Book Reviews 773 Contending with the nature of the relationship between the region and the rest of the United States was an integral part of AMP’s mission. One of the best parts of the book is Slifer’s sensitive, well-informed discussion of the idea of Appalachia as an internal colony, an argument that animated many of AMP’s collaborators and publications. In fact, Slifer’s work suggests that the press played a key part in the development and dissemination of the idea, and its role should be taken into account by scholars studying the history of the Appalachian identity movement. This concept, inspired by the anti-imperialist agenda prevalent in the New Left of the period, provided a powerful tool for analysis and explanation for a generation of Appalachian activism and scholarship. But it has both intellectual pitfalls and frequently unexamined racial implications, which Slifer explains in a thoughtful critique. However, Slifer does not lose sight of the fact that the internal colony thesis was advanced as a part of a radical regional project of claiming the right to self-definition. As he quotes Don West, “a people’s understanding of its history is the way their self-image is created…and your self-image determines what you try to do.” The reproductions of four publications that make up the second half of the book illustrate the variety of approaches AMP took in attempting to reshape that historical understanding. So Much to Be Angry About contains much that can benefit librarians. Those who are already working with materials that document social movements will be aware of their unique chal- lenges. Activists can be uninterested, unable, or, due to the very real threat of state repression or retaliation from opponents, unwilling to create and keep records of their activities. The AMP seems to present the more familiar case in which the priorities of the people involved shifted and the history of the endeavor was left subject to the attrition of individual memories. This reinforces the value of the increasing body of work on the roles librarians and archivists can play in assisting communities in documenting social movements. Slifer’s findings also sug- gest avenues of inquiry librarians may wish to pursue as they acquire and document collec- tions of movement press materials. So Much to Be Angry About provides an excellent reminder that, as interesting as the content of movement media often is, the social, technological, and economic circumstances of its creation deserve attention in their own right.—Richelle Brown, University of North Georgia Defining a Discipline: Archival Research and Practice in the Twenty-First Century, Essays in Honor of Richard J. Cox. Jeanette A. Bastian and Elizabeth Yakel, eds. Chicago, IL: Society of American Archivists, 2020. Paper, $103.20 (ISBN 978-1945246272). While the act of defining typically underscores features that establish limits and exclusivity, this book honoring Richard J. Cox, a celebrated scholar, educator, mentor, and contributor to the archival discipline in the United States, does the opposite. Instead, this volume offers ex- panded and more inclusive meanings and values to archival scholarship, praxis, and pedagogy through the insightful essays written by Cox’s former students and colleagues. The essays, according to Bastian and Yakel, “seek to carry his vision of an archival discipline and the trans- formational power of scholarship forward. At the same time, push this vision into new, related directions” (ix). Indeed, this book pushes beyond the limits of archiving traditions that for many years have defined the discipline and how archivists understand why they do what they do. 774 College & Research Libraries July 2021 The essays are categorized into four themes: accountability and evidence, ethics and education, archival history, and memory. The themes reflect the areas that define Cox’s major influence and resonate with the issues central to archives and records in the United States and in the global context. Each section has three or four articles, ending with a brief commentary that thought- fully brings together the views and ideas of the authors in relation to each section’s theme. The first section, accountability and evidence, presents different cases that interrogate records as evidence and as sites of manipulation, politics, and power. The discussion begins with the case of war crimes in Vietnam, wherein David Wallace raises the need to revisit archives and recordkeeping as truthful mechanisms that will establish reality different from what the official records reflect. Wendy Duff and Jefferson Sporn examine the concept of archival evidence by putting forward a collaborative model of creation of testimonies as valid and powerful tools for emancipatory purposes. To further expound the concept of accountability while engaging more human elements and the affective impact of archives, Michelle Caswell, Joyce Gabiola, Gracen Brilmyer, and Jimmy Zavala reframe accountability from legal to ethical perspectives. Ethics and responsibility are also at the center of Luciana Duranti’s essay as she analyzes the concepts of truth, evidence, and trust, urging the archives and recordkeeping profession to rebuild their authority through various infrastructures. Heather Soyka ends this section with a commentary summarizing the essays’ essential points with respect to the archivists’ obliga- tion to do more work to tackle the evolving concerns on accountability, power, and authority. Discussions about ethics, integrity, and responsibilities of archivists continue in the follow- ing section, ethics and education. This section presents ways that archivists actively participate in changing the traditional archival mindsets while highlighting the need for transparency in archival decisions and actions, as well as the importance of a commitment to translate archi- val theories to more pluralized pedagogical approaches and imaginative activities. Heather MacNeil questions the notions of integrity and accountability of records, arguing that it is the ethical duty of archivists to treat care records of children as unheard voices that must be included and made accessible in the archives. Eleanor Mattern examines Hillary Clinton’s case of using her private email, maintaining that NARA should continuously monitor and improve its regulatory requirements and be more transparent with the processes. Moving away from conventional ways of teaching based on standards, Anne J. Gilliland and Kathy Carbone focus on how to design and implement their archival courses using the fourth di- mension of the records continuum as the framework, another approach on how archives can be used as a space for imagination and creation of new artworks, records, and experiences. In her commentary, Alison Langmead recaps the ideas presented and remarks that archivists possess power and must take responsibility for their choices. Looking into the past and future of archives, the third section, archival history, focuses on the historical study of records and recordkeeping in different contexts and topographies. Donghee Sinn investigates the dynamics of the No Gun Ri community and how the members want their marginalized stories to be told, remembered, and understood. Lindsay Kistler Mattock presents how archives become important sites of making, imagination, and empow- erment, especially with the use of new media. Patricia Galloway narrates the story of how professional networks operate, particularly the activities done by Camp Pitt in assisting the members of their community of practice. Robert B. Riter provides the commentary in the end, underlining Cox’s optimism on the continuous advancement and maturity of the archival discipline and its history. Book Reviews 775 The dynamic relationship between memory and archives has occupied a significant place in the contemporary archival discourses. In the final section, memory, the authors share how social memory can be created and performed in ways different from what have been conventionally observed. Janet Ceja Alcalá details how commissioned fiesta videos of a small Mexican town construct social memory and identity of the community members. Using the case of African American land ownership, Tonia Sutherland attests the need to recognize the value of orality and not only the traditional textual records in protecting the memory and rights of the marginalized. Jeannette A. Bastian presents the changing role and performance of memory in various contexts, especially in this era in which various technologies can easily create instant and individual memories. In his commentary, Joel Blanco-Rivera stresses the need for archivists to accept new views and reconceptualizations of archival concepts and practices, mainly those concerning the creation of memories. Finally, as the discipline moves forward, James O’Toole recounts the contributions of Cox and his generation. The book stays true to its overall intent: to honor Cox and to define the archival discipline by responding to his call and vision toward the emergence of new and progressive ideas and discovering the role and potential of archives within and outside the field. The essays are particularly helpful for those who are planning to join and stay in the archives and record- keeping profession, as they contemplate the social, cultural, and ethical dimensions of their responsibilities. Aside from the writings, the inclusion of Cox’s paintings that were outcomes of his hobby adds a human touch to the book and its themes. The entire constitution of this volume therefore echoes an important invitation: to continuously define, explore, and hu- manize the archival discipline.—Iyra S. Buenrostro, School of Library and Information Studies, University of the Philippines Diliman Yarden Katz. Artificial Whiteness: Politics and Ideology in Artificial Intelligence. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2020. 352p. Paperback, $28.00 (ISBN: 9780231194907). In Artificial Whiteness: Politics and Ideology in Artificial Intelligence, Yarden Katz encourages the reader to step away from discourse that frames Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a purely technological develop- ment. Instead, the reader is guided through AI’s epistemological roots, the espoused values and priorities of its progenitors, its sources of research funding, and the marriage among academia, industry, and the American military that birthed it. By providing this context, Katz is able to more thoroughly examine and interrogate AI’s prin- cipal service to structural white supremacy and imperialism, as well as how that service has been masked by a “progressive veneer” in recent years. Katz opens the book with AI’s formal birth in 1950s academe and its struggle to disambiguate itself from other forms of computing and automation like neural networks, machine learning, and cyber- netics. Readers familiar with these various forms of computing will find this portion of the book valuable as it illustrates that, in some cases, the core differences among them are less epistemological than political. This is explicitly illustrated when Katz describes the financial relationship between early AI practitioners (academics in higher education) and the Pentagon and how this cemented AI’s role as a tool for American military and industry. The book fol-