College and Research Libraries ROBERT B. DOWNS Doctoral Programs and Library Reso~rces THE ACCOMPANYING TABLE includes all United · States institutions, which, ac- cording to American Universities and Colleges (9th edition, 1964), conferred five or more doctoral degrees during the period 1953-1962-a total of 186 univer- sities, colleges, seminaries, institutes, and schools. The tabulation presents the number of degrees awarded by each institution, and the figures are further broken down by broad fields: humanities, biological sciences, physical sciences, and social sciences. In a few instances, the total number of degrees is larger than the to- tals of the four subject fields, because the degrees were not classifiable by fields; in this category were "degrees in arts ·without major, sciences without ma- jor, and all others." The final two col- umns record for each library the number of volumes held and the total expendi- tures for books, periodicals, and binding in 1962, the final year covered by the decade of statistics of doctoral degrees. The chief purpose of the present in- vestigation is to determine whether there exists any direct correlation between the number and variety of doctoral degrees awarded and the strength of library re- sources in individual institutions. A glance at the table, wherein institu- tions are arranged in order of the num- ber of doctoral degrees conferred, will . reveal a close relationship, in general, between degrees and library support. Dr. Downs is Dean of Library Admin- istration in the University of Illinois. Among the thirty-seven universities which awarded more than seven hun- dred degrees each during the decade, only ten held less than one million vol- umes, and none possessed less than one- half million volumes; two of the ten have gone past the million mark since 1962. Of the thirty-six institutions reporting between three hundred and seven hun- dred degrees each, eighteen held col- lections in excess of five hundred thou- sand volumes, and two were over one million volumes; three others have gone above the one million figure since 1962. Approached in another way, of the 93,799 doctoral degrees awarded in the United States for the 1953-62 period, 58,150, or nearly two-thirds, came out of the thirty universities with libraries con- taining more than one million volumes each. Special factors should be noted in the cases of the two top degree-producing institutions: Columbia and California. Of Columbia's imposing total of 5,644 doctoral degrees, 3,438 were awarded by Columbia University proper and 2,206 by Teachers College. California's 5,024 degrees represented five different cam- puses, but chiefly Berkeley and Los An- geles, both owning multi-million volume libraries. Book expenditures for the last year of the decade were more uneven than were· the volume holdings. -Among the forty- four institutions awarding more than five hundred degrees each, the range was from Catholic University's $82,151 to the combined University of Cali- / 123 TABLE 1 Total Biological Physical Social Volumes in Expenditures, Institution No. Degrees Humanities Sciences Sciences Sciences Library, 1962 1962 Columbia 5,644 893 431 971 3,338 3,026,464 $ 558,846 California (all campuses) 5,024 353 1,650 1,778 1,228 5,279,404 2,844,697 Wisconsin 3,733 431 1,485 881 919 1,527,432 544,918 Illinois . 3,502 296 915 1,520 746 3,525,820 810,445 Harvard 3,192 577 340 775 1,487 6,931,293 1,023,889 Michigan 2,981 469 824 927 747 3,049,715 627,514 N.Y. Univ. 2,870 341 628 516 1,376 1,150,000 214,446 Ohio State . 2,559 242 892 693 726 1,520,597 423,879 Chicago 2,363 310 507 528 991 2,210,062 457,213 Minnesota 2,353 190 1,01 523 590 2,072,285 603,345 Cornell 2,202 164 948 585 499 2,278,046 684,283 Yale 2,141 695 35 572 498 4,572,893 781,765 Purdue . 2,032 22 95 888 163 564,383 339,922 Indiana 1,990 261 21 252 1,262 1,828,992 571,812 Stanford 1,938 190 22 751 733 2,287,332 437,628 MIT 1,813 16 7 1,671 41 827,357 146,649 Iowa 1,570 378 412 273 507 1,096,996 337,180 Texas 1,521 157 315 516 533 1,508,262 1,242,171 Mich. State 1,515 60 668 339 445 897,612 377,932 Pennsylvania 1,486 240 343 368 526 1,744,680 493,247 Penn. State 1,459 58 410 524 467 659,516 386,456 Southern California 1,413 303 220 127 763 1,007,891 222,583 Northwestern 1,336 352 204 469 311 1,666,200 361,714 Iowa State . 1,308 1 560 606 141 528,003 151,987 Princeton . . . . 1,137 216 96 580 233 1,754,580 347,343 Univ. of Washington . 1,124 126 260 447 279 1,173,496 437,125 Pittsburgh . 1,051 114 222 278 434 1,021,343 248,809 Boston Univ. 951 313 201 93 344 546,504 150,305 North Carolina 929 217 144 230 338 1,283,109 425,589 Johns Hopkins 905 128 246 379 146 1,207,246 198,785 Maryland 861 36 339 286 200 501,973 337,308 Syracuse 830 41 116 158 290 617,482 296,936 Catholic 824 336 119 160 208 614,036 82,151 Florida . 795 84 245 220 241 970,429 317,924 Missouri 787 61 239 150 337 1,043,330 376,669 Rutgers 779 19 436 190 132 1,017,765 309,778 Duke 732 139 235 174 184 1,540,062 470,416 Rochester 695 193 236 231 34 749,217 240,704 California Tech. 653 64 589 136,278 84,967 Kansas . 651 42 201 212 196 962,849 344,771 Colorado 634 50 136 211 237 785,542 358,218 Nebraska 597 20 148 104 323 712,963 231,364 Fordham 583 143 135 77 228 548,881 187,825 Louisiana 576 68 200 145 163 1,042,218 451,233 Utah 491 28 126 248 89 314,026 178,165 Oklahoma 486 26 128 113 219 826,105 255,461 Carnegie Tech. 483 10 455 18 204,149 73,978 Oregon State 478 251 145 78 415,217 139,990 Western Reserve 476 73 164 83 154 777,306 127,670 Virginia 454 47 48 187 169 1,155,488 193,872 Denver 453 148 138 167 420,509 150,645 Tennessee 452 25 157 149 121 704,907 252,617 Brown . . . 444 95 76 226 47 1,170,755 214,619 Washington Univ. (at St. Louis) 442 29 122 196 95 911 ,759 225,407 Florida State 431 71 141 81 133 596,453 196,431 Notre Dame 413 55 34 259 65 577,822 162,022 St. Louis 406 72 81 120 133 481,881 134,472 Wayne . 406 24 46 138 198 795,488 341,584 Brooklyn Poly. Inst. 392 387 5 62,290 78,970 Oregon 385 14 51 73 247 869,457 227,876 Vanderbilt . 368 105 99 105 59 841,305 213,843 (J't. Univ. Libs.) 362 207 63 92 Washington State . 763,500 131,280 Temple 361 61 108 77 115 584,654 162,614 Texas A. & M. 352 226 113 11 434,117 134,915 Connecticut . . . . 349 1 126 75 147 413,551 218,656 State Univ. of N.Y.-Bu:ffalo 341 13 87 67 174 374,184 55,362 Peabody 330 26 30 13 261 (J't. Univ. Libs., See Vanderbilt) Georgetown . 329 15 37 112 165 503,794 114,000 Oklahoma State 327 113 105 109 654,594 274,696 Colorado State CoiL 320 312 178,845 37,687 Radcliffe . . . . 320 99 83 31 105 131,025 30,954 North Carolina State Coli. 313 191 98 24 246,686 182,474 Kentucky 303 25 83 69 126 970,786 307,344 TABLE I (cont. ) Total Biolog ical Phys ical Social Volumes in E x penditures, Institution No. Deg rees Humanities Sciences Sciences Sciences Library , 1962 1962 Illinois Tech. 297 2 46 247 2 85,000 $ 34,325 Tulane . 271 57 Ill 73 30 806,460 239,232 Cincinnati .. 264 27 69 I27 36 829,628 I55,302 Rensselaer 253 249 4 lli ,289 8,790 American Univ. 238 27 8 203 I47,009 100,704 Case Institute . 235 225 10 95,757 74,I83 Kansas State 235 162 72 I 284 ,527 I65,244 s.w. Baptist Sem. 232 232 300,000 36,666 Delaware 2ll II 200 / 352,032 I69,858 -Rice I99 I8 23 I 52 6 420,494 20I ,102 Houston I9I 84 2 I05 243 ,630 I00,714 Loyola . I86 I2 I03 8 63. 373,246 I02,271 Lehigh . I82 8 I2 I 58 4 40I ,600 86,2I5 Southern Baptist Sem. I73 I73 IC6 ,I25 75,454 Alabama 165 2 34 36 93 723,747 I71,518 Arkansas I64 I6 5 34 I09 476,94I I2I,868 Emory I49 24 58 3I 28 723,46·3 2I4,295 Wyoming I44 23 20 IOI 298,170 76,239 Arizona I42 47 43 52 370,450 I97,712 New Mexico 140 33 II 59 37 343,618 130,703 Virginia Poly. 125 37 88 301i,558 68,567 Massachusetts ll7 6 89 19 3 251 ,991 94,845 Yeshiva 116 40 40 2 34 268,224 99,477 Bryn Mawr . . 1( 6 52 10 I8 19 290,646 53,376 New School for Social Research 105 9 26 70 30,167 19,876 St. John's I05 27 14 64 208,805 ll6,564 Georgia Tech . . 103 103 262,614 186,718 Tufts 101 24 5 72 318,695 84,496 Union Theol. Sem. (N.Y.) .. 101 101 373,040 25,486 New Orleans Baptist Sem. 93 93 73,549 20,720 Auburn 90 23 21 46 318,929 93,869 Georgia 90 5 27 12 46 517,215 218,925 West Virginia . I 86 . 28 41 17 485,990 180,181 Princeton Theol. Sem. 80 80 263,812 26,269 Claremont 78 7 35 36 333,495 IIO,OOO Lawrence 78 78 95,176 27,848 North Dakota 78 19 59 233,721 80,312 Utah State . 77 54 8 15 302,090 77,261 Adelphia • . 74 71 3 120,987 73,134 Texas Tech. 74 7 3 8 56 527,936 161,159 Baylor 67 35 17 15 318,422 95,550 Brandeis 66 14 18 12 22 263,599 127,305 Louisville 58 7 51 341,005 147,456 Dropsie 57 18 35 73,431 4,850 Northern Baptist Sem. 57 57 63,907 5,884 Texas Woman's Univ. 56 36 20 160,000 66,224 North Texas 52 7 45 414,330 169,532 Mississippi . 50 1 9 2 38 352,889 140,399 Jewish Theol. Sem. 49 49 203,000 12,335 Union Theol. Sem. (Va.) 48 48 128,571 21 ,153 Bradley 46 1 45 130,000 33,500 Iliff Theol. Sem. 46 46 60,000 9,809 St. Mary's (Ind. ) 45 45 61 ,045 21 ,449 South Carolina 44 5 4 15 20' 514,859 267,619 Colorado School of Mines 43 43 104,574 27,103 Colorado State Univ. 42 18 24 219 ,512 68,271 Drew 42 41 1 248,619 34,124 New Hampshire 40 14 26 308,119 76,927 Montana State Coil. 39 6 26 7 164,000 63,000 Hartford Sem. 37 35 2 170,667 18,500 Central Baptist Sem . 36 36 36,220 9,573 Rockefeller In st. 34 34 55,243 46,151 Hebrew Union 33 33 150,920 18,385 Portland 31 22 9 102,422 21,880 Jefferson 30 30 46,091 33,060 Univ. of Pacific 30 30 120,000 51 ,524 Philadelphia Coil. of Pharm acy 29 28 1 33,814 15,300 Akron 27 2 25 137,256 54,721 Tulsa 27 27 209,899 46,444 Arizona State 26 26 448,750 228,080 Springfield . 26 26 56,658 13,500 Duquesne • • 0 • • 24 4 20 173,096 73,978 Pacific School of Religion 23 23 71,694 13,729 Hawaii . 22 17 5 415,047 279,121 TABLE 1 (cont.) Total Biological Physical Social Volumes in E x penditures, Institution No. Degrees Humanities Sciences Sciences Sciences Library, 1962 1962 ·Boston Coli. 21 21 581,584 $ 134,060 Southern Illinois 21 2 7 12 597,671 . 482,420 Medical Coli. of Va. 20 17 3 69,357 24,413 Middlebury 19 19 130,819 25,636 Medical Coli. of S.C. 17 17 34,551 14,574 Stevens 17 17 43,100 19,646 Hahn em ann 15 15 37,511 17,300 Ohio Univ. . 15 6 5 4 328,347 121,480 St. Mary's Sem. (Ill.) 14 14 53,500 3,000 Grace Sem. 13 13 25,475 11,216 San Francisco Sem. 13 13 80,177 23,142 St. Bonaventure 13 8 5 112,749 14,615 Rhode Island 12 2 10 208,520 124,531 General Theol. Sem. 11 11 134,746 31,003 Protestant Episcopal School 11 11 ~17 5,000 South Dakota State 11 8 3 ' 81 50,836 South Dakota 11 2 9 188,552 48,564 Miami 10 4 4 2 616,019 252,234 Mississippi State • • • 0 • 10 8 1 1 221,362 63,150 Univ. of Missouri at Kansas City 10 10 223,400 31,571 Alaska . . . . . . 9 9 70,736 52,335 Brigham Young 9 3 6 373,125 212,236 Alfred . . . 8 8 103,138 18,400 Lorna Linda 8 8 60,000 24,616 Woodstock 8 8 133,000 22,000 Howard 7 7 391,103 222,480 St. Mary's Sem. (Md.) 7 7 7,434 3,243 Union . . . . . . . . . 7 7 203,000 41,190 Southern Calif. School of Theology . 6 6 65,653 11,345 Maine 5 5 328,488 55,865 Marquette 5 5 307,050 157,204 Montana State Univ. 5 5 257,973 91 ,121 N.Y. Law 5 5 73,000 8,895 Occidental . 5 5 168,489 37,476 u.s. Naval School 5 5 230,000 59,500 Doctoral Programs and Library Resources I 129 fornia's total for all of its campuses of $2,844,697. Eleven universities reported expenditures in excess of $500,000 each, nineteen between $300,000 and $500,000, and only eight less than $200,000. Infla- tionary trends of the past several years • have increased the totals; in 1963-64, twenty-eight universities spent more than · $500,000 for books and six exceeded $1,- 000,000. Since there are no established norms, exactly how many volumes should be held by the library and how much money spent for books in an institution offering doctoral programs are debatable matters. Pragmatically speaking, how- ever, it seems doubtful that high-level doctoral work in a variety of fields can be carried on .with less than half a mil- lion volumes and with annual book ex- penditures under $200,000. Applying these criteria to the 186 institutions in- cluded in the present investigation, only sixty-four met the 500,000 volume stan- dard, and fifty-seven spent more than $200,000 for library resources. If th·ese recommended, admittedly arbitrary levels are valid, 123 institutions were substandard in volume holdings and 130 in expenditures for library ma- terials, as of 1962. In certain instances, there may have been mitigating facts. The specialized technical institutions-California Insti- tute of Technology, Carnegie Institute of Technology, Brooklyn Polytechnic In- stitute, Illinois Institute of Technology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Case Institute of Technology, Colorado School of Mines, etc.-rank high academically, but their doctoral offerings are in a limited number of scientific and tech- nical fields. Hence, their library require- ments are considerably less varied than are those of general universities dealing with humanities and social sciences, as well as with science and technology. Such institutions as Purdue, Iowa State University, Pennsylvania State Univer- sity, and others which in the past have specialized in agriculture and engineer- ing have grown slowly for the same rea- son, although in recent years they have tended to develop into comprehensive universities. It should also be pointed out that Mas- sachusetts Institute of Technology, which by general consent ranks at the top of this type of institution, possesses a library approaching a million volumes in size. Another consideration that has doubt- less influenced the modest size of li- braries in certain doctoral-degree grant- ing institutions is the proximity of ex- tensive resources in other libraries. Ex- amples are Bryn Mawr College in Phila- delphia, closely allied to the University of Pennsylvania, and Radcliffe College in Cambridge, with its Harvard Uni- versity affiliation. Unless there is a direct official connection, however, no univer- sity worthy of the name would expect to rely chiefly upon other institutions to provide the library resources needed by its doctoral candidates. The most severe limitations of library collections and support found in the group granting doctoral degrees were among theological seminaries. The tra- dition that Christianity and Judaism are bookish religions is hardly borne out by the miniscule libraries and parsimonious book budgets which seem to be the rule rather than the exception in divinity schools. Two highly regarded institu- tions, Princeton Theological Seminary and Union Theological Seminary of New York, for example, expended $26,269 and $25,486, respectively, for library mate- rials in 1961-62, and others ranged as low as $3,243. Yet the twenty-two inde- pendent schools of this character award- ed more than one thousand one hundred doctoral degrees in the period under re- view. In summary, statistics of doctoral de- (Continued on page 141) ( and Research Center, Inc., 117 R. Street N.E. Washington, D.C. 20002. v. 1, no. 1, May 1965. Bimonthly. $7.25. 65- 9916. 0 Neuroendocrinology. S. Karger AG, Ar- nold-Bocklin-Strasse 25, 4000 Basel, Swit- zerland. v. 1, no. 1, 1965/ 66. Bimonthly. $15.50. 65-9943. - Northwest Folklore. University of Oregon Publications, Friendly Hall, Eugene, Ore. v. 1, no. 1, Summer 1965. Semiannual. $2.50. 65-9944. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palae- ocology. Elsevier Publishing Company, P.O. Box 211, Amsterdam, The Nether- lands. v. 1, no. 1, Mar. 1965. 4 no. a year. $14. 65-9956. Private Pilot. Gallant Publishing Company, 550A S. Citrus Ave., Covina, Calif. v. 1, no. 1, Oct./Nov. 1965. Bimonthly. $3.25. 65-9949. Religious Studies. Cambridge University Press, American Branch, 32 East 57th St., New York 10022. v. 1, no. 1, Oct. 1965. Semiannual. $9.50. 65-9981. Revista Latinoamericana de Sociologia. Ad- ministraci6n, Revista Latinoamericana de Sociologia, Virrey del Fino 3230, Buenos Aires, Argentina. v. 1, no. 1, Mar. 1965. 3 no. a year. $5. 65-9972. School Safety. National Safety Council, Edi- torial and Executive Office, 425 North Michigan Ave., Chicago 60611. v. 1, no. 1, Sept./ Oct. 1965. 4 no. a year. $3.60. 65-9945. Sci-Tech Book Profiles. R. R. Bowker Co., 1180 Avenue of the Americas, New York 10036. v. 1, no. 1, Aug. 1965. Monthly. Price not given. 65-9955. Science Books; a Quarterly Review. Science Books, American Association for the Ad- vancement of Science, 1515 Massachu- setts Ave. N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. v. 1, no. 1, Apr. 1965. Quarterly. $4.50. 65-9914. Southern Education Report. Southern Edu- cation Reporting Service, P.O. Box 6156, Nashville, Tenn. 37212. v. 1, no. 1, July/ Aug. 1965. Bimonthly. $2. 65-9938. Syn; International Contributions to the New Art. Agis Verlag, 757 Baden-Baden, Lich- tentaler Allee 84. 1, 1965. 3 no. a year. DM 36-. 65-9971. Systems and Communications. Systems Pub- lications Ltd., Bugle House, 2la Noel St., New Periodicals of 1965-Part II I 141 London W.l. v. 1, no. 1, Sept. 1965. Monthly. $11 (free to certain categories of subscriber). 65-9946. Theatre Design & Technology. 1117 C.L., 4200 5th Ave. Pittsburgh 15213. no. 1, May 1965. 4 no. a year. $6. 65-9932. Urban Affairs Quarterly. Sage Publications Inc., 150 Fifth Ave., New York 10011. v. 1, no. 1, Sept. 1965. Quarterly. $12. 65-9957. View; the Magazine of Closed-Circuit and Community Antenna TV. RT Publishing Co., 10 Poplar Road, Ridgefield, Conn. 06877. v. 1, no. 1, Aug. 1965. Bimonthly. $6. 65-9970. Vista. United Nations Association of the United States of America Inc., 345 East 46th St., New York 10017. v. 1, no. 1, July I Aug. 1965. Bimonthly. Price not given. 65-9924. Voices; the Art and Science of Psychother- apy. Alexander Jasnow, Managing Editor, 14-11 Lucena Drive, Fair Lawn, N.J. 07410. v. 1, no. 1, Fall 1965. Quarterly. $8. 65-9947. Voyageur. Box 5226 Powderhorn Station, Minneapolis, Minn. 55407. v. 1, no. 1, 1965. Semiannual. $2 (per issue). 65- 9939. Weekly Compilation of Presidental Docu- ments. Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Wash- ington, D.C. 20402. v. 1, no. 1, Aug. 2, 1965. Weekly. $6. 65-9929. • • DOCTORAL PROGRAMS (Continued from page 1 2 9) grees granted and of library holdings and book expenditures strongly support the view that the two go hand in hand in universities distinguished for their doctoral programs. An institution out- standing for its graduate offerings is al- most invariably equally notable for the strength of its library resources. It is perhaps equally obvious that a sub- stantial number of institutions giving the doctorate lack the library resources to support advanced-level graduate study, and should either discontinue such of- ferings or undertake extensive develop- ment of their libraries. • •