College and Research Libraries B y P H I L L I P S T E M P L E The Contribution of College and University Libraries to the Training of the Armed Forces The librarian of Riggs Memorial Library, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., prepared this report at the request of the Association of College and Refer- ence Libraries. TH E VENERABLE PRACTICE o f " t a k i n g a s u r v e y " h a s a l w a y s been a t t e n d e d by c e r t a i n d i f f i c u l t i e s , n o t t h e l e a s t of w h i c h is the a n x i e t y as t o w h e t h e r the d a t a u n d e r r e v i e w r e v e a l f a c t s of s u f f i c i e n t v a l u e to w a r r a n t the e f f o r t i n v o l v e d . I n the p r e s e n t case this a n x i e t y is h a p p i l y a b s e n t , b u t its p l a c e has been filled b y a n o t h e r a n d , p e r h a p s , e v e n m o r e a g g r a - v a t i n g one. I r e f e r to t h e speed w i t h w h i c h t h e s i t u a t i o n w e s h a l l discuss has c h a n g e d a n d is c h a n g i n g . T h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t c h a n g e t o o k p l a c e a f t e r t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e o n w h i c h t h i s a r t i c l e is based h a d been sent o u t . T h o s e w h o h a v e k e p t a b r e a s t of s u c h m a t t e r s w i l l r e c a l l t h a t the q u e s t i o n of c o m p e n s a - t i o n t o l i b r a r i e s f o r s e r v i c e s r e n d e r e d t o t r a i n e e s w a s f o r some t i m e n o t v e r y defi- n i t e . O u r q u e s t i o n n a i r e r e t u r n s s h o w t h a t s o m e c o l l e g e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e o f f i c i a l s did n o t ask the g o v e r n m e n t f o r c o m p e n - s a t i o n f o r t h e i r l i b r a r i e s a t a l l ; in some cases c o m p e n s a t i o n w a s g i v e n b u t the de- t a i l s w e r e t h e n c o n s i d e r e d c o n f i d e n t i a l ; in o t h e r cases c o m p e n s a t i o n h a d n o t been g i v e n , a n d l i b r a r i a n s w e r e a t a loss t o k n o w w h e t h e r this w a s to be t h e p e r m a - n e n t state of a f f a i r s o r w h e t h e r a r r a n g e - m e n t s f o r p a y m e n t s w o u l d be m a d e l a t e r o n . F i n a l l y , some l i b r a r i e s r e p o r t e d h o p e - f u l l y t h a t n e g o t i a t i o n s in w h i c h t h e i n t e r - ests of the l i b r a r y w e r e b e i n g g i v e n a t t e n - t i o n w e r e p r o c e e d i n g b u t h a d n o t y e t been c o m p l e t e d . V i g o r o u s r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o n b e h a l f of t h e l i b r a r i e s e n g a g e d in t h e v a r i o u s t r a i n - i n g p r o g r a m s w e r e m a d e t o t h e S e c r e t a r y of W a r by t h e A m e r i c a n L i b r a r y A s s o c i a - t i o n , based l a r g e l y u p o n d a t a s u p p l i e d b y C h a r l e s H . B r o w n , c h a i r m a n of t h e W a r - t i m e A c t i v i t i e s C o m m i t t e e , A s s o c i a t i o n of C o l l e g e a n d R e f e r e n c e L i b r a r i e s . S h o r t l y t h e r e a f t e r t h e S e c r e t a r y of W a r a d v i s e d t h e A . L . A . t h a t l i b r a r i e s w e r e t o r e c e i v e c o m p e n s a t i o n f o r w o r k w i t h t r a i n e e s . T h e d e t a i l s of this c o m p e n s a t i o n a r e em- bodied in t h e Army Service Forces Man- ual M-I02} T h i s Manual h a s been sent t o t h e presi- d e n t s of t h e c o l l e g e s a n d u n i v e r s i t i e s en- g a g e d in t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m s . I t c o v e r s 1 Army Service Forces Manual M-102, Army Spe- cialised Training Program, Training Unit Contract Instructions for University and College Authorities Offering Training Facilities for Army Trainees. H e a d q u a r t e r s , A r m y S e r v i c e F o r c e s , Oct. 1, 1943- A p p r o v e d by the Joint A r m y - N a v y B o a r d f o r T r a i n - ing U n i t C o n t r a c t s , Sept. 9. 1943. and D i r e c t o r of P e r s o n n e l , H e a d q u a r t e r s , A . S . F . , Sept. 20, 1943- expenses, use of f a c i l i t i e s , i n s t r u c t i o n , m e d - ical s e r v i c e s , subsistence, m a i n t e n a n c e a n d o p e r a t i o n , p a y m e n t s r e p o r t s , r e v i s i o n of rates, a n d t e r m i n a t i o n , a n d c o n t a i n s as a p p e n d i c e s e x a m p l e s of a t r a i n i n g u n i t c o n - t r a c t a n d of r e v i s e d w o r k i n g d a t a f o r m s . T h e Manual is d e s i g n e d , of c o u r s e , to c o v e r the e n t i r e p l a n t a n d p e r s o n n e l of a g i v e n i n s t i t u t i o n , the l i b r a r y b e i n g in- c l u d e d as a p a r t t h e r e o f . T h e f o l l o w i n g is q u o t e d f r o m S e c t i o n I I of C h a p t e r 2, p a g e s 2 2 - 2 3 , of t h e Manual: N o a l l o w a n c e is provided in the use of facilities payment f o r the use of libraries as such. H o w e v e r , if certain rooms in l i b r a r y buildings are used f o r classrooms or study halls, then, of course, a payment should be calculated on the pro r a t a v a l u e of the space so used. A l l other use of the l i b r a r y f a c i l i - ties, h o w e v e r , w h e n included in the c o n t r a c t w i l l be paid f o r on the fee basis outlined under the instruction section of this m a n u a l . ( S e e C h a p t e r 3, p a r a g r a p h 1, h, ( 2 ) . ) E l s e w h e r e ( p a r a g r a p h 1, h, ( 2 ) of C h a p t e r 3, p a g e s 3 4 - 3 5 ) the Manual r e a d s : ( 2 ) L i b r a r y C o s t s . B e c a u s e of the inherent difficulties of proper v a l u a t i o n f o r libraries and because of the limited a m o u n t of use w h i c h the trainees in the p r o g r a m w o u l d make of the l i b r a r y service, it has been determined that the payment f o r the use of l i b r a r y facilities w i l l be computed on a per capita f e e basis only. In these cases the payment f o r l i b r a r y facilities is to represent a charge f o r l i b r a r y service only and is not intended to represent any a l l o w a n c e f o r so-called use of facilities f o r the l i b r a r y building or operation and maintenance of the l i b r a r y building. R e i m - bursement is intended to include only the direct cost of the l i b r a r y service itself. T h i s should be computed on a per capita basis and included in the t o t a l instructional cost, A r t i c l e 3 of the contract. F o r the occasional use of the l i b r a r y by the trainees, w h e r e its use is not required by the c u r r i c u l u m a charge not to exceed t w e n t y - f i v e cents per trainee per month may be included. H o w - ever, w h e r e the c u r r i c u l u m specifies the use of the l i b r a r y , a s a t i s f a c t o r y basis f o r a r r i v - ing at the charge w o u l d be to ascertain the a v e r a g e cost of l i b r a r y service as s h o w n by the financial reports of the institution f o r the past three y e a r s and then ascertain f r o m the n o r m a l number of civilian students d u r - ing that period w h a t the per capita monthly charge w o u l d be. W h a t e v e r the calculation shows to be the proper n o r m a l cost of render- ing l i b r a r y service may then be included, except that a m a x i m u m fee of one dollar per month per trainee is the limit w h i c h may be approved regardless of the n o r m a l l i b r a r y service cost. In this connection college offi- cers should recognize that ordinarily it w o u l d be less expensive f o r the g o v e r n m e n t to purchase necessary reference books and distribute them directly to the trainees than it w o u l d be to pay a g r e a t e r charge f o r l i b r a r y service. T h e m a t t e r of l i b r a r y c o m p e n s a t i o n m a y be b r i e f l y s u m m a r i z e d t h u s : o n e d o l - l a r p e r m o n t h per t r a i n e e is t h e m a x i m u m a l l o w e d w h e n t h e l i b r a r y is d e f i n i t e l y in- c l u d e d in the c u r r i c u l u m {e.g., f o r e i g n a r e a a n d l a n g u a g e s t u d y ) . A m a x i m u m a l l o w a n c e of t w e n t y - f i v e c e n t s per m o n t h p e r t r a i n e e is p e r m i t t e d w h e n t h e use of the l i b r a r y is m e r e l y i n c i d e n t a l to a g i v e n p r o g r a m . I t s h o u l d be n o t e d t h a t t h e s u r v e y w e a r e d i s c u s s i n g c o v e r s a n u m b e r of " s h o r t - c o u r s e " p r o g r a m s as w e l l as t h e A r m y S p e c i a l i z e d T r a i n i n g P r o g r a m . T h e Manual m e n t i o n e d a b o v e applies o n l y to the A . S . T . P . a n d the A r m y A i r F o r c e s C o l l e g e T r a i n i n g P r o g r a m . T h e A . S . T . P . s h o u l d be d i s t i n g u i s h e d f r o m the o t h e r A r m y t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m s i n c l u d e d in the s u r v e y , s u c h as j u d g e a d v o c a t e g e n - e r a l , W . A . C . , school f o r m i l i t a r y g o v e r n - m e n t , m e t e o r o l o g y , e t c . L i b r a r i a n s w h o m a y w i s h to h a v e some s u g g e s t i o n s as to t h e basis o n w h i c h to c a l - c u l a t e e s t i m a t e s of costs c o v e r i n g l i b r a r y 4 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES s e r v i c e to m i l i t a r y u n i t s a r e r e f e r r e d to the c i r c u l a r s o n Libraries and the War e d i t e d b y M r . B r o w n a n d a v a i l a b l e f r o m t h e A m e r i c a n L i b r a r y A s s o c i a t i o n . O n e p o i n t c a n n o t be stressed t o o m u c h : a l l c o l l e g e a n d u n i v e r s i t y l i b r a r i a n s w h o a r e g i v i n g s e r v i c e of a n y k i n d to the a r m e d f o r c e s a r e u r g e n t l y r e q u e s t e d t o keep a r e c o r d of s u c h s e r v i c e s in as m u c h d e t a i l as c i r c u m s t a n c e s p e r m i t a n d to send o n p r o m p t l y p e r i o d i c s u m m a r i e s of f a c t s a n d s t a t i s t i c s to C h a r l e s H . B r o w n , I o w a S t a t e C o l l e g e L i b r a r y , A m e s . S u c h g a i n s as the c o m m i t t e e has been a b l e to m a k e a r e d u e in no l i t t l e d e g r e e to the e n t e r p r i s e a n d i n i t i a t i v e of those l i b r a r i a n s w h o h a v e k e p t M r . B r o w n i n f o r m e d a b o u t w h a t t h e y a r e d o i n g . I f f u r t h e r g a i n s a r e to be m a d e , a s t e a d y flow of s u c h i n f o r m a - t i o n to the c o m m i t t e e is e s s e n t i a l . T h e p r e s e n t a r t i c l e is based o n a ques- t i o n n a i r e s e n t o u t by t h e c o m m i t t e e to 4 6 0 c o l l e g e s a n d u n i v e r s i t i e s w h i c h a r e l i s t e d as b e i n g e l i g i b l e f o r the a s s i g n m e n t of m i l i t a r y u n i t s . N o t a l l of t h e m , h o w - e v e r , h a d s u c h u n i t s a s s i g n e d a t the t i m e of w r i t i n g . B e c a u s e s t a f f s h o r t a g e s a n d l a c k of t i m e are a l m o s t u n i v e r s a l h a n d i c a p s , the q u e s t i o n n a i r e w a s m a d e as s i m p l e a n d as s h o r t as possible. I t w a s a g r e e d t h a t the i n f o r m a t i o n s u b m i t t e d w o u l d be t r e a t e d as c o n f i d e n t i a l . F o r this r e a s o n the n a m e s of i n d i v i d u a l l i b r a r i e s a n d l i - b r a r i a n s h a v e been o m i t t e d e n t i r e l y t h r o u g h o u t the p r e s e n t p a p e r . T h e p o i n t s c o v e r e d b y the q u e s t i o n n a i r e a r e as f o l l o w s : 1. W h a t units of the A r m y , N a v y , A i r F o r c e , or other branch are n o w at y o u r college ? 2. W h a t is the approximate number of men in the armed f o r c e s receiving instruction f r o m y o u r f a c u l t y ( A r m y , N a v y , and A i r P'orces) ? 3. W h a t is the approximate number of men in the armed f o r c e s using the l i b r a r y per day ( A r m y , N a v y , and A i r F o r c e s ) ? 4. W h a t provision is made f o r study r o o m s ? 5. W h a t provision has been made f o r recrea- tion rooms, music, etc.? 6. A r e lectures given by members of the l i b r a r y s t a f f ? 7. A d d other notes w h i c h y o u think w o u l d be of v a l u e to us. A t t h e t i m e of w r i t i n g , 2 3 5 replies h a d been r e c e i v e d f r o m 4 4 states a n d the D i s - t r i c t of C o l u m b i a , the states n o t r e p o r t i n g b e i n g D e l a w a r e , F l o r i d a , N e v a d a , a n d W y o m i n g . A d e t a i l e d s t a t i s t i c a l t a b u l a - t i o n is g i v e n at the e n d of this a r t i c l e , t h e chief f e a t u r e s of w h i c h w e s u m m a r i z e h e r e as f o l l o w s : A t o t a l of 5 2 4 t r a i n i n g u n i t s w e r e re- p o r t e d . O f these, 2 2 9 w e r e A r m y u n i t s , 1 7 0 N a v y , a n d 1 2 5 A i r F o r c e s . T h e t o t a l n u m b e r of m e n a n d w o m e n r e c e i v i n g in- s t r u c t i o n is 1 8 6 , 4 7 9 , of w h i c h 8 1 , 3 9 7 c l a s s i f y u n d e r t h e A r m y , 6 5 , 1 0 7 u n d e r t h e N a v y , a n d 3 9 , 9 7 5 u n d e r the A i r F o r c e s . T h e t o t a l n u m b e r of t r a i n e e s u s i n g the l i b r a r i e s of the r e p o r t i n g insti- t u t i o n s per day is 5 2 , 3 8 3 , of w h i c h 2 4 , 0 3 6 a r e in the A r m y , 1 8 , 5 4 5 in the N a v y , a n d 9 8 0 2 in the A i r F o r c e s . Study Rooms S p e c i a l p r o v i s i o n f o r s t u d y r o o m s w a s m a d e by 1 5 1 l i b r a r i e s , w h i l e 8 4 r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e y did n o t m a k e s u c h p r o v i s i o n . W i t h t h e l a t t e r it w a s n o t a case of re- f u s i n g c o o p e r a t i o n b u t of l o c a l c i r c u m - stances. T h e 8 4 l i b r a r i e s ( w i t h one e x - c e p t i o n ) i n d i c a t e d t h a t f a c i l i t i e s f o r s t u d y w e r e a v a i l a b l e e l s e w h e r e o n the c a m p u s e s . S o m e t i m e s l i b r a r i e s w e r e t u r n e d o v e r en- t i r e l y to the use of t r a i n e e s o r to the c o m - bined use of t r a i n e e s a n d c i v i l i a n s t u d e n t s . T h i s l a t t e r a r r a n g e m e n t w a s r e n d e r e d pos- DECEMBER, 1943 5 sible o n l y b e c a u s e of t h e m a r k e d d e c r e a s e in t h e r e g u l a r s t u d e n t b o d y . I n t h e m a - j o r i t y of cases the l i b r a r y ' s o r d i n a r y r e a d - i n g r o o m s w e r e f o u n d t o suffice, b u t n o t i n f r e q u e n t l y s e m i n a r , b r o w s i n g , r e s e r v e b o o k , a n d o t h e r r o o m s w e r e p l a c e d a t t h e disposal of t h e m i l i t a r y a u t h o r i t i e s . L i b r a r y h o u r s h a v e b e e n l e n g t h e n e d in m a n y i n s t a n c e s t o c a r e f o r s e r v i c e m e n . T h e s e c h a n g e s r a n g e f r o m an h o u r o r so a d d e d a t e a c h end of the d a y to t h e o p e n - i n g u p of a d d i t i o n a l r o o m s s t a f f e d f o r f o r t y h o u r s p e r w e e k . L i b r a r i e s w h i c h o r d i n a r i l y close on S a t u r d a y s a n d S u n - d a y s h a v e a r r a n g e d t o r e m a i n o p e n o n those d a y s , a n d one N e w E n g l a n d l i b r a r y s e r v e s F . A . L . S . m e n 1 2 1 h o u r s per w e e k . W h e n t h e a d d i t i o n a l s t a f f n e e d e d in o r d e r to l e n g t h e n h o u r s c a n n o t be o b t a i n e d , some l i b r a r i a n s h a v e a d o p t e d the p r o c e d - u r e of g i v i n g d a y s e r v i c e in the l i b r a r y w i t h t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h a t t h e a d m i n i s - t r a t i v e officers of the c o l l e g e w i l l p r o v i d e q u a r t e r s f o r e v e n i n g s t u d y e l s e w h e r e o n the c a m p u s . S u c h a r r a n g e m e n t s p r e s u p - pose t h a t t h e t r a i n e e s b r i n g t h e i r o w n books. I n f a c t , the use of the r e a d i n g r o o m s " f o r s t u d y p u r p o s e s " g e n e r a l l y h a s this c o n n o t a t i o n . I n a d d i t i o n t o h a n d l i n g " m a s s f o r m a - t i o n s " of t h e t y p e j u s t d e s c r i b e d , a n u m - ber of l i b r a r i e s h a v e p e r s o n a l i z e d t h e i r s e r v i c e as a n a c c o m m o d a t i o n t o i n d i v i d u a l t r a i n e e s w h o h a v e s i m p l y a s k e d " f o r a p l a c e w h e r e I c a n s t u d y q u i e t l y . " E v e n in cases w h e r e d o r m i t o r i e s a r e f u r n i s h e d w i t h l a m p s a n d r e a d i n g t a b l e s , t h e noise a n d o t h e r d i s t r a c t i o n s a r e so g r e a t t h a t s t u d y is p r a c t i c a l l y i m p o s s i b l e . I n o n e i n s t a n c e , s t a c k c u b i c l e s w e r e a s s i g n e d u p o n r e q u e s t t o senior class V - 1 2 m e n ; in a n - o t h e r , the m e n w e r e g i v e n a g e n e r a l " s t a c k p r i v i l e g e " ( r e g a r d l e s s of s t a t u s ) b e c a u s e t h i s p a r t i c u l a r i n s t i t u t i o n h a p p e n e d t o h a v e a d e q u a t e m e a n s of s u p e r v i s i o n . A M a s s a c h u s e t t s l i b r a r y p l a c e d s i x t y - o n e s t u d y t a b l e s in a l c o v e s a t the disposal of s e r v i c e m e n a n d r e p o r t s t h a t t h e y a r e c o n - s t a n t l y in use by a N a v y d e t a c h m e n t . A D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a l i b r a r y p e r m i t s A r m y m e n t o use desk space in the c a t a l o g i n g d e p a r t m e n t . N u m e r o u s o t h e r i n s t a n c e s of special a c c o m m o d a t i o n m i g h t be c i t e d . E v e n in cases w h e r e d o r m i t o r i e s h a v e been e q u i p p e d w i t h r e a d i n g a n d s t u d y r o o m s , these w e r e o f t e n a r r a n g e d a n d s t o c k e d w i t h b o o k s b y the l i b r a r y staff a n d t h u s b e c a m e a p a r t of the g e n e r a l l i b r a r y p i c t u r e . O n e l i b r a r y r e p o r t s t h a t it sup- p l i e d a r o o m f o r t h e use of s e r v i c e m e n w i t h " 5 5 0 0 p e r t i n e n t b o o k s . " W h e n e x - t r a r o o m s w e r e n o t r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e , t h e a d d i t i o n of a n u m b e r of c h a i r s in the e x i s t i n g r o o m s has h e l p e d t o s o l v e the p r o b l e m . A n o t h e r of the s e r v i c e s re- p o r t e d w a s the i n s t a l l a t i o n of fluorescent l i g h t s f o r A r m y use. O n l y one l i b r a r y m e n t i o n s , w i t h o u t f u r t h e r q u a l i f i c a t i o n , t h a t t h e r e w a s " n o a v a i l a b l e space in t h e l i b r a r y " f o r m i l i t a r y s t u d e n t s . I n a l l cases b u t o n e t h e o r d i n a r y s t a f f a d m i n i s - t e r e d t h e r e a d i n g r o o m s , t h e e x c e p t i o n a l i n s t a n c e b e i n g t h a t of an i n s t i t u t i o n w h e r e " N a v y p e r s o n n e l in c h a r g e of r e a d i n g r o o m a f t e r t a p s u n t i l 11 P . M . " w a s n o t e d . A n e x a m p l e of s t u d y r o o m a n d o t h e r l i b r a r y s e r v i c e c l o s e l y r e s e m b l i n g t h a t g i v e n t o t r a i n e e s b u t d i r e c t e d n o t t o the A r m y o r N a v y b u t t o t h e t r a i n i n g of c i v i l i a n n u r s e s w a s r e p o r t e d b y a P e n n - s y l v a n i a l i b r a r i a n . T h e c o l l e g e in ques- t i o n is a t t e n d e d b y e i g h t y - t h r e e n u r s e s w h o , a l t h o u g h t h e y h a v e b r o u g h t a n u m - ber of b o o k s w i t h t h e m , a r e s t i l l p r o v i d e d w i t h s u p p l e m e n t a r y b o o k s a n d s t u d y r o o m f a c i l i t i e s by t h e l i b r a r y , e v e n t h o u g h the s t a f f h a s been d e c r e a s e d a n d t h e n u m b e r of users g r e a t l y i n c r e a s e d . 6 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Recreation Rooms A s to t h e p r o v i s i o n of r e c r e a t i o n r o o m s , it is i m p o r t a n t in d e a l i n g w i t h this t y p e of l i b r a r y s e r v i c e t o d i s t i n g u i s h b e t w e e n t h e r e c r e a t i o n a l use of the l i b r a r y ' s o r d i - n a r y f a c i l i t i e s a n d the use of r e c r e a t i o n r o o m s as s u c h . O t h e r w i s e one m i g h t e a s i l y g i v e t h e i m p r e s s i o n t h a t the li- b r a r y ' s r e s o u r c e s h a v e been d r a g o o n e d i n t o the s e r v i c e of a m u s e m e n t r a t h e r t h a n of e d u c a t i o n p r o p e r l y so c a l l e d . T h i s is n o t , of c o u r s e , to say t h a t a l i b r a r y m a y n o t l e g i t i m a t e l y o f f e r r e l a x a t i o n a n d l i g h t r e a d i n g — s o m e e x a m p l e s of this l e g i t i m a t e f u n c t i o n of the l i b r a r y a r e g i v e n here, b u t t h e d i s t i n c t i o n s h o u l d be k e p t c l e a r l y in m i n d to a v o i d m i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g . T h e m o s t f r e q u e n t t y p e of r e c r e a t i o n a l s e r v i c e m e n t i o n e d by t h e l i b r a r i e s s u r - v e y e d is t h e " b r o w s i n g r o o m . " S u c h r o o m s v a r y f r o m a s m a l l , s e g r e g a t e d c o l - l e c t i o n of b o o k s in an a l c o v e to l a r g e h a l l s c a p a b l e of s e a t i n g a h u n d r e d o r m o r e p e r - sons a n d e q u i p p e d w i t h l o u n g e s , easy c h a i r s , s m o k i n g s t a n d s , p i a n o , r a d i o , v i c - t r o l a , e t c . O f the 2 3 5 r e p o r t i n g l i b r a r i e s , 48 o f f e r e d s u c h f a c i l i t i e s a n d 1 8 7 d i d n o t , a l t h o u g h a l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n of t h e l a t t e r i n d i c a t e d t h a t s u c h f a c i l i t i e s w e r e a v a i l - a b l e e l s e w h e r e o n the c a m p u s . T h r e e l i b r a r i e s m e n t i o n e d , as a p a r t of t h e i r s e r v i c e , the use of a r t g a l l e r i e s . A V i r g i n i a l i b r a r i a n w r i t e s as f o l l o w s : O u r museum w a s rented to the N a v y in A u g u s t 1942. Since then the l i b r a r y has sponsored a series of a r t exhibits available to the servicemen here and to those in n e a r - by camps. T h i s is a supplement to our regu- l a r p r o g r a m of activities but w e do it so t h a t a r t w i l l not be entirely denied the people in o u r community w h i l e the w a r goes on. W h e n t h e l i b r a r y l a c k s a b r o w s i n g r o o m t h i s s e r v i c e t o the m e n h a s in n u m e r o u s cases been s u p p l i e d in c o o p e r a - t i o n w i t h the m i l i t a r y a u t h o r i t i e s b y the e s t a b l i s h m e n t of s u c h r o o m s in t h e b a r - r a c k s or in n e a r b y d o r m i t o r i e s . T h u s a C o l o r a d o l i b r a r i a n w r i t e s : " T h e N a v y R a d i o U n i t a n d the C o o k s a n d B a k e r s S c h o o l d o n o t use t h e l i b r a r y , b u t w e e s t a b l i s h e d w a r d r o o m l i b r a r i e s in t h e i r b a r r a c k s w h i c h w e s e r v i c e o n c e a w e e k . " T h e s a m e l i b r a r i a n also set u p a l i b r a r y in sick b a y o n the c a m p u s a n d s e r v i c e d this c o l l e c t i o n w e e k l y . R e n t a l b o o k c o l l e c t i o n s a r e used t o a c o n s i d e r a b l e e x t e n t by m e m b e r s of t h e a r m e d f o r c e s , a l t h o u g h n o s t a t i s t i c s w e r e a s s e m b l e d on this p o i n t . 2 Phonograph Use V i c t r o l a r e c o r d c o l l e c t i o n s p r o v e d to be t h e m o s t p o p u l a r f o r m of n o n b i b l i o g r a p h i - c a l r e c r e a t i o n a l s e r v i c e o f f e r e d b y l i b r a r - ies. S e v e n l i b r a r i e s r e p o r t e d the possession of t h e C a r n e g i e " C o l l e g e M u s i c S e t " w h i c h c o v e r s t h e w h o l e r a n g e of m u s i c t h r o u g h o u t the c e n t u r i e s , a n d e a c h of the s e v e n l i b r a r i a n s r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e r e c o r d s r e c e i v e d c o n s t a n t use by the t r a i n e e s . M a n y o t h e r l i b r a r i e s h a v e c o l l e c t i o n s of r e c o r d s of v a r y i n g sizes, a n d , a l t h o u g h the g e n e r a l p r a c t i c e is to r e q u i r e t h a t t h e r e c o r d s be p l a y e d in the l i b r a r y ' s l i s t e n i n g r o o m s , s o m e g r a n t p e r m i s s i o n to the m e n to b o r r o w t h e m . T h e use of l i s t e n i n g r o o m s r a n g e s f r o m " a h a l f h o u r e a c h e v e n i n g " ( a W e s t V i r g i n i a l i b r a r y ) to " c o n t i n u o u s use f r o m 8 : 3 0 A.M. to 9 : 3 0 P . M . " ( a G e o r g i a l i b r a r y ) . W h e n the l i b r a r y itself does n o t m a i n t a i n a r e c o r d c o l l e c t i o n , t h e m u s i c d e p a r t m e n t of the u n i v e r s i t y is o f t e n m e n - t i o n e d as s u p p l y i n g this s e r v i c e . I n one i n s t a n c e ( a n A l a b a m a l i b r a r y ) the m u s i c 2 " C o l l e g e R e n t a l L i b r a r i e s in the W a r P r o g r a m , " in The College Store, a u t u m n 1943, describes briefly the rental s e r v i c e s at the u n i v e r s i t i e s of C a l i f o r n i a and of Chicago. DECEMBER, 1943 7 d e p a r t m e n t t r a n s f e r r e d its e n t i r e c o l l e c - t i o n to t h e l i b r a r y a n d set u p t h r e e p e r m a - n e n t l i s t e n i n g r o o m s t h e r e . " A t least one l i s t e n i n g r o o m h a s been in use by s o l d i e r s e v e r y h o u r the l i b r a r y is o p e n . T h e m u s i c d e p a r t m e n t h o l d s w e e k l y r e c o r d e d c o n - c e r t s in the l i b r a r y . " O n l y one i n s t a n c e w a s m e n t i o n e d of the use of a l i b r a r y ' s p r o j e c t i o n r o o m a n d m a c h i n e f o r m o t i o n p i c t u r e s f o r t h e sol- diers, a n d n o l i b r a r y m e n t i o n e d m i c r o f i l m e q u i p m e n t u n d e r a n y h e a d , r e c r e a t i o n a l o r o t h e r w i s e . A s f o r b o o k d i s p l a y s , the re- t u r n s s h o w t h a t a l t h o u g h t h e y a r e neces- s a r i l y l i m i t e d in c o m p a r i s o n w i t h peace times, t h e y n e v e r t h e l e s s f o r m a d e f i n i t e p a r t of l i b r a r y s e r v i c e to the t r a i n e e s . T h e r a r e b o o k c o l l e c t i o n p r o p e r , m e n - t i o n e d b y j u s t o n e l i b r a r y , w a s s h o w n to be a m e a n s of a r o u s i n g i n t e r e s t in the r e a l m of b o o k s w h i l e o f f e r i n g a t the s a m e t i m e a w o r t h - w h i l e f o r m of r e l a x a t i o n f o r m e n w h o s e f u l l s c h e d u l e s p e r m i t of v e r y l i t t l e t i m e f o r a n y t h i n g e x c e p t r o u t i n e w o r k . Library Lectures A u n i q u e o p p o r t u n i t y h a s been o f f e r e d b y the p r e s e n t e m e r g e n c y f o r l i b r a r i a n s to p u t i n t o p r a c t i c e c e r t a i n basic p e d a g o g i c a l p r i n c i p l e s w h i c h t h e y h a v e been u r g i n g f o r y e a r s . T h e a b i l i t y to use t h e l i b r a r y in- t e l l i g e n t l y is o b v i o u s l y essential to a n y o n e w h o w i s h e s to g a i n an e d u c a t i o n , a n d e q u a l l y o b v i o u s is the f a c t t h a t one m e a n s of g a i n i n g this a b i l i t y in l i b r a r y use is i n s t r u c t i o n t h e r e i n b y p e r s o n s t e c h n i c a l l y q u a l i f i e d to g i v e it. M a n y l i b r a r i a n s h a v e f e l t , a n d w i t h g o o d r e a s o n , t h a t the a r - r i v a l on t h e i r c a m p u s e s of t h o u s a n d s of s t u d e n t s r e a d y t o b e g i n t h e i r c o l l e g e c a r e e r s u n d e r m i l i t a r y auspices p r e s e n t e d the i d e a l c o n d i t i o n f o r the r e a l i z a t i o n of these p r i n c i p l e s o n a l a r g e scale. U n f o r - t u n a t e l y , h o w e v e r , c i r c u m s t a n c e s h a v e c o m b i n e d , n o t to d e t r a c t f r o m the c o g e n c y of the p r i n c i p l e s , b u t to p r e v e n t l i b r a r i a n s f r o m a c t u a l l y d e m o n s t r a t i n g t h e i r v a l i d i t y . A p r i m e i n s t a n c e of this is the i n t r o - d u c t o r y l i b r a r y l e c t u r e . T h e r e t u r n s f r o m the l i b r a r i e s s u r v e y e d s h o w t h a t : 8 g a v e lectures to all students on the use of the l i b r a r y 5 g a v e such lectures to N a v y students only 3 to R . O . T . C . students only 3 checked the entry but did not explain the type of l e c t u r e given 2 g a v e lectures to A . S . T . P . only 2 g a v e lectures to those t a k i n g the English course I g a v e lectures to medical students only I reported " f o u r lectures g i v e n " I reported " t h r e e lectures g i v e n " I reported lectures " t o all not previously in c o l l e g e " I g a v e lectures on c u r r e n t best sellers ( n o t on l i b r a r y u s e ) I reported lectures by l i b r a r y staff on non- l i b r a r y subjects I reported " s t a f f available f o r lectures if n e e d e d " I distributed a handbook explaining the use of the l i b r a r y I reported lectures by members of the music staff W h y , it m a y be a s k e d , o u t of a l l of the c o l l e g e s w h o s e l i b r a r i e s a r e h a n d l i n g s e r v - i c e m e n , s h o u l d s u c h a p a l t r y f e w r e p o r t a n y t h i n g a t a l l o n s u c h a v i t a l f u n c t i o n in the l i b r a r y ' s e c o n o m y ? T h e a n s w e r is b r i e f : t h e r e is n o t i m e f o r s u c h a c t i v i t y , a n d besides the t r a i n e e s use t e x t b o o k s . T h e l a t t e r p o i n t w i l l be d e a l t w i t h l a t e r . A s f o r t h e f i r s t p o i n t , no p h r a s e r e g a r d i n g l i b r a r y s e r v i c e is so f r e q u e n t l y r e p e a t e d as, " t h e m e n h a v e no t i m e . " L i b r a r i a n s w r i t e t h a t : " W h e n the W . A . C . s t u d e n t s finish a w e e k ' s w o r k , t h e y w a n t n o t h i n g 8 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES b u t l i g h t r e a d i n g ; " " W e o f f e r e d o u r s e r v - ices, b u t t h e m i l i t a r y officials said t h e r e w a s n o t t i m e ; " " T h e m e n on o u r c a m p u s h a v e one h o u r a t the e n d of the d a y to t h e m s e l v e s , a n d w e f e e l w e w o u l d b e i m - p o s i n g o n t h e m if w e t r i e d t o m a k e t h e m use the l i b r a r y , " e t c . e t c . M e a n w h i l e , w h a t a b o u t the f e w l i b r a r - ies w h i c h did m a n a g e t o f u r n i s h t r a i n e e s w i t h l i b r a r y i n s t r u c t i o n ? W e l e a r n f r o m a l i b r a r y in the E a s t t h a t t h e A . S . T . P . r e p r e s e n t a t i v e , as w e l l as the d e a n of the s c h o o l w h i c h h a n d l e d a c o n t i n g e n t of F . A . L . S . m e n , w a s h e a r t i l y in f a v o r of c o n t i n u i n g the l i b r a r y l e c t u r e s w h i c h h a d a l r e a d y been g i v e n s u c c e s s f u l l y to s e v e r a l t h o u s a n d S . T . A . R . t r o o p s . Y e t the u t t e r i m p o s s i b i l i t y of w o r k i n g a n o t h e r h o u r i n t o t h e s c h e d u l e m a d e i m p o s s i b l e t h e c o n t i n u - a n c e of a l i b r a r y t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m w h i c h h a d p r o v e d its w o r t h . H o w e v e r , the d e a n in q u e s t i o n d i d i n c o r p o r a t e t h e l i b r a r i a n ' s p l a n i n t o his r e p o r t t o t h e A r m y officials, in o r d e r t h a t t h e w o r k of the l i b r a r y m i g h t r e c e i v e p r o p e r a t t e n t i o n . A n o t h e r l i b r a r y r e p o r t e d t h a t the f r e s h - m a n E n g l i s h class w a s n o t o n l y g i v e n i n - s t r u c t i o n b u t w a s r e q u i r e d t o c o m p l e t e a c e r t a i n n u m b e r of p r o b l e m s in t h e use of r e f e r e n c e t o o l s . A l i b r a r i a n in N e w Y o r k S t a t e said t h a t t h e y h a d n o t g i v e n l e c t u r e s b u t t h a t so m a n y q u e s t i o n s w e r e b e i n g a s k e d a b o u t t h e use of t h e l i b r a r y b y the c a d e t s t h e m s e l v e s t h a t his s t a f f h a d re- q u e s t e d s u c h l e c t u r e s in o r d e r t o l i g h t e n the w o r k . T h e l e c t u r e s w e r e s u b s e q u e n t l y g i v e n to e a c h i n c o m i n g g r o u p of t r a i n e e s . I n C o l o r a d o a l i b r a r i a n , in a d d i t i o n t o a d d r e s s i n g a g e n e r a l a s s e m b l y of the A . S . T . U . , g a v e t h e m a s h o r t e x a m i n a t i o n o n t h e i r a b i l i t y to use t h e l i b r a r y . T h i s e x a m i n a t i o n consists of f o u r m i m e o - g r a p h e d p a g e s a n d c o v e r s the use of t h e c a t a l o g , p e r i o d i c a l i n d e x e s , s t a n d a r d r e f e r - ence w o r k s , a n d l i b r a r y m a t e r i a l s in spe- c i a l f i e l d s . I t is an e x t r e m e l y i n t e r e s t i n g e x a m p l e of the t y p e of test c a l c u l a t e d n o t o n l y to r e v e a l the k n o w l e d g e of the s t u - d e n t b u t a l s o t o a r o u s e his i n t e r e s t in r e f e r e n c e w o r k . A s i g n i f i c a n t c o n t r a s t to t h e c o l l e g e n o t e d a b o v e w h i c h r e p o r t e d a l e c t u r e o n t h e l i b r a r y " t o a l l n o t p r e v i o u s l y in c o l - l e g e " is the c o m m e n t f r o m a l i b r a r i a n in the E a s t . H e w r i t e s : A f t e r each lecture, in about three o u t of five cases, f o r m e r college students came up to me and commented on h o w h e l p f u l it w o u l d have been to them had they had such an introduction to the l i b r a r y w h e n they w e r e in college. E v e n an elementary period in l i b r a r y use w o u l d have saved them lots of w a s t e d time d u r i n g their f o u r y e a r s . I gave them the bleak consolation of telling them that specially conducted tests in l i b r a r y reference tools, given to g r a d u a t e students, had proved that it w a s possible to pass t h r o u g h high school, college, and s e v e r a l years of g r a d u a t e w o r k w i t h o u t e v e r h a v i n g heard of the Readers' Guide. Amount of Use A s f o r the use t h a t t r a i n e e s m a k e of t h e l i b r a r i e s of the i n s t i t u t i o n s a t w h i c h they are s t a t i o n e d , w e h a v e a l r e a d y n o t e d t h a t this w a s r e p o r t e d as b e i n g 5 2 , 3 8 3 per d a y . T h i r t e e n l i b r a r i e s r e m a r k e d t h a t t h e i r c o l l e c t i o n s r e c e i v e d an e x t r a o r d i n a r y a m o u n t of use, w h i l e t h i r t e e n w r o t e t h a t t h e i r s r e c e i v e d p r a c t i c a l l y n o n e . I n m a n y cases it seems t h a t t h e r e w a s g r e a t e r ac- t i v i t y a t t h e b e g i n n i n g of t h e t r a i n i n g pro- g r a m s e a r l y in 1 9 4 3 t h a n w a s s u b s e q u e n t l y the case. A l t h o u g h the r e a s o n s f o r t h i s h a v e n o t been e x p l i c i t l y s t a t e d by e v e r y r e p o r t i n g l i b r a r y , t h e d a t a a t h a n d m a k e it seem h i g h l y p r o b a b l e t h a t t h e e x p l a n a - t i o n lies in the f a c t t h a t t h e S . T . A . R . p r o g r a m s , w i t h w h i c h some l i b r a r i e s w e r e t h e n c o n c e r n e d , a l l o w e d t h e s e r v i c e m e n DECEMBER, 1943 9 m o r e t i m e f o r s t u d y in the l i b r a r y . M o r e - o v e r , the p r e p a r a t i o n f o r tests f o l l o w i n g t h e " r e f r e s h e r c o u r s e s " t e n d e d f a r m o r e t o i n t e g r a t e t h e l i b r a r y w i t h t h e c u r r i c u l u m t h a n the l a t e r p r o g r a m s h a v e . A s w a s to be e x p e c t e d , v a r i a t i o n in the a m o u n t of use of t h e l i b r a r i e s r e p o r t i n g c o i n c i d e d t o some e x t e n t w i t h the d i f f e r e n t t y p e s of u n i t s b e i n g s e r v e d . I t w o u l d be a s i m p l e m a t t e r to r e p o r t t h e p r e c i s e situ- a t i o n in this r e g a r d if the c o r r e l a t i o n w e r e c o n s t a n t , b u t it is n o t . O n e l i b r a r y w r i t e s , f o r e x a m p l e , t h a t t h e N a v y m e n use t h e l i b r a r y f a r m o r e t h a n t h e A r m y t r a i n e e s . Y e t a n o t h e r l i b r a r i a n i n d i c a t e s the e x a c t o p p o s i t e . O n e c a n o n l y c o n c l u d e t h a t t h e p a t t e r n of use is d e t e r m i n e d l o c a l l y . H o w e v e r , t w o p o i n t s s t a n d o u t f a i r l y d e f i n i t e l y . F i r s t , t h e R . O . T . C . s t u d e n t s use the l i b r a r y w i t h g r e a t e r f r e e d o m t h a n a n y o t h e r g r o u p , f o r t h e o b v i o u s r e a s o n t h a t t h e i r s c h e d u l e s a p p r o x i m a t e m o r e n e a r l y t h a n those of a n y o t h e r g r o u p to t h e p r e w a r b a l a n c e b e t w e e n l i b r a r y a n d c l a s s r o o m . S e c o n d , t h e t r a i n e e s , o n t h e w h o l e , m a k e m o r e use of t h e l i b r a r y when permitted to do so t h a n c i v i l i a n s t u d e n t s . H e r e a g a i n t h e r e a s o n seems o b v i o u s : t h e y h a v e a m o r e i n t e n s e m o t i v a t i o n t h a n t h e a v e r a g e p e a c e t i m e o r c i v i l i a n s t u d e n t . B u t it s h o u l d be b o r n e in m i n d t h a t e v e n h e r e t h e r e p o r t i n g l i b r a r i e s w e r e n o t u n a n - i m o u s o n t h e s u p e r i o r i t y of m i l i t a r y o v e r c i v i l i a n u s e : a l a r g e l i b r a r y in I o w a ( t o c i t e o n l y o n e i n s t a n c e ) a d d u c e d figures to d e m o n s t r a t e t h e c o n t r a r y . Variation in Usage A specific e x a m p l e of t h i s v a r i a t i o n in u s a g e a m o n g d i f f e r e n t u n i t s is a f f o r d e d b y a l a r g e I l l i n o i s l i b r a r y : H e a v y use of the l i b r a r y is made by the C i v i l A f f a i r s T r a i n i n g School and the v a r i - ous p r o g r a m s in m e t e o r o l o g y , f o r w h o m separate l i b r a r y provision has been made. T h e l a n g u a g e and area units m a k e less use of o u r M o d e r n L a n g u a g e R e a d i n g R o o m . T h e A r m y Specialized T r a i n i n g P r o g r a m makes little use of the l i b r a r y , except as a study h a l l and occasionally f o r r e c r e a t i o n a l reading d r a w n f r o m the college l i b r a r y . O t h e r l e t t e r s c o u l d be q u o t e d to i l l u s t r a t e e m p h a s e s in o t h e r d i r e c t i o n s . O f the l i b r a r i e s s t r e s s i n g t h e g r e a t a m o u n t of use g i v e n t h e i r c o l l e c t i o n s by t r a i n e e s , o n e r e p o r t e d s i x t y to s e v e n t y m e n p e r d a y , w i t h t h e l i b r a r i a n b u s y w i t h r e f e r e n c e q u e s t i o n s a n d r e a d i n g g u i d a n c e . A C o l o r a d o l i b r a r i a n says t h a t " T h e m e n in o u r A . S . T . U . m a k e g r e a t use of this l i b r a r y . B y a c t u a l c o u n t , f r o m 2 5 0 to 2 7 5 use t h e l i b r a r y d a i l y . W e h a v e c h e c k e d o u t 1 0 , 0 0 0 books f o r use in t h e i r b a r r a c k s . A l s o , w e d o a n a p p r e c i a b l e a m o u n t of r e f e r e n c e w o r k . " A N e w E n g - l a n d l i b r a r i a n states t h a t " O u r c a m p u s h a s n e v e r been as b u s y as it is n o w . T h e li- b r a r y is c r o w d e d to t h e l i m i t d u r i n g s t u d y h o u r s . " F r o m W e s t V i r g i n i a c o m e s a s t a t e m e n t t h a t " I h a v e b e e n s u r p r i s e d a t the use of the l i b r a r y b y t h e A r m y e n g i - n e e r s . M a n y of t h e m m a k e s e r i o u s a n d e f f e c t i v e use of b o t h o u r r e a d i n g r o o m a n d b o o k c o l l e c t i o n . " U n f o r t u n a t e l y , s u c h e x t e n s i v e use of the l i b r a r y is n o t r e f l e c t e d in the m a j o r i t y of the i n s t i t u t i o n s s u r v e y e d . A t t e n d a n c e fig- u r e s a r e f r e q u e n t l y q u i t e h i g h , b u t t h e y a r e j u s t t h a t — " a t t e n d a n c e " figures. T h e y p r o v e no m o r e t h a n t h a t the l i b r a r y h a s a f f o r d e d s p a c e f o r w h a t is v i r t u a l l y n o n - l i b r a r y w o r k . P e r h a p s t h e m o s t e x t r e m e case of n o n u s e c o m e s f r o m a N e w E n g l a n d i n s t i t u t i o n : A N a v a l p r o g r a m caused the cessation of all civilian p r o g r a m s . N a v y supplies o w n f a c u l - ty. . . . L i b r a r i a n g r a n t e d leave of absence, l i b r a r y not in active use. . . . T r a i n e e s do not use any of the institution's reference 10 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES books . . . though r e c r e a t i o n a l use of m a g a - ines and b r o w s i n g room p r o f f e r e d . B u t course is so intensive there is little time f o r reading. A P e n n s y l v a n i a l i b r a r y r e p o r t s t h a t , al- t h o u g h t h e r e a r e 5 3 0 N a v y , M a r i n e , a n d A i r F o r c e t r a i n e e s o n t h e c a m p u s , " n o t m o r e t h a n a d o z e n m e n u s e t h e l i b r a r y , a n d t h e n it is f o r r e c r e a t i o n a l r e a d i n g . " M o r e d e p l o r a b l e y e t is the s i t u a t i o n of a l i b r a r i a n w h o w a n t s to be of s e r v i c e b u t w h o s e p a t r o n s ( a N a v a l t r a i n i n g c o n t i n - g e n t ) a r e l o c a t e d t e n m i l e s a w a y in a f o r m e r C . C . C . c a m p . Influence of Textbooks T h e l a c k of t i m e f o r e i t h e r l i b r a r y t r a i n i n g o r l i b r a r y use h a s been c o m - m e n t e d u p o n . T h e r e r e m a i n s a n o t h e r f a c - t o r w h i c h is, p e r h a p s , t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t of a l l . A P e n n s y l v a n i a l i b r a r i a n p l a c e d his f i n g e r on it w h e n h e c o m p l a i n e d t h a t the o l d t e x t b o o k m e t h o d w a s used r a t h e r t h a n m o d e r n m e t h o d s of i n s t r u c t i o n . O u r s u r v e y r e v e a l s t h a t in t h e m a j o r i t y of cases w h e r e t h e l i b r a r y h a s n o t been used, t h e t e x t b o o k m e t h o d o f t e a c h i n g h a s been a chief c a u s e of t h i s . T h e r e seems l i t t l e d o u b t t h a t t h e o t h e r i m p o r t a n t c a u s e — l a c k of t i m e — i s i n t i m a t e l y c o n n e c t e d w i t h the t e x t b o o k f a c t o r , since t h i s f a c t o r nec- essarily i m p l i e s t h a t c o n s c i o u s n e s s of t h e l i b r a r y ' s f u n c t i o n i n e d u c a t i o n is a b s e n t . T h i s b e i n g the case, it is n a t u r a l t h a t " l i t - t l e t i m e " f o r its use w o u l d be p r o v i d e d in the s c h e d u l e . I t is r e c o g n i z e d b y l i b r a r i a n s , as w e l l as by o t h e r s , t h a t in s o m e s u b j e c t fields, t h e l i b r a r y w i l l n a t u r a l l y be c a l l e d u p o n to p l a y a r o l e of less i m p o r t a n c e t h a n in o t h e r s . P h y s i c s , m a t h e m a t i c s , a n d b i o l o g y s t u d e n t s , f o r e x a m p l e , w h i l e t h e y c a n n o t a f f o r d to i g n o r e the l i b r a r y , n e v e r t h e l e s s d o n o t o r d i n a r i l y m a k e the s a m e d e m a n d s u p o n it as do s t u d e n t s of e c o n o m i c s , E n g - lish, g e o g r a p h y , a n d h i s t o r y . H o w e v e r , t h e m o s t i n t e r e s t i n g d e v e l o p - m e n t r e g a r d i n g this g e n e r a l p r o b l e m h a s been t h e w a y in w h i c h the t e x t b o o k m e t h o d has p r o v e d s e l f - r e f u t i n g . T i m e a n d a g a i n the m i l i t a r y a u t h o r i t i e s a r e q u o t e d as m a i n - t a i n i n g t h a t " t h e use of the l i b r a r y w i l l n o t be n e c e s s a r y b e c a u s e w e ' r e u s i n g t e x t - b o o k s . " N o w it is q u i t e t r u e t h a t a h e a v y s c h e d u l e a n d a n i n t e n s e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o n a s i n g l e t e x t b o o k a r e b o u n d t o r e d u c e seri- o u s l y t h e use of t h e l i b r a r y , a n d h a v e i n d e e d d o n e so. B u t — a n d t h i s is t h e p o i n t — d e s p i t e this obstacle a n u m b e r of l i b r a r i a n s r e p o r t t h a t i n d i v i d u a l s t u d e n t s a r e c o n t i n u a l l y c o m i n g i n t o t h e l i b r a r y a n d u s i n g it a n y w a y . B u t h o w , it m a y be a s k e d , w h e n t h e l a c k of t i m e h a s been d e m o n s t r a t e d , c a n t h i s be t r u e ? T h e a n s w e r is t h a t t h e m e n s i m p l y m a k e t h e i r o w n o p p o r t u n i t i e s . T h e y c o m e in d u r i n g m e a l t i m e s o r s n a t c h o d d m i n u t e s b e t w e e n classes o r e v e n use t h e one p r e c i o u s h o u r d u r i n g t h e d a y w h i c h t h e y h a v e t o t h e m s e l v e s . I n one w a y o r a n o t h e r , t h e y u n c o n s c i o u s l y d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t t h e t e x t - b o o k a l o n e is n o t e n o u g h . M o s t m o d e r n e d u c a t o r s , a n d c e r t a i n l y m o s t l i b r a r i a n s , w e r e of this o p i n i o n in the first p l a c e , b u t w e r e p e a t t h a t this e m p i r i c a l s u b s t a n t i a - t i o n of the f a c t , c o m i n g f r o m the r a n k a n d file of the s t u d e n t s t h e m s e l v e s , m e r i t s a t - t e n t i o n . A n i r o n i c i n c i d e n t is r e p o r t e d b y t h e l i b r a r i a n of a l a r g e u n i v e r s i t y in t h e E a s t . T h e m i l i t a r y a u t h o r i t i e s h a d m a i n t a i n e d t h a t the l i b r a r y w o u l d n o t be n e e d e d by t h e t r a i n e e s . O n e of these officers at- t e m p t e d s e v e r a l t i m e s to r e a c h the l i b r a r i a n o n the t e l e p h o n e a n d c o m p l a i n e d l a t e r t o the l i b r a r i a n t h a t h e h a d been t o l d " t o c a l l b a c k " e a c h t i m e . H e w a n t e d to k n o w w h y . I t t u r n e d o u t t h a t t h e l i b r a r i a n DECEMBER, 1943 11 w a s so busy g i v i n g r e f e r e n c e s e r v i c e in the r e a d i n g r o o m t o t h e t r a i n e e s " w h o do n o t need t o use t h e l i b r a r y " t h a t h e h a d n ' t h a d t i m e to c o m e to the t e l e p h o n e . Book Purchases T h e s e l e c t i o n a n d p u r c h a s e of b o o k s f o r t r a i n e e s h a v e been r e p o r t e d by t h e li- b r a r i e s s u r v e y e d to lie c h i e f l y in t h e f o l l o w - i n g s u b j e c t f i e l d s : a e r o n a u t i c s , c h e m i s t r y , c o d e s a n d c i p h e r s , e c o n o m i c s , e n g i n e e r i n g , f i r s t aid, g e o g r a p h y , h i s t o r y , m a t h e m a t i c s , m e d i c i n e a n d d e n t i s t r y , m e t e o r o l o g y , m i l i - t a r y science, p h y s i c s , w a r b o o k s ( c u r r e n t ) , a n d f o r e i g n l a n g u a g e s . T h e f o l l o w i n g e x c e r p t s f r o m t h e l e t t e r s r e c e i v e d m a y s t a n d as r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of w h a t m a n y l i b r a r i a n s a r e d o i n g f o r t r a i n - ees in t h e m a t t e r of b o o k p u r c h a s e s : " W e h a v e a d d e d a b o u t 3 0 0 0 n e w b o o k s to o u r c o l l e c t i o n in b o t h U . S . h i s t o r y a n d eco- n o m i c g e o g r a p h y ; also the n e w e s t w a r books a n d the o l d e r A m e r i c a n h i s t o r y a n d A m e r i c a n l i t e r a t u r e [ t i t l e s ] a r e in c o n - s t a n t d e m a n d " ( C o l o r a d o ) ; " P u r c h a s e of m a n y e x p e n s i v e , v a l u a b l e b a c k g r o u n d n a - v a l h i s t o r y books. T h e s e a r e p o p u l a r w i t h s e a m e n a n d a r e n e e d e d f o r n a v a l h i s t o r y c o u r s e " ( M i c h i g a n ) ; " W e h a v e d e v e l o p e d a basic c o l l e c t i o n in m e t e o r o l o g y f o r the use of the A r m y a n d a r e c o n t i n u i n g t o a d d to it t h e m o r e s i g n i f i c a n t c u r r e n t t i t l e s a n d g o v e r n m e n t p u b l i c a t i o n s " ( D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a ) ; " O u r b o o k b u y i n g h a s been p r e d o m i n a n t l y in fiction a n d w a r b o o k s " ( V e r m o n t ) ; " W e h a v e b o u g h t f o r the s e r v i c e m e n b o o k s o n s t r a t e g y , t a c t i c s , a n d t h e p r o g r e s s of v a r i o u s c a m p a i g n s " ( T e x a s ) . I n m a n y i n s t a n c e s d u p l i c a t e p e r i o d i c a l a n d n e w s p a p e r s u b s c r i p t i o n s h a v e been t a k e n f o r the b e n e f i t of t r a i n e e s a n d d u p l i - c a t e copies p u r c h a s e d of those b o o k s in v a r i o u s fields w h i c h h a v e r e c e i v e d t h e g r e a t e s t use. A n I l l i n o i s l i b r a r y w h i c h s e r v e s 2 5 0 m i l i t a r y s t u d e n t s o r d e r s a l l of t h e t e x t b o o k s used b y t h e m . S i n c e e a c h m a n uses a d o z e n d i f f e r e n t t e x t s , this one s e r v i c e a l o n e e n t a i l e d the h a n d l i n g of t h r e e t h o u s a n d i n d i v i d u a l books. Circulation I t is the a l m o s t u n i v e r s a l p r a c t i c e a m o n g the r e p o r t i n g l i b r a r i e s to e x t e n d b o r r o w - i n g p r i v i l e g e s to t h e s e r v i c e m e n a n d w o m e n o n t h e i r c a m p u s e s o n t h e s a m e basis on w h i c h t h e r e g u l a r s t u d e n t b o d y is s e r v e d . I n f a c t , a f e w l i b r a r i e s w e n t so f a r as to dispense w i t h t h e o r d i n a r y c i r c u - l a t i o n m a c h i n e r y a n d a l l o w t h e t r a i n e e s to b o r r o w b o o k s by s i m p l y s i g n i n g a slip f o r t h e m . T h e reasons g i v e n f o r this p r a c t i c e w e r e t h a t d i m i n i s h e d staff a n d i n c r e a s e d p a t r o n a g e l e f t n o a l t e r n a t i v e in t h e m a t t e r , t h a t t h e r e w a s v e r y l i t t l e d a n g e r of b o o k losses because t h e b o r r o w e r s in these cases w e r e l i v i n g in a r e s t r i c t e d a r e a , a n d t h a t t h e l i b r a r i e s c o n c e r n e d w e r e in d i r e c t t o u c h w i t h the m i l i t a r y officers, to w h o m d e l i n - q u e n t s c o u l d be i m m e d i a t e l y r e p o r t e d . T h e r e m a y h a v e been i s o l a t e d cases in w h i c h this p r i v i l e g e w a s a b u s e d , b u t n o t a s i n g l e one w a s m e n t i o n e d by a n y of the l i b r a r i e s s u r v e y e d . T h i s e x p e r i e n c e b e a r s o u t t h e i m p r e s s i o n of m a n y l i b r a r i a n s t h a t the s e r v i c e m e n a n d w o m e n , i n t h e i r ap- p r e c i a t i o n of l i b r a r y s e r v i c e , a r e s o m e w h a t a b o v e the a v e r a g e . T h e r e h a v e been w i d e s p r e a d e f f o r t s to e n c o u r a g e t h e c i r c u l a t i o n of b o o k s a m o n g m i l i t a r y s t u d e n t s . A n I o w a l i b r a r y w r i t e s t h a t in a d d i t i o n t o the u s u a l n e w - b o o k s h e l f , t h e y l a i d p a r t i c u l a r stress o n t h e hobbies in w h i c h t h e i r p a t r o n s w e r e i n t e r - e s t e d . T h e same p o i n t w a s e m p h a s i z e d b y a D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a l i b r a r y , w h i c h g u i d e d its s e l e c t i o n of p o p u l a r r e a d i n g by a n n o u n c i n g t o assemblies of s e r v i c e m e n 12 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES t h a t t h e y m i g h t l e a v e at the c h a r g e desk requests f o r the books t h e y desired. S u c h books, u p o n a c c e s s i o n i n g , w e r e h e l d a t the r e s e r v e desk a n d the r e q u e s t a n t s n o t i f i e d of t h e i r a r r i v a l . I n d i v i d u a l s e r v i c e s of this t y p e a r e a p o t e n t i n f l u e n c e in a w a k e n - i n g l i b r a r y users to the b e n e f i t s t h a t a l i b r a r y c a n o f f e r . I t s h o u l d be n o t e d t h a t a n u m b e r of l i b r a r i e s m e n t i o n e d t h a t t h e y m a d e t h e i r s e r v i c e s a v a i l a b l e n o t o n l y to the t r a i n e e s p r o p e r b u t to the officers a n d t h e i r f a m i l i e s s t a t i o n e d on or n e a r t h e c a m p u s e s . A n i n t e r e s t i n g s t a t i s t i c a l c h e c k w a s m a d e by a V i r g i n i a l i b r a r i a n . O n Sep- t e m b e r 28 a s u r v e y of V - 1 2 a n d c i v i l i a n b o r r o w e r s w a s m a d e by e x a m i n i n g the c h a r g e f i l e . T h i s s h o w e d t h a t 4 4 2 v o l - u m e s w e r e in c i r c u l a t i o n : 1 5 0 b o o k s w e r e c h a r g e d o u t to 8 0 t r a i n e e s a n d 2 9 2 v o l - u m e s to " o t h e r s " {i.e., c i v i l i a n s a n d o f f - c a m p u s p a t r o n s ) . I n o t h e r w o r d s , 3 4 per c e n t of the books c i r c u l a t e d h a d been b o r - r o w e d by t r a i n e e s , a n d these t r a i n e e s con- s t i t u t e d 1 5 per c e n t of the t o t a l n u m b e r e n r o l l e d in t h e c o l l e g e . O v e r a s i x - d a y p e r i o d , it w a s f o u n d t h a t one t h i r d of the e n l i s t e d m e n h a d books o u t f r o m the li- b r a r y ' s s h e l v e s . A K e n t u c k y l i b r a r y w r i t e s t h a t b o r - r o w e r s ' c a r d s w e r e issued to 1 4 4 o u t of 3 0 0 N a v y m e n ; a C o n n e c t i c u t i n s t i t u t i o n m e n t i o n s t h a t a p u r e l y v o l u n t a r y b o r r o w - i n g p r i v i l e g e w a s t a k e n a d v a n t a g e of by 6 officers a n d 5 7 c a d e t s w h o , a t t h e t i m e of w r i t i n g , h a d c h a r g e d o u t f r o m 2 to 3 7 b o o k s e a c h ; a P e n n s y l v a n i a l i b r a r y l i s t e d 1 2 1 t r a i n e e s r e g i s t e r e d as b o r r o w e r s . F r o m A l a b a m a c o m e s w o r d t h a t " a g r e a t m a n y books a r e c i r c u l a t e d to soldiers, e s p e c i a l l y in t h e S . T . A . R . u n i t . T h e s e c h a r g e s t o t a l f r o m 9 to 1 7 3 per d a y , m a k - i n g a d a i l y a v e r a g e of 1 1 6 . " A n A r k a n - sas l i b r a r i a n n o t e s t h a t 1 8 to 2 0 per c e n t of t h e books in c i r c u l a t i o n w e r e t a k e n o u t by t r a i n e e s . O v e r a t h i r t y - d a y p e r i o d t h e r e w a s a c i r c u l a t i o n of 4 3 6 3 books, of w h i c h 8 5 7 o r 1 9 . 6 per c e n t w e n t t o t r a i n - ees. A c c o r d i n g t o an O r e g o n l i b r a r i a n , 4 0 . 7 per c e n t of t h e r e s e r v e c i r c u l a t i o n a n d 2 5 per c e n t of the g e n e r a l c i r c u l a t i o n d u r i n g A u g u s t w e r e a c c o u n t e d f o r by A . S . T . P . s t u d e n t s . A n A r k a n s a s l i b r a r y , in r e p o r t i n g f o r the m o n t h of S e p t e m b e r , n o t e d t h a t 7 6 5 books, or 3 1 p e r c e n t of t h e i r " t w o w e e k s " c h a r g e s , w e r e o u t to A r m y m e n . I n a d d i t i o n to this, a p p r o x i - m a t e l y 9 0 v o l u m e s per d a y w e r e a p p l i e d f o r and used in the r e a d i n g r o o m b u t n o t c h a r g e d o u t . I t s h o u l d be r e m e m b e r e d t h a t these s e r v i c e s a r e b e i n g e x t e n d e d b y l i b r a r i e s w h o s e staff s t r e n g t h has been, in e v e r y case, m o r e or less s e r i o u s l y d i m i n i s h e d by w a r c o n d i t i o n s . W h e n this is k e p t in m i n d , the r e p o r t f r o m a K a n s a s l i b r a r y ( t y p i c a l of m a n y ) t h a t the " l o a n d e p a r t - m e n t e s t i m a t e s t h a t it d e v o t e s as m u c h as 4 0 per c e n t of its a t t e n t i o n to s e r v i c e m e n " m a y be seen in its p r o p e r p e r s p e c t i v e . T h e same i n s t i t u t i o n w r i t e s t h a t its r e f e r e n c e d e p a r t m e n t r e c e i v e s the same n u m b e r of requests f o r i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m s e r v i c e m e n as f r o m c i v i l i a n s . T h e p e r i o d i c a l s d e p a r t - m e n t f r e q u e n t l y g i v e s 1 0 0 per c e n t of its t i m e , w h i l e t h e r e s e r v e b o o k r o o m serves an a v e r a g e of one h u n d r e d t r a i n e e s d a i l y . A n i n t e r e s t i n g e x a m p l e of h o w the cir- c u l a t i o n of books to soldiers c a n serve as a m e a n s of c e m e n t i n g l i b r a r y - f a c u l t y r e l a - tionships is g i v e n b y a P e n n s y l v a n i a li- b r a r y . T h e books b e i n g c i r c u l a t e d to t r a i n e e s a t this i n s t i t u t i p n r e v e a l e d an i n t e r e s t in h i s t o r y . A m e m b e r of t h e his- t o r y f a c u l t y g a t h e r e d t o g e t h e r a n u m b e r of s e r v i c e m e n f r o m his classes w h o w e r e i n t e r e s t e d e n o u g h in t h e h i s t o r i c a l issues b e h i n d the p r e s e n t w a r to d e v o t e the l i t t l e DECEMBER, 1943 13 s p a r e t i m e a t t h e i r disposal to o u t s i d e r e a d - i n g a n d discussion. I n c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e l i b r a r y these t r a i n e e s r e c e i v e d indi- v i d u a l b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l s e r v i c e , a n d t h e re- sponse of t h e m e n w a s s u c h t h a t t h e t e a c h e r in q u e s t i o n d e c l a r e d t h e sessions to be a t t i m e s " t h e e q u i v a l e n t of g r a d u a t e s e m i n a r s , w i t h a n e n t h u s i a s m o f t e n l a c k i n g in r e g u l a r c o l l e g e w o r k . " A n a c t i v i t y of t h i s s o r t , c a r r i e d o u t u n d e r t h e m o s t diffi- c u l t c o n d i t i o n s ( t h e s c h e d u l e s of a l l the p a r t i c i p a n t s w e r e a l r e a d y h e a v y ) s e r v e s as a n i n s t r u c t i v e f o o t n o t e o n t h e w h o l e ques- t i o n of t e x t b o o k v e r s u s p e r s o n a l i z e d m e t h - ods in t e a c h i n g . Reserve Shelves A c u s t o m a r y p r a c t i c e a m o n g the g r e a t e r n u m b e r of t h e l i b r a r i e s s u r v e y e d is t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of r e s e r v e d - b o o k s h e l v e s de- v i s e d s p e c i f i c a l l y to m e e t v a r i o u s n e e d s of t h e m i l i t a r y u n i t s s t a t i o n e d o n t h e c a m - puses. S i x t e e n of t h e r e p o r t i n g l i b r a r i e s m a d e p a r t i c u l a r l y d e t a i l e d m e n t i o n of t h i s aspect of t h e i r s e r v i c e . T h e r e s e r v e c o l l e c - t i o n s h a v e n o t been c o n f i n e d to b o o k s a l o n e . T y p i c a l of m a n y r e p o r t s is t h a t of a M a s s a c h u s e t t s c o l l e g e w h i c h w r i t e s t h a t " W e k e e p w e a t h e r m a p s , t o p o g r a p h i c m a p s , m o s a i c s , a n d a e r i a l p h o t o g r a p h s " in t h e r e a d i n g r o o m f o r t h e use of t r a i n e e s . A l a r g e l i b r a r y in I o w a m e n t i o n s a re- s e r v e c o l l e c t i o n of " s e v e r a l h u n d r e d b o o k s f o r t h e use of F . A . L . S . s t u d e n t s , " a n d a l i b r a r y in N e b r a s k a h a s e q u i p p e d e v e r y c l a s s r o o m in t h e b u i l d i n g w i t h a c o l l e c t i o n of r e l e v a n t m a t e r i a l s . T h i s phase of li- b r a r y a c t i v i t y r e f l e c t s o n c e m o r e t h e need to s u p p l e m e n t c l a s s r o o m w o r k w i t h li- b r a r y s e r v i c e . A n A r k a n s a s l i b r a r i a n de- v i s e d his r e s e r v e s h e l v e s a f t e r a c a r e f u l e x a m i n a t i o n of t h e t e x t b o o k s used, so as to be s u r e t h a t t h e s t u d e n t s w o u l d h a v e a n o p p o r t u n i t y t o c o n s u l t m o r e t h a n one c l a s s r o o m t e x t o n e a c h phase of t h e sub- j e c t s b e i n g s t u d i e d . I n e a c h case r e p o r t e d , the use w h i c h s u c h c o l l e c t i o n s r e c e i v e h a s d e m o n s t r a t e d t h e i r n e c e s s i t y . T y p i c a l o f t h e l i b r a r i e s w h i c h h a v e g o n e b e y o n d the s t r i c t l y r o u t i n e p r o c e d u r e s in l i b r a r y s e r v i c e is a M a s s a c h u s e t t s i n s t i t u - t i o n : A s N a v y students are t a k i n g their r e g u l a r academic courses, their use of the l i b r a r y extends to all classifications. . . . A s all seniors are to present theses as p a r t i a l re- quirement f o r their degrees, this entails con- siderable r e f e r e n c e w o r k on the p a r t of the l i b r a r y staff in assisting students in the choice of books, checking references, secur- ing periodical m a t e r i a l , and compiling bibli- ographies. R e s e r v e s h e l v e s a n d t a b l e s f r e q u e n t l y c a r r y a l s o p e r i o d i c a l s s u b s c r i b e d to f o r the b e n e f i t of t r a i n e e s . A n I o w a l i b r a r y , f o r i n s t a n c e , has a d d e d t h i r t y - t h r e e p e r i o d i c a l s u b s c r i p t i o n s t o its r e g u l a r list f o r this p u r p o s e . W a r i n f o r m a t i o n files, w h i l e n o t a s s e m b l e d o r m a i n t a i n e d p r i m a r i l y f o r s e r v i c e m e n , a r e n e v e r t h e l e s s a m o n g t h e r e s e r v e d m a t e r i a l s a v a i l a b l e t o t h e m . F a c u l t y m e m b e r s assist in m a n y i n s t a n c e s in the f o r m a t i o n of r e s e r v e c o l l e c t i o n s , a n d a s m a l l p r o p o r t i o n of t h e r e p o r t i n g l i - b r a r i a n s s t a t e t h a t m e m b e r s of the t e a c h - i n g s t a f f s e r v e as c o n s u l t a n t s f o r t h e l i b r a r y in t h e i r s p e c i a l fields. Compensation T h e q u e s t i o n of c o m p e n s a t i o n h a s a l - r e a d y been t r e a t e d , b u t t h e r e t u r n e d q u e s - t i o n n a i r e s c o n t a i n some f u r t h e r f a c t s w h i c h m a y be of i n t e r e s t t o l i b r a r i a n s . P a r t i a l c o m p e n s a t i o n is s o m e t i m e s g i v e n in n o n - m o n e t a r y f o r m , as w h e n a l i b r a r y is sup- p l i e d w i t h b o o k s b y t h e g o v e r n m e n t a u t h o r i t i e s . " S e t s of d i c t i o n a r i e s w e r e issued t o u s b y t h e N a v y , " w r i t e s o n e l i b r a r i a n , " f o r t h e use of N a v y m e n in 14 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES t h e i r t r a n s l a t i o n w o r k . " I n a n o t h e r case the A r m y m a d e a s i m i l a r a r r a n g e m e n t . S o m e t i m e s t h e l i b r a r y accessions a n d c a t a - l o g s the books, w h i l e in o n e case " t h e N a v y b o u g h t e i g h t y copies of t w o d i f f e r e n t b o o k s on n a v a l science w h i c h t h e l i b r a r y h a n d l e s as r e s e r v e s b u t w h i c h a r e n o t ac- cessioned o r c a t a l o g e d . " B o o k s s u p p l i e d by t h e g o v e r n m e n t , a l t h o u g h u s u a l l y re- p o r t e d as b e i n g used f o r the c o u r s e s t a u g h t , a r e n o t n e c e s s a r i l y so u s e d . A l i b r a r i a n w r i t e s t h a t his l i b r a r y " h a s r e c e i v e d f r o m the N a v y o n e t h o u s a n d v o l u m e s of r e c r e a - t i o n a l r e a d i n g m a t e r i a l . T h e s e a r e c a t a - l o g e d as a r e g u l a r p a r t of o u r c o l l e c t i o n . " N o w a n d t h e n the d e l a y in p a y m e n t f o r l i b r a r y s e r v i c e has c a u s e d l o c a l c o m p l i c a - tions. A l i b r a r i a n r e p o r t s : T h e commanding officer declared the l i b r a r y to be " o u t - o f - b o u n d s " f o r students in the A . S . T . P . and A . S . T . R . P . , basing his reason on the f a c t t h a t the A r m y w a s m a k i n g no provision f o r l i b r a r y service. I t took a w e e k to g e t this order repealed, and since these boys w e r e the ones that b o r r o w e d the most books, because they have more f r e e time than the air c r e w , it had a decided effect upon the circulation. I t took a l e t t e r f r o m the president of the university to change the o r d e r , based on the reasoning that our li- b r a r y w a s open to the public and m o r e o v e r the university did not w a n t to deprive the cadets of university facilities that w e r e avail- able f o r use, even though they w e r e not being recompensed f o r w e a r and t e a r f o r their use. Attitude of Military Officials S i n c e l i b r a r i a n s h a v e e n d e a v o r e d f o r y e a r s t o e d u c a t e e d u c a t o r s t o the i m p o r - t a n c e of l i b r a r i e s a n d t h e i r f u n c t i o n in t h e c o l l e g e e c o n o m y , it s h o u l d n o t c o m e as a s u r p r i s e t h a t , to a c e r t a i n e x t e n t a t l e a s t , it is n e c e s s a r y t o e l u c i d a t e these t h i n g s to the m i l i t a r y a u t h o r i t i e s w h o , in s o m e cases, a r e d e a l i n g f o r t h e first t i m e w i t h l i b r a r i e s as a d m i n i s t r a t i v e u n i t s . T h e g r e a t m a - j o r i t y of l i b r a r i a n s w h o a d v e r t e d t o t h e p o i n t in t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e s w r o t e t h a t the • a t t i t u d e of t h e m i l i t a r y officers w a s t h a t if t e x t b o o k s a r e used l i b r a r i e s a r e n o t n e c e s s a r y . A t t h e s a m e t i m e , t h e r e t u r n s s h o w t h a t w h i l e this is g e n e r a l l y the i n i t i a l a t t i t u d e , it t e n d s to c h a n g e as t i m e g o e s o n a n d t h e r o l e p l a y e d by the l i b r a r y be- c o m e s c l e a r e r t o t h e officers in c h a r g e . T h e r e a r e i n d i c a t i o n s t h a t t h e m i l i t a r y a u t h o r i t i e s a r e r e a d y e n o u g h t o i n c o r p o - r a t e the l i b r a r y e x p l i c i t l y i n t o the t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m s if o n l y t h e y a r e s h o w n t h e f a c t s . A m a j o r in c h a r g e of A r m y t r a i n i n g in a c e r t a i n a r e a i n t e r v i e w e d the l i b r a r i a n of a c o l l e g e w h i c h w a s t o r e c e i v e t r a i n e e s . T h e y discussed the s i t u a t i o n a t l e n g t h , a n d w h e n the m a j o r l e f t he said t h a t he w a n t e d t h e s o l d i e r s i n s t r u c t e d in t h e r a p i d use of t e c h n i c a l p e r i o d i c a l l i t e r a t u r e a n d in r e f e r - ence w o r k . I n t h i s case t h e r e w a s o p p o r - t u n i t y f o r the l i b r a r i a n to p r e s e n t d i r e c t l y a n d c l e a r l y w h a t it w a s t h a t he h a d t o o f f e r . T o o o f t e n , o u r q u e s t i o n n a i r e re- v e a l s , decisions i n v o l v i n g t h e l i b r a r y h a v e been m a d e w i t h o u t c o n s u l t i n g the l i b r a r i a n a t a l l . Q u i t e r e c e n t l y the A . S . T . P . r e p r e s e n t a - t i v e of a u n i v e r s i t y p o s t e d a n o t i c e i n t h e f a c u l t y r e a d i n g r o o m , s t a t i n g t h a t he h a d r e c e i v e d a l e t t e r f r o m a h i g h r a n k i n g o f - ficer in t h e A . S . T . P . a s k i n g f o r t h e c o m - m e n t s a n d r e a c t i o n s of the t e a c h e r s o n t h e p r o g r e s s of t h e t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m s in t h a t i n s t i t u t i o n . T h e l i b r a r i a n i m m e d i a t e l y a v a i l e d h i m s e l f of t h i s o p p o r t u n i t y o f f e r e d b y the A r m y t o s t a t e his case. I t is t o o soon to t e l l w h a t e f f e c t his l e t t e r h a d , b u t the i m p o r t a n t p o i n t is the o p e n - m i n d e d a t t i t u d e o n t h e p a r t of t h e g e n e r a l w h o w r o t e the l e t t e r . T h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e s r e t u r n e d l e a v e n o d o u b t t h a t t h e a t t i t u d e of the m i l i t a r y a u t h o r i t i e s t o w a r d the l i b r a r y is s t i l l in DECEMBER, 1943 22 p r o c e s s of f o r m a t i o n a n d t h a t t h e e x t e n t t o w h i c h f u r t h e r r e c o g n i t i o n of l i b r a r y s e r v i c e is e x t e n d e d t o c o l l e g e s a n d u n i - v e r s i t i e s w i l l d e p e n d in l a r g e m e a s u r e o n t h e e n e r g y w i t h w h i c h l i b r a r i a n s c o n t i n u e t o r e n d e r s e r v i c e a n d t o k e e p t h e p r o p e r q u a r t e r s i n f o r m e d a b o u t these s e r v i c e s . Statistical Tabulation N u m b e r of questionnaires s e n t : 460 N u m b e r of replies r e c e i v e d : 235 N u m b e r of states r e p r e s e n t e d : 44 ( a n d the D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a ) A p p r o x i m a t e n u m b e r of men in the a r m e d f o r c e s receiving i n s t r u c t i o n : A r m y 81,397 N a v y 65,107 A i r F o r c e 39,975 T o t a l 186,479 A p p r o x i m a t e n u m b e r of men in the a r m e d f o r c e s using the l i b r a r y per d a y : A r m y 24,036 N a v y I8,545 A i r F o r c e 9,802 T o t a l 52,383 A list of the type and n u m b e r of units as r e p o r t e d : a. Army 98 A . S . T . P . units 63 R . O . T . C . 16 S . T . A . R . 15 A . S . T . R . P . 6 M e d i c a l Schools 6 F . A . L . S . 6 S . O . A . 2 S i g n a l Schools 2 W . A . C . 2 A . A . S . 1 D e n t a l School 1 F i s c a l School 1 A u t o M e c h a n i c s School 1 C i v i l A f f a i r s T r a i n i n g School 1 E l e c t r o n i c s School 1 G r a d u a t e E n g i n e e r s 1 J . A . G . 1 M e t e o r o l o g i s t s 1 N u r s e s School 1 Q . M . C . 1 Q . M . P e t r o l e u m School 1 School of M i l i t a r y G o v e r n m e n t 1 U . S . M i l i t a r y A c a d e m y 229 t o t a l n u m b e r of A r m y units b. Navy 93 V - 1 2 units 21 N . R . O . T . C . 15 N . T . S . 7 M e d i c a l Schools 7 W . A . V . E . 5 M . C . W . R . 4 M a r i n e s 3 S . P . A . R . 2 D i e s e l Schools 2 M i d s h i p m a n ' s Schools 2 R a d i o Schools 1 C h a p l a i n ' s unit 1 I n t e r n a t i o n a l A d m i n i s t r a t i o n 1 M e t e o r o l o g y 1 A c c o u n t i n g School 1 D e n t a l School 1 Supply 1 E l e c t r o n i c s 1 R e c o g n i t i o n 1 S i g n a l School 170 t o t a l n u m b e r of N a v y units c. Air Force 29 C . A . A . - W . T . S . units 23 P r e f l i g h t A . S . 20 C o l l e g e D e t a c h m e n t A i r C r e w 20 F . P . S . 9 A . A . F . - T . T . C . ( p r e m e t e o r o l o g y ) 8 C . A . A . - W . T . S . ( N a v a l ) 3 A i r C r e w P r o g r a m 3 P r e f l i g h t A . S . ( N a v a l ) 2 A r m y A i r F o r c e s ( A i r C r e w T r a i n i n g U n i t ) 2 A r m y A i r F o r c e s ( C o l l e g e T r a i n - ing P r o g r a m ) 2 M e t e o r o l o g y 1 A i r C o r p s S t a t i s t i c a l School 1 F . P . S . ( N a v a l ) 1 U . S . C a d e t N u r s e s T r a i n i n g C o r p s I W e a t h e r T r a i n i n g C o m m a n d , C l a s s C , P r e m e t e o r o l o g y G r o u p 125 t o t a l n u m b e r of A i r F o r c e units C o m b i n e d t o t a l of A r m y , N a v y , and A i r F o r c e u n i t s : 524. 16 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Aid for Libraries Serving A.S.T.P. T o SECRETARY H E N R Y L . S T I M S O N : T h e A m e r i c a n L i b r a r y A s s o c i a t i o n has been i n f o r m e d that A r m y officers negotiating contracts w i t h colleges in connection w i t h the A r m y Specialized T r a i n i n g P r o g r a m are forbidden to permit the inclusion of any a l l o w a n c e f o r the use of the l i b r a r y in these contracts except in the case of l a n g u a g e in- struction. T h e A s s o c i a t i o n has also been i n f o r m e d that tentative contracts a l r e a d y d r a w n up f o r the inclusion of such an a l l o w - ance have been cancelled by orders f r o m W a s h i n g t o n . T h e A s s o c i a t i o n hopes that these reports are incorrect. W e are w r i t i n g to you, t h e r e f o r e , asking that you i n f o r m us of the a c t u a l status. If o u r i n f o r m a t i o n is correct, the A m e r i - can L i b r a r y A s s o c i a t i o n r e s p e c t f u l l y calls to y o u r attention the f o l l o w i n g f a c t s : 1. M o d e r n methods of instruction in col- leges and universities in g e n e r a l require the use of a l a r g e number of books r a t h e r than the use of a single textbook. T h e s e methods have been generally approved by educators and f a c u l t y members t h r o u g h o u t the coun- t r y . I t has been f o u n d desirable to f a m i l i a r - ize students w i t h the w o r k of outstanding authors and to instill in them the habit of consulting a number of books and investigat- ing sources f o r themselves. 2. W h i l e these methods are considered of especial importance in practically all courses of history and English, they are also used in other courses. F o r example, engineering students are expected to be f a m i l i a r w i t h the c u r r e n t engineering m a g a z i n e s and should be able to look up m a t e r i a l f o r themselves in these magazines. T h e modern engineer must f a m i l i a r i z e himself w i t h the latest en- gineering methods if he is to p e r f o r m his duties s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . 3. T h e A r m y and N a v y have recognized the importance of this principle. E x c e l l e n t libraries have been established in camps and t r a i n i n g stations both here and abroad and on board ship. L i b r a r i e s have been o r g a n - ized on m i l i t a r y stations t h r o u g h o u t the c o u n t r y . In connection w i t h the training overseas, a l a r g e collection of books has been sent abroad. T h e service of a professional librarian has been requested by the com- mander of the forces in N o r t h A f r i c a . T h e r e seems to be an apparent inconsistency in f u r n i s h i n g libraries and l i b r a r y service to m i l i t a r y units in this country and abroad and in denying such service to units in training in this country j u s t at the time w h e n the use of a considerable number of books and m a g a z i n e s w o u l d seem to be most v a l u a b l e to them. 4. A l t h o u g h the A r m y Specialized T r a i n - ing P r o g r a m has been in operation only a short time, reports f r o m libraries indicate a v e r y considerable use of l i b r a r y books by enlisted men. A librarian in the M i d d l e A t l a n t i c states reports that sixty of the sol- diers b o r r o w e d s e v e r a l hundred books d u r i n g their stay. ( S . T . A . R . U n i t . ) T h e a d j u t a n t has expressed his satisfaction w i t h the w o r k of the l i b r a r y because, he says, it is the l i b r a r y and its books that influence a soldier, more than any other f a c t o r , to continue w i t h his college course. S e v e r a l libraries have reported an unprecedented demand f o r m a t h e m a t i c a l texts by enlisted men w h o de-* sired to r e v i e w their high school and first- y e a r mathematics. O n e institution added fifty books f o r this purpose and still could not s a t i s f y the demands. A l i b r a r y in the R o c k y M o u n t a i n region reports that a unit of 250 men w a s studying in the l i b r a r y daily and t h a t the use of books by these men w a s equal to that of the same number of civilian students. A n insti- tution in the South kept statistics of the use of its l i b r a r y by enlisted men. T h e librarian reports that the use by enlisted men is in excess of the use by the same number of civilians. A n o t h e r technical institution in the South reports that one third of the en- listed men on the campus use the l i b r a r y daily by a c t u a l count. A n o t h e r librarian reports that the demands f r o m enlisted men f o r books w e r e so g r e a t that a t o t a l of 1 1 3 6 books w e r e b o r r o w e d f r o m f a c u l t y members f o r the use of en- listed men. Six thousand one hundred and f o u r t e e n v o l u m e s w e r e called f o r by en- listed men at the main circulation desk d u r - ing the month of J u n e . DECEMBER, 1943 17 If no a l l o w a n c e is made f o r the use of the l i b r a r y f o r men engaged in the v a r i o u s train- ing p r o g r a m s in a college, the college w i l l be obliged to choose b e t w e e n : a. A b a n d o n m e n t of methods of instruction g e n e r a l l y approved by educators of the coun- t r y ; or, b. P a y m e n t of expenses of approved and desirable methods of instruction f r o m its o w n funds. A L T H E A H . W A R R E N A.L.J. President C A R L H . M I L A M A.L.A. Executive Secretary T o A L T H E A H . W A R R E N : F u r t h e r r e f e r e n c e is made to y o u r letter of A u g u s t 3 1 , 1943, r e g a r d i n g the use of col- lege libraries in connection w i t h the A r m y Specialized T r a i n i n g P r o g r a m . Y o u w i l l be pleased to learn that at a re- cent meeting of the Joint A r m y - N a v y B o a r d f o r T r a i n i n g U n i t C o n t r a c t s a policy wa9| adopted w h e r e b y an institution being used in the A r m y Specialized T r a i n i n g P r o g r a m w i l l receive compensation f o r the use of its l i b r a r y . I t should be pointed out, h o w e v e r , that the W a r D e p a r t m e n t has a l w a y s al- l o w e d a l i b r a r y fee in the f o r e i g n a r e a and l a n g u a g e c u r r i c u l a of the A r m y Specialized T r a i n i n g P r o g r a m . Instructions on the proper c o n t r a c t pro- cedure have been f o r w a r d e d to all service commands and f u t u r e contracts w i l l reflect the n e w policy. I assure y o u t h a t y o u r interest in this m a t t e r is appreciated by the W a r D e p a r t - ment. H E N R Y L . STIMSON Secretary of War 18 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES