College and Research Libraries By M A U R I C E F . T A U B E R Investigations and Research Projects in the Field of College Libraries1 WE LIKE to think that research into problems of librarianship is both a scholarly and practical pursuit. By objective analysis of our problems w e anticipate the skeletonizing or isolation of principles in- volved in librarianship and, perhaps, although it does not always happen, w e apply the prin- ciples immediately to practical situations. A b o u t 20 years ago, when the G r a d u a t e L i - brary School w a s just starting, there w e r e some librarians w h o w e r e skeptical of the value of research, especially the formalized research as carried on in an academic atmos- phere. T h e r e are still some librarians w h o see little or no value in research, especially since they have not, as a^pesult of research, been able to reduce library service costs, to in- crease efficiency, or to raise the reading level of their patrons. T h e critics have been ap- prehensive, and with some justification, that students would fail to do more than collect facts. T h e proponents of systematic research, whether in the library school or in some other academic department, have recognized this danger. T h e y have also insisted that one of the real contributions of library research is to encourage and develop critical thinking about our problems. H a v e w e been doing this? W h a t are w e learning about college library problems? W h a t ways and means are being determined for the improvement of pro- cedures leading to a more effective meeting of the demands upon the college library? It is the purpose of this paper to review w h a t stu- dents and others have been doing in the w a y of studying problems which are of both scholarly and practical concern. W e can arbitrarily divide the research being done on a functional basis, and consider such problems as those related to organization and administration, personnel, finance, etc. O r , w e can consider studies from a methodological base, such as historical, experimental, or prog- 1 P a p e r p r e s e n t e d at the meeting: of t h e College L i b r a r i e s Section, A . C . R . L . , Chicago, J a n . 27, 1950. nostic. F o r the purposes of this discussion it would seem that the functional approach would be more meaningful. T h e effort will be made, then, to show w h a t research has been going on in the following areas of li- brarianship: foundations and historical back- grounds; general administrative problems; public relations and extension service; per- sonnel; finance; relations of faculty and cur- riculum; selection and acquisition of printed materials; problems of nonprint materials; cataloging and classification; binding and con- servation; circulation work, including inter- library loans; reference and bibliography; instruction in the use of the l i b r a r y ; evalua- tion of collections and services; buildings and equipment; cooperation; and reading prob- lems. Since College and Research Libraries has just celebrated its tenth anniversary, it seems fitting to limit studies to the past 10 years. It was not possible to examine every unpublished study, of course, so that some studies are merely mentioned to indicate the direction of investigation. M a n y of the pub- lished studies have been examined. A n effort has been made to include those studies which have made a contribution to our knowledge of college librarianship, but there is no claim that all such studies have been noted. Sources include the C o l e list in the Library Quarterly, the Charles' annotated list of Chicago studies, the current "Research in Progress in L i b r a r i - anship," issued by Sarah R . Reed of the G r a d u a t e L i b r a r y School, and Library Litera- ture. Foundations and Historical Backgrounds Just as members of staffs of other social in- stitutions have been interested in the begin- nings of their enterprises, so have librarians. Several studies which may be classified as his- torical have been made during the past f e w years. Some have been concerned with li- braries of particular states, while others are studies of specific institutions. Ruth E . Bo- 3-2 I g a r t , f o r e x a m p l e , s t u d i e d " C o l l e g e L i b r a r y D e v e l o p m e n t s in N e w Y o r k S t a t e d u r i n g t h e N i n e t e e n t h C e n t u r y , " 2 w h i l e N . O . R u s h w a s c o n c e r n e d w i t h c o l l e g e l i b r a r i e s in M a i n e . 3 F r a n c e s L . S p a i n , in h e r s t u d y of " L i b r a r i e s o f S o u t h C a r o l i n a , " 4 i n c l u d e d m a t e r i a l r e l a t - i n g t o c o l l e g e a n d u n i v e r s i t y l i b r a r i e s . A m o n g t h e s p e c i f i c s t u d i e s a r e t h o s e b y S t a n l e y ( E a r l h a m C o l l e g e ) , 5 K n i g h t e n ( S o u t h w e s t e r n L o u i s i a n a I n s t i t u t e ) , 6 K r u e g e r ( C a r r o l l C o l - l e g e ) , 7 I r w i n ( I o w a W e s l e y a n ) , 8 a n d E n g l e y ( A m h e r s t ) . 9 I t m i g h t b e s a i d t h a t h i s t o r i c a l s t u d i e s , e v e n w i t h t h e e a r l i e r o n e s b y S h o r e s , 1 0 S t o r i e , 1 1 S a t t e r f i e l d , 1 2 D u n c a n 1 3 a n d A t k i n s 1 4 a r e r e l a t i v e l y f e w . I n d e e d , it m i g h t be s a i d t h a t t h e s t o r y of c o l l e g e l i b r a r i a n s h i p in A m e r i c a s t i l l n e e d s t o b e t o l d . A m o n g c u r - r e n t s t u d i e s is t h e o n e by T . S . H a r d i n g , w h o is s t u d y i n g " C o l l e g e L i b r a r y S o c i e t i e s of t h e N i n e t e e n t h C e n t u r y : T h e i r C o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e D e v e l o p m e n t o f A c a d e m i c L i b r a r i e s " ( C h i c a g o ) . O f w h a t v a l u e a r e s u c h s t u d i e s , in a d d i t i o n t o g i v i n g s t u d e n t s a n e x e r c i s e in w r i t i n g a b o u t a r e l e v a n t h i s t o r i c a l s u b j e c t ? E x p e r i e n c e of s u r v e y o r s of l i b r a r i e s h a s g e n e r a l l y p r o v e d it n e c e s s a r y t o d e l v e i n t o t h e h i s t o r y of t h e i n - s t i t u t i o n a n d i t s l i b r a r y in o r d e r t o e x p l a i n c u r r e n t s i t u a t i o n s . T h e h i s t o r i c a l s e c t i o n s of t h e s u r v e y s of S o u t h C a r o l i n a , C o r n e l l , V . P . I . , A . P . I . , F l o r i d a , G e o r g i a a n d o t h e r l i - b r a r i e s c l e a r l y s h o w t h e f a c t o r s w h i c h h a v e r e s u l t e d in d i f f i c u l t l i b r a r y s i t u a t i o n s . A s y s - t e m a t i c h i s t o r i c a l s t u d y o f a l i b r a r y , t h e r e f o r e , h a s n o t o n l y s c h o l a r l y v a l u e in p i n n i n g d o w n t h e 2 M. S., Columbia, 1948. 3 " A History of College Libaries in M a i n e . " M.S., Columbia, 1945. 4 P h . D . , Chicago, 1944. 5 Stanley, Ellen M. " T h e H i s t o r y of the Earl- ham College L i b r a r y . " M.A., Illinois, 1947. 6 Knighten, Loma. " H i s t o r y of the Southwestern Louisiana Institute Library, 1900-1948." M.S., Co- lumbia, 1950. 7 K r u e g e r , H a n n a h . " H i s t o r y of Carroll College L i b r a r y . " M.A., Chicago, 1943. 8 I r w i n , Maurine. " H i s t o r y of Iowa Wesleyan Uni- versity L i b r a r y . " M.A., California, 1941. 9Engley, Donald. " T h e Emergence of the A m h e r s t College Library, 1821-1911." M.A., Chicago, 1947. 10 Shores, Louis. Origins of the American College Library, 1638-1800. Nashville, George Peabody Col- lege, 1934. 11 Storie, C. P . " W h a t Contributions Did the American College Society Make to the College Li- b r a r y ? " M.S., Columbia, 1938. 12 Satterfield, V . " T h e History of College Libraries in Georgia as Interpreted f r o m the Study of Seven Selected L i b r a r i e s , " M.S., Columbia, 1936. 13 Duncan, R. B. " A H i s t o r y of George Peabody College Library, 1785-1910." M.A., George Peabody College, 1940. 14 Atkins, Eliza. " A History of Fisk University L i b r a r y and I t s S t a n d i n g in Relation to Other Com- parable I n s t i t u t i o n s . " M.A., California, 1930. f a c t s r e g a r d i n g a p a r t i c u l a r i n s t i t u t i o n , b u t it a d d s t o t h e t o t a l p i c t u r e of c o l l e g e l i b r a r y d e - v e l o p m e n t in A m e r i c a . M o r e s t u d i e s of t h i s k i n d n e e d to be e n c o u r a g e d , a l t h o u g h it is a d - m i t t e d t h a t u n l e s s t h e y a r e in s u r v e y c a t e g o r y , a n d c o n s i d e r c u r r e n t q u e s t i o n s , t h e y a r e l i k e l y t o h a v e l i t t l e d i r e c t a p p l i c a t i o n t o i m m e d i a t e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e p r o b l e m s . General Administrative Problems I n The University Library, t h e s t a t e m e n t is m a d e t h a t " T h e c o n t r o v e r s i e s w h i c h c e n t e r a b o u t c e r t a i n t y p e s of a d m i n i s t r a t i v e o r g a n i z a - t i o n o f l i b r a r i e s w i l l n o t b e s e t t l e d u n t i l s y s - t e m a t i c s t u d y is m a d e of t h e e f f i c i e n c y of e x i s t i n g p a t t e r n s . " 1 5 T h e r e h a s a p p a r e n t l y b e e n v e r y l i t t l e s y s t e m a t i c s t u d y of o v e r - a l l p r o b l e m s of o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . G u y R . L y l e ' s b o o k o n The Administration of the College Library,16 n o w in i t s s e c o n d e d i - t i o n , h a s b e e n a u s e f u l c o n t r i b u t i o n in s u m - m a r i z i n g a n d e v a l u a t i n g d a t a a s w e l l a s in p r o v i d i n g s o m e n e w i n f o r m a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g t h e m a n a g e m e n t of t h e c o l l e g e l i b r a r y . I n - t e n s i v e s t u d i e s of s p e c i a l p r o b l e m s of o r g a n - i z a t i o n a n d a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , h o w e v e r , a r e l i m i t e d t o s u c h i n v e s t i g a t i o n s a s F e l i x R e i c h - m a n n ' s " T h e L o c a t i o n of B o o k s o n t h e C o l - l e g e C a m p u s , " 1 7 E l i z a b e t h F . K i e n t z l e ' s " S t u d y of A d m i n i s t r a t o r a n d L i b r a r y C o m - m i t t e e R e l a t i o n s h i p s in C o l l e g e a n d U n i v e r - s i t y L i b r a r i e s , " 1 8 T a i s t o N i e m i ' s " P r o b l e m s a n d C o n s i d e r a t i o n s C o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e I n c e p - t i o n o f a S c i e n c e D e p a r t m e n t a l L i b r a r y a t W e s t e r n M i c h i g a n C o l l e g e o f E d u c a t i o n , " 1 9 a n d E l i O b o l e r ' s " T h e P r o c e s s C h a r t a s a M a n a g e m e n t D e v i c e f o r C o l l e g e a n d U n i v e r - s i t y L i b r a r i e s : w i t h S p e c i a l R e f e r e n c e t o C i r - c u l a t i o n R o u t i n e s . " 2 0 A n u m b e r of c o l l e g e l i b r a r i a n s h a v e f o l - l o w e d t h e p a t t e r n w h i c h is b e i n g e s t a b l i s h e d in u n i v e r s i t y a n d l a r g e p u b l i c l i b r a r i e s in d i - v i d i n g t h e i r o r g a n i z a t i o n s i n t o r e a d e r s ' a n d t e c h n i c a l s e r v i c e s d i v i s i o n s . J o s e p h L . C o h e n ' s s t u d y of " T h e T e c h n i c a l S e r v i c e s D i v i s i o n in L i b r a r i e s " 2 1 h a s a l r e a d y r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e r e a r e m a n y u n r e s o l v e d p r o b l e m s in t h i s t y p e o f l i b r a r y o r g a n i z a t i o n . 15 Wilson, L. R., and Tauber, M. F. The University Library. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1945, p. 3 3 7 . 16 New York, H . W . Wilson, 1949. 17 M.A., Chicago, 1942. 18 M.A., Denver, 1948. 19 M.A., Denver, 1948. 20 M. A., Chicago, 1949. 21 I n process, Columbia. 322 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Public Relations and Extension Service Although college librarians are concerned with the problems of public relations, few studies in this area have been carried on in- tensively. T h e survey made by Barcus in 194622 included many of the aspects of a public relations program. A recent study by W i l l i a m s w a s concerned with " C o l l e g e L i - brary Publications as M e d i a for Public Rela- tions."2 3 Agnes Reagan made a detailed study of the incidence and problems of college li- brary exhibits.24 W h i l e university libraries and land-grant college libraries have been in- cluded in a f e w studies relating to extension w o r k (e.g., H . E. Helmrich, "Relationship of State Universities and L a n d - G r a n t Colleges in the Pacific N o r t h w e s t to State-Wide Library Service," M . S . , Columbia, 1939; M i l d r e d H . L o w e l l , College and University Library Con- solidations, Eugene, O r e g o n State System of Higher Education, 1942; and J. G . Hodgson, " R u r a l Reading M a t t e r as Provided by L a n d - G r a n t Colleges and Libraries," P h . D . , Chi- cago, 1946) there have been no systematic investigations of the service in the liberal arts college library as a separate entity. A f e w reading studies, commented upon in a later section, include w o r k with alumni. Personnel Studies of personnel problems include in- vestigations of the w o r k of student assistants,25 the activities of librarians in Mississippi,26 the reading of librarians,2 7 staffs in N e g r o col- leges,28 academic status of N e g r o college li- brarians,2 9 retirement plans,30 w o r k e r morale 22 B a r c u s , T . R. " I n c i d e n t a l Duties of the College L i b r a r i a n , " College and Research Libraries, 7:14-23, J a n u a r y 1946. 23 Williams, D a g n y H . "College L i b r a r y Publica- tions as Media for Public Relations." M . A . , Denver, 1948. 24 R e a g a n , A g n e s . "College L i b r a r y E x h i b i t s : A n Investigation and R e p o r t , " College and Research Li- braries, 5:246-58, J u n e 1944. 25 Oberheim, G r a c e M . " P r e d i c t i n g Success of S t u d e n t A s s i s t a n t s in College L i b r a r y W o r k . " M . S . , Columbia, 1941. Also Brown, H e l e n M., "Conditions C o n t r i b u t i n g to the Efficient Service of S t u d e n t As- sistants in a Selected G r o u p of College L i b r a r i e s . " 26 H a r k i n s , A n n a E . " T h e Activities of L i b r a r i a n s in the U n i v e r s i t i e s and Senior Colleges of the S t a t e of M i s s i s s i p p i / ' M . S . , Columbia, 1943. 27 Hotaling, Donald O. " R e a d i n g P a t t e r n s of Col- lege and U n i v e r s i t y L i b r a r i a n s . " M . S . , Columbia, 1948. 28 H u t t o n , Leonelle M . " L i b r a r y Personnel in N e g r o Colleges." M . A . , Chicago, 1948. 29_Copeland, Emily A . " A c a d e m i c S t a t u s of Li- b r a r i a n s in I n s t i t u t i o n s of H i g h e r E d u c a t i o n for N e g r o e s . " M . S . , Columbia, 1948. 80 Stieg, Lewis F . " R e t i r e m e n t P l a n s for College and U n i v e r s i t y L i b r a r i a n s , " College and Research Li- braries, 11:10-16, J a n u a r y 1950. OCTOBER., 1950 among college catalogers,3 1 and faculty rank of college and university librarians.3 2 T h e last mentioned study, by Frank A . Lundy, is a detailed study of present practice in 35 col- lege and university libraries. In addition to presenting new material gathered through correspondence, it is also a summary of a number of studies of personnel made in in- dividual institutions. Undoubtedly, the Bryan study of public librarians (a report of the Public L i b r a r y Inquiry) w i l l contain sugges- tions which w i l l be applicable to academic librarians. Finance Investigations of problems in financing of the college library have dealt with compara- tive statistics,33 administration of book funds,3 4 budgets of N e g r o college libraries,3 5 and records.36 T h e effort to develop stand- ards of library support, based on certain criteria, continues although libraries are having a more difficult time with appropriat- ing bodies.37 Several of the university and land-grant college library surveys contain ma- terial on financial problems which should be useful to college librarians. O n the whole, however, it might be said that research into problems of finance has been relatively meager. Knapp's study38 of costs in a preparation de- partment of a college library is an example of the type of project that other individual li- 31 H e r r i c k , M a r y D. " S t a t u s of W o r k e r Morale a m o n g College Catalogers," College and Research Libraries, 11:33-39, J a n u a r y 1950. 32 " F a c u l t y R a n k of P r o f e s s i o n a l L i b r a r i a n s . " M . L . S . , California, 1948. See also G e l f a n d , M o r r i s A. ' T h e College L i b r a r i a n in the Academic C o m m u n i t y , " Col- lege and Research Libraries, 10:129-34, April 1949. 33 S t r a u s s , Lovell H . " T h e Liberal A r t s College L i b r a r y , 1929-1940; A Comparative I n t e r p r e t a t i o n of F i n a n c i a l Statistics of Sixty-Eight Representative and T w e n t y Selected Liberal A r t s College L i b r a r i e s . " M . A . , Chicago, 1942'. 34 Muller, H a n s . " T h e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n of Book F u n d s in College L i b r a r i e s . " M . A . , Chicago, 1941. See also Ellsworth, R. E . " S u r v e y of C u r r e n t Prac- tices in Colleges a n d U n i v e r s i t i e s with Respect to M a n a g e m e n t of Book F u n d s , " College and Research Libraries, 3:252-54, J u n e 1942. 33 P e t e r s , W i l k S. " L i b r a r y B u d g e t s in Negro Colleges." M . S . , Columbia, 1941. 36 T r e n t , Robert M . " F i n a n c i a l Records of College L i b r a r i e s . " M . S . , Columbia, 1939. (Although dated 1939, t h i s is one of the i m p o r t a n t s t u d i e s of financial problems of college libraries.) 37 A . L . A . Board on Salaries, Staff and T e n u r e . Subcommittee on Budgets, Compensation and Schemes of Service. Classification and Pay Plans for Institu- tions of Higher Education, 2nd ed., vol. I I , "Degree- c o n f e r r i n g F o u r Y e a r I n s t i t u t i o n s . " Chicago, A . L . A . , 1947. See also Carlson, W i l l i a m H . , c h a i r m a n . College and University Libraries and Librarianship; An Examination of Their Present Status and Some Proposals for Their Future. Chicago, A . L . A . , 1946. 38 Knapp, P a t r i c i a B. " A Cost S t u d y of the Prep- aration D e p a r t m e n t of a Small College L i b r a r y , " Library Quarterly, 13:335-37, October 1943. 323 braries probably have carried on in order to justify expenditures. Relations of Faculty and Curriculum E f f o r t s on the part of students to study the library's relations to the educational program have also been f e w , despite the importance of the problem. Hagan, for example, studied the " L i b r a r i e s of Six Liberal A r t s Colleges O p e r - ating under Progressive Education P r o - grams," 3 9 while Coleman w a s concerned with "Changes Needed in the Library of a Small L i b e r a l A r t s College to M e e t the Needs of the N e w C u r r i c u l u m . " 4 0 W r a y approached the problem from the standpoint of holdings.41 Sister Rose W a r b u r t o n examined the litera- ture on the question of the " A t t i t u d e of the Educator towards the College L i b r a r y . " 4 2 Selection and Acquisition of Printed Mate- rials W h i l e almost any study of library materials — b o o k s , periodicals, pamphlets and other forms—should be potentially significant to all librarians, special efforts have been made by students of college libraries to investi- gate problems related to the building up of collections. A t Columbia, a series of studies has been made concerning reviewing in pe- riodicals in certain subject fields—food and nutrition,4 3 biology,44 political science,45 clas- sics,46 music,47 English and American litera- ture,4 8 economics,49 higher education,50 tech- nology,5 1 philosophy,52 and general w o r k s 5 3 — 3 9 H a g a n , H e l e n . M . A . , C o l u m b i a , 1941. 40 C o l e m a n , L. Z e n o b i a . M . A . , C o l u m b i a , 1943. 4 1 W r a y , Carolyn. " C o o r d i n a t i o n of L i b r a r y H o l d - ings with C u r r i c u l u m at G a r d n e r - W e b b C o l l e g e . " M . A . , P e a b o d y , 1948. 4 2 M . A . , C h i c a g o , 1945. 4 3 C u l l i p h e r , M a r t h a R . " B o o k R e v i e w i n g A d e - q u a c y f o r College L i b r a r y Book Selection of C e r t a i n T e c h n i c a l P e r i o d i c a l s R e l a t i n g to F o o d s a n d N u t r i - t i o n . " M . S . , C o l u m b i a , 1939. 44 D o g g e t t , M a r g u e r i t e V . " E x t e n t t o W h i c h t h e Book R e v i e w s i n C e r t a i n Biological J o u r n a l s M e e t t h e N e e d s of C o l l e g e L i b r a r y Book ' S e l e c t i o n . " M . S . , C o l u m b i a , 1940. 45 H e n r y , E u g e n i a M . " B o o k R e v i e w i n g A d e - q u a c y of S o m e A m e r i c a n J o u r n a l s of P o l i t i c a l Sci- e n c e . " M . S . , C o l u m b i a , 1939. 48 S i s t e r J a n e F r a n c e s . " B o o k R e v i e w i n g A d e - q u a c y of Certain C l a s s i c a l P e r i o d i c a l s f o r College L i b r a r y Book C o l l e c t i o n s . " M . S . , C o l u m b i a , 1039. 47 H a w k i n s , J a n e S . " B o o k R e v i e w i n g A d e q u a c y of C e r t a i n Musical J o u r n a l s f o r College L i b r a r y Book S e l e c t i o n . " M . S . , Columbia, 1941. 48 K o g a n , M a r i e J . " V a l u e of Book R e v i e w s of E n g l i s h a n d A m e r i c a n L i t e r a t u r e f o r College L i b r a r y Book S e l e c t i o n . " M . S . , C o l u m b i a , 1941. 4 9 R o g e r s , M a r y E . " B o o k R e v i e w i n g A d e q u a c y of C e r t a i n E c o n o m i c P e r i o d i c a l s f o r U s e in C o l l e g e L i b r a r y Book S e l e c t i o n . " M . S . , C o l u m b i a , 1942. 50 Steele, R e a J . " B o o k R e v i e w i n g A d e q u a c y of C e r t a i n P e r i o d i c a l s in t h e F i e l d of H i g h e r E d u c a t i o n . " M . S . , C o l u m b i a , 1940. 51 W h i t f o r d , R o b e r t H . " E v a l u a t i o n of C e r t a i n T e c h n i c a l R e v i e w i n g M e d i a a s Book S e l e c t i o n A i d s for book selection purposes for college li- braries. H o w much college librarians have used these studies—they represent a type of study that requires periodic revision—is a question which needs to be answered by a separate study. Essentially, the methodology is to examine reviews in a group of periodicals in a special subject field and appraise them on the basis of certain criteria of evaluation. Another approach to book selection has been through analysis of publications. T h i s has been don® by considering book usage,5 4 or selecting lists of books on the basis of minimal needs,55 or for background purposes,56 or for the requirements of certain college libraries.5 7 Again, these studies w i l l have a certain value for the time when they appear. It should be pointed out that these studies, as w e l l as those of book reviewing adequacy, tend to add little in the w a y of new approaches to studying li- brary problems. T h e y f a l l within the category of critical bibliography. In addition to these studies dealing with the selection of books, there has also been some interest in the collecting of such materials as serials in the field of sociology,58 chemical engineering periodicals,59 and maps.60 A num- ber of similar studies w e r e made prior to the period being covered by this review. Insofar as acquisitions administration is concerned, three recent Columbia studies may be noted. T h e s e are L e n a Biancardo's " D e s i d e r a t a Files in College and University Libraries," (1950) ; A . F . Lane's "Exchange W o r k in College and University Libraries," ( 1 9 5 0 ) ; and R. W . Christ's "Acquisition W o r k in T e n College Libraries," ( 1 9 4 8 ) . in a C o l l e g e T e c h n o l o g y L i b r a r y . " M . S . , C o l u m b i a , 1 9 3 9 -52 M a x f i e l d , D . K . " T h e A d e q u a c y of t h e R e v i e w s of C e r t a i n J o u r n a l s of P h i l o s o p h y f o r Book S e l e c t i o n in C o l l e g e L i b r a r i e s . " M . A . , C o l u m b i a , 1946. 5 3 B o y c e , M a r g a r e t . " B o o k R e v i e w i n g A d e q u a c y of C e r t a i n L i t e r a r y J o u r n a l s f o r College L i b r a r y Book S e l e c t i o n . " M . S . , C o l u m b i a , 1939. 54 B l a c k n e y , A n n a L . " P r i n c i p l e s of Book S e l e c - tion B a s e d on a n A n a l y s i s of Book U s a g e in a L i b e r a l A r t s C o l l e g e . " M . A . , C h i c a g o , 1941. 55 D u n n , S i s t e r H e l e n . " M i n i m u m B a s i c L i s t of S p a n i s h B o o k s f o r t h e F o u r Y e a r L i b e r a l A r t s Col- l e g e . " M . A . , C o l u m b i a . 1940. 5 6 M a r i e L . C e l i n e , S i s t e r . " B a c k g r o u n d B o o k s i n t h e Biological S c i e n c e s f o r t h e F i r s t T w o Y e a r s of L i b e r a l A r t s C o l l e g e s . " M . A . , C o l u m b i a , 1945. 57 Moll, B o n i f a c e E . " B a s i c L i s t of Books i n So- ciology f o r C a t h o l i c L i b e r a l A r t s C o l l e g e s . " M . S . , C o l u m b i a , 1942. 5 8 G a n f i e l d , J a n e . " T h e M o s t D e s i r a b l e S e r i a l s in t h e F i e l d of Sociology f o r a F o u r Y e a r L i b e r a l A r t s College L i b r a r y . " M . A . , C o l u m b i a , 1943. 5 9 S m i t h , M a u r i c e H . " S e l e c t i o n of C h e m i c a l E d u - c a t i o n P e r i o d i c a l s in t h e C o l l e g e L i b r a r y . " M . A . , C o l u m b i a , 1942. 00 R i e s n e r , M a r i a n n a . " T h e A c q u i s i t i o n of M a p M a t e r i a l f o r a College L i b r a r y . " M . A . , I l l i n o i s , 1948. 324 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Problems of Nonprint Materials E x a m i n a t i o n of p e r i o d i c a l l i t e r a t u r e w i l l r e - v e a l t h e p r e s e n c e of a l a r g e n u m b e r o f a r t i c l e s o n t h e t r e a t m e n t of n o n p r i n t m a t e r i a l s . T h e r e a r e f e w i n t e n s i v e s t u d i e s of t h e p r o b l e m s c r e a t e d b y t h e s e m a t e r i a l s , h o w e v e r . I n a d - d i t i o n t o an e a r l y s t u d y o n t h e h a n d l i n g of s e r i a l s , 6 1 r e c e n t t h e s e s h a v e i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e p r o b l e m s of e d u c a t i o n a l f i l m s a n d r e c o r d s , 6 2 a n d t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of m i c r o f i l m in l i b r a r i e s in O h i o . 6 3 Cataloging and Classification U n d e r t h e h e a d i n g of g e n e r a l a d m i n i s t r a - t i v e p o l i c y in c a t a l o g i n g , w e h a v e s t u d i e s d e a l - i n g w i t h c e n t r a l i z a t i o n o f w o r k , 6 4 s i z e of s t a f f s , 6 5 a n d s a t i s f a c t i o n of c a t a l o g e r s in t h e i r w o r k . 6 6 T h e v a r i o u s s t u d i e s a t t h e L i b r a r y of C o n g r e s s b y L u c i l e M o r s c h a n d o t h e r s h a v e d e f i n i t e a p p l i c a t i o n s t o p r o b l e m s of c a t a - l o g i n g in c o l l e g e l i b r a r i e s . A n u m b e r of s t u d e n t s h a v e b e e n c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e c h a r - a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e c a r d c a t a l o g , i n c l u d i n g s u c h a s p e c t s a s t h e m e t h o d s of i n d i c a t i n g s e r i a l s h o l d i n g s , 6 7 t h e p r a c t i c e of m a k i n g a n a l y t i c s , 6 8 a n d t h e d i v i s i o n of t h e c a t a l o g . 6 9 A n o t h e r s t u d y h a s b e e n m a d e of t h e c o n t e n t a n d u s e of t h e s h e l f l i s t . 7 0 T h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n b y K n a p p is t h e o n l y r e c e n t i n t e n s i v e s t u d y w e h a v e o f t h e u s e o f t h e c a r d c a t a l o g in t h e c o l l e g e l i - b r a r y . 7 1 S t u d i e s by A . E . M a r k l e y , L . C . M e r r i t t a n d W . H . B r e t t , n o w in p r o g r e s s a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a , w i l l p r o b a b l y 61 Rothman, F . B., and Ditzion, S. " P r e v a i l i n g Practices in H a n d l i n g Serials," College and Research Libraries, 1:165-69, March 1940. Summary of a longer study. 62 Grass, Sister M a r y W i n i f r e d . " T h e Administra- tion, Organization, and Distribution of Educational Films and Recordings in College L i b r a r i e s . " M.S., Columbia, 1947. 03 Cornell, George. " A Survey of Microfilm in Some Ohio College and University L i b r a r i e s . " M.A., W e s t e r n Reserve, 1949. 64 Dickson, J a n e t S. "Centralized Cataloging in College and University Libraries." M.S., Columbia, 1948- . ^ 60 Dean, Hazel. " S i z e of Cataloging Staffs in Aca- demic L i b r a r i e s , " College and Research Libraries, 7:52-57, J a n u a r y 1946. 66 Herrick, M a r y D. " S t a t u s of W o r k e r Morale among College Catalogers," College and Research Li- braries, 11:33-39, J a n u a r y 1950. 67 Wimersberger, Evelyn G. "Methods of Indicating Serial Holdings in the Catalogs of College and Uni- versity L i b r a r i e s . " M.S., Columbia, 1939. 68 Meyer, Jean E . "Policy and Practice of Making of Analytics in the Catalogs of Medium-Sized Col- • lege and University Libraries in New England and the Middle Atlantic States." M.S., Columbia, 1945. 69 Thom, I a n W . " T h e Divided Catalog in College and University Libraries." M.S., Columbia, 1948. 70 Wallach, Eileen L. " T h e Content and Present Use of the Shelflist in the Small College L i b r a r y . " M.S., Coumbia, 1943. 71 Knapp, Patricia B. " T h e Subject Catalog in the College L i b r a r y : A n Investigation of Terminology." r M.A., Chicago, 1943. p r o v i d e n e w i n s i g h t s i n t o p r o b l e m s r e l a t i n g t o t h e u s e of t h e c a t a l o g , t h o u g h o n a u n i v e r s i t y l e v e l . A c t u a l l y , l i t t l e s t u d y h a s b e e n m a d e of p r o b - l e m s of c l a s s i f i c a t i o n . O n e s t u d e n t h a s a s s e m - b l e d i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t s p e c i a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s in c o l l e g e a n d u n i v e r s i t y l i b r a r i e s . 7 2 T h e p r o b - l e m of r e c a t a l o g i n g a n d r e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n in c o l - l e g e a n d u n i v e r s i t y l i b r a r i e s w a s a l s o c o n - s i d e r e d . 7 3 Binding and Conservation A l t h o u g h b i n d i n g a n d c o n s e r v a t i o n of m a - t e r i a l s a r e b e c o m i n g m o r e a n d m o r e s e r i o u s p r o b l e m s f o r l i b r a r i a n s , t h e o n l y s t u d y p r e - p a r e d d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d is M a r g a r e t H . H u g h e s ' " P e r i o d i c a l B i n d i n g S c h e d u l e s of I m p r o v e d R e a d e r S e r v i c e in U n i v e r s i t y a n d C o l l e g e L i b r a r i e s . " 7 4 Circulation Work A s p e c t s of c i r c u l a t i o n w o r k c o n s i d e r e d by s t u d e n t s i n c l u d e g e n e r a l s t u d i e s of u s e , 7 5 t h e l e n d i n g of p i c t u r e s t o c o l l e g e s t u d e n t s , 7 6 a p - p l i c a t i o n o f m i c r o f i l m t o i n t e r l i b r a r y l o a n , 7 7 a n d p r o b l e m s of t h e r e s e r v e b o o k r o o m . 7 8 C o l l e g e l i b r a r i a n s , l i k e p u b l i c l i b r a r i a n s , h a v e b e c o m e k e e n l y i n t e r e s t e d in t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of m a c h i n e m e t h o d s , e l e c t r i c a l l y o p e r a t e d o r p h o t o g r a p h i c , in c i r c u l a t i o n w o r k . C o m p a r a - t i v e s t u d i e s of t h e s e m a c h i n e s h a v e n o t b e e n m a d e by l i b r a r i a n s . Reference and Bibliography I n t h e a r e a of r e f e r e n c e a n d b i b l i o g r a p h y , it m a y be r e p e a t e d t h a t w i t h a f e w e x c e p t i o n s p r a c t i c a l l y a n y s t u d y , o n a n y a c a d e m i c l e v e l , s h o u l d h a v e p o t e n t i a l v a l u e f o r t h e c o l l e g e l i b r a r i a n as he d e a l s w i t h h i s s t u d e n t s a n d f a c u l t y m e m b e r s . S o m e of t h e l i b r a r y s c h o o l s , e s p e c i a l l y D e n v e r , h a v e e n c o u r a g e d t h e p r e p a - r a t i o n of b i b l i o g r a p h i e s . T h e s e s e l d o m g e t i n t o p r i n t , h o w e v e r . I t m i g h t be s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e r e b e e s t a b l i s h e d s o m e p u b l i c a t i o n , 72 Scott, M a r y E. "Special Classifications in Me- dium Sized College and University L i b r a r i e s . " M . S . , Columbia, 1943. 73 Tauber, M. F . "Recataloging and Reclassification of Materials in College and University Libraries." P h . D . , Chicago, 1941. 74 M.S., Columbia, 1949. 75 Steig, Lewis F. "Circulation Records and the Study of College-Library U s e , " Library Quarterly, 12:94-108, J a n u a r y 1942. 74 Whitten, Joseph N. " P i c t u r e Loans to College Students f o r Their Personal U s e . " M.S., Columbia, 1949. 77 Leonard, Richard. " A S t u d y of the Application of Microfilm to Interlibrary Loans in College and University Libraries." M.A., Denver, 1949. 78 Lansberg, William R. " C u r r e n t T r e n d s in the Reserve Book Room." Paper, Simmons, 1949. OCTOBER., 1950 325 either print, offset or other photographic re- production, to provide access to such studies. A l t h o u g h there have been several studies relating to reference w o r k , 7 9 the only study directly relating to reference w o r k in the col- lege library is Frances Cheney's " T h e R e f e r - ence Function of the Southern College L i - b r a r y " (Peabody, 1949). Instruction in the Use of the Library Allied to reference w o r k is the problem of instruction in the use of the library. T w o studies in this area may be called to your at- tention. T h e first is A n n C o n w a y ' s "Readers' Advisory W o r k in the L i b e r a l A r t s College," 8 0 and the second, Johanna B . Smith's " L i b r a r y Instruction in L i b e r a l A r t s C o l l e g e s . " 8 1 O n the basis of articles which have appeared in the literature it would seem that this particular aspect of college library service could be sub- jected to a thorough examination. Evaluation of Collections and Services In a preceding section, attention w a s given to the appraisal of materials in the selecting process of the library. In addition to the relatively large number of such studies, there have been several investigations of college li- brary holdings which might be noted. T h e s e include studies of collections in philosophy,82 education83 and sociology,84 as w e l l as exami- nations of recent noncurricular books85 and current publications received by college li- braries.86 Such reports as that by Rugg, 8 7 " M o d e r n A u t h o r s in N e w England College Libraries," provide helpful information to li- brarians without necessarily involving evalua- tion. T h e several surveys of libraries, of course, provide information to librarians of w h a t par- ticular institutions have been doing in their collecting activities. Similarly, they also pro- 79 F o r example: Cole, Dorothy E . " A n A n a l y s i s of A d u l t R e f e r e n c e W o r k in L i b r a r i e s . " M . A . , Chicago, I 9 4 3 - 80 M . A . , Denver, 1948. 81 M . A . , W e s t e r n Reserve, 1949. —>82 Falvey, Daniel P . " S u r v e y of H o l d i n g s in Phi- losophy of R e p r e s e n t a t i v e College L i b r a r i e s , with a n A u t h o r i t a t i v e List of Books in the F i e l d . " M . S . , Columbia, 1940. 83 B e r r y , Leona. " A S u r v e y of the E d u c a t i o n Col- lection of the M a r y Reed L i b r a r y of the U n i v e r s i t y of D e n v e r . " M . A . , D e n v e r , 1949. 84 Logsdon, R . H . " T h e I n s t r u c t i o n a l L i t e r a t u r e of Sociology and the A d m i n i s t r a t i o n of College Li- b r a r y Book Collections." P h . D . , Chicago, 1942. 85 Hoskinson, Alice L . " R e c e n t N o n - c u r r i c u l a r Books in College L i b r a r i e s . " M . A . , Chicago, 1943. 88 K r e h b i e l , Leona G. " C u r r e n t P u b l i c a t i o n s a n d College L i b r a r y Accessions." M . A . , Chicago, 1941. 87 College and Research Libraries, 6:54-57, Decem- ber 1944. vide evaluations of services. Several surveys of particular institutions which have appeared in College and Research Libraries give other estimates of collections and services. Checklists issued by the various accrediting associations have been used constantly by col- lege librarians in developing their collections. Eileen M . T h o r n t o n has prepared a study which seeks to re-evaluate the N o r t h C e n t r a l Association checklist holdings of a group of college libraries by weighted values instead of by a numerical count.88 T h i s study represents a distinct departure in the approach to check- lists. Gosnell 8 9 and Stieg90 have analyzed problems of obsolescence and evaluation by use, respectively. Buildings and Equipment In the matter of library buildings, one may find in the literature a large number of de- scriptions of individual libraries, as w e l l as statements concerning new ideas and princi- ples of construction. In 1946, Reynolds made a study of university library buildings in the United States (1890-1939). 9 1 Earlier, A n - drews, considered trends in college library buildings,92 and Buchanan studied library buildings of teachers colleges.93 T h e Chicago Institute of 1947 contained a number of papers which have application to college libraries as w e l l as to other types of libraries.9 4 T h i s is also true of the recent book by Burchard and others.95 Undoubtedly, w e have not reached the end of studies of buildings. F e w studies of equipment have appeared. T h e use of photographic and other equipment in circulation w o r k has resulted in a number of articles in journals. A t the present time, a study by Blasingame on the use of I . B . M . equipment in libraries is under way, 9 6 while M c G a w is investigating the use and applica- 88 T h o r n t o n , Eileen M . " T h e North C e n t r a l Asso- ciation on Check-list: Some E x p e r i m e n t s in I t s Appli- c a t i o n . " M . A . , Chicago, 1945. 89 Gosnell, Charles F . "Obsolescence of Books in College L i b r a r i e s , " College and Research Libraries, 5:115-25, M a r c h 1944. 90 Stieg, L . F . " T e c h n i q u e for E v a l u a t i n g the Col- lege L i b r a r y Book Collection," Library Quarterly, 13:33-34, J a n u a r y , 1943. 91 Reynolds, H . M . " U n i v e r s i t y L i b r a r y Buildings in the U n i t e d States, 1890-1939." M . A . , Illinois, 1946. 92 A n d r e w s , T h e l m a . " T r e n d s in College L i b r a r y B u i l d i n g s . " M . A . , Chicago, 1945. 93 B u c h a n a n , Lillian M . " L i b r a r y B u i l d i n g s of T e a c h e r s Colleges, 1932-1942." M . A . , Columbia, 1944. 94 F u s s i e r , H . H . , ed. Library Buildings for Library Service. Chicago, A . L . A . , 1948 96 B u r c h a r d , J . E., etc. Planning the University Library Building. P r i n c e t o n , P r i n c e t o n U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1949. 90 Blasingame, R a l p h U . " T h e Applications of I . B . M . in L i b r a r i e s . " ( I n process at Columbia.) 326 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES t i o n of m a r g i n a l p u n c h e d c a r d s in c o l l e g e a n d u n i v e r s i t y l i b r a r i e s . 9 7 Cooperation A s p e c t s of c o o p e r a t i o n a r e i n c l u d e d in s p e - c i a l i z a t i o n in a c q u i s i t i o n s p r o g r a m s , in c o n - t r i b u t i o n s t o u n i o n c a t a l o g s a n d b i b l i o g r a p h i c c e n t e r s , in i n t e r l i b r a r y l e n d i n g , a n d r e g i o n a l c o o r d i n a t i o n . 9 8 College and Research Librar- ies h a s d u r i n g t h e p a s t 10 y e a r s p u b l i s h e d a r t i c l e s in a l l of t h e s e a r e a s . W h i l e t h e y h a v e n o t b e e n e x h a u s t i v e , t h e y h a v e a d d e d t o o u r k n o w l e d g e of t h e v a r i o u s a c t i v i t i e s a n d o p p o r t u n i t i e s in c o o p e r a t i o n . C o l l e g e l i b r a r i e s in t h e N e w Y o r k m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a h a v e b e e n p a r t i c i p a t i n g in d i s c u s s i o n s o n c o o p e r a t i o n h e l d d u r i n g t h e p a s t t h r e e y e a r s . Reading Problems U n d e r t h e r u b r i c of r e a d i n g p r o b l e m s m a y b e l i s t e d s t u d i e s r e l a t i n g t o b o t h r e a d i n g a n d o t h e r u s e of t h e l i b r a r y . A m o n g r e c e n t s t u d i e s a r e t h o s e w h i c h i n v o l v e s t u d e n t s a s a g r o u p , 9 9 f r e s h m e n , 1 0 0 w o m e n s t u d e n t s , 1 0 1 a l u m n a ? , 1 0 2 a n d f a c u l t y m e m b e r s . 1 0 3 T h e u s e 97 McGaw, Howard F . " M a r g i n a l Punched Cards— Their Use in College and University Libraries." ( E d . D . , in process at Columbia Teachers College.) 08 Hoole, W . S. " L i b r a r y Cooperation in the N o r t h T e x a s Region," College and Research Libraries, 5: 3 2'7-3o, September 1944; Sampley, A. M. " F i v e Years of L i b r a r y Cooperation in the North T e x a s Region," College and Research Libraries, 10:24-26, 68, J a n u a r y 1949. 89 Willoughby, Mabel E . " L i b r a r y Service at H o w a r d College in Relation to the Reading of Faculty and Students. M.S., Columbia, 1941; Ream, Bessie E. " T h e Reading of Students and Faculty at Chi- cago Teachers College." M.A., Chicago, 1943; H o r t , Margaret J . " T h r e e Areas of S t u d e n t Use at Russell Sage College, 1940-1944." M.S., Columbia, 1947; Connor, E. Faye. "Reading 'Interests of Huntington College S t u d e n t s . " M.S., Michigan, 1947; Kavanagh, Sister Clarence Marie. " A Study of Non-curricular Reading at Marian College." M.A., Chicago, 1948; McLeod, Joyce. " P l e a s u r e Reading of the College S t u d e n t s . " M.A., Denver, 1948; Todd, Ann M. " U n d e r g r a d u a t e Student Reading at the University of Missouri." M.A., Chicago, 1948; Rappel, Josephine E . " S t u d e n t Use of the College L i b r a r y and I t s Re- lation to the Student Use of the Public L i b r a r y . " M.S., Columbia, 1949; M a r y Elvira, Sister. " H o w Much Do College Students R e a d ? " Catholic Library World, 17:271-76, May 1946; Thorne, J . A. "Anal- ysis of College Student Book Loans in Relation to Intelligence Ratings and Reading I n t e r e s t s : A S t u d y at Plymouth Teachers College." M.S., Columbia, 1946; Smith, G. Donald. " N a t u r e of Student Read- ing." P h . D . , Chicago, 1946; Bell, M a r t h a S. " U s e of Randolph-Macon W o m a n ' s College L i b r a r y as Shown by Student L o a n s . " M.A., Columbia, 1942. 100 Kemp, Frances E. " F r e s h m a n Reading in a Progressive College." M.S., Columbia, 1941. 101 Melania Grace, S i s t e r . " A n Analysis of the E x t r a - C u r r i c u l a r Reading of College W o m e n in Re- lation to T h e i r Personality T r a i t s and Other Charac- teristics." M.A., Chicago, 1942. 102 Tiplady, Charlotte M. "Reading and Reading I n t e r e s t s of Alumnae of Hollins College." M.S., Co- lumbia, 1940. 103 Nicholsen, Margaret E. "College Faculty Read- ing and P o p u l a r Books." M.A., Chicago, 1940. OCTOBER., 1950 of r e a d i n g m a t e r i a l a s a f a c t o r in a t t i t u d e s of c o l l e g e s t u d e n t s c o n c e r n i n g s o c i a l p r o b l e m s w a s a l s o i n v e s t i g a t e d . 1 0 4 P r i m a r i l y , t h e m e t h o d o l o g y of t h e r e a d i n g s t u d i e s is t h e a n a l y s i s of c i r c u l a t i o n r e c o r d s o r t h e m a n i p u - l a t i o n of d a t a o b t a i n e d t h r o u g h q u e s t i o n n a i r e a n d i n t e r v i e w . Summary T h i s r e v i e w of s t u d i e s of t h e l a s t 10 y e a r s is c o n c e r n e d w i t h m o r e t h a n 100 s t u d i e s w h i c h h a v e b e e n m a d e of p r o b l e m s c o n c e r n i n g t h e l i b e r a l a r t s c o l l e g e l i b r a r y . A n o t h e r 5 0 o r so s t u d i e s c o u l d b e a d d e d if t h e t e a c h e r s c o l l e g e l i b r a r i e s , j u n i o r c o l l e g e l i b r a r i e s , a n d u n i v e r - s i t y l i b r a r i e s w e r e i n c l u d e d . T h e s e f i g u r e s e x - c l u d e t h e n u m e r o u s b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l s t u d i e s of a d e s c r i p t i v e a n d e n u m e r a t i v e t y p e . H i s t o r i - c a l s t u d i e s , a n d i n v e s t i g a t i o n s of p r o b l e m s of p e r s o n n e l , c o l l e c t i o n s a n d u s e p r e d o m i n a t e . O n e final w o r d o n m e t h o d o l o g y is p e r t i n e n t . M a n y of t h e s t u d i e s h a v e b e e n c a r r i e d o n t h r o u g h t h e d e v i c e of o b t a i n i n g d a t a by q u e s - t i o n n a i r e s . M a n y c o l l e g e a n d o t h e r l i b r a r i a n s a r e a n n o y e d b y t h e n e v e r - e n d i n g q u e s t i o n - n a i r e s a n d c h e c k l i s t s w h i c h c o m e t o t h e m f r o m s t u d e n t s w o r k i n g o n t h e s e s a n d d i s s e r t a t i o n s . L i b r a r i a n s i n t e r e s t e d in s u b s t a n t i a l a n s w e r s t o q u e s t i o n s d i s t u r b i n g t h e m a l s o n e e d t o u s e t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e t o o b t a i n i n f o r m a t i o n . C o r - r e c t l y u s e d , h o w e v e r , t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e is a n a p p r o p r i a t e i n s t r u m e n t f o r g a t h e r i n g d a t a . O n t h e b a s i s of q u e r i e s w h i c h h a v e b e e n n o t e d , t h e r e s e e m t o b e s o m e l i b r a r i a n s w h o a p p a r e n t l y h a v e n o t t a k e n f u l l a d v a n t a g e of m a n y of t h e s t u d i e s m a d e . T h e n e e d f o r d i s - s e m i n a t i o n of findings of s t u d i e s of g e n e r a l i n - t e r e s t h a s b e e n e m p h a s i z e d by t h e C o m m i t t e e o n R e s e a r c h of t h e A s s o c i a t i o n of A m e r i c a n L i b r a r y S c h o o l s . S o f a r a s p o s s i b l e , s t u d i e s a r e l i s t e d in College and Research Libraries, a n d a n e f f o r t is m a d e t o p r e s e n t in p a r t i a l f o r m s o m e of t h e s t u d i e s . O t h e r l i b r a r y p e - r i o d i c a l s a l s o c o n t a i n r e p o r t s of s t u d i e s of c o l - l e g e l i b r a r y p r o b l e m s . T h e A . C . R . L . office in C h i c a g o h a s b e e n c o l l e c t i n g s i g n i f i c a n t d o c u - m e n t s r e f l e c t i n g c u r r e n t p r a c t i c e s in c o l l e g e , u n i v e r s i t y a n d r e f e r e n c e l i b r a r i e s , a v a i l a b l e o n l o a n t o m e m b e r s of A . C . R . L . A r e s u m e of t h e m a t e r i a l s c o l l e c t e d , p r e p a r e d by O r w i n R u s h , a p p e a r s in t h i s i s s u e of College and Research Libraries. , 104 Gordon, E d n a C. " R e a d i n g Materials as a Fac- tor in the Attitudes of College Students concerning Certain Social Problems." M.S., Columbia, 1948. 327