College and Research Libraries libraries: a high rate of turnover in clerical employees. No permanent solution to this costly and frustrating condition is given. 6. No positive conclusion was reached about the type of library facility Columbia should provide for undergraduates in the future. The present College Library located in Butler can be expanded or separate un- dergraduate quarters may be provided. 7. Columbia cooperates in interlibrary ventures nationally and locally and should continue. The authors recommend the re- vival of the idea of the abortive Northeast Regional Library. 8. In the ten years from 1945-46 to 1955- 56 the expenditures for Columbia libraries increased 106 per cent, but the total per- centage of the university budget for library service decreased from 5.64 per cent to 5.25 per cent. Additional financial needs are listed as $1,540,000 for capital sums, $150,- 000 for continuing needs, $6,000,000 for new quarters. An increase in library endowment from approximately $3,000,000 to $10,000,- 000 plus regular appropriations from the university is the suggested method of meet- ing present and future needs. Throughout the report the reader is made aware of the necessity for closer understand- ing between those who approve research programs and those who must supply the research materials: "The requirements of the university library as we know it today are determined by programs developed by faculties and approved by university admin- istrators, of which the librarian is only a part. The librarian accordingly has respon- sibility for meeting demands which are ac- tually beyond his jurisdiction and control" (p. 2). Though the authors do not say co- operate or smother, a credo is enunciated: "It is the firm belief of the Subcommittee that many of the library problems of Co- lumbia University are similar to those of other large research libraries, and that local expedients alone will not solve them com- pletely. What is needed are regional and/or national approaches to many of the prob- lems" (p. 3). The library profession should be grate- ful to the authors for this assiduous per- formance. The problems of library service to American universities that are rapidly becoming characterized as institutions of "re- search unlimited" can be more fully com- prehended because one university had the courage and capacity for self-examination. The formulation of a program for develop- ment in one great research library is of positive benefit to all research libraries, great ones or those less than great.—Cecil K. Byrd, Indiana University Libraries. Uses of Bibliography The Uses of Bibliography to the Students of Literature and History. By Edwin Eliot Willoughby. Hamden, Conn.: The Shoe String Press, 1957. 104p. (Lithoprinted) $3.00. In four chapters, based on lectures given in 1952 at the Universities of Liverpool, Leeds, and Manchester, the author under- takes to show that "the study of the physical book by means of analytical bibliography has uses that no student of literature or of history or of the historical aspects of any other subject can safely neglect." While dis- avowing any intention to provide instruc- tion in bibliographical techniques, the au- thor claims, correctly, that his work does "attempt to show the reader the uses to which he may put the art of analytical bib- liography, if he masters it. It does attempt to show him the unsuspected mystery and excitement that may lurk behind type and paper, evidence which read aright may even give the lie to the words that the type has printed upon the paper. This book does endeavor to show the reader why he should wish to possess that art of the analytical bib- liographer." Most of the examples will be familiar to students of bibliography: the innocent fraud of the English Mercurie; the Wise forgeries; the problems of the "Mecklenburg Declara- tion," the Ulster County Gazette, the 1619 Shakespeare quartos, and the like; yet all the stories are good enough to bear repeti- tion, and there is some virtue in having them brought together as parts of the larger story of the role bibliographers play in un- tangling the details of history. For the new- comer to bibliography or to librarianship this small book might very well provide the stimulus the author hopes for, thereby bring- ing new recruits to the fascinating study of 82 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES analytical (often called "historical") bib- liography. The last sentence of the book refers the reader to McKerrow's Introduction to Bib- liography for Literary Students as the source of information on how to become a bibliographer. Willoughby's book, indeed, might well be considered as a sort of pref- ace to McKerrow, giving the prospective student an over-all view of the goals to be achieved if he learns well the lessons about chain lines, signature marks, cancels, and the other not too recondite esoterica of bibilog- raphy.—Oliver L. Lilley, School of Library Service, Columbia University. Research in Romance Languages and Literatures Romance Languages and Literatures as Pre- sented in German Doctoral Dissertations 1885-1950. By Hans Flasche. Bonn: H. Bouvier U. Co.; Charlottesville: Biblio- graphical Society of the University of Vir- ginia, 1958. 299p. $7.50. Americans engaged in research on any as- pect of Romance language or literature will find it worthwhile to examine Professor Flasche's Romance Languages and Liter- atures as Presented in German Doctoral Dis- sertations. For librarians and researchers who have found it necessary to search laboriously .through the Jahresverzeichnis der deutschen Hochschulschriften for Romance language materials, this subject bibliography will be particularly welcome. The work forms a companion volume to Richard Mummendey's bibliography of Ger- man university publications in English stud- ies from 1885 to 1950. Approximately 4,030 dissertations on Romance studies from Ger- man universities (including Strassburg to 1918 and Austrian universities from 1938 to 1945) are listed according to a well-designed, detailed subject arrangement and indexed by author and subject. The arrangement is an adaptation of Kuhn's system used in the Bibliographie der Zeitschrift fiir Romanisch Philologie. Multiple listings of dissertations touching on more than one subject greatly increase the work's usefulness, since the lines dividing linguistics, stylistics, and literature are indefinite at best. In his preface the author states that the work is based on the Jahresverzeischnis, on Alker's Verzeichnis der an der Universitat Wien approbierten Dissertationen 1937-44, and on lists submitted by the university li- braries at Graz and Innsbruck covering their publications from 1938 to 1945. Though the first of these sources is generally available, the others are scarce enough to make items listed in them effectively new materials for American scholars. Entries in the linguistics section are ar- ranged by author or writer treated in the study, while in the literary part materials are arranged in broad historical sections by author or subject. Entries include the in- stitution at which the dissertation was ac- cepted, date of acceptance, form if not pub- lished, and, where possible, citations of journals or series in which the dissertation appeared. In addition to university Romance publications, the bibliography includes ma- terials in the fields of philosophy, compara- tive literature, English studies, and German studies which contain sections relating to Romance studies. T o aid English- and French-speaking users, the preface, headings, and abbreviations are all tri-lingual. For American researchers, the English preface contains information on Ger- man interlibrary loan policies, microfilming prices, and suggestions for obtaining the listed materials. Though some entries in the literary sec- tion of this work may be covered in other bibliographies, the linguistic studies cited here are far more difficult to find. The im- portance of earlier German scholarship in philology, structural, or descriptive linguis- tics makes Flasche's work a valuable addition to any university library. It is a careful work, well designed and well printed. Scan- ning its entries reveals names of many men now famous as scholars and writers, both in Europe and America. Item 149, for example, concerns a dissertation accepted at Bonn in 1891, titled Laute und Lautenwicklung der Mundart von Girgenti, by a struggling young doctoral candidate named Luigi Pirandello. —Floyd Cammack, Cornell University. JANUARY 1959 83