key: cord-0001052-yujp9zpx
authors: Feng, Jinling; Hu, Yanxin; Ma, Zhijun; Yu, Qi; Zhao, Jixun; Liu, Xiaodong; Zhang, Guozhong
title: Virulent Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus, People’s Republic of China
date: 2012-12-03
journal: Emerg Infect Dis
DOI: 10.3201/eid1812.120552
sha: b9fbd0773ea09b1ad96a7746601d7a8e2125313d
doc_id: 1052
cord_uid: yujp9zpx

A virulent avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) was isolated from 30-day-old broiler chickens that exhibited respiratory symptoms, nephropathologic lesions, and a high proportion of deaths in the People’s Republic of China during 2005. The strain, designated YN, was genetically and pathologically characterized. Phylogenetic analysis showed that YN and most of the previously characterized IBV isolates found in China were phylogenetically classified into 2 main genetic clusters. The YN isolate caused severe lesions and resulted in deaths of 65% in experimental infections of 30-day-old specific-pathogen–free chickens. Tracheal and severe kidney lesions developed in all infected birds, confirming the ability of YN strain to induce both respiratory and renal disease. IBV antigens were detected by immunohistochemical analysis in the trachea, lung, kidney, and bursa, consistent with histopathologic observations, virus isolation, and reverse transcription PCR detection. We showed that YN IBV exhibits severe pathogenicity in chickens, and that similar viruses are prevalent in China.

A vian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a member of family Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales, causes a highly contagious respiratory and sometimes urogenital disease of chickens that is characterized by respiratory signs, nephritis, or reduced egg production and quality in layer chickens. IBV is a major poultry pathogen that is endemic worldwide and leads to serious economic losses.

The main method of protecting poultry from infectious bronchitis (IB) is the administration of live or killed vaccines. However, IB continues to cause economic losses in the poultry industry despite intensive vaccination programs in many countries (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) . Outbreaks of IB often are due to infections with strains serologically different from those used for vaccination (2, 6) . Since IBV was fi rst described in 1931, a large number of serotypes or variants have emerged, and some have become endemic worldwide (4, (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) . That little or no cross-protection occurs between different serotypes of IBV is well known (13) . Therefore, continuous determination of the epidemic serotype and production of new generations of vaccines are crucial for controlling IB in each geographic region or country.

IBV was fi rst isolated in the People's Republic of China in the early 1980s; since then, the Massachusetts-type (e.g., H120, H52, Ma5, W93, and 28/86) or Connecticut-type live attenuated IB vaccines and the inactivated killed oilemulsion vaccine have been used to prevent and control the disease. However, the serotypes of the vaccines used have been epidemiologically determined to differ from those of the predominant IBV isolates in China that form 2 large groups of unique strains, named A2-like and QXIBVlike strains (5, 6, (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) . Therefore, because of the lack of a vaccine against endemic strains of IBV in China, IBV infection has remained a problem in the Chinese poultry industry.

We isolated a virulent IBV strain from 30-day-old broiler chickens in the Yunnan Province and characterized it using sequence alignment, phylogenetic analysis, pathogenicity studies, histopathologic observation, and immunohistochemical (IHC) examination. The results indicate that the isolate is genetically similar to most of the prevalent strains of IBV found in China. We also showed that IBV YN isolate displays more severe pathogenicity than previously characterized strains in China.

The YN strain was isolated in 2005 from 30-day-old broilers that had been inoculated oculonasally with H120 On the basis of IBV nucleotide sequences (M41, A2, BJ, ZJ971, and SC021202; GenBank accession nos. DQ834384, AY043312, AY319651, AF352313, and AY237817, respectively), 22 pairs of specifi c primers (Table 1) were designed to amplify the complete genome (excluding the 5′-and 3′-terminal segments) of the YN strain. Viral RNA was extracted from virus-infected allantoic fl uid by using Trizol Reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Reverse transcription (RT) was performed at 37°C for 1 h by using 3 μg total RNA, 1 μL random primers (500 μg/mL, random hexadeoxynucleotides; Promega, Madison, WI, USA) and 0.5 μL M-MLV RT (200 U/μL) (Promega). For PCR, 1 U Taq DNA Polymerase (Promega) and 10 pmol of each primer were added to 100 ng cDNA as template in a total of 20 μL reaction volume. PCR was performed at 95°C for 5 min, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation (95°C, 45 s), annealing (53°C or 55°C, 45 s), and polymerization (72°C, 2 min), and the postpolymerization step was performed at 72°C for 10 min. Amplifi ed sequences were analyzed by 1.2% agarose gel electrophoresis.

The amplifi ed DNA products were purifi ed by using an AxyPrep DNA Gel Extraction Kit (AxyGEN, Union City, CA, USA), and the purifi ed products were ligated to the pMD18-T Easy Vector system (Promega). Recombinant plasmids were extracted from positive clones by using the E.Z.N.A.R. Plasmid Miniprep Kit (Omega, Norcross, GA, USA) and identifi ed by EcoRI restriction digestion (Promega). Nucleotide sequencing reactions were performed by Sunbio Biotech (Bejjing, China).

Complete genome or S1 gene sequences of IBV were obtained from GenBank, and these IBV sequences and the complete coding sequence of the IBV YN isolate were aligned and analyzed by using the ClustalW multiple alignment algorithm in the MegAlign program of the DNASTAR software suite (version 3.1; DNAstar, Madison, WI, USA).

The phylogenetic tree of S1 gene or complete genomic sequences was constructed by using MEGA4.0 software (www.megasoftware.net) by the neighbor-joining method (1,000 bootstrap replicates). Evolutionary distances were computed by the pairwise distance method using the maximum composite likelihood model (19) .

Forty 30-day-old SPF white leghorn chickens were randomly divided into 2 groups of 20 birds each. All birds in 1 group were challenged intranasally with at least 10 5 50% egg infectious dose per 0.2 mL of IBV YN strain. Birds in another group were inoculated with 0.2 mL phosphatebuffered saline (PBS) as noninfected controls. Birds were housed in isolators and provided feed and water ad libitum. All birds were observed daily for signs of disease (e.g., disheveled feathers, depression, respiratory signs, or diarrhea) and death for 21 days. Gross pathologic changes were observed, and tissues (trachea, lung, kidney, bursa, liver, and brain) were collected for RT-PCR from 10 randomly selected chickens that died within 4-10 days after inoculation, virus isolation, and histopathologic and IHC analyses. Serum samples collected from birds that survived were tested for IBV antibodies by a commercial ELISA kit (IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME, USA). The endpoint titers were calculated according to the manufacturer's instructions, and titers >396 were considered positive for IBV antibody.

Tissue samples from deceased birds were collected and used for RT-PCR to determine tissue distribution of the virus. Total RNA was obtained by using Trizol Reagent (Invitrogen) as recommended for tissue samples. RT-PCR was performed as described above by using a pair of primers (forward: 5′-TTTTGGTGATGACAAGATGAA-3′; reverse: 5′-CG CATTGTTCCTCTCCTC-3′), which amplify and detect a 403-bp fragment of the S1 gene of IBV. PCR products were analyzed on 1.5% agarose gels.

Tissue samples collected after challenge were used for virus isolation. Briefl y, at least 6 SPF embryos were inoculated through the allantoic cavity, with each sample, containing 10,000 U/mL penicillin and 10,000 μg/mL streptomycin (0.2 mL/egg). The eggs were candled daily, and allantoic fl uids from 3 inoculated embryos were collected 48 h after inoculation for RT-PCR amplifi cation. The remaining embryos were examined 6 days after inoculation for characteristic IBV lesions, such as dwarfi ng, stunting, or curling of embryos.

Tissues (trachea, lung, kidney, bursa, liver, and brain) were collected and fi xed by immersion in 10% neutral formalin at room temperature for 48 h. Tissue was then routinely processed, embedded in paraffi n wax, and cut into 5-μm sections. The sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined by light microscopy for lesions resulting from IBV infection.

All sampled tissues were examined by IHC analysis to detect viral antigen. Briefl y, 5-μm tissue sections were subjected to antigen retrieval (20) and were then incubated in 10% normal goat serum in PBS for 30 min to block nonspecifi c binding sites. Slides were further incubated with chicken anti-IBV hyperimmune serum at 1:500 dilution in PBS for 2 h, followed by incubation with a horseradish peroxidase-conjugated rabbit chicken IgG for 1 h. The reaction was visualized by the addition of 3,3-diaminobenzidine (DAB; Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) for 15 min. After IHC staining, sections were counterstained with hematoxylin, air dried, and examined by light microscopy.

The complete genome sequence (excluding the 5′and 3′-terminal segments) of YN strain was obtained by assembling 22 overlapping sequences that ranged from 856 bp to 1,686 bp by the DNAstar software. The nucleotide sequences were submitted to GenBank under accession no. JF893452. The complete genomic sequences (excluding the 5′-and 3′-terminal segments) of YN isolate comprised 27,635 nt, which putatively contains 6 different genes, each containing single or multiple open reading frames.

Phylogenetic trees for the genome and each gene of IBV reinforced the viral nucleotide sequencing results, suggesting that the YN isolate shares an immediate ancestor with the SC021202 strain ( Figure 1 ). To elucidate the phylogenetic relationships of China IBV strains, we further analyzed S1 genes of 70 IBVs, including 51 China isolates and 19 standard strains or vaccine strains ( Figure  1, panel B) . The data indicated that China isolates could be differentiated into 3 distinct genetic groups or genotypes. Group I included 41 of the 51 fi eld isolates, which were tentatively named A2-like viruses. Four China fi eld isolates were included in group II, which were tentatively named LSD-like viruses. China group III comprised 6 isolates, which were grouped with the Massachusetts serotype. These results showed that at least 3 distinct groups existed in chicken fl ocks in China, and A2-like and M41-like viruses were mainly responsible for the IB panzootic, consistent with fi ndngs of our previous studies (5, 16) .

Ten virus sequences were selected for pairwise comparisons with the YN strain according to the phylogenetic analysis for S1 (Figure 1, panel B) , which included 2 common vaccine strains in China (M41 and H120) and 8 China isolates from 3 different gene clusters (DY07, LX4, A2, and SC021202 from cluster I; CK/CH/ LSD/05I and CK/CH/LHB/100801 from cluster II; CK/ CH/LHLJ/07VII and CK/CH/LDL/101212 from cluster III) ( Table 2 , Appendix, wwwnc.cdc.gov/EID/article/18/12/12-0552-T2.htm). Overall, the complete genomic sequences (excluding the 5′-and 3′-terminal segments) were 87.1%-98.0% identical among the isolates, and the YN strain had the highest nucleotide identity (98.0%) to the SC021202 strain isolated in southern China (GenBank accession no. EU714029). For each gene, the identity hanged from 93.7% to 100% between YN and SC021202 strains ( Table 2) .

The S glycoprotein is the major functional protein for IBV; thus, the putative differences between the YN strain and other IBVs were investigated. Analyses showed that a single amino acid insertion was present at position 22 (Figure 2 , panel A) in addition to a 7-aa insertion at positions 74-81 ( Figure 2, panel B) in the S1 gene of the YN isolate, in which a putative N-glycosylation site was found. Among available sequences in GenBank, strains A2, BJ, CQ04-1, SC021202, and SAIBK had the same insertion in the S1 gene. Compared with other available strains, 9-aa deletions were located at the N terminal of the 

Clinically, some birds appeared depressed with ruffl ed feathers; these birds had increased water intake and huddled together in YN-inoculation group at 2 days postinfection (dpi). At 4 dpi, IB-like signs became obvious in all infected chickens, and some birds were euthanized because of severe disease. Deaths occurred until 21 dpi; the death rate reached 65% (Figure 3, panel A) . No deaths or clinical signs were observed in the control group.

Slight hemorrhage with serous catarrhal exudate could be seen in the trachea of all euthanized birds. Air sac lesions also were present, characterized by marked thickening of the air sac wall and a yellow caseous exudate. All euthanized chickens showed typical kidney lesions. The affected kidneys were substantially enlarged, and deposits of pale urate were frequently observed in the tubules and Antibody responses in birds that survived infection were measured by a commercial ELISA kit (IDEXX Laboratories). All but 1 chicken showed a positive reaction (Figure 3, panel B) by ELISA, and the mean titer induced by the YN strain was 1,250.35 at 21 dpi.

To further examine the pathogenicity of IBV YN, the tissue tropism of the strain was investigated by RT-PCR and virus isolation by using tissue suspensions from dead birds. YN strain replicated well in the various organs, including the kidneys, trachea, lungs, and bursa (Table 3; online Technical Appendix, wwwnc.cdc.gov/EID/pdfs/12-0552-Techapp.pdf).

Microscopic examination of the tracheal tissues revealed extensive degeneration and necrosis of the ciliated epithelial cells, sometimes with pseudoacinar structures resulting from dropout of dead cells ( Figure 5, panel B) . Viral antigen was detected at high levels in the epithelial cells of the tracheal mucosa ( Figure 6, panel B) . Lung lesions were characterized by hemorrhage, congestion, and lymphocytic infi ltration in the alveolar lumen ( Figure  5, panel D) , and viral antigen was detected in alveolar cells ( Figure 6, panel D) . Severe renal lesions, including degeneration and necrosis of renal tubular epithelial cells, lymphocytic infi ltration in the interstitium, exfoliated renal tubular epithelial cells, and erythrocytes were frequently observed ( Figure 5, panel F) . Viral antigens were detected extensively in the renal tubular epithelial cells ( Figure  6 , panel F). Serious atrophy of lymphoid follicles and widening of the interstitium were observed in the bursa of Fabricius ( Figure 5, panel H) , and viral antigens were detected widely in the mucosal epithelium of the bursa of Fabricius ( Figure 6 , panel H). Sporadic congestion also was observed in the liver and cerebrum.

IBV infection leads to severe economic losses in the poultry industry because of poor weight gain and feeding effi ciency in broilers or reduced egg production and egg quality in laying birds. Death rates are often low (<30%) unless secondary bacterial infections cause increased deaths of birds (21, 22) . Evaluation of the pathogenicity of IBV was based on several criteria, including: clinical signs, gross pathologic lesions, histopathologic changes, and tissue tropism. In this study, a China IBV strain isolated from a 30-day-old vaccinated broiler fl ock that had a history of respiratory signs, severe renal disease, and higher than expected mortality rate was analyzed by clinical observation, histopathologic examination, RT-PCR, virus isolation, and immunohistochemistry. Analyses revealed that the YN strain induced severe pathogenicity in 30-day-old SPF chickens with a 65% death rate and substantial kidney lesions. Sequence analysis of the S1 gene of YN isolate showed high nucleotide similarities to CQ04-1 (99.5% nt and 98.8% aa identities) and SC021202 (99.3% nt and 98.6% aa identities). Phylogenetic analysis further indicated that at least 3 distinct genetic clusters of IBV were present in chicken fl ocks in China, named A2-like, LSD-like, and M41-like strains. Most China IBV fi eld isolates belonged to the same genetic cluster (A2-like), but the serotypes of these prevalent IBV strains differed from those of the currently used vaccine strains in China (M41-like, e.g., H120, Ma5, 28/86, and W93), which are considered the main cause of disease outbreaks (5, (15) (16) (17) . An attenuated or inactivated vaccine that matches with pandemic strains is urgently needed in China to control IBV infection.

IBV has been shown to replicate in many respiratory tissues (including trachea, lungs, and air sac), causing respiratory disease; in some urogenital tissues (including kidney), causing minor or major nephritis; and in many parts of the alimentary tract (including esophagus, proventriculus, and intestine) (23) (24) (25) . As expected, YN was most often detected in the trachea, lung, kidney, and bursa by RT-PCR, virus isolation, and IHC analysis. In addition, we found YN antigens partly from liver (1/10) and brain (1/10).

Among 4 major structural proteins, the S glycoprotein is known to contain regions that induce neutralizing, serotype-specifi c, membrane fusion, attachment, and hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies (5, (26) (27) (28) . In addition, the S protein is a determinant of cell tropism (29, 30) . Our data showed a 7-aa insertion between positions 72 and 78 ( Figure 2 , panel A) in the S1 gene of the YN strain and a 9-aa deletion in the N terminal of the S2, generating a stop codon. These changes are possibly related to the increased virulence observed for YN IBV, and reverse genetic analyses are needed to confi rm these fi ndings.

In conclusion, we showed that YN-like viruses are a predominant strain in China and that YN IBV exhibits broad tissue tropism and severe pathogenicity in chickens.

To better control IBV in China, more detailed analysis of the biologic and antigenic characteristics of the predominant IBV isolates is warranted, and assessments of the effi cacy of current vaccines against these isolates are needed. 

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