Seventh Day Adventists By FATHERS RUMBLE and CARTY Radio Replies Press, St. Paul 1 , Minn., U. S A RADIO REPLIES Vol. I Vol. II Vol. Ill Each Volume, 50c for Mission Edition $1.50 each for Cloth Bound Edition All Three Cloth Bound Volumes, $4.00 Booklet Quizzes to a Street Preacher No. 1. Bible No. 6. Hell No. 2. Purgatory No. 7. Birth Prevention No. 3. Indulgence No. 8. Eucharist No. 4. Confession No. 9. True Church No. 5. Marriage No. 10. Virgin and Idol Worship Single copy, 10c Ten Quizz Pamphlets Bound in Book Form for Instructor, $1.50. WAY OF THE CROSS For Congregational Praying and Singing Single copy, 10c; 100 at 7c each Plastic bound, large type booklet for priest, 50c THE JEHOVAH WITNESSES ioc SEVENTH DAY ADVENTISTS ioc NON-CATHOLIC DENOMINATIONS 10c Copyright 194 4 by the RADIO REPLIES PRESS Printed in U. S. A. IMPRIMATUR Joannes Gregorius Murray Archiepiscopus Sancti Pauli SEVENTH DAY ADVENTISTS 1 1. In observing Sunday instead of Saturday the Roman Catholic Church is at variance with Scrip- ture. If Holy Scripture insisted that followers of Christ must observe Saturday, and not Sun- day, then the Catholic Church would indeed be at variance with Scripture. But the Bible nowhere so zfiuch as hints that the followers of Christ must observe Saturday. 2. If one wants the religion of Christ, he must become a Seventh Day Adventist. If one really wishes for the religion of Christ, he certainly could not become a Seventh Day Adventist. If you believe in Christ, you must believe that He kept His promises. Now He said, "I will build My Church, and the gates of hell will not prevail against it." His true Church must have been founded by Him per- sonally, and it could never go wrong. But who commenced the Seventh Day Adventists? And when? Certainly Christ did not establish that sect. It began in the 19th century—19 centuries too late to be the work of Christ. The Seventh Day Adventists are simply an offshoot of the Millerites, the followers of William Miller who began to give his religious ideas to the world in 1831. 2 FOUNDER OF ADVENTISTS 3. What is the significance of the word "Adventist"? William Miller, bom in 1782, was an un- educated American farmer who took to Bible reading, and got wrapped up in the idea of the Second Coming or Advent of Christ. In 1831 he believed he had discovered that the Second Advent of Christ was due in October, 1843. He began to preach this, gained some disciples, and they received the name of "Ad- ventists/' When Miller's prediction failed in 1843, he declared that Christ would come in the spring of 1844. When the end of the world did not come then. Miller apologized to his fol- lowers for the mistake in his calculations, and told them that the end would come in the autumn of 1844—to be precise, on October 22 of that year. When that date failed. Miller washed his hands of the whole movement, ad- mitted that he was wrong, and declared that he had no confidence in it. But a prophetess arose named Mrs. Ellen G. White, who con- solidated the movement, adding the Seventh Day doctrine. 4. Are there other Adventists besides the Seventh Day Observers? Yes. It was Mrs. Ellen White who discov- ered that all Christians had fallen into error by their observance of Sunday. She declared that she had been taken up into heaven and shown the truth—that Saturday was the day to be observed. In 1845 she and her followers or- CATHOLIC IDEAS 3 ganized themselves into a body called the "Seventh Day Adventists" — "Seventh Day" be- cause they insist on observing Saturday in- stead of Sunday; and "Adventists" to show their retention of the idea that the Second Coming of Christ is near at hand. Other forms and offshoots of the Millerite movement are, "The Life and Advent Union," 1848; "The Ad- vent Christian Church," 1861; "Church of God, Adventist," 1865; and the "Churches of God in Christ Jesus," 1888. Needless to say, all these sects fail with Protestantism, just as all other forms of the Protestant religion. 5. How do Catholics observe the Lord's Day? They should sanctify Sunday by assisting at Mass, by prayer, and by abstaining from unnecessary servile works. 6. I think Catholic ideas most pecul- iar in this matter. That is merely because Catholic ideas do not happen to fit in with your own religious upbringing. Things we don't agree with usu- ally seem peculiar to us. But the whole point is, are your ideas right, or are our ideas right? You have no proof whatever that your notions are right, or that Catholic ideas are wrong. 7. Did not God command us to ob- serve Saturday, and not Sunday at all? 4 GOD'S COVENANT No. The command as given by Moses in the Name oi God to the Jews was that the Sabbath, and not Saturday, should be kept holy. The word Sabbath means rest. The law includes two elements; one essential, that one day in seven should be dedicated to God; the other ceremonial, that the particular day should be chosen. The Jews selected Satur- day. 8. God is eternally the same. Hav- ing once demanded the seventh day of the week, even He could not change it to the first day of the week. On that argument He could not have changed from the Old Law to the New Law, nor from the Jews to the Christians. You should give up your Christian beliefs, and join the Jewish religion! Yet did not Christ say, "You have heard it said in the Law; but now I say unto you." And He deliberately abrogated certain Jewish legislation concern- ing marriage. He certainly admitted the pos- sibility of some changes. 9. God's covenant with the Jews con- cerned one day in seven, and He said, "My covenant I will not break." Is God a liar, or is your Church wrong? God is not a liar, and the Catholic Church SATURDAY AND SUNDAY 5 is not wrong. God Himself predicted in Isaiah II., 2-3, that He would establish a visible Church to which all nations would come, and that out of that Church the law would proceed to teach us His ways. In due time He sent His Son, who established the Catholic Church, and she tells us God's present law. God has not changed. If you decide to do different suc- cessive things, your decision does not change merely because the undertakings change successively. The Jews decided to observe Saturday, while Christians decided to observe Sunday. The seventh day as God's day was not changed. The Sabbath, God's rest day, was transferred from Saturday to Sunday. 10. We Adventists observe Saturday as God commanded. Where are we wrong? In believing the specified Jewish day to be still of obligation. You do not seem to under- stand that the Old Law was but figurative of the more perfect New Law, and that in the New Law Christ established the Catholic Church which clearly teaches the change of ceremonial day. If you want to keep the cere- monial day of the Jews, you may as well keep the lot, and abolish Baptism in favor of Cir- cumcision. 11. You Catholics got Sunday from Mithraism. We did not. Sunday may have been the 6 REASONS FOR SUNDAY day celebrated in honor oi Mithra. But this was not the reason lor its selection by Chris- tians. There is as much connection between the Christian choice oi Sunday and Mithraism as there is between the fact that the lews ob- served Saturday and the derivation of the word in English from Saturn. Had the Church chosen Wednesday for some reason of her own, you would alter your charge and cry in triumph, "Ah! The day sacred to Wodin." 12. What are the reasons for the se- lection of Sunday rather than Sat- urday? After Christ's resurrection and the establish- ment of the Church of the New Law, Christians kept the substance of the Old Law in this mat- ter by still retaining one day out of seven. But the Apostles, as I have said, changed the speci- fication of the day to Sunday. This they did for several reasons. Firstly, in order to honor the resurrection of Christ from the dead on Sunday morning. St. Paul shows that this is the bed-rock foundation of our faith when he says, "If Christ be not risen, then is our faith in vain." Secondly, the advent of the Holy Ghost gave life to the Church on Pentecost Sunday. Thirdly, the change was calculated to impress upon our minds the transition from the Old Law to the New Law. Finally, Satur- day had special significance as being dedi- cated to the completion of God's creative work. But God's redemptive work is greater than His creative work, and as a mark of honor the first TESTIMONY OF SCRIPTURE 7 day of the week was dedicated to the superior redemptive work of God. 13. Does Scripture in any way justify such a change as a fact? Yes. Christ, of course, accepting the Old Law prior to fulfilling and perfecting it by His new revelation# observed Saturday. But He Himself prepared the way for the change of day. He defended His disciples when the Jews accused them of not observing the Sabbath strictly in the traditional sense. Matt. XII., 1-8. He rebukes a too severe an interpretation of the Sabbath law. Lk. XIII., 10-16; XIV., 1-5; In. V., 9-18; VII., 22. He shows His authority to do as He may please with the Sabbath. Mk. II., 27-28. Nowhere does He re-assert the obligation of observing the Jewish Sabbath. Never does He quote this Jewish Law. In marked contrast, the New Testament pays spe- cial honor to Sunday. Christ rose on Sunday, and appeared to His Apostles on Sunday. He chose the following Sunday to appear to them when St. Thomas was present. Fifty days later He chose Sunday for the bestowal of the Holy Spirit upon His Church. The first Christians themselves observed Sunday from the very be- ginning. "On the first day of the week, when we were assembled to break bread." Acts XX., 7. St. Paul rebuked the Galatians because of their tendency to revert to Jewish customs, and above all in their observance of Jewish days as if they were still binding. Gal. IV., 9-10. To the Corinthians he wrote, "As I have 8 COUNCIL OF LAODICEA given order to the churches of Galatia, so do ye also. On the first day of the week let every one of you put apart . . . what it shall well please him" towards the collection on behalf of the Church. 1 Cor., XVI., 1-2. In Rev. L, 10, St. John tells us that he was in the spirit "on the Lord's day," i.e., on the day on which Christ rose from the dead, and which was al- ready dedicated to Him as sacred in a special way. 14. Geiermann, a Catholic writer, says that the Church changed the day in the 4th century at the Council of Laodicea. You have misunderstood him. The Church then merely gave a special precept ordering the faithful to keep to the Apostolic practice of observing Sunday. But the change was not made in the 4th century for the first time. Thus St. Augustine wrote in the 4th century, "The Apostles and their contemporaries sanctioned the dedication of Sunday to the worship of God." Two centuries before Augustine, Tertul- lian had written, "We, as tradition has taught us, observe the day of the Lord's resurrection." St. Justin Martyr, who died in 167 A.D., wrote, "On Sunday we meet to celebrate the Lord's Supper and read the Gospels and Sacred Scripture, the first day on which God changed darkness, and made the world, and on which Christ rose from the dead." Earlier still, St. Ignatius, who died in 107 A.D., says, "If we still live according to the Jewish observances. CHANGING OF LAW 9 we confess that we do not accept the grace of Christ. Those who once lived according to the Old Law have come to a new hope, no longer observing the Jewish Sabbath, but the Lord's day on which our Life rose from the dead." Thus tradition goes back to the indications giv- en in Scripture and recorded above. Yet it is right to say that the Catholic Church changed the day insofar as the Apostles were represen- tatives of that Church; for they, with the author- ity of Christ, sanctioned the change. 15. This changing of the law proves that the Catholic Church is found- ed and governed by Satan. The foundation of the Catholic Church is a matter of history, and history shows that Christ Himself founded her. You would find it quite impossible to say when, where, and how Satan founded the Catholic Church. As for Satan governing the Catholic Church, do you think Satan would be so insistent on the preservation of the doctrine of Christ? The Catholic Church says that anything impure, filthy, or wicked, is absolutely forbidden. Is that Satanic? She warns against all sin, and urges her children to be holy. It does not sound very devilish. You neither understand Scripture nor the Cath- olic Church to which you are so opposed. 16. Could not a person keep Sunday holy without going to Mass? 10 WHY MORTAL SIN? A Catholic could not, when there is nothing to prevent his attendance at Mass. It is a mor- tal sin to miss Mass, and ii he put himself into a state of mortal sin he vitiates all else he might attempt to do. That is, of course, unless he makes an act of perfect contrition, after which he could do some good actions; but he would not have fulfilled God's essential law. 17. Could he not pray and read his Bible all day? I doubt it. But if a Catholic did do that, he would be doing what God does not command, and neglecting the thing God does command. 18. Why is it mortal sin to miss Mass on Sundays? Christ said, "If thou wilt enter into life, keep the commandments." Now one of these com- mandments is, "Remember that thou keep holy the Sabbath day." Thus God demands the sanctification of one day in seven in a special way. His very use of the world "Remember" implies a grave obligation not to forget or omit this duty. It is a mortal sin to disobey God in this matter. But how are we Christians to ob- serve this commandment? Who is to tell us? Our Lord says, "If a man will not hear the Church, let him be as the heathen." Matt. XVIII., 17. We must, then, hear the Church. Now the Catholic Church tells us that the cen- tral factor in the religion of Christ is the Mass, gnd that the chief thing in the sanctification of GOLDEN RULE 11 Sunday is to be present at the ottering of that Sacrifice to God. This obliges under pain of mortal sin, unless sickness or other grave dif- ficulties prevent such assistance at Mass. Re- member that men are not only individual be- ings. They are also social units in a collective nation. And as they are obliged to worship God in their individual capacity, so too col- lectively. God has always demanded public worship, and from the earliest Apostolic times Christians met regularly for religious exercises in common. 19. Why should Catholics be thus burdened? Religion is a debt to God. We Catholics pay this debt regardless of our own comfort and pleasure. We do not pay earthly debts when it gives us pleasure, and refuse to pay them when it displeases us. It is a matter of honesty and justice. 20. Why are not Catholics taught good living, instead of going to Mass and giving money? You wrongly suppose that the Church in- sists upon attendance at Mass and money-giv- ing, and that she is indifferent to truth and good living. You should ask Catholics who do attend Mass what they are taught, instead of making prejudiced guesses. 12 RECREATION ON SUNDAY 21. Many go to Mass and are as bad as non-church-goers. Would you have them continue in their sins and discontinue going to Mass? That is what the average non-church-goer does. It would not be so bad ii he did so and kept silent about others. But it is intolerable that he should rail at those who do attempt to offer some worship to God. 22. All the same the one who goes to Mass is no better in God's sight than the one who does not. He may not be in other things, though even that is unlikely. But he is certainly better in God's sight insofar as he attends Mass. If the church-goer has faults, I do not justify them; but those faults will be less grave than the sin of the man who neglects the greatest of his debts—that to Almighty God. 23. Catholics go to Mass and then are free to do what they like on Sun- day. By going to Mass Catholics have remem- bered to keep holy the Sabbath day. which is required. For the rest. Catholics are not al- lowed to do as they please afterwards. They are forbidden all unnecessary servile works, and are, of course, forbidden, as always, any sinful conduct. But they are not forbidden lawful relaxation from ordinary pursuits. KEEPING A DAY HOLY 13 24. To keep a day holy means to keep it pious, godly, and sacred. Catholics do keep the day holy. The day is consecrated to God by definite duties of re- ligion. Innocent recreation does not desecrate it. Eating one's meals on Sunday is not in itself a pious act yet it does not desecrate the day. To keep a day pious does not mean that every single act must be one of piety. Any act which is not sinful can be offered to God's greater honor and glory, even as David offered his dancing before the Ark of the Covenant When the Pharisees complained to Christ that the disciples were doing what their traditions held to be unlawful, Christ replied that the Sabbath was made for man, not man for the Sabbath. 25. Is playing tennis keeping a day holy and as a day of rest? Playing tennis is not sinful. It is neither holy nor wicked of itself. It is mental and bodily refreshment of one's forces. But how far will you go? If I may not play tennis, may I exercise my limbs by walking? If I may not use my legs, may I use my eyes in reading? If not that, may I use my lungs by breathing? Where are you going to stop in the use of one's faculties? Religion was not meant by God to be a strait-jacket of gloom. 26. Our Protestant ministers forbid sport on Sunday. 14 PICNICS AND OUTINGS If so# they do so on their own authority, not on the authority of the Scripture. 27. Anyway, those who take up games and sport on Sunday drop their Church after a time. That may be true of many Protestants who know that their ministers forbid such things un- reasonably# and therefore give up going to church at all. It does not affect Catholics. We have easily the largest number of church-going people# even though we refuse to adopt the man-made prescriptions of Protestant minis- ters. 28. After Mass, Priests even organize picnics and outings. The Catholic Church is the only Church which can oblige her people to worship God definitely on Sunday, and many of her church- es are filled three or four times on that day. There is nothing wrong with innocent recrea- tion provided it does not interfere with one's duties to God and attendance at religious wor- ship. Sunday is a day on which we must avoid hard bodily labor# worship God# and take lawful rest. But God never intended us to sit glum and gloomy from Saturday until Monday, as if that could offer Him the greatest possible honor and glory. Of course, the Cath- olic Church may be guilty according to the standards of many Protestants# but she has CHRIST'S COMMANDS 15 never admitted those standards. The Catholic goes to an early Mass, slips home, has his breakfast, and then enjoys God's sunshine in innocent recreation. His greatest critic is the man who breakfasts in bed, and reads the Sun- day papers until 11 a.m., religiously refusing to play the piano. If he feels like it, such a man goes along to some service at a popular church or chapel in the evening, believing himself to be one of the chosen few who have gone to church that day, forgetting the legions of Catholics who have done so whilst he was still in bed. 29. I want you to reconcile such con- duct with Christ's commands. Innocent recreation on Sunday is not op- posed to Christ's commands. You decide upon your own notion of what Christianity means, and calmly demand that I reconcile Catholic practice with your notions, as if your ideas were infallibly correct. That is the way with Protestantism. Protestants won't accept the authority of the Pope, believing his claims ar- rogant. Then each proceeds to set himself up as his own Pope. Why should I accept your tests of what Christianity should be as possess- ing any value? Another Protestant, with differ- ent ideas, will want me to reconcile Catholic practices with his notions. If Catholic teaching could square with every peculiar idea of each Protestant inquirer, it would have to be as changeable as the chameleon. 16 SERVILE WORK 30. If sport on Sunday were no harm, Christ would have said so. Let us put it the other way round. If it were sinfuL it is possible that Christ would have said so. We certainly cannot expect Him to describe all that is not sinful. Sleeping is not sinfuL yet nowhere does Christ solemnly assure us that it is no sin to go to sleep. Christ omitted any explicit reference to sport on Sun- day just as he omitted to refer to the wearing of shoes, sleeping at night, or the breathing of the air God gives us. 31. What do you mean by servile work? Work which in olden times used to be given to servants and slaves, and which is chiefly performed by bodily labor and for bodily needs. Liberal and more intellectual works are not forbidden. 32. Would work for an hour be ser- vile, but not for ten minutes? The term servile refers, not to the time spent in the work, but to the nature of the work. If the work is of servile nature in itself, it cannot be done even for ten minutes without genuine necessity. If not servile of its very nature, it would not become servile if done for ten hours. HOUSEWORK ON SUNDAYS 17 33. God says, "Thou shalt do no man- ner of work/' yet you permit housework on Sundays. God forbade the ordinary work of the Jews by which they earned their living, and the work they allotted to their slaves and servants. Christ Himself rebuked the Pharisees for their letter-of-the-law interpretation of this com- mandment. God's chief purpose was that all might be free for religious duties. We have to note what God intended, and fulfill the inten- tions of the legislator, in addition to making allowances for the vast difference between the spirit of the Old Law and that of the New. The Catholic Church forbids all unnecessary servile work on Sundays. If such work can be done during the week, it is not necessary on Sun- days. Our Lord Himself said that one would be justified in laboring to release an ox from a pit on the Sabbath. A man cannot find time always on week days for all things necessary to be done, and certainly some housework is reasonably necessary on Sundays. 34. Whatever you say, you will never be able to prove that we Seventh Day Adventists are wrong whilst we remain true to the Bible. If you were true to the Bible, no one could prove you wrong. But you are most unbiblical. 18 SCRIPTURE WARRANT FOR FASTING Your very system leaves you without any real proof that the Bible is the inspired Word of God. It cannot say what is the real sense of all that is contained in the Bible. It concen- trates upon a few misinterpreted texts, and ig- nores the whole trend of Scripture, although all Scripture is of equal value as God's Word. The Catholic Church alone can guarantee Scripture as the Word of God, and alone can guarantee its correct meaning. 35. You claim to legislate in purely spiritual things, yet order fast and abstinence on certain days. There is nothing spiritual in forbidding people to eat meat. I have never said that the Church legislates only in spiritual matters. Men are not purely spiritual beings, and in our composite nature, spiritual legislation must in some way affect our material being. The laws of the Church cover material things in so far as they affect our spiritual welfare. There is nothing spiritual about meat in itself. But spiritual virtue is exercised when we abstain from meat from a motive of self-denial, gratitude, and obedience to God. 36. Is there any Scripture warrant for fasting? Yes. When the Pharisees complained to Christ that His disciples did not fast. He replied PRACTICE OF FRIDAY ABSTINENCE 19 that they did not whilst He was with them, but that they would when He had gone from them. Mk. II, 18. Now the Catholic Church, ordered by Christ to teach all nations whatsoever Christ had said to her, tells us that at certain times we must last in expiation of our sins. St. Paul wrote to the Corinthians, "Let us exhibit our- selves as servants of God, in patience, in fast- ings." A Christian spirit of reparation says, "I indulged my senses at the expense of God's law; I will therefore now mortify them at the expense of my own comfort." However, it is part of Christian law, and those who say that the Catholic Church obliges fasting whilst other Churches do not, complain as usual that the Catholic Church is fulfilling the Christian law whilst others are not. And the Catholic Church appoints special days, for if it were left to indi- viduals they would fast very irregularly, or not at all. It is much better to make it definite. 37. Why forbid meat on Fridays? Christ said that nothing from with- out defiles a man, but that it is disposition of soul that counts. Mk. VH. 15. It follows that meat is not evil in itself, and that the Church does not forbid meat on Fri- days because she thinks that meat will defile men. That should be evident from the fact that the Church permits meat on other days, as she could not do if she believed meat to be evil. Therefore it must be a question of the day, and not of the meat. Why then does the Church 20 ANTI-CHRIST AND ABSTINENCE forbid meat on Fridays? Because on that day Christ gave His life for us in misery and suffer- ing. If a Catholic eats meat on that day, the meat does not defile him, but his interior dis- position of ingratitude and disobedience cer- tainly does. If a man is not prepared to give up a little meat on the day Christ gave up His life, he is not worthy to be ranked as a Chris- tian. The Friday abstinence has kept Our Lord's sacrifice and death before the minds of millions of Catholics for centuries. To the vast majority of the Protestant Churches which abolished this beautiful practice merely be- cause the Catholic Church had the grace to fulfill it, Friday is just like Tuesday, or Wednes- day, or Thursday, and their members do not think week by week of the greatest event that ever occurred in history for love of us. I have never yet received a convert into the Church who has not seen the beauty of this* devoted- ness to Christ, and of the loyalty with which the Church recalls Friday as the day of the greatest event in our redemption. That non- Catholics should be silent about this Catholic custom I could understand. But that they should still profess to be Christians and then blame the Catholic Church for such a generous and loving act in honor of Christ merely be- cause they do not do it themselves is aston- ishing. 38. The Bible says that Anti-Christ will bid men abstain from meats. I Tim. IV, 3. The reference is to men who teach that MORTAL SIN 21 meat is evil in itself and who declare that it is wicked to eat it under any circumstances. But Catholics do not believe or teach this. Almost any butcher will tell you that he supplies many Catholic customers regularly with meat. 39. When did the practice of Friday abstinence from meat begin? t In the very earliest dges of the Church. The practice is mentioned in the Didache or Doc- trine of the Twelve Apostles, a booklet written by one of the immediate followers of the Apostles in the year 90. 40. Who said that every man will go to hell if he eats meat on Friday? No one. The Catholic Church says that it is a mortal sin for a Catholic to eat meat on Friday knowingly and wilfully, without a suf- ficiently grave and excusing reason. Then that Church says that if a man dies in unrepented mortal sin, he will go to hell. 41. I don't blame Catholics for volun- tarily abstaining from meat on Fridays, but to do so because or- dered to do so is making a virtue of necessity. That is not true. No Catholic is physically compelled to abstain from meat on Fridays. 22 MORAL OBLIGATION It is a moral obligation, adding the virtue of obedience to that of Christian mortification. On your method of reasoning you should say that a man should voluntarily abstain from stealing, and that it is wrong to do so because God has said, "Thou shalt not steal." And do the laws of the land destroy the virtue of citi- zens because there is a moral obligation to observe them? 42. Ought not Catholics to abstain from intoxicating drink on Fri- days? There is no law obliging them to do so. Of course, there is always the law of conscience forbidding drinking to excess on any day. Yet, although there is no law forbidding drink in moderation on Fridays, it would be a very good and meritorious action if a man did ab- stain voluntarily from alcoholic drink on that day in a spirit of mortification and self-denial. But that would not dispense him from the obli- gation to abstain from meat. Let a man fulfill the law, and then do more if he wishes. Obedi- ence is better than sacrifices prompted by one's own opinions. 43. Would it not be better for the Church to forbid intoxicants rath- er than harmless meat? It would not. The Church wishes to iorbid a thing which most of her people will miss. INTOXICATING DRINK 23 Practically all eat meat; not all by any means drink intoxicants. All are united in a common act of mortification. There is a tendency in men to think that all laws should conform to their own pet ideas. A man likes his meat and dislikes drink. So he suggests that the Church should rather forbid drink than meat. But drink does not affect all men; meat affects practically all. 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