Syllabus of lectures on church history : for the use of the students of St. Patrick's College, Maynooth


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SYLLABUS

OF

LECTURES ON CHURCH HISTORY.

For the use of the Students of St. Patrick's College, Maynooth.

y

24

BROWNE & NOLAN, LTD.,
25 NASSAU-STREET, DUBLIN

,

printers anb $ttfolt'8i)frs

1896.





SYLLABUS OF CHURCH HISTORY.

FROM A.D. 1517 TO A.D. 1890.

1.—Luther: His Life and Errors.
(a) Luther’s Life.—His birth at Eisleben (1483)—

Studies at Magdeburg, Eisenach, and Erfurt—Becomes an
Augustinian (1505)—Appointed Professor in the University
of Wittenberg (1508)—Attacks the Dominican Tetzel, and
affixes ninety-five theses on Indulgences to the Church

of Wittenberg (Oct. 31, 1517)—Answered by Tetzel in his
Antitheses

,
and by Dr. Eck in his Obelisks—Leo X. at first

unwilling to interfere with Luther—The heresiarch sum-
moned to Rome (1518)—Public disputation held at Leipsic
between Luther and Dr. Eck, the former being assisted by

Carlstadt, and the latter by Professors of the University of

Leipsic (1 519)—The Bull Exvrge Domine condemning forty-
one errors taken from the writings of Luther, and declaring

himself excommunicated unless he retracted within sixty

days—Appears at the Diet of Worms (1521)
;
placed under

the ban of the Empire—His stay in the Castle of Wartburg
(1521-22)—He marries Catherine Bora (1 525)—He engages
in ihe Sacramentarian Controversy with Carlstadt, Zwinglius,

&c. (1529)—He approves of the bigamy of Philip of Hesse
(1539)—His death (1545).

(b) Luther’s Writings.—Address to the Christian nobles of
Germany. On the Servitude of the Will

,
Against the Execrable



2

Bull of Antichrist, On the Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy,
Reply to Henry VIII., Table Talk

,
Translation of the Bible.

(c) Luther’s Errors.—He erred regarding free- will

,

justification, the Christian hierarchy, the sacraments, the

rule of faith, &c.

(d) Causes of the rapid spread of Luther’s errors.

—

The heretical sectaries of the fourteenth and fifteenth

centuries; various abuses among the clergy and laity;
the great Western Schism

;
the Councils of Constance and

Basle
;
the quarrels of the Popes with the rulers of different

countries; and, principally, the character of Lutheranism

which favoured the passions of human nature.

II.—Protestantism in Germany.
(a) From 1517-30.—Rapid spread of Lutheranism in

Saxony, owing to the favour of the Elector Frederick

(f 1 525)—Diet held at Spires by the Emperor Charles Y.
(1519-56) in 1529 renews the Edict of Worms against
Luther

;
the Lutheran princes protest—The Diet of

Augsburg (1530) ; the Confessio Augustana drawn up in

twenty-nine articles by Melancthon, and approved by

Luther; Confutation drawn up by Catholic divines; Recess

of the Diet issued by the Emperor ordering the Protestants

to restore the Church property they had seized.

(b) From 1530-55.—The League of Schmalkald
formed by the Protestant princes (1531), and the Holy

League by the Catholic princes
;
Schmalkaldic war which

commenced in 1546 terminated by the battle of Miihlberg

(1547), and the religious Peace of Passau (1552) —The
Religious Peace of Augsburg (1555) ; the Ecclesiastical

Reservation—Charles V. resigned the imperial crown
(1556), and withdrew to the Hieronymite Monastery of

St. Justus, in Estramadura, where he died in 1558.



3

\c) The Thirty Years’ War. —Causes and immediate
occasio'n of the war—Its history divided into four periods,
viz. :—1st period (161£-20)—War confined to Bohemia

—

Protestants defeated at the White Mountain
;
2nd period

(1620-29)—Tilly (} 1632) and Wallenstein (f 1634), the
great leaders of the Catholics—The Danes under Christian
IV. assist German Protestants, defeated by Catholics under

Tilly at the battle of Lutter (1626)—Treaty of Liibeck
(1629); 3rd period (1630-35)—Gustavus Adolphus, King
of Sweden, and the French assist the Protestants—Tilly
mortally wounded at the battle of the Leek (1632)

—

Gustavus Adolphus slain at the battle of Liitzen (1632)

—

Protestants defeated at Nordlingen (1634)—Peace of
Prague (1635); 4th period (1635-48)— Protestants, en-

couraged and assisted by France, renew the struggle

—

This period of the war purely political, as Catholics and

Protestants fought on both sides—Negotiations opened
between the rival parties at Munster and Osnabriick, in

Westphalia—The Treaty of Westphalia concluded ^1648),
which sanctioned the secularization of ecclesiastical

property.

III.

—

The Reformation in Switzerland.

(a) Zwinglius and Oecolampadius.—They first preach
the errors of the Reformers in Switzerland

;
Zwinglius

born at Wildnaus in 1484; becomes parish priest of

Glarus (1505); appointed preacher at Enseideln (1516)

—

preaches the errors of the Reformers at Zurich (1520)

—

Oecolampadius preaches Protestantism at Basle (1524)

—

Public disputation held at Baden between Dr. Eck and

Oecolampadius (1526) — The spread of Protestantism
facilitated by the number of Sectaries in Switzerland and



y

4

by the diocesan division of the country—Civil war breaks
out between the Catholic and Protestant cantons (1529)

;

(

defeat of Protestants and death of Zwinglius at the battle

of Cappel (1531) ; freedom of religious worship granted in

each canton.

(b) Calvin.—Labours of Zwinglius and Oecolampadius
continued by John Calvin—Born at Noyon in Picardy

J
(1509)—Educated at Paris, Orleans, and Bourges—In last-
mentioned place studied under a Lutheran named Melchior

Wolmar, from whom he learned the doctrines of the
Reformers—Joins the Reformers at Paris (1533)—Forced
to leave France—Takes up his residence at Basle, where
he wrote (1535) his work On the Institutes of the Christian

Religion—On returning from Italy settles down at Geneva
(1536)—Forced to fly from the city (1538) —Recalled
Q541)—His religious and political sway at Geneva
(1541-64)—His strict code of public discipline—His severity

towards his opponents—His teaching about absolute
predestination.

IV.—Protestantism in France.
(a) Introduction of Protestantism.—First Protestant

community in France organized, at Meaux, by William

Farel—The Reformers, favoured by Margaret of Valois, the
king's sister, Madame Etampes, the king’s mistress, &c.,

become aggressive—Edict issued (1534) against them by
Francis I. (1515-47)—The errors of the Reformers continue
to spread—The Huguenots, as the French Protestants were
called, hold a National Synod (1559) at Paris, in which a

Calvinistic profession of faith is adopted.

(b) Civil Wars.—The aggressiveness and cruelty of the
Huguenots give rise to the civil wars which, with some



(0

intervals of peace, continued to distract France for nearly

seventy years (1562-1628)—The Prince of Conde and
Admiral Coligny, leaders of the Huguenots—The Massacre|CO
of Vassy (1562) the immediate occasion of hostilities

—

’

Massacre of St. Bartholomew (1572) ; the Te Deum sung at

Rome by order of Gregory XIII.—Accession of Henry of
Navarre to the French throne (1589); he embraces the

Catholic faith (1593), he issues the Edict of Nantes (1598),

granting freedom to worship and religious equality to the

Huguenots; murdered by Ravaillac (1610)—La Rochelle,
the last of the Huguenot strongholds, taken (1628) by

Cardinal Richelieu, Prime Minister of France (1624-42)

—

Edict of Nantes revoked (1385) by Louis XIV. (1643-

1715) ; thousands of the Huguenots go into exile.

V.

—

Protestantism in England.

(a) Henry Till. (1509-47).—He writes a defence of
the seven Sacraments against Luther (1520)—Wolsey,
Archbishop of York and Lord Chancellor (1513-29)

—

Henry applies (1527) to Clement VII. for a divorce from

Catherine of Aragon, whom he married in 1503—Wolsey
succeeded by Sir Thomas More as Lord Chancellor

;
the

latter succeeded by Thomas Cromwell in 1532—Henry
marries Anne Boleyn (1533)—Thomas Cranmer, recently
appointed Archbishop of Canterbury, pronounces the king’s

first marriage invalid—Cranmer’s decision reversed by
the Holy See (1534) ; open rupture between Henry and

Rome—Acts passed (1534) by English Parliament abolish-
ing Papal Supremacy in England, declaring Henry the

Plead of the English Church, and pronouncing his second

marriage valid—Martyrdom of Sir Thomas More, Bishop
Fisher (1535), the Countess of Salisbury (1541), <£c.

—



6

Execution of Anne Boleyn, and the King’s marriage to

Jane Seymour (1536) — Suppression of Monasteries
(1536-39)—Act of Uniformity passed (1539) approving

the \Bloody Six Articles.

i* Edward VI. (1547-53).—Edward, the son of Henry,

) tby Jane Seymour, succeeds to the crown at
the early

of nine—Edward Seymour who was a Lutheran,
appointed Lord Protector of the Kingdom during the

King’s minority—The first Book of Common Prayer com-

piled (1548) by Cranmer, Ridley, &c.—The second
Book

of Common Prayer appears in 1552.

(c) Mary I. (1553-8).—The Catholic religion restored—

Death of Lady Jane Gray (1554)—Cranmer, Ridley,
Latimer, &c., condemned to death.

(d) Elizabeth U558-1 603).—Protestantism re-established

and the penal statutes of Henry VIII. and Edward VI.

against Catholics revived (1559)—All the bishops except
\ Kitchin of Landafl refuse to take the oath of Royal

\ Supremacy — Consecration of Parker, Archbishop of
Canterbury (1559) by Barlow, the deposed bishop of

Bath, according to the Ordinal of Edward VI.—The Thirty-
nine Articles substituted for the Forty-two of Edward VI.

(1563); the episcopate retained in Anglican Church

—

Severe penal laws enacted (1 584) against Catholics, lay and

cleric, and enforced by the Court of High Commission

—

Colleges founded on the continent for the education of

English priests.

(e) James I., &c.—The persecution of English Catholics
continued during the reigns of James and his successors

down to the time of George II. (1727-60).



7

VI.—Protestantism in Ireland.
(a) Reign of Henry VIII.—Appointment of Browne,

Provincial of the English Augustinians, to the Archbishopric

of Dublin (1535); his efforts to introduce Protestantism,

opposed by Archbishop Creagh of Armagh and the other
bishops of Ireland—Enactments of Irish Parliament
declaring Henry VIII. head of the Irish Church, and

pronouncing those who refused to take the oath of Royal
Supremacy guilty of high treason (1536)—The oath of
Supremacy taken by Browne of Dublin, Magennis of
Down, Burke of Clonfert, Gerawan of Clonmacnoise,
Saunders of Leighlin, O’Cervallen of Clogher, and some

few priests—Acts passed for the suppression of Irish
Monasteries (1536-38)—Henry VIII. declared King of
Ireland by Irish Parliament (1541).

(b) Reign of Edward VI.—

N

ew liturgy introduced by
Browne, and used for thejirst time^ in Christ’s Church on

Easter Sunday, 1551—Meeting of Irish bishops held in
Dublin by the Viceroy St. Leger

;
all refuse to accept the

new liturgy, except Browne, Staples of Meath, and Bale
a Carmelite, afterwards Bishop of Ossory, who were all
Englishmen—The example of these faithless ecclesiastics
soon followed by Magennis, Burke, and three priests.

(c) Reign of Mary I.—The Catholic religion restored,
and Protestant bishops deposed—Curwin appointed Arch-
bishop of Dublin—No persons put to death in Ireland
on account ot their religion

;
conduct of the Catholic

Corporation of Dublin.

(id

)

Reign of Elizabeth.—Protestantism re-established
and penal statutes re-enacted against Catholics by the

Irish Parliament (1559)—The new faith embraced by



8

j~
Curwin (f 1568) and Miler M‘Grath (-f- 1622), who was
appointed successively to the sees of Down, Clogher, and

Cashel—Cruel proclamation issued (1580) against priests
and their protectors—Martyrdom of Dermot O’Hurley,
Archbishop of Cashel (1583), O’Hely, Bishop of Mayo

(1578), Richard Creagh, Archbishop of Armagh (1585),
Redmond O’Gallagher, Bishop of OfcoAff (1603), Edmund
Magauran, Archbishop of Armagh (1598), &c.—Numerous
colleges founded on the continent for the education of

Irish Catholics.

(
e
)
Reigns of James I., &c.—The persecution of Irish

Catholics continued during the reigns of Elizabeth’s

successors down to the time of George II. (1727-60)—The
Confederation of Kilkenny (1642-49)—Its purpose to secure
freedom of worship and the independence of the King,

Charles I.

—

National Convention held at Kilkenny in 1642
;

National Synod held there later the same year—Supreme
Council of twenty-four appointed by General Assembly
of the Confederates—Negotiations of the Confederates
with Ormond and Glamorgan—Arrival of the Papal
Nuncio Rinuccini in Ireland (1645)—Ormond concludes
a treaty with the Supreme Council (1646) — The
treaty condemned as unsatisfactory by Rinuccini, and

^National Synod held at Waterford ; divisions among the

Confederates—Treaty concluded with Lord Inchiquiu
(1648)—The Treaty condemned by the Nuncio, and sen-
tence of excommunication pronounced against all who

would defend it (May 27, 1648) ; renewed divisions among

the Confederates

—

Ormond, on behalf of the King, con- 1

eludes a peace with the Confederates (January 17, 1649)— '
Charles I. beheaded on the 30th of the same month

—

The
Nuncio sails from Galway for Rome (February 23rd,



9

1649)—Arrival of Oliver Cromwell in Ireland (August,
1649)—Drogheda and Wexford taken, and the inhabitants
put to the sword—Price set on a priest’s head Edict
issued (1654) ordering the Catholics to withdraw to
Connaught.

VH.—Protestantism in Scotland.
(
a
) Introduction of Protestantism.—The Scotch Church

at the beginning of the sixteenth century in a bad con-
dition; owing chiefly to the abuse of lay patronage and
the conferring of benefices on laymen in commendam The
first preacher of the Reformation in Scotland was Patrick
Hamilton, Abbot of Feme, who, after being educated on
the continent, returned to his native country in 1523, and
was burned as a heretic in 1528 —His errors spread
rapidly Cardinal David Beaton, who succeeded his uncle
Dr. James Beaton, as Archbishop of St. Andrews, in 1539,
laboured energetically to prevent the spread of the
Reformation

;
assassinated (1646) by a band of Protestant

conspirators organized by Norman Leslie.

(5) John Knox."

—

Educated in the University of
Glasgow Ordained priest (about 1529) — Appointed
Professor in St. Andrews (1530)—Openly proclaims himself
a Reformer (1542)—Condemned to spend two years
(1548 49) on the French galleys—He arrives in England
(1549), and is appointed chaplain to Edward VI. He
withdraws to the continent in 1554—His return to
Scotland (loo9)—Destruction of monasteries and pillage
of churches — League of the Congregation formed —
Calvinism declared the established religion by Scotch
Parliament (1560), and the Presbyterian form of Church
government adopted—Death of Knox (1572).



10

(c) Mary Queen of Scots.—She was the daughter of
James V., who was the grandson of Henry VII. of
England, and was born at Linlithgow, seven days before

the death of her father (1542)—She goes to France (1548)
and marries (1558) the Dauphin Francis II.—After the death
of Francis (1560) she returns to Scotland (1561)—She
endeavours to secure freedom of worship for her co-

religionists, but without effect—She marries her cousin,
Lord Darnley (1565)—After Darnley’s death (1567)
she is forced to marry Earl Bothwell—Insurrection of
Scotch Lords—Mary taken prisoner, and compelled to
abdicate in Loch Leven (July 24, 1567)—She escapes from
imprisonment (May 2, 1568)—Her followers defeated at the
battle of Langside (May 12)—She seeks refuge in England,
and is made prisoner—After spending nineteen years in
different English prisons she is finally beheaded (1587) in

Fotheringay Castle by order of Elizabeth.

VIII.

—

The Council of Trent.

(a) Opening of the Council.—Council convoked by
Paul III. to meet at first (1537) at Mantua, afterwards

(1538) at Vicenza, and finally (1545) at Trent—Council
opens at Trent (Dec. 13, 1545) under the presidency of

the three legates, Cardinals del Monte, Cervino, and Pole

—

There were present twenty* six bishops and five generals

of religious orders; the number afterwards rapidly in-

creased.

(5) Purpose of the Council.—Held for the twofold
porpose of condemning the errors of the Reformers, and

of enacting disciplinary decrees.

(c) Popes who reigned during the Celebration of
the Council.—Paul III. (1534-49), Julius III. (1550-55),



11

Marcellus II. (21 days), Paul IV. (1555-59), aud Pius IV.

(1559-G5).

(d) Sessions of the Council.—There were twenty-five
Sessions held, viz., eight at Trent (1545-47); two at

Bologna (1547), whither it was transferred on account of

a plague at Trent; six at Trent (1551-52); and nine at

Trent (1561-03)—Sessions, formal (1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,
15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20) and working, at which decrees were

published—Dogmatic definitions, in the form of chapters
and canons, and disciplinary decrees published at each

working session.

(

e

) Conclusion of the Council.—Last Session held on
3rd of December, 1563, there being present six cardinals

and one hundred and ninety-six bishops—Ireland was
represented at the Council by O’Herlihv of Ross, O’Hart

of Achonry, and MacOongail of Raphoe—Decrees of Council
confirmed by Pius IV. (Jan. 26, 1564)—Congregation
appointed to prepare a Catechism of the Council, a new
Missal, a new Breviary, and an Index of forbidden
books—Institution of the Congregatio interpres Concilii
Tridentini (1564).

(/) Decrees of the Council.—Decrees partly doctrinal
and partly disciplinary—Doctrinal decrees regarding the
canon of Sacred Scripture, Justification, Faith, the Sacra-

ments, Mass, &c.—Disciplinary enactments about the
reading of the Bible, appointments to benefices, synods,

seminaries, preaching on Sundays, episcopal administra-

tion, &c.

(g) Historians of the Council.—Paul Sarpi (1552-1623),
a native of Venice, became a Servite Monkin 1572

;
in the

dispute between the Republic of Venice and Paul V.
about clerical immunities he took the side of the anti-



12

clerical party; excommunicated for refusing to go to

Rome to answer for his conduct ; wrote his History of the
Council of Trent, which was intended to discredit the Holy

See and its representatives at the Council—Pallavicini, S. J.
(1607-67); born at Rome

;
ordained priest (1631); after

holding many important ecclesiastical appointments under

Urban VIII. he became a Jesuit (1637) ; he compiled his

celebrated History of the Council of Trent from the authentic

records of the Council preserved at Rome.

IX.

—

The Society of Jesus.

(a) The Founder of the Society.—St. Ignatius of
Loyola—Born in the castle of Loyola in Spain (14 iU)

—

Embraces the profession of arms—Wounded at the siege
of Pampeluna (1521)—Taste for the religious life the
result of reading the Lives of the Saints—On his way to
the Holy Land (1522) he visits the Monastery of Montserrat

and the hospital of Manresa

—

On his return to Spain (1524)
he applies himself to study first at Alcala, afterwards at

Salamanca, and finally at Paris

—

Vow taken by St. Ignatius
and his five companions on Montmartre (Aug. 15, 1534) to

devote their lives to the instruction of Christians and the

conversion of the Saracens—The Society approved by
Paul III. in 1540—Death of St. Ignatius (1556)—His
Spiritual Exercises compiled at Manresa.

(5) Constitution of the Society.—Members of the
Society divided into three classes, viz., the Professed, who
add to the ordinary religious vows that of absolute obedience
to the Holy See, the Spiritual Coadjutors, and the Lay
Coadjutors or Lay Brothers—The Order divided into
Provinces, and governed by a General who is advised by
six assistants.



13

X.

—

Other New Orders of the Sixteenth and
Seventeenth Centuries.

(a) The Oratorians.—St. Philip Neri (1515-95), a
Florentine by birth, founded the Confraternity of the Most

Holy Trinity at Rome in 1548 for the twofold purpose of

instructing the young and caring the sick

—

Confraternity

approved (1574) by Gregory XIII. under the name of

the Congregation of the Oratory—Rule drawn up by
Baronius (1538-1607), the famous Annalist, based on the

customs of the Society—Oratorians take no vows—The
French Oratorians founded (1611) by the Abbe Berulle—
The Oratorians introduced into England, in 1847, by

Dr. Newman.

(b) The Capuchins.—- Reformed branch of the Fran-
ciscans founded (1525) by Matteo de Bassi (j 1552), a

member of the Franciscan Monastery of Montefalcone, and

approved in 1528 by Clement VII.—The Capuchins wear

their beard and the Capucdo.

(c) The Theatines.—A society of priests founded (1524)
by Cajetan di Thiene and Peter Caraffa, Archbishop of

Theate, to look after the spiritual wants of the sick, and

to reform abuses among the clergy. Caraffa, their first

Superior, afterwards became Pope under the name of

Paul IV.

(
d

)

Congregation of St. Tlaur.—A reformed branch of
the Benedictines founded (1604) by Didier de la Cour,

Prior of the Benedictine Monastery of St. Vannes, to revive

the primitive strictness of the Benedictine Rule, and to

advance the study of the Sacred Sciences—Large number
of distinguished writers produced by this Congregation.

(e) Congregation of the Missioi:.—St. Vincent de Paul,



14

(1576-1660) the founder of this Congregation, born of

humble parents at Pouy, a village in the South of France

—

Having studied in the University of Toulouse, he was

ordained priest in 1600—Taken captive by African corsairs
in 1605, and sold as a slave at Tunis—Enters the French
Congregation of the Oratory, and becomes tutor in the

family of the Count de Gondi—Founds (1618) the Con-
gregation of French Sisters of Charity to care the sick

in hospitals—Founds (1624) a Society of Priests to give
missions in country districts under the direction of the

bishop of the diocese, and to conduct retreats for priests—

•

The Congregation of the Mission introduced (1834) into

Ireland by the Rev. Philip Dowley, Dean in Maynooth

College (1816-34).

(/) The Trappists.—A reformed branch of the Sister-
cians, founded (1662) by Bouthelier de Ranee (1626-1700)

—

The latter, having read a distinguished course in the

University of Paris, was ordained priest, and obtained a

number of ecclesiastical preferments, among them being

the abbacy of the Cistercian Monastery of La Trappe

—

For a time he led a dissipated life in Paris—At length,
being touched by grace, he resigned all his preferments,

distributed his goods among the poor, and withdrew (1662)
to the Monastery of La Trappe, where he entered on a
course of extreme asceticism, and finally succeeded in
gaining over the monks of his own and other monasteries
to adopt his reforms—Two houses of the Order in Ireland.

(g) Remaining Orders.—Ursuline Order founded (1537)
by St. Angela de’ Merici for the education of young ladies

—

The Order of the Visitation founded (1610) by St. Francis
de Sales and Frances de Chantal, to take care of the sick
and to educate the young—The Institute of the Blessed



15

Virgin founded (1604) on the continent by Mary Ward

for the education of English ladies ; introduced into

Ireland (1827) by Mrs. Ball under the title of the Loreto

Order—The Oblates of the Blessed Virgin founded (1578)
by St. Charles Borromeo—Congregation of St. Sulpice
founded (1642) by Jacques Olier, to conduct ecclesiastical

seminaries—The Brothers of the Christian Schools founded

(1681) by John Baptist de la Salle, a canon of Rheims, &c.

XI.

—

Galileo and the Roman Inquisition.

() Life of Galileo.—Born at Pisa (1564)—An ardent
student of experimental science—The oscillation of a lamp
in the Cathedral of Pisa suggests to him the use of the

pendulum in the measurement of time—Appointed pro-
fessor in the University of Pisa—Having incurred the

displeasure of John de’ Medici and the advocates of the

Aristotelian philosophy, he withdrew from Pisa to Padua,

where be lectured for eighteen years—Constructs his

telescope (1607)—He returns to Pisa (1610)—Received at
Rome (1611) with great distinction—His imprisonment
(1633) and release—His death (1642)—His satirical dis-
position.

() The Church and Heliocentricisni.—Those who
taught Heliocentricism generally well treated, v.g., Nicholas

of Cusa, who, after holding that the earth moves round

the sun in his book, l)octa Ignorantici, was made cardinal
;

Copernicus (1473-1543) whose work, De Revolutionibus

Orbiurn
,

was published at the expense of Cardinal

Schomberg and the Bishop of Emerland, and was dedicated

to Paul III. (1534-49); Kepler (1571-1630), who was

offered (1617) a Chair in the Pope’s own University of

Bologna, &c.



16

(c) Condemnation of Galileo.—Copernican system con-
demned by the Holy Offices in 1616 as “ false and opposed
to Sacred Scripture ”—The decision renewed by the Holy
Office in 1633, and Galileo sentenced to imprisonment

—

The Holy Office not infallible—The causes that led to the
condemnation of Galileo : 1st, his satirical disposition as

shown in his Dialogue about the Chief Systems of the

Universe (1632), in which Urban VIII., his former patron, is

held up to ridicule as a defender of the Ptolemaic system

under the name of Simplicio
;

‘2ndly, the opposition of

the Aristotelians; 3rdly, the extravagant views advanced

by him about the interpretation of Scriptural texts

when they appear to be at variance with the theories

of scientists
;

advice given to him by Cardinal Bellarmine

(1542-1621) to coniine himself to the purely scientific

aspect of the question
;
and, Ithly, his action in defend-

ing as certain a system which was not supported by

conclusive arguments—Strongest arguments in favour of
the Copernican system unknown to Galileo, such as those

derived from the velocity of light, abberation, and gravita-

tion
;
he considered the tides the most convincing proof

of the earth’s diurnal motion !

XII.—Jansenism.
(a) BaillS.—Professor in the University of Louvain

(1551-89)—His erroneous teaching about original justice,
free-will, and the Blessed Virgin—Seventy-six propositions
taken from his writings condemned by Pius V. (1566-72),

and afterwards by Gregory XIII. (1572-85).

(b) Molina.—A Spanish Jesuit—His book, Liberi Arbitrii
cum Gratiae clonis Concordia (1588)

—

Attacked by the Domi-

nicans as containing Semi-Pelagianism—The Congregation



17

“ De Auxiliis ” (1599-1607); Peter Lombard, Archbishop
of Armagh

(-f* 1 appointed President of the Con-

gregation,

(c) Jansenius.—Successively Professor in Louvain and
Bishop of Ypres (f 1638)—His opinions on grace and
free-will embodied in his work, Augustinus—Attacked by
the Jesuits as containing Calvinistie errors—The reading
of the book prohibited (1642) by Urban VIII.—Five pro-
positions taken from it condemned (1653) by Innocent X.

—

Question of right and fact raised by the Jansenists

—

The case of Conscience (1702)—Respectful silence declared
(1705) insufficient by Clement XT. (1700-21)—The Cister-
cian Convent of Port-Royal, near Versailles, refusing to

submit to the Papal decision was suppressed (1709).

(d) Quesnel.—A French Oratorian (t 1719)—His Moral
Reflections on the New Testament

,
written in 1687, contained

numerous Jansenist errors—One hundred and one pro-
positions taken from it condemned (1613) by the Bull

Unigenitus of Clement XI.—Some of the French Clergy
under the lead of Cardinal Noailles, Archbishop of Paris,

appeal to future General Council—Sentence of excom-
munication pronounced (1718) against the appellants

—

The Schism of Utrecht, which continues down to the
present time.

XIII.—The Gallican Liberties.
The so-called liberties set forth in four articles—Signed

by French Clergy in 1682—Result of the Controversy
carried on between Clement X. (1670-76) and Louis XIV.

(1643-1715) regarding the claim urged by the latter to

appropriate the revenues of vacant sees and to appoint to



18

benefices during the period of vacancy (Regalia)—The
Liberties condemned by Clement X., and annulled by

Louis IV., in 1698.

XIV.

—

Quietism.

Michael Molinos.—A Spanish priest (f 1696)—Wrote
a work called the Spiritual Guide

,
in which he taught that

Christian perfection consisted in a state of perfect rest, in

which the soul neither acts, nor is acted on by the fear of

hell or the desire for heaven—Sixty-eight propositions
taken from the work condemned (1685) by Innocent XI.

(b) Madame Guyon.—The doctrines of Molinos taught
by Madame Guyon (t 1717) in her numerous writings

—

Commission appointed (1695) to inquire into their ortho-

doxy consisting of Fenelon, Archbishop of Cambray

(1695-1715), Bossuet, Bishop of Meaux (1681-1704), the

Bishop of Chalons, and the Superior of St. Sulpice

—

M/idame Guyon’s writings condemned—Bossuet’s States of
Prayer

,
written against Madame Guyon, answered by

Fenelon in his Maxims of the Saints—The latter work
condemned (1699) by Innocent XI.—Fenelon immediately
submits.

XV.

—

The Synod of Pistoia.

Convened in 1786 by Scipio Ricci, Bishop of Pistoia

—

Peter Tamburini, Professor in the University of Pavia, was

the guiding spirit of the Assembly—There were present
two hundred and thirty-four priests—The Gallican Liber-
ties and the teaching of the Jansenists approved—Decrees
of the Synod rejected by the Bishops of Tuscany, and
condemned (1794) by the Bull Auctorem Fidei of Pius VI.



19

XVI.—The Suppression of the Jesuits.
(a) The Order suppressed in particular countries.

—

Suppressed in Portugal (1759), the members being charged

by Pombal, the Prime Minister, with having caused an

insurrection in the Reductions of Paraguay, and with

having made an attempt on the King’s life—Suppressed
in France (1762) owing to the opposition of Madame de

Pompadour, the King’s mistress, the Jansenists, especially

Pascal, and the Duke de Choiseul, Prime Minister, who
took advantage of the storm raised against the Order in

France by the failure of Father Lavalette, Procurator of

the Jesuits in Martinique, to meet his bills owing to

the seizure by English cruisers of two cargoes he had

despatched to Marseilles—The Spanish Jesuits placed
under arrest (April 3, 1707) owing to the misrepresenta-

tions of Aranda, the King’s minister—The Order suppressed
in Naples (1767).

(
b
) The Order suppressed by the Holy See.

—

Clement

XIV., yielding to the solicitations of the Bourbon Court,

issued the Bull Dominus ar, Rede.mptor noster (1773), sup-

pressing the Jesuit Order throughout the Church—The
Jesuits protected by Frederick II. of Prussia and Catherine

II. of Russia.

XVII.

—

The French Revolution.

(a) Causes that led to the Revolution.—The teaching
of the Reformers, the Encyclopedists and Economists,

the system of taxation prevalent iu France, the war of

American Independence (1776-82), &c.

(5) 1 he National Assembly (1789-91).—Declaration of

the Rights of Man—Suppression of Religious Orders

—



20

Confiscation of ecclesiastical property proposed by Talley-

rand (1754-1838)—The Civil Constitution of the Clergy.
(c) The Legislative Assembly (1791-92).—The Jacobins

and Girondists—Declaration of war against Prussia aud
Austria—The September Massacres—Imprisonment of the
King, Louis XVI. (1774-93).

(d) The National Convention G792-95). — France
declared a Republic (Sept. 25, 1792)—Committee of Public
Safety appointed—The Reign of Terror (1792-94)—
Robespierre, Danton, Marat, Philip Egalite, their fate—
The King and Queen beheaded (1793)—The New
Calendar—The existence of God denied—Festival of the
Goddess of Reason (Nov. 10, 1793).

(e) The Directory (1796-99).—Napoleon’s Italian Cam-
paign (1796-97)—Rome proclaimed a Republic (1798)—
Pius VI. made prisoner (1798) by French soldiers, and

brought to Valence, on the Rhone, where he died (August

22, 1799)—Napoleon appointed First Consul (1799.)
XVIII.

—

Pontificate of Pius VII. (1800-23).

(a) The Pope’s Relations with Napoleon.—Concordat
concluded with Napoleon (1801)—The Organic Laws
drawn up by Napoleon to render the Concordat less

objectionable to the French Parliament
;
not accepted by

the Pope—Pius goes (1804) to Paris to crown Napoleon
Emperor—The Papal States annexed to the French Crown
(1809)—The Pope a prisoner at Savona (1809-12), and at
Fontainebleau (1812-14)—The preliminaries to a Concordat
agreed to (1813) by the Pope; afterwards condemned

—

Napoleon’s divorce, and his marriage with Louisa Maria

at Austria
;

the black and red cardinals—The Pope’s
return to Rome (1814)—His second expulsion from Rome
during the “ Hundred Days ” Reign (1815).



21

(b) The Restoration of the Jesuits.—During the period

of their suppression they lived partly as secular priests and

partly as religious under the names ot Fathers of the Sacred

Heart and Fathers of the Faith—Pius VI., yielding to the

request of Christendom, issued the Bull Sollicitudo Omnium

Ecclesiarum (August 7, 1814) restoring the Order.

XIX.

—

Pontificate of Pius IX. (1846-78).

(a) His early life.—Born at Senegaglia (1792)—Ap-
pointed Archbishop of Spoleto (1827), and afterwards of

Imola (1832)—Unanimously elected Pope (1846).
( b

)

His relations with the Papal States.—Various
political reforms introduced and a liberal constitution

granted to the Romans—The Revolution and the flight of
the Pope (1848)—The Restoration (1850)—Defeat of the

Papal troops at Castel-Fidardo (I860), followed by the

confiscation of four-fifths of the Papal States—The Italian
troops take possession of Rome (1870),

(c) His relations with the Church.—“ Syllabus ot
Errors”—The dogma of the Immaculate Conception

defined (1854)—The Vatican Council convoked on the
29th of June, 1868, and opened on the 8th December,

1869 ; seven hundred bishops present ; four Sessions held ;

the dogma of Papal Infallibility defined ; the Council

prorogued on the 20th of October, 1870.

XX.

—

The Church in the British Isles during the

Nineteenth Century.

(a) The Veto.—Proposal made by Lord Castlereagh,
Secretary for Ireland, to ten Irish Bishops in 1799—The
proposal rejected by the Irish Prelates in 1808—Rescript
of Quarantotti (1814)—The Genoese letter (1815).



22

(

b

) Catholic Emancipation.—Catholic Belief Acts
passed by the House of Commons in 1812 and 1826, but

rejected by the House of Lords—Daniel O’Connell (1775-
1847) elected Member for Clare 1828—Act of Catholic
Emancipation passed (1829)—after an agitation of twenty
years—O’Connell ably assisted by Dr. Doyle (f 1834) and
Dr. MacHale (}1821).

(c) The Temperance Movement.—Originated in 1838
by the Capuchin Friar, Father Theobald Mathew (1790-

1856).

(d) The Tractarian Movement,—Tracts for the Times
published at Oxford during the years 1833-41 regard-

ing the relations between the Catholic and Anglican

Churches—Chief writers of the Tracts were Drs. Newman,
Pusey, and Keble—Last Tract published was No. 90,
written by Dr. Newman, to show that most Catholic

doctrines could be received consistently with strict

adherence to the Thirty-nine Articles.

(e) The Hierarchy in England and Scotland.—The
Hierarchy re-established in England (1850)—The Eccle-
siastical Titles’ Bill—Dr. Wiseman, Archbishop of West-
minster (1850-65)—Restoration of the Scotch Hierarchy
(1878).

(/) The Protestant Church in Ireland.—The Tithe
War (1832)—Commutation of tithes into a regular rent-
charge—The Protestant Church disestablished in Ireland
(1869).



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