College and Research Libraries balance t h r o u g h its services in the n a t i o n a l interest ( A u s g l e i c h b i b l i o t h e k ) , p r o v i d i n g the facilities for exchange, i n f o r m a t i o n , cata- loging, etc.). T h e second article, by C h r i s t i a n Voigt, tells the history of the State a n d Uni- versity L i b r a r y of H a m b u r g , f r o m its h u m - ble b e g i n n i n g s i n 1479 as a city council li- brary ( R a t s b i b l i o t h e k ) to t h e present; f r o m t o w n library to scholar's library, to p u b l i c city library, to research library w i t h a m o r e g e n e r a l a n d carefully defined scope, accented by the f o u n d i n g of the University of H a m - b u r g in 1919. T h e last p a r t deals w i t h the spectacular recovery a n d r e c o n s t r u c t i o n of this i m p o r t a n t library which h a d suffered heavier losses d u r i n g W o r l d W a r I I t h a n any o t h e r ; it lost 600,000 volumes (only 120,- 000 were saved). Voigt's historical sketch is s u p p l e m e n t e d by a n article by E r i c h Zim- m e r m a n n o n H i n r i c h M u r m e s t e r a n d the f o u n d i n g of the library in 1479-1481. T w o i m p o r t a n t law libraries devoted to foreign a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l law were f o u n d e d in G e r m a n y soon a f t e r the first W o r l d W a r , o n e specializing in p u b l i c a n d the o t h e r in p r i v a t e law. It is the l a t t e r which is the sub- ject of H . P. des Coudres's article. K n o w n as t h e library of the Max-Planck-Institute, it was evacuated f r o m Berlin to T u b i n g e n a n d Sigmaringen i n 1943, a n d moved to H a m - b u r g i n 1956. Its c o o r d i n a t i o n w i t h o t h e r libraries i n H a m b u r g , a n d its new b u i l d i n g , are described i n some detail. P e t e r Karstedt c o n t r i b u t e s a somewhat theoretical article o n the sociology of li- braries i n which h e a t t e m p t s a n i n t e r p r e t a - tion of the differences between university li- braries, w i t h their p u r p o s e of p r o m o t i n g the universality of l e a r n i n g , a n d the city research libraries, which by necessity develop a l o n g the same lines as the city or region which they serve. T h e n e x t c o n t r i b u t i o n , by Meyer-Abich, covers two questions: (1) w h a t is library science, a n d (2) to w h a t e x t e n t is a library a research i n s t i t u t i o n ? T h e a u t h o r sees need f o r a concept of l i b r a r i a n s h i p gov- e r n e d by scholarship r a t h e r t h a n technology. H e r m a n n Fuchs' article o n the a l p h a b e t i c a l catalog begins w i t h a q u o t a t i o n f r o m Pierce B u t l e r which h a d amused m a n y of us w h e n we r e a d it in 1953: " N o b o d y loves a cata- loged Catalogers are the pariahs, t h e un- touchables, in the caste system of librarian- ship. Everyone seems to loathe or to pity t h e m . " T h a t G e r m a n y too has its "crisis in cataloging" is e v i d e n t f r o m this a n d the ar- ticle following by J o h a n n e s Fock, w h o ana- lyzes the pros a n d the cons of the classified a n d the a l p h a b e t i c a l subject catalog. T h e au- thors of b o t h these articles are well i n f o r m e d o n A m e r i c a n library l i t e r a t u r e . T h i s concludes the first p a r t of the book. I n t h e section o n book history we find ar- ticles o n Bible illustrations in early m a n u - scripts, o n the study of i n c u n a b l e s a n d p r i n t i n g i n L o u v a i n , o n music p r i n t i n g in fifteenth-century books, o n a K o r a n p r i n t e d i n H a m b u r g in 1695, o n a late sixteenth- century b i n d i n g , a n d o n a stock catalog of a large h o r t i c u l t u r a l establishment of the e i g h t e e n t h century. T h e t h i r d a n d final p a r t deals w i t h such literary figures as Quevedo, Kleist, de T o q u e v i l l e , a n d T h o m a s M a n n ; it is of interest p r i m a r i l y to the s t u d e n t of R o m a n c e a n d G e r m a n i c l i t e r a t u r e . I n conclusion I s h o u l d like to m a k e the subjective observation t h a t r e a d i n g this vol- u m e was r e w a r d i n g . I n contrast to so m a n y Festschriften, it contains a large n u m b e r of well w r i t t e n , t h o u g h t f u l , a n d carefully ed- i t e d a r t i c l e s . — R u d o l f Hirsch, University of Pennsylvania Library. Classification and Indexing Classification and Indexing in Science. 2 d e d . , enl. By B. C. Vickery, with an i n t r o d u c t i o n by D. }. Foskett. N e w York: Academic Press, Inc., 1959. 235p. $6.00. Some years ago, a C a m b r i d g e d o n , n o t e d b o t h f o r his wit a n d narrowness of vision, r e m a r k e d that "America is the place where all good fallacies go w h e n they die, to be b o r n again as the latest discoveries of the local professors." O u r British cousins recog- nize t h a t they borrow f r o m us fashions in jazz a n d soft drinks, b u t they p r i d e themselves o n t h e fact t h a t the intellectual m o v e m e n t across the A t l a n t i c is f r o m east to west. H o w e v e r t r u e this may be in general, it is certainly the case t h a t the d e v e l o p m e n t of m o d e r n l i b r a r i a n s h i p m o v e d f r o m west to east. T h e p u b l i c library m o v e m e n t is dis- tinctly a n American creation, a n d so is die d e v e l o p m e n t of classification systems as a m e t h o d of organizing book collections a n d p r o v i d i n g r e f e r e n c e a n d i n f o r m a t i o n service 420 C O L L E G E A N D R E S E A R C H L I B R A R I E S to such collections. T h e Universal Decimal Classification is a lineal descendant of the Dewey decimai system, a n d many of the spe- cial classifications developed in England a n d elsewhere were stimulated by similar devel- opments in this country a r o u n d the t u r n of the century. T h e contemporary developments in li- brarianship (in methods of storing a n d re- t r i e v i n g i n f o r m a t i o n w h i c h u t i l i z e i d e a s borrowed not f r o m biology, but f r o m mathe- matics a n d logic, a n d a concomitant empha- sis on mechanized systems) are also American in origin. As p a r t of this contemporary de- velopment there has grown u p in this coun- try a general awareness that classification sys- tems have little utility beyond their f u n c t i o n as a method of arranging books in open-shelf libraries for the use of the public a n d univer- sity undergraduates. W e have recognized that close classification a n d universal classification systems as methods of organizing rapidly growing fields of i n f o r m a t i o n a n d collections of material are chimeras; b u t now these chimeras have migrated f r o m west to east a n d have been reconstituted as the latest intel- lectual contributions of the Classification Re- search G r o u p in England. Vickery's book can be considered a representative contribution of the Classification Research G r o u p . T h e book notes the existence of f o u r sys- tems of organizing information, which it calls alphabetical indexing, coordinate indexing, classification, a n d mechanical selection. It should be clear f r o m the very statement that mechanical selection is not a form of organiz- ing i n f o r m a t i o n on a p a r with the other three. As a m a t t e r of fact, the a u t h o r himself recognizes that the other three can all be mechanized. Contrariwise, a system of me- chanical selection can employ alphabetical indexing, coordinate indexing, or classifica- tion. H e n c e we will eliminate f r o m what fol- lows any concern with mechanical selection as a method of organizing i n f o r m a t i o n . T h e first chapter of the book is concerned to establish a need for classification as con- trasted with other forms of organizing infor- mation. It does this by p u r p o r t i n g to show that all other forms employ classification de- vices; e.g., alphabetical indexing employs inverted headings a n d subordinate headings, a n d soipe forms of coordinate i n d e x i n g di- vide their lists of terms into categories or classes. W i t h reference to inversion a n d sub- ordination in alphabetical indexing, this fact no more proves the basic n a t u r e of classifica- tion systems than the fact that classification systems fist many sub-classes alphabetically or chronologically proves that alphabetization or chronological arrangement is basic to clas- sification. T h e fact is there are no p u r e sys- tems. T h e only real issue is not whether an alphabetical index does or does not em- ploy inversions or subordinate headings b u t whether a total system of headings is organ- ized into a systematic hierarchical array, rather than alphabetically. T o go f r o m the presence of inverted headings in alphabetical systems to the statement that total classifica- tion systems are thereby proven necessary is probably the longest non sequitur in library literature. Vickery's argument that coordi- nate systems must employ categories of terms is again utterly baseless a n d exhibits a curi- ous lack of interest in the literature on the subject. A f t e r describing coordinate indexing as presented in Volume I of Studies in Co- ordinate Indexing, Vickery goes on to p o i n t out that Irma Wachtel recommended that terms in a coordinate system be arranged in categories, a n d he concludes his demonstra- tion of the need for classification by again p o i n t i n g out that Miss Wachtel's discussion of hierarchical relationships proves that a classification of knowledge is necessary for coordinate systems. As a m a t t e r of fact, the experimental work reported by Miss Wachtel led to just the opposite conclusion (cf. "Ma- chines a n d Classification in the Organization of I n f o r m a t i o n , " Studies in Coordinate In- dexing, Vol. I I , C h a p t e r 1). After considering the " n e e d " for classifica- tion, Vickery devotes a chapter to describing the construction of classification schedules. T h i s crucial chapter, which is basic to the volume, defies comprehension, a n d even the author admits this fact. H e sums u p as fol- lows: " T h e preceding discussion of problems in the construction of classification schedules may have left a somewhat confused picture of the final product."—and adds that the whole problem "demands f u r t h e r study." T h e r e is, however, one positive suggestion derivable from this chapter. Vickery appar- ently feels that all previous classification sys- tems have failed because they a t t e m p t e d to classify literature in accordance with fields of knowledge. H e suggests the following as an alternative: " T h e basis of the classification S E P T E M B E R 1 9 6 0 421 suggested here is a long schedule of sub- stances or 'things'—natural inorganic sub- stances ranging f r o m the subatomic particle to the galaxy, living organisms a n d communi- ties, societies a n d institutions, material prod- ucts a n d conceptual entities." Apparently, the a u t h o r feels that we can divide things without overlapping, whereas we cannot di- vide scientific fields without overlapping. T h e whole rationale of this effort escapes me. My chair does not overlap my table, n o r does my table overlap my chair, b u t a book about office f u r n i t u r e would discuss both tables a n d chairs, a n d it is the book a b o u t f u r n i t u r e which requires to be stored a n d retrieved, not tables or chairs. T h e chapter on the construction of classifi- cation schedules is followed by a chapter on notation. I n order to u n d e r s t a n d this chap- ter one must u n d e r s t a n d not only classes, b u t how categories differ f r o m classes, how facets differ f r o m classes a n d categories, a n d how phases differ f r o m all three. O n e must also a t t e m p t to u n d e r s t a n d chains a n d arrays, as well as "flexional symbols." A m a n or a g r o u p has a right to use a special vocabulary, but the general lack of impact of Rangana- than's work on librarianship, outside of India, should have constituted a w a r n i n g to the Classification Research G r o u p . T h e r e ought to be some assurance that th'ere is a pot of gold at the end of the rainbow before anyone is asked to a t t e m p t to walk on its d i a p h a n o u s material. Since all the evidence points to the fact that universal classification systems are as dead as dodo birds, why should one devote a large p a r t of one's m e n t a l effort to learning a special, highly technical vocabulary just to find this fact out? Following the chapter on notation, there is a discussion of indexing. T h e b u r d e n of this chapter is that the development of chain indexing as an a d j u n c t to faceted classifica- tion solves both the problem of m u l t i p l e place classification systems a n d p e r m u t a t i o n s of indexing terms. A chain index resembles what Bernier has called a correlative index. It avoids p e r m u t a t i o n s of terms by prescrib- ing a fixed order of subordinate terms in an index. Given a four-term heading, this re- duces the n u m b e r of entries f r o m fifteen to four. T h e utility of such indexes a n d the pos- sibility of prescribing fixed orders of subordi- nation remain d o u b t f u l . As a m a t t e r of fact, Vickery suggests several orders a n d does not recommend any one. As for a faceted classi- fication, apparently what this means is a sys- tem which presents both inclusive a n d coor- d i n a t e relationships among its classes. O n e might argue that if inversion or categoriza- tion establishes the primacy of classification, the use of facets establishes the primacy of coordination. As a m a t t e r of fact, the relation of inclusion is definable on the basis of the intersection of classes in the algebra of classes, that is to say, inclusion is a certain type of coordination or set intersection. T h e n e x t chapter on mechanical selection is, as remarked earlier, irrelevant to the m a j o r a r g u m e n t of the book, but again the progress of ideas f r o m west to east can be noted by the time lapse. Vickery discusses the Chemical- Biological Coordination Center System as an example of an operating mechanical system, whereas the CBCC System has been closed down for approximately two years. H e men- tions the Peakes u n i t card system, which may or may not still be operating, a n d shows that he has completely failed to u n d e r s t a n d the C O M A C System or its exemplification in the I B M Special I n d e x Analyzer. T h e final chapter deals with the possibility of a unified theory of i n f o r m a t i o n retrieval a n d notes that "one of the purposes of this book has been to stress this unity." T o be in favor of a unified theory is like being against sin. T o be more than a pious hope, the search for a unified theory must go beyond classification a n d categorization to a concern with the mathematics of types of order. Underlying Vickery's position is a reliance on an outworn Aristotelian philosophy of substantial forms. Hence, his conclusion that the "primary category" is substance. Aris- totle's view, like Vickery's, is basically bio- logical; both d e p a r t f r o m the deeper mathe- matical insight of Plato. Although m o d e r n science f r o m the Renaissance followed Plato, Aristotle still reigned supreme in a subject- predicate logic based u p o n a substance-attri- bute philosophy. Beginning with Boole's work in the m i d d l e of the n i n e t e e n t h cen- tury, the Aristotelian restrictions on logic were eliminated a n d the subject-predicate logic of syllogisms was recognized to be only a special branch of a wider mathematical logic. T h e great development of mathematical logic took place a f t e r the m a i n development of library classification. A n d it has only been 422 C O L L E G E A N D R E S E A R C H L I B R A R I E S in r e c e n t years t h a t the new m a t h e m a t i c a l logic has h a d a n y i m p a c t o n l i b r a r i a n s h i p ; a n d n o w t h e r e is n o going back. T h e Classi- fication Research G r o u p i n E n g l a n d a n d this book of Vickery's d o n o t c o n t r i b u t e to n o r a d v a n c e towards a u n i f i e d theory of i n f o r m a - tion retrieval; r a t h e r , they r e p r e s e n t a n anti- scientific o b s c u r a n t i s m which is d e f e n d i n g t r a d i t i o n against scientific a n d logical ad- v a n c e . — M o r t i m e r Taube, Documentation, Inc. Music Librarianship Music Librarianship, a Practical Guide. B y E r i c T h o m a s B r y a n t . L o n d o n : J a m e s Clarke, 1959; N e w York: H a f n e r , 1959. 503p. $6.50. T h e first book on music l i b r a r i a n s h i p to a p p e a r since McColvin a n d Reeves p u b l i s h e d their basic g u i d e over twenty years ago should h a v e b e e n greeted w i t h cries of joy. W i t h t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of so m a n y n e w music collections in libraries d u r i n g t h a t p e r i o d , the time was certainly r i p e f o r a n up-to-date v o l u m e o n the subject. T h i s latest effort, however, s h o u l d n o t d e t e r a s p i r i n g a u t h o r s w h o m i g h t h a v e b e e n considering a publica- tion similar to this one. M r . B r y a n t is t h e b o r o u g h l i b r a r i a n of W i d n e s , Lancashire, a n d a c c o r d i n g to his i n t r o d u c t o r y remarks, the book "was w r i t t e n p r i m a r i l y f o r p u b l i c l i b r a r i a n s a n d t h e i r assistants, a n d f r o m a British s t a n d p o i n t . " T h e l a t t e r phrase was most timely a n d wise a n d s h o u l d serve M r . B r y a n t as some f o r m of p r o t e c t i o n against the ire of A m e r i c a n reviewers a n d readers. H i s A m e r i c a n sources, o t h e r t h a n corre- s p o n d e n c e , i n c l u d e d the ALA Bulletin, Li- brary Journal, s t u d e n t theses f r o m K e n t State University a n d the University of Chi- cago, a n d the P u b l i c L i b r a r y I n q u i r y vol- u m e o n music which was w r i t t e n by O t t o L u e n i n g . M o r e d e t a i l e d checking of d a t a m i g h t have s p a r e d M r . B r y a n t some f u t u r e h e a d a c h e s as well as rid h i m of some of his h e a d s t r o n g ideas. T h e H a r o l d Barlow of the Barlow a n d M o r g e n s t e r n Dictionaries of Musical Themes is n o t a n A m e r i c a n c o n - d u c t o r whose 7 8 r p m recordings h a v e ap- p e a r e d in E n g l a n d , b u t Howard Barlow is. Also, a m o r e c a r e f u l p r o o f - r e a d i n g m i g h t have led to the discovery t h a t L u e n i n g ' s first n a m e of O t t o is used correctly f o u r times b u t a p p e a r s once as Oscar. T h e v o l u m e is d i v i d e d i n t o two parts. T h e first deals with a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , r e f e r e n c e books a n d periodicals, cataloging, classifica- tion, g r a m o p h o n e r e c o r d libraries, a n d a n a p p e n d i x c o n t a i n i n g a r a t h e r f o r l o r n list of subject headings. P a r t two is given over to a g r a d e d list of i n s t r u m e n t a l a n d vocal music, m i n i a t u r e scores, a n d three s u p p l e m e n t a r y sections, i n c l u d i n g a n i n d e x to t h e works listed in this p a r t , music p u b l i s h e r s a n d t h e i r English agents, a n d i n s t r u m e n t a l tutors. T h e sections o n cataloging a n d classifica- tion are given in great d e t a i l a n d w i t h copious examples. T h e classification systems o u t l i n e d a r e Brown's Subject, the C u t t e r Expansive, the Dewey Decimal, the L i b r a r y of Congress, Bliss' Bibliographic, a n d t h e British Cata- logue of Music. T h e a u t h o r states t h a t all of these sections h a v e b e e n checked by experts, i n c l u d i n g Bliss who, b e f o r e his d e a t h , read t h e first two d r a f t s of die discussion of his system. B r y a n t also p o i n t s o u t t h a t any opin- ions expressed are his own. A h e l p f u l c h a r t at the e n d of the c h a p t e r shows clearly how fifteen scores a n d books w o u l d b e classed in each of the systems. Mr. B r y a n t does doff his h a t slightly sev- eral times to A m e r i c a n l i b r a r i a n s h i p f o r its cataloging codes, its m a n y p u b l i c a t i o n s in books a n d j o u r n a l s o n the various facets of organizing a n d m a i n t a i n i n g music collections, a n d h e also d e p l o r e s the lack of p e o p l e in B r i t a i n to m a k e u p an o r g a n i z a t i o n such as t h e A m e r i c a n Music L i b r a r y Association. I expect t h a t h e will receive some replies to his s t a t e m e n t t h a t " t h e A m e r i c a n r e c o r d user is a p p a r e n t l y t e n d i n g to b e c o m e m o r e inter- ested in the actual work r e c o r d e d a n d to pay less a t t e n t i o n to the p a r t i c u l a r artist; the as- s u m p t i o n is g r o w i n g t h a t a n y orchestra, soloist, etc., t h a t is good e n o u g h to achieve a c o n t r a c t w a t h a g r a m o p h o n e r e c o r d m a n u - f a c t u r e r m u s t be c o m p e t e n t . " I n t h e light of such a b o l d a n d also e r r o n e o u s s t a t e m e n t I w o n d e r h o w M r . B r y a n t w o u l d e x p l a i n t h e works c u r r e n t l y available t h a t have twenty or m o r e d i f f e r e n t recorded p e r f o r m a n c e s , a n d why the A m e r i c a n r e c o r d reviewers consist- ently p o i n t o u t the differences b e t w e e n A's p e r f o r m a n c e as contrasted w i t h B's a n d why S E P T E M B E R 1 9 6 0 423