College and Research Libraries a d d i t i o n t o t h a t genre of r e f e r e n c e w o r k w h o s e p u r p o s e it is to give t h e l i b r a r y p a t r o n a good s t a r t t o w a r d t h e m a s t e r y of a s u b j e c t in w h i c h he e x p e c t s t o h a v e a s u s t a i n e d i n t e r - est. I t fits i n t o t h a t c a t e g o r y w h i c h a l r e a d y c o n t a i n s , in a d d i t i o n to a l a r g e n u m b e r of w o r k s in h i s t o r i o g r a p h y , such i t e m s as L o u t t i t ' s Handbook of Psychological Litera- ture, M e l l o n ' s Chemical Publications, S o u l e ' s Library Guide for the Chemist, a n d P a r k e ' s Guide to the Literature of Mathematics and Physics. A s a b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l s t a r t f o r t h e w r i t e r of a t e r m p a p e r o r a f u l l - f l e d g e d d i s s e r t a t i o n in e d u c a t i o n a l h i s t o r y , it d o e s its w o r k w e l l . T h e r e a r e f e w o m m i s s i o n s of w h i c h t h e r e - v i e w e r w o u l d w i s h t o c o m p l a i n . A m o n g t h e c o m p i l e r ' s o v e r s i g h t s a r e The Literature of Adult Education, by B e a l s and B r o d y , and t h e issue of t h e Review of Educational Research ( O c t o b e r 1936) on t h e " H i s t o r y of E d u c a t i o n and C o m p a r a t i v e E d u c a t i o n . " I t e m 290 of D r . B r i c k m a n ' s b i b l i o g r a p h y l e a d s the r e a d e r to t h e issue of Review of Educational Re- search w h i c h c o v e r s t h e s a m e field f o r t h e y e a r s 1936 t o 1939, b u t s o m e h o w o m i t s t h e basic b i b l i o g r a p h y published t h r e e y e a r s p r e v i - ous. N e e d l e s s to say, t h e r e is a g r e a t d e a l of o v e r l a p p i n g b e t w e e n t h e 1936 Review of Educational Research, w h i c h o f f e r s 975 b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l items, and t h e book u n d e r r e v i e w a t t h e m o m e n t . I t s h o u l d also be n o t e d t h a t t h e f o r m e r , b e c a u s e of its r u n n i n g c o m m e n t a r y a n d s u b j e c t b r e a k d o w n s , is in m a n y r e s p e c t s a m o r e u s a b l e b i b l i o g r a p h y t h a n D r . B r i c k m a n ' s . T h e Guide a p p r o a c h ( w h i c h lists i t e m s by f o r m of i s s u e ) m u s t c e r - t a i n l y r e l i n q u i s h m a n y of t h e a d v a n t a g e s of s u b j e c t and period divisions. T h e a u t h o r f e e l s t h a t his d e t a i l e d t a b l e of c o n t e n t s a n d s u b j e c t i n d e x ( t o t h e b i b l i o g r a - phy o n l y ) o b v i a t e this difficulty and, in f a c t , " m a k e a c o m p l e t e index u n n e c e s s a r y . " F r o m t h e u s e r ' s point of v i e w , no index could be t o o c o m p l e t e . F o r a l t h o u g h t h e b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l items a n d t h e i r a n n o t a t i o n s r e v e a l " t i m e " and " p l a c e " v a l u e s excellently, t h e index does n o t l i g h t t h e w a y t o t h e m w e l l e n o u g h . M a n y of D r . B r i c k m a n ' s ablest c r i t i c a l e v a l u a t i o n s of i n d i v i d u a l s o u r c e s a p p e a r in t h e t e x t u a l p o r t i o n of his book. A n e x p a n s i o n of t h e index to include t h e s e w o u l d g r e a t l y e n h a n c e t h e v a l u e of t h e book w i t h o u t s u b s t a n t i a l l y i n c r e a s i n g its b u l k . T h o s e w h o look to this Guide f o r a s s i s t a n c e in t h e a r e a of l i b r a r y h i s t o r y — w h i c h , a f t e r all, is a b r a n c h of e d u c a t i o n a l h i s t o r y — w i l l be d i s a p p o i n t e d w i t h its m e a g e r c o v e r a g e . T h e five m o n o g r a p h i c w o r k s in l i b r a r y h i s t o r y which D r . B r i c k m a n h a s included a r e ap- p a r e n t l y selected f o r t h e i r b r o a d c o v e r a g e and because they m e e t t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s of m o d e r n h i s t o r i c a l s c h o l a r s h i p . T h e y a f f o r d a fine e n t r e e i n t o s o m e aspects of l i b r a r y h i s t o r y b u t a r e not sufficient. I t w o u l d be h e l p f u l if, in a f u t u r e edition, t h e c o m p i l e r could at l e a s t do m o r e w i t h t h e b i b l i o g r a p h y of l i b r a r y h i s t o r y . H e h a s n o t even listed C a n n o n ' s Bibliography of Library Economy and t h e v o l u m e s of Li- brary Literature w h i c h b r i n g it u p to d a t e . P e r h a p s w e s h o u l d n o t c o m p l a i n so m u c h of neglect w h e n w e o u r s e l v e s a r e g u i l t y of h a v i n g n e g l e c t e d t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h o r o u g h l y t h e p a s t of o u r p r o f e s s i o n . T h e r e is a special need f o r g u i l t f e e l i n g s in a g r o u p w h i c h is so w e l l t r a i n e d t o h a n d l e s o u r c e m a t e r i a l s . I t is s u r e l y o v e r o p t i m i s t i c to hope t h a t e d u c a t i o n f o r l i b r a r i a n s h i p , in its c u r r e n t t r a n s i t i o n t o w a r d a g r e a t e r c o n c e r n w i t h principles and b a c k g r o u n d s , w i l l e m p h a s i z e t h e r e s e a r c h p o i n t of v i e w . O n e h i n t given l a s t y e a r by P r e s i d e n t H a r o l d T a y l o r of S a r a h L a w r e n c e C o l l e g e , a t a m e e t i n g of t h e N e w Y o r k L i b r a r y C l u b , is t h a t it m a y be possi- ble to do a s i z a b l e p a r t of t h e j o b of t r a i n i n g f o r t h e p r o f e s s i o n by r e q u i r i n g l i b r a r y school s t u d e n t s to d o m e a n i n g f u l s u b j e c t p r o j e c t s w h i c h involve t h e e x t e n s i v e use of w e l l - a r r a n g e d libraries.—Sidney Ditzion, College of the City of New York Library. Communications Research Communications Research, 1948-49. E d i t e d by P a u l F . L a z a r s f e l d a n d F r a n k N . S t a n - t o n . N e w Y o r k , H a r p e r and B r o t h e r s , 1949. xviii, 332p. $4-50. I n a s m u c h as t h e e d i t o r s of this t h i r d v o l u m e of a series b e g u n in 1941 u n d e r t h e title of Radio Research h a v e f o u n d it de- s i r a b l e t o use a m o r e g e n e r a l t e r m f o r t h e t i t l e of t h e first p o s t w a r v o l u m e , it s h o u l d be i n t e r e s t i n g and i n s t r u c t i v e t o m a k e at 176 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES l e a s t a c a s u a l c o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n this v o l u m e and t h e t w o which preceded it. T h e e d i t o r s ' j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r t h e c h a n g e in t i t l e is m a d e in t h e s e w o r d s f r o m t h e p r e f a c e : " T h e t e c h - niques w h i c h a r e used t o s t u d y t h e a t t i t u d e s of r e a d e r s a r e s i m i l a r t o those by w h i c h r a d i o l i s t e n e r s a r e i n v e s t i g a t e d . W e u n d e r s t a n d t h e a u d i e n c e s t r u c t u r e of one m e d i u m b e t t e r if w e use f o r c o m p a r i s o n d a t a a v a i l a b l e on all t h e o t h e r s . I t w a s , t h e r e f o r e , finally decided t h a t n o w t h a t t h e p u b l i c a t i o n of t h e series is r e - s u m e d they w o u l d use t h e m o r e g e n e r a l t i t l e ' C o m m u n i c a t i o n s R e s e a r c h ' . " A n e x a m i n a t i o n of the first v o l u m e 1 r e v e a l s a c o n t e n t of six studies, of w h i c h five a r e specifically c o n c e r n e d w i t h r a d i o ; f o u r of t h e s e a r e c o n c e r n e d entirely w i t h r a d i o . T h e fifth, e n t i t l e d " R a d i o and t h e P r e s s A m o n g Y o u n g P e o p l e , " is c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e c o m p e - tition of r a d i o w i t h a n o t h e r m e d i u m in t h e p u r v e y a n c e of n e w s to y o u n g people. A s i x t h study, e n t i t l e d " T h e P o p u l a r M u s i c I n - d u s t r y , " t o u c h e s on r a d i o as one of t h e m e d i a t h r o u g h w h i c h a s o n g comes p o p u l a r . I t seems c l e a r t h a t this first v o l u m e of Radio Research w a s indeed c o n c e r n e d e n t i r e l y w i t h r a d i o . T h e second v o l u m e 2 c o n t a i n s a t o t a l of 17 studies, of w h i c h 14 a r e c o n c e r n e d e n t i r e l y and exclusively w i t h r a d i o . T w o o t h e r s ex- a m i n e d r e s e a r c h t e c h n i q u e s w h i c h a r e ap- plicable t o r a d i o and o t h e r m e d i a , and w e r e n o t specifically r e l a t e d to r a d i o . A t h i r d en- t i t l e d " B i o g r a p h i e s in P o p u l a r M a g a z i n e s " is a s t u d y of a n o t h e r m e d i u m e n t i r e l y and is n o t r e l a t e d to r a d i o at all. F o u r t e e n o u t of 17 is a high p r o p o r t i o n and t h e title Radio Re- search is c l e a r l y j u s t i f i e d . L o o k i n g n o w t o t h e v o l u m e at h a n d , w e find t h a t it c o n t a i n s eight studies, of w h i c h only t h r e e a r e c o n c e r n e d specifically w i t h r a d i o . T h r e e o t h e r s a r e s t u d i e s of o t h e r m e d i a ; n a m e l y , comic m a g a z i n e s , n e w s p a p e r s , and g e n e r a l m a g a z i n e s . T h e t w o r e m a i n i n g s t u d i e s a r e c o n c e r n e d w i t h analyses of r e - s e a r c h techniques, w h i c h a r e r e l a t e d no m o r e to r a d i o t h a n to any o t h e r m e d i u m . T h e c o n t e n t s of this n e w v o l u m e seem t o a m p l y j u s t i f y t h e use of t h e b r o a d e r t i t l e of Com- munications Research. 1 L a z a r s f e l d , P a u l F . , a n d S t a n t o n , F r a n k N . Radio Research, 1941. N e w Y o r k . D u e l l , S l o a n a n d P e a r c e , 1941. 2 L a z a r s f e l d , P a u l F . , a n d S t a n t o n , F r a n k N . Radio Research, 1942-43. N e w Y o r k , D u e l l , S l o a n a n d P e a r c e , 1944. Since m o r e t h a n a t h i r d of t h e book's 332 pages is c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e m e d i u m of r a d i o , it is w e l l to consider t h e s e s t u d i e s first. P r o b a b l y t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t is called " A n A n a l y s i s of R a d i o P r o g r a m m i n g " by K e n n e t h B a k e r , w h o describes in c o n s i d e r a b l e detail t h e p r o g r a m p a t t e r n o b t a i n i n g on a s t r a t i f i e d r a n - d o m s a m p l e of 85 m e m b e r s of t h e N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n of B r o a d c a s t e r s d u r i n g t h e t h i r d w e e k in N o v e m b e r 1946. M a n y d e t a i l e d t a b l e s a r e u l t i m a t e l y s u m m a r i z e d in t h e f o l - l o w i n g f a s h i o n : V e r y n e a r l y half of all r a d i o p r o g r a m s a r e m u s i c a l in c h a r a c t e r . M o r e t h a n half of this m u s i c a l t i m e is devoted to p o p u l a r music. D r a m a t i c p r o g r a m s occupy second place in the field of p r o g r a m m i n g , w h i l e t h i r d place goes t o n e w s and n e w s c o m m e n t a r y . T h e 85 s t a t i o n s w e r e f o u n d to be heavily d e p e n d e n t u p o n n e t w o r k p r o - g r a m s . I t w a s f o u n d t h a t a b o u t o n e - t h i r d of r a d i o t i m e is n o t sponsored and t h a t a b o u t 14 p e r cent of t h e t o t a l t i m e on t h e air is devoted to c o m m e r c i a l a n n o u n c e m e n t s . T h e s e f a c t s a n d i n f o r m a t i o n a r e p r e s e n t e d f o r w h a t they m a y be w o r t h to t h e i n d u s t r y as a base u p o n w h i c h t o m e a s u r e such c h a n g e s in p r o g r a m m i n g as m a y occur in f u t u r e y e a r s . T h e s t u d y m a k e s no j u d g m e n t as to w h e t h e r this p a r t i c u l a r p a t t e r n of p r o g r a m m i n g is good, bad o r i n d i f f e r e n t . T h e second s t u d y concerned w i t h r a d i o , en- t i t l e d " R e s e a r c h f o r A c t i o n " w a s c o n d u c t e d by t h e senior e d i t o r a n d H e l e n D i n e r m a n , w h o a r e h e r e c o n c e r n e d e n t i r e l y w i t h t h e w e e k d a y m o r n i n g r a d i o a u d i e n c e ; o r , m o r e a c c u r a t e l y , w i t h a p o t e n t i a l m o r n i n g a u d i e n c e w h i c h f o r one r e a s o n o r a n o t h e r does n o t b o t h e r listening to t h e r a d i o . T h e r e s e a r c h w a s d i r e c t e d to t h e g e n e r a l o b j e c t i v e of p r o - v i d i n g a p r o g r a m of action f o r b r o a d c a s t e r s to b r i n g these r e c a l c i t r a n t s into t h e f o l d . T h a t this should be c o n s i d e r e d a w o r t h - w h i l e o b j e c t i v e is reflected in t h e f a c t t h a t 37 p e r c e n t of a s a m p l e of 2650 w o m e n insisted t h a t they n e v e r listen to t h e r a d i o on w e e k - day m o r n i n g s . M a j o r a t t e n t i o n w a s given to this g r o u p of n o n l i s t e n e r s , r e s u l t i n g in t h e discovery t h a t they f a l l i n t o f o u r f a i r l y c l e a r l y d e f i n a b l e types. E i g h t e e n p e r c e n t a r e n o n l i s t e n e r s because t h e i r m o r n i n g activities t a k e t h e m t o p a r t s of t h e h o u s e w h e r e they c a n n o t h e a r t h e r a d i o . T h e a u t h o r s a r e n o t s u r e w h a t to do a b o u t this g r o u p , b u t s u g g e s t t h a t it A P R I L , 1950 18 7 m i g h t be possible f o r l o c a l r a d i o s t a t i o n s t o o f f e r t h e s e r v i c e s of a h o u s e h o l d e n g i n e e r t o a d v i s e t h e s e n o n l i s t e n e r s on t h e b e s t l o c a t i o n f o r t h e i r r a d i o . A n o t h e r g r o u p , a m o u n t i n g t o 58 p e r c e n t of t h e n o n l i s t e n e r s , w a s f o u n d to h a v e a o n e - t r a c k m i n d . T h a t is, t h e y c l a i m t h e y a r e u n a b l e t o l i s t e n t o t h e r a d i o a n d d o t h e i r w o r k s i m u l t a n e o u s l y . B e i n g s o m e w h a t c o n - s c i e n t i o u s , t h e y c h o s e t o d o t h e i r w o r k . T h e s u g g e s t e d s o l u t i o n is b e t t e r p r o g r a m m i n g w h i c h w i l l c a u s e t h e s e l i s t e n e r s t o n e g l e c t t h e i r w o r k . A t h i r d g r o u p , a m o u n t i n g t o 12 p e r c e n t of t h e n o n l i s t e n e r s , is r e f e r r e d t o as a " r a d i o r e s i s t e r s g r o u p . " T h e s e p e o p l e a p p a r e n t l y do n o t like r a d i o a t all a n d t h e a u t h o r s of t h i s s t u d y w r i t e t h e m off a s i m p o s s i b l e t o r e a c h . T h e f o u r t h g r o u p is r e f e r r e d t o as t h e " p r o g r a m r e s i s t e r s g r o u p , " w h i c h a c - c o u n t s f o r a n o t h e r 12 p e r c e n t of n o n l i s t e n e r s . T h i s s m a l l g r o u p of w o m e n do n o t l i s t e n t o t h e r a d i o in t h e m o r n i n g b e c a u s e t h e y do n o t like t h e p r o g r a m m i n g a n d d o n o t m i n d s a y i n g so. R a t h e r t h a n b e i n g e n t i t l e d " R e s e a r c h f o r A c t i o n , " t h i s p a r t i c u l a r s t u d y w o u l d b e t t e r h a v e b e e n c a l l e d " R e s e a r c h w i t h a P u r p o s e . " T h e a u t h o r s a r e c o n c e r n e d n o t so m u c h w i t h s t u d y i n g a s i t u a t i o n o r w i t h d i s c o v e r i n g a n e w p a t t e r n of a c t i v i t y , as t h e y a r e w i t h s e e k i n g w a y s a n d m e a n s of a t t r a c t i n g m o r e p e o p l e t o t h e i r l o u d s p e a k e r s . T h i s is, w e s u p p o s e , a g o o d e n o u g h o b j e c t i v e f o r a r e s e a r c h d e p a r t - m e n t of a r a d i o n e t w o r k , b u t m u s t be l o o k e d a t s o m e w h a t a s k a n c e as a n o b j e c t i v e of a u n i v e r s i t y r e s e a r c h b u r e a u . T h e t h i r d s t u d y c o n c e r n e d w i t h r a d i o , w r i t t e n by A l e x I n k e l e s , is e n t i t l e d " D o m e s t i c B r o a d c a s t i n g in t h e U . S . S . R . " a n d d e s c r i b e s t h e h i s t o r y of R u s s i a n r a d i o f r o m its b e g i n - n i n g t o c o m p a r a t i v e l y r e c e n t t i m e s . I t is e s s e n t i a l l y a s y n t h e s i s of t h e a u t h o r ' s e x p e r i - ence w i t h d o m e s t i c R u s s i a n r a d i o a n d m a t e r i a l v a r i o u s l y a v a i l a b l e in p r i n t . D e t a i l e d a n d c o m p l e t e , it c o v e r s s u c h a s p e c t s of r a d i o as a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , t h e b r o a d c a s t i n g n e t w o r k , r a d i o r e c e p t i o n , p r o g r a m m i n g a n d p r o g r a m policy, t h e r a d i o a u d i e n c e , a n d c o n c l u d e s w i t h t h e p l a c e of r a d i o in t h e S o v i e t s y s t e m . C a r e - f u l r e a d i n g of t h i s w e l l - i n t e g r a t e d s y n t h e s i s w i l l d o m u c h t o w a r d d e v e l o p i n g a n u n d e r - s t a n d i n g of t h e w a y in w h i c h a n a u t h o r i t a r i a n s t a t e c a n b e n d a m e d i u m of c o m m u n i c a t i o n t o t h e f u r t h e r a n c e of s t a t e policy. I n a s t u d y e n t i t l e d " T h e C h i l d r e n T a l k a b o u t C o m i c s , " K a t h e r i n e M . W o l f a n d M a r j o r i e F i s k g o b e y o n d t h e s o u n d a n d t h e f u r y w h i c h e d u c a t o r s a n d p a r e n t s h a v e been r a i s i n g a b o u t t h e e f f e c t s of c o m i c b o o k r e a d - ing, t o ask t h e c h i l d r e n w h a t t h e y t h i n k of t h e c o m i c b o o k s t h e y f i n d in t h e i r society a n d t o w h i c h t h e y a r e so easily a n d c o n s t a n t l y e x p o s e d . T h e s t u d y is b a s e d on h o u r - l o n g i n t e r v i e w s w i t h a c a r e f u l l y s t r a t i f i e d s a m p l e of 104 c h i l d r e n b e t w e e n t h e ages of s e v e n a n d 17, m o r e t h a n h a l f of w h o m w e r e e i t h e r 11 o r 12 y e a r s o l d . T h e s t u d y is r e m a r k a b l y f r e e of t a b l e s a n d c h a r t s a n d d r a w s a g o o d d e a l of its i n t e r e s t a n d s i g n i f i c a n c e f r o m q u o - t a t i o n s f r o m t h e c h i l d r e n ' s c o m m e n t s a b o u t c o m i c s in g e n e r a l , a b o u t t h e i r p a r e n t s ' a t t i - t u d e s t o w a r d t h e m , a n d a b o u t specific c o m i c b o o k t i t l e s . I t s e e m s c l e a r f r o m t h e s t u d y t h a t c h i l d r e n g o t h r o u g h a f a i r l y r e g u l a r p a t t e r n of c o m i c b o o k r e a d i n g w h i c h a f f e c t s s o m e m o r e t h a n o t h e r s , b u t is f a i r l y c o m m o n t o all. T h e a u t h o r s c o n c l u d e t h a t c o m i c s s a t i s f y a r e a l d e v e l o p m e n t a l n e e d in n o r m a l c h i l d r e n a n d a r e h a r m f u l o n l y f o r c h i l d r e n w h o a r e a l r e a d y m a l a d j u s t e d a n d s u s c e p t i b l e t o h a r m . I t is a n ill w i n d t h a t does n o t b l o w s o m e g o o d , a n d t h e p a r a l y z i n g s t r i k e of n e w s p a p e r d i s t r i b u t o r s a g a i n s t e i g h t m a j o r N e w Y o r k n e w s p a p e r s f o r 17 d a y s in J u n e 1945, s e r v e d a s a g o l d e n o p p o r t u n i t y f o r B e r n a r d B e r e l - son t o find o u t w h e t h e r m i s s i n g t h e n e w s p a p e r m a d e a n y d i f f e r e n c e t o t h e p e o p l e of N e w Y o r k . H i s r e s u l t s a r e i n t e r e s t i n g a n d signifi- c a n t t o t h o s e c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e sociology of r e a d i n g . M o s t p e o p l e h e a s k e d w e r e v e r y s u r e t h a t it is i m p o r t a n t t h a t p e o p l e r e a d n e w s p a p e r s e v e r y d a y , b u t v e r y f e w of t h e m w e r e able t o i n d i c a t e specific n e w s of i m p o r t a n c e t h e y h a d b e e n r e a d i n g b e f o r e t h e s t r i k e , w h i c h t h e y w e r e t h e n m i s s i n g . O u r society s e e m s t o h a v e d e v e l o p e d an a u r a of r e s p e c t a b i l i t y a b o u t r e a d i n g t o t h e e x t e n t t h a t p e o p l e w i t h - o u t t h e i r n e w s p a p e r , a n d t h u s h a v i n g n o t h i n g t o r e a d , h a d a sense of w a s t i n g t h e i r t i m e . P e o p l e f e e l t h a t it is s o m e h o w i m m o r a l t o w a s t e t i m e , a n d t h a t t i m e is n o t w a s t e d if o n e is r e a d i n g , b e c a u s e r e a d i n g p e r se, is w o r t h w h i l e . I n B e r e l s o n ' s w o r d s , it m a y be said t h a t " t h e a c t of r e a d i n g itself p r o v i d e s c e r t a i n b a s i c s a t i s f a c t i o n , w i t h o u t p r i m a r y r e - 178 COLLEGE AND RESEARCH LIBRARIES g a r d f o r t h e c o n t e n t of t h e r e a d i n g m a t t e r . " I n a d d i t i o n to t h e u s u a l r e a s o n s f o r r e a d i n g a n e w s p a p e r , w h i c h m a y be listed, ( i ) f o r i n f o r m a t i o n , ( 2 ) as a tool f o r daily living, ( 3 ) f o r respite, and ( 4 ) f o r social p r e s t i g e , B e r e l s o n f o u n d t h a t m a n y r e a d e r s use t h e n e w s p a p e r as a s o u r c e of s e c u r i t y . O n e m a n , f o r e x a m p l e , r e p o r t e d t h a t he f e l t u n e a s y " b e - c a u s e I d o n ' t k n o w w h a t I a m m i s s i n g — a n d w h e n I d o n ' t k n o w I w o r r y . " A n e w s p a p e r , in s h o r t , "is missed b e c a u s e it s e r v e s as a s o u r c e of s e c u r i t y in a d i s t u r b i n g w o r l d , " a n d , " b e c a u s e t h e r e a d i n g of t h e n e w s p a p e r h a s become a c e r e m o n i a l o r r i t u a l i s t i c o r n e a r - c o m p u l s i v e act f o r m a n y p e o p l e . " T h e t h i r d s t u d y of m e d i a o t h e r t h a n r a d i o is c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e p o p u l a r m a g a z i n e s and t h e e x t e n t to w h i c h t h e i r r e a d e r s o v e r l a p one a n o t h e r . T h e s t u d y , w r i t t e n by B a b e t t e K a s s , is based on t h e 5344 w o m e n in I o w a w h o w e r e i n t e r v i e w e d in connection w i t h a s t u d y of t h e I o w a r a d i o audience. T h e s t u d y c o n s i d e r s d i r e c t l y t h e 17 m a g a z i n e s w h i c h a t l e a s t 200 w o m e n indicated they r e a d r e g u - l a r l y . Since it is g e n e r a l l y a s s u m e d to be t r u e t h a t a m a n is k n o w n by t h e r e a d i n g he does, so is a w o m a n k n o w n by t h e m a g a z i n e she r e a d s . I n o r d e r f o r such a g e n e r a l i z a t i o n t o h a v e m e a n i n g f o r social r e s e a r c h , h o w e v e r , it is n e c e s s a r y t o develop an index of t h e c u l t u r a l v a l u e of p e r i o d i c a l s so t h a t w e can k n o w precisely w h a t it does m e a n w h e n it is discovered t h a t a given i n d i v i d u a l o r g r o u p r e g u l a r l y r e a d s t h e American Magazine o r t h e American Mercury. T h i s s t u d y p r o v i d e s an a p p r o a c h t o such a c u l t u r a l index f o r t h e m a g a z i n e s u n d e r e x a m i n a t i o n . T h e t w o s t u d i e s devoted t o r e s e a r c h t e c h - n i q u e s a r e t o o d e t a i l e d and t o o t e c h n i c a l in n a t u r e to w a r r a n t f u l l d e s c r i p t i o n h e r e . T h e f i r s t of these, by P a t r i c i a L . K e n d a l l and K a t h e r i n e M . W o l f , e n t i t l e d " T h e A n a l y s i s of D e v i a n t C a s e s in C o m m u n i c a t i o n s R e - s e a r c h , " is a description of an a p p a r e n t l y s u c c e s s f u l a t t e m p t to m a k e hay of t h e d e v i a n t cases in a r e s e a r c h s t u d y w h i c h a r e u s u a l l y a s o u r c e of e m b a r r a s s m e n t to t h e r e s e a r c h e r . T h e a u t h o r s find t h a t special analysis of d e v i a n t cases s e r v e s t w o basic r e s e a r c h f u n c - t i o n s : " ( 1 ) t o discover a d d i t i o n a l r e l e v a n t f a c t o r s , and ( 2 ) to refine t h e m e a s u r e m e n t of f a c t o r s a l r e a d y c o n s i d e r e d . " T h e o t h e r s t u d y of r e s e a r c h t e c h n i q u e is by R o b e r t K . M e r t o n and is e n t i t l e d " P a t t e r n s of I n f l u e n c e : A S t u d y of I n t e r - p e r s o n a l I n f l u e n c e and of C o m m u n i c a t i o n s B e h a v i o r in a L o c a l C o m m u n i t y . " I n t h e w o r d s of t h e a u t h o r , t h e aim of t h i s pilot s t u d y w a s f o u r f o l d : " ( 1 ) to i d e n t i f y types of people r e g a r d e d as v a r i o u s l y ' i n f l u e n t i a l ' by t h e i r f e l l o w s ; ( 2 ) t o r e l a t e p a t t e r n s of c o m - m u n i c a t i o n s b e h a v i o r to t h e i r roles as in- fluential p e r s o n s ; ( 3 ) t o gain clues t o t h e chief a v e n u e s t h r o u g h w h i c h they c a m e to a c q u i r e i n f l u e n c e ; and ( 4 ) to set o u t h y p o t h e s e s f o r m o r e s y s t e m a t i c s t u d y of t h e w o r k i n g s of i n t e r p e r s o n a l influence in t h e local c o m m u n i t y . " T h e a u t h o r c o n s i d e r s this t o be an e x p l o r a t o r y s t u d y f o c u s e d upon t h e sociology of m a s s c o m m u n i c a t i o n in r e l a t i o n to i n t e r p e r s o n a l influence. I t is based p r i - m a r i l y on i n t e r v i e w s of 86 m e n a n d w o m e n f r o m d i v e r s e social and economic s t r a t a in a t o w n of 11,000 on t h e e a s t e r n s e a b o a r d . T h u s it is m o r e a succession of case s t u d i e s t h a n a s t a t i s t i c a l analysis. Still, it s e r v e s v e r y w e l l t h e p u r p o s e of p o i n t i n g o u t t h e p a i n s t a k i n g c a r e and diligence n e c e s s a r y t o a s t u d y of i n t e r p e r s o n a l r e l a t i o n s . A n d it goes a l o n g w a y t o w a r d p r o v i d i n g evidence in s u p - p o r t of t h e a u t h o r ' s f o u r f o l d a i m . A l t h o u g h it is c e r t a i n l y t r u e t h a t this f i r s t p o s t w a r v o l u m e of Communications Research h a s given a t t e n t i o n t o s e v e r a l m e d i a o t h e r t h a n r a d i o , r a d i o h a s received t h r e e t i m e s as m u c h a t t e n t i o n as any one o t h e r m e d i u m . A n d s e v e r a l m e d i a h a v e received no a t t e n t i o n in this v o l u m e a t all. T h e r e is n o t h i n g , f o r e x a m p l e , on t h e m o t i o n p i c t u r e as a m e d i u m of c o m m u n i c a t i o n . T h e r e is n o t h i n g on t h e use of books in l i b r a r i e s o r e l s e w h e r e . I t is t r u e , of c o u r s e , t h a t t h e s e l a t t e r m e d i a a r e n o t d e p e n d e n t on a d v e r t i s i n g in t h e s a m e m a n n e r as is t h e r a d i o , t h e n e w s p a p e r and t h e m a g a z i n e . W e hope, h o w e v e r , t h a t it is n o t t o o m u c h to expect Communications Re- search in f u t u r e v o l u m e s t o c o n c e r n itself w i t h all fields of c o m m u n i c a t i o n , w h e t h e r o r n o t it is possible to find some i n t e r e s t e d p a r t y to s u p p o r t t h e n e c e s s a r y r e s e a r c h basic to an u n d e r s t a n d i n g of t h e r o l e of each m e d i u m of c o m m u n i c a t i o n in m o d e r n s o c i e t y . — L e R o y Charles Merritt, School of Librarianship, University of California. APRIL, 1950 179