College and Research Libraries B y A R C H I E L . M c N E A L Financial Problems of University Libraries Dr. McNeal is director of libraries, Uni- versity of Miami. CO N S I D E R A B L E C O N C E R N h a s b e e n e x -pressed in r e c e n t y e a r s o v e r t h e u l t i - m a t e d e s t i n y of t h e u n i v e r s i t y a n d its re- s e a r c h l i b r a r y . T o o o f t e n , t h e t w o h a v e b e e n c o n s i d e r e d s e p a r a t e l y . L i b r a r i a n s a r e c o n c e r n e d a b o u t t h e g r o w t h in n u m b e r s of v o l u m e s , a b o u t p r o b l e m s of h o u s i n g t h e s e g r o w i n g c o l l e c t i o n s , a n d a b o u t b i b l i o g r a p h i c c o n t r o l of s u c h m a t e r i a l . I n c r e a s e d a c q u i s i - t i o n s costs, i n c r e a s e d c a t a l o g i n g costs, a n d t h e n e c e s s i t y f o r l a r g e r s t a f f s h a v e p o s e d financial p r o b l e m s . T h e s e p r o b l e m s a r e i n e v i t a b l y a n i n t e g r a l p a r t of t h e u n i v e r s i t y ' s t o t a l p r o b l e m ; t h r o u g h v a s t l y i n c r e a s e d r e s e a r c h p r o g r a m s a n d e x p a n d i n g g r a d u a t e p r o g r a m s , l i t e r a t u r e n e e d s a r e i n c r e a s e d a n d t h e p r o d u c t i o n of l i t e r a t u r e in t h e f o r m of r e p o r t s , a r t i c l e s , a n d b o o k s is i n c r e a s e d . T h i s M a l t h u s i a n s p i r a l h a s t h u s f a r b e e n m e t b y l i b r a r i e s w i t h a l m o s t n o i n c r e a s e in t h e p e r c e n t a g e r e q u i r e d f r o m t h e i n s t i t u - t i o n a l b u d g e t f o r t h e i r o p e r a t i o n . A s t h e u n i v e r s i t y e x p a n d s , it is l o g i c a l t h a t t h e l i b r a r y s h o u l d g r o w . U n i v e r s i t y b u i l d i n g p r o g r a m s m u s t r e c o g n i z e l i b r a r y h o u s i n g n e e d s . S o m e a m e l i o r a t i o n in t h i s r e s p e c t is o f f e r e d b y s u c h i n n o v a t i o n s as t h e N e w E n g l a n d D e p o s i t o r y a n d t h e M i d w e s t I n t e r - L i b r a r y C e n t e r b u t t h e y s t i l l m u s t be c o n s i d e r e d as e x p e r i m e n t s . C o m m u n i c a - t i o n s w i l l p r o b a b l y be t h e d e t e r m i n i n g f a c t o r i n t h e u l t i m a t e f a i l u r e o r s u c c e s s of s u c h d e v e l o p m e n t s . T h e f a c u l t y w i l l be a v i t a l f a c t o r in a c c e p t a n c e o r r e j e c t i o n of s u c h p l a n s . W a r e h o u s e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e m o s t i n e x p e n s i v e k i n d , w i t h s e l e c t i v e s t o r a g e based o n use of m a t e r i a l s m a y be t h e m o s t s a t i s f a c t o r y s o l u t i o n e v e n t u a l l y , e s p e c i a l l y in a r e a s of i s o l a t i o n . T h e e d u c a t i o n a l o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e u n i v e r - s i t y p r o p e r l y d e t e r m i n e t h e n a t u r e a n d g r o w t h of t h e u n i v e r s i t y l i b r a r y . C h a n g i n g c o n c e p t s a n d n o r m a l g r o w t h of a n i n s t i t u - t i o n s h o u l d r e s u l t i n p e r i o d i c r e d e f i n i t i o n of p u r p o s e s , w i t h a c o n s e q u e n t e f f e c t o n t h e l i b r a r y . E f f o r t s a t e s t a b l i s h i n g a n o p t i m u m s i z e f o r t h e c o l l e g e l i b r a r y a r e v a l i d o n l y i n t e r m s of t h e p r o g r a m as it e x i s t s a t a p a r t i c u - l a r t i m e . A n y n u m e r i c a l l i m i t a t i o n m u s t be f u r t h e r q u a l i f i e d b y p r o v i s i o n f o r w e e d i n g t h e c o l l e c t i o n , a n d by d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e c u r - r i c u l a t o be s e r v e d . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , b y its v e r y n a t u r e t h e u n i v e r s i t y is less s u s c e p t i b l e t o s u c h l i m i t a t i o n . O n l y t h r o u g h r e g i o n a l c o o p e r a t i o n c a n s o m e r e l i e f be f o u n d f r o m t h e c o m p u l s i o n t o p r o v i d e e v e r y t h i n g f o r t h e s c h o l a r a n d r e s e a r c h w o r k e r . F e w i n s t i t u t i o n s a r e s t a t i c . T h e p r o c e s s of e v o l u t i o n , f r o m a n u n d e r g r a d u a t e p r o - g r a m l e a d i n g t o a B a c h e l o r ' s d e g r e e , t o a m u l t i p l i c i t y of g r a d u a t e p r o g r a m s a n d re- s e a r c h r e s p e c t a b i l i t y is a c o n t i n u i n g p r o c e s s . T h e p r e s s u r e on t h e l i b r a r y t o p r o v i d e f o r t h i s g r o w t h h a s r e s u l t e d in r a p i d i n c r e a s e s i n b o o k c o l l e c t i o n s , a n d c o n c o m i t a n t w i t h t h a t i n c r e a s e , t h e n e e d f o r m o r e space a n d s t a f f t o p r o p e r l y h o u s e a n d s e r v i c e m a t e r i a l s . I t is g e n e r a l l y r e c o g n i z e d t h a t g r a d u a t e OCTOBER, 1954 38 7 w o r k a n d r e s e a r c h p r o g r a m s a r e an e x p e n - sive p a r t of a u n i v e r s i t y in t e r m s of i n s t r u c - t i o n a l costs. I t is a l s o a c k n o w l e d g e d t h a t t o p - f l i g h t f a c u l t y f o r s u c h p r o g r a m s r e q u i r e a n d d e m a n d p r o p e r l i b r a r y r e s o u r c e s , o f t e n c h o o s i n g o r r e j e c t i n g p o s i t i o n s on t h a t f a c - t o r . I t b e c o m e s i m p e r a t i v e t h a t the li- b r a r i a n a n t i c i p a t e n e w p r o g r a m s a n d pos- sible a r e a s of r e s e a r c h i n t e r e s t , as w e l l as c o n t i n u i n g to s u p p o r t e s t a b l i s h e d p r o g r a m s . R e c e n t l y , s o m e r e a c t i o n h a s d e v e l o p e d to the c o n s t a n t l y i n c r e a s i n g costs of l i b r a r y s e r v i c e to h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n . I n p a r t i c u l a r , t h e M i l l e t t 1 r e p o r t h a s c a u s e d a p p r e h e n s i o n . O n e d i f f i c u l t y a r i s e s f r o m the f a c t t h a t too m a n y l i b r a r i a n s t e n d to r e a d o n l y t h a t p a r t of a w o r k h e a d e d " L i b r a r i e s . " O t h e r s d r a w f r o m the d a t a i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s w h i c h a r e p a r t i a l a n d n o t c o m p l e t e o u t of c o n t e x t . T h e t a b l e b e l o w s e r v e s to i l l u s t r a t e this p o i n t : S u c h a n e g a t i v e a p p r o a c h , w h i l e s t a t i s t i - c a l l y c o r r e c t , p r o v i d e s a m m u n i t i o n f o r t h e g u n s a l r e a d y t r a i n e d on us. I t c a n be used w i t h o u t r e f e r e n c e to the t a b l e in its e n t i r e t y , a n d so used b y d e t r a c t o r s , w o u l d be a g r o s s m i s r e p r e s e n t a t i o n . I t o m i t s the o b v i o u s re- l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n " D e p a r t m e n t a l i n s t r u c - t i o n a n d r e s e a r c h " a n d " O r g a n i z e d R e - s e a r c h " — t h e f o r m e r w a s 6 3 % of the t o t a l in 1 9 3 0 a n d d e c l i n e d to 4 5 . 1 % in 1 9 5 0 , t h e l a t t e r r o s e f r o m 5 . 3 % in 1 9 3 0 to 1 4 . 2 % in 1 9 5 0 . M i l l e t t r e c o g n i z e s the d i f f i c u l t y of d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g b e t w e e n t h e t w o c a t e g o r i e s a n d r e f e r s to it as an a c c o u n t i n g p r o b l e m . I t m a y be n o t e d t h a t the f a c t o r s s h o w i n g t h e l e a s t fluctuation p e r c e n t a g e - w i s e a r e " A d m i n i s t r a t i o n a n d G e n e r a l " a n d " L i - b r a r i e s . " D o l l a r w i s e , e x p e n d i t u r e s in the f o r m e r w e r e r o u g h l y f i v e t i m e s as m u c h in 1 9 5 0 as in 1 9 3 0 , a n d in the l a t t e r , a l m o s t s i x t i m e s as m u c h . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , T A B L E I Educational and General Expenditures, B y Major Function2 1930 1940 1950 T O T A L Admin. & Gen. Dept. Instr. & Res. Extension Org. Research Libraries Plant Opr. & Maint. Org. Act. Rel. to Instr. 3 3 7 , 1 6 1 , 9 6 9 1 0 0 . 0 % 40,089,036 1 1 . 9 2 1 2 , 5 3 7 , 5 4 6 6 3 . 0 not reported 1 7 , 9 8 8 , 5 2 4 5 . 3 9 , 3 9 1 , 3 6 7 2 . 8 5 7 , 1 5 5 , 4 9 6 1 7 - 0 not reported 482,258,996 1 0 0 . 0 % 5 6 , 5 3 7 , 0 0 1 1 1 . 7 2 5 5 , 9 3 0 , 6 4 4 5 3 - 1 3 5 , H 7 , 2 7 2 7 - 3 26,989,744 5 . 6 1 8 , 3 1 4 , 1 2 2 3 . 8 6 2 , 8 8 7 , 5 6 3 1 3 . 0 2 6 , 4 5 2 , 6 5 0 5 . 5 1 , 5 6 8 , 1 8 9 , 0 9 8 1 0 0 . 0 % 1 8 9 , 8 3 0 , 2 5 9 1 2 . 1 7 0 7 , 6 3 2 , 0 0 3 4 5 . 1 8 2 , 7 1 4 , 0 3 7 5 . 3 2 2 2 , 2 3 2 , 5 8 8 1 4 . 2 52,706,978 3 . 4 200,964,498 1 2 . 8 1 1 2 , 1 0 8 , 7 3 5 7 . 1 I n a r e c e n t a r t i c l e in t h e Harvard Library Bulletin the t a b l e s h o w n a b o v e is r e f e r r e d to as i n d i c a t i n g " t h a t l i b r a r y e x p e n d i t u r e s in t h e i n s t i t u t i o n s s t u d i e d a m o u n t e d to f o u r a n d o n e - h a l f p e r c e n t of e x p e n d i t u r e s f o r in- s t r u c t i o n a n d r e s e a r c h in 1 9 3 0 , a n d t h a t t h i s f i g u r e h a d r i s e n to n e a r l y s e v e n a n d o n e - h a l f p e r c e n t b y 1 9 5 0 . " 3 1 Millett, John D. Financing Higher Education in the United States. New York, Columbia University Press, 19.52. 2 Ibid., p. 107. 3 Metcalf, Keyes D. "Financial Problems of Uni- versity Libraries," Harvard Library Bulletin, 8:6, Winter. 1954. " O r g a n i z e d R e s e a r c h " cost m o r e t h a n 1 2 t i m e s as m u c h . I t s h o u l d be r e c o g n i z e d t h a t the " O r g a n i z e d R e s e a r c h " f i g u r e as p r e - s e n t e d in this t a b l e does n o t t a k e i n t o con- s i d e r a t i o n t h e i n c o m e a t t a c h e d to it. I n t e r m s of c o n t r a c t r e s e a r c h , h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n r e c e i v e d $ 1 3 2 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 f r o m g o v e r n m e n t s o u r c e s in 1 9 5 0 / W h i l e l i b r a r i e s w e r e the s u b j e c t of c r i t i - c i s m , a n d a l t h o u g h a d m i t t i n g t h a t l i b r a r y costs s t i l l c l a i m o n l y a b o u t 3 % of the " e d u - 4 Millett, op. cit., p. 353. 408 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES cational and g e n e r a l " b u d g e t , it w a s s t a t e d : " I t is s a f e to p r e d i c t that l i b r a r y o p e r a t i n g costs w i l l g r o w as one of the i m p o r t a n t ex- pense p r o b l e m s of both colleges and uni- v e r s i t i e s . " 5 Y e t in a l a t e r section on a d m i n i s t r a t i v e costs w e find f o r them a c a l m acceptance, based on the p e r c e n t a g e figures of the above table, in these w o r d s " . . . the r e l a t i v e share of t o t a l e x p e n d i t u r e s r e q u i r e d f o r a d m i n i - s t r a t i v e and g e n e r a l purposes does not seem to have increased in any l a r g e degree d u r i n g the decade of the 1 9 4 0 ' s . " 6 If w e e x a m i n e the t r e a t m e n t of the t w o areas, a d m i n i s t r a t i o n and l i b r a r i e s , there ap- pears to be an inequity in the conclusions reached. I t is e n t i r e l y possible that w e , as l i b r a r i a n s , are responsible. E v e n since F r e - m o n t R i d e r cried " w o l f " ( a n d not w i t h o u t some j u s t i f i c a t i o n ) there has been a rising c h o r u s of echoes, some f r o m H a r v a r d , some f r o m P e n n s y l v a n i a , and others f r o m p a r o n y - mous s u b m a r g i n a l regions. S o m e of the d a t a cited by M i l l e t t h a v e a f a m i l i a r r i n g . I n o u r process of s e l f - e x a m i n a t i o n and c r i t i c a l e v a l u a t i o n it m a y wrell a p p e a r to an outside o b s e r v e r that there is " d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n w i t h and c o n f u s i o n about the l i b r a r y services of higher e d u c a t i o n . " 7 F u r t h e r r a m i f i c a t i o n s of the p r o b l e m of m o u n t i n g l i b r a r y costs can be f o u n d in the increase in g r a d u a t e degrees since the l a t e 1 9 3 0 ' s . U . S . O f f i c e of E d u c a t i o n statistics s h o w that earned degrees c o n f e r r e d by insti- tutions of h i g h e r education in the U . S . in 1 9 3 9 - 4 0 w e r e 3 , 2 9 0 at the D o c t o r ' s l e v e l and 2 6 , 7 3 1 at the M a s t e r ' s and second pro- fessional l e v e l . I n 1 9 5 2 - 5 3 , there w e r e 8 , 3 0 9 D o c t o r ' s degrees and 6 1 , 0 2 3 M a s t e r ' s and second p r o f e s s i o n a l degrees. 8 T h i s re- presents r o u g h l y an increase t w o and one- half times in the g r a d u a t e p r o g r a m . 5 Ibid., p. 12'6. 6 Ibid., p. 161. 7 Ibid., p. 122. 8 U. S. Office of Education, Circular No. 380, Wash- ington, D. C., Dec. 1953. T h e h e a v y increase in research p r o g r a m s in universities is an added pressure on li- b r a r y resources. C o n t r a c t research has been l a r g e l y in the a r e a of physical and biological sciences. T h e acquistion of n e w m a t e r i a l s and the s e c u r i n g of j o u r n a l s and a c a d e m y l i t e r a t u r e in these fields represent an expensive o u t l a y f o r those universities not h a v i n g a s t r o n g emphasis in these fields o v e r the y e a r s . T o o f r e q u e n t l y , research con- t r a c t s h a v e been accepted w i t h o u t r e g a r d to a d d i t i o n a l burdens placed on l i b r a r y re- sources. A c t u a l l y , it is h i g h l y desirable that in accepting such c o n t r a c t s , l i b r a r y implica- tions be considered, and w h e r e h e a v y use of e x i s t i n g resources or the addition of e x p e n s i v e m a t e r i a l s is implicit, allocations be m a d e f r o m the o v e r h e a d portion of the c o n t r a c t to the l i b r a r y . S u c h an a g r e e m e n t w a s e f f e c t e d , f o r e x a m p l e , b e t w e e n the d i r e c t o r of l i b r a r i e s and the a d m i n i s t r a t i o n in 1 9 5 1 at the U n i v e r s i t y of T e n n e s s e e . T h u s f a r , it has been a t t e m p t e d to g i v e some indication of the p r o b l e m f r o m the s t a n d p o i n t of the l i b r a r i a n , w i t h some re- f u t a t i o n of criticism b r o u g h t on by o u r o w n recognition of potential d a n g e r s . T h e pro- blem still r e m a i n s . C o m p e t i t i v e b u y i n g is one of o u r d a n g e r s . D e s p i t e cooperative e f f o r t s such as the F a r m i n g t o n P l a n , w h i c h is not an a b s t a i n i n g or l i m i t i n g a g r e e m e n t , the M i d a s - l i k e count- ing and c o m p a r i n g of n u m e r i c a l and r a r i t i e s s t r e n g t h continues. Y e t so l o n g as s c h o l a r s p u r s u e , refine, and a d v a n c e k n o w l e d g e , so l o n g as e d u c a t i o n a l institutions e n c o u r a g e research, there w i l l be the d e m a n d f o r li- b r a r i e s to p r o v i d e the p r o d u c t s of s c h o l a r s h i p and research. I n each u n i v e r s i t y there w i l l be the necessity f o r the a d m i n i s t r a t i o n to delimit areas of s c h o l a r l y e n d e a v o r in t e r m s of f a c u l t y and resources. S o o n e r or l a t e r the conclusion of interdependence, a l r e a d y r e c o g n i z e d by l i b r a r i a n s , m u s t f o r c e itself upon the a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of c o m p e t i n g in- OCTOBER, 1954 38 7 stitutions. A s F u s s i e r p u t it . . l i b r a r i e s i n e v i t a b l y m u s t not o n l y become m o r e selec- tive in their acquisition policies than they are n o w ; the l i b r a r i e s ' p a r e n t institutions m a y also h a v e to become i n c r e a s i n g l y c r i t i c a l of c e r t a i n k i n d s of scholarship and of the geo- g r a p h i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of c e r t a i n k i n d s of s c h o l a r s h i p . " 9 S i m i l a r a p p l i c a t i o n of selec- t i v i t y m a y w e l l be m a d e in d e c i d i n g upon re- search c o n t r a c t s . R e c e n t l y , a n o t h e r c o o p e r a t i v e e f f o r t has reached the o r g a n i z a t i o n a l stage. R e p r e - sentatives of the U n i v e r s i t y of F l o r i d a , E m o r y , U n i v e r s i t y of M i a m i , U n i v e r s i t y of G e o r g i a , F l o r i d a S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , G e o r g i a I n s t i t u t e of T e c h n o l o g y a n d the B o a r d of C o n t r o l f o r S o u t h e r n R e g i o n a l E d u c a t i o n g a t h e r e d in A t l a n t a to discuss m e a n s of co- operation in research l i b r a r y d e v e l o p m e n t . A t the i n i t i a l m e e t i n g , upon the i n v i t a t i o n of the S o u t h e r n R e g i o n a l B o a r d , the president ( o r his r e p r e s e n t a t i v e ) and the l i b r a r i a n of each i n s t i t u t i o n w e r e present. T h e dis- cussion centered a r o u n d the p r o b l e m s f a c e d by institutions of h i g h e r education in the t w o states in p r o v i d i n g l i b r a r i e s to serve ex- p a n d i n g g r a d u a t e p r o g r a m s . C o o p e r a t i o n in acquisition p r o g r a m s , m a i n t e n a n c e of the e x i s t i n g U n i o n C a t a l o g in A t l a n t a , and possibilities of a r e g i o n a l center w e r e a m o n g the issues discussed. T h e s i g n i f i c a n t f a c t w a s that, in the presence of the presidents o r their a u t h o r i z e d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s w h o par- ticipated, the s t r e n g t h of this p r o g r a m lies in that it is being initiated e a r l y in the develop- m e n t of these l i b r a r i e s , and m a y result in s u c c e s s f u l s h a r i n g of resources, w h i c h are needed but s u b j e c t to i n f r e q u e n t use. F i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t of a c e n t r a l office w i t h a paid e x e c u t i v e s e c r e t a r y has been proposed a n d if accepted w i l l i n s u r e c o n t i n u i n g e f f o r t to r e a l i z e the basic proposals. 9 Fussier, Herman H. "Readjustments by the Li- brarian." In Librarians, Scholars, and Booksellers at Mid-Century, ed. by Pierce Butler. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1953, p. 64. S u c h r e g i o n a l approaches m a y not a l t e r the l i b r a r y b u d g e t needs of the i n d i v i d u a l u n i v e r s i t i e s , but m a y w e l l r e s u l t in im- m e d i a t e increases in resources a v a i l a b l e , and p r o v i d e f o r i n t e l l i g e n t a t t a c k s on the sub- s t a n t i a l body of m a t e r i a l not n o w a v a i l a b l e in the r e g i o n . T h e f i n a n c i a l p r o b l e m of the u n i v e r s i t y l i b r a r y , then, is to continue to do w i t h 3 to 4 % of the i n s t i t u t i o n a l b u d g e t the j o b it has been d o i n g w i t h a like p r o p o r t i o n since 1 9 3 0 . T o r e a l i z e that it is a p r o b l e m , one need o n l y to c o n s u l t f i g u r e s in Publishers' Weekly s h o w i n g the increase in book costs, even o v e r the last decade. F u r t h e r evi- dence of the p r o b l e m lies in statistics w h i c h s h o w the i n c r e a s i n g p r o p o r t i o n of total li- b r a r y f u n d s g o i n g i n t o s a l a r i e s and the consequent decrease in the p r o p o r t i o n of f u n d s a v a i l a b l e f o r books, p e r i o d i c a l s and b i n d i n g . T h e possibly of d e v e l o p i n g a better r a t i o b e t w e e n e x p e n d i t u r e s f o r staff salaries and e x p e n d i t u r e s f o r books, periodicals and bind- i n g seems to w a r r a n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n . A C R L statistics f o r 1 9 5 3 - 5 4 indicate, in t e r m s of the m e d i a n , that the present r a t i o is one p r o f e s s i o n a l f o r each n o n - p r o f e s s i o n a l staff m e m b e r . 1 0 I n m a n y of the l a r g e r l i b r a r i e s , the r a t i o is t w o to one. A c t u a l l y the reverse s h o u l d be t r u e . O n e p r o f e s s i o n a l staff m e m b e r should be able to s u p e r v i s e or direct t w o n o n - p r o f e s - sionals. I t seems l i k e l y t h a t C o l u m b i a , w i t h 9 5 p r o f e s s i o n a l and 2 2 5 n o n - p r o f e s s i o n a l staff and e x p e n d i t u r e s of $ 8 4 1 , 7 8 1 f o r staff s a l a r i e s m i g h t point the w a y f o r m a n y of the other l a r g e r institutions. H a r v a r d , w i t h 3 4 0 ^ staff m e m b e r s , has 1 4 1 ^ p r o f e s s i o n a l and 1 9 9 n o n - p r o f e s s i o n a l w i t h a s a l a r i e s b u d g e t of $ 9 8 1 , 6 1 5 . I l l i n o i s , w i t h a total ° f 2 3 3 ^ , has 1 3 i f p r o f e s s i o n a l a n d i o i f (Continued on page 420) 1 0 C O L L E G E A N D R E S E A R C H L I B R A R I E S , 1 5 : 7 1 , J a n u a r y , 1 9 5 4 - 410 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES c r a f t , " he omits the f a c t that there w o u l d be a U n i t e r m card f o r longitudinal. H e also o v e r - l o o k s the statement w h i c h w e have m a d e o v e r and o v e r again, to the effect that c o o r d i n a t i o n is a l w a y s c a r r i e d o u t b e t w e e n t w o terms, and that the results of the first c o o r d i n a t i o n are then c a r r i e d o v e r to a c o o r d i n a t i o n w i t h a third term, etc. T h e attempt to c o o r d i n a t e f o u r t e r m s at once indicates a lack of f a - miliarity w i t h the theory and practice of n a r - r o w i n g a search. 7 ) W e have a l w a y s r e c o g n i z e d the b u r d e n of posting and have continued research on this subject. W e have been able so f a r to describe partially ten d i f f e r e n t m e t h o d s of posting. T h e best of these m e t h o d s makes it possible to post a U n i t e r m index t w o o r three times as rapidly as filing in a standard c a t a l o g , and w e m e a n here total time and not unit time. W e have published reports w h i c h indicate that U n i t e r m indexing reduces the time required f o r s u b j e c t analysis of m a - terial f r o m 200 to 3 0 0 % . O u r m e t h o d s of posting also reduce c a t a l o g maintenance by the same d r a m a t i c p e r c e n t a g e . 8 ) O n the m a t t e r of w h e t h e r it is t o o early t o release the system, w e can only say that this is a decision m a d e by the agencies f o r w h o m w e w o r k . M r . R a n d a l l has based his j u d g m e n t on 45 cards. W e have already in- d e x e d o v e r 20,000 d o c u m e n t s using the U n i - t e r m System. W e have also published t w o U n i t e r m indexes in b o o k f o r m . I t w o u l d seem that j u d g m e n t on the U n i t e r m System o r its practicality should be based on an e x - ample of m o r e than 45 c a r d s . — M o r t i m e r Taube, Documentation, Inc., W ashington, D.C. Financial Problems 01 (Continued fr n o n - p r o f e s s i o n a l , at a c o s t o f $ 8 1 4 , 3 6 8 . C a l i f o r n i a ( B e r k e l e y ) has 2 9 7 ^ , o f w h o m 1 2 4 are p r o f e s s i o n a l a n d 1 7 3 ^ n o n p r o f e s - s i o n a l w i t h a b u d g e t f o r salaries o f $ 1 , 0 7 9 , 3 8 6 . T h e f o l l o w i n g t a b u l a t i o n lists s o m e o f the u n i v e r s i t y l i b r a r i e s c u r r e n t l y o p e r a t i n g w i t h a p p r o x i m a t e l y the staff r e l a t i o n s h i p p r o p o s e d in the p r e c e d i n g p a r a g r a p h . S u c h o p e r a t i o n s s h o u l d p r o v i d e a b e t t e r d i s t r i b u t i o n o f d u t i e s , a m o r e e f f i c i e n t o p e r a - t i o n , a n d g r e a t e r e c o n o m y . I t m a y o f f e r o n e w a y o f g e t t i n g m o r e o u t o f the salaries b u d g e t w i t h o u t l o w e r i n g t h e p e r c e n t a g e used f o r b o o k s , p e r i o d i c a l s a n d b i n d i n g . I n s u m m a r y , it m a y be said t h a t a n y a p p r o a c h t o the financial p r o b l e m s o f the u n i - v e r s i t y l i b r a r y s h o u l d be m a d e w i t h o u t a p o l o g y f o r p r e s e n t d e m a n d s o n t h e u n i v e r - sity b u d g e t , since 1 9 5 0 figures i n d i c a t e o n l y o n e - h a l f o f o n e p e r c e n t c h a n g e f r o m 1 9 3 0 . T h e m e t h o d s c o n s i d e r e d in this a p p r o a c h University Libraries m page 410) T A B L E I I Prof. Non-Prof. Total Brown 22 36 58 Cincinnati 16 29 45 Columbia 95 225 3 2 0 Fordham 13 2 1 ' 34 Iowa 3 ° l 47 111 Iowa State 19 27 46 Massachusetts 4 9 13 Miami 19 34? 53! Missouri 26 36 62 New York 43 1 1 6 159 Pennsylvania 55* 9 8 ! I 541 Princeton 4 7 ! 67 I i 4 f Purdue 23 30 53 South Carolina I 2 § 2 1 33e St. Louis 15 20 35 Tennessee 22 36 <8 Utah 20§ 30 5 ° f Virginia 29 39* 68* Wayne 22 3 8 ! 6 o | t o the p r o b l e m i n c l u d e the p o s s i b i l i t y o f g r e a t e r c o o p e r a t i o n in a c q u i s i t i o n a n d use o f m a t e r i a l s , t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f m o r e f u n d s f r o m s p e c i f i c r e s e a r c h c o n t r a c t s , a n d the p o s s i b i l i t y o f m o r e e f f i c i e n t use o f s t a f f . 420 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES