College and Research Libraries Academic Library Buildings: Needs, Legislation, Inventory I. NEEDS IT IS AXIOMATIC that the need for physi- cal facilities for academic libraries on our campuses is as great as the need for academic library D;J.aterials. The two are inseparable. Library materials must be adequately housed if they are to be both conserved and made readily accessible. Also, library quarters must be ample enough so that materials may be efficient- ly processed and so that students and faculty will find sufficient room to make possible the full use of library materials. In its Standards for College Libraries (1959), the American Library Associa- tion established the following minimum requirements for college library buildings: 1. Accommodations for at least one- third of the student body are essential and twenty-five square feet per student should be made available. In general, the seating capacity of a new building should be based on the anticipated enrollment over a twenty-year period. 2. Staff work areas should comprise BY THEODORE SAMORE Mr. Samore is College and University Library Specialist, Library Services Branch, U.S. Office of Education. at least 125 square feet of floor space for each person, and provision should be made for future expansion of staff. 3. Shelf space in a new building should be planned to allow at least for a dou- bling of the collection. Libraries can demonstrate their urgent need for more adequate physical facilities by measuring present space with stan- dards recommended by ALA. They can also show the need by appealing to the inevitable increases in student enrollment and number of volumes required. Table 1 indicates that the serious lag in the constnwtion of library facilities can be demonstrated on the bases of ( 1 ) ac- tual and projected enrollments, (2) ac- tual and projected number of volumes. For example, the $139,000,000 of library construction planned by educational in- stitutions for the school year ending 1968 TABLE PROJECT COST OF NEW LIBRARY CONSTRUCTION AND REHABILITATION PROJECTS PLANNED BY ALL ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS COMPARED WITH PROJECTED ENROLLMENT AND VOLUMES ADDED TO LIBRARY, AGGREGATE UNITED STATES: 1963-64 TO 1967-68 (in millions). SCHOOL NEW VOLUMES FACILITIES YEAR ENROLLMENT ADDED TO DOLLAR ENDING LIBRARY Planned Needed GAP 1964 4.6 13.5 $ 90.0 $145.0 $ 55.0 1965 4.9 15.6 104.2 202.0 97.8 1966 5.4 17.8 122.5 200.0 77.5 1967 5.8 20.3 120.6 215.0 94.4 1968 6.2 22.5 138.8 260.0 121.2 SoURCE: Enrollment data are from U.S. Office of Education projections; volume data are de- rived from the annual Office of Education publication, Library Statistics of Colleges and Univer- sities. Projections in columns 3-6 by author. JULY 1964 295 TABLE 2 ACTUAL AND PROJECTED COSTS OF NEW LIBRARY CONSTRUCTION AND REHABILITATION PROJECTS BY ALL ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS COMPARED WITH ACTUAL AND PROJECTED COSTS OF TOTAL ACADEMIC BUILDINGS CONSTRUCTION AND R EHABILITATION PROJECTS; AGGREGATE UNITED STATES, REPORTED DATA FOR SCHOOL YEARS ENDING 1957-62; ESTIMATES FOJt SCHOOL YEARS ENDING 1963-68 (in millions of dollars). ACADEMIC BUILDING CONSTRUCTION SCHOOL YEAR Libraries ENDING All buildings Cost Per Cent 1957 $ 444 $ 20.8 4.7 1958 493 24.6 5.0 1959 585 28.0 4.0 1960 828 40.7 4.9 1961 812 38.6 4.8 1962 895 58.7 6.6 Projections: 1963 1,383 79.5 5.7 1964 1,779 90.0 5.0 1965 1,765 104.2 5.9 1966 1,935 122.5 6.3 1967 2,100 120.0 5.1 1968 2,300 138.8 6.4 SoURcE: U.S. Department of Health, Educa- tion, and Welfare; Office of Education; Prog- gress in the Construction of Higher Education Facilities, 1951-59 (OE 51002, 1962) ; New Construction and Rehabilitation on College Campuses, 1959-60 (OE 51002-61, 1963); and College and University Facilities Survey (OE 51000, 1960). is 53 per cent less than the total amount needed. These figures were computed chiefly on the bases of fifteen volumes per square foot and seating stations for 16.2 per cent of the increase in student enrollment at twenty-five square feet per station.1 The principle that libraries should be built with room enough for fifteen to twenty years growth in volumes and stu- dents was also taken into account. Costs were then computed at $25 per square foot. Table 2 shows that the construction of libraries in all institutions of ~gher edu- 1 16.2 p er cent was u s ed because t hat w as t h e num- ber of s tudents enr olled in Fall 1957 who could be seated at one time in higher education librar y read- ing rooms. L i brary F acilities Planning A ids (OE- 51004-3) . p.l. cation was almost $39 million in the school year ending ,1961 and may rise to $139 million in the school year ending 1968. As a part of total academic library building construction, academic library construction is expected to rise from 4.8 per cent to 6.4 per cent during the same period. The sums for the school years ending 1963-66 in columns 2 and 3 are based on reports of planned construction projects submitted to the Office of Educa- tion by institutions of higher education; the sums for the school years ending 1967-68 are projections by the author based on trend. Additional evidence of urgency is based on data collected by the ALA in a Feb- ruary 1963 survey of academic library building needs. Approximately eight hundred and fifty questionnaires were mailed to all institutions of higher educa- tion in the following sixteen states: Ar- kansas, California, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Washington. By March 1 about two-fifths ( 340) of the question- naires were returned and usable. High- lights from that survey suggest that: 1. More than one-fourth of the aca- demic library buildings were constructed before 1923; almost half dated from 1942, but several buildings are over one hundred years old. The library buildings of public academic institutions (other than universities) are significantly more recent than those in private institutions. (Table 3.) 2. However, due to lack of funds or similar reasons , over 40 per cent of pub- lic institutions and almost 70 per cent of private institutions indicated that their building plans were more "wishful" than probable. 3. The estimated cost per square foot of construction varies widely-the low- est was $10; the highest, $53. The esti- mated median costs for various types of 296 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES TABLE 3 AGE OF ACADEMIC LmRARY BUILDINGS OF SELECTED INSTITUTIONS IN SIXTEEN STATES, MARCH 1963* INSTITUTIONS YEAR OF CONSTRUCTION OF LIBRARY BUILDINGS Per cent Number Prior to 1923- 1933- 1943- 1953- Type reporting Median Range 1923 32 42 52 62 Total -------- Total, Public & Private 423 Public: 140 Universities 27 1941 1902-1963 17 17 14 14 38 100 Liberal arts 25 1958 1928-1963 4 4 17 11 64 100 Teachers colleges 29 1951 1855-1963 9 11 23 42 100 Technological . 5 1953 1935-1960 20 14 80 100 Junior colleges 54 1956 1872-1963 7 4 16 11 62 100 Private: 283 Universities 20 1940 1877-1963 22 26 14 19 19 100 Liberal arts 183 1944 1873-1963 18 16 11 16 39 100 Teachers colleges 4 1948 1936-1952 25 75 100 Technological . 4 1923 1919-1963 20 20 20 20 20 100 Theological . 31 1950 1860-1963 36 4 4 13 43 100 Other prof. schools 12 1937 1925-1954 39 30 8 23 100 Junior colleges 29 1930 1872-1963 35 17 16 32 100 * A number of institutions reported more than one date as the age of the building; as a result, percentages in several ins tances are based on greater numbers than indicated in the "number reporting" column. construction ranged from $17 to $26 per square foot. 4. Planned construction in usable space totals nearly five million square feet, about evenly divided between pub- lic and private institutions. 5. As Table 4 indicates, by 1970 pub- lic academic libraries will need to more than double their physical space, sub- stantially more than double their seating capacity, and almost double their volume capacity. Except in volume capacity, al- most the same holds true for private aca- demic libraries. II. LEGISLATION Congress recognized the need for aid to higher education by passing the Higher Education Facilities Act of 1963 (P.L. 88-204) in December. Among other things, federal funds are now available for the construction of classrooms, labor- atories and librarib. In brief, the Act: 2 1. Establishes a five-year program of grants to institutions of higher education 2 See the January-February 1964 issue of Higher Education for a detaile~ section-by-section analysis. JULY 1964 . for the construction of academic facilities, to be administered by the Commissioner of Education. It authorizes appropria- tions of $230,000,000 annually for fiscal 1964, 1965, and 1966 (see Table 5). Twenty-two per cent of the funds ($152,- 000,000 for 1964 through 1966) are re- served for public community colleges and technical institutes. The federal share of grants to public community colleges and public technical institutes will be 40 per cent of the development cost. The funds are allotted among the states on the basis of relative number of high school gradu- ates and state allotment formulas based on per capita income. (See Table 6.) The remaining 78 per cent ($538 mil- lion) will be used in providing academic facilities for all other private and public institutions of higher education (except theological schools and schools for the health professions) . These funds may be used only for structures or portions there- of, especially designed for instruction or researeh in the natural or physical sci- ences, engineering, mathematics, modem foreign languages, and for libraries. Half 297 TYPE OF INSTITUTION All Institutions Public: Universities Liberal arts Teachers . Technolog- ical Junior colleges Private: Universities Liberal arts Teachers . Technolog- ical Theological . Other prof. Junior colleges t"'4 * March 1963 . ...... ~ ~ ~ ~ ...... ttl V:l TABLE4 ACADEMIC LmRARY SPACE OF SELECTED INSTITUTIONS IN SIXTEEN STATES, MARCH 1963 (in thousands). USABLE SPACE (SQUARE FEET) SEATING CAPACITY . SHELVING CAPACITY (VOLUMES) Present* 1970 Needed Present* 1970 Needed Present* 1970 Needed 12,044 23,242 11,195 152.5 321.2 168.7 68,369 109,809 40,744 5,714 12,258 6,543 75.7 180.1 104.4 25,220 48,100 21,880 2,738 5,681 2,942 27.3 68.2 40.9 15,335 26,002 10,667 1,373 2,979 1,606 23.2 49.9 26.7 4,590 9,664 4,074 767 1,942 1,175 11.0 31.1 20.1 2,879 5,786 2,907 149 284 135 1.4 3.5 2.1 657 1,205 548 687 1,372 685 12.8 27.4 14.6 1,759 5,443 3,684 6,330 10,984 4,652 76.8 141.1 64.3 43,149 61.709 18,864 2,310 4,304 1,994 22.9 42.7 19.8 19,153 28,103 8.950 3,400 5,683 2,283 44.2 82.3 38.1 19,915 28,234 8,319 17 41 23 .4 1.0 .6 123 223 97 33 68 35 .8 1.9 1.1 178 422 244 351 413 62 4.4 5.2 .8 2,408 2,935 527 77 194 117 1.3 3.1 1.8 324 744 419 142 281 138 2.8 4.9 2.1 1,048 1,048 308 M 1,0 0\ - * * * * * -!C· ~ 1---L-------------- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lr) 0\0".~ - OOON - c),......;cx) lr) 0 0\lrlM -.:t" \0 1,0-V) - M JULY 1964 of these funds are allotted among the states on the basis of relative numbers of each state's high-school enrollment (grades 9-12); and half on each state's relative college and university enrollment. The federal share of construction grants may not exceed 33¥:3 per cent. (See Table 6.) A state commission designated by each state will determine relative priorities of eligible projects within the state for under- graduate academic facilities and set the federal share as indicated above. This state commission is not responsible for action under Title II. 2. Title II of the Act authorizes grants for construction of graduate academic fa- cilities of $25,000,000 for fiscal year 1964, and $60,000,000 for fiscal years 1965 and 1966. The grants are to im- prove existing graduate schools and to as- sist in establishment of graduate schools and cooperative graduate centers of ex- cellence. There is no allotment formula for funds under Title II, but payments made to institutions in any one state may not exceed 12 Vz per cent of the appro- priation. Grants may not exceed 3 3 Y3 per cent of the cost of any project. An Ad- visory Committee on Graduate Education will advise the U.S. Commissioner of Ed- ucation on policies, procedures, and ap- plications for graduate academic facilities construction grants. The membership shall consist of the Commissioner (chairman), one representative from the office of Sci- ence and Technology in the Executive Of- fice of the President, one from the N a- tiona! Science Foundation, and eight ad- ditional members appointed by the Com- missioner with the approval of the Sec- retary of Health, Education, and Welfare. 3. Title III of the Act authorizes loans for construction of academic facilities, both undergraduate and graduate, in the amount of $120,000,000 for each of fis- cal years 1964, 1965, and 1966. There is no allotment formula for funds under Title III, but loans made to institutions in any one state may not exceed 12Yz per 299 TABLE 6 GRANTS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF UNDERGRADUATE ACADEMIC FACILITIES: BY STATES, FISCAL YEAR 1964, AUTHORIZED BY THE HIGHER EDUCATION FACILITIES ACT OF 1963, TITLE 1 For undergraduate institutions other than For public community public community colleges colleges and public and public technical State Total technical institutes * institutest U.S. and outlying parts . $230,000,000 $50,600,000 $179,400,000 50 States and D.C. 227,781,567 49,964,140 177,817,427 Alabama 3,799,198 1,155,837 2,643,361 Alaska 169,796 34,250 135,546 Arizona 2,039,680 437,366 1,602,314 Arkansas 2,255,144 675,054 1,580,090 California 23,526,503 3,726,316 19,800,187 Colorado 2,571,544 . 487,685 2,083,859 Connecticut 2,902,416 505,248 2,397,168 Delaware 500,816 83,281 417,535 Florida ; 5,635,182 1,350,056 4,285,126 Georgia 4,509 ,395 1,231 ,290 3,278,105 Hawaii 899,468 234,752 664,716 Idaho 984,840 274, 101 710,739 Illinois 11 ,297 ,614 2,090,262 9,207 ,352 Indiana 5,975,860 1,329,095 4,646,765 Iowa . 3,831,406 931 ,592 2,899,814 Kansas 3,079,469 753,906 2,325,563 Kentucky 3,513,723 919 ,798 2,593 ,925 Louisiana 4,175,243 1,097 ,948 3,077,295 Maine 1,171 ,567 329,261 842,306 Maryland 3,624,130 752,669 2,871,461 Massachusetts 7,210,128 1,296,905 5,913,223 Michigan 10,234,803 2,266 ,764 7,968 ,039 Minnesota 5,014,430 1,170,876 3,843,554 Mississippi 2,727,345 742,420 1,984,925 Missouri 5,321 ,233 1,201 ,727 4,119,506 Montana 961 ,224 235 ,679 725,545 Nebraska 1,944,680 452,199 1,492,481 Nevada 307,199 53,460 253 ,739 New Hampshire 808 ,359 180,313 628 ,046 New Jersey 6,048 ,385 1,321 ,112 4,727,273 New Mexico 1,248,015 295,578 952,437 New York 19,470,568 3,336,848 16,133,720 North Carolina 5,985 ,548 1,624,672 4,360,876 North Dakota 1,002,227 275 ,852 726,375 Ohio . 11 ,604,625 2,565 ,844 9,038 ,781 Oklahoma 3,424,468 821 ,735 2,602,733 Oregon 2,723,857 579,361 2,144 ,496 Pennsylvania ~ 13,590,426 3,239,816 10,350,610 Rhode Island 1,083,955 222,134 861,821 South Carolina 2,830,114 859,487 1,970,627 South Dakota 968 ,409 253,087 715,322 Tennessee 4,523 ,952 1,216 ,405 3,307,547 Texas 11 ,654,882 2,702,739 8,952,143 Utah. 1,826,626 353 ,828 1,472,798 Vermont 618 ,569 141,789 476,780 Virginia 4,359,966 1,102,635 3,257 ,331 Washington 4,214,652 872,466 3,342,186 West Virginia 2,340,941 649 ,714 1,691,227 Wisconsin 5,502,074 1,336,254 4,165,820 Wyoming 448 ,283 101,410 346,873 District of Columbia 1,318,630 91,264 1,227,366 American Samoa 14,171 . 3,647 10,514 Guam 67,945 19,520 48,425 Puerto Rico . 2,114,530 604,082 1,510,448 Virgin Islands 21,787 8,601 13,186 300 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES cent of the appropriation. Loans, separate- ly or together with other federal funds, may not exceed 7 5 per cent of the cost of a project. Interest rate will be equal to that for all feder~l government obligations plus no less than one-fourth of one per cent. Excluded from participation in any of the grant or loan provisions of the Act are any facilities intended primarily for events for which admission is charged the general public and athletic facilities, ex- cept those to be used for academic in- struction in physical education. Also ex- cluded are facilities to be used for sec- tarian instruction or as a place of religious worship, for a program of a school or de- partment of divinity, or facilities for use by a school of medicine, dentistry, oste- opathy, pharmacy, optometry, podiatry, nursing, or public health. The U.S. Com- missioner of Education will administer all titles of this Act. III. INVENTORY A perpetual or continuing inventory, building by building, of existing facilities . at higher education institutions was in- itiated with the "Inventory of College and University Physical Facilities, December 31, 1957."3 This survey provided data for 85 per cent of the 1,890 institutions of higher education which were operational at that time. It reveals, for example, that as of December 31, 1957 the reporting in- stitutions had nearly twenty-six million net square feet of library space. The space 3 Part 1, "Cost and Financing of College and Uni- versity Buildings, 1951-55," was completed and pub- lished in 1959 ; and Part 2, "Planning for College and University Physical Plant Expansion, 1!!56-70" was completed and published in 1960. Part 5, "New Col- leges and Universities Planned," has not yet been initiated. Part 3, "Inventory of College and Univer- sity Physical Facilities, December 31, 1957," is in preparation, and Part 4, "College and University Enrollment and Facilities Survey, 1961-65," has just been published. included reading rooms having seating capacity for four hundred forty thousand students or 16.2 per cent of those en- rolled during the Fall of 1957. The esti- mated figure for the period January 19 58 through December 1963 is seven million net square feet, making a grand total of thirty-three million net · square feet de- voted to library space. Estimated seating stations still remain at 16 per cent of student enrollment, Fall 1963. However, reliable, consistent figures on academic library buildings are difficult to obtain and to verify because of ( 1 ) the lack of a central ·collecting service and ( 2) the lack of agreement on the differ- ences of terms used in the reporting of li- brary construction. With the undoubted impetus to new academic classroom build- ing and library construction due to the Higher Education Facilities Act, there is a strong need for uniform figures on li- brary construction costs. Table 74 includes all reported library buildings occupied for the first time dur- ing 1948-62. Omitted from the list are those library facilities constructed which were not located in a building whose basic function was that of a library. Due to the reasons mentioned above, Table 7 is both incomplete and inad- equate; the primary purpose of the table is to serve as a beginning. Ideally, data for each library building should include construction cost per square foot, total square footage, total volume capacity, seating capacity and equipment costs. As indicated above, for cost figures such data are difficult to secure. There is too much variation on what these terms actually 4 Sources: CoUege and University Physical Facili- ties Series: Library Facilities Planning Aids (OE- 51004-3) ; Progress in the Construction of Higher Education Facilities, 1951-59 (OE-51002) ; and New Construction and Rehabilitation on College Campuses, 1959-60 and 1960-61 ( OE-51002-61). * Distributed according to the state products of 1962-63 high school graduates and allotment ratios within limits of .3333 and .6667. t One half is distributed according to Fall 1962 enrollment in grades 9-12, and one half is distributed accord- ing to Fall 1963 enrollment in institutions of higher education. NOTE: Some of the data on enrollments and high school graduates are estimated. SoURCE: Higher Education (January-Febuary 1964), 10. JULY 1964 301 TABLE 7 Los Angeles Valley College 1955 NA LIBRARY BUILDINGS OCCUPIED FOR THE FIRST Loyola University of TlME DURING 1948-62: AGGREGATE Los Angeles 1961 820,000 UNITED STATES * Marymount College 1960 638,000 Monterey Peninsula STATE AND INSTITUTION YEARt CosT§ College . . . . . 1948 NA Oceanside-Carlsbad College 1955 NA Orange Coast College 1951 NA Alabama Orange Coast College 1960 80,000 Auburn University 1962 NAt Pacific College 1962 200,000 Howard College 1957 NA Pacific Lutheran Miles College . 1961 72,000 Theological Seminary 1959 145,000 Oakwood College . 1952 NA Pacific School of Religion 1957 NA Troy State College 1949 NA Pasadena City College 1949 NA Porterville College 1961 133 ,000 Arizona Reedley College 1957 NA Arizona State University 1961 20,000 Reedley College 1961 119,000 Sacramento State College . 1959 1,100,000 Eastern Arizona Junior San Benito College 1961 18,000 College 1958 48,000 San Diego State College . 1959 1,433,000 Eastern Arizona Junior San Fernando Valley State College 1960 12,000 College, Northridge 1961 NA Grand Canyon College 1957 70,000 San Francisco State University of Arizona 1960 75,000 College 1959 1,341,000 . . . . Arkansas San Jose State College 1957; 1950 NA 1960 900,000 Harding College . . Santa Ana College 1959 283,000 John Brown University 1954 NA Santa Barbara City College 1961 NA Little Rock University 1950 NA Santa Monica City College 1952; Ouachita Baptist College 1950 NA 1961 625,000 Southern State College 1952 NA Shasta College 1950 NA California Stanford University 1961 66,000 University of California, Antelope Valley Junior Berkeley Campus 1949 NA College 1961 271 ,000 University of California, Bakersfield College 1955 NA Santa Barbara Campus 1954 NA Bakersfield College 1957 520,000 University of the Pacific 1956 NA California State University of Redlands 1958 265,000 Polytechnic College 1949 NA University of San Diego, Cerritos College 1961 556,000 San Diego 1958 400,000 Chaffey College 1960 367,000 University of Chico State College 1960 934,000 San Francisco 1949 NA Claremont Graduate School University of Southern (Honnold Library) 1957; California, Los Angeles 1961 NA 1960 550,000 Ventura College 1955 NA Claremont University College (Honnold Colorado Library) 1952 NA Coalinga College . 1957 NA Adams State College of College of the Holy Colorado 1955 NA Names 1957 261,000 Colorado College 1962 . 1,250,000 College of Marin . 1959 119,000 Colorado School of Mines 1954 NA College of Notre Dame 1952 NA Iliff School of Theology . 1956 220,000 College of the Sequoias 1959 272,000 U .S. Air Force Academy, Compton College . 1953 NA Colorado Springs 1959 NA El Camino College 1952 NA University of Colorado 1961 100,000 Fresno State College . 1956 NA Fullerton Junior College 1957 436,000 Connecticut Hartnell College 1960 429,000 Hartford College 1961 38,000 Humboldt State College 1953 NA Hartford Seminary Lorna Linda University 1954 NA Foundation 1960 50,000 Long Beach State College 1960 1,070,000 St. Joseph College 1961 671,000 Los Angeles City College 1960 480,000 University of Bridgeport 1961 288,000 Los Angeles Harbor College • 0 • • 1949 NA District of Columbia Los Angeles State College of Applied Arts and Wesley Theological Sciences 1956 NA Seminary 1959 500,000 302 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Florida Chipola Junior College Florida State University . Gibbs Junior College . Gulf Coast Junior College Jacksonville University . Manatee Junior College . North Florida Junior College . . . . . Pensacola Junior College . St. Johns River Junior College St. Petersburg Junior College . . . University of Miami University of South Florida Georgia Albany State College Berry College . Emmanuel College Fort Valley State College Georgia Institute of Technology . North Georgia College Savannah State College Tift College Idaho Idaho State College University of Idaho Illinois Aurora College Bradley University Eastern Illinois University Elmhurst College . Greenville College John Crerar Library (111inois Inst. of Technology) Knox College . N ortbern Illinois University Northwestern University (Law Library) Saint Xavier College . Southern Illinois University University of Chicago, Law Library University of Illinois Wheaton College Indiana Anderson College and Theological Seminary Ball State Teachers College . . . . Concordia Senior College DePauw University Earlham College Evansville College . Fort Wayne Bible College JULY 1964 1959 83,000 1960 NA 1961 60,000 1961 59,000 1960 425,000 1960 116,000 1960 152,000 1960 121,000 1961 64,000 1961 225,000 1962 3,000,000 1961 1,942,000 1959 220,000 1958; 1961 400,000 1950 NA 1952 NA 1953 NA 1961 138,000 1959 437,700 1954 NA 1954 NA 1957 1,500,000 1962 NA 1950 NA 1950 NA 1958 100,000 1950 NA 1962 2,000,000 1960 454,000 1953 NA 1960 1,250,000 1956 NA 1956 2,000,000 1960 NA 1959 775,000 1953 NA 1957 1961 1958 1957 1962 1957 1961 NA 189,000 NA 997,000 1,000,000 550,000 325,000 Indiana State Teachers College Indiana University Oakland City College Purdue University Taylor University . Tri-State College . Valparaiso University Vincennes University Wabash Col)ege Iowa Briar Cliff College Central College . . Ellsworth Junior College Grinnell College . . Loras College . Marycrest College . . State University of Iowa . Wartburg College Kansas Baker University . Central Baptist Theological Seminary Kansas State Teachers College . . Kansas Wesleyan Uinversity . Ottawa University Sterling College Tabor College . . . University of Kansas- Medical Center . . University of Wichita . Kentucky Brescia College College of the Bible, The Kentucky State College Southern Baptist Theological Seminary . Transylvania College . University of Kentucky- Medical Center . . University of Louisville Louisiana Louisiana College . . . Louisiana State University Louisiana State University & A & M College . Loyola University . McNeese State College Maine Bangor Theological Seminary Maryland Goucher College . Montgomery Junior College . . . . . Mount St. Agnes College . Mount St. Marys College . 1957 648,000 1957; 1960 1,800,000 1961 140,000 1958 8,650,000 1950 NA 1951 NA 1960 802,000 1961 220,000 1959 950,000 1959 253,000 1957 210,000 1961 366,000 1960 1,024,000 1961 525,000 1959 262,000 1949 NA 1959 262,000 1961 416,000 1960 300,000 1951 NA 1948 NA 1956 NA 1954 NA 1957 121,000 1957 NA 1962 NA 1959 300,000 1949 NA 1960 207,000 1960 1,412,000 1954 NA 1960 NA 1957 2,000,000 1955 NA 1958 3,500,000 1959 2,868,000 1950 NA 1961 535,000 1960 1952 1959 1960 1961 300,000 NA 140,000 436,000 529,000 . 303 State Teachers College University of Minnesota 1957; at Bowie 1959 296,000 1961 3,620,000 State Teachers College at Mississippi Towson • • • 0 1958 427,000 State Teachers College, Blue Mountain College 1957 NA Frostburg 1953 NA Clarke Memorial College . 1956 NA State Teachers College, Coahoma Junior College 1952 NA Salisbury 1957 NA East Central Junior University of Maryland- College . . . . 1960 101,000 College Park 1958 2,557,000 . Jackson State College . 1960 385,000 University of Maryland- Mississippi College 1957 357,000 Baltimore 1960 1,189,000 Mississippi Delta Junior College . . . . 1957 NA Massachusetts Mississippi State College Assumption College 1956 NA for Women . 1960 203,000 Mississippi State Brandeis University 1960 2,500,000 University 1950 NA Gordon College 1955 NA Northwest Mississippi Harvard University 1949; Junior College 1953 NA 1959; Perkinston Junior College 1957 NA 1961 3,200,000 Southwest Mississippi Pine Manor Junior Junior College 1961 115,000 College 1957 319,000 University of Mississippi 1951 NA Regis College . 1955 NA University of Southern Simmons College 1961 1,789,000 Mississippi 1960 NA University of University of Southern Massachusetts 1960 1,694,000 Mississippi 1961 850,000 Williams College 1957 511,000 Michigan Missouri Flint Junior College 1961 1,200,000 Drury College . 1960 438,000 National College 1949 NA Hillsdale College . 1951 NA St. Louis University 1959 3,571,000 Kellogg Community Southwest Missouri State College . . . . 1961 250,000 College 1957 NA Michigan State University University of Missouri 1960 NA of Agriculture and Washington University 1961; Applied Science 1957 4,000,000 1962 3,700,000 Northern Michigan Westminster College 1951 NA College 1951 NA University of Detroit . 1951 NA Montana University of Michigan, The . . . . . 1958 2,614,000 College of Great Falls 1961 178,000 Wayne State University 1954 NA Montana State College 1962 1,123,000 Western Michigan Rocky Mountain College 1960 240,000 University 1958 400,000 Nebraska Minnesota Concordia Teachers Augsburg College and College 1961 263,000 Theological Seminary 1955 NA Creighton University 1961 1,250,000 Bethel College and Midland College 1953 NA Seminary 1950 NA Municipal University of Carleton College 1956 NA Omaha . . . . 1956 NA College of St. Catherine 1960 NA Nebraska State Teachers College of St. Thomas 1960 1,515,000 College, Wayne 1956 NA Concordia College, University of Nebraska 1957 . 230,000 Moorhead 1956 NA Gustavus Adolphus Nevada College 1948 NA University of Nevada, Macalester College 1961 375,000 Mankato State College 1959 1,000,000 Reno 1960 2,612,000 Minnesota Bible College 1955 NA New Hampshire Moorehead College 1960 NA St. Cloud State College 1952 NA St. Anselm's College 1960 NA St. Paul Seminary . 1949 NA University of Minnesota, New Jersey St. Paul Campus 1951 NA University of Minnesota, Caldwell College for Duluth Campus . 1953 NA Women 1952 NA 304 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Centenary College for Pratt Institute . 1961 13,000 Women 1954 NA Queens College 1954 3,082,500 Douglass College . 1961 1,000,000 Rensselaer Polytechnic Fairleigh Dickinson Institute . 1961 1,740,000 University, Rutherford . 1956 NA St. Bernardine of Siena Georgian Court College 1951 NA College . . . . 1955 NA Glassboro State College 1955 NA St. Lawrence University 1960 875,000 Newark College of SUNY, Courtland . 1961 1,100,000 Engineering . 1960 1,606,000 SUNY College of Newark State College . 1961 140,000 Education, Oneonta 1960 943,000 Paterson State College 1956 NA SUNY, Geneso 1956 1,322,000 Princeton Theological Union College 1959 NA Seminary 1957 1,526,000 North Carolina Rutgers, The State University 1958; Agricultural and Technical 1961 1,475,000 College of North Seton Hall University . 1953 NA Carolina 1955 1,000,000 Upsala College 1962 1,250,000 Appalachian State Teachers College 1960 289,000 New Mexico Atlantic Christian Eastern New Mexico College 1950 NA Brevard College 1948 NA University . 1953 NA Davidson College . 1960 250,000 New Mexico State Elizabeth City State University of Agriculture, Teachers College 1959 23,000 Engineering and Science 1952 NA Gardner-Webb Junior New Mexico Western College Inc. 1952 NA College 0 • • • • 1958 281,000 Greensboro College 1950 NA University of New Mexico 1952 NA Mars Hill College . 1955 NA North Carolina College at New York Durham . 1950 NA Queens College 1961 435,000 Adelphi College 1960 NA Wake Forest College . 1956 NA Alfred University 1957 480,000 Western Carolina College 1952 NA Brooklyn College 1960 2,890,000 Wingate College 1959 200,000 Barnard College- Woman's College, Columbia University 1960 1,977,000 University of North Canisius College 1958 780,000 Carolina 1950 NA City College of The City North Dakota University of New York 1957 2,503,000 Clarkson College of North Dakota State Technology . 1955 NA University 1949 NA Colgate University 1959 2,200,000 State Teachers College, College of Mount Mayville 1959 134,000 St. Vincent . 1948 NA State Teachers College, Cornell University 1961 5,666,000 Minot 1959 355,000 D'Y ouville College 1957 497,000 . . . . State Teachers College, Erie County Technical Valley City . 1952 NA Institute . 1961 454,000 University of North Hofstra College 1958 250,000 Dakota 1961 1,000,000 Hunter College 1959 NA Iona College 1960 654,000 Ohio Ithaca College 1953 NA Keuka College 1952 NA Antioch College 1956 750,000 Long Island University 1961 157,000 Ashland College . . 1961 · 350,000 Manhattanville College of Baldwin-Wallace College 1960 1,107,000 the Sacred Heart 1951 NA Case Institute of Nazareth College . 1957 NA Technology . 1961 2,781,000 New School for Social Central State College . 1960 440,000 Research 1959 1,045,000 Defiance College 1957 165,000 New York University- Hebrew University College Bellevue Medical -Jewish Institute 1961 1,875,000 Center . . . . 1957 NA Kent State University . 1958 1,190,000 New York University . 1961 150,000 Marietta College 1961 855,000 Orange County Mount Union College 1950 NA Community College 1959 263,000 Muskingum College 1960 354,000 Paul Smiths College of Our Lady of Cincinnati Arts & Science 1958 700,000 College 1954 NA JULY 1964 305 United Theological Seminary University of Akron University of Toledo Western Reserve University Wittenberg University Youngstown University Oklahoma Cameron State Agricultural College Central State College . East Central State College Langston University . Murray State Agricultural College . . . . . Northeastern State College Panhandle Agricultural and Mechanical College University of Oklahoma Oregon Northwest Christian College Oregon College of Education Portland State College Reed College ., . . Southern Oregon College University of Portland Western Evangelical Seminary Pennsylvania Bucknell University Crozer Theological Seminary Drexel Institute of Technology . Drexel Institute of Technology Elizabethtown College Gannon College Grove City College Gwynedd-Mercy Junior College Lafayette College . LaSalle College Lebanon Valley College Lycoming College Messiah College . Pennsylvania Military College . . . . Philadelphia College of Textiles and Science St. Francis College St. Vincent College Seton Hill College Seton Hill College State Teachers College, East Stroudsburg Susquehanna University Thiel College . University of Scranton University of Scranton University of Pennsylvania 306 1952 NA 1961 784,000 1953 NA 1957 1,513,000 1955 1,000,000 1954 NA 1949 NA 1958 450,000 1949 NA 1949 NA 1949 NA 1951 NA 1952 NA 1958 3,000,000 1957 295,000 1951 NA 1960 NA 1960 33,000 1949 NA 1959 425,000 1956 NA 1951 NA 1960 150,000 1959 1,500,000 1960 1,521,000 1949 NA 1948 NA 1954 NA 1959 230,000 1962 1,800,000 1952 NA 1957 279,000 1952 NA 1959 240,000 1949 NA 1949 NA 1959 350,000 1958 712,000 1958 450,000 1959 525,000 1960 550,000 1959 239,000 1952 NA 1959 800,000 1961 745,000 1962 4,600,000 Waynesburg College Wilson College South Carolina Anderson College Citadel . Converse College . Furman University Newberry College University of South Carolina Voorhees School and Junior College Wofford College South Dakota Augustana College General Beadle State Teachers College Northern State Teachers College . . . . State University of South Dakota Tennessee Carson-Newman College David Lipscomb College . Freed Hardeman College . Hiwassee College . Memphis State University Middle Tennessee State College Milligan College Southwestern at Memphis Tennessee Polytechnic Institute . Tusculum College . University of Tennessee Texas Assemblies of God College Austin Presbyterian Theological Seminary Baylor University . Blinn College . Dallas Theological Seminary Decatur Baptist College . East Texas Baptist College East Texas State College Episcopal Theological Seminary of the Southwest . . . . Hardin-Simmons University Howard Payne College Huston Tillotson College . Incarnate Word College Kilgore College Lamar State College of Technology . North Texas State College North Texas State University . . Pan American College Ranger College 1955 NA 1961 280,000 1956 NA 1960 1,000,000 1951 NA 1958 NA 1954 NA 1959 903,000 1960 100,000 1949 NA 1955 NA 1957 108,000 1957 NA 1950 NA 1949 NA 1948 NA 1957; 1961 62,000 1955 NA 1961 73,000 1958 405,000 1961 NA 1953 NA 1949 NA 1961 50,000 1959 990,000 1960 204,000 1950 NA 1952 NA 1950 NA 1960 NA 1957 48,000 1957 NA 1960 816,000 1956 NA 1949 NA 1953 NA 1960 249,000 1955 NA 1957 NA 1957 531,000 1960 200,000 1951 NA 1961 163,000 1952 NA COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES Southern Methodist : University Southwestern Union College . . . . Stephen F. Austin State College Texas College . Texas College of Arts and Industries Texas Southern University Texas Wesleyan College Texas Western College Trinity University . University of Corpus Christi . . . . University of Houston University of St. Thomas Wayland Baptist College . . . . . West Texas State College Wharton County Junior College Vermont Bennington College Green Mountain College University of Vermont Virginia Bluefield College College of William and Mary Hollins College Hampden-Sydney College Lynchburg College University of Virginia at Charlottesville Virginia Polytechnic Institute . Virginia State College Virginia State College Washington Central Washington State College Gonzaga University Lower Columbia Junior College Northwest Bible College University of Puget Sound Whitman College . Yakima Valley Junior College l ·ULY 1964 1950 1961 1957 1950 1949 1958 1957 1958 1953 1957 1950 1952 1958 1951 1960 NA 246,000 NA NA NA 897,000 NA 270,000 NA NA NA NA 248,000 NA 165,000 1960 435,000 1951 NA 1961 2,000,000 1960 333,000 1959 1,100,000 1955 NA 1961 390,000 1954 NA 1960 99,000 1955 NA 1959 NA 1960 1,000,000 1961 1,522,456 1958 630,000 1959 122,000 1960 35,000 1954 NA 1957 413,000 1958 201,000 West Virginia Alderson Broaddus College Bethany College Bethany College Davis & Elkins College Fairmont State College West Virginia Wesleyan College Wisconsin Beloit College . Holy Family College . University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee University of Wisconsin, Madison . Wisconsin State College & Institute of Technology Wisconsin State College, Eau Claire Wisconsin State College, La Crosse Wisconsin State College, River Falls Wyoming 1958 285,000 1960 NA 1961 941,000 1959 250,000 1952 NA 1953 NA 1962 912,131 1961 1,036,000 1961 767,000 1953 NA 1954 NA 1961 1,045,000 1957 814,000 1954 NA University of Wyoming . 1958 1,694,000 * Includes additions and rehabilitation projects. t When more than one date is given, this denotes separate construction projects. :1: N A = Not available. § When more than one year has been reported, the sum of the construction costs has been computed. mean. It would be extremely helpful if all librarians of recently completed library buildings reported all pertinent data to some central agency, such as the ALA, and if this information were published on an annual basis. Some specific uses which can be made of Table 7 are ( 1) to provide a guide to other academic institutions planning to construct library facilities; (2) to provide a base for deriving normative data that may be compared, for evaluative pur- poses, with data on other similar build- ings; and ( 3) to establish a base line for long range planning. • • 307