College and Research Libraries By F L E M I N G B E N N E T T Films in the Academic Library Mr. Bennett is a student at the Graduate Library SchoolUniversity of Chicago. DOES t h e e d u c a t i o n a l f i l m c o n f r o n t t h e a d m i n i s t r a t o r of a n a c a d e m i c l i b r a r y w i t h a g e n u i n e s e r v i c e responsibility—or s i m p l y w i t h a s e r v i c e opportunity? T h i s is t h e c e n t r a l q u e s t i o n f o r w h i c h a n a n s w e r is s o u g h t in t h i s p a p e r . I n d e n y i n g r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r f i l m s e r v i c e , the a c a d e m i c l i b r a r i a n h a s g e n e r a l l y used o n e o r m o r e of these a r g u m e n t s : ( i ) A l - t h o u g h f i l m s m a y be e f f e c t i v e c o m m u n i c a - t i o n t o o l s , t h e y a r e n o t a p p r o p r i a t e l i b r a r y m a t e r i a l s . ( 2 ) F i l m s a r e n o t n e e d e d on t h e c a m p u s . ( 3 ) I f n e e d e d , f i l m s a n d o t h e r n o n - b o o k m a t e r i a l s s h o u l d be s e r v i c e d b y a s e p a r a t e a g e n c y . ( 4 ) I n t e g r a t i o n of f i l m s w i t h p r i n t a n d w i t h t h e c u r r i c u l u m is e x - t r e m e l y d i f f i c u l t if n o t i m p o s s i b l e t o a c c o m - p l i s h . ( 5 ) E x i s t i n g f a c i l i t i e s a n d b u d g e t s d o n o t p e r m i t t h e a d d i t i o n of f i l m s e r v i c e s . O u r p u r p o s e h e r e is t o d i s c u s s these f i v e a r g u m e n t s , t o t h e e n d t h a t g u i d e p o s t s m a y be e r e c t e d f o r a c a d e m i c l i b r a r i a n s w h o h a v e n o t y e t r e s o l v e d t h e q u e s t i o n of r e s p o n s i - b i l i t y f o r s e r v i c i n g f i l m s in t h e i r i n s t i t u t i o n s . Are Films Appropriate Library Materials? U n t i l t h e p r e s e n t c e n t u r y l i b r a r i e s w o r k e d c h i e f l y w i t h a n d t h r o u g h a s i n g l e m e d i u m of c o m m u n i c a t i o n — t h e b o o k . I n - d i s p u t a b l y t h e b o o k is h i g h l y e f f e c t i v e , e v e n t h o u g h m a i n l y f o r a n e l i t e c o n s u m e r of f a c t s a n d ideas, b u t o t h e r m e d i a h a v e r i s e n t o c h a l l e n g e t h e b o o k ' s p r e - e m i n e n t p o s i t i o n in t h e s c h o o l , t h e l i b r a r y , a n d o t h e r s o c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n s . T h e e d u c a t i o n a l f i l m is o n e of these n e w e r m e d i a . M a n y p u b l i c a n d a c a d e m i c l i b r a r i a n s , c o n c e r n e d a b o u t t h e i r h a v i n g e f f e c t i v e l y r e a c h e d o n l y a s m a l l p o r t i o n of t h e i r c o n s t i t u e n c i e s t h r o u g h p r i n t , l o o k t o the m o t i o n p i c t u r e as a possible m e a n s of e x t e n d i n g the r a n g e of t h e l i b r a r y ' s s e r v i c e p o t e n t i a l . O t h e r s d e n y t h a t f i l m s c a n a p - p r o p r i a t e l y be b r o u g h t i n t o t h e l i b r a r y ' s s e r v i c e s c h e m e . T h e r e seems t o be n o i n h e r e n t i n c o m - p a t i b i l i t y b e t w e e n f i l m a n d b o o k . O b j e c - t i v e c o m p a r i s o n in t e r m s of s u b s t a n c e a n d f u n c t i o n r e v e a l s a c l o s e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e t w o m e d i a . T h e s u b s t a n c e of b o t h b o o k a n d f i l m r a n g e s o v e r t h e e n t i r e r e a l m of k n o w l e d g e . T h e p r i m a r y f u n c t i o n of e a c h is t h e s a m e : t o c o n v e y f a c t s a n d i d e a s . T h e e s s e n t i a l d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e m is o n e of m e t h o d . W h e r e a s t h e b o o k e m p l o y s o r d e r e d sets of l a n g u a g e s y m b o l s a r r a n g e d on sheets of p a p e r , t h e m o t i o n p i c t u r e c o m - b i n e s v i s u a l i m a g e s w i t h v e r b a l e l e m e n t s o n l e n g t h of f i l m w h i c h m u s t be p r o j e c t e d m e c h a n i c a l l y . T h e r e a l q u e s t i o n is the d e e p e r o n e : J u s t w h a t is t h e a c a d e m i c l i b r a r y ' s f u n c t i o n ? I f i t is t o f u n c t i o n o n l y as a " s t o r e h o u s e of p r i n t , " f i l m s o b v i o u s l y m u s t r e m a i n o u t s i d e its s e r v i c e p a t t e r n . I f , h o w e v e r , its f u n c - t i o n is t h e b r o a d e r o n e of a " c o m m u n i c a - t i o n s c e n t e r " in t h e a c a d e m i c c o m m u n i t y , t h e l i b r a r y m a y p r o p e r l y i n c l u d e f i l m s a n d o t h e r n o n b o o k m a t e r i a l s . By Books Alone? E m e r g i n g e d u c a t i o n a l p a t t e r n s in c o l - l e g e s a n d u n i v e r s i t i e s m a k e it o b v i o u s t h a t b o o k s a l o n e a r e n o l o n g e r c o n s i d e r e d suffi- c i e n t f o r e f f e c t i v e i n s t r u c t i o n a n d r e s e a r c h . APR1L, 1950 125 T h e a c a d e m i c l i b r a r y ' s t a s k is t o p r o v i d e t h e m a t e r i a l s n e e d e d i n t h e i n s t r u c t i o n a l a n d r e s e a r c h p r o g r a m s . I t f o l l o w s t h e n t h a t t h e l i b r a r y m u s t s e r i o u s l y c o n s i d e r t h e i n c l u s i o n o f n o n b o o k m a t e r i a l s w h i c h a r e i n c r e a s i n g l y b e l i e v e d e s s e n t i a l i n a c a d e m i c p r o g r a m s . E n t h u s i a s t s c l a i m t h a t t h e f i l m possesses a u n i q u e p o w e r i n t h e s o w i n g o f i d e a s . I t s v e r s a t i l i t y a n d l i v e l i n e s s p r o b a b l y m a k e it m o r e v i v i d a n d e f f e c t i v e t h a n a n y o t h e r m e d i u m m a n ' s i n g e n u i t y h a s y e t d e v i s e d . Y e t m u c h r e m a i n s t o be d i s c o v e r e d a b o u t h o w f i l m s t e a c h a n d h o w p e r s o n s o n d i f - f e r e n t a g e l e v e l s l e a r n f r o m t h e m , b e f o r e f i l m s o f o p t i m u m e f f e c t i v e n e s s c a n b e m a d e . I t is p r o b a b l e t h a t o n l y b y e m p i r i c a l m e t h - o d s c a n e d u c a t o r s u l t i m a t e l y f i n d a n s w e r s t o t h e s e q u e s t i o n s . U n t i l t h o s e a n s w e r s a r e f o u n d , f i l m s n e e d t o be used e x t e n s i v e l y i n r e a l i s t i c s i t u a t i o n s . T o t h a t e n d c e r t a i n e d u - c a t i o n a l a g e n c i e s m u s t a s s u m e r e s p o n s i b i l - i t y f o r a c q u i r i n g f i l m s a n d m a k i n g t h e m a v a i l a b l e f o r u s e . Library or Separate Agency f T h e a d v a n t a g e s o f c e n t r a l i z i n g c a m p u s f i l m s e r v i c e s a r e g e n e r a l l y r e c o g n i z e d . I t is o b v i o u s t h a t t h e h a p h a z a r d d e v e l o p m e n t o n a d e p a r t m e n t a l b a s i s w h i c h h a s o c c u r r e d o n m a n y c a m p u s e s , l a c k i n g a n y c o o r d i n a t i o n o f r e s o u r c e s a n d s e r v i c e s , c a n n o t b e s a t i s f a c - t o r y . N o r c a n t h e e x p e d i e n c y o f a d d i n g f i l m s t o e x i s t i n g e x t e n s i o n s e r v i c e s p r o v i d e a s a t i s f a c t o r y s o l u t i o n . O n l y t h r o u g h c e n - t r a l i z a t i o n c a n r e a l l y e f f e c t i v e s e r v i c e b e g i v e n . W e n d t a r g u e s t h a t a s e p a r a t e a g e n c y s h o u l d be e s t a b l i s h e d f o r s e r v i c i n g f i l m s b e - c a u s e t h e p u r e l y m e c h a n i c a l p r o c e s s e s i n v o l v e d i n s e r v i c i n g a n d c a r i n g f o r m a - t e r i a l s a n d e q u i p m e n t a r e t o t a l l y u n r e l a t e d t o l i b r a r y r o u t i n e s . 1 I t is s u b m i t t e d , h o w - 1 W e n d t , P a u l , " A C e n t r a l A u d i o - v i s u a l A i d s S e r v - ice in the U n i v e r s i t y . " Higher Education 2 : 1 1 - 1 3 , M a y 1, 1946. e v e r , t h a t l i b r a r i e s c a n o v e r c o m e t h e d i f f i - c u l t i e s i m p l i e d b y a d d i n g t r a i n e d p e r s o n n e l t o t h e s t a f f a n d b y p r o v i d i n g s p e c i a l f a c i l i - t i e s . T h e e x p e r i e n c e o f a c a d e m i c l i b r a r i e s w h i c h h a v e a l r e a d y e m b a r k e d o n f i l m s e r v - i c e s s t r o n g l y s u p p o r t s t h i s b e l i e f . I n o n e s u c h l i b r a r y , t h e l i b r a r i a n h a s e x p r e s s e d t h e c o n v i c t i o n t h a t : . . . in the l o n g v i e w t h e i r [ a u d i o - v i s u a l m a t e r i a l s ] c o n t r i b u t i o n t o i n s t r u c t i o n and e s p e c i a l l y t o r e s e a r c h w i l l depend l e s s u p o n the m a n i p u l a t i o n of m e c h a n i c a l d e v i c e s in the c l a s s r o o m t h a n u p o n t h e s y s t e m a t i c a c q u i s i - tion and o r g a n i z a t i o n of a u d i o - v i s u a l r e - s o u r c e s f o r i n s t r u c t i o n and r e s e a r c h — t h a t is, u p o n the c r e a t i o n of an a u d i o - v i s u a l l i b r a r y in the l i t e r a l , a c c e p t e d sense. 2 O n l y o n e o f t h e f u n c t i o n s o f a n a u d i o - v i s u a l c e n t e r o u t l i n e d b y W e n d t d o e s n o t c l e a r l y f a l l w i t h i n t h e r a n g e o f l i b r a r y s e r v - i c e s c h e m e s . I t is e n t i r e l y a p p r o p r i a t e t h a t a l i b r a r y e n g a g e in ( I ) l o c a t i n g a n d e v a l u - a t i n g g o o d t e a c h i n g m a t e r i a l s ; ( 2 ) k e e p i n g a b r e a s t o f n e w d e v e l o p m e n t s i n f i l m p r o - d u c t i o n a n d u s e ; ( 3 ) s t i m u l a t i n g t h e f a c u l t y t o u s e e f f e c t i v e films; a n d ( 4 ) p r o v i d i n g t r a i n i n g i n t h e o p e r a t i o n o f film e q u i p m e n t . E a c h o f t h e s e h a s i t s c o u n t e r - p a r t a m o n g t h e f u n c t i o n s l i b r a r i e s r e g u l a r l y p e r f o r m i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h p r i n t e d m a - t e r i a l s . T h e a c a d e m i c l i b r a r y m i g h t n o t e a s i l y p e r f o r m t h e fifth o f W e n d t ' s f u n c t i o n s , t h a t o f e n g a g i n g i n t h e a c t u a l p r o d u c t i o n o f e f f e c t i v e a u d i o - v i s u a l a i d s . H o w e v e r , i t is n o t d i f f i c u l t t o v i s u a l i z e a l i b r a r y - c e n t e r e d film s e r v i c e i n w h i c h p r o d u c t i o n a c t i v i t i e s a r e c a r r i e d o n . L i b r a r y film s p e c i a l i s t s c o u l d r e a d i l y p e r f o r m t h e a s p e c t o f t h i s f u n c t i o n w h i c h is p a r t i c u l a r l y e m p h a s i z e d , t h a t o f " s e e [ i n g ] t o i t t h a t t h e q u a l i t y o f p r o d u c t i o n [ i n t h e u n i v e r s i t y ] is k e p t h i g h e n o u g h so t h a t t h e films w i l l h a v e p e r m a - n e n t v a l u e . " 3 H e r e h e is c l e a r l y s t r e s s i n g 1 S w a n k , R a y n a r d C . , " U n i v e r s i t y of O r e g o n ' s A u d i o - visual S e r v i c e . " College and Research Libraries 9:300, October 1948. 8 W e n d t , op. cit., p. 12. 126 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES t h e r o l e of t h e film e x p e r t as a n a d v i s o r , a n d it seems t o t h i s w r i t e r u n i m p o r t a n t w h e t h e r t h a t e x p e r t be o n t h e s t a f f of a s e p a r a t e a g e n c y o r o n t h e l i b r a r y s t a f f . A d m i t t e d l y t h e l i b r a r y w h i c h d e c i d e s t o i n t e g r a t e films i n t o its s e r v i c e p a t t e r n m u s t o v e r c o m e d i f f i c u l t i e s . A m o n g t h e s e a r e : ( 1 ) s e c u r i n g p r o p e r b u d g e t a r y s u p p o r t ; ( 2 ) a p p o i n t i n g t r a i n e d p e r s o n n e l ; ( 3 ) a d a p t i n g e x i s t i n g f a c i l i t i e s ; ( 4 ) s e l e c t i n g films w h i c h a r e r e l e v a n t t o t h e e d u c a t i o n a l p r o g r a m of t h e i n s t i t u t i o n ; a n d ( 5 ) o r g a n - i z i n g t h e m f o r m o s t e f f e c t i v e use. T h e s e p a r a t e a g e n c y e n c o u n t e r s d i f f i c u l - ties w h i c h a r e n o less f o r m i d a b l e , a n d w h i c h in t h e v i e w of m a n y a u d i o - v i s u a l s p e c i a l i s t s m a k e i n a d v i s a b l e the c r e a t i o n of a p a r a l l e l a g e n c y f o r film s e r v i c e . O n e of t h e s e s p e c i a l i s t s p o i n t s o u t t h a t the s e p a r a t e film c e n t e r h a s h a d t o d e v e l o p n e w c h a n n e l s f o r t r a n s m i t t i n g a n d r e c e i v - i n g r e q u e s t s , i n f o r m a t i o n , a n d e v a l u a t i v e d a t a , a n d h a s h a d t o c o m b a t t h e f a c u l t y a t - t i t u d e t h a t films a r e " s o m a n y c u r r i c u l a r t a s s e l s . " 4 T h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t if these n e w i n s t r u c t i o n a l m a t e r i a l s w e r e i n t r o d u c e d a n d d i s t r i b u t e d by t h e l i b r a r y , t h e f a c u l t y ' s a c c e p t a n c e w o u l d be m o r e e a s i l y g a i n e d , is n o t n e c e s s a r i l y s o u n d . M u c h d e p e n d s u p o n e x i s t i n g a t t i t u d e s a n d o t h e r r e l e v a n t f a c - t o r s . I n s o m e i n s t a n c e s a s e p a r a t e a g e n c y m i g h t be m o r e a c c e p t a b l e t h a n a l i b r a r y - c e n t e r e d s e r v i c e . L i b r a r i a n s g e n e r a l l y w i l l n o t r e j e c t S c h r e i b e r ' s c o n t e n t i o n t h a t s i n c e c o m m u n i c a - t i o n a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n c h a n n e l s a l r e a d y e x i s t b e t w e e n the l i b r a r y a n d o t h e r u n i t s of a n a c a - d e m i c i n s t i t u t i o n , t h e l i b r a r y is a l o g i c a l c e n t e r f o r a l l i n s t r u c t i o n a l m a t e r i a l s on t h e c a m p u s . M a n y w i l l r e i n f o r c e t h a t a s s e r t i o n b y u n d e r l i n i n g t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n a l r e a d y de- v e l o p e d b y t h e l i b r a r y f o r a c q u i r i n g a n d p r o c e s s i n g m a t e r i a l s , a n d t h e r e l a t i v e ease 4 Schreiber, Robert E . , " M o t i o n P i c t u r e Distribution as a Function of College L i b r a r i e s . " Film and Radio Guide 13:36, November 1946. of a d a p t i n g t h a t o r g a n i z a t i o n t o i n c l u d e films. A f u r t h e r s u p p o r t i n g a r g u m e n t w h i c h is of e x t r e m e p r a c t i c a l i m p o r t a n c e t o a c a d e m i c a d m i n i s t r a t i v e h e a d s is c i t e d by G r a d y : T h e economic d i s a d v a n t a g e s to the insti- tution a r e a p p a r e n t since s e p a r a t e q u a r t e r s , another a d m i n i s t r a t o r , and another staff a r e o f t e n involved in the divided a r r a n g e m e n t . 5 S o m e l i b r a r i a n s b e l i e v e t h a t t h e s e p a r a - t i o n of b o o k s f r o m r e l a t e d films, r e c o r d i n g s , a n d o t h e r i n s t r u c t i o n a l m a t e r i a l s c r e a t e s h a r d s h i p s f o r b o t h s t u d e n t s a n d t e a c h e r s . I f p a t r o n s a r e o b l i g e d to " c o n s u l t s e p a r a t e i n d e x e s , s e p a r a t e s t a f f s , a n d p o s s i b l y t o v i s i t s e p a r a t e b u i l d i n g s in o r d e r t o a s s e m b l e m a - t e r i a l s o r r e f e r e n c e s i n v o l v i n g r e l a t e d c o n - t e n t , " 6 m u c h t i m e a n d e f f o r t is w a s t e d , a n d t h e s t u d e n t o r f a c u l t y m e m b e r c a n n o t be c e r t a i n he h a s s u c c e e d e d in s e c u r i n g a l l r e l e - v a n t m a t e r i a l s a v a i l a b l e on t h e c a m p u s . T h e h e a r t of t h e m a t t e r is s t r u c k in S w a n k ' s r e f u t a t i o n of a r g u m e n t s o f t e n a d - v a n c e d b y o p p o n e n t s of l i b r a r y p a r t i c i p a - t i o n : . . . a u d i o - v i s u a l a i d s o u g h t n o t b e v i e w e d in o p p o s i t i o n t o p r i n t e d a i d s b u t s h o u l d b e i n t e g r a t e d w i t h t h e m . B o t h a r e i n s t r u c t i o n a l a i d s u s e d t o g e t h e r in t h e s a m e e d u c a t i o n a l p r o c e s s , a n d if p r o p e r l y r e l a t e d s u p p l e m e n t e a c h o t h e r . W h e n a d m i n i s t e r e d w i t h v i s i o n a n d a c l e a r u n d e r s t a n d i n g of e d u c a t i o n a l o b - j e c t i v e s , t h e i r c o m b i n a t i o n in t h e l i b r a r y s h o u l d r e s u l t n o t in t h e n e g l e c t of t h e a u d i o - v i s u a l s e r v i c e , b u t in a b r o a d e r a n d m o r e a d e q u a t e p h i l o s o p h y of t h e l i b r a r y i t s e l f — a p h i l o s o p h y i n v o l v i n g b o t h t y p e s of a i d s in n e w r e l a t i o n s h i p s . 7 I f a n a c a d e m i c l i b r a r y s e r i o u s l y t r i e s t o fit t h e film i n t o its s c h e m e of a p p r o p r i a t e s e r v i c e s , t h e film m u s t be g i v e n a m e a n i n g - f u l p l a c e in t h e l i b r a r y ' s i n t e g r a t i o n of its m a t e r i a l s . T h e f e a s i b i l i t y of so c o r r e l a t i n g 5 G r a d y , Marion B . , "Nonbook M a t e r i a l s in a Teach- ers College L i b r a r y . " College and Research Libraries 9 : 3 1 2 , October 1948. 6 Ibid. 7 S w a n k , op. cit., p. 300. APR1L, 1950 127 films w i t h o l d e r t o o l s o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n as t o m a k e t h e l i b r a r y a " d o c u m e n t a t i o n " c e n - t e r — n o t m e r e l y a " b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l " c e n t e r — m a y n o w be e x a m i n e d . Book and Film Integration I n t e g r a t i o n i n c l u d e s t h r e e f u n c t i o n a l c o m p o n e n t s : ( i ) selecting i n s t r u c t i o n a l a n d r e s e a r c h m a t e r i a l s t h a t m e e t e x i s t i n g o r po- t e n t i a l n e e d s ; ( 2 ) organizing t h e m f o r e f f e c t i v e u s e ; a n d ( 3 ) c o n t i n u o u s l y promot- ing t h e i r use w h e n e v e r a n d w h e r e v e r t h e y a r e n e e d e d o n t h e c a m p u s . A l t h o u g h n o n e of t h e i r t a s k s is m o r e i m p o r t a n t , l i b r a r i a n s k n o w t h e r e is n o m a g i c f o r m u l a f o r b r i n g i n g d i f f e r e n t k i n d s of m a t e r i a l s i n t o p r o p e r c o r - r e l a t i o n w i t h e a c h o t h e r a n d w i t h t h e m a n y f a c e t s of a n i n s t i t u t i o n ' s t e a c h i n g a n d re- s e a r c h p r o g r a m s . E x p e r i e n c e m a y g i v e a l i b r a r i a n c o n s i d - e r a b l e f a c i l i t y in d e a l i n g w i t h i n t e g r a t i o n ' s k n o t t y p r o b l e m s , b u t t h e t o t a l c u r r i c u l u m of a c o l l e g e o r u n i v e r s i t y is a n u n s t a b l e f u l - c r u m a n d t h e l i b r a r i a n ' s k n o w l e d g e a n d s k i l l a n i m p e r f e c t l y w r o u g h t l e v e r . T h e t r u t h of t h i s is i m p l i e d in o n e l i b r a r i a n ' s c o n f e s s i o n t h a t : M a n y of u s w i l l f r e e l y a d m i t t h a t . . . t h e a r r a n g e m e n t of o u r c o l l e c t i o n s , t h e t y p e s of s e r v i c e s o f f e r e d , a n d t h e a t t i t u d e s a c t u a l l y e n - c o u n t e r e d by t h e s t u d e n t in t h e l i b r a r y a r e n o t e n t i r e l y in h a r m o n y w i t h t h e e d u c a t i o n a l p h i l o s o p h i e s , c u r r i c u l u m s , a n d e x p e r i m e n t s p r e s e n t in o u r r e s p e c t i v e i n s t i t u t i o n s . 8 T h e s i z e of t h e l i b r a r y p r o v i d e s o n e i n d e x t o p r o b a b l e success in t h e a r e a of i n t e g r a - t i o n . T h e l a r g e r a n d m o r e c o m p l e x t h e i n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o g r a m , the s m a l l e r a r e t h e l i b r a r i a n ' s c h a n c e s of a c h i e v i n g an e f f e c t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n of m a t e r i a l s . T h e c o l l e c t i o n s of u n i v e r s i t y l i b r a r i e s , f o r e x a m p l e , t e n d t o b e c o m e so t r e m e n d o u s t h a t b e y o n d a r e l a - 8 Jesse, W i l l i a m H., " T h e U n i v e r s i t y L i b r a r y and its S e r v i c e s to S t u d e n t s . " College and Research Libraries 7:302, October 1946. t i v e l y l i m i t e d p o i n t t h e l i b r a r i a n ' s f a c i l i t y in r e l a t i n g t h e m t o a n i n t r i c a t e c u r r i c u l a r d e s i g n d i m i n i s h e s r a p i d l y . N o t a l l t h e r e a s o n s f o r a g e n e r a l f a i l u r e in a c a d e m i c l i b r a r i e s t o a c h i e v e f u l l i n t e g r a - t i o n of p r i n t e d m a t e r i a l s a r e c l e a r , b u t s o m e a r e f a i r l y o b v i o u s . M u c h of w h a t l i b r a r i e s h a v e a c q u i r e d h a s r e m a i n e d u n u s e d ; t h e s a m e is t r u e of m a n y c u r r e n t p u r c h a s e s a n d g i f t s . L a r g e g r o u p s of b o o k s s u p e r s e d e d b y l a t e r a c q u i s i t i o n s a r e r e t a i n e d in t h e h o p e t h a t f u t u r e r e s e a r c h e r s m a y find t h e m use- f u l . A n e v i d e n c e of f a i l u r e t h u s b e c o m e s a n a d d e d i m p e d i m e n t t o s u c c e s s ; it is c l e a r t h a t i d l e m a s s e s of m a t e r i a l s b e c o m e " a l i a b i l i t y r a t h e r t h a n an asset . . . o b s c u r i n g t h e pres- e n c e of b o o k s w h i c h o u g h t to be r e a d . " 9 T h e s h e e r m a g n i t u d e of the w o r l d of p r i n t is in i t s e l f a n o t h e r o b s t a c l e , f o r it is i m p o s s i b l e to s e l e c t f r o m so g r e a t a m a s s o n l y t h o s e i t e m s w h i c h a r e r e l e v a n t t o a g i v e n i n s t i t u t i o n ' s o b j e c t i v e s . R e c e n t s u r - v e y s of u n i v e r s i t y l i b r a r i e s p o i n t s i g n i f i - c a n t l y t o d e f i c i e n c i e s in t h i s r e s p e c t . T h e q u e s t i o n of w h e t h e r t h e i n t e g r a t i o n of e d u c a t i o n a l films w i t h c u r r i c u l a r p r o - g r a m s c r e a t e s p r o b l e m s g r e a t e r t h a n t h o s e e n c o u n t e r e d in t h e m o r e f a m i l i a r a r e a s of p r i n t w i l l n o w be e x a m i n e d . Selection.—In c o n s i d e r i n g t h e first s t a g e of i n t e g r a t i o n , it is s u b m i t t e d t h a t t h e m o r e s e v e r e l y l i m i t e d t h e l i b r a r i a n ' s field of se- l e c t i o n , t h e m o r e s h a r p l y he w i l l be a b l e t o f o c u s his d e l i b e r a t i o n u p o n i t e m s c o n s i d e r e d f o r a c q u i s i t i o n . I t f o l l o w s t h a t s i n c e t h e n u m b e r of a v a i l a b l e films is p a l t r y beside t h e n u m b e r of a v a i l a b l e b o o k s , it m a y be possible t o m a k e a m o r e p u r p o s e f u l s e l e c t i o n of films t h a n of b o o k s . M o r e o v e r , b e c a u s e of t h e r e l a t i v e e x - p e n s i v e n e s s of films, it h a s b e c o m e c u s t o m a r y t o p r e v i e w t h e m b e f o r e p l a c i n g 9 Branscomb, H a r v i e , Teaching With Books: a Study of College Libraries. Chicago, Association of A m e r i c a n Colleges and T h e A m e r i c a n L i b r a r y Associa- tion, 1940, p. 167. 128 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES p u r c h a s e o r d e r s . T h i s p r a c t i c e a f f o r d s the l i b r a r i a n a n o p p o r t u n i t y to l e a r n j u s t w h a t a f i l m c o n t a i n s a n d t o d e t e r m i n e , in c o n - s u l t a t i o n w i t h f a c u l t y m e m b e r s , w h e t h e r i t r e l a t e s in a m e a n i n g f u l w a y to a n y f a c e t of t h e c u r r i c u l u m . T h e use of a n y c o m p a r a b l e p r o c e s s in c o n n e c t i o n w i t h p r i n t e d m a t e r i a l s is r a r e . I n d e e d , it is a c o m m o n p l a c e t o o b s e r v e t h a t in t h e press of a d m i n i s t r a t i v e a n d o t h e r d u t i e s l i b r a r i a n s b e c o m e f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e i n t e g r a t i o n a l p o s s i b i l i t i e s of o n l y a s m a l l p o r t i o n of t h e b o o k s t h e y a c q u i r e . Organization.—In t h e s e c o n d s t a g e of i n t e g r a t i o n , t h a t of o r g a n i z i n g m a t e r i a l s f o r e f f e c t i v e use, t h e l i b r a r i a n ' s base of o p e r a - t i o n s b e c o m e s s o m e w h a t less s t a b l e . T h e p r o b l e m s of so c o n s t r u c t i n g i n d e x e s t h a t p a t r o n s m a y e a s i l y f i n d w h a t t h e y w a n t , a n d of so a r r a n g i n g m a t e r i a l s t h a t t h e y a r e r e a l l y a c c e s s i b l e , h a v e l o n g o c c u p i e d t h e a t - t e n t i o n of a d m i n i s t r a t o r s a n d c a t a l o g e r s . B u t it is a p p a r e n t t h a t h e r e , t o o , n o i n f a l - l i b l e f o r m u l a s e x i s t . C a t a l o g i n g t e c h n i q u e s s u i t a b l e f o r b o o k m a t e r i a l s h a v e been c a r e f u l l y w o r k e d o u t , a n d a p p l i e d o r a d a p t e d in i n d i v i d u a l a c a - d e m i c l i b r a r i e s . I t h a s been f o u n d t h a t these t e c h n i q u e s c a n be r e a d i l y a d a p t e d f o r t h e i n d e x i n g of f i l m s . T h e q u e s t i o n of h o w best t o a r r a n g e f i l m s f o r a c c e s s i b i l i t y is n o t a t r o u b l e s o m e o n e as l o n g as c o l l e c t i o n s r e m a i n r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l . I f f i l m c o l l e c t i o n s a r e a l l o w e d t o g r o w as l a r g e as b o o k c o l l e c t i o n s , t h e p r o b - l e m m a y b e c o m e c o m p l e x , b u t t h e n a t u r e of f i l m s m a k e s it u n l i k e l y t h a t s u c h i n c r e a s e s w i l l o c c u r . F o r q u i t e a l o n g t i m e t h e n , t h e k e y t o t h e i r a c c e s s i b i l i t y w i l l p r o b a b l y be c a r e f u l s u b j e c t i n d e x i n g . T h e m o s t satis- f a c t o r y p h y s i c a l a r r a n g e m e n t of f i l m s is p r o b a b l y a s i m p l e a c c e s s i o n - n u m b e r s c h e m e . Promotion.—Integration's m o s t d i f f i c u l t p r o b l e m s o c c u r in t h e t h i r d s t a g e , w h e n the l i b r a r i a n a t t e m p t s t o p r o m o t e t h e use of l i b r a r y m a t e r i a l s o n t h e c a m p u s . I n g e n u i t y of t h e h i g h e s t o r d e r is d e m a n d e d if t h e l i b r a r y a d m i n i s t r a t o r a n d his s t a f f a r e t o o v e r c o m e t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s in t h i s s t a g e . T h e u s u a l p r o m o t i o n a l e f f o r t s i n v o l v i n g b r o w s i n g r o o m s , o p e n - s h e l f c o l l e c t i o n s , bib- l i o g r a p h i c a l a s s i s t a n c e , e x h i b i t s , e t c . , h a v e p r o v e d g e n e r a l l y i n a d e q u a t e t o t h e t a s k . P r o m i s e of a c l o s e r a p p r o a c h to t h e g o a l of f u l l i n t e g r a t i o n is g i v e n in t w o r e c e n t t r e n d s : ( i ) f u n c t i o n a l b u i l d i n g p l a n s , in w h i c h a t t e m p t s a r e m a d e t o b r i n g m a t e r i a l s a n d t h e i r u s e r s m o r e n e a r l y t o g e t h e r , a n d to c r e a t e a k i n d of l a b o r a t o r y s i t u a t i o n ; a n d ( 2 ) a b r o a d e r c o n c e p t i o n of t h e l i b r a r y ' s t e a c h i n g f u n c t i o n , u n d e r w h i c h " s c h o l a r s . . . i n t e r e s t e d in t h e t e c h n i q u e s of t e a c h - i n g " 1 0 w o u l d be a p p o i n t e d t o t h e l i b r a r y s t a f f . W h a t e v e r m e a n s a r e a d o p t e d , h o w e v e r , it s e e m s p r o b a b l e t h a t t h e p r o m o t i o n of a m e a n i n g f u l a n d p r o l i f i c use of f i l m s i n v o l v e s n o g r e a t e r d i f f i c u l t i e s t h a n t h o s e w h i c h a r i s e in h e l p i n g t o f o r w a r d a n e f f e c t i v e use of p r i n t e d m a t e r i a l s . L i b r a r i a n s w h o h a v e d e n i e d a d m i t t a n c e of f i l m s t o t h e i r s e r v i c e s c h e m e s , b e l i e v i n g a w o r k a b l e c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h i n s t i t u t i o n a l a i m s a n d w i t h o l d e r t o o l s of c o m m u n i c a t i o n t o be i m p o s s i b l e , h a v e f o r the m o s t p a r t a c t e d in g o o d f a i t h . S o m e , h o w e v e r , c o n s c i o u s of h a v i n g f a l l e n s h o r t of t h e i r i n t e g r a t i o n a l g o a l s , h a v e n o t c a r e d t o e m b r a c e w h a t s e e m s a n i m p e d i m e n t w h i c h m i g h t d e e p e n t h e i r sense of f a i l u r e . H o w e v e r m u c h o n e m a y be i n c l i n e d t o s y m p a t h i z e w i t h t h i s v i e w p o i n t , it s e e m s o b v i o u s t h a t l i b r a r i a n s h a v e an o b l i g a t i o n t o t a k e a l a r g e r v i e w in t h e m a t t e r . I f f i l m s a r e r e a l l y a p p r o p r i a t e l i b r a r y m a t e r i a l s , a n d if n e e d s f o r t h e m e x i s t o n t h e c a m p u s , t h e c h a l l e n g e s of f i l m - a n d - b o o k i n t e g r a t i o n m u s t be m e t w i t h a l l t h e r e s o u r c e s a n d s k i l l t h a t t h e l i b r a r i a n c a n b r i n g to b e a r . 1 0 L a n d , W i l l i a m G., " F u n c t i o n a l College L i b r a r y . " Journal of Higher Education 1 8 : 9 1 , F e b r u a r y 1947. APR1L, 1950 129 Budgets and Facilities T h e c o r e o f a n o t h e r m a j o r a r e a o f o p p o - s i t i o n t o e d u c a t i o n a l f i l m s is t h e c o n t e n t i o n t h a t l i m i t e d b u d g e t s a n d f a c i l i t i e s d o n o t p e r m i t t h e i r a d d i t i o n t o t h e s e r v i c e p a t t e r n s o f a c a d e m i c l i b r a r i e s . R e a l i s t i c c o n s i d e r a - t i o n s a r e i n v o l v e d h e r e w h i c h n o l i b r a r i a n c a n a f f o r d t o m i n i m i z e . A n i n f l e x i b l e p h y s i c a l p l a n t m a y e f f e c - t i v e l y b l o c k t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f l i b r a r y f i l m s e r v i c e . F e w l i b r a r y b u i l d i n g s , h o w e v e r , a r e so c o m p l e t e l y u n a m e n a b l e t o c h a n g e t h a t a r e s o u r c e f u l l i b r a r i a n w i l l be u n a b l e t o i m p r o v i s e q u a r t e r s f o r t h i s n e w s e r v i c e . I n its e m b r y o s t a g e s a f i l m s e r v i c e r e q u i r e s l i t t l e s p a c e , a n d t h e f a c i l i t i e s p r o v i d e d n e e d n o t be e l a b o r a t e . I f t h e d e m a n d f o r f i l m s e r v i c e i n c r e a s e s g r e a t l y , m o r e s p a c e w i l l p r o b a b l y be re- q u i r e d . S u c h a d e m a n d w i l l p r o v i d e a s i g - n i f i c a n t m e a s u r e c f j u s t i f i c a t i o n b o t h f o r t h e i n i t i a l s p a c e a l l o t t e d a n d f o r e x p a n d e d q u a r - t e r s , a n d a t t h e s a m e t i m e r e i n f o r c e t h e l i b r a r i a n ' s o r i g i n a l d e c i s i o n t o a d d f i l m s t o t h e s e r v i c e d e s i g n o f h i s l i b r a r y . I f n o s u c h d e m a n d a r i s e s , it w i l l be c l e a r t h a t t h e l i b r a r i a n h a s m i s j u d g e d c a m p u s n e e d s o r t h a t he a n d his s t a f f h a v e f a i l e d t o a p p l y p r o p e r s t i m u l u s in p r o m o t i n g film u s e . B u d g e t a r y l i m i t a t i o n s m a y a l s o c o n s t i t u t e a s e r i o u s o b s t a c l e t o s t a r t i n g film s e r v i c e in a c o l l e g e o r u n i v e r s i t y l i b r a r y . T h o s e w h o p l e a d t h e c a s e o f films in l i b r a r y s e r v i c e p a t - t e r n s r e a d i l y a d m i t t h a t t h e i r i n t r o d u c t i o n c a l l s f o r i n c r e a s e d b u d g e t s . F i l m p r i n t s a r e s t i l l r e l a t i v e l y e x p e n s i v e , a n d t h e n e c e s s a r y e q u i p m e n t f o r s t o r a g e a n d i n s p e c t i o n is c o s t l y . A l i b r a r y b u d g e t is n o t , h o w e v e r , m e r e l y a n a p p r o p r i a t e d s u m o f m o n e y w h i c h t h e l i b r a r i a n p a r c e l s o u t f o r v a r i o u s t y p e s o f e x p e n d i t u r e s . I t is, o r s h o u l d be, a c a r e - f u l l y f o r m u l a t e d p l a n o f s e r v i c e e x p r e s s e d in t e r m s o f w h a t t h a t s e r v i c e w i l l c o s t . B u d g e t r e q u e s t s b a s e d u p o n s o m e m y t h i c a l " r i g h t " o f t h e l i b r a r y t o a s t i p u l a t e d p e r - c e n t a g e o f t h e t o t a l i n s t i t u t i o n a l b u d g e t , o r u p o n s o m e a r b i t r a r y per capita r a t e , a r e e n - t i r e l y u n r e a l i s t i c , a n d s h o u l d be r e p l a c e d by p a i n s t a k i n g l y p r o j e c t e d figures b a s e d u p o n a s c e r t a i n a b l e c o s t s o f c o n t e m p l a t e d s e r v i c e I f t h e l i b r a r i a n a c t s u p o n t h i s b u d g e t a r y p h i l o s o p h y , t h e w e a v i n g o f e d u c a t i o n a l films i n t o h i s s e r v i c e p a t t e r n w i l l d e p e n d l a r g e l y u p o n t h e q u a l i t y o f a r g u m e n t s he s u b m i t s t o a d m i n i s t r a t i v e o f f i c i a l s in j u s t i - f y i n g t h e n e w s e r v i c e . Summary: Opportunity or Responsibility? A l t h o u g h k e e n l y a w a r e of t h e i r r e s p o n s i - b i l i t y f o r p r o v i d i n g m a t e r i a l s n e e d e d f o r i n - s t r u c t i o n a n d r e s e a r c h , a c a d e m i c l i b r a r i a n s d o n o t a l w a y s a g r e e as t o w h a t m a t e r i a l s a r e e n t i r e l y a p p r o p r i a t e in t h e i r s p h e r e o f s e r v - ice. I t is d o u b t f u l t h a t v e r y m a n y s e r i o u s l y b e l i e v e t h e i r p r o v i n c e c o n f i n e d t o p r i n t , b u t f e w h a v e w i d e n e d t h e s e r v i c e b a s e s o f t h e i r l i b r a r i e s t o i n c l u d e films a n d o t h e r n o n b o o k m a t e r i a l s . T h e e d u c a t i o n a l film is c l e a r l y a l l i e d b o t h in f u n c t i o n a n d s u b s t a n c e t o t h o s e o l d e r m e d i a o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n w h i c h h a v e g a i n e d u n i v e r s a l s a n c t i o n as l i b r a r y m a - t e r i a l s . A s a n i n s t r u m e n t p o s s e s s i n g u n i q u e v i r t u e s in d i s s e m i n a t i n g f a c t s a n d i d e a s , t h e film's a l r e a d y s u b s t a n t i a l r o l e s e e m s des- t i n e d t o i n c r e a s e in s c o p e a n d i m p o r t a n c e . I t is p r o b a b l e t h a t i t s i n t e g r a t i o n w i t h m a n y - f a c e t e d c u r r i c u l a c a n be a c c o m p l i s h e d w i t h n o m o r e d i f f i c u l t y t h a n t h a t o f o t h e r i n s t r u c t i o n a l a n d r e s e a r c h m a t e r i a l s . T h e a d v i s a b i l i t y o f i n c l u d i n g films in a n a c a d e m i c l i b r a r y w o u l d s e e m t h e r e f o r e t o r e s t u p o n d i s c e r n i b l e r e a l i t i e s w h i c h e x i s t w i t h i n t h e s e r v i c e a r e a o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l l i b r a r y . O n c e c o n v i n c e d t h a t films a r e a p p r o p r i a t e m a t e r i a l s , t h e l i b r a r i a n w h o r e c - o g n i z e s f a c u l t y a n d s t u d e n t n e e d s f o r films is in a s t r o n g p o s i t i o n t o a s k h i s a d m i n i s t r a - (Continued on page 150) 130 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Revision of the "Shaw List" L a s t s u m m e r t h e w r i t e r w a s asked by W y m a n P a r k e r , c h a i r m a n of t h e A . C . R . L . C o l l e g e L i b r a r i e s Section, to h e a d a c o m m i t t e e to s t u d y t h e need f o r r e v i s i n g t h e List of Books for College Libraries ( " S h a w L i s t " ) and to e x p l o r e w a y s and m e a n s f o r such revision. A l l l i b r a r i a n s a r e e a r n e s t l y asked to e x p r e s s t h e i r views to t h e c o m m i t t e e . N o q u e s t i o n - n a i r e w i l l be s e n t as it is f e l t t h a t t h e v o l u n - t a r y r e s p o n s e to this a p p e a l w i l l be a m o r e valid m e a s u r e of i n t e r e s t in t h e p r o j e c t . T h e " S h a w L i s t , " so-called b e c a u s e it w a s compiled and edited by C h a r l e s B. S h a w , w a s published in 1931 by A . L . A . P u b l i c a t i o n w a s m a d e possible t h r o u g h a g r a n t f r o m t h e C a r - negie C o r p o r a t i o n of N e w Y o r k . A t t h a t t i m e t h e C o r p o r a t i o n w a s e n g a g e d in m a k i n g a l a r g e scale d i s t r i b u t i o n of f u n d s to aid in t h e d e v e l o p m e n t and s t r e n g t h e n i n g of college book r e s o u r c e s . B e c a u s e t h e r e w a s no r e l i a b l e s t a n d - a r d f o r e v a l u a t i n g college book holdings f o r g u i d a n c e in m a k i n g g r a n t s , t h e C o r p o r a t i o n n a m e d an a d v i s o r y g r o u p , h e a d e d by W i l l i a m W a r n e r Bishop, to p r e p a r e a list t h a t w o u l d serve as a s t a n d a r d . T h e list w a s p r e p a r e d f o r t h e g r o u p by M r . S h a w . T h e " S h a w L i s t " served its i m m e d i a t e p u r - pose so a d m i r a b l y t h a t , in t h e t w o decades f o l l o w i n g its p u b l i c a t i o n , it b e c a m e g e n e r a l l y accepted as a basic and vital tool f o r m e a s u r - ing t h e q u a l i t y of college l i b r a r y book collec- tions and as a b u y i n g g u i d e f o r b u i l d i n g u p w e a k collections. T h e o r i g i n a l list n u m b e r e d a b o u t 14,000 t i t l e s and a s u p p l e m e n t , a p p e a r - ing in 1938, a d d e d n e a r l y 8,000 titles. A p - p r o p r i a t e n e s s a n d u s e f u l n e s s f o r u n d e r g r a d u - a t e s t u d e n t r e f e r e n c e and s t u d y w e r e t h e principal c r i t e r i a f o r selection and t h e final list r e p r e s e n t e d t h e combined j u d g m e n t of a c o n s i d e r a b l e n u m b e r of d i s t i n g u i s h e d s c h o l a r s , e d u c a t o r s and l i b r a r i a n s . I t h a s become i n c r e a s i n g l y e v i d e n t t h a t t h e " S h a w L i s t " is g r o w i n g obsolete as an e v a l u a t - ing s t a n d a r d a n d b u y i n g g u i d e . If c o n t i n u e d to be used f o r t h e s e p u r p o s e s it m u s t be b r o u g h t u p - t o - d a t e a n d a p e r m a n e n t policy f o r revision e s t a b l i s h e d ; hence, t h e a p p o i n t m e n t of t h e " S h a w L i s t " Revision C o m m i t t e e . S e r v i n g w i t h t h e w r i t e r on this c o m m i t t e e a r e J a n e t A g n e w , H e r b e r t A n s t a e t t and E l k a n B u c h a l - t e r . T h e s e P e n n s y l v a n i a l i b r a r i a n s w e r e chosen b e c a u s e of t h e i r n e a r n e s s to S w a r t h - m o r e C o l l e g e , w h e r e t h e o r i g i n a l list w a s b o r n , and because t h e i r g e o g r a p h i c p r o x i m i t y m a k e s c o m m i t t e e m e e t i n g s easy. T h e U . S . Office of E d u c a t i o n r e p o r t s t h a t t h e r e a r e m o r e t h a n 1800 s m a l l colleges in this c o u n t r y . I t is to these s m a l l colleges t h a t such a list is likely to p r o v e m o s t u s e f u l . T h e c o m m i t t e e ' s f i r s t t a s k , t h e n , is t o find o u t w h e t h e r t h e l i b r a r i a n s of t h e s e 1800 colleges do a c t u a l l y w a n t such a list. If so, do they w a n t a c o m p l e t e l y n e w " S h a w L i s t , " a s u p - p l e m e n t to the p r e s e n t list, o r , p e r h a p s , a q u i t e d i f f e r e n t kind of l i s t ? F o r e x a m p l e , t h e n e w list, if needed, m i g h t be on t h e o r d e r of the H . W . W i l s o n C o m p a n y ' s Standard Catalogs w i t h m o n t h l y and a n n u a l c u m u l a t i v e s u p p l e - m e n t s ; it m i g h t be m e r e l y a checklist of t h e principal r e f e r e n c e books and periodicals, like t h a t published by t h e S o u t h e r n A s s o c i a t i o n of C o l l e g e s a n d S e c o n d a r y S c h o o l s ; o r it m i g h t be c o m p l e t e l y revised every f o u r or five y e a r s and s u p p l e m e n t e d by an A . C . R . L . m o n t h l y r e - v i e w p u b l i c a t i o n on t h e o r d e r of The Booklist. W h e n t h e g e n e r a l s e n t i m e n t w i t h respect t o these p r o b l e m s h a s been d e t e r m i n e d , t h e c o m - m i t t e e will, if necessary, e x p l o r e w a y s and m e a n s f o r f i n a n c i n g p u b l i c a t i o n of t h e list, m a k e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s f o r revision p r o c e - d u r e s , and f u r n i s h a list of c a n d i d a t e s f o r t h e t a s k of d i r e c t i n g a n d e d i t i n g t h e a c t u a l w o r k of revision. L e t us h a v e y o u r opinions and y o u r ideas, h o w e v e r c o n s e r v a t i v e , r e a c t i o n a r y , r a d i c a l , r e v o l u t i o n a r y o r impossible they m a y s e e m . — Lee C. Brown, Pennsylvania Military College Library, Chester. Films in the Academic Library (Continued from page 130) tive superiors f o r increased f u n d s and to demic c o m m u n i t y is well established. If a buttress his request w i t h sound a r g u m e n t s . good, separate agency has already been estab- C e n t r a l i z a t i o n as a basic principle in the lished, the l i b r a r i a n should probably do no h a n d l i n g of e d u c a t i o n a l f i l m s in t h e a c a - (Continued on page 166) 150 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Appointments D o r o t h y L a r s e n , f o r m e r l y on t h e staff of t h e T e a c h e r s C o l l e g e L i b r a r y a t C o l u m b i a U n i v e r s i t y , is n o w L i b r a r i a n of W e s t m a r C o l l e g e , L e M a r s , I o w a . H e n r y C . H a s t i n g s l e f t t h e l i b r a r y of B r o w n U n i v e r s i t y t o accept a p p o i n t m e n t as r e f e r e n c e l i b r a r i a n of K e n y o n C o l l e g e , G a m - bier, O h i o . H o w a r d W . W i l l i a m s is h e a d of t h e C i r c u - l a t i o n D e p a r t m e n t a t S w a r t h m o r e C o l l e g e L i b r a r y . H e w a s f o r m e r l y on t h e l i b r a r y staff of T e a c h e r s C o l l e g e , C o l u m b i a U n i v e r s i t y . F o r r e s t F . C a r h a r t , J r . , w a s a p p o i n t e d a s - s i s t a n t d i r e c t o r of l i b r a r i e s a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y of D e n v e r . P r i o r t o c o m i n g t o D e n v e r , h e w a s l o a n l i b r a r i a n a t I o w a S t a t e C o l l e g e L i b r a r y . M r s . M i g n o n E . E l i o t w a s a p p o i n t e d li- b r a r i a n in c h a r g e of t h e r e s e r v e r o o m a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y of D e n v e r . M r s . E l i o t w a s m o s t r e c e n t l y l i b r a r i a n a t M i s s H u t c h i n s o n ' s School, M e m p h i s , T e n n . C a r l y l e S t i c k l e r h a s accepted a position as d o c u m e n t s l i b r a r i a n a t S t a n f o r d U n i v e r s i t y . L a V e l l e C o x is s u p e r v i s o r of t h e P e r i o d i c a l s Section a t t h e P r i n c e t o n U n i v e r s i t y L i b r a r y . Retirement E d i t h M . C o u l t e r r e t i r e d a f t e r 42 y e a r s of service in u n i v e r s i t y l i b r a r i e s . F r o m 1907 t o 1911 she w a s in t h e R e f e r e n c e D e p a r t m e n t a t S t a n f o r d . A f t e r t h a t t i m e she w a s in t h e U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a L i b r a r y a t B e r k e l e y , f i r s t in t h e R e f e r e n c e D e p a r t m e n t , a n d t h e n as a m e m b e r of t h e f a c u l t y of t h e School of L i b r a r i a n s h i p . Necrology B e a t r i c e B a r k e r , f o r 30 y e a r s h e a d c a t a - l o g e r in t h e U n i v e r s i t y of O r e g o n L i b r a r y , died in 1949. R o b e r t J . C o n k l i n , l i b r a r i a n a n d p r o f e s s o r of E n g l i s h a t Springfield C o l l e g e , S p r i n g f i e l d , M a s s . , died on o r a b o u t D e c . 25, 1949, in t r a g i c c i r c u m s t a n c e s . L e d by his i n t e r e s t in p r o b l e m s of social a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n d e r - s t a n d i n g , h e h a d accepted a F u l b r i g h t g r a n t to t e a c h f o r a y e a r in t h e U n i v e r s i t y of t h e Philippines, w h e r e he h a d p r e v i o u s l y s e r v e d as h e a d of t h e E n g l i s h D e p a r t m e n t . D u r i n g t h e C h r i s t m a s v a c a t i o n , h e and his c o m p a n i o n , a g e o g r a p h e r f r o m t h e u n i v e r s i t y s t a f f , w h i l e e n g a g e d in a scientific e x p e d i t i o n i n t o t h e l i t t l e - k n o w n , m o u n t a i n o u s region of n o r t h e r n L u z o n , w e r e killed by b a n d i t s . P r i o r t o his a p p o i n t m e n t t o t h e staff of S p r i n g f i e l d C o l - lege in 1936, h e h a d t a u g h t E n g l i s h a t P e n n S t a t e , P u r d u e , a n d M u h l e n b e r g C o l l e g e . Recent Personnel Changes in Foreign Libraries B e r n a r d K e t t l e , f o r m e r l y d i r e c t o r of t h e G u i l d h a l l L i b r a r y , L o n d o n , died A u g . 9, 1949. D r . H a n s H a n s e l w a s a p p o i n t e d p r o v i s i o n a l d i r e c t o r of t h e F u l d a L a n d e s b i b l i o t h e k on A u g . 1, 1949. D r . S i m o n H o p f l , d i r e c t o r of t h e B i b l i o t h e k d e r T e c h n i s c h e n H o c h s c h u l e in M u n i c h , died on O c t . 18, 1949.—Lawrence S. Thompson. Films in the Academic Library (Continued, from page 150) m o r e t h a n t o e f f e c t a c o r r e l a t i o n of t h e li- b r a r y ' s a c t i v i t i e s w i t h t h o s e of t h e f i l m c e n t e r . I f , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e d e p a r t m e n t s of t h e i n s t i t u t i o n a r e a t t e m p t i n g t o m e e t t h e i r film n e e d s w i t h i n a d e q u a t e r e s o u r c e s , w i t h - o u t a n y p l a n f o r c o o r d i n a t i n g m a t e r i a l s a n d e q u i p m e n t , t h e n e e d f o r c o n s t r u c t i v e a c t i o n is m a n i f e s t . T h e l i b r a r i a n m a y t h e n j u s t i - f i a b l y b e l i e v e t h a t h e h a s n o t o n l y a n o p p o r - t u n i t y b u t a g e n u i n e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r s e c u r - i n g n e c e s s a r y f u n d s f o r a c e n t r a l i z e d f i l m s e r v i c e w h i c h w i l l a d e q u a t e l y m e e t t h e n e e d s of t h e c o m m u n i t y . 166 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES