College and Research Libraries RUSH G. MILLER The Influx of Ph.D.s into Librarianship: Int~usion or Transfusion? In a survey of seventy-two university libraries and forty-four library schools, the entry of subject Ph.D .s into librarianship during the past three years was measured and evaluated. It was discovered tht;tt the number of subject Ph.D .s enrolling in library schools is increasing rapidly, that job opportunities for subject Ph.D.s in librarianship are very good, and that subject Ph.D.s are generally employed in choice positions. FEW ACADEMIC LmRARIANS or faculty members in library schools would doubt that the profession is being infused at an increasing rate by persons who hold a Ph.D. or another terminal degree in a subject field other than library science. Two decades ago Phyllis Richmond ob- served that subject Ph.D.s enter the field of librarianship for two reasons: ( 1 ) their interest in libraries developed from teaching or research in their sub- ject field, or ( 2) they enter by design perhaps because they do not want to teach. 1 Today we can add a third reason -the academic job crisis! It is obvious that the influx into li- brarianship of subject Ph.D.s is being accelerated by the strained job market in many academic disciplines. Persons who have recently received a terminal degree and even those who once felt secure in their teaching positions are finding themselves thrown into the wolfish employer's market in which there are often hundreds of applicants Rush G. Miller is director of library ser- vices, W. B. Roberts Library, Delta State University, Cleveland, Mississippi. 158 I for every opening. Opportunities for displaced or unemployed academics are extremely narrow, and many have moved into libraries as a last ditch effort to remain in academia. The result of the influx of subject Ph.D.s has been to spark discussion among librarians and library educators concerning the desirability of allowing these "subject specialists" to "seek cov- er" in librarianship. It has also led to a challenge by at least one "convert," W. A. Moffett, who wrote that the aca- demic job crisis provides librarianship with an opportunity to recruit highly capable librarians from the ranks of new Ph.D.s as well as out-of-work ex- perienced scholars. Moffett cites several shortcomings on the part of library schools and libraries in failing to take advantage of this opportunity afforded by the job crisis.2 The question of whether or not li- braries should employ subject Ph.D.s is hardly a new issue. Controversy over the subject Ph.D. in libraries dates from the development of the first Ph.D. pro- gram in library science at the U Diversity of Chicago in 1928. Most librarians dis- J agreed when Dean Louis Wilson wrote in the first issue of College & Re- search Libraries that the doctorate in library science was preferable to the subject degree for librarians.3 In the same issue, C. C. Williamson, Sydney B. Mitchell, Carl M. White, Robert J. Kerner, and Nathan Van Patten ex- pressed the opinion that the subject doc- torate was the proper training for aca- demic librarians.4 Nathan Van Patten went so far as to state: "It seems clear to me that it is much better to attempt to make a librarian from a man or woman who is already well established in the practice of one of the older rec- ognized professions."5 Robert Downs added his name to the list of supporters of subject Ph.D.s in 1946. Downs also stated that library school faculties should · be composed of subject special- ists.6· During . the decades from 1930 to 1960, subject Ph.D. degrees were empha- sized by librarians as the most appropri- ate terminal degree. The library litera- ture of that period dealing With this is- sue culminated in 1957 with the publi- cation of an article by Phyllis Rich- mond. The article, entitled "The Sub- ject Ph.D. and Librarianship," provided insight into the job opportunities for subject 'Ph.D.s in libraries.7 However she failed to mention the field of library education in this regard. Her conclusion that a subject Ph.D. would have the best of both worlds (status with faculty members as well as with other librari- ans) was an accurate reflection of the prestige enjoyed by those subject Ph.D.s who entered the field of librarianship in those decades. Since 1960 the major emphasis in li- brarianship in regard to terminal de- grees has been on the Ph.D. degree in library science. The development of li- brary science as a full-fledged "profes- sion" has meant divorcing it from sub- ject areas and a redefinition in terms of information science. Today there are Influx of Ph.D.s I 159 approximately twenty library schools which offer the Ph.D. degree, and this number will surely continue to increase in the future. However, since the num- ber of Ph.D.s granted by them is rela- tively few, subject Ph.D.s continue to fill the gaps in administration and teach- ing. A major study of the opinions of li- brary science Ph.D.s was conducted by Ray and Patricia Carpenter and pub- lished in the I ournal of Education for Librarianship in 1970.8 It showed that despite the emphasis on that degree, most persons holding a Ph.D. in library science consider the prestige of the de- gree to be very low in relation to other fields. The Carpenters' study also im- plied that subject Ph.D.s have encourag- ing job prospects in library school teach- ing since 41 percent of the library sci- ence Ph.D .s surveyed believed that sub- ject doctors should be represented on li- brary school faculties "in strength," and another 25 percent felt that they should constitute at least half of such facul- ties. Their conclusi9n was that there are not nearly enough Ph.D .s in library sci- ence to meet the demand and that, there- fore, subject Ph.D.s Will continue to be utilized. Despite the encouragement of the Carpenter study for subject Ph.D.:s in librarianship, the situation in 1976 is far different from that in 1970 if only that there are many more subject ·Ph.D.s searching for job opportunities in li- braries. Some questions remain unan- swered. This study attempts to fill in a few of the gaps in our knowledge of this situation. It attempts to assess the present extent to which subject Ph.D.s are employed in librarianship, to gauge the influx of subject Ph.D.s into library schools, to compare the attitudes of ed- ucators with those of librarians in re- gard to ·this phenomenon, and to dis- cover practical opportunities and limita- tions in libraries for subject Ph.D.s. In short, is the influx of subject Ph.D.s an 160 I College & Research Libraries • March 1976 unwanted intrusion or a needed trans- fusion of fresh talent? THE STUDY With the aid of a research grant from the University of Mississippi, the author was able to survey ninety-two large university libraries between De- cember 17, 1974, and February 1, 1975. This population consisted of all Ameri- can university libraries in the Associa- tion of Research Libraries as well as the members of the Association of South- eastern Research Libraries which do not belong to ARL. In addition to libraries, all American Library Association ac- credited library schools were surveyed with a separate questionnaire. Replies were received from seventy-two libraries and forty-four library schools. This rep- resents a return rate of 78 percent for libraries and 80 percent for library schools. Since these research libraries would probably employ a larger number and percentage of subject specialists than smaller college and university li- braries, .the results are not meant to be applied universally. One major purpose of this study was to determine the number of subject Ph.D.s either currently employed in the field or enrolled in library schools. Li- brary directors were asked to give the number of ~h.D.s currently employed in professional positions in their li- braries, the number of subject Ph.D.s employed, and the number of subject Ph.D.s with a master's degree in library science employed. Deans of library schools were asked to give current en- rollment figures (fall 197 4) for the master's degree program, the number of students with a subject Ph.D. degree, and the number of master's degrees awarded to Ph.D.s during the previous two years (1972-73, 1973-74). A surprisingly large number of sub- ject Ph.D.s were employed in the seven- ty-two libraries responding to the ques- tionnaire (Table 1). The total number of subject Ph.D.s was 175 out of a total number of 207 Ph.D.s employed. In other words, 84.5 percent of all Ph.D.s who held professional positions in these libraries were subject Ph.D.s. Of the subject Ph.D.s employed in these li- braries, 106 or 60.6 percent had some library science training. TABLE 1 CURRENT NUMBER oF SUBJECT PH.D.s EM:PLOYED IN 72 LmRARIEs AS OF FEBRUARY 1, 1975 Total number of Ph.D.s employed 207 Total number with subject Ph.D. 175 Percentage of Ph.D.s with subject degree 84.5 Total number of subject Ph.D.s with M.L.S. 106 Percentage of subject Ph.D.s with M.L.S. 6~.6 In the fall 197 4 the forty-four ac- credited library schools which responded to the questionnaire had enrolled a to- tal of 9,224 master's degree students (Table 2). Of this number 125 held the Ph.D. degree. Only twelve library schools or 27.3 percent of those respond- ing had no Ph.D.s enrolled, and 72.7 percent had at least one Ph.D. The number of subject Ph.D.s enrolled in master's degree programs may not seem excessively large since they constitute only 1.4 percent of the total student bodies; but when compared with the figures given for the past two years, a marked increase is readily apparent. For the previous two years there were a total of 101 Ph.D.s enrolled in these forty- four schools. Although no figures are available by year for ·comparison, an average figure of 50.5 per year is as- sumed. Since the figures for the current year include only the fall quarter (or semester), the total number of subject Ph.D.s in these programs for the entire year should be larger than 125. Disre- garding this fact, the average number of subject Ph.D.s enrolled in these li- brary schools has risen in two years from an average of 1.2 per school to 2. 7 per school. TABLE 2 SUBJECT PH.D.s ENROLLED IN 44 AcCREDITED LmRARY ScHOOLS Total enrollments in master's program 9,224 Number with subject Ph.D. 125 Percentage with subject Ph.D. 1.4 Average number/library school 2 .8 Average number/library school during past 2 years 1.2 Total number with subject Ph.D. during past 2 years 101 Another indication of the extent of the influx of subject Ph.D.s into library schools was gained from a question which asked deans to indicate whether the number of Ph.D.s entering librari- anship is increasing markedly, increas- ing somewhat, stable, or decreasing. A majority ( 55.9 percent) of the deans stated that the number was increasing somewhat, and only 18.9 percent felt that the number was increasing marked- ly. Yet the enrollment figures for the past three years seem to indicate a marked increase overall. One respondent who had no subject Ph.D.s currently en- rolled but who had interviewed several prospective students who held Ph.D.s re- marked: "I am beginning to wonder if the real deluge is now about to hit us." PLACEMENT oF SUBJEcr PH.D.s Another important consideration con- cerning subject Ph.D .s in librarianship is the specific areas within the library in which they are employed most often. In other words, in which particular posi- tions are subject Ph.D.s considered de- sirable by administrators? Library direc- tors were asked to give the number of subject Ph.D.s employed ·in the areas of administration, archives I special collec- tions, subject bibliography, reference, and technical services. Not surprisingly, the largest number of subject Ph.D.s (52) were employed in archives and spe- cial collections. Large numbers were also employed in administration ( 39) and subject bibliography ( 44). Referep.ce and technical services accounted for Influx of Ph.D.s I 161 thirty-four Ph.D.s altogether with six employed as branch librarians. Library school deans were also asked for information concerning the areas of employment in which subject Ph.D.s were placed upon completion of the master's degree during the past two years. The same five basic categories were included as possibilities with the addition of library education. How- ever, deans were not asked to give the number placed in each of the categories since the information would not be readily available. Of the thirty-two li- brary schools which have placed subject Ph.D.s during the past two years; 48.4 percent have placed at least one Ph.D. in the area of reference, 45.2 percent have placed Ph.D.s in subject bibliog- raphy, and 29 percent have placed peo- ple in administrative positions, while an equal percentage have teaching posi- tions. The questionnaires were designed not only to elicit factual information con- cerning the employment of subject Ph.D.s in libraries but also to discover the attitudes of both library school deans and library directors concerning the areas of Hbrarianship in which sub- ject Pb.D.s could best be utilized. Both groups were asked to mark those areas for which subject Ph.D.s should be con- sidered; and this question was designed to find out if there is substantial agree- ment between deans and administrators concerning the desirability of hiring subject Ph.D.s in various areas (Table 3 ). The deans of library schools tended to be more optimistic about the types of positions in which a subject Ph.D. might be employed than were the li- brary directors. Of the thirty-four deans who responded to this question, 74.2 percent felt that subject Ph.D.s should be employed in administrative positions in academic libraries. Ori the other hand, only 50 percent of the di- rectors felt that a subject Ph.D. would 162 I College & Research Libraries • March 1976 TABLE 3 ATTITUDES OF LmRARY DrnECToRs AND DEANS CoNCERNING DEsiRABILITY OF HIRING PH.D.s IN VARious PosiTIONs Library Administration Education % % Library Directors (N = 72) 50 NA Library School Deans ( N = 34 ) 74.2 67.7 enhance a person's qualifications for such a position. Likewise, a larger pro- portion of library school deans felt that subject Ph.D.s should be employed in reference and bibliography than did di- rectors. At the "lower end" of the spec- trum, a much larger percentage of li- brary directors than deans felt that a subject Ph.D. would be an asset in tech- nical services. In order to ·assess further the opin- ions of administrators of both libraries and library schools concerning job op- portunities in librarianship for subject Ph.D.s, each group was asked to cate- gorize the job possibilities for subject Ph.D .s as either excellent, very good, fair, or poor (Table 4). Although library school deans tend to be optimistic in terms of the beginning level of employ- ment for subject Ph.D.s, as seen in Table 3, library directors are more optimistic concerning the overall job opportunities for subject Ph.D.s in the field. Almost 20 percent of the library administrators rat- ed the opportunities for subject Ph.D.s as excellent, while only 2.6 percent of the li- brary school de.ans agreed. The largest proportion of both groups felt that the opportunities were very good, while siz- able percentages felt that the subject Ph.D. has only a fair chance to find suit- able employment in library science. SALARIES FOR SUBJECT PH.D .s Important factors in regard to the job opportunities in librarianship for subject Ph.D.s are the amount and na- ture of the experience required. Library Technical Reference Bibliography Archives Services % % % % 70.8 87.5 86.1 34.7 83.9 93.6 87.1 3.2 school deans were surveyed as to the salary levels of the graduates as well as their opinions concerning the level at which a subject Ph.D. with an M.L.S. should begin. Of the thirty-nine deans who responded to this question, 71 per- cent stated that the subject Ph.D.s placed by them had no previous library experience. Despite this fact 60.7 per- cent received positions with advanced salaries. When asked at which salary level, advanced or beginning, a subject Pp.D. with an M.L.S. should begin, 63.2 percent felt that such a person should begin at an advanced position while only 13.2 percent felt he should begin on the same level with other master's students. The remainder believed that a subject Ph.D. could be hired at either level depending upon such factors as his or her competence, experience, or the position for which the candidate was being considered. Library directors were also asked their opinion concerning the salary level at which a subject Ph.D. should be hired as well as whether or not they would hire a Ph.D. with no previous library ex- perience. The opinions of sixty-eight li- brary directors proved to be rather am- biguous. When asked if they would hire a subject Ph.D. with no library experi- ence for an advanced salaried position, 42.7 percent stated that they would and 45.6 percent stated they would not. The remaining respondents qualified their answer as to the position or the individ- ual or both. However, when asked what the beginning level of the subject Ph.D. Influx of Ph.D.s I 163 TABLE 4 AssESSMENT OF OvERALL JoB OPPORTUNITIES FOR SuBJECT PH.D.s IN LIBRARIANSHIP Excellent No. % Library Directors ( N = 68) 13 19.1 Library School Deans ( N = 38) 1 2.6 with al\ M.L.S. would be in relation to a person with the M.L.S. only, 64.7 per- cent stated that they would hire the Ph.D. at a higher level and only 26.5 percent at the same level. Clearly the person with a Ph.D. de- gree commands a higher salary than a person with a M.L.S. only. But experi- ence is also an important factor to li- brary directors. An average of 2.6 years of experience would be required by those who stated that they would :hot hire a subject Ph.D. for an advanced salary. SUBJEGr BACKGROUND Library directors strongly rejected the notions that either academic prepara- tion (graduate study for the Ph.D.) or prior teaching experience are equivalent. to library experience in determining salary levels. Only 22.4 percent stated that they would allow academic prepara- tion to be considered library experience while 68.6 percent would not; and the remaining 9 percent would also consider the . type of position. Directors were even more opposed to previous teaching experience influencing salary levels in the library. Fully 76.1 percent were op- posed to this concept; while 16.4 per- cent favored it; and 7.5 percent ap- proved it with conditions. One interesting characteristic of the su~ject Ph.D.s in librarianship was the dispersement of subject fields represent- ed by their degrees. The questionnaire sent to library schools listed the fields of history, English, education, and law with space for others .to be written in. Of those Ph.D.s enrolled in master's Very Good No. % 31 45.6 20 52.6 Fair No . % 19 27.9 14 36.9 Poor Depends No. % No. % 5 7.4 2 5.3 0 0 1 2.6 degree programs during the past two years, 16.9 percent held degrees in his- tory and a like amount in English; 9.6 percent were from education; 7.2 per- cent were from languages; 4.8 percent were from law; and 3.6 percent came from music. The remainder held sub- ject Ph.D .s in fields ranging from bio- chemistry and biology to political sci- ence and theology. Although the fields in the humanities and social sciences, hardest hit by the current job ,crisis, also represented the highest percentages of Ph.D.s entering librarianship, there ap- pears to be an influx of subject special- ists from a wide range of areas. EDUCATION FOR LIBRARIANSIDP Another important factor in assessing the job opportunities in librarianship for subject Ph.D.s is the area of educa- tion for librarianship. Ray and Patricia Carpenter have pointed out in a study of .attitudes of library science Ph.D.s that not only is there a shortage of per- sons with the Ph.D. in library science to fill faculty positions in library schools, but a vast majority of library science faculty members with the Ph.D. in li- brary science feel that library schools should include on their faculties subject doctorates "in strength."9 In the library schools surveyed and responding to the present survey, 41.8 percent of the fac- ulty members held subject Ph.D. de- grees. When asked if it would be neces- sary for a subject Ph.D. to have practi- cal library experience to be considered for a faculty position, 69.2 percent re- plied yes and 30.8 percent . replied no. The surprising figure is the number of 164 1 College & Research Libraries • March 1976 library schools which would not require practical library experience for persons holding the terminal degree in a subject field for positions on their staffs. At least one dean of a large university li- brary school indicated that he had re- cently hired a subject Ph.D. with no practical experience, although he would have preferred experience. This seems to bear out the Carpenters' conclusion concerning the lack of experienced doc- torates for faculty positions. One of the reasons for the possibili- ties of teaching in library schools for subject Ph.D.s is the small number of Ph.D. degrees awarded in library science annually. Of the thirteen schools reply- ing which give Ph.D. degrees, only 113 degrees were awarded for the past two years. Of this number thirty-one did not seek employment. Of the eighty-two who did seek positions in librarianship, 43.9 percent went into library admin- istration. Only forty-six of the Ph.D.s from these schools were employed in teaching positions. CoNCLUSION The primary result of this survey was to confirm the beliefs of many in the profession that a sizable influx of sub- ject Ph.D.s is occurring. It would appear that the number of subject Ph.D.s en- rolled in library schools has at le~st doubled during the past year. At the present time job opportunities in libraries for subject Ph.D.s appear to be very good despite the current job pinch in librarianship. When asked which degree, subject Ph.D. or library science Ph.D., they would prefer for po- sitions in their libraries, directors in- variably chose the subject Ph.D. over the library science Ph.D. or stated that it would depend on the type of position. Not one director surveyed would auto- matically prefer a library science Ph.D. One director summed up his feelings by stating: There are positions for which a library school Ph.D. would be preferred to a subject Ph.D., but generally speaking, I believe the subject Ph.D. preferable for most university library positions. The majority of library directors would hire a subject Ph.D. at a salary level somewhat higher than a person without a terminal degree but not at what they would define as an advanced position (one requiring some library experi- ence). On the other hand, despite the ap- parently favorable market for subject Ph.D.s in university libraries, there has been little encouragement for Ph.D .s to enter library school. Although 88 per- cent of library school deans responding to this survey stated that an influx of subject Ph.D.s would not be detrimental to the profession, not one actively re- cruited subject Ph.D.s and several were openly hostile to the idea. The dean of the University of Michigan library school in his "Report to the Alumni" for 1974 dealt with this problem and correctly pointed out the frustrations and roadblocks a subject Ph.D. can ex- pect in a library position. He pointed out the fact that library directors or other librarians may resent the degree. However, he failed to point out that many library school faculty members, especially those without terminal de- grees, present an equally frustrating problem. The net result of this an- nouncement is to discourage subject Ph.D.s even though it is intended only to let them know the difficulties ahead. It is discouraging to note that not one responding library school dean could point to a single special program of study designed to utilize the -specialties of the subject Ph.D. 10 Library school deans are over looking entirely several areas of possible employment for sub- ject Ph.D.s. If librarianship is to re- spond to Moffett's challenge, programs must be designed in such areas as ar- chives and special collections, law li- brarianship, and subject bibliography beyond the basic courses taken by all students. For example, librarians have been content to hire archivists and spe- cial collections librarians who have no background in library science or only a degree in library science and no back- ground in history. Degree programs should be developed in library schools to attract persons with Ph.D.s in appro- priate areas of history so that they can be given an appreciation of the library and its functions. At the present time there are no degree programs for ar- chivist.s, and the library schools should not abdicate this important opportunity. Certainly, special programs of study can be developed for other subject special- ties as well. The proad diversity of sub- ject Ph.D.s enrolled in library schools - Influx of Ph.D.s I 165 reflects not only the tight job market in academic circles, but also the opportu- nities and possibilities in the library profession for persons within a varied range of special talents. The number of subject Ph.D.s seek- ing positions in the field of librarian- ship is increasing rapidly and will con- tinue to increase into the foreseeable future. How the profession reacts to this fact will determilie . whether these subject Ph.D.s will provide ·a transfu- sion of specialized talents which will be beneficial to the profession or "pseudo professionals" who will be unable to adapt their specialties to library situa- tions. Should the latter occur, the influx of subject Ph.D.s will be an unwelcome and detrimental intrusion. REFERENCES 1. Phyllis Allen Richmond, "The Subject Ph.D. and Librarianship," College & Re- search Libraries 18:123-26, 146 (March 1957). 2. W. A. Moffett, "The Academic Job Crisis: A Unique Opportunity, or Business as Usu,.. al?" College & Research Libraries 34:191- 94 (May 1973). 3. Louis R. Wilson, "Essentials in the Train- ing of University Librarians-!," College & Research Libraries 1:13-21 (Dec. 1939). 4. Sydney B. Mit~hell, "Essentials in the Training of University Librarians-!!''; C. C. Williamson, "Essentials in the Train- ing of University Librarians-III"; Robert J. Kerner, "Essentials in the Training of University Librarians-IV"; Carl M. White, ''Discussion," College & Research Libraries 1 : 22-38 ( Dec. 1939) . 5. Nathan Van Patten, "Discussion," College & Research Libraries 1 : 34 ( Dec. 1939). 6. Robert B. Downs, "Preparation of Special- ists for University Libraries," Special Li- braries 37:212-13 ( 1946). 7. Richmond, "The Subject Ph.D.," p.123-26, 146. 8. Ray Carpenter and Patricia Carpenter, "The Doctorate in Librarianship and an Assessment of Graduate Library Educa- tion," Journal of Education for Librarian- ship 11:3-45 (Summer 1970). 9. Ibid., p. 35. 10. Information received at a later date from the Graduate Library School, University of Chicago, called attention to the Council on Library Resources grant for postdoctoral fellowships for holders of the Ph.D. in fields other than librarianship for work to- ward the M.A. degree in librarianship at the University of Chicago. College & Re,.. search Libraries News 35:6 (Jan. 1974). New Books Astrophysics and Space Science Library 53. The Solar Chromosphere and Corona Quiet Sun by R. Grant Athay 1976, xii + 504 pp. Cloth Dfl. 150,- /US $59.00 55. Solid State Astrophysics Proceeding• of • Sympoelum on Solid State Aetrophyelee held at the Unlverelly College, Cardiff, July 11174 edited by Nalin Chandra Wickramasinghe and D. J. Morgan _1976 , xii + 302 pp. Cloth Dfl. 95,-/ US $37.00 57. The Scientific Satellite Programme during the International Magnetospheric Study Proceeding• of the 10th ESLAB Sympoelum held at Vlanna, Auetrla, 10-13JuneU75 edited by K Knott and B. 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