key: cord-0001354-ij7g0ynq
authors: Xiao, Fengxia; Zimpelmann, Joseph; Agaybi, Samih; Gurley, Susan B.; Puente, Lawrence; Burns, Kevin D.
title: Characterization of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Ectodomain Shedding from Mouse Proximal Tubular Cells
date: 2014-01-15
journal: PLoS One
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085958
sha: 8ecb2c48d129fe9df101cb136f9496000d4bb581
doc_id: 1354
cord_uid: ij7g0ynq

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is highly expressed in the kidney proximal tubule, where it cleaves angiotensin (Ang) II to Ang-(1-7). Urinary ACE2 levels increase in diabetes, suggesting that ACE2 may be shed from tubular cells. The aim of this study was to determine if ACE2 is shed from proximal tubular cells, to characterize ACE2 fragments, and to study pathways for shedding. Studies involved primary cultures of mouse proximal tubular cells, with ACE2 activity measured using a synthetic substrate, and analysis of ACE2 fragments by immunoblots and mass spectrometry. The culture media from mouse proximal tubular cells demonstrated a time-dependent increase in ACE2 activity, suggesting constitutive ACE2 shedding. ACE2 was detected in media as two bands at ∼90 kDa and ∼70 kDa on immunoblots. By contrast, full-length ACE2 appeared at ∼100 kDa in cell lysates or mouse kidney cortex. Mass spectrometry of the two deglycosylated fragments identified peptides matching mouse ACE2 at positions 18-706 and 18-577, respectively. The C-terminus of the 18-706 peptide fragment contained a non-tryptic site, suggesting that Met(706) is a candidate ACE2 cleavage site. Incubation of cells in high D-glucose (25 mM) (and to a lesser extent Ang II) for 48–72 h increased ACE2 activity in the media (p<0.001), an effect blocked by inhibition of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM)17. High D-glucose increased ADAM17 activity in cell lysates (p<0.05). These data indicate that two glycosylated ACE2 fragments are constitutively shed from mouse proximal tubular cells. ACE2 shedding is stimulated by high D-glucose, at least partly via an ADAM17-mediated pathway. The results suggest that proximal tubular shedding of ACE2 may increase in diabetes, which could enhance degradation of Ang II in the tubular lumen, and increase levels of Ang-(1-7).

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a component of the renin-angiotensin system that contains a single HEMGH zincdependent catalytic site, degrading the vasoconstrictor angiotensin (Ang) II to the vasodilator Ang-(1-7) [1, 2] . Although ACE2 is found in many tissues, it is highly expressed in the kidney, particularly within cells of the proximal tubule (PT) [3, 4] . Experimental studies suggest that ACE2 protects against renal disease progression. Thus, ACE2 gene knockout (KO) mice develop accelerated Ang II-mediated glomerulosclerosis [5] and are more susceptible to kidney injury in the type 1 diabetes Akita model [6] . Moreover, in Akita diabetic mice, administration of exogenous human recombinant ACE2 attenuates blood pressure and glomerular injury [7] . We recently reported that podocytespecific overexpression of human ACE2 attenuates streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic nephropathy in mice [8] . In kidney biopsies from patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, glomerular and tubular expression of ACE2 is decreased, which may result in increased Ang II levels and subsequent enhanced renal injury [9] . In contrast, mice with diabetic nephropathy exhibit diminished glomerular ACE2 expression, but increased tubular ACE2, suggesting a compensatory mechanism to counteract the effects of increased Ang II [3, 10] .

ACE2 is a type I integral membrane protein that shares 42% homology with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in its Nterminal extracellular catalytic domain [2] . Unlike ACE, however, ACE2 is not blocked by ACE inhibitors [2] . ACE2 may be acted upon by metalloproteases, resulting in cleavage and extracellular shedding at its C-terminus from the cell surface [11] [12] [13] . Indeed, ectodomain shedding of soluble forms of ACE2 has been reported to occur in human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells and airway epithelial cells, mediated by the enzyme tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a convertase (TACE), also known as ADAM17 (a member of the ''A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase'' family) [11] [12] [13] .

Soluble ACE2 was first reported in human urine by immunoblot in 2005 [14] . Urinary ACE2 levels increase in db/db diabetic mice and mice with STZ-diabetes, an effect that does not appear to be due to passage of the enzyme across the glomerular filtration barrier [15] . Furthermore, urinary ACE2 levels increase in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients with diabetes [16, 17] , and are closely associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in humans [18] . In these studies, urinary ACE2 fragments have been detected of smaller molecular mass compared to full-length ACE2 [15] [16] [17] [18] .

Recently Chodavarapu et al. demonstrated increased renal expression of ADAM17 in diabetic db/db mice, in association with increased urinary ACE2 excretion [19] . Treatment with the insulin sensitizer rosiglitazone decreased renal ADAM17 expression and urinary ACE2 levels [19] . Accordingly, these data suggest that ACE2 may be shed from tubular cells into the urinary space, a process that may be enhanced in diabetes via activation of ADAM17. In this regard, PT cells represent a potential source for urinary ACE2. However, the effects of high extracellular glucose or Ang II on PT ACE2 shedding, and the role of ADAM17 in these cells have not been explored. Furthermore, ACE2 fragments shed from PT cells have not been characterized with regards to possible cleavage sites within ACE2.

The aim of this study was therefore to first determine if ACE2 is shed from primary cultures of mouse PT cells, and to characterize shed ACE2 fragments by immunoblot analysis and mass spectrometry. Importantly, the effect of high D-glucose or Ang II on ACE2 ectodomain shedding was examined, as was the role of ADAM17. The results reveal that two glycosylated ACE2 fragments of ,90 and ,70 kDa are constitutively shed from mouse PT cells, and that high glucose and, to a lesser extent Ang II, stimulate shedding via an ADAM17-mediated pathway.

This study involved primary cultures of mouse proximal tubular cells as described below, and all mice were housed according to the Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC) guidelines. The experimental protocols were approved by the Animal Care Committee at the University of Ottawa.

Male C57BL6 mice were obtained from Charles River Laboratories (Saint-Constant, Quebec, Canada), and ACE2 gene KO mice (C57BL6 background) were obtained from Duke University Medical Center (Durham, NC, USA). For each experiment, primary cultures of PT cells were prepared from 2 male C57BL6 or ACE2 KO mice (4 kidneys, age of mice 12-16 weeks) by collagenase digestion of renal cortices followed by Percoll gradient centrifugation, essentially as described [20] . Briefly, kidneys were harvested aseptically from anesthetized mice, and renal cortices were dissected, gently minced, and suspended in a perfusion solution consisting of (in mM) 105 NaCl, 24 NaHCO 3 , 5.0 KCl, 2.0 Na 2 HPO 4 , 1.0 MgSO 4 , 1.5 CaCl 2 , 4.0 Na lactate, 5.0 D-glucose, 1.0 L-alanine, 10 N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N-2ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), 0.2% bovine serum albumin (BSA), 0.1% collagenase (type V; Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), and 0.05% soybean trypsin inhibitor (Sigma), pH 7.2. The suspension was gassed with 95% O 2 -5% CO 2 for 30 min at 37uC. After collagenase digestion, the cortical suspension was strained through a 250 mm brass sieve and centrifuged at 1500 g for 1 min. The pellet was washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and resuspended in a 40% Percoll solution (Sigma) (pH 7.2) containing (in mM) 120 NaCl, 4.8 KCl, 25 NaHCO 3 , 1.0 MgCl 2 , 1.0 NaH 2 PO 4 , 5.0 D-glucose, 10 HEPES, 1.0 L-alanine, 1.4 CaCl 2 , 60 U/ml penicillin, and 60 mg/ml streptomycin. The solution was centrifuged at 18500 g for 30 min at 4uC, and the digested tissue separated into four distinct bands. The fourth band (F4), enriched in PT segments, was aspirated, suspended in culture medium and centrifuged to remove the Percoll solution. For 2 mice, the final PT pellet was suspended in culture medium and seeded onto 32 35-mm culture dishes.

Cells were initially grown in a defined medium of DMEM-F12 (1:1), supplemented with insulin (5 mg/ml), transferrin (5 mg/ml), selenium (5 ng/ml), hydrocortisone (50 nM), 3,39,5-triiodo-Lthyronine (2.5 nM), 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 mg/ml streptomycin, and 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). After 24 h, cells were attached to the culture dishes, and switched to a defined serumfree medium, with glucose concentration 7.8 mM. After 5 days, cells reached ,70% confluence and had a typical epithelial cell morphology, with cobblestone appearance. Cells were maintained at 37uC in a humidified incubator with 5% CO 2 /room air, and the medium was changed every 2-3 days up to the time of experimentation, which was typically after 7 days in culture. In experiments that assessed time-dependent accumulation of ACE2 activity in the conditioned media, media was changed on day 2 after plating, with no subsequent change in media for up to 6 days in culture. Cells remained viable and retained their cobblestone morphology with this maneuver.

In some experiments, subconfluent PT cells were incubated for 24-72 hrs with varying concentrations of Ang II (10 210 -10 27 . All vehicle controls with use of GM6001 consisted of cells exposed to an equivalent amount of DMSO, which did not affect ACE2 activity in the media compared to non-DMSO treated cells.

Primary cultures of PT cells derived from ACE2 KO mice were transiently transfected with a human ACE2 expression vector (HA-hACE2), in which the cDNA encoding the full-length human ACE2 gene was cloned into the XhoI restriction site of the expression vector pcDNA3 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) [8] . As a negative control, some cells were transfected with an empty pcDNA3 vector. One day prior to transfection, subconfluent PT cells (50-70%) were placed in defined medium without antibiotics. Cells were then transiently transfected with 3.75 mg of HA-hACE2 plasmid or empty pcDNA3 vector on 35-mm culture dishes, using Lipofectamine TM LTX reagent, as per the supplier protocol (Invitrogen), and after 48 hrs, ACE2 activity or protein expression in cell lysates and culture medium was assayed. The time point of 48 hrs for measurement of ACE2 activity was chosen based on preliminary experiments, in which transient transfection of PT cells derived from wild-type mice with HA-hACE2 resulted in significant increases in ACE2 activity in the media after 48 hrs (p,0.001 vs untransfected controls or cells transfected with empty pcDNA3 vector; n = 3), but no detectable increase in activity at 72, 96 or 120 hrs. ACE2 enzymatic activity assay ACE2 activity in cell culture media and membrane fractions was measured using a commercially available synthetic fluorogenic substrate for ACE2 (Mca-Ala-Pro-Lys(Dnp)-OH) (AnaSpec, San Jose, CA, USA), essentially as described [15, 17, 21] . Cell media was collected, followed by addition of a protease inhibitor cocktail (1% vol/vol) (Sigma, P8340). For all experiments, media was first centrifuged at 9300 g for 5 min at 4uC to remove dead cells and cellular debris. The cell membrane fraction from PT cells was isolated as previously described [8] . Cell media (15 mL) or membrane fractions (1-2 mg) were then added to the wells of a 96-well plate (total volume 100 mL/well) in a solution containing 37.5 mM MES, 225 mM NaCl, 7.5 mM ZnCl 2 , 0.75 mM Nethylmaleimide (NEM), 0.75 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), 11.25 mM ACE2 substrate, with or without 1 mM of the ACE2 inhibitor MLN-4760 (GL1001, provided by Ore Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, USA). In this assay, MLN-4760 consistently caused at least 95% inhibition of ACE2 activity in conditioned media samples (see Table S1 ). Samples were protected from light and incubated for 16 hrs on a plate shaker at room temperature and fluorescence was measured using the FLUOstar Galaxy fluorometer (BMG Labtech, Durham, NC, USA) with excitation wavelength of 320 nM and emission wavelength of 405 nM. Preliminary experiments determined that for time points up to 16 hrs of incubation with ACE2 fluorogenic substrate, the linear range of detection for mouse recombinant ACE2 was between 1.56-50 ng/ml (R 2 = 0.9976, p,0.001). Further experiments determined that using this assay, ACE2 activity in media samples from primary cultures of mouse PT cells was linear for at least 24 hrs of incubation with the fluorogenic substrate ( Figure  S1 ), and therefore 16 hrs of incubation was chosen for data collection. ACE2 activity was determined by subtracting the Relative Fluorescence Unit (RFU) obtained in the presence of MLN-4760 from the reading in the absence of inhibitor. ACE2 activity in the culture medium was corrected for the cell protein amounts on the culture dishes, and is reported as RFUs per mg protein per hour (RFU/mg/hr).

Cell lysates were prepared in a buffer containing 1% Nonidet P40, 10 mM pepstatin, 10 mM leupeptin, 1 mg/ml soybean trypsin inhibitor, 100 U/ml trasylol, 0.2 mg/ml a-1-antitrypsin, 1 mM PMSF, and 25 mM Tris HCl (pH 7.4). Samples were sonicated for 1 sec, and incubated on ice for 1 hr, followed by centrifugation at 6000 g for 10 min at 4uC to remove insoluble debris. Protein from the supernatant (25 mg) was used to determine ADAM17 activity with the InnoZyme TM TACE Activity Kit (Calbiochem) [22] . A standard curve was generated for the assay, using recombinant human ADAM17 provided with the kit. The amount of ADAM17 was corrected for total protein, and reported as ng/ mg protein.

Cell culture medium was removed from the dish, subjected to centrifugation to remove dead cells and insoluble debris as described above, and concentrated with the Nanosep 30 K Centrifugal Device (Pall Corporation, Port Washington, NY, USA). The concentrate (25 ml) was then prepared in a buffer consisting of 31.3 mM Tris-HCl (pH 6.8), 1% wt/vol SDS, 5% glycerol, and 0.025% wt/vol bromophenol blue, and boiled for 5 min. Lysates from PT cells were prepared in a buffer consisting of 62.5 mM Tris?HCl (pH 6.8), 2% wt/vol SDS, 10% glycerol, 50 mM DTT, and 0.01% wt/vol bromophenol blue, boiled for 5 min, and centrifuged at 9300 g for 5 min at 4uC to remove insoluble debris.

Twenty-five mls of concentrated media (50-fold concentrate), 30-50 mg of protein from cell lysates and 1.5-10 mg of protein from mouse kidney cortex were run on 7.5% SDS-polyacrylamide gels, and subjected to immunoblot analysis using commercially available goat anti-human ACE2 antibodies (1:500 dilution) (AF933, R&D Systems Inc.) as we previously described [23] . Densitometric analysis of the protein bands was performed using Kodak ID image analysis software (Eastman Kodak, Rochester, NY, USA).

In some experiments, prior to immunoblot analysis for ACE2, concentrated medium and cell lysates were subjected to deglycosylation using peptide N-glycosidase F (PNGase F, New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA, USA), according to the manufacturer's instructions. Samples were denatured in 0.5% SDS, 40 mM DTT at 100uC for 10 min. After cooling to room temperature, the samples were incubated in 50 mM sodium phosphate (pH 7.5), 1% NP-40 (vol/vol), and 1000 U PNGase F at 37uC for 3 hrs.

Cell culture medium was concentrated 200-fold by ultrafiltration with Amicon Ultra-15 30 K Centrifugal Filter Devices (Millipore), followed by immunoprecipitation with the Pierce Classic IP kit (Pierce Biotech, Rockford, IL, USA). Briefly, 200 mL of concentrated cell medium (containing protease inhibitor cocktail (Sigma)) was incubated with 6.0 mg of goat anti-human ACE2 antibody (R&D Systems Inc.) in 400 mL of IP lysis/wash buffer at 4uC for 16 hrs. The antigen-antibody complex was captured by adding the sample to a spin column containing 20 mL of Protein A/G resin, followed by incubation for 1 hr at 4uC. After several washes, the captured sample was eluted, followed by deglycosylation with PNGase F. Concentrated culture medium from PT cells derived from ACE2 KO mice was applied as a negative control for nonspecific binding of antigen-antibody.

The deglycosylated immunoprecipitated ACE2 polypeptides from conditioned cell culture medium were separated on 10% SDS-polyacrylamide gels, and subjected to silver staining using SilverQuest silver staining kit (Invitrogen). The polypeptide bands matching those identified on immunoblots were excised and destained. Proteins were in-gel digested using trypsin (Promega, Madison, WI, USA), as described [24] . The resulting peptide extracts were purified by ZipTip (Milllipore), concentrated by vacufuge (Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany), and resuspended in 0.1% formic acid (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).

Peptides were analyzed by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) on an UltiMate 3000 RSLC nano HPLC (Dionex, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) and an LTQ Orbitrap XL hybrid mass spectrometer with nanospray ionization source (Thermo Fisher Scientific) at the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Proteomics Core Facility (Ottawa, Ontario, Canada). The system was controlled by Xcalibur software version 2.0.7 (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Peptides were loaded onto a C18 CapTrap column (Michrom Bioresources, Auburn, CA, USA) for 5 min at a flow rate of 15 mL/min and then eluted over a 60 min gradient of 3%-45% acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min onto a 10-cm long column with integrated emitter tip [Picofrit PF360-75-15-N-5 (New Objective, Woburn, MA, USA) packed with Zorbax SB-C18 5 micron (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA)], and nanosprayed into the mass spectrometer. MS scans were acquired in FTMS mode at a resolution setting of 60,000. MS 2 scans were acquired in ion trap CID mode using data-dependent acquisition of the top 5 ions from each MS scan.

MASCOT software version 2.4 (Matrix Science, Boston, MA, USA) was used to infer peptide and protein identities from the mass spectra. The observed MS/MS spectra were matched against a custom database of protein sequences (mouse sequences from the 2011_07 version of uniprot_sprot.fasta.gz downloaded from ftp.uniprot.org concatenated with a Contaminants database downloaded from maxquant.org, June 9th 2011). Mass tolerance parameters were MS67 ppm and MS/MS60.6 Da.

Data are presented as mean 6 S.E. Data were analyzed using SigmaStat (version 3.01A; SYSTAT). For multiple comparisons, analysis was by one-way analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni correction. For comparisons involving two groups, Student's t-test was used. A p value , 0.05 was considered significant.

Ectodomain shedding of ACE2 in mouse PT cells ACE2 is a type 1 integral membrane protein with a catalytically active ectodomain, which can be shed from the cell surface and retain its activity in the extracellular space [11] [12] [13] . In primary cultures of mouse PT cells, a time-dependent increase in ACE2 enzymatic activity was detected in the media, suggesting constitutive shedding ( Figure 1 ). As shown in Figure 2A , in lysates from primary cultures of mouse PT cells, ACE2 was detected as a protein of ,100 kDa by immunoblot, consistent with its size as detected in mouse kidney cortex [23] . However, in concentrated media from mouse PT cells, immunoblot analysis revealed 2 fragments for ACE2, at ,90 kDa and ,70 kDa. Further experiments determined if ACE2 fragments could be shed from PT cells derived from ACE2 gene KO mice, transfected with a plasmid expressing the human ACE2 cDNA. ACE2 was not detected by immunoblot in either cell lysates or media from untransfected PT cells derived from ACE2 KO mice. By contrast, transfection with the human ACE2 plasmid resulted in detection of the expected single band for human ACE2 at ,120 kDa in cell lysates [17] , while the cell media contained 2 bands at ,110 kDa and ,95 kDa ( Figure 2A ). Furthermore, while untransfected cells and cells transfected with an empty pcDNA3 plasmid demonstrated no measurable ACE2 activity in the media, cells transfected with the human ACE2 cDNA had significant levels of ACE2 activity in the media after 48 hrs ( Figure 2B ; P,0.001 vs untransfected control or empty pcDNA3 vector; n = 4).

Cell media derived from mouse PT cells was incubated with the enzyme PNGase F, to determine if shed ACE2 fragments were glycosylated. As shown in Figure 3 , in PT cell lysates full-length ACE2 decreased in size from ,100 kDa to ,85 kDa with deglycosylation. Similarly, in mouse kidney cortex lysates, the size of ACE2 was reduced from ,100 kDa to ,85 kDa after treatment with PNGase F. Deglycosylation decreased the size of mouse ACE2 fragments in the cell media from ,90 kDa and ,70 kDa to ,75 kDa and ,60 kDa, respectively. In cell lysates derived from mouse ACE2 KO PT cells transfected with the human ACE2 cDNA, a reduction in ACE2 size from ,120 kDa to ,85 kDa was observed with deglycosylation. Human ACE2 fragments in the cell media also decreased in size with deglycosylation from ,110 kDa and ,95 kDa to ,80 kDa and ,65 kDa, respectively.

Experiments were conducted to identify the ACE2 peptide fragments shed from primary cultures of mouse PT cells. Concentrated media samples from mouse PT cells were immunoprecipitated with an ACE2 antibody, treated with PNGase F, and separated on silver-stained SDS-PAGE gels. Trypsin digestion of the ,75 kDa mouse ACE2 fragment was followed by LC-MS/ MS analysis, which identified peptides matched in sequence with mouse ACE2 from amino acid positions 18 to 706, corresponding to a polypeptide with a predicted molecular mass of 79.7 kDa (Figure 4 and Table S2 ). The C-terminus Met 706 detected in the ,75 kDa fragment represents a site of non-tryptic cleavage, and is a candidate site for ectodomain cleavage of ACE2. LC-MS/MS analysis of the immunoprecipitated ,75 kDa fragment from 3 additional separate experiments revealed ACE2 peptides with the C-terminus as Arg 705 , a tryptic cleavage site.

For the ,60 kDa mouse ACE2 fragment, trypsin digestion and LC-MS/MS analyses in 5 separate experiments identified peptides corresponding to amino acids 18 to 577 in mouse ACE2, corresponding to a predicted molecular mass of 64.5 kDa ( Figure 5 and Table S3 ). The C-terminal amino acid was Arg 577 , corresponding to a tryptic cleavage site. The cleavage site for this ACE2 fragment is therefore predicted to be located at or C-terminal to Arg 577 and could occur before Lys 596 , the next Cterminal tryptic cleavage site. In 1 of 6 experiments, LC-MS/MS analysis detected a C-terminal Lys 619 (a tryptic cleavage site), corresponding to an ACE2 fragment with predicted molecular mass of 69.6 kDa. For this fragment, the cleavage site could lie between Lys 619 and Arg 644 , since Arg 644 is the next C-terminal site accessible to tryptic digestion. Alternative proteases (chymotrypsin and glutamyl endopeptidase) were used, but peptides representing the region of interest between Arg 577 and Lys 596 were not identified with this strategy (data not shown). A summary of the sequence data for the 2 main ACE2 shed fragments (deglycosylated 75 kDa and 60 kDa fragments) identified by LC-MS/MS is shown in Figure 6 . Figure S2 ). The stimulatory effect of Ang II on ACE2 activity in the culture media was blocked by co-incubation with losartan (10 25 M) suggesting that binding of Ang II to PT AT 1 receptors is required to mediate this effect ( Figure S3 ). As an osmotic control, incubation of cells in L-glucose (25 mM) had no effect on ACE2 activity in the media. Furthermore, addition of D-glucose (25 mM) to media without cell incubation had no effect on ACE2 activity (n = 3, not shown). Incubation of PT cells in high D-glucose (25 mM) for 72 hrs did not significantly affect ACE2 activity in the cell membrane fraction, compared to cells in 7.8 mM D-glucose (not shown, n = 8).

The generalized inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases GM6001 (5610 25 M) had no significant effect on constitutive ACE2 shedding from PT cells into the media, or on high glucosestimulated shedding, as determined by ACE2 activity assay ( Figure 8A ). Lower or higher concentrations of GM6001 (2.5610 25 M, 10 24 M) did not affect constitutive or high glucose-inducd ACE2 shedding (data not shown; n = 3). To determine the role of ADAM17 in the stimulation of ACE2 activity in the media induced by high D-glucose, mouse PT cells were pre-incubated with the inhibitor of ADAM17, TAPI-1. TAPI-1 (10 25 M) had no significant effect on the constitutive shedding of ACE2 activity into the media ( Figure 8B ). However, TAPI-1 caused a dose-dependent inhibition of high D-glucoseinduced ACE2 shedding, with significant inhibition at 10 25 M (control: 3.9860.35 RFU/mg/hr vs high D-glucose: 6.8960.52 RFU/mg/hr vs high D-glucose + TAPI-1: 4.9360.42 RFU/mg/ hr; n = 9). TAPI-1 (10 25 M) also partly inhibited the small but significant increase in ACE2 activity in the media induced by Ang II (10 27 M) ( Figure 8C ). Table S2 for detailed analyses of peptides). The overall matched sequences cover 32% of mouse ACE2 sequences. Table S2 for details). The amino acid Met 706 detected is from non-tryptic cleavage, suggesting a cleavage site for the ectodomain shedding of mouse ACE2 into the media. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0085958.g004

To further study the role of ADAM17 in mediating high Dglucose-induced ACE2 shedding, experiments were performed with the ADAM17 inhibitor TAPI-2, at concentrations as described [25] . While TAPI-2 (5610 25 M) had no effect on constitutive ACE2 shedding, it caused a significant inhibition of high D-glucose-induced shedding ( Figure 8D ). Lower concentrations of TAPI-2 (10 26 M, 10 25 M) did not significantly block high D-glucose-induced ACE2 shedding.

After 72 hrs incubation in high D-glucose (25 mM), cellassociated activity of ADAM17 was significantly increased, compared to control cells incubated in 7.8 mM D-glucose or in 25 mM L-glucose (Figure 9 ).

To determine if the stimulatory effects of high D-glucose or Ang II on ACE2 activity in cell media were accompanied by increased shedding of ACE2 fragments, immunoblots were performed on media from mouse PT cells. Constitutive shedding of the ,90 kDa and ,70 kDa ACE2 fragments was evident in unconcentrated media from unstimulated mouse PT cells after 72 hrs in culture. Incubation of the cells for 72 hrs with either Ang II (10 27 M) or high D-glucose (25 mM) significantly increased the intensity of both bands on immunoblots, compared to 7.8 mM D-glucose, or 25 mM L-glucose ( Figure 10 ). Besides the ,90 kDa and ,70 kDa ACE2 fragments, no additional bands were detected on ACE2 immunoblots of media derived from cells exposed to high Dglucose or Ang II.

After immunoprecipitation with an ACE2 antibody, LC-MS/ MS analysis of the ,75 kDa and ,60 kDa deglycosylated peptide fragments isolated from high D-glucose media after 72 hrs confirmed that the 2 fragments were derived from ACE2. In 3 separate LC-MS/MS analyses, the C-terminus of the ,75 kDa fragment isolated from high glucose media corresponded to Arg 705 in ACE2. For the ,60 kDa fragment, 4 out of 5 LC-MS/MS Table S3 for detailed analyses of peptides). The overall sequence coverage is 24%. Table S3 analyses demonstrated a tryptic fragment with C-terminus as Arg 577 , consistent with the fragment isolated in normal (7.8 mM) glucose media. One out of 5 analyses revealed an ACE2 fragment with C-terminus as Lys 619 .

The present studies are the first to demonstrate shedding of active fragments of ACE2 from kidney PT cells, a finding that could at least partly account for the presence of soluble ACE2 in mouse [15, 19] and human urine [14, [16] [17] [18] . We also show that high glucose, and to a lesser extent Ang II, stimulate ACE2 release from PT cells, which may contribute mechanistically to the increased urinary levels of ACE2 observed in experimental and human diabetes [8, 15, 17, 19] . Inhibition of ADAM17 blocked glucose-stimulated shedding of ACE2, and partly inhibited Ang IIinduced shedding, but had no impact on constitutive release. Ectodomain shedding of ACE2 was associated with release of 2 soluble glycosylated peptides of approximate molecular masses 90 kDa and 70 kDa. These fragments were deglycosylated and subjected to LC-MS/MS analysis, which revealed a C-terminal Met 706 in the long fragment, and a C-terminal Arg 577 in the shorter fragment, with the predicted molecular masses of both fragments corresponding to their approximate sizes (75 kDa and 60 kDa, respectively) on 2-D gels.

ACE2 is an 805-amino acid type I transmembrane glycoprotein that is localized mainly to the apical membrane in polarized epithelial cells [14] . As a terminal carboxypeptidase, ACE2 consists of a N-glycosylated N-terminal ectodomain that contains the active site (amino acids 1-740), a hydrophobic transmembrane region (amino acids 741-762), and a short C-terminal cytoplasmic tail (amino acids 763-805) [13] . Cell surface abundance of transmembrane proteins may decrease as a result of ectodomain shedding, which may be mediated by proteolytic cleavage at specific amino acid sites. Constitutive ectodomain shedding of soluble ACE2 has been demonstrated in a variety of cultured cells, including ACE2-transfected HEK293 cells and endogenous ACE2-expressing Huh7 cells [11] , human airway epithelial cells [13] , ACE2-transfected Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells [12] and mouse embryonic fibroblasts infected with adenovirus encoding ACE2 [12] . We observed a time-dependent increase in ACE2 activity in the media of unstimulated mouse PT cells, associated with the appearance of two ACE2 fragments on immunoblots. These data indicate that ACE2 is constitutively shed from mouse PT cells, and indeed we also observed constitutive shedding from PT cells derived from ACE2 KO mice that had been transiently transfected with a human ACE2 cDNA expression vector, by immunoblot and enzymatic activity assay.

Like ACE2, ADAM17 is a transmembrane metalloproteinase, which acts as a ''sheddase'' and cleaves cell surface proteins, including tumour necrosis factor-a, the type II interleukin-1 receptor, and transforming growth factor-a [12, 26, 27] . Lambert et al. first reported that ADAM17 mediated the proteolytic cleavage of human ACE2 in HEK293 and endogenous ACE2 in Huh7 cells, with release of 2 soluble glycosylated fragments of size 105 kDa and 95 kDa [11] . Phorbol ester-stimulated release of ACE2 was blocked by inhibition of ADAM17 with TAPI-1, and by generalized metalloprotease inhibition with the hydroxymatebased inhibitor GM6001 [11] . TAPI-1 has also been shown to significantly inhibit phorbol ester-stimulated ACE2 shedding in ACE2-transfected CHO cells, with little effect on constitutive shedding [28] . In ACE2-transfected HEK293 cells, basal shedding of ACE2 was not significantly affected by either TAPI-1 or GM6001 [11] . By contrast, constitutive shedding of soluble ACE2 in human airway epithelial cells is reduced by ADAM17 inhibition, as is phorbol ester-stimulated release, suggesting a prominent role for ADAM17 in ACE2 cleavage in these cells [13] . Interestingly, in our studies TAPI-1 completely blocked high glucose-stimulated shedding of ACE2 from PT cells, and caused a partial inhibition of Ang II-stimulated ACE2 shedding. TAPI-1 had no effect on constitutive ACE2 release. The ADAM17 inhibitor TAPI-2 also inhibited high glucose-stimulated ACE2 shedding from PT cells. In contrast, generalized metalloproteinase inhibition with GM6001 had no impact on constitutive ACE2 shedding, and did not significantly inhibit high glucose-stimulated shedding. Our data therefore suggest that basal ACE2 shedding in PT cells is mediated by other protease(s), or by a relative lack of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) [11] . Indeed, since the inhibitors used in this study are not highly selective, our data support a possible role for ADAMs and metalloproteinases in the shedding of ACE2 from PT cells.

We identified 2 major cleaved fragments of ACE2 by immunoblots in media from PT cells. The glycosylated fragments ran at ,90 kDa and ,70 kDa on gels, and collectively, they retained ACE2 enzymatic activity. Although we did not determine the differential enzymatic activity of the fragments, the presence of the ACE2 ectodomain in each sequence predicts retention of ACE2 activity. In support of this hypothesis, Iwata et al. demonstrated that deglycosylated soluble shed fragments of human ACE2 at ,80 kDa and ,70 kDa each retained equivalent ACE2 enzymatic activities [12] . Our results are not the first to suggest that ACE2 fragments may be shed from renal tubular cells. Wysocki et al. detected ACE2 in db/db diabetic mouse urine samples by immunoblot, at molecular sizes of 110 kDa and 75 kDa, with the larger band consistent with the size of full-length ACE2 [15] . Chodavarapu et al. reported ACE2 fragments of molecular size 90 kDa and 70 kDa in urines from db/db mice, with the larger band corresponding to that observed on immunblots of kidney lysates [19] . Deglycosylation studies and further characterization of these urinary ACE2 fragments are required to determine if they correspond to the mouse PT ACE2 fragments identified in the current studies.

The present studies showed that high glucose and Ang II stimulated the shedding of 2 soluble ACE2 fragments of equivalent size to those fragments released by unstimulated cells. ACE2 fragments were identified beginning at Gln 18 , consistent with the presence of a 17-amino acid signal peptide sequence at the Nterminus [2] . In unstimulated cells, the long soluble fragment was shown to contain a Met 706 at the C-terminal position (not subject to tryptic digestion). This site was found in one experiment, while 3 other, separate samples identified a trypsin-sensitive Arg 705 at the C-terminus. Similarly, in stimulated cells, the C-terminal amino acid of the long fragment was identified as Arg 705 in 3 separate experiments. Using a series of synthesized peptides corresponding to the extracellular juxtamembrane region of human ACE2, Lai et al. reported that Arg 708 and Arg 710 may play roles in site recognition for ACE2 shedding mediated by ADAM17 [28] . A putative cleavage site for ADAM17-mediated shedding was identified at the bond Arg 708 -Ser 709 in human ACE2 [28] . While the mouse ACE2 amino acid sequence contains conserved residues at Arg 708 and Arg 710 , Arg 708 is followed by Gly 709 , suggesting that species-specific cleavage sites may exist. In this regard, further studies directed at LC-MS/MS analysis of ACE2 fragments in media from ACE2 KO cells stably transfected with the human ACE2 cDNA vector could provide supportive information. Our data support Met 706 as a potential cleavage site, although we cannot rule out the possibility for other cleavage sites in proximity (including Arg 705 ), since these would generate fragments that might not be distinguishable on gel electrophoresis.

An Arg 577 was identified as the C-terminal amino acid for the shorter 60 kDa deglycosylated ACE2 fragment in both unstimulated and stimulated PT cells. Since this represents a trypsinsensitive cleavage site, it is possible that the ACE2 cleavage site for this fragment may be downstream of Arg 577 , perhaps at a position up to Lys 596 , the next tryptic cleavage site. ADAM17 has some selectivity for aliphatic hydrophobic residues at the P19 position (immediately downstream of the cleavage site), and the P19 amino acid for Arg 577 is Asn 578 (a hydrophilic residue), although considerable variability exists in substrate recognition sites [29] . Jia et al. have reported that mutation of Leu 584 in human ACE2 to Ala 584 prevents shedding, suggesting that this represents a sheddase ''recognition motif'' [13] . Whether this position, conserved in mouse ACE2, is a putative cleavage site for the shorter ACE2 fragment remains unclear.

An ACE2 peptide fragment with C-terminus as Lys 619 (a tryptic cleavage site) was identified by LC-MS/MS of the immunoprecipitated shorter fragment in 1 out of 6 experiments for constitutive shedding, and 1 out of 5 experiments for glucosestimulated shedding. The significance of this finding is uncertain, although this peptide could represent an additional fragment of ACE2 that is constitutively shed, albeit at lower levels compared to the ,75 kDa and ,60 kDa fragments.

The biologic relevance of ACE2 shedding from PT cells is unknown. Mice with diabetes exhibit increased kidney expression of ADAM17 and ACE2, associated with high levels of urinary ACE2 activity and shedding of ACE2 fragments [15, 19] . In humans, increased urinary ACE2 levels are associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes, and are predictive of microalbuminuria, suggesting that urinary ACE2 may be a biomarker of early diabetic nephropathy [18] . Consistent with these observations, in our studies high glucose stimulated PT cell ADAM17 activity, and led to increased ACE2 shedding. By contrast, Ang II did not significantly increase ADAM17 activity, although TAPI-1 partly inhibited Ang II-stimulated ACE2 shedding. In this regard, the effect of Ang II on ACE2 shedding was relatively minor, and any increases in ADAM17 activity induced by Ang II may have been below the limits of detectability in the enzyme assay. Taken together, our results suggest that increases in luminal ACE2 activity occur in the diabetic kidney, stimulated by high glucose and Ang II. Shed ACE2 could serve to dampen levels of Ang II in the PT lumen, and increase Ang-(1-7) production. On the other hand, ectodomain shedding of ACE has been shown to occur in polarized renal epithelial cells [14] , and N-domain ACE fragments are present in human urine and may associate with hypertension [30] . Although we did not study PT ACE shedding, it is intriguing to speculate that the relative balance between shed ACE2 and ACE fragments could regulate local levels of Ang II and Ang-(1-7) in the urinary space.

In summary, mouse PT cells constitutively shed 2 enzymatically active glycosylated fragments of ACE2, of molecular masses ,90 kDa and 70 kDa. The release of these fragments is stimulated by high glucose and Ang II, in a manner dependent on ADAM17. In diabetic nephropathy, enhanced PT shedding of ACE2 fragments via ADAM17 could increase Ang II degrading capacity in the urine, and could serve as a biomarker of early kidney injury. 

A novel angiotensin-converting enzyme-related carboxypeptidase (ACE2) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin 1-9

A human homolog of angiotensin-converting enzyme. Cloning and functional expression as a captopril-insensitive carboxypeptidase

Increased ACE 2 and decreased ACE protein in renal tubules from diabetic mice: a renoprotective combination

The role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 in the generation of angiotensin 1-7 by rat proximal tubules

Loss of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 leads to the late development of angiotensin IIdependent glomerulosclerosis

Loss of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (Ace2) accelerates diabetic kidney injury

Human recombinant ACE2 reduces the progression of diabetic nephropathy

Podocytespecific overexpression of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 attenuates diabetic nephropathy in mice

Decreased glomerular and tubular expression of ACE2 in patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease

Glomerular localization and expression of Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and Angiotensin-converting enzyme: implications for albuminuria in diabetes

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha convertase (ADAM17) mediates regulated ectodomain shedding of the severe-acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2)

Selective and specific regulation of ectodomain shedding of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 by tumor necrosis factor alpha-converting enzyme

Ectodomain shedding of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 in human airway epithelia

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), but not ACE, is preferentially localized to the apical surface of polarized kidney cells

Regulation of Urinary ACE2 in Diabetic Mice

Urinary angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in patients with CKD

Increased urinary angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in renal transplant patients with diabetes

High urinary ACE2 concentrations are associated with severity of glucose intolerance and microalbuminuria

Rosiglitazone treatment of type 2 diabetic db/db mice attenuates urinary albumin and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 excretion

Isolation of a pure suspension of rat proximal tubules

Murine recombinant angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: effect on angiotensin IIdependent hypertension and distinctive angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 inhibitor characteristics on rodent and human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2

Loss of TIMP3 enhances interstitial nephritis and fibrosis

Effect of ACE2 and angiotensin-(1-7) in a mouse model of early chronic kidney disease

In-gel digestion for mass spectrometric characterization of proteins and proteomes

TACE inhibition amplifies TNF-alpha-mediated colonic epithelial barrier disruption

Functional analysis of the domain structure of tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme

Characterization of growth factor-induced serine phosphorylation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme and of an alternatively translated polypeptide

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 ectodomain shedding cleavage-site identification: determinants and constraints

Active-site determinants of substrate recognition by the metalloproteinases TACE and ADAM10

N-domain isoform of Angiotensin I converting enzyme as a marker of hypertension: populational study

Conceived and designed the experiments: KDB. Performed the experiments: FX JZ SA LP. Analyzed the data: FX JZ LP KDB. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: SBG. Wrote the paper: FX LP KDB.