College and Research Libraries fl!OMAS E. NISONGER An Annotated Bibliography of Items Relating to Collection Evaluation in Academic Libraries, 1969-1981 This annotated bibliography concerning collection evaluation in academic li- braries focuses on (1) case studies of evaluation projects, (2) newly proposed techniques, (3) attempts to define adequacy in a collection, and (4) overviews of the evaluation process, all published from 1969 to the present. IN THE 1980s climate of budgetary con- ..- straint, academic libraries more than ever must confront the problem of collection eval- uation, in order to be certain that collections are developed as rationally and efficiently as possible, given available resources. As a working bibliographer, the author has found Signe Ottersen's "A Bibliography on Stan- dards for Evaluating Libraries" [College & Research Libraries 32:127-44 (1971)] ex- tremely helpful. Because the coverage of the Ottersen bibliography ends with 1969, a sup- plement from that date to the present is highly desirable. The present bibliography attempts, in part, to meet that purpose. It fo- cuses on English-language items concerning collection evaluation and collection stan- dards (which constitute one method of evalu- ation) published since 1969. Unlike Ottersen, material concerning library evaluation and standards in general has not been included unless a significant portion of a particular item deals with collections. This bibliography concentrates on mate- rial relevant to university and college li- braries. Studies dealing exclusively with two- year college, public, special, or secondary Thomas E. Nisonger is coordinator for collection development and head, Acquisitions Department, McDermott Library, University of Texas at Dallas. Most of the work on this profect was completed be- tween January and June 1980, when the compiler was on official study leave from his position as a bibliographer at the University of Manitoba. 300 I school libraries have been disregarded except when an especially noteworthy evaluation technique is discussed. Even though they contain much useful information, unpub- lished items (e.g., reports of the Collection Analysis Project) have been excluded due to limitations of space and because they are generally less accessible to the reader. Doc- toral dissertations are included, while mas- ter's theses and letters to the editors of jour- nals are not. An effort has been undertaken to locate the following types of items: (1) case studies of evaluation projects; (2) newly proposed eval- uation techniques; (3) overviews of the col- lection evaluation process; (4) attempts to de- lineate what constitutes an adequate collection; (5) commentary on standards for evaluation; and (6) miscellaneous material of practical or theoretical interest. One should bear in mind that this is not a comprehensive bibliography but a selection of the most use- ful contributions. Many of the entries were accompanied by abstracts. However, in all cases original annotations have been written which point out features especially relevant to the evaluation of collections. Finally, it is evident that no universal agreement exists concerning several key questions in the area of collection evaluation, such as, What is the most efficacious evalua- tion technique? How does one define collec- tion adequacy? Are quantitative or qualita- tive methods preferable? Should holdings or delivery capacity be stressed? and Which standards, if any, are valid? For this reason, collection evaluation is an intriguing and im- portant topic on which further speculative thought and research is necessary. Alexander, Norman Dale. "A Suggested Model, Designed to Serve as a Guide for Evaluating the Adequacy of Academic Li- brary Collections in American Colleges and Universities." Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Southern California, 1976. The model considers six factors: (1) total units held; (2) number of periodical subscrip- tions; (3) quality of units held; (4) quality of periodicals; (5) annual additions; and (6) percentage of the institution's budget spent on library materials. It is applied to fifty-five academic libraries in the Pacific Northwest. Allen, G. G., and Eichinski, G. "An Esti- mate of Inadequacies in Library Budgets and Stock in Colleges of Advanced Educa- tion," Australian Academic and Research Libraries 2:168-71 (1971). Data from twenty Australian college li- braries covering acquisitions budgets, hold- ings, and staff is compared with the 1960 Australian standards. The cost of rectifying the deficits is estimated. Allen, G. G., and Eichinski, G. "The Need Cries Out: Inadequacy of Library Collec- tions and Budgets in Colleges of Advanced Education," Australian Journal of Higher Education4:157-61 (1971). At no point in Australian history has a col- lege of advanced education library met the Commonwealth Advisory Committee on Ad- vanced Education's provisional standard of fifty books per FTE student and one and one- half subscriptions per FTE student. American Library Association. Resources and Technical Services Division. Collec- tion Development Committee. "Guide- lines for the Evaluation of the Effective- ness of Library Collections," in David L. Perkins, ed., Guidelines for Collection De- velopment, p.9-19. Chicago: American Library Assn., 1979. Employing a checklist format, this docu- ment lists the advantages and disadvantages relating to several of the major approaches to collection evaluation. It is concluded that a Collection Evaluation I 301 combination of methods should be em- ployed. Ash, Joan, and Morgan, James E. "Journal Evaluation Study at the University of Con- necticut Health Center," Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 65:297-99 (1977). Approximately one-sixth of 3,000 periodi- cal titles were canceled as a result of this proj- ect. The primary criteria were coverage by Index Medicus, photocopying record, and faculty opinion, in addition to cost factors, reference use, citation studies, and holdings of nearby libraries. Association of College and Research Li- braries. "Draft: Standards for College Li- braries, 1975 Revision," College & Re- search Libraries News 35:284-86, 299-305 (1974). The section on collections emphasizes the need for holdings in all formats. A formula for print material begins with a base of 85,000 volumes. Libraries are rated from A to D. Association of College and Research Li- braries. "An Evaluative Checklist for Re- viewing a Colleg~ Library Program," Col- lege & Research Libraries News 40:305-16 (1979). This checklist, approved by the ACRL Board in June 1979, supplements the "Stan- dards for College Libraries," adopted in 1975. The library is evaluated by applying a one-to-twelve scale to thirty-two questions, organized into the standards' eight major headings. Association of College and Research Li- braries. "Standards for College Libraries," College & Research Libraries News 36:277-79,290-301 (1975). The final draft, which replaces the 1959 "standards," was approved by the ACRL in July 1975. It contains no significant altera- tions with regard to collections. Association of Research Libraries- Association of College and Research Li- braries. Committee on University Library Standards. "Draft: Standards for Univer- sity Libraries," College & Research Li- 302 I College & Research Libraries· july 1982 braries News 39:89-99 (1978). Standard B asserts that the collection should: (1) be adequate to support the uni- versity's instructional and research pro- grams; (2) be developed according to a sys- tematic plan; and (3) contain recorded information in all available formats. A meth- odological appendix contains an explanation of Cartter's Library Resources Index with applications to twenty university libraries. Association of Research Libraries- Association of College and Research Li- braries. Committee on University Library Standards. "Standards for University Li- braries," College & Research Libraries News40:101-10 (1979). This final document was approved by the ARLin October 1978 and the ACRL in J arlU- ary 1979. The three standards on collections were not changed, but their order was rear- ranged. Axford, H. William. "An Approach to Per- formance Budgeting at the Florida Atlan- tic University Library," College & Re- search Libraries 32:87-104 (1971). A reorganization of the Florida Atlantic University library led to the development of a performance-budgeting model for the state university system of Florida. In regard to col- lections, the Clapp-Jordan formula was re- jected in favor of a modified version of the Washington State formula. Black, George W., Jr. "Estimating Collec- tion Size Using the Shelf List in a Science Library," ] ournal of Academic Librarian- ship 6:339-41 (1981). A method developed at Southern Illinois University , for estimating the monographic holdings in different science subject areas by measuring the shelflist, is presented. Bolgiano, Christina E., and King, Mary Kathryn. "Profiling a Periodicals Collec- tion," College & Research Libraries 39:99-104 (1978). The methods used to evaluate the periodi- cal holdings at James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, included: checking the Farber and Katz lists plus citations from master's theses, determining the number of titles supporting each department, and ana- lyzing interlibrary loan transactions. Bonk, Wallace John, and Magrill, Rose Mary. "Collection Evaluation," in their Building Library Collections. 5th ed., p. 305-13. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow, 1979. The student is introduced to the basic methods of collection evaluation. To evalu- ate any type of collection, information con- cerning three factors is necessary: (1) the ma- terials held; (2) the community served; and (3) the purposes of the collection. Bonn, GeorgeS. "Evaluation of the Collec- tion," Library Trends 22:265-304 (1974). A comprehensive survey of the methods used in collection evaluation in academic li- braries is offered along with extensive refer- ences to the appropriate literature. Bonn, GeorgeS. :'Library Self-Surveys," Li- brary and Information Science, no.9: 115-21 (1971). Outlines a checklist of points that should be covered in a comprehensive library sur- vey. Also discusses comparison of circulation with holdings by subject area and how to ex- amine the journal collection. Bowden, Virginia M. "Comparative Analy- sis of Health Science Libraries: Mono- graph Collections by Computer," in Ever- ett H. Brenner, comp., The Information Age in Perspective , p.44-47. Proceedings of the ASIS Annual Meeting, V.15. White Plains, N.Y.: Knowledge Industry Publi- cations, 1978. Computer tapes containing holdings of four unspecified health science libraries are analyzed by subject classification. Brazell, Troy V., Jr. "Comparative Analysis: A Minimum Music Materials Budget for the University Library ," College & Re- search Libraries 32:110-20 (1971). Based on a survey of total annual music ex- penditures and expenditures per FTE student in forty-six U.S. and Canadian university li- braries, the author generates three models- varying according to the university's enrollment- for a minimum annual music materials budget. Broadus, Robert N. "Evaluation of Aca- demic Library Collections: A Survey of Recent Literature," Library Acquisitions: Practice and Theory 1: 149-55 ( 1977). A number of the best-known collection evaluation methods for academic libraries- each of which possesses "difficulties and shortcomings"- are critically analyzed. The author stresses that the need for duplicate copies should be considered in the evaluation process. Brown, Helen M. "College Library Stan- dards," Library Trends 21:204-18 (1972). The historical evolution of standards for U.S. college libraries is surveyed from 1929 to the early 1970s. Bryan, Harrison. "The Perpetuation of In- adequacy: A Comment on the Atkinson Report," Australian Academic and Re- search Libraries 7:213-21 (1976). A report proposing a formula for calculat- ing the maximum size of Australian univer- sity library collections is rejected as "danger- ous." Burr, Robert L. "Evaluating Library Collec- tions: A Case Study,"] ournal of Academic Librarianship 5:256-60 (1979). The evaluation of the book collection for a six-year planning program at Gonzaga Uni- versity is described. For each major curricu- lum area, the number of volumes held was compared to the desired number (according to a modified formula A of the ACRL stan- dards). Next a sampling technique was em- ployed to profile statistically the holdings in each curriculum area. Carpenter , Ray L. "College Libraries: A Comparative Analysis in Terms of the ACRL Standards," College & Research Li- braries 42:7-18 (1981). U.S. Office of Education data concerning collections , staff, budget , and services from 1, 146 American college libraries is compared with the ACRL's 1975 "Standards for Col- lege Libraries. " Most libraries do not meet the standards in these four areas. Cassata , Mary B., and Dewey , GeneL. "The Evaluation of a University Library Collec- tion: Some Guidelines," Library R esources Collection Evaluation I 303 & Technical Services 13:450-57 (1969). Guidelines to be utilized by the bibliogra- phers in conducting comprehensive collec- tion evaluations in discrete subject areas at the State University of New York at Buffalo libraries are putlined. Suggested methods in- clude subjective appraisal, checking bibliog- raphies in scholarly works, and measuring the shelflist. Craig, Daza Fox, and Strain, Paula Meise. "Analysis of Collection Development at the National Library of Medicine," Bulle- tin of the Medical Library Association 68:197-206 (1980). The monographic acquisitions from 1965 to 1977 are analyzed in terms of subject clas- sification, language, and date using CAT- LINE (the NLM's online computerized cata- log) data. Crittenden, V. "The Second Wark Report and the So-Called Standards," Australian Academic and Research Libraries 1:3-4 (1970). The author believes the standard for Aus- tralian college library collections in the Commonwealth Advisory Committee on Ad- vanced Education's second report is unrealis- tically low. Day, Richard A.; Bowden, Virginia M.; and Kronick, David A. "Comparison of Hold- ings of NLM (CATLINE) with Those of Resource Libraries," Bulletin of the ~\;fedi­ cal Library Association 61:25-30 (1979). The holdings of the National Library of Medicine, the University of Texas Health Sci- ence Center at San Antonio, the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, and the South Central Regional Medical Library Program consortium are compared in four subject areas by means of CATLINE plus three other databases. Evans , G. Edward. "Collection Evalua- tion," in his Developing Library Collec- tions , p.234-53. Littleton, Colo.: Li- braries Unlimited, 1979. An overview of the methods used in collec- . tion evaluation is offered. The author states that no single method is fully adequate by it- self, but all can be helpful when supple- mented by other approaches. The chapter 304 I College & Research Libraries • July 1982 concludes with a brief summary of steps which can be employed in an evaluation project. Fernekes, Robert William. "A Study of the Relationship between the Book Collection and the Curriculum at Cleveland State Community College." Ph.D. dissertation, George Peabody College for Teachers, 1974. The shelflist was employed to determine the number of books supporting each of twenty-three curriculum areas; each area's percentage of the books listed in the 1972 ABPR annual was calculated; and faculty opinion was surveyed. Finally, the data was correlated to determine deficient subject ar- eas. Forman, Sidney. "One Librarian's View of NCATE 'Standards,' " Teachers College Record 72:519-23 (1971). The author contends that the standards is- sued in 1970 by the National Council for Ac- creditation of Teacher Education are totally inadequate, especially as applied to the edu- cation library's collection. Gardner, Richard K. "Collection Evaluation and Standards," in his Library Collec- tions: Their Origin, Selection and Devel- opment, p.233-43. New York: McGraw- Hill, 1981. Mter summarizing the use of statistical measures, list checking; user opinion, direct observation, and applying standards, the au- thor contends no method is better than an- other. Golden, Barbara. "A Method for Quantita- tively Evaluating a University Library Collection," Library Resources & Techni- cal Services 18:268-74 (1974). Reprinted in Phyllis Van Orden and Edith B. Phil- lips, eds., Background Readings in Build- ing Library Collections. 2d ed., p.140-47. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow, 1979. At the University of Nebraska at Omaha li- brary, LC classification numbers were as- signed to every course listed in the university catalog, and the shelflist was checked to de- termine how many titles support each course. This figure was then compared to the number of students enrolled in the course. Goldhor, Herbert. "Analysis of an Inductive Method of Evaluating the Book Collection ofaPublicLibrary," Libri23:6-17 (1973). Instead of checking a bibliography to de- termine how many titles the library holds, the inductive method entails beginning with a sample of titles (held in the collection) and checking standard bibliographies and refer- ence works to ascertain how many times each title is listed. Goldstein, Marianne, and Sedransk, Joseph. "Using a Sample Technique to Describe Characteristics of a Collection," College & Research Libraries 38:195-202 (1977). This paper presents a statistical sampling technique for describing the fundamental characteristics of a book collection, such as, publication date, country of origin, lan- guage, type of publisher, format, and edi- tion. Gore, Daniel. "Farewell to Alexandria: The Theory of the No-Growth, High Perfor- mance Library," in his Farewell to Alex- andria, p.164-80. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1976. Rejecting the contention that an adequate collection must be large, Gore argues that collection adequacy should be judged by per- formance, i.e., the percentage of time the pa- tron finds the book he wants on the shelf. Hendricks, Donald D. "Standards for Col- lege Libraries," Texas Library Journal 48:74-76 (1972). This essay outlines the standards on collec- tion size prescribed by a 1969 report of the ACRL-ARL Joint Committee and by the Clapp-Jordan formula. The author con- cludes that until some future point when li- brary networks can provide physical access to materials, quantitative standards will re- main the best method of judging a collec- tion's quality. Herling, Eleanor B. "Possibility of Quantita- tive Standards for University Book Collec- tions," in Irene Braden and Alice S. Clark, eds., Quantitative Methods in Librarian- ship, p.57 -60. Contributions in Librarian- ship and Information Science, no.4. West- port, Conn.: Greenwood, 1972. The utility of then-current standards on collections for college and junior college li- braries is questioned because the standards are couched in general terms that do not rep- resent anything measurable. Gross quantita- tive standards based on estimates of pub- lished material would be more helpful. Hodowanec, George V. "An Acquisition Rate Model for Academic Libraries," Col- lege & Research Libraries 39:439-47 (1978). Based on the assumption that usage re- flects need, data gathered from several hun- dred U.S. academic libraries was subjected to a twelve-variable correlation and multiple regression analysis to determine which vari- ables influence circulation. Predictive multi- ple regression equations were used to calcu- late the recommended yearly acquisition rate in total books as well as books per student. Holley, Edward G. "The Revision of Stan- dard Six of the College Delegate ASsembly of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools," Southeastern Librarian 26:13-21 (1976). The 1975 revision of the Southern Associa- tion's 1962library standard is described. The new section on resources recognizes the emergence of multimedia, microform, and nonprint material as a significant part of the collection. The utilization of standard bibli- ographies and checklists to assess collection quality is recommended. Holt, Mae L. "Collection Evaluation: A Managerial Tool," Collection Manage- ment 3:279-84 (1979). A number of collection evaluation ap- proaches are briefly surveyed to help library administrators choose the methods that best meet their needs. The author claims an eval- uation project should begin by examining the university's goals. Humphreys, K. W. "Standards for Libraries in Great Britain," Library Trends 21:312-29 (1972). The author summarizes the current stan- dards or the work completed towards achiev- ing standards for all types of British libraries. Collection Evaluation I 305 Humphreys, K. W. "Standards in University Libraries," Libri 20:144-55 (1970). Current standards for university libraries in the world's industrial nations are summa- rized. The author feels that standards on col- lection size are not related to what figure is required, but rather to what figure the au- thorities will accept. Ifidon, Sam E. "Qualitative/Quantitative Evaluation of Academic Library Collec- tions: A Literature Survey," International Library Review 8:299-308 (1976). Nineteen studies dealing with collection evaluation in academic libraries are ab- stracted. The author concludes that (1) statis- tical techniques have established some em- pirical basis for qualitative evaluation methods; (2) the available standards are based on the "best" practice that is not empir- ically testable; and (3) analysis of citations is becoming established as a useful method. lwasaru, Toshio. "Japanese University Li- brary Standards and Surveys," in Thomas R. Buckman, Yukihisa Suzuki, and War- ren M. Tsuneishi, eds., University andRe- search Libraries in japan and the United States, p.91-100. Chicago: American Li- brary Assn., 1972. The post-World War II standards for aca- demic libraries in Japan are analyzed, in- cluding the 1953 "principles" for national university libraries as well as 1956 and 1963 statements concerning private universities. Kronick, David A., and Bowden, Virginia M. "Management Data for Collection Analysis and Development," Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 66:407-13 (1978). Using computer-generated databases, the collection of the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio is compared with that of the University of Texas Medical Branch and the National Library of Medi- cine in terms of subject coverage. With re- spect to currency, the center's collection . is compared with that of the National Library of Medicine. Lancaster, F. W. "Evaluation of Document Delivery," in his Guidelines for the Evalu- ation of Information Systems and Services, 306 I College & Research Libraries • july 1982 p.26-38. Paris: Unesco Press, 1978. There are three facets to evaluating a li- brary's ability to provide documents. These are the evaluation of (1) the collection; (2) the catalog; and (3) document delivery. Strategies for conducting each type of evalu- ation are given. Lancaster, F. W. "Evaluation of the Collec- tion," in his Measurement and Evaluation of Library Services, p.165-206. Washing- ton, D.C.: Information Resources Press, 1977. Lancaster discusses three basic approaches to collection evaluation: the quantitative, the qualitative, and evaluation by use. His major emphasis falls on use studies. Numer- ous summaries of other scholarly investiga- tions are presented. Lee, James D. "College Libraries: Are 100,000 Volumes Enough?" North Caro- linaLibraries33:5-7 (1975). The author argues against the assertion that an undergraduate library should con- tain no more and no less than 100,000 vol- umes. Line, Maurice B. "The Ability of a Univer- sity Library to Provide Books Wanted by Researchers," journal of Librarianship 5:37-51 (1973). Two surveys were conducted at the Uni- versity of Bath to determine what follow-up actions faculty members took on biblio- graphical references they encountered. Thus, one can measure what proportion of potential (as opposed to actual) demand was fulfilled by the library's holdings. Lopez, Manuel D. "A Guide for Beginning Bibliographers," Library Resources & Technical Services 13:462-70 (1969). Numerous techniques for collection evalu- ation are suggested, including a technique devised by the author for in-depth evaluation of a specific discipline. In the author's tech- nique, references are randomly selected from a critical bibliography and checked against the holdings. After repeating the process through four levels, an 80-40-20-10 scoring system is applied. Lyle, Guy R. "Evaluation of the College Li- - brary," in his Administration of the Col- lege Library. 4th ed., p.293-310. New York: Wilson, 1974. This chapter focuses on the purpose, prin- ciples, and procedures of evaluation in col- lege libraries, including the use of standards, statistics, and surveys. It is stressed that quantitative standards can not be used to fully assess a college library book collection. McDonald, John P. "Academic Library Standards," in Robert D. Stevens, Ray- nard C. Swank, and Theodore F. Welch, eds., Japanese and U.S. Research Li- braries at the Turning Point, p.211-17. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow, 1977. The development of standards for U.S. ac- ademic libraries is reviewed from the ACRL "Standards for College Libraries" in 1959 through the efforts to devise standards for university libraries in the late 1960s. Particu- lar attention is paid to formulas for collection size. McElderry, Stanley. "Definitions of Re- quirements for Undergraduate Programs in University Libraries," in Choong H. Kim, Robert D. Little, and William H. Kurth, eds., Library Management: Quan- ·tijying Goals, p.17 -34. Terre Haute: Indi- ana State University, Department of Li- brary Science, 1973. Numerous methods of quantifying the size of the undergraduate collection in terms of volumes and growth rate are illustrated with complete statistical details. Mcinnis, R. Marvin. "The Formula Ap- ,proach to Library Size: An Empirical Study of Its Efficacy in Evaluating Re- search Libraries," College & Research Li- braries 33: 190-98 ( 1972). Linear regression analysis is employed to evaluate the Clapp-Jordan formula using data from the thirty-six largest Ph.D.- granting graduate schools in the u.s·. If the formula errs, it errs in underestimating the required number of books. Mcinnis., R. Marvin. "Research Collections: An Approach to the Assessment of Qual- ity," IPLO Quarterly 13:13-22 (1971). Mcinnis proposes that research collections be evaluated by checking citations taken from a random sample of currently pub- lished research in a single discipline against the library's holdings. The "scientific" ap- proach as well as the low cost of implementa- tion are offered as justification. Manning, · D. J. "Collection-Building and Recurrent Expenditure Criteria for Teach- ers' College Libraries," Australian Aca- demic and Research Libraries 1:33-49 (1970). Formulas for minimal total holdings and yearly expenditures are proposed for teacher college libraries in Australia. The most in- triquing takes the arithmetic mean of the Clapp-Jordan formulas for two-year and four-year colleges to derive a standard for three-year colleges. Massman, Virgil F., and Patterson, Kelly. "A Minimum Budget for Current Acquisi- tions," College & Research Libraries 31:83-88 (1970). It is contended that standards for current book acquisition rates in college libraries should be based on book production and the curriculum, rather than on the number of students, as in the 1959 ACRL standards for college libraries. Meek, L. "Student Success Rates at Mac- quarie University Library," Australian Academic and Research Libraries 9:33-36 (1978). Students were asked to complete question- naires as they left the library to determine how often they found the books they sought. The staff subsequently sample-checked non- located titles to ascertain if they were held. Mitchell, Ruth Kay. "A Methodology for As- sessing Academic Library Collection De- velopment." Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Pittsburgh, 1976. The Clapp-Jordan formula is applied to the Oregon State University Library and then extended to include price factors. After comparisons with other libraries, the ex- tended formula is proposed as a general eval- uation tool. Moran, Michael. "The Concept of Adequacy in University Libraries," College & Re- search Libraries 39:85-93 (1978). Collection Evaluation I 301 Moran contends that, according to logical and linguistic analysis, the concept of ade- quacy cannot be meaningfully applied to a university library collection. Mosher, Paul H. "Collection Evaluation in Research Libraries: The Search for Qual- ity, Consistency and System in Collection Development," Library Resources & Technical Services 23:16-32 (1979). This work outlines the history of collection evaluation in American university libraries beginning with the 1933 University of Chi- cago survey. A collection evaluation pro- gram at Stanford in which graduate students are hired to do bibliographical checking is discussed in detail. Mosher, Paul H. "Collection Evaluation or Analysis: Matching Library Acquisitions to Library Needs," in Robert D. Stueart and George B. Miller, Jr., eds. , Collection Development in Libraries, p.527-45. Foundations in Library and Information Science, V .10, part B. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press, 1980. - Mosher presents a general overview of col- lection evaluation, with summaries of the major approaches and steps to be taken in conducting an evaluation. Mostyn, Gregory R. "The Use of Supply- Demand Equality in Evaluating Collec- tion Adequacy," California Librarian 35:16-23 (1974). Intended for public libraries, the tech- nique propounded here compares a subject area's percentage of total books in the collec- tion (measured by the shelflist), i.e., supply, with the percentage of total circulations (based on statistical samples), i.e., demand. Murray, Florence B. "Canadian Library Standards," Library Trends 21:298-311 (1972). The development of standards for public, school, and university libraries in Canada from the 1930s to the early 1970s is summa- rized. The author concludes that Canadian library standards have been short-lived be- cause they contribute to the development of new objectives that require revised stan- dards. 308 I College & Research Libraries • july 1982 Nisonger, Thomas E. "Collection Evalua- tion: Nine Techniques Discussed in the Literature," Manitoba Library Associa- tionBulletin 11, no.1:18-20 (1980). Nine specific methods for collection evalu- ation are recapitulated. The author notes that it is always possible to devise one's own evaluation method instead of relying on those previously published. Nisonger, Thomas E. "An In-Depth Collec- tion Evaluation at the University of Mani- toba Library: A Test of the Lopez Method," Library Resources & Technical Services 24:329-38 (1980). An experimental testing of the Lopez method is described. Inconsistencies in the results raise questions about the technique's reliability, although the technique does eval- uate the collection's depth. Orr, Richard H., and Schiess, Arthur P. "Document Delivery Capabilities of Major Biomedical Libraries in 1968: Results of a National Survey Employing Standardized Tests," Bulletin of the Medical Library As- sociation 60:382-422 (1972). Sophisticated statistical analyses are ap- plied to the results of administering Orr's document-delivery test in ninety-two U.S. medical school libraries. The authors de- velop a model for ascertaining a library's "virtual" capacity (what it can provide the user) as distinct from its "basic" capacity (what it holds). Penner, Rudolf Jacob. "Measuring a Li- brary's Capability ... ,"Journal of Edu- cation for Librarianship 13: 17-30 ( 1972). The capability index of Orr's document- delivery test- previously used only in bio- medical libraries- was experimentally im- plemented in two library school libraries. It was concluded that Orr's device is also appli- cable to this field. Power, Colleen J., and Bell, George H. "Au- tomated Circulation, Patron Satisfaction, and Collection Evaluation in Academic Libraries- A Circulation Analysis For- mula," journal of Library Automation 11:366-69 (1978). The authors offer a formula, developed at the Arizona State University Library, which uses automated circulation statistics to deter- mine the required number of volumes per faculty member as well as per graduate and undergraduate student. To implement the method, one must first ascertain through a survey that users are satisfied with the present collection. Radford, Neil A. "Academic Library Surveys Prior to 1930," journal of Library History, Philosophy and Comparative Librarian- ship 8:150-58 (1973). Nine early surveys of U.S. academic li- braries (Harvard, Dominion College, Iowa State, Rollins, Battle Creek, Union Theologi- cal Seminary, University of Denver, Mary- grove, and Rosary) are described. Robbins-Carter, Jane; Anderson, Elaine K.; and Chinn, H. Diggins, III. State of Wyo- ming Library Effectiveness Measurement Kit. Cheyenne: Wyoming State Library, 1976. This kit is intended to assist all types of li- braries in Wyoming with self-evaluations. The collection is evaluated using an ad hoc checklist of 119 books plus 14 journal titles. Rose, Priscilla. "Innovation and Evaluation of Libraries and Library Services," Drexel Library Quarterly 7:28-41 ( 1971). The need for research methods to evaluate innovation in libraries is stressed. Five data- gathering techniques are summarized: (1) ex- periments; (2) models; (3) case studies; (4) comparative statistics; and (5) surveys. Rosenberg, Betty. "Evaluation: Problems of Criteria and Methodology," California Li- brarian38:17-21 (1977). The methodological difficulties inherent in several standard approaches to collection evaluation are discussed, with emphasis on their shortcomings. The best evaluation tool is an experienced and intelligent librarian "preferably with a sense of humor." Routh, Spencer. "Evaluating the Collec- tion," Australian Special Libraries News 9:11-18 (1976). This general discussion begins with a dis- tinction between explicit demands on the col- lection and true needs, and ends with a list of ten collection evaluation exercises. Ruttakorn, Lamoon. "Adequacy of Book Collections in Seven School of Education Libraries of Srinakharinwirot University." D.L.S. dissertation, Univ. of Southern California, 1976. The educational monographic collection of Srinakharinwirot University (in Thailand) was evaluated through questionnaires to fac- ulty as well as undergraduates. Statistics were compiled and reading lists plus other checklists were compared against the hold- ings. Also, faculty were asked to rate the use- fulness of titles randomly selected from the shelflist. Schofield, J. L.; Cooper, A.; and Waters, D. H. "Evaluation of an Academic Li- brary's Stock Effectiveness," Journal of Li- brarianship 7:207-27 (1975). A "failure survey" was conducted at an un- specified British university library. More than 1,000 patrons were interviewed as they left the library to analyze why they failed to obtain needed books. The proportion of fail- ures due to (1) titles not held, (2) titles not available, and (3) reader failure was ascer- tained. Sineath, Timothy Wayne. "The Relationship between Size of Research Library Collec- tions and the Support of Faculty Research Studies." Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Illi- nois, 1970. To determine the correlation between the size of a university library collection and its ability to support research, citations from faculty publications at universities with large library collections (Michigan and Illinois) were checked against the holdings of their own library, the other large library, and a smaller one (Colorado State). The two large collections supported the research of each other's faculty equally well, and both sup- ported their faculties' research better than did the collection of the small library. Snowball, George J. "Evaluation of an Aca- demic Library Collection by Reference to Three Standards for Size," CACUL News- letter3:120-41 (1971). The size of the collection at Sir George Williams University in Montreal is compared to the required levels specified by the Clapp- Jordan formula, the Washington State for- Collection Evaluation I 309 mula, and the CACUL (Canadian Associa- tion of College and University Libraries) standard. Stevens, Norman D. "Three Early Academic Library Surveys," College & Research Li- braries 30:498-505 (1969). Early surveys of the Rutgers University, Williams College, and Beloit College li- braries are analyzed. Strayer, Marcia S. "A Creative Approach to Collection Evaluation," IPLO Quarterly 13:23-28 (1971). Strayer asserts that citation checking rep- resents a creative method of collection evalu- ation. Several variations are discussed, in- cluding possible computer applications. Because it measures quality, the citatiqn checking method is considered an improve- ment over quantitative methods. Stubbs, Kendon. "University Libraries: Standards and Statistics," College & Re- search Libraries 42:527-38 ( 1981). Various statistical techniques (ratio, re- gression, discriminant and principal compo- nent analyses) are applied to ARL and ACRL data for 196 university libraries, which are rank-ordered according to composite data for ten variables, such as total holdings, vol- umes added, expenditures, etc. Stubbs con- cludes that derived minimal levels seem "very much like quantitative standards." Swank, Raynard C. "Evaluation of Ameri- can University Libraries," in Thomas R. Buckman, Yukihisa Suzuki, and Warren M. Tsuneishi, eds., University and Re- search Libraries in japan and the United States, p.82-91. Chicago: American Li- brary Assn., 1972. This paper analyzes the use of surveys as a technique for evaluating American univer- sity libraries. Four methods of conducting surveys are depicted: (1) the historical; (2) the descriptive; (3) scientific management; and (4) the experimental. Texas Library Association. Library Develop- ment Committee. Subcommittee on Stan- dards for Senior College and University Libraries. "Report," Texas Library ]our- nal46:28-29 (1970). 310 I College & Research Libraries· july 1982 The report recommends for Texas aca- demic library collections a modified version of the quantitative standards contained in the 1965 Higher Education Act. Tjarks, Larry. "Evaluating Literature Col- lections," RQ 12:183-85 (1972). Following a brief review of a selected number of formulas for academic library col- lections, a bibliography is included which lists sources that can be utilized as checklists to evaluate the holdings in English and American language and literature. Totten, Herman L. "Traditionally Black Texas Colleges' Libraries and ACRL Stan- dards," Texas Library journal 45:205-7, 247-48 (1969). Data are tabulated from a questionnaire sent in July 1969 to the eight black college li- braries in Texas (seven responded) to ascer- tain to what extent they met the ACRL "Standards for College Libraries" in regard to staff and resources. Trueswell, Richard W. "Growing Libraries: Who Needs Them? A Statistical Basis for the No-Growth Collection," in Daniel Gore, ed., Farewell to Alexandria, p.72-104. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1976. Statistics demonstrating that a small per- centage of the holdings account for most of the circulation are used to question the as- sumption that a good academic library must be large. Turner, Frank L. "Quality Not Numbers," Arkansas Libraries 30:8-9 (197 4). After describing the status of academic li- braries in Arkansas, Turner asserts that "vol- ume count" can no longer be the sole crite- rion for measuring a collection's adequacy. Voigt, Melvin J. "Acquisition Rates in Uni- versity Libraries," College & Research Li- braries 36:263-71 ( 1975). Based on the assumption that, for univer- sity research libraries, the current acquisi- tion rate is more significant than total collec- tion size, a model for determining the acquisition rate of current material for uni- versity libraries supporting Ph.D. programs is proposed. Watkins, David R. "Standards for University Libraries," Library Trends 21:190-203 (1972). The problems encountered in various at- tempts to establish standards for U.S. univer- sity libraries are reviewed. Webb, William. "Project CoED: A Univer- sity Library Collection Evaluation and Development Program," Library Re- sources & Technical Services 13:457-62 (1969). In phase one of this project at the Univer- sity of Colorado libraries, the holdings in me- dieval studies, art history, political science, physics, and Slavic studies were surveyed by sample-checking bibliographies. In phase two, standard bibliographies were checked in entirety to fill gaps in U.S. and British so- cial and literary history. Wenger, Charles B., and Childress, Judith. "Journal Evaluation in a Large Research Library," journal of the American Society for Information Science 28:293-99 (1977). For a journal evaluation project at the Na- tional Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra- tion Library in Boulder, Colorado, the au- thors devised a "balance index" that correlates usage with shelf space. In addi- tion, the standard journal evaluation tech- niques were used. Wenger, Charles B.; Sweet, Christine B.; and Stiles, Helen J. "Monograph Evalua- tion for Acquisitions in a Large Research Library," journal of the American Society for Information Science 30:88-92 (1979). A computer was utilized at theNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Environmental Research Laboratories Li- braries to compare circulation with inven- tory for specific LC call numbers (minus the author Cutter). Whaley, John H., Jr. "An Approach to Col- lection Analysis," Library Resources & Technical Services 25:330-38 (1981). In this approach faculty members mark, on an LC classification table for a subject, the courses corresponding with each class and provide keywords describing their courses, which are then linked through LC subject headings back to the classification ta- ble. The shelflist is consulted to determine the number of volumes supporting each course so that deficiencies can be remedied. White, G. Travis. "Quantitative Measures of Library Effectiveness," Journal of Aca- demic Librarianship 3:128-36 (1977). Numerous quantitative methodologies for library assessment are analytically summa- rized, including the Clapp-Jordan formula, Voigt's acquisitions model, Orr's document- delivery system, Goldhor's "inductive method," and Mostyn's "supply-demand" model. Williamson, Marilyn L. "Serials Evaluation at the Georgia Institute of Technology Li- brary," The Serials Librarian 2:181-91 (1977). A fifteen-space field on the Faxon Compa- ny's computerized list of 4,000 Georgia Tech periodical subscriptions was , used to record data. Based on usage, accessibility, availabil- ity, cost, and format, each title was placed in Collection Evaluation I 311 one of five categories, ranging from "essen~ tial" to .. irrelevant." Withers, F. N. Standards for Library Ser- vice. Paris: Unesco Press, 1970. Academic, school) and public library stan- dards in numerous countries (with emphasis on Europe and the Anglo-American democ- racies) are summarized and compared. Withers notes that standards written for one nation often influence the development of standards in another. Withers, F. N. Standards for Library Set- vice: An International Survey. Documen- tation, Libraries and Archives: Studies and Research, no.6. Paris: Unesco Press, 1974. An expanded version of the author's 1970 study, this extensive monograph surveys the current standards covering virtually all as- pects of library service in more than twenty countries.