College and Research Libraries bald M a c L e i s h ' s s t i r r i n g five y e a r s as l i - b r a r i a n is told u n d e r the caption, " T h e B r u s h of the C o m e t . " T h r o u g h o u t the n a r r a t i v e , q u o t a t i o n heaped upon q u o t a t i o n s h o w s t h a t the l i b r a r y w a s c o n t i n u a l l y r e f e r r e d to by its l i b r a r i a n s and o t h e r s as the " N a t i o n a l L i - b r a r y . " I n the second p a r t of the Report, the n e w l i b r a r i a n , L u t h e r H . E v a n s , t a k e s up the n a r - r a t i v e . I n v i g o r o u s sentences, he describes f r a n k l y and f o r t h r i g h t l y the events of " f i s c a l 1 9 4 6 . " Special emphasis is laid on the f a t e of the 1947 b u d g e t , described above, and on the a p p o i n t m e n t of the L i b r a r y of C o n g r e s s P l a n n i n g C o m m i t t e e , composed of e m i n e n t scholars and l i b r a r i a n s , selected by the li- b r a r i a n to advise him on the proper f u n c t i o n s of the l i b r a r y in the f u t u r e . O t h e r c h a p - ters of the Report p r o p e r deal v i v i d l y and a l - w a y s f r a n k l y w i t h the " S e r v i c e of M a t e r i - a l s , " " A c q u i s i t i o n s G r a n d S c a l e , " " P r e p a - ration of M a t e r i a l s , " and " A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , P e r s o n n e l , and F i n a n c e . " T h e s e c h a p t e r s depict the l i b r a r y in action in its s e r v i c e t o the C o n g r e s s and the n a t i o n a l g o v e r n m e n t and t o l i b r a r i e s and s c h o l a r s t h r o u g h o u t the nation. S t u d e n t s of l i b r a r y a d m i n i s t r a t i o n w i l l be specially interested in the c o m p l e t e o r - g a n i z a t i o n c h a r t of the l i b r a r y , w h i c h s h o w s f o r each a d m i n i s t r a t i v e u n i t the n u m b e r and g r a d e s of its staff m e m b e r s . T h e third p a r t of the Report is a m o s t u n - u s u a l a d m i n i s t r a t i v e d o c u m e n t . I t is a c o m - plete reprint of the " J u s t i f i c a t i o n of the E s t i m a t e s , L i b r a r y of C o n g r e s s , F i s c a l Y e a r 1 9 4 7 . " T h i s the l i b r a r i a n himself d e - scribes as " t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t s t a t e p a p e r to issue f r o m the L i b r a r y since the R e p o r t of the C o m m i t t e e on L i b r a r y O r g a n i z a t i o n in 1 8 0 2 . " I n cold figures, w i t h c o g e n t s u p p o r t i n g s t a t e - ments, this c o u r a g e o u s d o c u m e n t sets f o r t h in " m a n - y e a r s " and d o l l a r s w h a t the present a d - m i n i s t r a t i o n of the l i b r a r y thinks w i l l be r e - quired to o p e r a t e the n a t i o n a l l i b r a r y at f u l l c a p a c i t y . T h e f r a m e r s of the " J u s t i f i c a t i o n " s o u g h t to cope f u l l y , f o r the first time, p e r - haps, w i t h the needs and p r o b l e m s of the l i - b r a r y in all its technical p r o c e d u r e s and its m a n y services. L a s t of all c o m e the s t a t i s t i c a l appendices. E v e n these are interesting. A f e w i l l u s t r a - tions m a y s e r v e to indicate the c o m p l e x p r o b - lems of p r o c e s s i n g and s e r v i c i n g w i t h w h i c h a g r e a t l i b r a r y m u s t g r a p p l e . A c c e s s i o n s f o r the y e a r 1946 t o t a l l e d 4 , 2 9 1 , 3 4 6 " p i e c e s . " T h e n a t i o n a l union c a t a l o g n o w c o m p r i s e s 1 3 . 7 1 8 , 4 8 9 c a r d s . P r i n t e d c a t a l o g c a r d s to the n u m b e r of 2 7 , 5 8 4 , 2 1 1 w e r e sold or dis- t r i b u t e d . R e a d e r s served w e r e 699,740. N i n e p a g e s are r e q u i r e d m e r e l y to list the p u b l i c a t i o n s issued by the l i b r a r y . T h e r e v i e w e r finds no s t a t e m e n t in the Re- port itself of the n u m b e r of " m a n - y e a r s " r e - q u i r e d to w r i t e it. W h a t e v e r the c o r r e c t figure m a y be, he has no c o m p l a i n t t o m a k e . A s a l i b r a r i a n and a t a x p a y e r he is quite r e a d y to c o n t r i b u t e his mite to the cost of setting d o w n in cold type, f o r the C o n g r e s s and the people to see in c o m p l e t e d e t a i l , the f a c t s and figures a b o u t their n a t i o n a l l i b r a r y in 1946 and in the y e a r s b e f o r e . — C a r l e t o n B. Joeckel. Further Progress in Cataloging U . S. L i b r a r y of C o n g r e s s . D e s c r i p t i v e C a t a l o g i n g D i v i s i o n . Rules for Descrip- tive Cataloging in the Library of Con- gress. P r e l i m i n a r y edition. W a s h i n g t o n , U . S. G o v e r n m e n t P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , 1 9 4 7 . I 2 5 P - I n the J u l y 1947 issue of College and Re- search Libraries, this r e v i e w e r discussed the t w o s i g n i f i c a n t d o c u m e n t s 1 w h i c h p r e p a r e d 1 U . S . L i b r a r y of Congress. Processing Depart- ment. Studies of Descriptive Cataloging, a Report to the Librarian of Congress by the Director of the Process- ing Department. Washington, U . S. Government Print- ing Office, 1946; and U . S. L i b r a r y of Congress. the w a y f o r the p u b l i c a t i o n of the n e w Rules for Descriptive Cataloging. T o any one f a m i l i a r w i t h these t w o d o c u m e n t s , the r u l e s come as no surprise. T h e y are m e r e l y the c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n — t h e f o r m a l e x p r e s s i o n — o f f u n c t i o n s and principles w h i c h , in their e a r l i e r fluid state, had a l r e a d y been w i d e l y discussed and p u b l i c i z e d . A n d w h i l e there are d o u b t - lessly rules w h i c h in application w i l l need A d v i s o r y Committee on Descriptive Cataloging to the Librarian of Congress. Report. Washington, L i b r a r y of Congress, 1946. 90 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES modification or clarification, the preliminary code is no less excellent than w a s expected. T h e r e is first a foreword by H e r m a n H . Henkle, which is a brief statement of the background out of which the rules were de- veloped, then a preface by Lucile M . M o r s c h . Chapter I, called "Introduction," defines de- scriptive cataloging and reviews the history of the L i b r a r y of Congress rules. T h e f u n c - tions and principles of descriptive cataloging are declared in Chapter I I . F o r this chap- ter we are endebted to Henkle. T h e rules relating to separately published monographs are presented in Chapter I I I . T h e s e are, in a sense, the basic rules to which are appended seven additional chapters containing special rules for supplements and indexes; analytical entries; serials; maps, atlases, etc.; music; facsimiles, photocopies, and microfilms; and history cards. T h e appendices include a glos- sary which supplements the A.L.A. Glossary of Library Terms, rules for capitalization which supplement those given in the U . S. G o v e r n m e n t Printing Office Style Manual, a list of abbreviations, and examples of mis- cellaneous notes. A s expected, the most striking feature of the new code is its logical structure and method. It is more than a set of rules; it is a theory of descriptive cataloging expressed through rules. Attention is directed first to the func- tions of description, which are briefly and clearly stated. T h e s e are the prescribed ob- jectives, and whether w e like them or not, w e learn from them w h a t the code proposes to do and can judge it accordingly. Derived from these functions, then, is a group of prin- ciples which tell us in a general w a y how the functions are to be served. Presumably, no principle is valid which does not tangibly serve the prescribed functions. Derived, then, from the principles are rules which de- tail the application of the principles in typical cases. Presumably, no rule is valid which is not consistent with the stated principles. T h e principles, not rules, are the determining guides to practice—the criteria by which the cataloger is expected to shape his w o r k . I t is this relationship between functions, principles, and rules, which distinguishes the code. T h i s relationship may be analyzed by looking first at the stated functions of de- scriptive cataloging and then by tracing their effect upon the principles and ultimately upon selected rules. If the structure of the code is sound, it should be possible to j u s t i f y each principle by means of the functions and each rule by means of the principles. T h e prescribed functions of descriptive cataloging a r e : 1. T o describe the significant features of the w o r k to be c a t a l o g e d : ( a ) to distinguish it f r o m other w o r k s and other editions of the w o r k and ( b ) to characterize its contents and scope, and explain its b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l relations 2. T o present the data in an entry w h i c h w i l l : ( a ) p r o v i d e the most intelligible arrangement with the entries f o r other w o r k s and other e d i - tions of the w o r k in the c a t a l o g and ( b ) best serve the needs of the users. T h a t is not a surprising statement, but its implications are important. W e are to de- scribe only features which are significant for t w o purposes, identification and characteriza- tion, not those which serve only to supply bibliographical information. Elaborate de- scription for special bibliographical purposes is out. W e are, moreover, to concentrate on describing the significant features of the book, not the title page as such; and the arrange- ment of the data in the entry is to be de- termined not by its position on or absence from the title page, but by the requirements of intelligible filing and according to the needs of readers. L e t us see how these functions are translated into principles. T h e statement of principles consists of sections dealing with extent of description, the organization of the elements of descrip- tion, terms of description, description of a perfect copy, documentation of descriptive data, and capitalization, punctuation, and ac- cents. T h e section on extent of description relates to the first part of the statement of functions—the functions of identification and characterization. T h e w o r k is to be described as f u l l y as neces- sary f o r the accepted functions, but with an economy of data, w o r d s , and e x p r e s s i o n ; no item of description should be g i v e n w h i c h will duplicate the i n f o r m a t i o n of another item, un- important matter o r detail should be curtailed, and unnecessary w o r d s and phrases should be omitted. In other words, w e are to omit all matter and repetitions of matter which are not essential JANUARY, 1948 91 for identifying or characterizing the book. U n d e r the subheading, " I d e n t i f y i n g D a t a , " a general account of w h a t is required for iden- tification is presented. . . . T o distinguish one w o r k f r o m another, the title (together with the author's name as h e a d i n g ) is g e n e r a l l y sufficient, although in certain circumstances the author statement is also necessary. . . . T o distinguish one edition o f a w o r k f r o m another of the same w o r k , one o r m o r e of the f o l l o w i n g must be k n o w n : ( i ) number or name of the edition, ( 2 ) the name o f the editor, illustrator, o r translator, ( 3 ) the publisher o r date o f publication, and ( 4 ) the name of the series to w h i c h the edition b e - longs, or ( 5 ) some one detail of physical d e s c r i p - tion such as the number of p a g e s o r v o l u m e s in the w o r k . T h e only other items of description which can justifiably be admitted to the entry are those which characterize the content and scope of the book or explain its bibliographical relations. T h e s e are limited by the prin- ciples to data showing the relationship of the work to other works, such as sequels, sup- plements, and concordances; data showing its relationship to other editions of the same work, such as those issued under different titles or in another language or physical f o r m ; and data characterizing the w o r k ' s content, such as the elaboration of inadequate titles, collation, and the enumeration of contents. In the subsequent rules, these principles relating to extent of description are applied fairly consistently, the general effect being that of omitting various descriptive details which w e r e formerly regarded as necessary. First, transcription of the title proper, but not of the title page as such, is called for, since it has been demonstrated that title page transcription is not essential for identification or characterization. Ellipses are therefore to be used only to indicate omissions from the title proper, not omissions of data preceding or following the title. T h e author statement is to be duplicated in the catalog entry only when necessary to show important variations in forms of names or to supply additional information for pur- poses of characterization. I t w i l l not be regarded as necessary simply to show the form of name which appears on the title page. T h e imprint statement is to be shortened ex- cept in one circumstance to a single place and publisher, and publishers' names are to be abridged as much as possible without loss of intelligibility or identification. T h e exact forms in which they appear on the title page, again, do not matter. T o avoid another un- necessary duplication, the publisher is ordi- narily to be omitted from the imprint when the w o r k is entered under his name. T h e application of these principles to col- lation also results in simplification. In order to identify the modern book and to character- ize its scope and contents, nothing is ordi- narily needed but the last numbered page or leaf of each section that is separately num- bered. T h e s e functions are not served by noting changes from Roman to A r a b i c nu- merals with the same sequence, by detailing un- important, unpaged preliminary matter, or by counting blank leaves. A book with un- usually complicated or irregular paging may be described simply as "lv. (various pag- i n g s ) . " Accounting in detail for the com- pleteness of the volume is not an accepted principle, since it is necessary for neither identification nor the characterization of con- tents. T h e s e examples w i l l suffice to illustrate how the functions and principles relating to extent of description are borne out in the rules. W h e n any problem in this area con- fronts the cataloger, he is expected to recall these principles and ask two questions: A r e the data necessary for identification of the book, that is, for distinguishing it from other books and other editions of the same book; or are they necessary for characterizing the scope and contents of the book or explaining its bibliographical relations? If they are not necessary for these purposes, and these o n l y — they are to be omitted. T h e resulting simplifications are in large part already practiced in many libraries, in- cluding some of the m a j o r research libraries, which have long since abandoned so-called "bibliographical" cataloging. "Bibliographi- cal" cataloging like "bibliographical" bibli- ography, w i l l now be reserved for early im- prints for which detailed title page descrip- tions and precise collations are still required, as always, in the identification of editions. T h e principles relating to the organization of the elements of description in the entry 92 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES may now be examined. T h i s section is de- rived f r o m the second part of the statement of f u n c t i o n s ; " t o present the data in an entry which w i l l ( a ) provide the most intel- ligible arrangement w i t h the entries f o r other w o r k s and other editions of the w o r k in the c a t a l o g and ( b ) best serve the needs of the users." N e g a t i v e l y , this means that the a r - rangement of descriptive items in the entry w i l l not be determined by their position on or absence f r o m the title page. Positively, it means that a regular order, designed pri- marily to facilitate filing and to aid the reader, is to be followed regardless of the sources of those data. T h e order prescribed in the principles is the familiar one of "title, subtitle, author statement, edition statement, and imprint; f o l l o w e d in succeeding p a r a - graphs by the collation and series note, and supplementary notes." T u r n i n g then to the rules, one finds, f o r example, that a subtitle, as w e l l as an edition statement, which precedes the title on the title page is n o w to be transposed w i t h o u t notice. Edition data, no m a t t e r w h e r e it comes f r o m is to f o l l o w in its regular place. T h i s takes us back to D o r c a s F e l l o w s . E d i - tor, illustrator, and and translator are simi- larly to be transposed w h e n necessary to their regular position. Brackets, moreover, are to be used only to set off data supplied f r o m sources other than the title page, not to indi- cate transpositions of data on the title page. I n f o r m a t i o n regarding dates of publication and collation is also to be integrated. A l l this means simply (and this is significant) that the reader or filer w i l l no longer have to hunt all over the card for information of a specific kind, but w i l l be able to count on that information being given constantly in the same place on the card. T h e arrangement w i l l n o w f o l l o w a logical pattern designed to serve a specific purpose, unaffected by the w h i m s of the printer. A g a i n , description of the title page as such is not accepted as a prin- ciple which serves the functions of descriptive cataloging. T h e principles relating to extent of de- scription and to the organization of the ele- ments of description are clearly and logically derived f r o m the statement of functions, and the corresponding rules are consistently de- veloped f r o m the principles. T h e r e are t w o sections of the principles, however, which are not so easily traceable to the stated f u n c - tions. T h e s e relate to terms of description and to capitalization, punctuation, and ac- cents. T h e functions cover w h a t is de- scribed and h o w the data are to be arranged but give no clear direction about the terms and style of expression. T h e logical struc- ture of the code might therefore be strength- ened if a third paragraph w e r e added to the statement of f u n c t i o n s — a paragraph reading something like this: to express the data in terms and styles which a r e : ( a ) most a u - thentic and accurate and ( b ) intelligible to the user. T h e principles relating to terms, capitalization, etc., might then be regrouped under such a heading as terms and style of description. T h e principles relating to terms of descrip- tion in the main paragraph of the entry call, as usual, f o r authenticity by employing the w o r d s of the author or publisher. T h e y call for accuracy by appending corrections of inac- curate statements and f o r intelligibility by appending explanations of ambiguous state- ments. In collation and elswhere, intelligi- bility is sought by limiting the description to terminology having accepted d e f i n i t i o n s — t h a t is, terminology familiar to the ordinary reader. T h e principles relating to c a p i t a l i z a - tion, punctuation, and accents call f o r authen- ticity, accuracy, and intelligibility by f o l l o w i n g the normal, correct usage in the given lan- guage. T h e authority adopted f o r this usage is the U . S. G o v e r n m e n t P r i n t i n g O f f i c e Style Manual, the only important exception to this manual being that only the first w o r d of the title proper is to be capitalized instead of all the principal w o r d s as in normal rhetoric. In preparing this new code, the Processing D e p a r t m e n t of the L i b r a r y of C o n g r e s s has discharged a g r e a t responsibility w i t h imagi- nation, reason, and courage. T h e code is sig- nificant, it is even unique, because of its method. I t gives us a valid and systematic procedure for the solution of cataloging prob- lems. I t is a w a y of thinking and a w a y of w o r k i n g which is distinctly professional in character. W e are asked not merely to learn rules and f o l l o w precedents but to apply general principles to the construction of a c a t a l o g designed to p e r f o r m definite f u n c - JANUARY, 1948 93 tions. T h e s e principles and f u n c t i o n s t a k e us b a c k to the e l e m e n t s of l i b r a r i a n s h i p — t h e n a t u r e of books and the needs of readers. T h e m e t h o d w a s f o l l o w e d in c o m p i l i n g the code, is inherent in its o r g a n i z a t i o n , and w i l l be n e c e s s a r y to its m o s t e f f e c t i v e use. T h e m e t h o d is not n e w , of course, b u t it has n e v e r b e f o r e been applied so e x p l i c i t l y to c a t a l o g i n g . T h e application of this m e t h o d has led to a recognition of i m p o r t a n t c h a n g e s in one of the e l e m e n t s of l i b r a r i a n s h i p — t h e n a t u r e of books. T h e principles of title p a g e t r a n - scription and d e t a i l e d c o l l a t i o n w e r e and still are necessary f o r the identification of e a r l y editions p r o d u c e d by h a n d i c r a f t m e t h o d s ; b u t neither is r e q u i r e d f o r the i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of m o d e r n editions w h i c h , as S e y m o u r L u b e t s k y has noted, " a r e issued and reissued u n d e r d i f f e r e n t title p a g e s , f o r or by d i f f e r e n t p u b - lishers, and at d i f f e r e n t t i m e s and places, f r o m the same o r i g i n a l p l a t e s ; and w h e r e the interest of the title p a g e is only t h a t of an i n t r o d u c t i o n to the b o o k . " T h i s f a c t has been d e m o n s t r a t e d o b j e c t i v e l y , and its recognition has h a d a p r o f u n d e f f e c t on the n e w rules. B y no l o n g e r t r y i n g to reflect the o r g a n i z a - tion and, t o a lesser e x t e n t , the d e t a i l of i n f o r m a t i o n on the title p a g e , w e are enabled t o p r e s e n t a m o r e consistent and o r d e r l y d e - scription of the w o r k i t s e l f . T h e recognition of c h a n g e s in the n a t u r e of books has led to s i m p l i f i c a t i o n of the d e s c r i p - tion. I t should be noted t h a t the L i b r a r y of C o n g r e s s decided t o s i m p l i f y not m e r e l y in response t o p r e s s u r e f r o m o t h e r libraries, b u t p r i m a r i l y because it b e c a m e c l e a r t h a t the f u n c t i o n s of d e s c r i p t i v e c a t a l o g i n g c o u l d be s e r v e d b e t t e r by s i m p l e r entries. T h e n e w c a r d s w i l l be c h e a p e r to m a k e , easier to file, easier to find, and m o r e i n t e l l i g i b l e to e v e r y - one. T h a t the code w i l l be a c c e p t a b l e to e n o u g h l i b r a r i e s to b e c o m e a n e w s t a n d a r d of d e - scriptive c a t a l o g i n g p r a c t i c e is the u r g e n t hope of a l l those w h o , like this r e v i e w e r , h a v e f o l l o w e d its d e v e l o p m e n t e n t h u s i a s t i c a l l y and a p p r o v i n g l y . If it should p r o v e t o be w i d e l y a c c e p t a b l e , if it should r e s o l v e some of the c o n t r o v e r s i a l issues of recent decades, if it should g a i n the confidence of both c a t a l o g e r s and a d m i n i s t r a t o r s , the p r o f e s s i o n w i l l h a v e paid a richly d e s e r v e d t r i b u t e to M r . H e n k l e , M i s s M o r s c h , M r . L u b e t s k y , and the m a n y others, both w i t h i n the L i b r a r y of C o n g r e s s and w i t h o u t , w h o w e r e responsible f o r its preparation.—Raynard C. Swank. HISTORY OF MANUAL AND INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION Charles A. Bennett Acknowledged as the greatest work so far at- tempted in setting forth the true background of indusrial education as known today. Points out the vital forces which have brought about changes in both general and vocational education back to the period of apprenticeships and earliest development in Russia, Europe and the United States. A book that is a contribution of major im- portance to the literature of American education both as a text for teacher-training classes and as an indispensable reference for the field of industrial and vocational education. In two volumes: Volume I, up to 1870, $5.00 Volume II, 1870-1917, 5.50 Order through your dealer or direct from THE MANUAL ARTS PRESS 447 Duroc Bldg., Peoria 3, Illinois 94 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES