 salary salary NOUN crl-24434 198 70 survey survey NOUN crl-24434 198 71 2016–2017 2016–2017 NUM crl-24434 198 72 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 198 73 ( ( PUNCT crl-24434 198 74 july july PROPN crl-24434 198 75 12 12 NUM crl-24434 198 76 , , PUNCT crl-24434 198 77 2018 2018 NUM crl-24434 198 78 ) ) PUNCT crl-24434 198 79 , , PUNCT crl-24434 198 80 https://publications https://publication NOUN crl-24434 198 81 . . PUNCT crl-24434 199 1 arl.org/arl-annual-salary-survey-2016-2017/. arl.org/arl-annual-salary-survey-2016-2017/. PROPN crl-24434 199 2 33 33 NUM crl-24434 199 3 . . PUNCT crl-24434 199 4 association association PROPN crl-24434 199 5 of of ADP crl-24434 199 6 research research NOUN crl-24434 199 7 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 199 8 website website NOUN crl-24434 199 9 , , PUNCT crl-24434 199 10 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 199 11 who who PRON crl-24434 199 12 we we PRON crl-24434 199 13 are be AUX crl-24434 199 14 , , PUNCT crl-24434 199 15 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 199 16 https://www.arl.org/who-we-are/ https://www.arl.org/who-we-are/ NOUN crl-24434 199 17 [ [ PUNCT crl-24434 199 18 accessed access VERB crl-24434 199 19 july july PROPN crl-24434 199 20 25 25 NUM crl-24434 199 21 , , PUNCT crl-24434 199 22 2019 2019 NUM crl-24434 199 23 ] ] PUNCT crl-24434 199 24 . . PUNCT crl-24434 200 1 34 34 NUM crl-24434 200 2 . . PUNCT crl-24434 200 3 association association PROPN crl-24434 200 4 of of ADP crl-24434 200 5 research research NOUN crl-24434 200 6 libraries library NOUN crl-24434 200 7 website website NOUN crl-24434 200 8 , , PUNCT crl-24434 200 9 “ " PUNCT crl-24434 200 10 list list NOUN crl-24434 200 11 of of ADP crl-24434 200 12 arl arl PROPN crl-24434 200 13 members member NOUN crl-24434 200 14 , , PUNCT crl-24434 200 15 ” " PUNCT crl-24434 200 16 https://www.arl.org/list-of-arl-members/ https://www.arl.org/list-of-arl-members/ NOUN crl-24434 200 17 [ [ X crl-24434 200 18 accessed access VERB crl-24434 200 19 august august PROPN crl-24434 200 20 8 8 NUM crl-24434 200 21 , , PUNCT crl-24434 200 22 2019 2019 NUM crl-24434 200 23 ] ] PUNCT crl-24434 200 24 . . PUNCT crl-24434 201 1 35 35 NUM crl-24434 201 2 . . PROPN crl-24434 201 3 bureau bureau PROPN crl-24434 201 4 of of ADP crl-24434 201 5 labor labor PROPN crl-24434 201 6 statistics statistics PROPN crl-24434 201 7 , , PUNCT crl-24434 201 8 u.s u.s PROPN crl-24434 201 9 . . 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