College and Research Libraries Research Notes The Tenure Rate of University Library Directors: A 1983 Survey WilliamS. Wong and David S. Zubatsky The purpose of this study was to determine the current length of service among library direc- tors at ARL and non-ARL libraries as well as to compare the findings with similar investiga- tions completed in the early 1970s. In addition to tenure data, the survey $ought responses on gender, ethnic background, position titles, in- ternal promotion, professional experience, de- grees, and retirement and resignation informa- tion. The results indicate that the average tenure period for university library directors has been slowly rising since the mid-1970s. This contrasts with earlier predictions that li- brary directors would serve for shorter terms in the future because of continued difficult inter- nal and external problems. When tenure (length of service) and turnover rate studies of university library directors were first conducted in the early 1970s, higher education was undergoing comprehensive and fundamental gover- nance and political changes. Campus un- rest among students and faculty caused many institutions of higher education to become politicized. The stress that these changes created seemed to cause an inor- dinate number of effective and qualified college and university administrators, in- cluding directors of libraries, to leave their posts prematurely. A number of well- known library directors accepted full-time positions in schools of library and infor- mation science. Others placed themselves in the business and consulting field or chose to retire early. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE Edward Holley suggested that a major cause of these early directorship resigna- tions was the changing attitude of library personnel, many of whom demanded a larger role in administration and manage- ment.1 Arthur McAnally and Robert Downs, in their influential 1973 article, "The Changing Role of Directors of Uni- versity Libraries," discussed the resigna- tion and early retirement phenomenon along with other problems. They discov- ered that out of the Association of Re- search Libraries (ARL) membership of seventy-eight academic libraries in 1972, half of the directorships had changed within the past three years and four of them had changed twice, with size of col- William Sheh Wong is assistant director of general services for the Asian Library and professor of library admin- istration at the University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801. David S. Zubatsky is research library relations officer, OCLC, Dublin, Ohio 43017. The authors would like to express their sincere thanks to Michael Gorman of the University of Illinois Library for his valuable advice and comments on an earlier version of this paper. 69 70 College & Research Libraries lection having little effect on the turnover rate. Therefore, they predicted that if this trend continued, the future tenure for ARL directors would average only five to • 2 SIX years. Three historical and comparative stud- ies on ARL directors were completed after the McAnally and Downs article. Some of these authors interpreted their resigna- tion and early retirement data somewhat differently than McAnally and Downs. For example, Louis Kaplan provided his- torical data on the frequency of early re- tirement among ARL directors between 1926 and 1975, and concluded that indi- vidual factors may play more important roles in the retirement decision than previ- ously thought. 3 Jerry Parsons, in a 1976 study, compared the sociodemographic characteristics of forty-two ARL directors in 1958 with seventy-eight ARL directors in 1973. He noted that the 1958 group had an average tenure of more than eight years, a median tenure of nine, and a range of from less than one year (two) to twenty-six years (two), while the 1973 group of directors had an average tenure of less than eight years, a median of five, and a range of from less than one year (eighteen) to twenty-seven years (one). Only nine directors appeared in both groups. All directors in 1958 were men and the number of women directors had climbed to only four by 1973.4 In a sociodemographic study of ARL di- rectors between 1933 and 1973, William Cohn found that of the seventy-four United States academic libraries that were ARL members in 1973, thirty-four named new directors during the period January 1970 to December 1973. His investigation revealed that 12.65 years was the average tenure of all directors for the 1934-69 pe- riod. The average tenure for 1970-73, however, was only two years. Another in- teresting compilation was the data for the 1973 incumbents' immediate predeces- sors. Between 1934 and 1969, the average tenure for the preceding director was 14.1 years, and in the 1970-73 period it was fif- teen. From 1934 to 1969, more of the in- cumbents' predecessors left because of death or retirement than for teaching or to direct a different ARL or a non-ARL li- brary.5 January 1985 PURPOSE AND METHODOLOGY The purpose of this study was to deter- mine the current (spring of 1983) tenure situation among the chief administrators of libraries in doctorate-granting colleges and universities in the United States and Canada. In addition, the investigators hoped that the study would answer these questions: Did the "steady-state" finan- cial and political environment of higher education that began in the mid-1970s lead to increased turnover rates among university library directors, or did the new situation affect the prediction that short- term tenure for these administrators would be the future norm? Would the data support the McAnally and Downs predic- tion that the tenure for ARL directors would average only five to six years, a con- clusion that was also supported by the Parsons study? The authors also wanted to compare for the first time their ARL findings with those of a grouping of major non-ARL university libraries. The research instrument chosen for this study was a two-page questionnaire mailed in April 1983 to a total of 189 aca- demic library members of the Association of Research Libraries (ninety-seven) as well as those libraries included in the As- sociation of College and Research Li- braries' ACRL University Library Statistics, 1978-1979 (ninety-two). 6 Vacancies and acting directorships were excluded from the selection of this group of participants. From the 189 questionnaires sent out, 171 were returned (90 .5 percent), 91 from ARL librarians and 80 from non-ARL librarians. Most major state and private universities were represented in this survey. The survey sought responses to ques- . tions in the following areas of interest: gender, ethnic background, position ti- tles, internal promotion, professional ex- perience, degrees, and tenure, retire- ment, and resignation information. RESULTS Gender Of the 171 questionnaires returned, there were 141 male (75 ARL and 66 non- ARL) and 30 female (16 ARL and 14 non- ARL) respondents. The males repre- sented 44 private (21 ARL, 23 non-ARL) and 97 public (54 ARL, 43 non-ARL) insti- tutions. Females represented 9 private (6 ARL, 3 non-ARL) and 21 public (10 ARL, 11 non-ARL) institutions . In 1973, only four ARL directors and one acting director were women.7 Ethnic Background Of the respondents who replied to this questionnaire, almost 95 percent were white (133 men, 29 women); 4 were Asian- Americans (3 men, 1 woman) and 2 were blacks (both men). Three persons did not answer the ethnic background question. Position Titles Table 1 shows a greater variety of posi- tion titles held by current chief administra- tors than was found by the Parsons study, which noted that the 1958 group of ARL chief library administrators was com- posed of twenty-nine directors (69 per- cent}, sixteen librarians (38 percent}, three directors and librarians, and one dean. The 1973 group consisted of fifty-two di- rectors (67 percent}, twenty-eight librari- ans (thirty-six percent}, four deans (5 per- cent}, three directors and librarians, one dean and director, and one vice president and librarian.8 Why are the titles ''university librarian'' and "dean" used more in 1983? It has been argued that the responsibilities that are assumed by a chief library administra- tor are comparable to a major academic of- ficer in the administrative structure of a university. Therefore, the status of a li- brary director should be parallel to a col- lege dean. This could be the major reason why there was an increase in the use of the title of "dean" for chief library adminis- trators. The title of ''university librarian'' seems to satisfy the description of a dual role: a university-wide administrator as well as a specialist/ scholar in the field of li- brary and information science. The more purely administrative titles, such as "vice president," "vice chancellor," and" asso- ciate provost'' for chief library administra- tors, which were first proposed in the Research Notes 71 lt)t'-..\O('t)CONN\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0 "0~(111 ~~~N,....;,....;,....;c:::)c:::ic:::ic:::ic:::ic:::ic:::ic:::i88 1L.. ~~ lS~ z &3~~-.::tt('t)NN~,..-t~,..-t~~~~~ ,..-4 ('t)..qt~,..-t N ~ 5(111 ~~t-.:t-.:ooooooooooo8oo r!:: ~ ,..-4 ~;:z 0\('t)~,..-4 ;::!: 72 College & Research Libraries early 1970s, have not been widely ac- cepted within the university community. 9 Promotion A little over 23 percent of the respon- dents surveyed were promoted from within their institutions. This figure in- cluded twenty-two directors of ARL li- braries (nineteen men, three women) and eighteen directors of non-ARL libraries (thirteen men, five women). The former group represented 24.2 percent of the ninety-one ARL respondents while the latter group represented 22.5 percent of the eighty non-ARL respondents. As seen in table 2, the largest number of promo- tions were from the general assistant/ as- sociate director category, followed by heads of technical services and public ser- vices. The questionnaire also asked how long the persons promoted from within had been employed by their institutions before assuming the directorship. The figures in table 3 suggest that there is a bias in favor of outside candidates and that there would be, statistically, an advantage in moving to another library to gain advance- ment. Professional Experience As summarized from table 4, the great- est concentration of professional experi- ence for current academic library (ARL and non-ARL) directors was in the fifteen- to-twenty years range, (42 out of a total of 171,) although 38 directors fell into the thirty-one-or-more-years range. Among the ARL directors, 34 percent had been part of the profession for twenty or fewer years, 46 percent for from twenty-one to thirty years, and 19 percent for more than thirty years. Ten women directors were part of the twenty-or-fewer-years cate- gory, three fell into the twenty-one-to- thirty-years bracket, and three had served for more than thirty years. Parsons found that those with fewer than twenty years of library experience ac- counted for 39 percent of his 1958 sample, but for only 32 percent of the 1973 sample. The number of persons, however, serving more than thirty-five years had increased January 1985 from 6 percent in 1958 to 13 percent in 1973. He surmised that World War TI may have shortened the time for professional service for male directors. In addition, more individuals in the 1958 group may have come to university librarianship from the teaching faculty or from another profession. 10 In contrast, the present sur- vey showed that 46 percent of the non- ARL library directors had been in the pro- fession for twenty years or less, 26 percent for twenty-one to thirty years, and 26 per- cent for thirty-one or more years. Degrees Because of a slight ambiguity in the phrasing of the survey's degree question, some respondents merely indicated the highest degree (doctorate) they had earned. This may explain the low percent- age of respondents who reported they had earned the M.L.S./M.L.I.S. degree. In early 1983, the number of subject masters held by ARL directors amounted to thirty-five, and the number of Ph.D.'s totaled eighteen in library and informa- tion science and twelve in various other disciplines. The greatest increase since the Parsons study came in the number of sub- ject master's degrees, which rose from fourteen in 1973, to thirty-five in 1983. Comparable figures for non-ARL library directors show twenty-nine subject mas- ters, eighteen Ph.D.'s in library and infor- mation science, and twelve Ph.D.'s in other disciplines. (See table 5.) Cohn, as well as Parsons, found that the number of doctorates held by 1973 ARLin- cumbents had not dramatically increased over previous totals of ARL directors, de- spite the great increase in the number of individuals holding the doctorate in li- brary and information science. 12 Results of this survey support their findings. TENURE, RETIREMENTS, AND RESIGNATIONS The tenure data drawn from the present survey indicated that nearly 75 percent of the responding ARL directors had held their positions for ten or fewer years. Fif- teen of the sixteen women directors fell into the ten-years-or-under group. In TABLE2 LAST POSffiON TITLE BEFORE BEING PROMOTED TO DIRECTOR OF CURRENT INSTITUTION'S LffiRARY ARL ARL ARL Non-ARL Non-ARL Non-ARL Grand Men Women Total Men Women Total Totals N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Assistant/ Associate Director/Univ. Librarian 7 36.8 0 7 31.8 7 53.8 3 60.0 10 55.6 17 42.5 Asst./Assoc. Director/Univ. Librarian for Technical Services 4 21.1 0 4 18.2 0 0 0 4 10.0 Asst./Assoc. Director/Univ. Librarian for Public Services 2 10.5 0 2 9.1 1 7.7 0 1 5.6 3 7.5 Law Librarian 1 5.3 1 33.3 2 9.1 0 0 0 2 5.0 Assoc. Librarian for Collection Development 1 5.3 0 1 4.5 0 0 0 1 2.5 Asst. Director for Budget and Administrative Services 1 5.3 0 1 4.5 0 0 0 1 2.5 Deputy Librarian 0 1 33.3 1 4.5 1 7.7 0 1 5.6 2 5.0 Director of Library Services Group 0 1 33.3 1 4.5 0 0 0 1 2.5 Medical Librarian 1 5.3 0 1 4.5 0 0 0 1 2.5 Professor 0 0 0 1 7.7 0 1 5.6 1 2.5 Head CataloB Librarian 0 0 0 0 1 20.0 1 5.6 1 2.5 Asst. to the ean of the Graduate School 0 0 0 0 1 20.0 1 5.6 1 2.5 Head, Order Ddtt. 0 0 0 1 7.7 0 1 5.6 1 2.5 Asst. Dean of E ucation 0 0 0 1 7.7 0 1 5.6 1 2.5 Assoc. Librarian for Information Services 0 0 0 1 7.7 0 1 5.6 1 2.5 No Answer 2 10.5 0 2 9.1 0 0 0 2 5.0 ~ Grand Totals 19 100 3 100 22 100 13 100 5 100 18 100 40100 ~ Percent 47.5 7.5 55.0 32.5 12.5 45.0 100 fl) ~ !!: n ::r z 0 .... ~ fl) "-J ~ ~ TABLE3 NUMBER OF YEARS WORKED AT (') CURRENT INSTITUTION BEFORE BEING NAMED DIRECTOR ~ tl) ARL ARL ARL Non-ARL Non-ARL Non-ARL Grand (JQ Men Women Total Men Women Total Totals tl) N % N % N % N % N % N % N % ~ Less Than 1 Year 1 5.3 0 1 4.5 1 7.7 0 1 5.6 2 5.0 ~ tl) 1-2 Yrs 2 10.5 0 2 9.1 1 7.7 0 1 5.6 3 7.5 (I) tl) 3-4 Yrs 3 15.8 1 33.3 4 18.2 3 23.1 0 3 16.7 7 17.5 ~ 5-6 Yrs 1 5.3 1 33.3 2 9.1 2 15.4 1 20.0 3 16.7 5 12.5 n 7-8 Yrs 3 15.8 0 3 13.6 1 7.7 0 1 5.6 4 10.0 :::r' ~ 9-10 Yrs 2 10.5 0 2 9.1 0 2 40.0 2 11.1 4 10.0 1-'• 0"' 11-12 Yrs 2 10.5 0 2 9.1 1 7.7 0 1 5.6 3 7.5 ~ 13-14 Yrs 0 0 0 2 15.4 0 2 11.1 2 5.0 ~ 15-16 Yrs 0 0 0 0 1 20.0 1 5.6 1 2.5 ;;· 17-18 Yrs 1 5.3 0 1 4.5 0 0 0 1 2.5 (I) 19-20 Yrs 1 5.3 1 33.3 2 9.1 0 0 0 2 5.0 21 or More Yrs 3 15.8 0 3 13.6 2 15.4 1 20.0 3 16.7 6 15.0 Totals 19 100 3 100 22 100 13 100 5 100 18 100 40100 ._ AI Percent 47.5 7.5 55.0 32.5 12.5 45 100 ::s = TABLE4 .5 ~ NUMBER OF YEARS IN THE LffiRARY PROFESSION I.C 00 Y1 ARL ARL ARL Non-ARL Non-ARL Non-ARL Grand Men Women Total Men Women Total Totals N % N % N % N % N % N % N % 1-5 Yrs 2 2.7 0 2 2.2 1 1.5 0 1 1.3 3 1.8 6-10 Yrs 0 0 0 1 1.5 0 1 1.3 1 0.6 11-14 Yrs 5 6.7 4 25.0 9 9.9 9 13.6 4 28.6 13 16.3 22 12.9 15-20 Yrs 14 18.7 6 37.6 20 22.0 22 33.3 0 22 27.5 42 24.6 21-25 Yrs 18 24.0 3 18.8 21 23.1 9 13.6 5 35.7 14 17.5 35 20.5 26-30 Yrs 21 28.0 0 21 23.1 6 9.1 1 7.1 7 8.8 28 16.4 31 or More Yrs 14 18.7 3 18.8 17 18.7 18 27.3 3 21.4 21 26.3 38 22.2 No Answer 1 1.3 0 1 1.1 0 1 7.1 1 1.3 2 1.2 Grand Totals 75 100 16 100 91 100 66 100 14 100 80 100 171 100 Percent 43.9 9.4 53.2 38.6 8.2 46.8 100 ~----------------------------------------------------------------------- TABLES DEGREES EARNED ARL ARL ARL Non-ARL Non-ARL Total Grand Men Women Total Men Women Non-ARL Totals N % N % N % N % N % N % N % M.L.S/M.L.I.S. 65 52.0 12 52.2 77 52.0 50 46.3 11 64.7 61 48.8 138 50.5 Subject Masters 31 24.8 4 17.4 35 23.6 26 24.0 3 17.6 29 23.2 64 23.4 Advanced Certificate 2 1.6 1 4.3 3 2.0 2 1.9 0 2 1.6 6 1.8 PhD. in Library/Information Science 13 10.4 5 21.8 18 12.2 17 15.7 1 5.9 18 14.4 36 13.2 Subtct Ph.D. 12 9.6 0 12 8.1 10 9.3 2 11.8 12 9.6 24 8.8 LL. . 1 0.8 0 1 0.7 0 0 0 1 0.4 J.D. 1 0.8 0 1 0.7 0 0 0 1 0.4 B.L.S. 0 1 4.3 1 0.7 2 1.9 0 2 1.6 3 1.1 No Answer 0 0 0 1 0.9 0 1 0.8 1 0.4 Grand Totals 125 100 23 100 148 100 108 100 17 100 125 100 273 100 TABLE6 NUMBER OF YEARS AS DIRECTOR OF CURRENT INSTITUTION ARL ARL Total Non-ARL Non-ARL Total Grand Men Women ARL Men Women Non-ARL Totals N % N % N % N % N % N % N % Less Than a Year 4 5.3 3 18.8 7 7.7 5 7.6 3 21.4 8 10.0 15 8.8 1-2 Yrs 2 2.7 2 12.5 4 4.4 12 18.2 2 14.3 14 17.5 18 10.5 3-4 Yrs 16 21.3 3 18.8 19 20.9 10 15.2 5 35.7 15 18.8 34 19.9 5-6 Yrs 13 17.3 2 12.5 15 16.5 5 7.6 0 5 6.3 20 11.7 7-8 Yrs 8 10.7 5 31.3 13 14.3 7 10.6 2 14.3 9 11.3 22 12.9 9-10 Yrs 10 13.3 0 10 11.0 4 6.1 0 4 5.0 14 8.2 ~ 11-12 Yrs 7 9.3 0 7 7.7 6 9.1 0 6 7.5 13 7.6 I'D Ill 13-14 Yrs 6 8.0 0 6 6.6 6 9.1 1 7.1 7 8.8 13 7.6 I'D ~ 15-16 Yrs 5 6.7 1 6.3 6 6.6 3 4.5 1 7.1 4 5.0 10 5.8 n 17-18 Yrs 0 0 0 1 1.5 0 1 1.3 1 0.6 =- 19-20 Yrs 1 1.3 0 1 1.1 1 1.5 0 1 1.3 2 1.2 z 21 or More Yrs 3 4.0 0 3 3.3 6 9.1 0 6 7.5 9 5.3 Q .... Grand Totals 75 100 16 100 91 100 66 100 14 100 80 ioo 171 100 I'D Ill Percent 43.9 9.4 53.2 38.6 8.2 46.8 100 ~ til 76 College & Research Libraries comparison with the ARL directors, a larger percentage of non-ARL librarians have held their positions for fewer than five years. A little over 46 percent of the non-ARL directors fell into this category, while only one-third of the ARL directors did. The combined tenure data in table 6 re- veal that about 72 percent of both ARL and non-ARL respondents (ninety-six men, twenty-seven women) have held their present positions for ten or fewer years, 40 percent for under five years (forty-nine men, eighteen women), 15 percent for eleven to fourteen years (twenty-five men, one woman), 8percent(elevenmen, two women) for fifteen to twenty years, and 5 percent (nine men) for more than twenty years. Twenty-seven women out of thirty respondents fell into the ten-or- fewer-years category. Four persons indicated that they were going to retire by the end of 1983 (two ARL and two non-ARL). One director replied that he was resigning and, aft~r a year's sabbatical leave of absence, returning to a technical services position. Parsons found that in 1973, 57 percent of the ARL directors had held their positions for five or fewer years, compared to only 37 percent in 1958. 13 His study also con- firmed McAnally and Downs' prediction that university library directorships were developing into short-term (five to six years) positions. The present survey, however, does not support these short- term predictions. The 1983 data suggest that the average tenure period has been increasing slowly over the last decade. This phenomenon might be explained by a cycle of fewer opportunities created by retirements or resignations, which would coincide with the national trend among university faculty, noted in various stud- ies in The Chronicle of Higher Education; dif- ficult economic conditions throughout the United States and Canada; and/or by the increasing number of two-professional January 1985 households, which might cause one of the spouses to delay or to decide not to change positions. More importantly, however, may have been the nation-wide retrenchment or ''steady-state'' atmosphere within higher education that so far has spared few uni- versity libraries. There have been, there- fore, fewer "greener pastures" for indi- viduals to move to. Nevertheless, an increase in the mobility of women may cause the average tenure period to decline once again in the near future. 14 The ever- increasing number of women directors and its consequences may not have been trends that could have been predicted by McAnally and Downs, Parsons, and Cohn. Also, in recent years, as a senior aca- demic officer within a university, the li- brary director has become more fre- quently appointed to a fixed term of office. An evaluation process usually takes place just before the end of such a term. The central question of how this evaluation process affects the tenure period for chief library administrators may constitute an important topic for further research. CONCLUSION The results of the present study indicate that the average tenure period for chief ad- ministrators of both ARL and non-ARL li- braries has been slowly rising since the mid-1970s. These findings challenge the predictions of previous studies, which forecast shorter terms of tenure. The rela- tively ''steady-state'' financial and politi- cal environment of higher education in North America might be a major contrib- uting factor to this trend. Among the other significant findings of this 1983 survey were an increase in the number of women directors and an increase in the use of a va- riety of position titles which, no doubt, re- flects the changing status and role a chief library administrator plays on the univer- sity campus. REFERENCES 1. Edward G. Holley, "Organization and Administration of Urban University Libraries," College and Research Libraries 33:175-76 (May 1972). Research Notes 77 2. Arthur M. McAnally and Robert B. Downs, "The Changing Role of Directors of University Li- braries," College and Research Libraries 34:103 (Mar. 1973). 3. Louis Kaplan, "Letter to the Editor: Directors of University Libraries," College and Research Li- braries 38:521 (Nov. 1977). 4. Jerry L. Parsons, "How Have They Changed? Characteristics of Research Library Directors, 1958 and 1973," Wilson Library Bulletin 50:613;617 (Apr. 1976). 5. William L. Cohn, "An Overview of ARL Directors, 1933-1973," College and Research Libraries 37:137; 143-44 (Nov. 1976). 6. Julie A. C. Virgo, Sarah How, and Annette Fern, comps., ACRL University Library Statistics, 1978-1979: A Compilation of Statistics From Ninety-Eight Non-ARL University Libraries (Chicago: American Library Association, 1980), p.1b. Six libraries with vacant or acting director positions were not included in the survey. 7. Parsons, p.613. 8. Parsons, p.614. 9. Organization and Staffing of the Libraries of Columbia University, a Case Study, prepared by Booz, Allen, and Hamilton, Inc., sponsored by the Association of Research Libraries and others (Westport, Conn.: Redgrave Information, 1973), p.45. 10. Parsons, p.616. 11. Parsons, p.614. 12. Cohn, p.141. 13. · Parsons, p.617. 14. For a brief discussion on the mobility of women directors, see WilliamS. Wong and DavidS. Zu- batsky, "The First-Time Appointed Academic Library Directors, 1970-1980, A Profile," Journal of Library Administration 4:43-44 (Spring 1983). Changes in Rank Lists of Serials Over Time: Interlending versus Citation Data Maurice B. Line The British Library Lending Division carried out three major surveys of its lending patterns in 1975, 1980, and 1983. The rank list of seri- als requested for loan showed considerable vari- ation over time. There was also low overlap in the top titles requested. A comparison was made of these rankings with the rankings from Journal Citation Reports (JCR) produced by the Institute for Scientific Information. The JCR rankings had a high degree of overlap, 95 percent for the top 100 in Science Citation In- dex, while the Lending Division had only a 57 percent overlap. The reasons for this variation are discussed. Three major surveys carried out by the British Library Lending Division in 1975, 1980, and 19831.2' 3 produced rank lists of serials in order of demand. Comparisons of tP.ese rank lists showed very consider- able changes over time, suggesting that it might be dangerous to rely unduly on a rank list relating to one year. Changes in the precise rank order would be expected; what was unexpected was the low overlap in the top titles requested. For interest, a similar, comparison was made between the rank lists produced by the Institute for Scientific Information and Maurice B. Line is director general of the British Library Lending Division, Boston Spa, Wetherby, West York- shire LS23 7BQ, United Kingdom. This note also appeared in Interlending and Document Supply 12 (Oct. 1984). I am grateful to Betty Smith, bibliographic research officer at the British Library Lending Division, for doing the comparisons between the lSI rank lists; and to Trevor Palmer, of the Lending Division's Research Section, for making comments and suggestions on a draft of this note.