College and Research Libraries B y N E A L H A R L O W Remodel While You W o r k Mr. Harlow is assistant librarian, Uni- versity of California at Los Angeles. REMODELING o f f e r s b u i l d i n g o p p o r t u n i -- t i e s a n d p r o b l e m s s i m i l a r t o t h o s e of n e w c o n s t r u c t i o n , e x c e p t t h a t p l a n n i n g b e - g i n s w i t h fixed o u t l i n e s — a n d t h e p l a n n e r s a r e i n s i d e . I f t h e o l d b u i l d i n g l o o k s t a c k y , if i t s f a c i l i t i e s a r e 2 0 t o 4 0 y e a r s o l d , o r i t s p h y s i c a l a r r a n g e m e n t is o u t m o d e d b y n e w d e v e l o p m e n t s in s e r v i c e o r b y r e c e n t s t r u c - t u r a l a d d i t i o n s , c a l l in t h e b e s t a v a i l a b l e a d - v i s e r s o n s e r v i c e , b u i l d i n g a n d finance a n d e x p l o r e w h a t a r e m o d e l i n g p r o j e c t c a n d o . U n l e s s t h e e x i s t i n g s t r u c t u r e is t o o t i g h t , e r r a t i c o r o u t g r o w n f o r s a t i s f a c t o r y r e v i s i o n o r e x p a n s i o n , i t c a n b e r e v a m p e d t o p r o v i d e n e w a r r a n g e m e n t s a n d w o r k i n g c o n d i t i o n s w h i c h m o r e n e a r l y c o m p l y w i t h m o d e r n s t a n d a r d s . M a n y a s p e c t s of b e a u t y a n d u t i l i t y a r e o n l y s k i n d e e p . N e w p a i n t , a c o u s t i c a l t r e a t m e n t a n d floor c o v e r i n g a r e o b v i o u s s u r f a c e f e a t u r e s . N e w l i g h t i n g m a y w e l l be, u n l e s s o l d w i r i n g is o v e r l o a d e d o r s u b - s t a n d a r d . N o n b e a r i n g p a r t i t i o n s c a n be r e - m o v e d w i t h l i t t l e d i f f i c u l t y a n d n e w o n e s e r e c t e d . N e w a i r s u p p l i e s c a n be b u i l t i n . S u r p l u s h e a d r o o m c a n be f u r r e d d o w n , a n d r o o m s , c o r r i d o r s , w i n d o w s a n d d o o r s c a n be a d d e d o r t a k e n a w a y . O l d finishings, f u r n i s h i n g s a n d f u r b i s h i n g s m a y be r e a d i l y r e s t y l e d o r r e n e w e d . S u c h m i r a c l e s of r e h a b i l i t a t i o n w i l l r a i s e t h e s p i r i t s of t h e s t a f f , i n t e r e s t t h e p u b l i c a n d b e n e f i t a l l t h e o p e r a t i o n s of t h e l i b r a r y . S o m e t h i n g of t h e s o r t h a s b e e n d o n e a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a a t L o s A n g e l e s . A t t a c h e d t o a r e c e n t a p p r o p r i a t i o n t o e r e c t a n e w w i n g of t h e l i b r a r y b u i l d i n g w a s a n i t e m t o r e m o d e l t h e o l d s t r u c t u r e t o a d j u s t it t o t h e r e s u l t i n g c h a n g e s . F o r t u n a t e l y , c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d r e c o n s t r u c t i o n w e r e n o t c o n c u r r e n t as p l a n n e d , b u t c a m e in se- q u e n c e , o r t h e d i s r u p t i o n of l i b r a r y o p e r a - t i o n s w o u l d h a v e b e e n s c a n d a l o u s l y c o m - p l e t e . B u i l d i n g t h e n e w w i n g r e q u i r e d 18 m o n t h s ; r e m o d e l i n g , o v e r s e v e n , w i t h a y e a r i n t e r v e n i n g f o r p l a n n i n g a n d b i d s — a t h r e e - y e a r i n t e r i m of d i s t u r b a n c e . R e f e r - e n c e h e r e t o s o m e of t h e e x p e r i e n c e s m a y n o t be a m i s s f o r m e m b e r s of a n o t o r i o u s l y b u i l d i n g - c o n s c i o u s p r o f e s s i o n . P l a n n i n g b e g a n b a c k i n t h e p r e - W o r l d W a r I I p a s t , b u t c h a n g e d as t h e l i b r a r y d e - v e l o p e d u n d e r t h e s t i m u l a t i o n of a p o s t w a r p o p u l a t i o n s u r g e a n d t h e e n e r g i e s of a n e w l i b r a r y a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . A b o u t 1 9 4 8 , p l a n s w e r e c u e d i n t o a 2 5 - Y e a r B u i l d i n g P r o g r a m , i n d i c a t i n g n o t o n l y w h a t w a s i m m e d i a t e l y n e e d e d f o r s o u n d l i b r a r y o p e r a t i o n , b u t h o w t h e s e u n i t s of s p a c e , c a p a c i t y a n d s e r v i c e fitted i n t o f u t u r e c a m p u s l i b r a r y n e e d s . T h e o c c u p a t i o n of t h e n e w w i n g , a n d t h e g r a d u a l e v i c t i o n of n o n l i b r a r y u s e r s of b u i l d i n g s p a c e , l e d u p t o t h e A l t e r a t i o n s P r o j e c t , i n t e n d e d t o b r i n g t h e w h o l e l i b r a r y p l a n u p t o p r e s e n t n e e d s a n d s t a n d a r d s . R e m o d e l i n g p r o c e d u r e s a r e h a r d t o c o d i f y , e v e n i n r e t r o s p e c t . T h e y d o n o t s t a r t w i t h a c l e a n s l a t e o r a c l e a r e d p l o t b u t w i t h so m u c h e n c l o s e d a r e a , a n d it p r o b a b l y is n o t e n o u g h . " L i b r a r y s t a n d - a r d s " f o r b u i l d i n g s o u g h t t o be k e p t c o n - v e n i e n t l y in m i n d , b u t t h e y a r e m o r e s u i t - a b l e t o n e w c o n s t r u c t i o n , l i b r a r y l i t e r a t u r e , 2 5 - y e a r p l a n s , a n d p r o m o t i o n a l c a m p a i g n s . R e m o d e l e r s n e e d t o b e g i n b y l o o k i n g s e a r c h - JULY, 1951 233 i n g l y i n t o p r e s e n t c o n d i t i o n s , c u r r e n t o p e r a - t i o n s a n d e x i s t i n g s e r v i c e s . A t U . C . L . A . p l a n n i n g w a s d o n e b y d e - p a r t m e n t s , w i t h a c o o r d i n a t o r t o a d j u s t , u n i f y , a r b i t r a t e o r m a k e d e c i s i o n s a s c o n d i - t i o n s i n d i c a t e d . M a n y p e r s o n s p a r t i c i p a t e d , a n d s e v e r a l s e t s of d e p a r t m e n t a l s t u d i e s a n d l a y o u t s w e r e a b a n d o n e d a s t h e p r o b a - b i l i t y of r e m o d e l i n g w a x e d a n d w a n e d . S o m u c h h a d c i r c u m s t a n c e s a l t e r e d c a s e s i n t h e l a s t t w o y e a r s b e f o r e c o n s t r u c t i o n b e g a n t h a t a f u l l s e t of d e t a i l e d d r a w i n g s w e r e f o r t u n a t e l y c a n c e l e d a n d a n e w s e t p r e - p a r e d . B y t h a t t i m e t h e g e n e r a l l a y o u t of l i b r a r y u s e a n d of s p a c e h a d j e l l e d , a n d t h e p l a n s e e m e d w h o l l y l o g i c a l a n d s o u n d . E s s e n t i a l p l a n n i n g s h o u l d i n c l u d e ( I ) t h e s t u d y a n d e v a l u a t i o n of e x i s t i n g f a c i l i - t i e s , ( 2 ) p r o v i s i o n f o r n e e d e d n e w s e r v i c e s a n d ( 3 ) t h e g e n e r a l m o d e r n i z a t i o n of e q u i p m e n t a n d u t i l i t i e s . O n e s h o u l d n o t w o r k t o o m u c h in t h e a b s t r a c t ; t h e g e n e r a l p a t t e r n of c o n s t r u c t i o n is a l r e a d y s e t , a n d r e m o d e l i n g is c o n c e r n e d w i t h m a k i n g s p e - c i f i c a d a p t a t i o n s . Existing Facilities A g o o d d e a l of i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t e x i s t - i n g d i s l o c a t i o n s a n d i n a d e q u a c i e s is p r o b a b l y a l r e a d y a v a i l a b l e o r p o t e n t i a l i n t h e m i n d s of t h e s t a f f . H i n t s of u n s a t i s f a c t o r y c o n d i - t i o n s a n d i d e a s f o r t h e i r i m p r o v e m e n t c a n o f t e n b e o b t a i n e d o r c h e c k e d b y d i s c u s s i n g e x i s t i n g p r o b l e m s . W i t h s t a f f a i d , t r a c e f r e i g h t a n d p a s s e n g e r r o u t e s t h r o u g h t h e li- b r a r y , f o r e a s e a n d c o n v e n i e n c e of f l o w . M u s t b o o k s t r a v e l o v e r d e v i o u s p a t h s a n d h u r d l e s f r o m t h e r e c e i v i n g r o o m d o o r t o t h e i r r o o s t s i n t h e s t a c k ? A r e t h e r e h i t c h e s o r c o m p l i c a t i o n s i n t h e d e l i v e r y a n d r e t u r n of b o o k s b e t w e e n s h e l v e s a n d b o r r o w e r s ? D o e s t h e p u b l i c b e c o m e s t r a n d e d a t c e r t a i n p o i n t s o r p i l e u p i n q u e u e s ? I n s t e a d of b e i n g a c o n v e n i e n t c e n t e r of r e f e r e n c e a n d b i b l i o g r a p h y , d o e s t h e r e f e r e n c e d e s k b e c o m e a n i s l a n d o r a p o l i c e k i o s k a m o n g t r a f f i c l a n e s ? A r e t h e a r r a n g e m e n t a n d a p p e a r - a n c e of i n s i d e d e p a r t m e n t s o r d e r l y , f u n c - t i o n a l a n d c o n d u c i v e t o e f f i c i e n t , s a t i s f a c t o r y w o r k ? S y s t e m a t i c a l l y c h e c k a l l p a s s a g e s , b l o c k s , w » r k a r e a s , s e r v i c e s t a t i o n s a n d p a r k i n g s p a c e s , b u t a v o i d g e t t i n g s i d e t r a c k e d i n t o d i v e r t i n g b u t e n d l e s s s t u d i e s , s t a t i s t i c s a n d s u r v e y s . New Services P l a n n e d n e w s e r v i c e s o r e x t e n s i o n s of e x i s t i n g f a c i l i t i e s c a l l f o r t h e r e a r r a n g e m e n t of s p a c e a n d t h e s h i f t i n g o r a c q u i s i t i o n of n e w e q u i p m e n t . E x a m p l e s of s u c h d e v e l o p - m e n t s a r e n e w u n d e r g r a d u a t e s e r v i c e s ; g r a d u a t e a n d f a c u l t y d e s k s o r c a r r e l l s ; i n s i d e s p a c e f o r p r o f e s s i o n a l s t a f f in p u b l i c d e p a r t m e n t s ; p r o v i s i o n f o r t h e c a r e a n d u s e of r a r e b o o k s , m u s i c , g o v e r n m e n t p u b l i c a - t i o n s a n d b i b l i o g r a p h y ; l i s t e n i n g , s m o k i n g a n d t y p i n g r o o m s ; s t a f f q u a r t e r s ; a n i n - f o r m a t i o n d e s k . T h e a r e a of a f o r m e r r e a d i n g r o o m , v a c a t e d offices a n d c l a s s - r o o m s , a n a b a n d o n e d s t o r a g e a r e a — w h a t - e v e r s p a c e c a n be r e c l a i m e d b y s u b s t i t u t i o n , e x c h a n g e o r c o n v e r s i o n — c a n be t r a n s m u t e d i n t o v i r t u a l l y a n y u s e w h i c h is c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e o v e r - a l l t r a f f i c a n d s e r v i c e p l a n . A t t e m p t t o t a k e c a r e of c u r r e n t n e e d s , w i t h a p o s s i b l e m a r g i n f o r e x p a n s i o n , o r a t l e a s t w i t h d e f i n i t e p l a n s f o r f u t u r e c h a n g e s a n d a d d i t i o n s . A l t e r a t i o n s s h o u l d b e s o m e t h i n g m o r e t h a n s t o p g a p s ; t h e y s h o u l d f i t d i r e c t l y o r e v e n t u a l l y i n t o a c u m u l a t i v e p r o g r a m of l i b r a r y d e v e l o p m e n t . Modernization M o d e r n i z a t i o n of f u r n i s h i n g s , f i n i s h i n g s a n d u t i l i t i e s a r e p e r i o d i c a l l y in o r d e r . N e w p a i n t , u s i n g l i g h t c o l o r s , c h o s e n i m a g i n a - t i v e l y a n d w i t h r e s t r a i n t , w i l l b r i n g a b o u t t h e q u i c k e s t m i r a c l e . M o s t l i g h t i n g a d e c a d e o l d c a n b e i m p r o v e d w i t h n e w , a d e - q u a t e f i x t u r e s , g i v i n g h i g h e r i n t e n s i t i e s , 234 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES b e t t e r d i f f u s i o n , less g l a r e a n d a g e n e r a l l y m o r e c o m f o r t a b l e a n d s t i m u l a t i n g v i s u a l e n v i r o n m e n t . A m p l e g e n e r a l i l l u m i n a t i o n , i n s t e a d of s t r i c t l y l o c a l l i g h t i n g , f o r r e a d i n g , w o r k a n d s t a c k a r e a s s h o u l d be i n v e s t i g a t e d . T h e c o n t r o l of o u t s i d e g l a r e is i m p o r t a n t t o i n s i d e l i g h t i n g , r e d u c i n g t h e c o n t r a s t b e t w e e n w i n d o w b r i g h t n e s s a n d i n t e r i o r l i g h t l e v e l s . L i k e w i s e , i n s i d e e x t r e m e s s h o u l d be b r o u g h t close t o g e t h e r . G o o d g e n e r a l i l l u m i n a t i o n , w i t h l i g h t c o l o r e d a n d e v e n l y i l l u m i n a t e d c e i l i n g s , l i g f t t w a l l s , l i g h t b u t d u l l f i n i s h e d t a b l e t o p s , a m e d i u m t o l i g h t floor c o v e r i n g , a n d t h e s c r e e n i n g of o u t s i d e g l a r e c r e a t e s a n o v e r - a l l h i g h scale v i s u a l p a t t e r n w h i c h is easy o n t h e eyes, p l e a s a n t t o t h e senses a n d e c o n o m i c of o p e r a - t i o n , s i n c e f e w e r f o o t - c a n d l e s of a r t i f i c i a l i l l u m i n a t i o n a r e n e e d e d u n d e r s u c h c o n d i - t i o n s . W e l l - d e s i g n e d a n d p l a c e d fluorescent u n i t s a t U . C . L . A . a r e p r o v i n g t h o r o u g h l y s a t i s f a c t o r y , in s p i t e of p r e l i m i n a r y d o u b t s a n d f e a r s . S u s p e n d e d , n o t flush m o u n t e d , t h e y l i g h t c e i l i n g as w e l l as floors. O n e t y p e w i t h h i n g e d H o l o p h a n e l e n s e s h a s p r o v e n p a r t i c u l a r l y g o o d f o r offices a n d p u b l i c r e a d i n g r o o m u s e . N o t d e v o t e d t o fluorescents f o r a l l c o n d i - t i o n s , a d i f f e r e n t s o l u t i o n h a s b e e n f o u n d f o r t h e l i b r a r y ' s o n e m o n u m e n t a l r e a d i n g r o o m . F l u s h w i t h t h e s u r f a c e of i t s 3 8 - f o o t v a u l t e d c e i l i n g a r e i n s t a l l e d b a n k s of m i x e d i n c a n d e s c e n t a n d m e r c u r y v a p o r g l o b e s , e a c h l i g h t w i t h its s e p a r a t e r e f l e c t o r , w i t h t h i n , l i g h t c o l o r e d m e t a l l o u v r e s b e n e a t h . E a c h of 4 0 p a n e l s c o n t a i n s o n e 4 5 0 - w a t t m e r c u r y v a p o r g l o b e ( W e s t i n g h o u s e E H - i ) a n d t w o 7 5 0 - w a t t i n c a n d e s c e n t b u l b s . A n d in a c e n t r a l d o m e a r e e m - b e d d e d a p a t t e r n of r e c e s s e d s p o t s ( R - 4 0 ) w h i c h l i g h t w i t h o u t d e f o r m i n g t h i s e x i s t - i n g a r c h i t e c t u r a l f e a t u r e . I n a n o t h e r a r e a a f l o o d l i g h t e d c e i l i n g c o u n t e r a c t s t h e g l a r e of s p o t s a n d a d d s t o g e n e r a l i l l u m i n a t i o n . T h u s a flood of l i g h t is p r o v i d e d o n r e a d i n g t a b l e s , s o l v i n g a f t e r m a n y y e a r s of s t u d e n t c r i t i c i s m a n d c a n d l e l i g h t p a r a d e s a p r o b l e m as o l d as t h e b u i l d i n g i t s e l f . W i n d o w g l a r e m a y be c o n t r o l l e d b y t h e c o m m o n V e n e t i a n b l i n d , i n s i d e o r o u t s i d e l o u v r e s , s c r e e n s of s e v e r a l t y p e s , c o l o r e d g l a s s o r p l a s t i c filters ( s u c h as P l e x i g l a s s ) , o r by o n e of t h e s e v e r a l k i n d s of g l a s s w h i c h b e n d , a b s o r b o r s h i e l d l i g h t r a y s w h e n v i e w e d f r o m p r e d e t e r m i n e d a n g l e s . T h e filter p r i n c i p l e ( w i t h c o l o r s in t h e b l u e s , g r e e n s a n d b r o w n s ) g i v e s t h e m o s t n a t u r a l a p p e a r a n c e , a v o i d i n g t h e d a r k o r o p a q u e e f f e c t s p r o d u c e d by m o s t t y p e s of c o n t r o l . A c o u s t i c a l t r e a t m e n t of r e a d i n g a n d w o r k i n g a r e a s g i v e s t h e a u d i t o r y s y s t e m a t r e a t s i m i l a r t o t h a t p r o v i d e d f o r t h e eyes b y b a l a n c e d l i g h t i n g . A c o u s t i c a l t i l e is p r o b a b l y t h e easiest t y p e t o a p p l y t o e x i s t i n g s p a c e , a n d i t s e f f e c t s a r e t r u l y m a r v e l o u s . A i r c o n d i t i o n i n g u n i t s c a n be i n s t a l l e d in n e w " f a n " r o o m s t o c o r r e c t specific s i t u a - t i o n s ( f o r c e d a i r , w a r m e d a n d filtered, is t h e l e a s t e x p e n s i v e t y p e , w i t h h u m i d i t y c o n - t r o l a n d r e f r i g e r a t i o n a d d i t i o n a l ) . N e w floor c o v e r i n g s ( a s p h a l t t i l e , l i n o l e u m , r u b - b e r t i l e a n d c o r k , t h e m o s t c o m m o n m a - t e r i a l s ) , n e w c o u n t e r a n d t a b l e t o p s , m o d e r n i z e d p l u m b i n g , a d e q u a t e e l e c t r i c a l s e r v i c e o u t l e t s a n d s w i t c h i n g , i n t e r c o m - m u n i c a t i o n s y s t e m s , n e w f u r n i t u r e , u n i t s t e e l s h e l v i n g a n d c o u n t l e s s o t h e r l a t t e r d a y i n v e n t i o n s o f f e r u n e n d i n g p o s s i b i l i t i e s . N e w d o o r s , w a l l s , c e i l i n g s o r m e z z a n i n e c o n s t r u c t i o n s h o u l d n o t b e o v e r l o o k e d d u r - i n g p l a n n i n g . E a r l y in t h e i n i t i a l s t u d y a n d p l a n n i n g p e r i o d a n a r c h i t e c t a n d e n g i n e e r s h o u l d be b r o u g h t i n t o t h e p r o g r a m , s i n c e t h e y c a n p r o v i d e b o t h p r e v e n t a t i v e a n d c u r a t i v e as- s i s t a n c e . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e i r s p e c i a l t e c h - n i c a l k n o w l e d g e , t h e i r k n a c k , e x p e r i e n c e a n d t r a i n i n g c a n v e r y o f t e n p r o v i d e b e t t e r s o l u t i o n s t o p r o b l e m s r e c o g n i z e d a n d p r e - s e n t e d b y t h e l i b r a r i a n t h a n c a n t h e l i b r a r - JULY, 1951 235 ian himself. A n d of course the finished drawings, specifications and s t a n d a r d s are prepared by them. B u t the plans, particu- larly those showing the layout of space and the location of electrical and mechanical features, should be gone over inch by inch by a knowledgeable member of the library staff. H e should investigate the adequacy of lighting to fit general or special require- m e n t s ; the presence of electrical outlets f o r reaching machines, erasers, playing equip- m e n t , clocks and t y p e w r i t e r s ; the conveni- ence of switches f o r the control of light (enclosed panel controls f o r most fluores- cents) ; the existence of d r i n k i n g f o u n t a i n s and wash basins; and of telephones f o r staff and public u s e ; the proper linear space f o r s t a n d a r d shelving and f u r n i t u r e ; the precise heights of counters and tables, w i t h space below f o r knees or s h e l v i n g ; the placement and swing of doors for best traffic use and economy of w a l l space; the setting up of control points f o r library materials and of an adequate keying system; the provision of directional signs; and the omission of nonessential items. T h e architect will be sure to provide proper stairways, public toilets, janitors' closets, mechanical areas and other facilities essential for n o r m a l cir- culation, building maintenance and emer- gencies. F o r t u n a t e is the l i b r a r i a n w h o has (as at U . C . L . A . ) a competent and coopera- tive Office of A r c h i t e c t s & Engineers at his beck and call. Specifications should incorporate stand- ards f o r materials and construction, citing acceptable b r a n d s or equivalents, w h e n they exist. R e m o d e l i n g may need to be sched- uled in t w o or m o r e successive stages, in order not to disrupt l i b r a r y service too seriously, and a s t a t e m e n t of these limita- tions should be included. T o g u a r d against having the low bid in excess of available f u n d s , the specifications may designate a basic unit of m a t e r i a l a n d construction, w i t h an a d d e n d u m of items to be bid upon as al- ternates. T h a t p a r t of the t o t a l project which can be encompassed by the existing budget can then be a u t h o r i z e d w i t h o u t can- celing all of the bids and s t a r t i n g again. U n i t s of lighting, acoustical t r e a t m e n t , flooring, certain p l u m b i n g items or w o r k on some designated area of the b u i l d i n g may comprise alternates. Bids may be aimed at a general c o n t r a c t o r w h o sublets services and materials and includes subcontractors' bids in his t o t a l e s t i m a t e ; or the project may be divided into construction and materials or into general construction, mechanical and electrical w o r k , or in other ways. A gen- eral c o n t r a c t o r w i l l find it necessary to add a m a r g i n of cost f o r imponderables. If the c o n t r a c t does not go to a general c o n t r a c t o r , the institution m u s t face the responsibility f o r the delivery of materials and f o r the integration of the several construction op- erations, and it w i l l have to pay the penal- ties f o r delays and duplication. W i t h the beginning of construction, the real period of t r a v a i l sets in. A member of the library staff, presumably the build- ing coordinator, should follow the project closely, w o r k i n g intimately w i t h the inspec- tors provided by the institution and archi- tects. E r r o r s and omissions in the original plans w i l l appear, and he should point out his discoveries and have them corrected if possible. H e should make advance a r r a n g e - m e n t s f o r s h i f t s of people and m a t e r i a l and see them carried o u t on schedule. T h i s will likely be the cause of greatest discom- f o r t and confusion, and he will need a limited a m o u n t of emergency a u t h o r i t y over library operations in order to assure complete coordination of w o r k m e n and staff. Detailed plans and maps of moves may be required f o r the guidance of w o r k m e n . Special a t t e n t i o n should be given to pub- licizing the remodeling p r o j e c t in advance (Continued on page 252) 236 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES m a n and the A m e r i c a n concept, historically represented by the i n f l u e n t i a l personalities of C u t t e r and D z i a t z k o , the real core of the i n t e r n a t i o n a l unification p r o b l e m . T h e C z e c h o s l o v a k i a n report recognizes f u l l y the thoroughness and l o g i c a l consistency of the P r . I., but emphasizes the usefulness of corporate authorship, especially t a k i n g into consideration the enormous increase of " a n o n y m o u s " publications. I t is clear t h a t a f u n d a m e n t a l prerequisite f o r an i n t e r n a t i o n a l code of c a t a l o g i n g rules is n a t i o n a l unification of c a t a l o g i n g practice. I n m a n y countries there is still considerable inconsistency and diversity be- t w e e n the d i f f e r e n t types of libraries and sometimes b e t w e e n linguistic groups. B u t the progress in n a t i o n a l codification m a y and should be accompanied by e f f o r t s to promote i n t e r n a t i o n a l unification. I t is up to the I n t e r n a t i o n a l F e d e r a t i o n of L i b r a r y A s s o c i a t i o n s to a t t a c k the main problems w h i c h are sketchily outlined in this article w i t h energy and w i t h the optimistic feel- i n g that in spite of a l l obstacles the final t a r g e t w i l l be reached and w i l l w o r k out to the benefit of all. Remodel While You W o r k (Continued from page 2j6) and d u r i n g operations in order to a d j u s t the minds of the public and staff to the e x t r a o r d i n a r y conditions p r e v a i l i n g . I n due time, preparations to reoccupy the refinished b u i l d i n g should be m a d e in some detail, to proceed by d e p a r t m e n t or section, perhaps as c o n s t r u c t i o n w o r k is c o m p l e t e d . A cele- bration by s t a f f , public and f r i e n d s m i g h t w e l l signalize the t e r m i n a t i o n of the altera- tions w o r k or of a p a r t i c u l a r l y significant portion of it ( s u c h as a rare book room or an u n d e r g r a d u a t e l i b r a r y ) . I t w o u l d m a r k the cessation of a p a r t i c u l a r l y difficult and t r y i n g experience and m i g h t open a n e w era in l i b r a r y history. I t is difficult to anticipate the contingen- cies w h i c h m a y arise w h i l e r e v i s i n g and a d d i n g to e x i s t i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n . F o r this reason r e m o d e l i n g is less sought by b u i l d i n g c o n t r a c t o r s than is n e w construction, and if revisions are to be v e r y comprehensive, u n i t costs m a y r u n higher than f o r n e w w o r k . E x t e n s i v e alterations d u r i n g occupancy are disadvantageous both to c o n t r a c t o r and li- brarians, and the most w o r k a b l e compromise should be m a d e b e t w e e n n o r m a l l i b r a r y f u n c t i o n and the complete a b a n d o n m e n t of the b u i l d i n g to plasterers, painters and plumbers. R e m o d e l i n g calls f o r c a r e f u l , creative p l a n n i n g , adequate f u n d i n g , m e t i c u l o u s co- ordination and limitless reserves of staff good w i l l and endurance. B u t if the old b u i l d i n g is to continue as a m o d e r n l i b r a r y , an e d u c a t i o n a l f o r c e and research center, and as a w o r k s h o p f o r an inspired l i b r a r y staff, it must be c o n t i n u o u s l y reshaped in the image of that fleeting g o a l , ideal f u n c - tion, and of t h a t evanescent measure of good and beauty, o u r h e a r t s ' desire. 252 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES