College and Research Libraries sponsibilities of Southern California in Southwestern Library Development" in which he urges "the establishment of a wholly new kind of regional library education program that will recognize the dual nature of library education: that what we teach is matched in importance by whom we teach it to." If such a library education program materializes and Dr. Powell has anything to do with it, one can be certain fortunately that books will be basic in the program. After reading these papers, this reviewer has the feeling that, with such librarians as those who spoke at the Occidental College conference, the future of librarianship in the Southwest is in capable hands. The Uni- versity of California Library is to be com- mended for making available to the library profession at large these informative papers. —John David Marshall, Alabama Polytech- nic Institute Library. Recent Foreign Books on the Graphic Arts, Bibliography, and Library Science The new series of "Beitrage zum Buch- und Bibliothekswesen" edited by Carl Wehmer of Heidelberg and published by Otto Harrasso- witz (Wiesbaden) includes three numbers so far and compares favorably with the old "Sammlung bibliothekswissenschaftlicher Ar- beiten," formerly published by Harrassowitz in Leipzig. The first volume, Peter Karstedt, Studien zur Soziologie der Bibliothek (1954; 97 p.), is an examination of the library as a sociologi- cal phenomenon. The author, an attorney, is disturbed by the fact that there are so few points of contact between librarianship and sociology, and he makes a determined effort to remedy this situation. His work is divided into three chapters: historical sociology, sys- tematic sociology, and the Wissenssoziologie of the Max Scheler school. In each Karstedt tries to link the library with its social back- ground, to show the forces that brought the library into existence and the effect that it has on the public it serves. Karstedt draws on a comprehensive read- ing of sociological literature as well as the literature of librarianship, and he documents his work thoroughly. If Karstedt seems to de- fend his approach to librarianship somewhat too vigorously at times, it may be attributed primarily to his zeal in expounding a com- paratively new viewpoint. The conclusion of his last chapter, that libraries are one of the chief bulwarks of a free society, may sound a bit commonplace to us, but in central Europe this idea cannot be repeated too frequently. This Interdisciplinary approach to librar- ianship has certain weaknesses. However, fail- ure to provoke new ideas is not one of them. The sociological interpretation of librarian- ship might be carried too far in some quar- ters, but Karstedt keeps it to reasonable pro- portions. Rudolf Blum's Der Prozess Fust gegen Gu- tenberg; eine Interpretation des Helmasper- gischen Notariatsinstruments im Rahmen der Friihgeschichte des Mainzer Buchdrucks (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1954; 118 p.; "Beitrage zum Buch- und Bibliothekswesens," 2) is perhaps the most provocative book about prototypography since Wehmer's Mainzer Probedrucke. Since this reviewer has found that almost no American librarians are able to identify Ulrich Helmasperger and the fa- mous notarial document named for him, this elementary bit of information might well be repeated here. In the beginning of 1450 Gu- tenberg borrowed 800 florins from Johann Fust, a citizen of Mainz, for "book produc- tion" ("das werck der bucher"), and later he borrowed a similar sum to buy paper, parchment, and ink. Gutenberg put up his printing equipment as security. Since the printer paid no interest, Fust sued him in the fall of 1455 for 2,020 florins to cover capital and interest. The litigation took place in the refectory of the Discalced Monastery of Mainz on 6 November 1455 before Helmas- perger (a notary), five witnesses for the plain- tiff (including Peter Schoffer), the plaintiff, and his brother Jakob. On Gutenberg's side was the priest Heinrich Giinther of St. Chris- topher's and two of Gutenberg's apprentices. Gutenberg lost the suit, his tools (geczuge), and leadership in the craft he invented. The notarial instrument is far from a clear- cut record of litigation, and every possible interpretation must be tested with typograph- ical, philological, and psychological stand- JULY, 1956 353 ards. Blum believes that Fust suspected that Gutenberg planned to use the loan to pre- pare the type ("geczuge"), a job for which the money was not lent, and that Fust feared that Gutenberg would buy back the mortgage with the first profits and continue the busi- ness alone. Blum goes on to argue that Gu- tenberg complained that he did not receive the full loan, and this circumstance may be explained by the assumption that Fust with- held the first year's interest. Thus Gutenberg could not meet all his expenses and was com- pelled to convert some of the loan to produce his tools. Fust, Blum states, was actually at- tempting to get control of the printing ma- terial; and when Gutenberg lost the suit, Fust acquired the type for the 42-line Bible, the Psalter types, and (the boldest of Blum's assertions) the type for the 36-line Bible. These new interpretations of the actual judgment of the case are convincingly pre- sented on the basis of meticulous examina- tion of texts and types. The concept of Gu- tenberg and Fust as two competing business men, each determined to secure control of a lucrative new business, seems accurate; and Fust's possibly deceptive evidence is no more reprehensible than many a device used by modern captains of industry. (It is, however, at least somewhat doubtful that Gutenberg converted part of the loan to improper pur- poses.) It is quite likely that Gutenberg and Fust planned originally to produce a far larger work than the 42-line Bible, to judge from the amount of Fust's loan. When they converted their project to the 42-line Bible, each partner decided to try to buy the other out or otherwise be rid of him and get con- trol of the printing equipment. The decision of the court to give the types to Fust in lieu of the judgment which Gutenberg could not pay opened the way for Fust and Schoffer to become the dominating element in the in- fant craft. Friedrich Adolf Schmidt-Kunsemiiller takes vigorous exception to many of Blum's theo- ries in his critical essay, "Rudolf Blum's In- terpretation des Prozesses Fust gegen Guten- berg," Gutenberg-]ahrbuch, X X X (1955), 22-32, and points out weaknesses in the study. Nevertheless, he readily admits that Blum's book is a milestone in Gutenberg studies that cannot be overlooked by future students. Im- mediately following Schmidt-Kunsemuller's essay is a study by a Heidelberg legal author- ity, Walter Koschorreck, "Zum Prozess Fust gegen Gutenberg; Parteiverhandlungen und Urteil in der Notariatsurkunde des Ulrich Helmasperger," ibid., pp. 33-42. Hellmuth Helwig's Handbuch der Ein- bandkunde (Hamburg: Maximilian-Gesell- schaft, 1953-1955; 3 vols.; DM 160.—) is the most comprehensive treatise on the art of bookbinding that has ever appeared. It is vastly superior to the late Edith Diehl's Book- binding, Its Background and Technique (1946) from the standpoints of organization, coverage, and, above all, historical percep- tion and accuracy. It supplements the Mejer- Herbst bibliography admirably, although the necessity for a new and exhaustive bibliogra- phy of bookbinding is still a challenge to bookmen. The first volume of Helwig's work includes introductory chapters on collecting, bibliog- raphy, methods of research, and characteris- tics of bookbindings, followed by 27 detailed chapters on various historical styles, ranging from Carolingian bindings to the early nine- teenth century. Other chapters in the first volume cover auctions, forgeries (a particu- larly good treatment of this fascinating sub- ject), preservation and restoration, cataloging of bindings, photographing and taking rub- bings, and the study of flyleaves from manu- scripts and early printed books used in bind- ings (Makulatur-Forschung). The volume has 120 illustrations. There are detailed biblio- graphical notes. Volume 2 is a bio-bibliographical diction- ary of European bookbinders until approxi- mately the middle of the last century. Most of the entries consist of a name, a date, and a place, and a reference to the literature. T o have included full biographical sketches would have swelled the work to completely unmanageable proportions. On the other hand, the paucity of the information about binders is a challenge to compile more works similar to E. Thoinan's Les relieurs jrangais (1893) and Charles Ramsden's Bookbinders of the United Kingdom (outside London), 1780-1840 (1954). There is a topographical bibliography with the most important arti- cles and sections of monographic works rela- tive to bookbinding in countries, provinces, and cities. Finally, the key to the mottoes and initials used as supralibros or in connection 354 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES with armorial decorations is a unique ref- erence tool. Volume 3 is an index to the names in the bio-bibliography (arranged by country in volume 2) and a list of the cities in which they worked. Under each city is a list of bind- ers who worked there. Helwig's great work is monumental in every respect, and yet there is still abundant room for supplementary studies. He restricts himself largely to western Europe until around 1850, but the proliferation of fine binding since that date is so great that an- other three-volume work would be necessary to treat it with the same detail that Helwig gives to the previous ten centuries. The field of oriental bindings (above all, of Islamic bindings) could also be treated in a similar fashion. The historical study of binding in the Americas is a pristine field, but there is no sign that we have any Helwig among the few students of the binding of this hemi- sphere. The Handbuch der Einbandkunde is and will remain for many years the definitive work in the field. No library school or larger research library can afford to be without it. The $40 price tag attached to it is not ex- orbitant in any sense for three folio volumes of the magnitude of Helwig's work. Adolf Rhein's Das Buchbinderbuch, ein Lehr- und Nachschlagebuch zur Einfiihrung in die Grundlagen der Buchbinderei und Vorbereitung fur die Fachpriifungen (Halle an der Saale: Wilhelm Knapp, 1954) is a complete revision of the author's well-known Illustriertes Buchbinderbuch (9th ed. 1930). A glance at the table of contents and the index will quickly identify Rhein's great work as a comprehensive manual, and the 650 illustrations (with some 850 different ob- jects or processes) constitute a pictorial en- cyclopedia of a craft in which models are of utmost importance. Indeed, the book is so richly illustrated with diagrams and photo- graphs that it will be useful even to the stu- dent who does not read German easily. There are seven main sections in the book: forwarding, finishing, types of covers for the book block, special jobs (e.g., albums, maps, framing), machines, materials (paper, ad- hesives, leather, etc.), and regulations gov- erning the craft in East Germany. In each section Rhein gives a compendium of the best practice, but he never hesitates to make direct critical observations from his own rich experience. The wealth of illustrations is carefully related to the text, and the style is unusually lucid for a craftsman who is deeply involved in his own work. It is highly significant that Rhein is thor- oughly versed in the history of binding. In binding, more than in any other craft, knowl- edge of traditional methods is essential for success at the workbench. While Rhein's work is in no sense a historical treatise, he does bring in noteworthy bindings and bind- ing methods of the past at propitious points in the text. The problems of book conservation are so complex in research libraries that at least a small working collection on the practical aspects of binding is highly important. The organization, style, and illustrations of Rhein's book place it close to the top of the list. When the second volume of Joachim Kirchner's Lexikon des Buchwesens (Stutt- gart: Hiersemann, 1953) appeared, no one expected that additional volumes of this great reference work would appear. Now the in- trepid publisher is bringing out a third and a fourth volume, to constitute a Bilderatlas zum Buchwesen. Volume 3 appeared in 1955, and volume 4 will appear in the summer of 1956. The idea of this Bilderatlas is to bring to- gether a corpus of illustrations of significant material in the history of the book that is available in no single library in the world. The two volumes of illustrations will illus- trate the first two volumes in such a way as to bring otherwise dull facts to life. Articles on bookbinding, book illustration and type de- sign mean little unless accompanied by illus- trative material. The first volume of the Bilderatlas con- tains 412 illustrations on 320 plates. It is in- troduced by a brief section on famous books, with illustrations ranging from the Ambro- sian Iliad through the Droeshout portrait in the First Folio to the title page of the editio princeps of Das Kapital. Most of the first sec- tion, however, deals with special types of books (by subject matter) and forms and parts of books. The second part deals with book illustration, including not only exam- ples but also portraits of artists, techniques, and motifs in illustration. The last section contains illustrations of styles and decora- JULY, 1956 355 tions of bindings and the actual process of binding. The fourth volume will contain sec- tions on printing, paper, the book trade, li- braries, and book collecting. The appearance of the Bilderatlas makes the Lexikon des Buchwesens a useful item even in libraries where foreign languages are not widely read. It will answer questions about books for undergraduates and the lay public as no other book about books will do. With the publication of the Bibliographic des Musikschrifturns, 1950-1951 (Frankfurt a. M.: Verlag von Friederich Hofmeister, 1954), edited by Wolfgang Schmieder, an exceptionally important music bibliography, discontinued in 1941, is resumed. It is planned to issue the bibliography for two-year periods in the future. Moreover, plans also exist to issue cumulative volumes for the periods 1945-49 and 1940-44, thus providing a con- tinuous bibliography of music literature from 1936 to the present. When it was decided in 1936 to make a separate publication of the bibliographical surveys in the Jahrbuch der Musikbibliothek Peters it was not realized that only four vol- umes would be issued before publication had to be suspended. Nevertheless, we do have here the beginning of an indispensable tool for music libraries. The new Bibliographic des Musikschrif turns offers much wider per- spectives than the publication issued orig- inally under the Nazis, and it will be heavily used in all music libraries. The arrangement is classified, but there are indexes of subjects, places, names, and au- thors. Books as well as periodical articles are indexed. A "Zeitschriften- und Quellen- verzeichnis" at the beginning of the volume is a useful guide to important serials which were current in 1950 and 1951. There is a high degree of accuracy in the citation of non-German titles. Coverage of non-German publications seems to be quite extensive, al- though publications from Communist coun- tries are conspicuous by their extreme pau- city. In general, the revived Bibliographie des Musikschriftums is a satisfactory refer- ence work which will be a part of our stand- ard apparatus. Matts Ess^n, Sormlandsk bibliografti (Es- kilstuna, 1954; "Sormlandska Handlingar," no. 17) is a significant regional bibliography executed in such an exemplary style that it might well serve as a model for similar com- 356 CO pilations on other regions in other countries. Several useful Swedish regional bibliogra- phies of this type have been published dur- ing this century, and another one that might be mentioned here for its formal excellence is G. Ottervik's Litteratur om Blekinge (1941). Essen's work is a revision of his Sormlands- litteratur, which appeared in the same series in 1939 as number 7. Since that time the ma- terial published on this Swedish province has been increased substantially; and although there has been an annual checklist in Sorm- landsbygden since 1932, a cumulative publi- cation is necessary every decade or so in order to protect the scholar from the tedious job of searching a separate list every year. Although cumulations are impractical for most nation- al historical bibliographies, they are by no means out of the question for local bibliog- raphies. In the United States many state his- torical journals and other organs are publish- ing annual lists of writings on state his- tory, many of which are long overdue for cumulation, or at least for cumulative in- dexes. The compiler divides the literature on Sodermanland into three main sections: (1) a general survey, (2) descriptions of parishes and of people and things pertaining to them, and (3) descriptions of cities, villages, and lakes, and of people and things pertaining to them. Books, periodicals, and official docu- ments are included, and individual sections of important large works are analyzed. This latter feature is particularly useful, although few local bibliographers seem to recognize its value. Often a single chapter in a major work is more important than a dozen minor peri- odical articles. The comprehensiveness of the work may be noted in a list of some of the subjects con- sidered in the first part (general survey): bibliography, the church, education, place names and dialect, belletristic literature, art, archeology, history, heraldry (and heraldic book plates), biography, folklore, geography, sociology, economics, communications, sports, military affairs, natural science, and public health. Students of all periods of history will find useful references, but so will scholars in the other fields listed here. As often as not the scholar operating on a national level is likely to overlook local bibliography, but Essen's work is the very best evidence that such a sin of omission is likely to be a very LLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES serious matter. On the other hand, many local bibliographies in all countries are of inferior quality and are far from inviting to the scholar who operates on a high level. More models of the quality of Essen's work should contribute substantially toward alleviating this situation. The third volume of Joseph Gregor's Der Schauspielfiihrer (Stuttgart: Hiersemann, 1955) contains signed summaries of 9 modern Italian plays, 11 modern Spanish plays, 62 modern French plays, 6 modern Rumanian plays, 4 Dutch plays (3 by Vondel, 1 by Hey- ermans), and 97 English plays ranging from Lyly to Charles Morgan's The Burning Glass (1953). There are indexes of authors, titles, one- and two-act plays, and subject matter, and there is also a chronological list. Just as in the first two volumes, there is a brief in- troduction to each section. It is to Gregor's great credit that he has not hesitated to make occasional changes in the plan and arrangement of his work on the suggestion of critics. Thus he has inserted plays of Marivaux, Beaumarchais, Merimee, and Labiche inadvertently omitted from their proper place in volume 2, at the end of the section on modern French drama. Moreover, when it was discovered that the size of the work had to be expanded, the publishers co- operated sympathetically with the editor. As things now stand, volume 4 (North Ameri- can, Scandinavian, and Slavic drama) will appear in the spring of 1956, and volume 5 (Slavic and ancient drama) towards the end of 1956. Ivonrad Stollreither's Internationale Bib- liographic der juristischen Nachschlagewerke (Frankfurt a. M.: Vittorio Klostermann, 1955) is a bibliography that will have signifi- cance for general reference libraries as well as for law libraries as a result of the broad scope of jurisprudence as an academic dis- cipline in Europe. Stollreither includes any work of conceivable significance to the social scientist. Thus, for example, we find that his section on national bibliographies is as thorough, and as useful, as any in the general guides to reference works. The section on the bibliographies of dissertations is an complete as any that can be found. On the other hand, his list of catalogs of law libraries and his list of legal periodicals offer information not eas- ily obtained for all countries in the world. The book is divided into three main sec- tions: general reference works, general legal reference works, and specialized reference works in various fields of the law. Each sec- tion is divided between bibliographies and general reference works. The third section is particularly useful for the scholar not trained in legal matters, since it includes such special fields as philosophy of the law, comparative law and legislation, history of the law, Ro- man law, civil law, transportation law, com- mercial law, copyright, insurance law, civil procedure, labor law, criminal law, public law, constitutional law, administrative law, social law, tax law, economic law, agricultur- al law, and public and private international law. There are supplements on politics and statistics. The coverage is comprehensive, including all nations in the world. Headings, even in the very detailed index, are in five languages (English, German, Spanish, French and Ital- ian). A check of Stollreither's listings for one American jurisdiction shows that he missed nothing. If anything, he may be criticised for being over-inclusive. Strollreither's bibliography actually be- longs both in law libraries and general li- braries. It can be used to good advantage by attorneys as well as others. The Leksikografski Zavod FNRJ in Za- greb is currently bringing out one of the most extensive encyclopedias to appear in the twentieth century. It will be divided into sev- eral different series: a maritime encyclope- dia, seven volumes; an encyclopedia of the history and culture of the peoples of the Yugoslav republic, eight volumes; ten special encyclopedias in such fields as art, medicine, law, technology, social studies, music, and agriculture (40 volumes in all); a general encyclopedia, six volumes; and, finally, a comprehensive index to all serials published in Yugoslavia during the last 150 years, 25 volumes. The impressive list of editors and contributors (recorded in a handsome illus- trated prospectus, available from the pub- lisher at Jurisiceva ul. Br. 3/1, Zagreb) in- cludes most of the leading scholars in Yugo- slavia. T w o volumes have appeared thus far, the first volume of the maritime encyclopedia (Pornorska Enciklopedija) and the first vol- ume of the Enciklopedija Jugoslavije. The latter, by the way, is an exceptionally rich source of information on Yugoslav libraries JULY, 1956 357 and archives as well as other aspects of the culture of the land of the black lamb and gray falcon. Bibliographies include publica- tions that have appeared within the last few years, and other factual information indicates a high degree of competence among the con- tributors. Illustrations are very well repro- duced, and the maps compare favorably with any that are published in western Europe. Fortunately for English-speaking scholars, the text is in Croatian, and there are no prob- lems involving use of the Cyrillic alphabet. It is too early to judge the full value of the great series of Yugoslav encyclopedias, but there is strong reason to believe that they will ultimately occupy the same position in our reference apparatus that the Italian and Spanish encyclopedias have won for them- selves. Scholarly, accurate, and well edited, the two volumes now in print speak well for standards of learning in at least one eastern European country. Aus der Arbeit der wissenschaftlichen Bib- liotheken in der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik (Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz, 1955) is a series of 17 essays on various aspects of librarianship in the Soviet zone of Germany. The outstanding librarians in this jurisdic- tion have contributed essays on the follow- ing subjects: structure and organization of the east German library system (Werner Schmidt), cooperation in the service of schol- arship (Horst Kunze), contributions of li- braries to bibliography and documentation (Curt Fleischhack), library education (Oskar Tyszko), cataloging (Joris Vorstius), library methods (Heinrich Roloff), manuscripts and incunabula (Willi Grober), the Deutsche Staatsbibliothek in Berlin (Horst Kunze), the Deutsche Biicherei (Heinrich Uhlendahl and Kurt Bruckmann), the university libraries (Karl Bulling), the provincial libraries (Wer- ner Mecklenburg), and special libraries (Sieg- fried Joost, Joris Vorstius, Walter Schellhas, and Joachim Bramer). There is a schematic outline of the organization of scholarly li- braries in East Germany, a list of biblio- graphical and library science publications of East German libraries since 1945, and an index. The entire book is, of course, heavily weighted with specific programs and policies of East German libraries, but it is no less significant or useful for this circumstance. In some respects the librarians of the Soviet zone are making professional contributions on the same level with those of their western colleagues. Many aspects of reader service, for example, are receiving attention hitherto unknown in Europe. Likewise such men as Joris Vorstius and Heinrich Roloff have made important contributions to cataloging theory and practice. The sections on special libraries reflect a well developed sense of responsibility for this aspect of library service. The entire volume is sufficiently informative and full of ideas to justify careful reading by English- speaking librarians.—Lawrence S. Thomp- son, University of Kentucky Libraries. Summer Courses and Institutes Now in progress (June 25—August 3) is the Third Annual Institute on Historical and Archival Management, sponsored by Rad- cliffe College and the Department of His- tory, Harvard University. It is being man- aged by Lester J. Cappon, director of the In- stitute of Early American History and Cul- ture at Williamsburg, Va. The School of Library Science of Syracuse University is holding a summer workshop on audio-visual materials in libraries August 13- 24. Directed by Professor Carl H. Melinat, the workshop is designed for practicing li- brarians, teachers, and students who want training in this field but are unable to at- tend the regular summer sessions. The work- shop will cover the selection and acquisition of audio-visual materials for libraries, organ- ization for use, problems of finance and per- sonnel, selection of equipment and expe- rience in its operation, and techniques of effective utilization. The Florida State University Library School announces a seminar on Educational Television to be held from July 26 to August 11. A R E Q U E S T F O R B A C K ISSUES The January and October, 1955, issues of COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES a r e OUt o f print and are in demand by libraries and other members who need replacement copies and need to complete their files. Surplus copies which can be returned to the Chicago office will be used to fill this demand. 358 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES