College and Research Libraries 98 College & Research Libraries benefits from others. The writing is clear, factual, grammati- cal, and words are used with care. The result is a style that conveys the message the author intended without any charm, interest, or enjoyment. Equally, the me- chanics necessary for classroom use of this book show through, like the bones of a skeleton in costume. Each chapter begins and ends with a summary, usually re- duced to a table with accompanying text. A full bibliography follows advice to the teacher under the heading "Exercises." The book is interesting given the pa- tience and the time to read it and a willing- ness not to expect grace or provocation in its craftsmanship . The story progresses from the classical heritage and England to colonial America, exploding myths along the way, even to the point of quoting Whittier's poem on the expulsion of a Quaker from the Massachusetts colony and showing in a ruled box the main fea- tures of the Sedition Act of 1798. The five chapters of Part II deal with controls on the content of speech, it being assumed that printed messages are as much recorded speech as telegraphic codes and sound recordings . Freedom of speech means intellectual freedom, a term not used, evidently in communication courses. The chapter on political heresy, sedition since 1917, is especially interesting in de- scribing how the "clear and present dan- ger" rule was established and chewed into its present form in several cases. Each of the cases is summarized in a highly use- ful form, readily referred to, and capable of being expanded to the full case based on the bibliographic information provided. Those that establish or refine a rule of law are called "Landmark Cases." Clearly, the book is an excellent reference source, and doubtlessly, a thorough textbook that would make a good teacher of an indiffer- ent one offering the course. The reviewer's interest in "religio- moral heresy," to use the language of the book, perhaps colored his opinions, be- , cause while the information conveyed is highly appropriate for a classroom text, it leaves a specialist frustrated and at times annoyed. For instance, a discussion of why the various courts become dithery January 1986 over "prurient interest" is lacking. The term is not in the index. No one has ever thought to poke around in it and find out why it became a standard reason to forbid works on one side of the river and permit them on the other, as in the banning of works in St. Paul while wicked old Minne- apolis permitted them. Nevertheless, the book is an excellent summary, superior in all respects tooth- ers in the field. The landmark cases alone make it valuable. The indexes of cases and of subjects following highly useful and in- formative appendixes containing, among other things a description of legal citations and how they may be used and a glossary, tables depicting the court systems of the United States and the way decisions are reached in them, make this a valuable ref- erence book that will greatly aid any stu- dent pursuing a topic covered, from tech- nological controls to the concept of privacy. It would be useful in library school courses in communication as re- source material, and it is not so complex as it may appear. Bright students would find its neutrality appealing. The closest the book comes to taking sides is in the quota- tion of a seminal article by William E. Bai- ley. This is advanced communications re- search, which must be a dull subject indeed if the article is its brightest moment.-Jay E. Daily, School of Library and Information Science, University of Pitts- burgh, Pennsylvania. Financing Information Services: Prob- lems, Changing Approaches, and New Opportunities for Academic and Re- search Libraries. Ed. by Peter Spyers- Duran and Thomas W. Mann. West- port, Conn.: Greenwood, 1985. 193p. (New Directions in Librarianship, No. 6) $29.95. LC 84-15729. ISBN 0-3313- 24644-0. This is one of two volumes of papers presented at an international conference entitled "Contemporary Issues in Aca- demic and Research Libraries," held in Boulder, Colorado, on February 28-29 and March 1, 1984. According to the introduc- tion to this volume, the issues raised by the contributors can best be summarized by these two basic questions: Can aca- demic and research libraries cope with the On microfilm ... from Research Publications The Golden Age Spanish Theology, History and Literature from 1472 to 1700 Spanish Rare Books of the Golden Age offers the opportunity to research the wide variety of literature written in Spain or composed in Spanish from 14 7 2 to 1 7 00. Spanish Rare Books of the Golden Age includes drama, works on jewish and Christian theology, medicine, and classical texts written in Latin and vernacular translations. Spanish Rare Books of the Golden Age represents the writings of Boscan, Luis de Leon, Borja, Cervantes, Aleman, and others. Based on a collection at the Library of the University of Illinois, Spanish Rare Books of the Golden Age eocompasses the development of prose and poetic styles from a period rich in religious, literary, and political works. . Divided into units of approximately 50 reels each, the standing order unit price is only $3,000 per unit (over 15% off the individual unit price). Prices for U.S. and Canada only. Shipping and handling charges will be added. · To order, or for more information on Spanish Rare Books of the Golden Age call or write: Research Publications 1 2 Lunar Drive/Drawer AB VVoodbridge,Ct06525 (203) 397·2600 lWX: 7 1 0·465·6345 FAX: 203.397·3893 Outside North and South America P.O.Box45 Reading, RG 1 8HF England TEL: 0734·583247 TELEX: 848336NADL G research publications® 100 College & Research Libraries current technological, economic, and or- ganizational issues that are bringing about rapid changes in information technology and information services? Will libraries re- quire fundamental changes in order to re- main operationally effective and economi- cally viable? The subsequent volume, Issues in Academic-Librarianship: Views and Case Studies for the 1980s and 1990s, will also share how these issues have been han- dled, poth hypothetically and in reality, with ideas on how they can be better ad- dressed in the coming years. This volume concentrates on the bread- and-butter issues of academic librarian- ship. How to isolate problems, issues, deal with the process of change while cre- ating long-term solutions, which will al- low for information to be retrieved, pre- served, and the academic library to serve many functions due to technological en- hancements and advancements. Sigmund Ginsburg defines the eco- nomic reality of higher education as aus- tere. He calls for better understanding in how to cope with the formidable challenge of not having sufficient financial re- sources, by emphasizing effectiveness, ef- ficiency, and sound management in higher education administration and notes that the library, which has tried to serve many functions, must, like other ac- ademic units, evaluate its role and plan for better economies of scale. His focus is op- timistic, for it stresses that there are five positive elements to examine: the role of government officials, trustees or regents, as well as the academic administration, faculty, and the "customer" input. These groups have responsibilities and need to understand how best to live with auster- ity. Ginsburg suggests leaders must be concerned with the following: cost effec- tiveness; a marketing, public relations and service orientation; creativity, innovation, and a concern for competition; careful evaluation of existing philosophies, poli- cies, programs; and practices correspond- ing to both present and future needs and a changing environment. At the same time they must protect and advance the aca- demic core and future of the institution. These may be accomplished by increasing income and decreasing expenses, and this January 1986 chapter identifies numerous methods for practicing that. Ginsburg notes the impor- tance of sound, long-term planning, in or- der for institutions to continue to offer high quality in lifelong education, re- search, and public service to various con- stituencies, and he is confident that aus- terity can be overcome. This chapter is a good introduction to other issues in this volume. The United States is not the only coun- try in which resources have become less plentiful. Samuel Saul describes the situa- tion for libraries and higher education in Great Britain and charges that the Univer- sity Grants Committee (UGC) must evalu- ate its allocation to institutions. Libraries in the U.K. generate their budget based on enrollment, and British institutions are smaller than many in the U.S. The UGC determines and directs the use of the money available for each institution. Saul describes libraries' most severe problems as caused by a shift in the publishing em- phasis to more serials titles, where the long-term costs are higher, and commit- ments greater. Inflation also contributed to the budget dilemmas. In order to meet service and collection needs, Saul asks that librarians rethink their role and con- template whether they can in good sense justify acquiring materials that may only satisfy specialized research needs. With the end of austerity not in sight, Saul asks for cooperation and learning from other institutions' experiences while trying to make the wisest choices in staffing, and acquisitions, the two most major alloca- tions of resources. Edward Johnson argues that if the li- brary is the heart of the university, those administrators must demonstrate that vi- tality by making wise use of the resources allocated to them and that improved sup- port of the library benefits the entire uni- versity community. In order for that to oc- cur, Johnson suggests that library administrators implement strategic plan- ning and be visible and involved in all as- pects of university planning, so that the li- brary is not overlooked and misallocated. Librarians must be accountable for their resources so as to guarantee their ongoing support, and the more involved they are in the total decision making of the cam- pus, the stronger communication will likely evolve. One of the distinguished pieces in the book is by Maurice Glicksman, who calls for better resource sharing and centraliza- tion for research libraries by making more effective use of consortia, such as Center for Research Libraries (CRL), or utilities, like Research Libraries Group (RLG). He also identifies three major challenges for libraries that he hopes will be met in the near future: (1) how to best deal with the proliferation of scholarly material; (2) how to respond to the need to implement pres- ervation and conservation guidelines; (3) how to guide the introductipn of new technology to maximize utility and mini- mize costs. These challenges require in- sights and participation by everyone in the profession, working together with computer developers and manufacturers to accomplish many of the tasks ahead, in order that research libraries may continue to serve the academic community. Paul Kantor's paper is a comparison of library costs and services. This relation- ship is best understood with the premise that the ''academic library is a nonprofit center operating within a nonprofit insti- tution." Kantor says that the most impor- tant tool for obtaining a rational under- standing of the relations between costs and services is the determination of unit costs. Developing a budget and living within it is one of the toughest challenges for academic libraries. University admin- istrators will have more insight into the process of determining these costs after reading this paper . Daniel Lester reviews twenty years of using the Clapp-Jordan Formula, which was adopted to assist librarians and state higher-education commissions in assess- ing the adequacy of library collections and services. If anything, after reviewing the data it can be concluded that Clapp-Jordan may not be sophisticated enough to deal with current library demands . Library finance is addressed by Murray Martin in a very objective chapter in which he calls for libraries to reexamine the ser- vices they provide in terms of inputs and outputs. His plan is to create new budget- Recent Publications 101 ary concepts, to include cost-of-user ac- cess. This plan has roots in the reality that libraries cannot be all things to all users, and also identifies one of the largest finan- cial drains on a library: service to unaffili- ated users. Martin makes some very im- portant suggestions for librarians to consider as they reassess how far their budgets will stretch, with the most signifi- cant one being that goals must be stated and current programs evaluated. The total resource budget planning guide is defined and illustrated by Sher- man Hayes. He mentions a number of techniques he finds useful to increase op- erating budgets, and depending on insti- tutional specifics, can offer potential growth in library resources. The section of papers on New Opportu- nities concentrates on automation and networks. Richard McCoy and David Weber address issues related to technical change and related economic challenges. They cover many ideas, including coordi- nated collection development or conspec- tus projects, planning and technological Heritage on Microffint Rare and out-of-print titles and doc·uments on 35mm silver halide microfilm. • French Books before 1601 • Scandinavian Culture • 18th Century English Literature • Victorian Fiction • Literature of Folklore • Hispanic Culture Send for catalog and titl~ information today. ~~~~~ ~COv\P?NY 70 Coolidge Hill Road Watertown , MA 02172 (617) 926-5557 102 College & Research Libraries support, while sharing many of the expe- riences at Stanford. Joan Segal provides a very informative chapter on networking and networks. The specific considerations of networks vary, and Segal discusses the variety of defini- tions, methods of cooperation and opera- tion, levels of networking, program devel- opment, marketing and user services, and finally, the financing of networks. This is a very good and clear explanation of how most networks function and what their ca- pabilities are within certain governance parameters. Nina Cohen offers an explanation of what external contracting for library ser- vices consists of and means in different environments. How viable this practice is for academic libraries or how common I am not sure, however, it is an alternative. Theodore Welch shares information about how to attract donor dollars and external contributions. Again, what may be suc- cessful at one institution may not work at another, and practices vary widely. Strat- egies should contain common practices in January 1986 the fund-raising world and will reflect working with other development person- nel on campus. The entire volume reflects many differ- ent ideas, and unfortunately a common thread is missing. Each article contains useful information, descriptive and pre- scriptive, for making planning more effec- tive in the context of academic libraries . How much influence this volume will have collectively is uncertain, but individ- ual articles are distinquished and merit reading and discussion. The conference must have generated ample discussion, and it is too bad that the book does not in- clude those sentiments and viewpoints. The bibliography is not, by any means, comprehensive nor complete but does in- clude a few basic and common entries in each subject area. It is difficult to make a book of such readings more important, but this one will be useful, because the in- dividual articles are very worthwhile and credible.-Julia Gelfand, University Library, University of California, Irvine. . ABSTRACTS The following abstracts are based on those prepared by the ERIC Clearinghouse of Infor- mation Resources, School of Education, Syra- cuse University. Documents with an ED number here may be ordered in either microfiche (MF) or paper copy (PC) from the ERIC Document Reproduction Service, P.O. Box 190, Arlington, VA 22210. Orders should include ED number, specify for- mat desired, and include payment for docu- ment and postage. Further inf()ffllation on ordering documents and on current postage charges may be obtained from a recent issue of Resources in Educa- tion. Videodisc and Optical Disk Technologies and Their Applications in Libraries. A Report to the Council on Library Re- sources. Information Systems Consul- tants, Washington, D.C., 1985. 200p. ED 257 433 MF-$0.83; PC-$12.32. This report examines the potential impact of optical media-videodiscs, compact audio discs, and optical discs, tapes, and cards-in library-related applications. A detailed consid- eration of the technology includes discussion of the underlying principles, the various forms in which the technology is marketed, production methods and costs, and the capabilities of each different medium. An introductory chapter outlines the different forms of optical media and their potential applications in libraries. Each of the remaining eleven chapters then ad- dresses the details of one of the following tech- nologies: videodiscs; interactive videodiscs; re- cording digital data on videodisc; videodisc production; compact audio discs and CD ROM (compact disc read-only memory); videodiscs and CD ROM as digital publishing media; opti- cal digital discs; optical digital products; and erasable optical media. A number of video and compact audio disc projects currently being de- veloped or investigated in library settings are examined in the appropriate chapters, includ- ing audio and video applications at Video Pat- search, the National Library of Medicine, and the Library of Congress; digital data publishing projects at MiniMARC, Information Access Corporation, Carrollton Press, the Library Cor- poration, and other companies; and library ap- plications of optical digital disk technology at