College and Research Libraries B y R O B E R T H . M U L L E R College and University Library Buildings, 1929-1949 Dr. Muller is director of libraries, South- ern Illinois University, and chairman, A.C.R.L. Committee on College and Uni- versity Library Buildings. THE a c c o m p a n y i n g statistical table com-pletes a series of three compilations of college and university l i b r a r y b u i l d i n g s w h i c h w e r e derived f r o m the r e t u r n s of a questionnaire survey conducted in the f a l l of 1 9 4 9 . T h e first compilation covered buildings under construction, or in the con- t r a c t - d r a w i n g stage, in 1 9 5 0 ;x the second one supplied data about buildings expected to be constructed d u r i n g the next decade.2 T h e present final statistical instalment covers l i b r a r y buildings erected since the beginning of the depression t h r o u g h the prosperity period f o l l o w i n g W o r l d W a r I I . T h e compilation, a l t h o u g h comprehensive, is not 100 per cent complete since it in- cludes o n l y accredited institutions listed in American Colleges and Universities ( A . J . B r u m b a u g h , ed. 5 t h ed. W a s h i n g t o n , A m e r i c a n C o u n c i l on E d u c a t i o n , 1 9 4 8 ) , plus a f e w nonaccredited ones that w e r e on addressograph stencils used by the A . L . A . H e a d q u a r t e r s , and only those that re- turned the questionnaires.3 T h e 1 4 6 l i b r a r y buildings are listed in 1 Muller, Robert H. "Library Building Construction Among Colleges and Universities." College and Re- search Libraries, 11:259-61, July 1950. 2 Muller, Robert H. "Future Library Building Trends Among Colleges and Universities." College and Re- search Libraries, 12:33-36, January 1951. 3 Of the 820 accredited institutions listed in American Colleges and Universities, 430 returned questionnaires (52 per cent). Since the questionnaire emphasized as- pects more pertinent to recent than to older buildings, it is reasonable to assume that most of the institutions fail- ing to return questionnaires had relatively old library buildings. the order of estimated effective floor area for book storage and seats, f r o m the largest ( C o l u m b i a U n i v e r s i t y ) to the smallest ( H a r d i n C o l l e g e ) . T h e floor area w a s estimated o'n the basis of v o l u m e capacity plus seats, assuming that on the a v e r a g e 15 active l i b r a r y v o l u m e s require one square foot of floor area, and one l i b r a r y seat re- quires 25 square feet. T h e p r i m a r y purpose of publishing the compilation is a practical one. I t should en- able the planners of n e w l i b r a r y buildings to locate buildings of similar size con- structed in the past. I t m i g h t be assumed that l i b r a r y b u i l d i n g problems of institu- tions of similar size more alike than problems of institutions of w i d e l y v a r y i n g sizes, e v e r y t h i n g else being equal. In a f e w instances w h e r e size is not considered of p r i m a r y importance, it should not be too difficult to use the list f o r l o c a t i n g institu- tions of simijar n a t u r e , such as technological schools, teachers' colleges, w o m e n ' s colleges, southern colleges, liberal arts colleges, uni- versities of complex o r g a n i z a t i o n , etc., even though the buildings are not a r r a n g e d ac- c o r d i n g to such categories. O n e of the most f r e q u e n t type of re- quest addressed to the A . C . R . L . C o m m i t - tee on C o l l e g e and U n i v e r s i t y L i b r a r y B u i l d i n g s is f o r locations of l i b r a r y build- ings that m i g h t be visited w i t h profit or otherwise contacted by the l i b r a r i a n , archi- tect, or president of an institution engaged in p l a n n i n g a n e w l i b r a r y b u i l d i n g . S u c h requests seem to occur to planners as the n a t u r a l first step in orienting themselves in JULY, 1951 29 7 C O L L E G E A N D U N I V E R S I T Y L I B R A R Y B U I L D I N G S C O N S T R U C T E D 1929-1949 (Arranged in the Order of Estimated Sise) Name of Institution Year Built Total Volume Capacity Building Seats now plus Carrells Filled in Main (x for yes) Library Seats Adeauate (Ad) Ample (Am) Insufficient (In) Columbia U„ New York, N. Y. 1934 1,608,579 Princeton U„ Princeton, N. J. 1948 1,800,000 U. of Colo., Boulder, Colo. 1939 1,000,000 Duke U„ Durham, N. C. 1930 900,000 U. of Ala., University, Ala. 1939 275,000 U. of Calif. (Los Angeles), Los Angeles, Calif. 1929 625,000 U. of Rochester, Rochester, N. Y. 1930 977,393 Rice Inst., Houston, Tex. 1949 800,000 Northwestern U., Evanston, 111. 1932 600,000 U. of Maine, Orono, Maine 1947 721,000 U. of Mo., Columbia, Mo. 1936 450,000 U. of N. C., Chapel Hill, N. C. 1929 500,000 Vanderbilt U„ Nashville, Tenn. 1941 535,000 U. of Fla., Gainesville, Fla. 1930 450,000 U. of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 1935 450,000 U. of Southern Calif., Los Angeles, Calif. 1932 370,882 Colo. St. Coll. of Ed., Greeley, Colo. 1940 400,000 U. of Va., Charlottesville, Va. 1938 400,436 U. of Oreg., Eugene, Oreg. 1937 385,253 111. St. Normal U., Normal, 111. 1940 295,000 U. of N. Mex., Albuquerque, N. Mex. 1938 250,000 Drew U., Madison, N. J. 1939 400,000 Howard U„ Washington, D. C. 1938 339,047 Temple U., Philadelphia, Pa. 1935 254,213 Lehigh U., Bethlehem, Pa. 1929 320,000 Fla. St. U., Tallahassee, Fla. 1930 195,578 Ohio U., Athens, Ohio 1931 205,758 U. of Conn., Storrs, Conn. 1939 220,000 Drake U., Des Moines, Iowa 1938 303,000 U. of S. C„ Columbia, S. C. 1941 290,000 Brooklyn Coll., Brooklyn, N. Y. 1938 131,032 W. Va. U„ Morgantown, W. Va. 1931 221,916 N. Tex. St. Coll., Denton, Tex. 1937 168,218 Pa. St. Coll., State College, Pa. 1939 228,696 Southern Methodist U„ Dallas, Tex. 1940 199,000 U. of Tenn., Knoxville, Tenn. 1932 194,738 Tex. Tech. Coll., Lubbock, Tex. 1938 87,500 Tenn. Polytechnic Inst., Cookeville, Tenn. 1949 125,000 Washington & Lee U„ Lexington, Va. 1941 260,800 Atlanta U„ Atlanta, Ga. 1931 181,000 San Jose St. Coll., San Jose, Calif. 1941 130,000 Lincoln U„ Jefferson City, Mo. 1949 154,056 George Washington U., Washington, D. C. 1939 135,000 Mont. St. Coll., Bozeman, Mont. 1949 210,000 Central Mo. Coll., Warrensburg, Mo. 1939 195,000 U. of Md., College Park, Md. 1931 135,000 Fla. A. & M. Coll. for Negroes, Tallahassee, Fla. 1948 126,484 Southern U. and A. & M. Coll., Baton Rouge, La. 1941 90,000 Eastern Washington Coll. of Ed., Cheney, Wash. 1940 156,000 Milwaukee-Downer Coll., Milwaukee, Wis. 1937 176,249 E. Tex. St. Teachers Coll., Commerce, Tex. 1930 113,639 A. & M. Coll. of Tex., College Station, Tex. 1930 160,000 Franklin & Marshall Coll., Lancaster, Pa. 1938 161,000 Fresno St. Coll., Fresno, Calif. 1933 93,000 Fisk U„ Nashville, Tenn. 1930 148,566 Kent St. U., Kent, Ohio 1929 94,000 U. of Mass., Amherst, Mass. 1935 135,000 Municipal U. of Wichita, Wichita, Kans. 1939 120,000 Southwestern La. Inst., Lafayette, La. 1939 74,893 Mary Washington Coll. of the U. of Va., Fredericksburg, Va. 1941 122,003 Southeast Mo. St. Coll., Cape Girardeau, Mo. 1939 105,000 Northwest Mo. St. Teachers Coll., Maryville, Mo. 1939 135,000 St. Teachers Coll., Bemidji, Minn. 1949 122,000 MacMurrav Coll. for Women, Jacksonville, 111. 1941 99,000 Albion Coll., Albion, Mich. 1938 130,365 E. Central St. Coll., Ada, Okla. 1949 107,000 Immaculate Heart Coll., Los Angeles, Calif. 1947 145,000 Skidmore Coll., Saratoga Springs, N. Y. 1940 100,000 St. Bonaventure Coll. & Seminary, St. Bonaventure, N. Y. 1937 148,000 Madison Coll., Harrisonburg, Va. 1939 89,001 Ga. Teachers Coll., Collegeboro, Ga. 1939 48,000 Western St. Coll. of Colo., Gunnison, Colo. 1939 111,000 Agnes Scott Coll., Decatur, Ga. 1936 106,000 Gettysburg Coll., Gettysburg, Pa. 1929 100,000 Denison U„ Granville, Ohio 1937 104,825 St. Mary's Coll., Notre Dame, Holy Cross, Ind. 1942 122,751 American Int. Coll., Springfield, Mass. 1949 67,000 Gustavus Adolphus Coll., St. Peter, Minn. 1948 100,000 X 2,377 1,800 1,250 1,150 X 2,600 X 1,481 502 813 X 1,084 427 X 1,300 X 1,162 1,020 1,134 X 930 X 1,078 900 X 800 X 806 876 864 363 365 X 591 X 387 X 716 635 592 370 390 X 800 X 539 X 676 X 498 X 556 X 500 X 767 626 249 X 460 X 575 485 X 528 324 351 X 510 506 601 X 384 329 X 466 325 308 X 474 316 X 450 X 330 362 X 482 350 365 276 310 366 267 322 220 337 200 350 450 281 294 X 300 286 232 380 260 (Ad) (Ad) (Ad) (Ad) (Am) (In) (Am) (Am) (I") (In) (In) (In) (Am) (Ad) (Ad) (In) (Ad) (Ad) (In) (Ad) (In) (Am) (In) (Am) (Ad) (In) (In) (Ad) (Am) (Ad) (In) (In) (Ad) (In) (In) (Ad) (Ad) (Am) (Ad) (Am) (In) (Ad) (In) (In) (Ad) (In) (Ad) (Am) (Am) (Am) (Am) (In) (Am) (Ad) (Ad) (In) (In) (Am) (Am) (Am) (Am) (Am) (Am) (Am) (Ad) (Am) (Ad) (Ad) (Ad) (Am) (Am) (Am) (Am) (Am) (In) (Am) (Am) (In) 262 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Name of Institution Year Built Total Volume Capacity Building now Filled ( x for yes) Seats plus Carrells in Main Library Seats Adequate 1 Ample Insufficient 1936 125,000 X 185 (In) 1929 81,603 X 300 (Ad) 1949 100,000 244 (Ad) 1938 112,934 209 (Ad) 1942 87,512 260 (Ad) 1941 38,270 X 387 (Am) 1940 90,702 238 (In) 1940 90,000 228 (Am) 1929 90,000 X 225 (In) 1942 96,122 202 (Am) 1937 79,000 244 (Am) 1943 131,300 100 (Am) 1949 100,000 177 (Am) 1930 65,000 X 270 (In) 1930 130,000 96 (Ad) 1938 65,000 263 (Ad) 1931 101,000 160 (Ad) 1936 89,000 190 (Am) 1939 51,566 X 284 (Ad) 1941 75,000 218 (In) 1930 75,000 216 (Am) 1929 90,000 172 (Am) 1949 103,000 137 (Am) 1930 75,000 204 (In) 1939 41,000 294 (Am) 1948 70,000 214 (Am) 1948 58,000 236 (Am) 1947 69,753 196 (Am) 1935 15,000 X 96 (In) 1936 53,946 X 225 (In) 1939 58,500 185 (Ad) 1930 34,000 X 242 (In) 1939 68,411 150 (Ad) 1940 42,000 X 220 (In) 1942 74,892 130 (Ad) 1933 54,000 170 (In) 1938 53,791 156 (Am) 1931 55,000 X 152 (Ad) 1930 58,000 X 140 (Ad) 1931 70,618 105 (Ad) 1938 43,799 X 170 (In) 1935 39,492 X 180 (Ad) 1929 64,230 X 110 (In) 1948 30,457 X * 200 (Ad) 1937 40,000 X 174 (In) 1939 21,798 216 (Am) 1940 32,000 X 188 (In) 1946 44,900 X 150 (In) 1929 41,050 150 (Am) 1931 38,000 X 158 (Ad) 1941 19,350 202 (Ad) 1941 35,000 X 158 (Am) 1939 45,060 X 120 (Am) 1935 42,000 X 125 (Am) 1942 40,000 108 (Am) 1940 24,539 X 144 (Am) 1929 31,500 X 124 (Ad) 1939 32,000 120 (Am) 1941 30,000 125 (Am) 1931 30,000 X 120 (Ad) 1944 25,000 120 (Ad) 1948 14,075 X 132 (In) 1938 15,000 X 125 (In) 1930 25,000 X 75 (Am) 1949 14,680 X 77 (Am) 1931 • 35,000 X (Am) 1947 35,000 (Ad) 1946 13,000 X (In) (Am) U. of Kans. City, Kansas City, Mo. Sweet Briar Coll., Sweet Briar, Va. Carson-Newman Coll., Jefferson City, Tenn. Westminster Coll., New Wilmington, Pa. Carroll Coll., Waukesha, Wis. Hood Coll., Frederick, Md. Southeastern La. Coll., Hammond, La. Rockford Coll., Rockford, 111. Reed Coll., Portland, Oreg. Manhattanville Coll. of the Sacred Heart, New York, N. Y. Xavier U., New Orleans, La. U. S. Coast Guard Academy, New London, Conn. Culver-Stockton Coll., Canton, Mo. U. of Tulsa, Tulsa, 0,da. Muhlenberg Coll., Allentown, Pa. Willamette U., Salem, Oreg. Radford Coll., Radford, Va. Rosemont Coll., Rosemont, Pa. Longwood Coll., Farmville, Va. Davidson Coll., Davidson, N. C. N. J. St. Teachers Coll., Trenton, N. J. Southwestern Inst, of Tech., Weatherford, Okla. St. Paul Seminary, St. Paul, Minn. Huntingdon Coll., Montgomery, Ala. Talladega Coll., Talladega, Ala. Pacific Lutheran Coll., Parkland, Wash. Ala. A. & M. Coll., Normal, Ala. Paine Coll., Augusta, Ga. Albany St. Coll., Albany, Ga. Northwestern St. Coll. of La., Natchitoches, La. St. Teachers Coll., Winona, Minn. Ark. St. Teachers Coll., Conway, Ark. Bennett Coll., Greensboro, N. C. Goshen Coll., Goshen, Ind. Lenoir-Rhyne Coll., Hickorv, N. C. Chico St. Coll., Chico, Calif. Salem Coll., Winston-Salem, N. C. Coe Coll., Cedar Rapids, Iowa Ripon Coll., Ripon, Wis. St. Normal & Ind. Coll., Ellendale, N. D. Va. St. Coll., Petersburg, Va. Linfield Coll., McMinnville, Oreg. Whittier Coll., Whittier, Calif. Va. Union U., Richmond, Va. Emmanuel Missionary Coll., Berrien Springs, Mich. St. Teachers Coll., Jacksonville, Ala. George Pepperdine Coll., Los Angeles, Calif. Trinity U., San Antonio, Tex. Keene Teachers Coll., Keene, N. H. Geneva Coll., Beaver Falls, Pa. Union Coll., Barbourville, Ky. Carthage Coll., Carthage, 111. Delta St. Teachers Coll., Cleveland, Miss. Principia Coll., Elsah, 111. Wilmington Coll., Wilmington, Ohio Ga. St. Woman's Coll., Valdosta, Ga. Nebr. St. Teachers Coll., Chadron, Nebr. St. Teachers Coll., Slippery Rock, Pa. Limestone Coll., Gaffney, S. C. Glenville St. Coll., Glenville, W. Va. Northwest Nazarene Coll., Nampa, Idaho Claflin Coll., Orangeburg, S. C. Bluefield St. Coll., Bluefield, W. Va. Albright Coll., Reading, Pa. LaGrange Coll., LaGrange, Ga. Scripps Coll., Claremont, Calif. Our Lady of the Lake Coll., San Antonio, Tex. Hardin Coll., Wichita Falls, Tex. the complex and often controversial body of knowledge pertaining to modern library building design and construction. T h e lists of recent and future library buildings were compiled to meet this demand for easy firsthand orientation more efficiently than could be done in the past. A l t h o u g h the desire to seek firsthand knowledge about other library buildings seems legitimate, a w o r d of caution is in order w i t h regard to the tendency of some administrators to copy the plans of other buildings. M a n y examples could be cited of library buildings modeled after other library buildings w i t h insufficient regard for the special conditions existing on a JULY, 1951 263 g i v e n campus. I n some f e w cases the f o l - l o w i n g of a model has produced f u n c t i o n a l results, but more o f t e n it has resulted in poorly designed l i b r a r y buildings. T h e difficulties encountered by librarians in s e l l i n g the idea of m o d u l a r design to col- lege a d m i n i s t r a t o r s and boards up to 1 9 4 6 sprang f r o m the impossibility of pointing to any previously b u i l t m o d u l a r l i b r a r y b u i l d i n g that could be copied or used as a model. 4 O n l y a f t e r some members of the o r i g i n a l C o o p e r a t i v e C o m m i t t e e on L i b r a r y B u i l d i n g P l a n s , such as P r i n c e t o n U n i v e r - sity and I o w a State U n i v e r s i t y , had begun to adopt m o d u l a r design, did it become easy f o r others to break w i t h the h a l l o w e d traditions of segregated m u l t i p l e - t i e r stacks, high-ceilinged reference halls, built-in w a l l s h e l v i n g and l o a d - b e a r i n g partitions. 5 I n 1 9 5 1 the situation is a p p r o a c h i n g the re- verse of that of o n l y five years ago, and institutions not a d o p t i n g m o d u l a r design f o r their l i b r a r y b u i l d i n g seem n o w to exhibit apologetic tendencies. O n c e the l i b r a r y p l a n n e r is determined to resist the tendency to copy existing pat- terns u n t h i n k i n g l y , he can profit m u c h t h r o u g h a study of l i b r a r y b u i l d i n g plans of other institutions. B y means of personal inspection, correspondence, discussion and analysis, he can discover the w e a k and s t r o n g points of other plans. H e can find out w h a t to avoid and w h a t to r e c o m m e n d . H e should insist on being permitted to t r a v e l to distant points if necessary, since, the most f u n c t i o n a l buildings are not a l w a y s located nearby. T h e cost of such t r a v e l is 4 T h e application of flexible design to library build- ings was first proposed by A n g u s S. Macdonald. See his " A Library of the F u t u r e . " Library Journal, 58:971-75, 1023-25, 1933 and " N e w Possibilities in Library P l a n n i n g . " Library Journal, 70:1169-74, 1945. See also Burchard, John E . , [and others]. Planning the University Library Building. Princeton University Press, 1949, p.98-106, 136-37. 5 See Cooperative Committee on Library Building Plans. The Orange Conference, Oct. 26-2'8, 1945, Phila- delphia: Stephenson-Brothers, 1946; See also The Sec- ond Princeton Conference, June 12-14, 1946, The North Carolina Conference, Mar. 18-19, 1947, The Chicago Conference, Jan. 27-28, 1948, The Michigan Conference, Dec. 2-3, 1949. a trifle compared to the cost of construc- tion or compared to architects' fees. F i r s t - hand observation is, of course, n o t a panacea f o r all l i b r a r y p l a n n i n g problems. N e v e r - theless, e v e r y t h i n g else being equal, the l i b r a r i a n w h o has had an o p p o r t u n i t y to f a m i l i a r i z e himself w i t h m a n y c o n t e m p o r a r y l i b r a r y b u i l d i n g s w i l l probably do a better j o b of p l a n n i n g than one w h o has not. E v e n a study of the errors of the past m a y be f r u i t f u l . T h e tabulation gives f o r each l i b r a r y b u i l d i n g the f o l l o w i n g d a t a : ( i ) T h e year in w h i c h construction w a s completed, ( 2 ) t o t a l v o l u m e capacity, ( 3 ) an indication of w h e t h e r or not the b u i l d i n g w a s filled to capacity in 1949, ( 4 ) t o t a l number of seats, i n c l u d i n g study carrells, in the n e w build- ing, and ( 5 ) an indication of w h e t h e r the n u m b e r of seats provided w a s ample, ade- quate, or insufficient in 1949. Fluctuations6 T h e a m o u n t of construction fluctuated g r e a t l y d u r i n g the 2 1 - y e a r span. O n the a v e r a g e about seven n e w b u i l d i n g s a year w e r e constructed, thus a d d i n g about 154,000 square feet a y e a r to the college and university facilities f o r the storage of books and seating of readers. T h e v o l u m e of construction d u r i n g the depression w a s above average. I t dropped considerably d u r i n g the recovery period 1 9 3 3 - 3 7 and rose sharply f r o m 1938 u n t i l P e a r l H a r b o r ( 1 4 buildings a y e a r ) . T h e w a r and de- m o b i l i z a t i o n periods w e r e e x t r e m e l y lean, w i t h o n l y 1.6 buildings a y e a r added. L i b r a r y b u i l d i n g construction picked up again in 1948 and 1949. Total Construction D u r i n g 1 9 2 9 - 4 9 n e w l i b r a r y b u i l d i n g s provided 3,300,000 square feet of floor area 6 Assistance rendered the author by D r . A . Mark, director, Statistical Service, Southern Illinois Univer- sity, in the calculation of the summary data, trends, and ratios presented in this and the next three paragraphs, is gratefully acknowledged. 264 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES for the storage of 26,600,000 books and 6 1 , 0 0 0 seats f o r readers. I n the total scene, f o r every 100 square feet of floor area f o r book storage there w e r e 85 square feet f o r reader seating. ( T h i s ratio did not, of course, hold true f o r i n d i v i d u a l libraries.) A b o u t 14 per cent of the libraries accounted f o r one half of the total book storage capacity, and 22 per cent accounted f o r one half of reader seating, i n d i c a t i n g that many more small libraries w e r e constructed than l a r g e ones. Average Library T h e average b u i l d i n g provided a book storage capacity of about 184,000 v o l u m e s and seats f o r 420 readers. A t the time of construction, it possessed about 6 1 , 0 0 0 volumes. T h e l i b r a r y buildings of A t l a n t a U n i v e r s i t y , A . & M . C o l l e g e of T e x a s and E a s t e r n W a s h i n g t o n C o l l e g e of E d u c a t i o n came close to this statistical average. Life Expectancy O f 145 l i b r a r y buildings erected be- t w e e n 1 9 2 9 and 1949, 63 w e r e filled to capacity by 1949. O v e r one half of the buildings built between 1 9 2 9 and 1941 w e r e filled by 1949. O n the basis of re- ported g r o w t h plus e x t r a p o l a t e d f u t u r e g r o w t h , a m o n g 122 buildings f o r w h i c h such data w e r e available, the average l i b r a r y b u i l d i n g had a l i f e time or l i f e expectancy of 21 years. 7 I n other w o r d s , the a v e r a g e b u i l d i n g w o u l d require a build- i n g addition f o r book storage 21 years a f t e r original construction. 7 Life expectancy was computed on the basis of the average rate of increase for the period extending from the year of construction to the year 1948. The rate of increase was computed in the same fashion as compound interest is computed. If A denotes the number of volumes at the time of construction and B the number of volumes in 1948, then A dollars deposited in the year of construction would yield B dollars in 1948, provided that the money accumulated only through in- terest compounded annually at the rate of increase char- acteristic for a given library. The rate of increase was calculated only for those libraries for which the num- bers A and B were available. Circulation in the Divisional Library (Continued from page 244) needed, that for the bookcard file kept by date due, f r o m w h i c h overdues w e r e typed and c i r c u l a t i o n counted. In these t w o last steps, needless minutes f o r m e r l y spent on b o o k c a r d i n g , f i l i n g and w r i t i n g charges, w e r e saved f o r advising and g u i d i n g the p a t r o n . Summary A t N e b r a s k a the c e n t r a l i z a t i o n of all circulation activities in the divisional li- b r a r y at the central loan desk has m e a n t a n e w concept of service to the patron. T h e circulation department is in a pivotal posi- tion in the l i b r a r y ; it is the center of public service and coordination. T h r o u g h the use of a master file of book location and stream- lined techniques of f i l i n g and book c h a r g - ing, this circulation department has elevated the standards of service to patrons to a high level of q u a l i t y and efficiency, and has thus contributed substantially to the success of the divisional l i b r a r y at the U n i v e r s i t y of N e b r a s k a . JULY, 1951 265