rushing.p65 Identifying Uniform Core Journal Titles for Music Libraries 153 Identifying Uniform Core Journal Titles for Music Libraries: A Dissertation Citation Study Lois Kuyper-Rushing In an attempt to create a new tool to aid librarians in choosing music journals, citations from music dissertation bibliographies submitted in 1993 from across the United States were gathered and analyzed. Core lists of journals were developed and then compared to lists compiled by analyzing doctoral dissertation bibliographies in the field of music from a single institution. The journal lists from a national study differed from those derived from the study of journals used at a single institution. Also, newly published journals are used regularly by doctoral students in mu­ sic, and several are on the lists of core journals compiled. piraling subscription costs have forced libraries to review existing journal subscriptions, to cancel titles deemed least es­ sential by faculty, students, and other us­ ers, and to add new subscriptions when necessary and feasible. Most librarians agree that no single method of evaluation should be used when making such col­ lection management decisions. Citation studies, in concert with user surveys and other tools, ensure that the decision-mak­ ing process is balanced and effective. In addition to providing excellent collection assessment data, citation studies can identify titles that are core to a collection and those that are essential to specific areas of study. Investigators have been publishing the results of citation studies for years. Au­ thors have approached the citation study with a variety of goals. Two studies con­ ducted by Tina E. Chrzastowski and Karen A. Schmidt1,2 tracked serial cancel­ lations to determine at-risk journals in academic libraries. Other studies have been conducted to identify factors asso­ ciated with the value of a journal in pro­ motion and tenure decisions3 and to mea­ sure faculty publishing productivity.4 In several previous studies, the bibli­ ographies of dissertations produced at a single institution have been analyzed to determine core journals in a specific field for the specific university. This study de­ parts from the usual single-institution study by tabulating and analyzing the bib­ liographies of music dissertations from universities throughout the United States. This investigator focused on develop­ ing measurement data that could serve as a model for other music libraries. Exam­ ining dissertations at a single institution to formulate a core list of journals pro­ vides valuable information. Having a core list of journals determined by a national study to which the university’s list can be compared will prove instructive and helpful to the bibliographer. Identifying a uniform core of journals cited by music researchers throughout the United States Lois Kuyper-Rushing is Head of Music Resources at Louisiana State University; e-mail: lkuper@lsu.edu. 153 mailto:lkuper@lsu.edu 154 College & Research Libraries March 1999 TABLE 1 Citation Counts of All Degrees in Ranked Order of Frequency No. of % of Total Cumulative % Journal Citations Citations of Citations Perspectives of New Music 137 3.60 3.60 Journal of Research In Music Education 121 3.18 6.78 Musical Quarterly 110 2.89 9.67 Music Educatorss Journal 92 2.42 12.09 Journal of Music Theory 79 2.08 14.17 Journal of the American Musicological Society 78 2.05 16.22 Music Theory Spectrum 65 1.71 17.92 Computer Music Journal 59 1.55 19.47 Instrumentalist 57 1.50 20.97 In Theory Only 46 1.21 22.18 Bulletin of the Council of Research on 45 1.18 23.36 Music Education Nineteenth Century Music 44 1.16 24.52 Music and Letters 41 1.08 25.60 Psychology of Music 41 1.08 26.68 Music Analysis 37 0.97 27.65 Music Perception 36 0.95 28.59 Musical Times 36 0.95 29.54 Journal of Teacher Education 34 0.89 30.43 Journal of Music Therapy 33 0.87 31.30 Music Review 33 0.87 32.17 Clavier 30 0.79 32.96 Interface 30 0.79 33.75 Perception and Psychophysics 29 0.76 34.51 Ethnomusicology 27 0.71 35.22 Journal of Aesthetic Education 27 0.71 35.93 Journal of Experimental Psychology 27 0.71 36.64 provides another reliable measurement system for evaluating collections. Literature Review Most citation studies have focused on the sciences,5 perhaps because scientific re­ search depends on the currency of infor­ mation available in journal literature more than humanities or social science research does. Moreover, scientists often use the frequency of citations to an article to gauge its value and impact on other researchers, a factor that frequently plays a role in making tenure and promotion decisions. Another reason could well be the high costs of scientific journal sub­ scriptions. The results of science citation studies have been useful in identifying core journals in the sciences. Although most citation studies have focused on scientific journal collections, a number have been performed in the humanities as well. In 1975, Lois Bebout, Donald Davis Jr., and Donald Oehlerts re­ ported that citation studies in the humani­ ties had been conducted since 1948 in American literature, speech, philology, music, and the fine arts.6 More recent hu­ manities citation studies are available in the fields of German literature, American literature, history, philosophy, and mu­ sic.7–11 Several citation studies have focused solely on dissertation bibliographies and were used to formulate a “core list” of journals for a specific discipline. Articles concerning dissertations by students in various fields have been published, in­ Identifying Uniform Core Journal Titles for Music Libraries 155 TABLE 1(cont.) Citation Counts of All Degrees in Ranked Order of Frequency No. of % of Total Cumulative % Journal Citations Citations of Citations Musical America 26 0.68 37.32 Journal of Band Research 25 0.66 37.98 Medical Problems of Performing Artists 25 0.66 38.63 Psychological Review 25 0.66 39.29 Musical Courier 23 0.60 39.89 Journal of Musicology 22 0.58 40.47 Etude 21 0.55 41.02 Action in Teacher Education 20 0.53 41.55 American Music Teacher 20 0.53 42.08 NATS Bulletin 20 0.53 42.60 Tempo 20 0.53 43.13 Acta Musicologica 19 0.50 43.63 ArchivffurfMusikwissenschaft 19 0.50 44.13 Choral Journal 19 0.50 44.63 Journal of the Arnold Schoenberg Inst. 18 0.47 45.10 Educational Technology 17 0.45 45.55 Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 17 0.45 45.99 Journal of Research in Singing 17 0.45 46.44 New York Times 16 0.42 46.86 Psychomusicology 16 0.42 47.28 Theory into Practice 16 0.42 47.70 MIX 15 0.39 48.09 Music Journal 15 0.39 48.49 Canadian Music Educatorss Journal 14 0.37 48.86 Early Music 14 0.37 49.22 Journal of the Acoustical Soc. of America 14 0.37 49.59 Notes 14 0.37 49.96 cluding music (1983), philosophy (1991), psychology (1995), and political science (1994).12–15 Each of these authors studied the dissertations found in a single insti­ tution in a broad field. The citations to journals were counted, and lists of core journals were developed. Purpose of the Study Using information resulting from the study of dissertation bibliographies graduates of music doctoral programs across the United States in 1993, several questions can be addressed that provide useful data on music collection manage­ ment. This study focuses on addressing the following: � What journals have the highest us­ age in music dissertations generally and in the subcategories of music (e.g., musi­ cology, music education, performance, and applied music)?16 � How frequently are materials in formats other than books and serials be­ ing used in music dissertations? � How do national data compare to data gathered for a single institution? The information collected and ana­ lyzed in response to these questions can provide music librarians and researchers throughout the United States with data critical to measuring the relevancy of their collections for doctoral research. Procedure This investigation was initiated by creat­ ing a file of the 474 music dissertations listed in Dissertation Abstracts for degrees 156 College & Research Libraries March 1999 TABLE 2 Citation Counts in Ranked Order of Frequency in Musicology Dissertations No. of % of Total Cumulative % Journal Citations Citations of Citations Journal of the American Musicological Society 24 4.15 4.15 Nineteenth Century Music 12 2.07 6.22 ArchivffurfMusikwissenschaft 11 1.90 8.12 Village Voice 11 1.90 10.02 Acta Musicologica 10 1.73 11.74 Church News 10 1.73 13.47 Music and Letters 10 1.73 15.20 Musica Disciplina 9 1.55 16.75 Medical Problems of Performing Artists 8 1.38 18.13 Second Line 8 1.38 19.52 American-German Review 7 1.21 20.73 Black Music Research Journal 7 1.21 21.93 Music Analysis 7 1.21 23.14 Black Perspective in Music 6 1.04 24.18 Journal of the Historical Society of the 6 1.04 25.22 Cocalico Valley Musical Times 6 1.04 26.25 Revista Italiana di Musicologica 6 1.04 27.29 Studi verdiani 6 1.04 28.32 Cambridge Opera Journal 5 0.86 29.19 Chambersburg Record Herald 5 0.86 30.05 Lancaster County Historical Society: 5 0.86 30.92 Papers and Addresses Music Review 5 0.86 31.78 Musical Quarterly 5 0.86 32.64 Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 5 0.86 33.51 American Music 4 0.69 34.20 awarded in 1993 from Carnegie I research institutions, using a keyword search for “music” and the date of 1993. The year 1993 was chosen because later years were not yet complete in the Dissertation Ab­ stracts database when the study began. Each of the 474 authors found in Disserta­ tion Abstracts was searched in the 1997 Na­ tional Faculty Directory. Of that total, 181 authors were found in the Directory and a written request was sent to each asking for copy of the bibliography from his or her dissertation. The graduates identified for this pool were considered academi­ cally most successful in 1993 because they already had begun their careers as mem­ bers of university faculties before or soon after being awarded the degree. This method of selection was used to reduce the pool and provide a more manageable number of references. The dissertation bibliographies not returned by the au­ thors were obtained from other libraries via interlibrary loan. A total of 118 usable bib­ liographies was collected, constituting 25 percent of the total 1993 dissertations and 65 percent of the pool deemed successful because of their immediate employment.17 Each dissertation was identified in one of the subdisciplines listed: musicology, music theory, music education, applied music, ethnomusicology, conducting, music therapy, and piano pedagogy. Whenever possible, the dissertation au­ thor identified his or her subcategory in music, either on an attached form or in response to a personal query. In some in­ stances, the title page of the dissertation http:employment.17 Identifying Uniform Core Journal Titles for Music Libraries 157 TABLE 2 (cont.) Citation Counts in Ranked Order of Frequency in Musicology Dissertations No. of % of Total Cumulative % Journal Citations Citations of Citations Archivio storico lombardo 4 0.69 34.89 Chicago Defender 4 0.69 35.58 Ear 4 0.69 36.27 Eberbacher Geschichtsblatt 4 0.69 36.96 Footnote 4 0.69 37.65 High Fidelity and Musical America 4 0.69 38.34 Music Educatorss Journal 4 0.69 39.03 Perspectives of New Music 4 0.69 39.72 Revue de Musicologie 4 0.69 40.41 Antiques 3 0.52 40.93 Art Bulletin 3 0.52 41.45 Chronicon 3 0.52 41.97 Die Musikforschung 3 0.52 42.49 Downbeat 3 0.52 43.01 Early Music History 3 0.52 43.52 Godeys Ladys Book 3 0.52 44.04 Journal of Music Theory 3 0.52 44.56 Journal of Research in Music 3 0.52 45.08 Musician 3 0.52 45.60 New York Times 3 0.52 46.11 Pennsylvania Mennonite Heritage 3 0.52 46.63 Proceedings of the Royal Musical Assoc. 3 0.52 47.15 Rhythm 3 0.52 47.67 Sammelbande der Internationalen 3 0.52 48.19 Musik-Gesellschafi Note: All journals receiving the same number of citations are included on these lists. On Table 2, the journal that fell at exactly 50% was the third of many journals receiving 2 citations, so the list wasended after the last journal listed with three citations. indicated the area of music in which the author had obtained his or her degree. For the rest, the discipline was assigned accord­ ing to the subject matter of the dissertation. Results Josruals with the Highest Usage Some of the most useful results of a cita­ tion study are the lists of journals cited. The first of these in the present study is a list of journals used by doctoral students in all music disciplines, listed in order of frequency of use. Table 1 shows fifty-three journals that were cited most often by doctoral students. Tables 2 through 5 provide ranked fre­ quency of citations of journals within the various disciplines of music. Journals whose citations made up the top 50 per­ cent were included in these tables. Dis­ sertations were identified as being in the fields of musicology, music theory, mu­ sic education, applied music, conducting, ethnomusicology, music therapy, and pi­ ano pedagogy. Lists are given for musi­ cology, music theory, music education, and applied music. Ethnomusicology, music therapy, conducting, and piano pedagogy each had so few graduates in this survey group that the lists are not sta­ tistically valid. Of the 118 dissertations gathered, 16 were in musicology, 16 in music theory, 32 in music education, and 40 in applied music. The preponderance of citations from nonmusic journals used in music educa­ 158 College & Research Libraries March 1999 TABLE 3 Citation Counts in Ranked Order of Frequency in Music Theory Dissertations No. of % of Total Cumulative % Journal Citations Citations of Citations Perspectives of New Music 128 12.55 12.55 Journal of Music Theory 80 7.84 20.39 Music Theory Spectrum 62 6.08 26.47 Computer Music Journal 56 5.49 31.96 In Theory Only 46 4.51 36.47 Musical Quarterly 40 3.92 40.39 Music Perception 31 3.04 43.43 Interface 29 2.84 46.27 Music Analysis 27 2.65 48.92 tion dissertations (50%) may be attributed to the interdisciplinary characteristic of the field. The nonmusic journals seen in the music education list (table 4) are in the fields of education or psychology. Various Formats Used in Music Disserta­ tions The 118 dissertation bibliographies pro­ duced 13,111 citations. When the citations were examined by format, a profile emerged. Books constituted 41 percent of the citations and serials 29 percent, with a variety of other formats constituting the total. The types of materials and the per­ centages of each can be seen in table 6. Although the percentages of books and serials used by the various disciplines within music vary widely, most of the subdisciplines depend more heavily on books than on serials. The only exception in this study was music therapy, and the number of authors in this category is too small to draw any valid conclusions. This finding provides a small measure of com­ fort to librarians who have been forced TABLE 4 Citation Counts in Ranked Order of Frequency in Music Education Dissertations No. of % of Total Cumulative % Journal Citations Citations of Citations Journal of Research In Music Education 101 10.39 10.39 Music Educatorss Journal 78 8.02 18.42 Bulletin of the Council 42 4.32 22.74 for Research in Music Ed. Instrumentalist 37 3.81 26.54 Journal of Teacher Education 34 3.50 30.04 Psychology of Music 34 3.50 33.54 Journal of Aesthetic Education 27 2.78 36.32 Action in Teacher Education 20 2.06 38.37 Educational Technology 20 2.06 40.43 Journal of Experimental Psychology 20 2.06 42.49 Psychological Review 20 2.06 44.55 Journal of Band Research 17 1.75 46.30 Perception and Psychophysics 16 1.65 47.94 MIX 15 1.54 49.49 Identifying Uniform Core Journal Titles for Music Libraries 159 TABLE 5 Citation Counts in Ranked Order of Frequency in Applied Music Dissertations No. of % of Total Cumulative % Journal Citations Citations of Citations Musical Quarterly 54 6.38 6.38 Journal of the American Musicological Society 31 3.66 10.04 Musical Times 25 2.95 12.99 Musical Courier 23 2.72 15.70 Musical America 22 2.60 18.30 NATS Bulletin 21 2.48 20.78 Etude 19 2.24 23.02 Clavier 17 2.01 25.03 Journal of Research in Singing 17 2.01 27.04 Music and Letters 17 2.01 29.04 Musical Opinion 16 1.89 30.93 American Music Teacher 12 1.42 32.35 Music Review 12 1.42 33.77 Tempo 12 1.42 35.18 Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 11 1.30 36.48 Early Music 9 1.06 37.54 International Trombone Assoc. Journal 9 1.06 38.61 Music Educatorss Journal 9 1.06 39.67 Music Journal 9 1.06 40.73 New York Times 9 1.06 41.79 Notes 9 1.06 42.86 Choral Journal 8 0.94 43.80 Folia Phoniatrica 8 0.94 44.75 Journal of Musicology 8 0.94 45.69 Schweizerische Musikzeitung 8 0.94 46.64 American Organist 7 0.83 47.46 Fanfare 7 0.83 48.29 High Fidelity/Musical America 7 0.83 49.11 Journal of Research in Music Educations 7 0.83 49.94 NeuefZeitschriftffurfMusik 7 0.83 50.77 Osterreichische Musikzeitschrift 7 0.83 51.59 Piano Quarterly 7 0.83 52.42 Soundboard 7 0.83 53.25 Note: In Table 5, the list ended after the last journal listed with 7 citations which took the list beyond 50%. to cancel journal subscriptions and have concentrated on monograph purchases! From table 6, it can be seen that books and serials, the most common formats used in all scholarly research, are more heavily used by music researchers than materials in all other formats combined. This is surprising only when one notes that the use of scores and sound record­ ings constitutes a total of only 4 percent of all citations. If manuscript and origi­ nal source materials are added, which in­ clude music as well as other types of manuscript materials, the total rises to a mere 9 percent of the total citations. Be­ cause these are dissertations in the field of music, one might assume that pub­ lished, recorded, or manuscript music 160 College & Research Libraries March 1999 TABLE 6 Citation Counts by Format in Music Dissertations Format Citations % of total Books Serials Other: Dissertation and Dissertation 5,375 3,805 814 41 29 6 Abstract citations Reference materials 746 Manuscripts/Original 701 source materials Scores 465 Sound recordings 134 Miscellaneous 1,071 Subtotal 3,931 Total 13,111 6 5 4 1 8 30 100% would provide a higher percentage of ci­ tations, but according to this study, that assumption is false. Table 7 provides a profile of the usage of books and periodicals in each of the disciplines of music. In 1983, Richard Griscom published a citation study of the­ ses and dissertations in music at Indiana University. 18 He included information similar to that found in table 7. The over­ whelming difference between this part of his study and the present study is the number of citations per source document. In the four areas of concentration that Griscom identified (music theory, music education, musicology, and applied mu­ sic), the overall average number of cita­ tions per source document was fifty- seven, whereas in the present study it was 111. This could be due to the inclusion of master ’s theses in the Griscom study or a predilection toward fewer citations at the university studied by Griscom, but it also could point to a higher reliance on cited materials in current dissertation literature. Table 7 indicates that, with the excep­ tion of music therapy, a higher percent­ age of books than periodicals was used in every music discipline.19 This finding is similar to Griscom’s results in which the overall ratio of book citations to peri­ odical citations was 1.9 to 1, compared to the present study in which the ratio was 1.4 to 1.20 In John Budd’s study of Ameri­ can literature publications, the ratio of books to journals was even greater—2.4 to 1.21 Any number of authors echo Katherine W. McCain’s assertion that: “Throughout the range of studies of in­ formation needs and information use in humanities research . . . , humanities scholarship is characterized as individual­ ist [and] highly dependent on monographs (as opposed to journals) as sources . . . .” 22 How National Data Compare with Local Data In his 1983 article, Griscom published a core list of journals for music in general and in the areas of musicology, music theory, and music education at Indiana University.23 The lists from his study and those compiled in the present study were compared, noting the overlap between the titles on both lists from which 50 per­ cent of all citations were taken. For the purpose of discussion, the lists in the Griscom study will be referred to as the Indiana lists and the lists from the cur­ rent study as the national lists. In the lists of journals used in all disciplines of mu­ sic, nineteen journals were included on both lists, and twenty-six appeared on one list only. Also, fifteen journal titles appeared on the national list that began publication too late to be available for the Indiana study.24 The results were similar when the core lists for the subcategories in music were compared. Eleven musicology journals were on both lists, but forty-one journals appeared on only one of the lists. The national list included thirteen journals that began publication too late to be in­ cluded. In music theory, only three journals were included on both lists. Six other jour­ nals were on the national list, and every one of them began publication too late to be included on the Indiana list. The Indi­ ana lists included one journal that did not appear on the national list for music theory. The music education journal list http:study.24 http:University.23 http:discipline.19 TA B L E 7 G en er al S ta ti st ic s - - - ' u ' - b ; . i i § § % < § § % % % i i Identifying Uniform Core Journal Titles for Music Libraries 161 had four journals appearing on both lists. Fifteen journals were on either the national list or the Indiana list, but not on both. Three journals be­ gan publication too late to be in­ cluded in the comparison. These findings support the asser­ tion made earlier in this article that a core list of journals developed by studying a single institution’s dis­ sertation citations may not reflect the needs of the user at either the institutional or the national level. If a list of journals developed by studying dissertations from a broad range of institutions is consulted, a journal collection can be developed that may be more reliable and less skewed by curricular or individual faculty needs at a particular institution. One also may determine, as seen in this study, which new journals are used most heavily and should be a part of the library’s collection. Observations Many factors influence the inclu­ sion or exclusion of any journal on lists of core journals in a subject. Most journals are included on lists such as this because they are used frequently by a majority of the user population, but some reach these lists due to a single user frequently citing a journal or several users co­ incidentally using journals in a single year. All these factors contrib­ ute to the inclusion of titles on a core list of journals and speak to the id­ iosyncratic nature of research. For example, an examination of the journal lists of the subcategories of music reveals some surprising titles, including Journal of the Histori­ cal Society of the Cocalico Valley on the musicology list and MIX on the mu­ sic education list. What is important to note, however, is that when the citation counts of subdisciplines are combined into a general music list, the titles in the top 50 percent in­ clude few, if any, surprises. 162 College & Research Libraries March 1999 FIGURE 1 Concentration of Citations and Corresponding Journals Only one ournal had 137, 79, 57, etc., citations, but many had five or fewer citations, including more than 500 with only one. The data on the citation of earlier dis­ sertations in dissertation research are in­ teresting. Use of previously written dis­ sertations by doctoral students is not sur­ prising, but what this investigator found fascinating is that of the 814 dissertation/ Dissertation Abstracts citations, 299 came from Dissertation Abstracts rather than from dissertations. Doctoral students and their advisors seem willing to accept the summary (abstract) of the dissertation as adequate information for citing in disser­ tations. One surprising finding relates to the number of journals used for most citations in music dissertations. Of a total of 939 journals cited overall, 52 accounted for 50 percent of the journal citations; that is, 5.5 percent of all journals used produced 50 percent of all citations. Figure 1 provides a visual representation of the fact that a small number of journals are used much more heavily than all the rest of the jour­ nal literature cited in this study. This cor­ responds to Bradford’s Law, a broad defi­ nition of which is: “for a search on some specific topic, a large number of the rel­ evant articles will be concentrated in a small number of journal titles. The re­ maining articles will be dispersed over a large number of titles.” 25 The list that was compiled for doctoral students in music theory is brief when compared to the other subcategories. This is also true concerning the list that Griscom developed in 1983 for music theory. In this subcategory in the present study, 50 percent of all citations came from 4.7 percent of all music theory journals used in the study group, and 24.6 percent of these citations come from journals that were not even being published when the Griscom study was done. Conclusions This study focused on journal use by doc­ toral students in music. Its goal was to provide a tool that music bibliographers could use in evaluating an institution’s current journal collection. The various core journal lists provided in tables 1 through 5 can be used for this purpose. If a music school’s primary focus is in one area of music at the doctoral level, the journals listed in the corresponding table could be considered the most important for that institution. Although doctoral stu­ dents make up only one segment of the Identifying Uniform Core Journal Titles for Music Libraries 163 music journal user population, it is a seg­ ment that relies heavily on periodical litera­ ture and often defines what is most needed in a journal collection in an academic library. A further conclusion that can be drawn from this study is that journal literature in the field of music may be less static than once assumed. A large number of jour­ nals have begun publication since the 1970s and already are crowding the list of most-cited journals. Music bibliogra­ phers must be cognizant of this fact and must be willing to devote time to review, and money to subscribe to, new journal publications. As more and more students and faculty are being recruited for doc­ toral programs, libraries must be willing to adjust their serials subscriptions to make music collections relevant to cur­ rent doctoral programs. Notes 1. Tina E. Chrzastowski and Karen A. Schmidt, “Surveying the Damage: Academic Library Serial Cancellations 1987–1988 through 1989,” College and Research Libraries 54 (1993): 93–102. 2. ———, “Collections at Risk: Revisiting Serial Cancellations in Academic Libraries,” Col­ lege and Research Libraries 57 (1996): 351–64. 3. Mary T. Kim, “Ranking of Journals in Library and Information Science: A Comparison of Perceptual and Citation-based Measures,” College and Research Libraries 52 (1991): 24–37. 4. John Budd, “Faculty Publishing Productivity: An Institutional Analysis and Comparison with Library and Other Measures,” College and Research Libraries 56 (1995): 547–54. 5. ———, “Characteristics of Written Scholarship in American Literature: A Citation Study,” Library and Information Science Research 8 (1986): 189. 6. Lois Bebout, Donald Davis Jr., and Donald Oehlerts, “User Studies in the Humanities: A Survey and a Proposal,” RQ 15, no. 1 (1975): 40–44. 7. Carolyn Olivia Frost, “Use of Citations in Literary Research: An Analysis of Reference Citations in Publications about Literary Works Written in the German Language (Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1977), Dissertation Abstracts International X1977. 8. John Budd, “A Citation Study of American Literature: Implications for Collection Man­ agement,” Collection Management 8, no. 2 (1986): 49–62. 9. Barbara Kay Adams, “Collection Assessment and Development of a Core List of Periodi­ cals in Southern Culture,” Collection Management 16, no. 1 (1992): 103–16. 10. Jean-Pierre V. M. Herubel, “Philosophy Dissertation Bibliographies and Citations,” Serials Librarian 20, no. 2–3 (1991): 65–73. 11. R. M. Longyear, “Article Citations and Obsolescence in Musicological Journals,” Notes: The Quarterly Journal of the Music Library Association 33, no. 3 (1977): 563–71. 12. Richard Griscom, “Periodical Use in a University Music Library: A Citation Study of The­ ses and Dissertations Submitted to the Indiana University School of Music from 1975–1980,” Serials Librarian 7, no. 3 (1983): 35–52. 13. Herubel, “Philosophy Dissertation Bibliographies and Citations,” 65–73. 14. Margaret Sylvia and Marcella Lesher, “What Journals Do Psychology Graduate Students Need? A Citation Analysis of Thesis References,” College and Research Libraries 56 (1995): 313–18. 15. Anne L. Buchanan and Jean-Pierre V. M. Herubel, “Profiling PhD Dissertation Bibliogra­ phies: Serials and Collection Development in Political Science,” Behavioral & Social Sciences Li­ brarian 13, no. 1 (1994): 1–10. 16. A doctorate in applied music is a degree in which the student studies the performance of music. 17. Of the dissertations by students concentrating on music composition that the author re­ ceived, all but one were compositions by that student and thus had only original material and no citations. These were considered unusable dissertations for this study. 18. Griscom, “Periodical Use in a University Music Library,” 35–52. 19. There were so few music therapy graduates in the pool that no valid conclusions can be drawn from the percentages seen here. 20. Ratios found by comparing Griscom’s totals to totals from the present study. 21. Budd, “Characteristics of Written Scholarship in American Literature,” 192. 22. Katherine W. McCain, “Citation Patterns in the History of Technology,” Library and Infor­ mation Science Research 9 (1987): 42. 23. Griscom, “Periodical Use in a University Music Library,” 48–52. 24. Any journal that began publication after 1970 was not included. 25. M. Carl Drott, “Bradford’s Law: Theory, Empiricism and the Gaps Between,” Library Trends 30 (summer 1981): 41.