A 
Catholic Program 

for 
World Peace 

"Hay they all unite in the Peace of Christ in a full 
concord of thoughts and emotions, of desires and prayers, 
of deeds and words—the spoken word, the written word, 
the printed word—and then an atmosphere of genuine 
peace, warming and beneficent will envelop all the world." 

The Catholic Association for 
International Peace 

1312 Massachusetts Avenue, N. W. 
Washington, D. C. 

eace 

POPE PIUS X I , 1 9 3 0 . 



HISTORY 
H E Catholic Association for International 

Peace has grown out of a series of 
meetings during 1926-1927. Follow-

ing the Eucharistie Congress in Chicago in 1926, 
representatives of a dozen nations met with 
Americans for discussion. In October of the same 
year a meeting was held in Cleveland where a 
temporary organization called The Catholic 
Committee on International Relations was formed. 
The permanent name, The Catholic Association 
for International Peace, was adopted at a two-
day Conference in Washington in 1927. Since 
1927 the Association has held the following Con-
ferences: six Annual in Washington, one in 
Cleveland and one in New York; four Regional, 
at St. Louis University, Notre Dame University, 
Marquette University and Villanova College; five 
Student, at the College of Notre Dame in Balti-
more; Trinity College, Washington; Our Lady 
of the Lake College, San Antonio; Saint Mary 
College, Leavenworth, Kans; and in Richmond. 

The Association is a membership organization. 
It came into existence to help American public 
opinion, and particularly Catholics, in the task 
of ascertaining more fully the facts of interna-
tional life and of deciding more accurately what 
ought to be done that the relations between na-
tions may become just, charitable and peaceful. 
Being an association of Americans, it directs itself 
in a special manner to the international relations 
of the United States. 

AIMS OF THE ASSOCIATION 
To study, disseminate and apply the principles of 

natural laws and Christian charity to interna-
tional problems of the day; 

To consider the moral and legal aspects of any 
action which may be proposed or advocated in 
the international sphere; 

To examine and consider issues which bear upon 
international goodwill; 

To encourage the formation of conferences, lec-
tures and study circles; 

OeacfdTüerf 



To issue reports on questions of international 
importance; 

To further, in cooperation with similar Catholic 
organizations in other countries, in accord with 
the teachings of the Church, the object and 
purposes of world peace and happiness. 

The ultimate purpose is to promote, in conformity 
with the mind of the Church, "the Peace of 
Christ in the Kingdom of Christ." 

PLAN OF C. A. I. P. 
COMMITTEE WORK 

HE opportunities and obligations of the 
United States have been greatly magni-
fied by the new international position 

we now hold. A complex set of questions arises 
from both the opportunities and obligations. As 
citizens of a democracy and as Catholics, we are 
bound to see to it, as far as possible, that our citi-
zenship is used to bring justice, charity and peace 
among the peoples of the earth. The Association 
wishes to do its part to help the United States 
and Catholics especially to know and live up to 
these opportunities. 

It proceeds with the care due the complicated 
subjects with which it deals. Its present method 
is to bring together in Committees persons ac-
quainted with particular phases of the question. 
These Committees prepare reports. The reports 
are discussed in the meetings of the organization. 
In the light of this discussion, they are then 
revised. Thereafter, they are presented to the 
Executive Committee which makes them public, 
not however as reports of the organization itself, 
but as reports of its Committees clearing the 
ground for further activities. 

It enlists the aid of scholars to make special and 
lengthy research. It desires to encourage further 
and ampler unfolding of information and judg-
ments. It welcomes discussion of its reports, and 
of the work it undertakes in papers, magazines 
and lectures. 

This is, the Association considers, the most 
practical method it can follow to build up a body 
of information and of judgments soundly based 
upon facts and right principles. It knows that 



while the ethics of international relations are in 
the main clear and definite, the application of 
these principles to particular cases requires an ade-
quate knowledge of the facts. Herein lies the 
work of the various Committees in the preparation 
of their reports. 

Activities 

The Catholic Association f o r International 
Peace, through its various Committees, prepares 
studies on world questions. Twenty-five re-
ports and eight miscellaneous pamphlets have 
already been issued. Many of these have supple-
mentary N . C. W . C. Study Outlines for use in 
colleges and lay groups. Besides this activity and 
the holding of Annual, Regional and Student Con-
ferences, it promotes international study clubs in 
Catholic colleges, seminaries and lay organiza-
tions;, it prepares and distributes special data, bib-
liographies, news releases, syllabi, study outlines, 
etc., on international problems; it translates and 
distributes foreign works on world subjects; it 
furthers annual Peace Programs in Catholic col-
leges, seminaries and Newman Clubs; it serves as 
a guide to and extends the program of the Student 
Peace Federation; it cooperates with Catholic 
Peace groups abroad and with some in this coun-
t r y ; it invites all Catholics interested to participate 
in its program; and it aspires in various other ways 
to be of service to individuals and groups in their 
work of f u r t h e r i n g " t h e Peace of Christ in the 
Kingdom of Christ." 

Student Peace Federation of The 
Catholic Association for 

International Peace 
Regional Student Peace Federations of the 

Catholic Association f o r International Peace are 
being organized in various sections of the country 
to coordinate and extend the peace activities of 
students in Catholic universities, colleges and 
Newman Clubs. The membership in the federa-
tion is open to groups in these institutions and 
to Newman Clubs dealing with international 
questions. A yearly program will be followed and 



semi-annual conferences held in the various 
regions. The work will be carried on, in coopera-
tion with the Catholic Association f o r Interna-
tional Peace, with a Faculty Adviser f r o m the 
Catholic institutions, and student representatives 
f r o m the participating groups in the different 
areas. The Faculty Advisers will hold also an 
annual meeting during the annual Conference of 
the Catholic Association f o r International Peace. 
Group membership dues in the federation are 
$10.00 with one-half of this sum going t o the 
particular region and the other to the Catholic 
Association f o r International Peace. 

General Membership 

The organization invites the membership of 
all Catholic persons interested in international 
affairs. I t seeks especially the cooperation of 
those whose study and experience qualify them 
to assist in the preparation of the reports issued 
f r o m time to time by its various committees. 

Members are entitled to all publications of the 
Association. The membership dues are: 

Contributing $5.00 
Sustaining 10.00 
Institutional 2Î.00 
Life 100.00 

Student Membership 

Individual College students may become mem-
bers of the Catholic Association for International 
Peace. This membership entitles them to the 
Committee studies issued during the year of their 
membership. Student membership does not in-
clude Committee affiliation. College students are 
urged t o join the group in their College t h a t has 
membership in the Catholic Student Peace Fed-
eration in their particular region. (See Student 
Peace Federation of the C. A. I. P.) If there is 
no such group, individual student membership in 
the Catholic Association f o r International Peace is 
invited. The membership dues are: 

Individual Student . $1.00 
Student Group 10.00 



Study Groups 
One of the main interests of the organization 

has been the creation and extension of Study 
Clubs on international problems in universities, 
colleges, and lay societies. These have been 
formed in many of the principal educational in-
stitutions and in organizations in various parts of 
the country. In most instances the texts of and 
the N . C. W . C. outlines supplementing the Com-
mittee reports have been used. The value of these 
is obvious. The first and most generally obliga-
tory means of promoting Peace is through intel-
ligent preparation. " H u m a n brotherhood," states 
the report, International Ethics, "must be inten-
sively and extensively preached to all groups and 
classes; in theological seminaries, in colleges and 
schools; in the pulpit and in catechetical instruc-
tions; in religious books and periodicals." Unless 
this is done no fundamental progress toward 
World Peace can be made. 

PUBLICATIONS OF THE 
C. A. I. P. 

Price—10c each; $1.00 a dozen; $8.00 a hundred 

PAMPHLET SERIES— 

1. I N T E R N A T I O N A L E T H I C S * — 
(The principles of right and wrong in Interna-

tional Relations. Is an avoidable war a just 
war?) 

2 . L A T I N A M E R I C A AND T H E U N I T E D 

S T A T E S * — 
(Introduction to economic, political and cultural 

relations. W h y there is anticlericalism in Latin 
America.) 

3 . CAUSES OF W A R * — 
(Moral, political and econbmic sources of inter-

national enmity) and 

SECURITY, O L D AND N E W * — 
(Inter-relations of disarmament and security. 

Which comes first, Security or Disarmament?) 

4 . H A I T I , PAST AND P R E S E N T ( O u t of Print). 

5. VITORIA, F O U N D E R OF I N T E R N A T I O N A L 

LAW—(Out of Print). 
(The great Dominican Father's right to this 

title.) 



6. A M E R I C A N AGRICULTURE AND I N T E R N A -

TIONAL A F F A I R S * — 
(How f a r does American Agriculture affect 

World Relations? Effects of city-ward move-
ment.) 

7 . P O R T O R I C O AND T H E U N I T E D STATES— 

(Out of Print). 
(Study of economic, political conditions. How 

can the United States affect them?) 

8. E U R O P E AND T H E U N I T E D STATES: E L E -

M E N T S I N T H E I R R E L A T I O N S H I P * — 
(Analysis of causes drawing us t o and f r o m 

Europe. W h a t should be our present policy?) 

9 . T H E E T H I C S OF W A R — 
(Conflicting opinions on right of war. Can there 

be a justifiable war today?) 

1 0 . N A T I O N A L ATTITUDES I N C H I L D R E N — 

(Out of Print). 
(Early causes of international ill will—how the 
school and home can eradicate them.) 

1 1 . T A R I F F S AND W O R L D P E A C E * — 
(War and its relation to this economic caus 

International social justice and the tariff.) 

1 2 . M A N C H U R I A — T H E PROBLEM OF T H E FAR 

E A S T * — 
(Political account in relation to international 

welfare.) 

1 3 . I N T E R N A T I O N A L E C O N O M I C L I F E * — 
(Causes preventing it and possible solutions.) 

1 4 . T H E C A T H O L I C C H U R C H AND PEACE 

E F F O R T S * — 
(History of national and international work of 

Church to promote peace.) 

1 5 . W A R AND PEACE I N S T . A U G U S T I N E ' S D E 

CIVITATE D E I — 
. (Historical account of views held and relations 

to contemporary movements.) 

1 6 . P E A C E EDUCATION I N C A T H O L I C 

S C H O O L S — 
(Ways and means of promoting international 

goodwill. Excellent manual for teachers.) 

1 7 . PEACE A C T I O N OF P O P E BENEDICT X V — 
(Review of efforts f o r peace and their frustration 

by Vice-Chancellor Michaelis.) 

1 8 . RELATIONS B E T W E E N F R A N C E AND 

I T A L Y — 
(Present situation between countries and events 

leading up to it. Maps and tables appended.) 



1 9 . C A T H O L I C O R G A N I Z A T I O N FOR P E A C E I N 

E U R O P E — 
(Description of activities, purposes and influence 

of groups. Emphasis on correlation stressed.) 

2 0 . T H E U N I T E D STATES A N D T H E D O M I N I C A N 

R E P U B L I C — 
(Critical treatise on political and social relations 

of the t w o countries.) 

2 1 . A N I N T R O D U C T I O N TO M E X I C O — 

(Able s t u d y of economic-political life of Mexico 
— i t s relation to present crisis.) 

2 2 . R U R ^ L P R O B L E M S A N D I N T E R N A T I O N A L 

L I F E — 

(Documented account of close relationship be-
tween agricultural questions and world h a r -
m o n y . ) 

2 3 . P A P A L P E A C E M O S A I C — 1 8 7 8 - 1 9 3 6 — 
(Excerpts f r o m t h e messages of Popes Leo X I I I , 

Pius X , Benedict X V , and Pius X I . ) 

2 4 . A R B I T R A T I O N A N D T H E W O R L D C O U R T — 
( H i s t o r y and activities—our relation t o it.)' 

25. N A T I O N A L I S M — 
(Menace to world cooperation—American n a -

tionalism past and present.) 

M I S C E L L A N E O U S S E R I E S — 

P E A C E T R E N D S 

P E A C E S T A T E M E N T S O F R E C E N T P O P E S 

( N . C . W . C . ) 

SYLLABUS O N I N T E R N A T I O N A L R E L A T I O N S 

A P P E A L S FOR P E A C E O F P O P E B E N E D I C T X V 

A N D P O P E P I U S X I 

D I S A R M A M E N T S T A T E M E N T ( F R E E ) 

A R G E N T I N A — L A N D O F T H E E U C H A R I S T I C 

C O N G R E S S , 1 9 3 4 

T H E C H R I S T I A N W A Y T O P E A C E ( N . C . W . C . ) 

P E R M A N E N T P E A C E P R O G R A M O F P O P E B E N E -

DICT X V 

* Study Club Outline Included. 

B O O K S — 

T H E C A T H O L I C T R A D I T I O N O F T H E L A W O F 

NATIONS—John Eppstein. 
T H E P E A C E E F F O R T S O F T H E C H U R C H D U R I N G 

T H E LAST T H R E E H U N D R E D Y E A R S — J o s e f 

Müller 



PRINCIPLES AND PROGRAM 
S E L E C T E D BY T H E E X E C U T I V E C O M M I T T E E F R O M 

S T A T E M E N T S ISSUED BY C . A . I . P . 

C O M M I T T E E S * 

T H E PEACE OF C H R I S T I N T H E K I N G D O M 
OF C H R I S T 

Unless we strive for peace by specific, practi-
cal methods all our pacific professions are hollow 
and futile.1 

I — T h e Basic Causes of War: The division of 
Christendom; the relegation of religion and 
morals to a narrowing field of life; the divorce 
of economics f r o m morals; nationalism and im-
perialism." 

II—The Basic Cure: Extension of the Kingdom of 
Christ; national and international cultural, 
political and economic brotherhoods based on 
justice and charity.2 

III—The World Is One Society: 'All States 
should unite in one sole society or family of 
peoples to guarantee their own independence 
and safeguard order in the civil concert of the 
peoples.'1 (Pope Benedict XV—Encyclical 
Pacem, 1920.) 

IV—The Practical Impossibility of a Just War: 
Necessary conditions of a just war—Actual or 
imminent violation of rights; certainty of this; 
injury proportionate to the evils of war; in-
efficiency of peaceful means; well-grounded 
hope of bringing better conditions; declaration 
by thé sovereign authority; right intention. 
An honest attempt to observe all these condi-
tions would make war practically impossible.1 

V — T h e Means of Peace: We should put particu-
lar emphasis upon the exploration of all pacific 
methods for avoiding a bloody conflict: 

Direct negotiation; mediation and conciliation 
and judicial settlement; diplomatic pressure such 
as trade embargoes, boycotts and rupture of nor-
mal international intercourse; 'the calm, deliberate 
judgment of the people' (Bishops' Pastoral Letter, 
1919) ; substitution of moral right for material 
force; general disarmament; compulsory arbitra-
tion; codification of international law; an interna-
tional tribunal of justice; an association of nations; 
existing wrongs finding hearing and redress before 
a common forum of the nations;1 national security 



guaranteed by concerted action of all against the 
aggressor.3 

VI—Armaments: The fallacy of indefinite pre-
paredness;1 disbursement of public funds in 
charity rather than on instruments of mutual 
slaughter;3 the essential connection between 
armaments, security and justice; general dis-
armament;1 armaments breed hostility;4 the 
United States is in a position to do more than 
any other nation, perhaps more than all com-
bined.3 

VII—Consultation and Boycott: A conference of 
nations that signed the Kellogg Pact, to nego-
tiate an agreement to consult and join in an 
international boycott against any nation found 
to have violated its agreement to use only 
peaceful means to settle disputes.5 

VIII—'World Social Justice: A world social-eco-
nomic order, founded in similar national and 
regional organization and supplemented by a 
world governmental order, to be provided by 
an international monetary and economic con-
ference, so as: 

1—To make the international interdepend-
ence itself efficient in producing all the goods 
that the changing variety of the world's re-
sources, equipment and technique can give; 

2—To distribute these goods so that the 
good of all universally will be obtained. 

The Church's whole program of social jus-
tice on the world scale. Against economic 
nationalism and imperialism; against interna-
tional capitalist cartels;6 against monetary 
wars and for internationally managed cur-
rencies; reduction of tariffs; world cooperation 
on raw materials, markets and migration; re-
duction of world debt; no pressure for war 
debt payments. 

World labor-union cooperation on the basis 
of sharing in world economic organization; 
the International Labor Office; world federa-
tion of farm cooperatives sharing in world 
economic organization. 

IX—Latin America: Mutual agreement among the 
American republics upon their mutual rights 
and duties, formulated in code of law; a Pan 



American Court; Inter-American sanction, not 
sanction by the United States alone; such re-
gional organization not to take the place of 
world organization.7 

X—World. Court: Ratification of the Protocols 
(of the World Court) already signed by the 
Government should not be further delayed. 
Proposals for arbitration and judicial settle-
ment must be judged not merely on their 
merits in the abstract but as alternatives to the 
anarchy of war. Experience would seem to 
indicate that, where common action is essen-
tial, progress lies in improvement of an insti-
tution already working rather than in a nega-
tive policy of abstention and isolation.8 

XI—The American Obligation: Our power to in-
fluence world decisions is greater than we 
dream. Obligations are in proportion to ca-
pacity.6 

XII—The American Refusal: We refuse to take 
full part in preventing war.2 

XIII—Striving for Peace: Education of all groups 
and classes upon the universality of brother-
hood; the possibility of permanent peace; the 
fallacy of indefinite preparedness; the princi-
ples of international ethics; and against na-
tionalism. 

Consider fairly and support, so far as abil-
ities and conscience permit, practical proposals 
and arrangements for preventing war and 
making peace secure.1 

* The conclusions in this Statement of Principles and 
Program are still in process of development and amplifica-
tion by the Committees. These statements, having been 
taken from Committee reports, should be read in their 
context for fuller understanding. 

1 International Ethics. International Ethics Committee. 
2 Europe and the United States. Europe Committee. 
Disarmament Statement. International Ethics and Inter-

national Law and Organization Committees. 
4 Causes of War. Committee on Sources of International 

Enmity. 
5 Boycott Statement f r o m Chairmen of International 

Ethics, Economic Relations, and International Law and 
Organization Committees and thirty-one other signers. 

International Economic Life. International Ethics and 
Economic Relations Committees. 

7 Latin America and the United States. Latin America 
Committee. 

Arbitration and the World Court. International Law 
and Organization Committee. 



CATHOLIC ASSOCIATION 
FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE 

E X E C U T I V E C O M M I T T E E 

Honorary President 
M O S T R E V E R E N D E D W I N V . O ' H A R A , D . D . 

President 
C H A R L E S G . F E N W I C K , P h . D . 

Vice-Presidents 
R E V . F R A N C I S J . H A A S , P h . D . 

G E O R G E N . S H U S T E R 

SISTER R O S E DE L I M A , P h . D . 

R E V . J O H N L A F A R G E , S . J . 

R E V . EDWARD V . S T A N F O R D , O . S . A . , P H . D . 

H O N . R I C H A R D M . T O B I N 

F R A N C I S E . M C M A H O N , P h . D . 

J O H N S C H Ü L E R , P h . D . 

K A T H L E E N M U R P H Y , P h . D . J 

E L I Z A B E T H B . S W E E N E Y , Executive Secretary 

C O M M I T T E E C H A I R M E N 

Ethics 
R T . R E V . M S G R . J O H N A . R Y A N 

Law and Organization 
C H A R L E S G . F E N W I C K 

Economic Relations 
R E V . J . W . R . M A G U I R E , C . S . V . 

Sub-Committee on Agriculture 
R E V . EDGAR S C H M I E D E L E R , O . S . B . 

National Attitudes 
C A R L T O N J . H . H A Y E S 

Peace Education 
R T . R E V . M S G R . J . M . W O L F E 

History 
R E V . L A U R E N C E K . P A T T E R S O N , S . J . 

Latin America 
A N N A D I L L G A M B L E 

Social Relations 
E L I Z A B E T H M . L Y N S K E Y 

Joint Policy 
R E V . R . A . M C G O W A N 



WHAT CATHOLICS CAN DO 
FOR PEACE 

ATHOLICS in the United States, 
blessed with a Faith that transcends 
barriers of nationality and color, are 

urged to cooperate both by education and action 
in the cause of Peace. None have so great and 
so sacred a responsibility as we to labor for inter-
national Peace, based upon goodwill, which can 
come only from Him in whose Mystical Body 
we are united. The present international chaos 
and the emphatic appeals of the present Pope to 
Catholics of all the world to unite in this move-
ment make the work for Peace essential today. 
It is truly, as he has pointed out, "a vast and 
glorious field for all the Catholic laity." 

"It is the duty of Catholics to assume their 
part in molding that public opinion and arousing 
that goodwill on which in the long run the 
Peace of the world depends," says the study on 
"Catholics and the Problem of Peace" issued by 
The Catholic Council on International Relations, 
England. "When public opinion is adequately 
informed of the requirements of justice, and there 
is everywhere a ready will to fulfill them, then 
Peace will be substantially secured. Among 
Catholics, above all, there should be no lack of a 
will to Peace and Justice; it is of the essence of 
their profession, the very spirit of their Faith. 
Hence the necessity of acquainting ourselves with 
both principles and facts in order to distinguish 
between genuine and false claims and the right 
conception of both national and international 
duty." In the publications of the C. A. I. P., can 
be found the answers to many questions which of 
necessity must confront Catholics concerned with 
international life and their relation as Catholics 
to it. 

"The first and most generally obligatory means 
and action is education.," states the report on In-
ternational Ethics, C. A. I. P. "The people re-
quire instruction concerning the universality of 
brotherhood, the possibility of permanent peace 
and the fallacy of indefinite preparedness, while 
statesmen stand in particular need of becoming 



familiar with the principles of international 
ethics. 

"The second great duty in fulfilling our obli-
gation of promoting world peace is to consider 
fairly and to support, so far as our abilities and 
conscience permit, practical proposals and ar-
rangements for preventing war and making 
peace secure. In general terms these methods are 
pretty definitely formulated and pretty generally 
accepted." 

The Association would have Catholics in the 
United States do more than their numerical part 
to prevent another world war. More than our 
patriotic principles are here involved. Or rather, 
our citizenship influenced by our moral obligation 
to justice and charity calls upon us to act. 

It urges Catholics in the United States to place 
their trust in God, to pray earnestly that-the world 
not lead itself again into the moral and physical 
shambles of war, and to $tudy diligently and 
work faithfully for the Peace of the world. 

The Association urges Catholics to extend 
Catholic Action and the knowledge of Catholic 
principles in order to banish enmity, to create a 
true love of Peace and a willingness to Peace 
throughout the United States. It urges also 
active cooperation with organizations of general 
membership when there is clearly no danger of 
any misunderstanding of the principles of the 
Catholic faith. 

It commends particularly the reports that have 
thus far come from its Committees and invites 
Catholic organizations and individuals to use 
these reports as a basis of study and discussion. 
It trusts and confidently looks forward to equally 
able reports from its Committees in the future. 

It urges a careful reading of the articles on 
international relations in the Catholic press. It 
wishes to recommend also that more articles 
appear in the Catholic press on the life and cus-
toms of foreign countries. Many such articles 
are to be found in the secular press, but they 
lack often the appeal and the intimate knowl-
edge which should come from the wider contacts 
that Catholics have with their coreligionists in 
foreign countries. 

It recommends also two steps that can well be 



taken by Catholic organizations. One is to have 
frequent lectures and addresses at organization 
meetings on topics in the field of international 
relations. A second is to create groups for the 
study of international relations. Such groups 
may well begin with the reports of the Associa-
tion on International Ethics, The Christian Way 
to Peace, International Economic Life, to be fol-
lowed by the others listed on pp. 6, 7 and 8 of this 
booklet. Most of these studies are supplemented 
with study outlines as indicated on the list. 

All persons interested in this work are urged 
to write to the Headquarters of the Association, 
1312 Massachusetts Avenue N . W., Washington, 
D. C., for information and material dealing with 
the various problems of World Peace and Catholic 
Action. 

\ . . Catholics are called not only to 
a wider and more perfect enjoyment of 
the peace of Christ but to the strength-
ening and widening of the Kingdom of 
Christ, and therefore to the strengthening 
and widening of His peace through the 
manifold apostolate of word, deed and 
prayer, so easy to all and so powerful, yes, 
all powerful with God. The glory and 
the duty of this apostolate of peace be-
long principally to Us and to all called 
to be ministers of the God of peace. But 
here is a vast and glorious field for all the 
Catholic laity, too, whom We unceasingly 
call upon and ask to share in the hier-
archical apostolate. To Catholics of all 
the world and particularly those who 
study, labor and pray in Catholic Action, 
Wc turn today with this warm invitation 
and plea. May they all unite in the peace 
of Christ and for the peace of Christ in 
a full concord of thoughts and emotions, 
of desires and prayers, of deeds and words 
—the spoken word, the written word, the 
printed word—and then an atmosphere 
of genuine peace, warming and benefi-
cent, will envelop all the world." 

—Allocution, December 24, 1930, 
P O P E P I U S X I 



"Justice requires a state to promote 
peace for the sake of its own members, 
while charity obliges it to pursue the same 
end for the welfare of both itself and 
other nations. These duties rest not only 
upon governments, but upon peoples, 
particularly upon those persons and or-
ganizations which can exert influence 
upon public opinion and upon political 
rulers." 

I N T E R N A T I O N A L E T H I C S .