College and Research Libraries By W I L L I A M M . R A N D A L L Some Principles for Library Planning1 TH O U S A N D S of library buildings have been built in the U n i t e d States: public libraries, university libraries, college li- braries, and special libraries. W e have been building library buildings for a long time and, before we began, others w e r e building them in older parts of the w o r l d . Y e t it is almost a truism to say that the ideal library building has not been built. Indeed, it is more usual to discover t h a t the newest building, lovingly and carefully planned, develops m a j o r f a u l t s as soon as its doors are opened, and that these f a u l t s g r o w in number and seriousness as the years go by. W h y should this be so? Surely, librarians know well enough w h a t they need. Surely, architects are clever enough and ingenious enough to k n o w how to give it to them. W h y has it not happened that f h e ideal li- brary building has been built? T h i s is a simple question, but the answer to it, un- fortunately, is not simple. T h e answer is exceedingly complex. I n this complexity are t w o sorts of considerations. O n e sort should not be there at all, because it is unreasonable. T h e other sort should not be there, e i t h e r — b u t there is more excuse for its presence. T h e unreasonable element may be dis- posed of first and then, perhaps, forgotten — f o r g o t t e n , that is, except to remember that it is an ever possible bugbear which needs always to be dispelled by the bright light of reason before the serious business 1 P a p e r presented at the meeting of the Association of College and R e f e r e n c e L i b r a r i e s , B u f f a l o , J u n e 18, 1946. of planning is commenced. T h e devising of a suitable library building is difficult enough w i t h o u t fatally handicapping the deviser at the beginning. I am sure you all know w h a t I mean. If we are to build a library building, surely it is n o t h i n g more than common sense to begin with a clean sheet of paper on which to d r a w our plans and not w i t h a sheet al- ready marked w i t h encumbering lines placed there by someone to whom the ultimate purpose of the building is a secondary con- sideration. I am speaking, of course, of the donors—the ladies and gentlemen w i t h the cash, may the good L o r d bless t h e m — be they individuals, boards, or communities. T h e r e is a lesson they need to learn. A li- brary, my w o r t h y friends w i t h the open moneybags, is a library. I t may also be a monument, if you will. B u t if it be a monument, its primary dimension should be measured in service and not in stone. A li- brary is a monument w o r t h y of the name because of w h a t goes on inside its walls, not because it makes an imposing subject for a picture postcard. Perhaps you believe this is not w o r t h rrjentioning. Look about you at the mauso- leums labeled " l i b r a r y , " and ponder on the fact that even today an eminent architect is struggling w i t h the plans for a great uni- versity library which must have white columns against red brick on all its sides, because the good lady said so in her will. So much for the unreasonable element. Let's t u r n now to some things which make OCTOBER, 1946 319 sense. But before we do so, let's state a principle for good library planning. W e can do it very neatly in a paraphrase of an ancient axiom. Let's say that a donor's money should be seen and not heard—and let it go at that. W e are ready now to consider some of the reasonable reasons why the ideal library building has yet to be built, even after all these centuries of building. And here we are brought up short. Possibly we are wrong. Possibly the ideal library building has been built. Possibly the library of Alexandria, or the great Muslim Library of ninth-century Bagdad, or the library burned by the zealous Ximenez in Cordova in 1492 —perhaps one or all of these were perfect libraries. Perfect, that is, in their time— but not perfect if they existed today. For a library building is perfect only in the pres- ent, not in the past. Nothing is newer than a library; nothing reflects more vividly —or, nothing should reflect more vividly— the ever-changing character of the agencies of written communication of knowledge and the uses to which they are put. So, a pri- mary principle of library planning should certainly be modernity. In some public buildings we may be able to indulge our- selves with the inefficiency of medieval architecture for the sake of its esthetic appeal. W e cannot afford to do this in our libraries. W e will not, if we begin our planning at the right end. A library, like a factory or a school or a home or a theatre, is a place where something happens. It is a building constructed for a purpose; an edifice erected to perform a function. Since this is true, there is only one way in which it can be properly planned. I t cannot be planned from the outside in; it must be planned from the inside out. One may not begin with a Greek temple, or a Gothic cathedral, or a copy of Magdalene College—however beautiful each of these may be—and put a successful library inside. One must begin with the library itself and build this first, and then put a wall around it to keep the weather out. T h e result of such a process, honestly performed, cannot help but be beautiful, with the honest beauty of func- tion fulfilled—the same sort of beauty that we find in the airplane or the battleship or the motor car, the same sort of beauty that we find, if we are honest with ourselves, in the modern factory building. Purpose for Whieh It Is Built I should like to make two points here, in passing. T h e first of these I have already made by inference. It is this. T h e best architecture being planned today is factory architecture. T h i s is true because the builder of a factory is interested in only one thing: to erect a building which will best serve the purpose for which it is built. W h e n he does this, without cavil, he pro- duces a beautiful building. H e produces a building which is beautiful because its use- fulness is apparent, because it translates into structure the purpose for which it has been built. A library should do the same thing. T o put it simply, a library should look like a library. W h y not? Are we, after all, so ashamed of our profession that we wish to make its home look like something else? M u s t we apologize in stone and bricks for the activities that go on behind the walls? M u s t we all put signs on our buildings, as the librarian of one great university wishes to do—signs reading " T h e books are on the inside?" Is there no beauty in librarian- ship, in efficient service to a questing pub- lic, which should be embodied in its house? If a church is what you want, by all means build a church—and worship in it. If a tomb is what you want, by all means build a tomb, and wither in it. But if a library is what you want, then build a library! 320 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES T h e other point I wish to make here, in passing, is this. M a n y of the elements in the architectures w e copy today w e r e f u n c - tional once, b u t are f u n c t i o n a l no longer. W e have lost sight of the reason, in o u r reverence f o r the f o r m . T h i s is a symptom of decadence—this w o r s h i p of f o r m beyond reason. I t is a decadence w e c a n n o t a f f o r d in p u r p o s e f u l a r c h i t e c t u r e . I t m a r k s us as builders w h o have n o t t h o u g h t t h r o u g h o u r problems, w h o have n o t been w i l l i n g to make use of the valuable c o n t r i b u t i o n s of science to the solution of our problems, w h o have been c o n t e n t to apply the solutions of yesterday to the problems of today. Be- lieve me, those old builders w h o m w e ape never did this. T h e y built the best they could, using all the k n o w l e d g e a n d all the ingenuity they could m u s t e r and d a r i n g to e x p e r i m e n t w i t h n e w f o r m s w h e n n e w f o r m s m e t a need. T h e y w e r e realists, those old g e n t l e m e n . T h e r e w a s n o t h i n g decadent about t h e m . Useless Survivals L e t me give you a simple example of w h a t I m e a n . B e f o r e the invention of m o d e r n means of artificial i l l u m i n a t i o n and m o d e r n systems of ventilation, it was necessary to have l a r g e w i n d o w openings. T h e only w a y to get l a r g e w i n d o w openings w a s to have high ceilings, so there w o u l d be space f o r light and air. T h u s , you see, high ceil- ings w e r e f u n c t i o n a l a n d necessary. I t w a s only by means of high ceilings t h a t large floor areas could be lighted and large rooms could r e m a i n habitable f r o m the s t a n d p o i n t of air to breathe. T h i s w a s a h a n d i c a p to the builder, because it m e a n t t h a t buildings had to be t a l l . I n o r d e r to get light and air, a g r e a t a m o u n t of b u i l d i n g cubage had to be constructed which had no other use- f u l f u n c t i o n t h a n to f u r n i s h light a n d air. O u r l o n g association w i t h rooms of this type has conditioned us to an e x t e n t to be- lieve t h a t ceiling height bears some neces- sary a r c h i t e c t u r a l and esthetic relationship to floor area. A n d so w e go on building high-ceilinged rooms and w a s t i n g cubage which costs money to build and m o r e money to heat and m a i n t a i n , f o r a reason w h i c h has disappeared w i t h the a d v e n t of a d e q u a t e artificial light and a d e q u a t e v e n t i l a t i o n . I believe M i c h e l a n g e l o w o u l d have l a u g h e d at u s — p e r h a p s he is l a u g h i n g at us, in some P a r n a s s u s of architects dead a n d g o n e — f o r he w a s a practical m a n and no apostle of decadence. W h a t a contradiction of purpose it is, a f t e r all, to build a l o f t y ceiling and then h a n g o u r lights on l o n g chains f r o m it to get them close enough to o u r tables to be of u s e ! W h a t is the f u n c t i o n today of all t h a t space above o u r heads? W h a t l i b r a r y activity is it t h a t goes on m o r e t h a n eight feet f r o m the floor t h a t makes this b a r n l i k e elegance o b l i g a t o r y ? O r is it t h a t w e are a f r a i d of the appearance of low-ceilinged rooms, well-lighted and well-ventilated w i t h clean fresh a i r ? If it be this f e a r t h a t re- strains us, then w e are s u f f e r i n g f r o m the same subtle m a l a d y t h a t caused early m o t o r car m a n u f a c t u r e r s to provide their horseless carriages w i t h leather dashboards a n d w h i p - sockets. I t is high time library a r c h i t e c t u r e moved out of the horseless c a r r i a g e e r a . I t isn't necessary, perhaps, to go as f a r as B u c k m i n s t e r F u l l e r ' s D y m a x i o n car, all at once. B u t at least, let's get in line w i t h F o r d and C h r y s l e r . Must Keep Up with Change A l l t h a t I am saying is t h a t things have been m o v i n g in the construction business. W e can do a g r e a t m a n y things today t h a t w e r e impossible yesterday. W e d o n ' t have to do a g r e a t m a n y things today t h a t w e r e necessary yesterday. T o fail to do the things w e can do and to go on doing the things w e no longer are required to do is to OCTOBER, 1946 321 give a negative shake of the head to progress. I t is worse than that. I t is to give reason to the caricaturist's favorite prototype of the librarian as an elderly person whom the world has somehow passed by and left stranded amid the cobwebs and dust of a vanished civilization. But it will be just as fatal to be modern in our architecture only because modern architecture appeals to us, as it would be to be medieval because we happen to like medieval buildings. I want to sound this warning because I believe there is sometimes a danger of being hypnotized by gadgets. T h e world—the modern world—is full of gadgets, very interesting gadgets. Novelty alone is never an excuse for their incorpora- tion into a building plan, any more than tradition alone is an excuse for their neglect. Libraries, I repeat, are functional build- ings. Every possible means should be used to make them as able as possible to fulfil their functions, whether that means be as new as tomorrow's sunrise or as old as yesterday's newspaper. T h e test of value is usefulness, not newness or age. So, a primary principle in library planning is certainly to begin with a study of building function. T h i s is so elementary that it seems silly even to state it. Every librarian who has ever built a building has begun with a list of the things he wanted the building to do. N o one but a fool would do anything else. All of this is quite true. But, unfortunately, after he has begun with such a list, he has not always been true to it. T o o often he has compromised. H e has been afraid of the consequences of his con- victions. H e has a pattern in his mind— a pattern inextricably entangled with a priori ideas of beauty and traditional form —and he unconsciously squeezes and trims his functional plan to fit this pattern. T h e very language of library planning is a dead giveaway of this. " H o w large a stackroom do I need?" " H o w many seats must I have in my reading room?" T h i s is not func- tional language. T h i s is pattern language. Functional Building A library is a place where books are used and where books are stored. T h a t is func- tional. But books do not have to be used in a reading room; and books do not have to be stored in a stackroom. It is altogether possible that the perfect library will have neither of these, in the sense in which the terms are generally understood. Do you see what I mean? I am not for a moment trying to say that reading rooms and stack- rooms have no place in a modern library. I am only asking that we begin at the begin- ning in our planning, and not in the middle. I am only saying that the first questions to answer are " H o w is reading best done in this situation, and how are books best stored?" If the honest answer is a reading room and a stackroom, then build a reading room and a stackroom. If the answer be something else, then build something else. Build what is needed, because it is needed; not what is traditional, because it is tradi- tional. " B u t if I do this," you may say, "it won't look like a library." Stop and think for a moment. A library is a place where books are used and where books are stored. If you build a building in which books can be used and books can be stored, you will build a library. And if you build a library, I'll bet it will look like a library. And if you build a building in which books can be used better and stored better than they have ever been before, it will look like a better library than has ever been built before. I t may not look like the library Whoozis University built in 1910. W h y should it? So, the primary principle of good library planning is first to find out what you need and then go ahead and build it. And the 322 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES second principle is j u s t as simple. M a k e u p your m i n d before you s t a r t t h a t w h a t you need you can have and d o n ' t quit till you get it. D o n ' t be p u t off by lazy architects or u n i m a g i n a t i v e c o n t r a c t o r s . D o n ' t let any- body tell you t h a t w h a t you w a n t is im- possible, because it isn't. T h e technique of m o d e r n building, w i t h its w e a l t h of m a - terials a n d its m y r i a d of w a y s of doing things, is inexhaustable in its possibilities. I t can be done, no m a t t e r w h a t it is, if it needs to be done. L e t me show you w h a t I m e a n . An Example T h e r e are in this c o u n t r y h u n d r e d s of l i b r a r i e s — a n d this is an u n d e r s t a t e m e n t if I ever h e a r d o n e — h u n d r e d s of libraries w h i c h are quite a d e q u a t e f r o m the s t a n d - point of size, if t h a t size be measured in cubic feet. Y e t they are i n a d e q u a t e because those cubic feet are m i s d i s t r i b u t e d . T h e r e ' s enough cloth f o r the suit, b u t the coat is too l o n g and the p a n t s are too short a n d the waistcoat h a n g s too l o w and w o n ' t come t o g e t h e r over the t u m m y . N o one is to blame. N o t h i n g is t o blame, n o t h i n g except the inexorable change w h i c h is inseparable f r o m progress. H o w could one expect any- t h i n g d i f f e r e n t f r o m this? If t w e n t y years ago books w e r e used in such a n d such a w a y , and l i b r a r y m a t e r i a l s w e r e of such and such a c h a r a c t e r , and l i b r a r y p a t r o n s acted in such and such a m a n n e r , and a b u i l d i n g w a s c a r e f u l l y p l a n n e d to embrace the needs created by all these things, a good l i b r a r y w a s b u i l t — t w e n t y years ago. B u t if t w e n t y years l a t e r t h e c h a r a c t e r of l i b r a r y m a t e r i a l s has changed, and the c h a r a c t e r a n d p a t t e r n of their uses have changed, a n d the p a t r o n s act d i f f e r e n t l y a n d w a n t differ- ent kinds of things f o r d i f f e r e n t reasons, and n e w f u n c t i o n s have been created and older f u n c t i o n s have disappeared, then this l i b r a r y b u i l d i n g w h i c h w a s so perfect then f a l l s f a r short of p e r f e c t i o n n o w . A n d the m o r e c a r e f u l l y and efficiently it w a s p l a n n e d t o f u l f i l t h e needs of yesteryear, the less w e l l suited it is to f u l f i l the n e w e r needs of today and t o m o r r o w . T h e great Bait al-kutub— the H o u s e of B o o k s — b u i l t by a caliph of medieval B a g d a d w a s a w o n d e r of its day, Scholars composed rhapsodies concerning its elegance and t h e treasures it contained. B u t a l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n of its floor area w a s taken up w i t h sleeping rooms f o r its patrons, and a m a j o r f u n c t i o n of its staff w a s to feed the scholars w h o t h r o n g e d to study its books, and a considerable item in its b u d g e t w a s f o r the purchase of paper and ink f o r the copying of manuscripts. N o n e of these things is i m p o r t a n t in m o d e r n l i b r a r y econ- omy. T h e b u i l d i n g w h i c h housed the H o u s e of Books w o u l d scarcely be con- sidered an efficient l i b r a r y s t r u c t u r e today. Growth Is Unpredictable W h a t is so strikingly a p p a r e n t w h e n viewed over the p a n o r a m a of centuries is evident as w e l l in the space of a relatively f e w years. I t is a foolish m a n today w h o believes t h a t he can foresee the s t r u c t u r a l needs of l i b r a r i a n s h i p t w e n t y or even ten years hence. W e have learned b e t t e r . W e have learned t h a t to make f u n c t i o n a l space provisions on the p a t t e r n of today is m o r e likely t h a n not to lead to a misfit b u i l d i n g t o m o r r o w . W e have learned t h a t it is impossible to foresee in w h i c h directions the needs f o r space w i l l g r o w . W e have learned t h a t the direction of l i b r a r y g r o w t h is u n - predictable, except in general t e r m s . O n e t h i n g w e do k n o w , beyond any d o u b t — a l i b r a r y w i l l g r o w . I t w i l l g r o w in size and in activities, b u t w h e r e it w i l l g r o w w e cannot prophesy. E v e n m o r e t h a n the h u - m a n figure, the l i b r a r y needs a t w o - w a y stretch. A n d yet, w e m u s t build. W e m u s t con- s t r u c t buildings, and in order to c o n s t r u c t OCTOBER, 1946 323 them, w e m u s t plan t h e m . W e m u s t plan them to fit neatly the needs of today and susceptible of easy a d a p t a t i o n to the needs of t o m o r r o w . A t first sight, this appears to present a dilemma. B u t m o d e r n build- ing technique has an a n s w e r . T h i s answer is n o t a n e w one in the b u i l d i n g f i e l d ; it has been used f o r decades in the construction of industrial buildings. P e r h a p s as good a n a m e f o r it as any is " a d a p t a b l e construc- t i o n . " A d a p t a b l e construction is simply a type of construction w h i c h f u r n i s h e s a m a x i m u m of f r e e space w i t h i n the enclosing walls. T h i s means space which is a d a p t a b l e to the needs of the m o m e n t , w i t h o u t the necessity of expensive and messy alterations. I t means engineering the b u i l d i n g in such a w a y t h a t any square foot of floor space may be used f o r any purpose. U n d e r this system of construction, the old t e r m s of r e a d i n g room and stackroom and c a t a l o g room and reference room disappear f r o m t h e vocabulary. A l i b r a r y building becomes simply an area of usable floor space s u r r o u n d e d by walls. W h a t individual u n i t s of this floor space are t o be used f o r depends upon the needs of the time. A given square foot m a y be p a r t of r e a d e r space t o d a y ; it may be used f o r book storage t o m o r r o w ; a n d five years hence it may be a corner in a professor's study room. A l l of this is b r o u g h t about by i m p r o v e m e n t s and innovations in s t r u c t u r a l design. I t re- quires t h a t all portions of the floor area be of u n i f o r m s t r e n g t h ; t h a t they may be heated, vent i l at ed, a n d lighted according to the uses to w h i c h they are p u t ; and t h a t the i n t r o d u c t i o n of p a r t i t i o n s or the removal of p a r t i t i o n s or changes in l i g h t i n g or ventila- tion shall be n e i t h e r difficult n o r costly. T h i s w o u l d have been impossible n o t m a n y years ago, b u t w e have learned h o w to do it today. T h e prerequisites have been m a n y . T h e y have been such things as n e w concep- tions of s t r u c t u r a l members f a b r i c a t e d of steel; n e w systems of v e n t i l a t i o n w i t h o u t separate ducts w h i c h have been an ever- present b a r r i e r to easy b u i l d i n g a l t e r a t i o n ; n e w ideas of floor construction to bear the heavy w e i g h t of massed bookstacks today and the lesser w e i g h t of readers and s t u d e n t s t o m o r r o w , w i t h o u t u n d u e floor thickness or u n d u e c o s t ; n e w a n d m o r e efficient systems f o r l i g h t i n g w h i c h w o r k as well in stackrooms as they do in r e a d i n g r o o m s ; and soundproof dividing w a l l s independent of the s t r u c t u r e w h i c h may be moved at w i l l to give n e w space divisions w i t h o u t i n t e r f e r i n g w i t h the electrical or h e a t i n g or v e n t i l a t i n g systems. A l l of these things are possible t o d a y — a n d they have set the l i b r a r y p l a n n e r f r e e f r o m the bugbear of obsolescence. A l o n g w i t h them have come bookstacks i n d e p e n d e n t of the s t r u c t u r e , w h i c h m a y themselves be moved f r o m one p a r t of the b u i l d i n g to a n o t h e r easily and quickly. A n d all of this may be constructed today w i t h a m i n i m u m of f u s s and bother, and changed the day a f t e r t o m o r r o w as easily as it w a s built a t first. T h i s is t r u e because the technique employed is w h a t the builder calls " d r y c o n s t r u c t i o n , " to dis- tinguish it f r o m a construction in plaster and m o r t a r w h i c h requires the use of w e t m a t e r i a l s and w h i c h is set and unchangeable w h e n it has been completed. Future Possibilities T h e s e i m p r o v e m e n t s in construction tech- nique have b r o u g h t w i t h them g r e a t possi- bilities in the more efficient utilization of space in buildings. Because artificial light and air conditioning are n o w relatively per- fected, it is no longer necessary to depend upon l o f t y ceilings and l a r g e w i n d o w open- ings f o r l i g h t a n d a i r . F i v e stories of usable, c o m f o r t a b l e , and efficient space may n o w be built w h e r e only three could be built before. F o r the same reasons, space-eating c o u r t y a r d s and light wells are no longer 324 COLLEGE AND RESEARCLI LIBRARIES necessary. Because floors can n o w be built economically to c a r r y any reasonable load, separate stackrooms which immediately f r e e z e the design of a b u i l d i n g rigidly need no longer be built and the book storage space may expand in any direction w i t h i n the building. <^It becomes more simple to achieve a desirable intimacy between the reader and the book by s c a t t e r i n g r e a d i n g areas t h r o u g h o u t the book storage space or by placing l a r g e r n u m b e r s of books in read- ing rooms.J Because dividing w a l l s may be moved at will, it is no longer necessary to build s t r u c t u r e s of l a r g e r floor area t h a n immediately required in o r d e r to be certain of m e e t i n g needs only guessed at. T h e library building, inside, n o w has the pos- sibility of fluid g r o w t h , w i t h o u t h i n d r a n c e ; and this fluidity is t r a n s f e r r e d to the outside of the building, since n o t h i n g in the interior plan any longer makes it necessary to build additions in one direction r a t h e r t h a n in a n o t h e r . I n d e e d , w i t h m o d e r n m a t e r i a l s it is a l t o g e t h e r possible to make the outer w a l l s of the b u i l d i n g themselves adaptable, so t h a t a w h o l e w a l l may be removed w i t h o u t dis- t u r b i n g the s t r u c t u r e and its m a t e r i a l re- used in an enlarged building. Less Expensive A n d the cost ? G e n e r a l l y , desirable things come high. I n this case, however, w e are agreeably surprised. F a r f r o m in- creasing the cost of efficient building, m o d e r n b u i l d i n g technique has generally m a d e it s o m e w h a t less expensive. C o m p e - tent estimates s h o w t h a t a given n u m b e r of books, f o r example, may be accommodated in a s t r u c t u r e like the one I have been describing f o r a little less t h a n w o u l d be possible in a t r a d i t i o n a l building. A n d , if one takes into consideration the added efficiency and the added serviceability of such a building, the cost begins to appear surprisingly low. I t is altogether possible to c o n s t r u c t a library building, completely lighted and air conditioned, and including its equipment and its f u r n i t u r e , f o r very little over one dollar a cubic f o o t ; and in l a r g e r s t r u c t u r e s , w h e r e the a d v a n t a g e s of p r e f a b r i c a t i o n in q u a n t i t y count greatly, this price can be substantially lowered. A n d w h e n you have finished, you have a b u i l d i n g w h i c h is good not j u s t f o r the needs of to- day, b u t which can be a d a p t e d quickly and easily and inexpensively to the n e w needs of next year and the year a f t e r , and w h i c h all of the time w i l l f u n c t i o n as an efficient l i b r a r y p l a n t , m a k i n g service easy, and m u l t i p l y i n g the chances f o r the l i b r a r y or- ganization to realize to the u t m o s t the possi- bilities i n h e r e n t in the profession. Y o u can indeed today build the l i b r a r y of t o m o r r o w . So, I have tried to give you t w o m a j o r principles f o r library p l a n n i n g . T h e first of these is, find o u t w h a t you need and then build it. T h i n k in t e r m s of f u n c t i o n and f o r g e t old p a t t e r n s . D o this w i t h o u t f e a r t h a t the result w i l l be something other t h a n a library, only because it may not look like the buildings w e call libraries today. T h e second principle is, w h e n you k n o w w h a t you need, d o n ' t give u p and d o n ' t compromise u n t i l you get it. I t is not beyond your reach. A n y t h i n g reasonable is possible. B u i l d i n g construction has m a d e great strides in recent years, strides m a d e possible by n e w m a t e r i a l s and n e w h a n d l i n g of older materials. O n these I have only been able to touch. T o e n u m e r a t e and describe them all w o u l d require f a r longer th&n the time I have. B u t w e live in an age in which m a t e r i a l things are o u r servants. Science and technology have opened up a w o r l d in which all things are possible. Some of them may take some doing, b u t they can be done. I t requires imagination and enterprise and a w i l l i n g - ness to experiment, b u t w h a t you w a n t you can have. So w h y not go out and get i t ? OCTOBER, 1946 325