key: cord-0002323-pd1g119c
authors: Shay, Jerry W.; Homma, Noriko; Zhou, Ruyun; Naseer, Muhammad Imran; Chaudhary, Adeel G.; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed; Hirokawa, Nobutaka; Goudarzi, Maryam; Fornace, Albert J.; Baeesa, Saleh; Hussain, Deema; Bangash, Mohammed; Alghamdi, Fahad; Schulten, Hans-Juergen; Carracedo, Angel; Khan, Ishaq; Qashqari, Hanadi; Madkhali, Nawal; Saka, Mohamad; Saini, Kulvinder S.; Jamal, Awatif; Al-Maghrabi, Jaudah; Abuzenadah, Adel; Chaudhary, Adeel; Al Qahtani, Mohammed; Damanhouri, Ghazi; Alkhatabi, Heba; Goodeve, Anne; Crookes, Laura; Niksic, Nikolas; Beauchamp, Nicholas; Abuzenadah, Adel M.; Vaught, Jim; Budowle, Bruce; Assidi, Mourad; Buhmeida, Abdelbaset; Al-Maghrabi, Jaudah; Buhmeida, Abdelbaset; Assidi, Mourad; Merdad, Leena; Kumar, Sudhir; Miura, Sayaka; Gomez, Karen; Carracedo, Angel; Rasool, Mahmood; Rebai, Ahmed; Karim, Sajjad; Eldin, Hend F. Nour; Abusamra, Heba; Alhathli, Elham M.; Salem, Nada; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed H.; Kumar, Sudhir; Faheem, Hossam; Agarwa, Ashok; Nieschlag, Eberhard; Wistuba, Joachim; Damm, Oliver S.; Beg, Mohd A.; Abdel-Meguid, Taha A.; Mosli, Hisham A.; Bajouh, Osama S.; Abuzenadah, Adel M.; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed H.; Coskun, Serdar; Abu-Elmagd, Muhammad; Buhmeida, Abdelbaset; Dallol, Ashraf; Al-Maghrabi, Jaudah; Hakamy, Sahar; Al-Qahtani, Wejdan; Al-Harbi, Asia; Hussain, Shireen; Assidi, Mourad; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed; Abuzenadah, Adel; Ozkosem, Burak; DuBois, Rick; Messaoudi, Safia S.; Dandana, Maryam T.; Mahjoub, Touhami; Almawi, Wassim Y.; Abdalla, S.; Al-Aama, M. Nabil; Elzawahry, Asmaa; Takahashi, Tsuyoshi; Mimaki, Sachiyo; Furukawa, Eisaku; Nakatsuka, Rie; Kurosaka, Isao; Nishigaki, Takahiko; Nakamura, Hiromi; Serada, Satoshi; Naka, Tetsuji; Hirota, Seiichi; Shibata, Tatsuhiro; Tsuchihara, Katsuya; Nishida, Toshirou; Kato, Mamoru; Mehmood, Sajid; Ashraf, Naeem Mahmood; Asif, Awais; Bilal, Muhammad; Mehmood, Malik Siddique; Hussain, Aadil; Jamal, Qazi Mohammad Sajid; Siddiqui, Mughees Uddin; Alzohairy, Mohammad A.; Al Karaawi, Mohammad A.; Nedjadi, Taoufik; Al-Maghrabi, Jaudah; Assidi, Mourad; Al-Khattabi, Heba; Al-Ammari, Adel; Al-Sayyad, Ahmed; Buhmeida, Abdelbaset; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed; Zitouni, Hédia; Raguema, Nozha; Ali, Marwa Ben; Malah, Wided; Lfalah, Raja; Almawi, Wassim; Mahjoub, Touhami; Elanbari, Mohammed; Ptitsyn, Andrey; Mahjoub, Sana; El Ghali, Rabeb; Achour, Bechir; Amor, Nidhal Ben; Assidi, Mourad; N’siri, Brahim; Morjani, Hamid; Nedjadi, Taoufik; Al-Ammari, Adel; Al-Sayyad, Ahmed; Salem, Nada; Azhar, Esam; Al-Maghrabi, Jaudah; Chayeb, Vera; Dendena, Maryam; Zitouni, Hedia; Zouari-Limayem, Khedija; Mahjoub, Touhami; Refaat, Bassem; Ashshi, Ahmed M.; Batwa, Sarah A.; Ramadan, Hazem; Awad, Amal; Ateya, Ahmed; El-Shemi, Adel Galal Ahmed; Ashshi, Ahmad; Basalamah, Mohammed; Na, Youjin; Yun, Chae-Ok; El-Shemi, Adel Galal Ahmed; Ashshi, Ahmad; Basalamah, Mohammed; Na, Youjin; Yun, Chae-Ok; El-Shemi, Adel Galal; Refaat, Bassem; Kensara, Osama; Abdelfattah, Amr; Dheeb, Batol Imran; Al-Halbosiy, Mohammed M. F.; Al lihabi, Rghad Kadhim; Khashman, Basim Mohammed; Laiche, Djouhri; Adeel, Chaudhary; Taoufik, Nedjadi; Al-Afghani, Hani; Łastowska, Maria; Al-Balool, Haya H.; Sheth, Harsh; Mercer, Emma; Coxhead, Jonathan M.; Redfern, Chris P. F.; Peters, Heiko; Burt, Alastair D.; Santibanez-Koref, Mauro; Bacon, Chris M.; Chesler, Louis; Rust, Alistair G.; Adams, David J.; Williamson, Daniel; Clifford, Steven C.; Jackson, Michael S.; Singh, Mala; Mansuri, Mohmmad Shoab; Jadeja, Shahnawaz D.; Patel, Hima; Marfatia, Yogesh S.; Begum, Rasheedunnisa; Mohamed, Amal M.; Kamel, Alaa K.; Helmy, Nivin A.; Hammad, Sayda A.; Kayed, Hesham F.; Shehab, Marwa I.; El Gerzawy, Assad; Ead, Maha M.; Ead, Ola M.; Mekkawy, Mona; Mazen, Innas; El-Ruby, Mona; Shahid, S. M. A.; Jamal, Qazi Mohammad Sajid; Arif, J. M.; Lohani, Mohtashim; Imen, Moumni; Leila, Chaouch; Houyem, Ouragini; Kais, Douzi; Fethi, Chaouachi Dorra Mellouli; Mohamed, Bejaoui; Salem, Abbes; Faggad, Areeg; Gebreslasie, Amanuel T.; Zaki, Hani Y.; Abdalla, Badreldin E.; AlShammari, Maha S.; Al-Ali, Rhaya; Al-Balawi, Nader; Al-Enazi, Mansour; Al-Muraikhi, Ali; Busaleh, Fadi; Al-Sahwan, Ali; Borgio, Francis; Sayyed, Abdulazeez; Al-Ali, Amein; Acharya, Sadananda; Zaki, Maha S.; El-Bassyouni, Hala T.; Shehab, Marwa I.; Elshal, Mohammed F.; M., Kaleemuddin; Aldahlawi, Alia M.; Saadah, Omar; McCoy, J. Philip; El-Tarras, Adel E.; Awad, Nabil S.; Alharthi, Abdulla A.; Ibrahim, Mohamed M. M.; Alsehli, Haneen S.; Dallol, Ashraf; Gari, Abdullah M.; Abbas, Mohammed M.; Kadam, Roaa A.; Gari, Mazen M.; Alkaff, Mohmmed H.; Abuzenadah, Adel M.; Gari, Mamdooh A.; Abusamra, Heba; Karim, Sajjad; eldin, Hend F. Nour; Alhathli, Elham M.; Salem, Nada; Kumar, Sudhir; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed H.; Moradi, Fatima A.; Rashidi, Omran M.; Awan, Zuhier A.; Kaya, Ibrahim Hamza; Al-Harazi, Olfat; Colak, Dilek; Alkousi, Nabila A.; Athanasopoulos, Takis; Bahmaid, Afnan O.; Alhwait, Etimad A.; Gari, Mamdooh A.; Alsehli, Haneen S.; Abbas, Mohammed M.; Alkaf, Mohammed H.; Kadam, Roaa; Dallol, Ashraf; Kalamegam, Gauthaman; Eldin, Hend F. Nour; Karim, Sajjad; Abusamra, Heba; Alhathli, Elham; Salem, Nada; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed H.; Kumar, Sudhir; Alsayed, Salma N.; Aljohani, Fawziah H.; Habeeb, Samaher M.; Almashali, Rawan A.; Basit, Sulman; Ahmed, Samia M.; Sharma, Rakesh; Agarwal, Ashok; Durairajanayagam, Damayanthi; Samanta, Luna; Abu-Elmagd, Muhammad; Abuzenadah, Adel M.; Sabanegh, Edmund S.; Assidi, Mourad; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed; Agarwal, Ashok; Sharma, Rakesh; Samanta, Luna; Durairajanayagam, Damayanthi; Assidi, Mourad; Abu-Elmagd, Muhammad; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed; Abuzenadah, Adel M.; Sabanegh, Edmund S.; Samanta, Luna; Agarwal, Ashok; Sharma, Rakesh; Cui, Zhihong; Assidi, Mourad; Abuzenadah, Adel M.; Abu-Elmagd, Muhammad; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed; Alboogmi, Alaa A.; Alansari, Nuha A.; Al-Quaiti, Maha M.; Ashgan, Fai T.; Bandah, Afnan; Jamal, Hasan S.; Rozi, Abdullraheem; Mirza, Zeenat; Abuzenadah, Adel M.; Karim, Sajjad; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed H.; Karim, Sajjad; Schulten, Hans-Juergen; Al Sayyad, Ahmad J.; Farsi, Hasan M. A.; Al-Maghrabi, Jaudah A.; Mirza, Zeenat; Alotibi, Reem; Al-Ahmadi, Alaa; Alansari, Nuha A.; Albogmi, Alaa A.; Al-Quaiti, Maha M.; Ashgan, Fai T.; Bandah, Afnan; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed H.; Ebiya, Rasha A.; Darwish, Samia M.; Montaser, Metwally M.; Abusamra, Heba; Bajic, Vladimir B.; Al-Maghrabi, Jaudah; Gomaa, Wafaey; Hanbazazh, Mehenaz; Al-Ahwal, Mahmoud; Al-Harbi, Asia; Al-Qahtani, Wejdan; Hakamy, Saher; Baba, Ghali; Buhmeida, Abdelbaset; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed; Al-Maghrabi, Jaudah; Al-Harbi, Abdullah; Al-Ahwal, Mahmoud; Al-Harbi, Asia; Al-Qahtani, Wejdan; Hakamy, Sahar; Baba, Ghalia; Buhmeida, Abdelbaset; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed; Alhathli, Elham M.; Karim, Sajjad; Salem, Nada; Eldin, Hend Nour; Abusamra, Heba; Kumar, Sudhir; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed H.; Alyamani, Aisha A.; Kalamegam, Gauthaman; Alhwait, Etimad A.; Gari, Mamdooh A.; Abbas, Mohammed M.; Alkaf, Mohammed H.; Alsehli, Haneen S.; Kadam, Roaa A.; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed; Gadi, Rawan; Buhmeida, Abdelbaset; Assidi, Mourad; Chaudhary, Adeel; Merdad, Leena; Alfakeeh, Saadiah M.; Alhwait, Etimad A.; Gari, Mamdooh A.; Abbas, Mohammed M.; Alkaf, Mohammed H.; Alsehli, Haneen S.; Kadam, Roaa; Kalamegam, Gauthaman; Ghazala, Rubi; Mathew, Shilu; Hamed, M. Haroon; Assidi, Mourad; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed; Qadri, Ishtiaq; Mathew, Shilu; Mira, Lobna; Shaabad, Manal; Hussain, Shireen; Assidi, Mourad; Abu-Elmagd, Muhammad; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed; Mathew, Shilu; Shaabad, Manal; Mira, Lobna; Hussain, Shireen; Assidi, Mourad; Abu-Elmagd, Muhammad; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed; Rebai, Ahmed; Assidi, Mourad; Buhmeida, Abdelbaset; Abu-Elmagd, Muhammad; Dallol, Ashraf; Shay, Jerry W.; Almutairi, Mikhlid H.; Ambers, Angie; Churchill, Jennifer; King, Jonathan; Stoljarova, Monika; Gill-King, Harrell; Assidi, Mourad; Abu-Elmagd, Muhammad; Buhmeida, Abdelbaset; Al-Qatani, Muhammad; Budowle, Bruce; Abu-Elmagd, Muhammad; Ahmed, Farid; Dallol, Ashraf; Assidi, Mourad; Almagd, Taha Abo; Hakamy, Sahar; Agarwal, Ashok; Al-Qahtani, Muhammad; Abuzenadah, Adel; Karim, Sajjad; Schulten, Hans-Juergen; Al Sayyad, Ahmad J.; Farsi, Hasan M. A.; Al-Maghrabi, Jaudah A.; Buhmaida, Abdelbaset; Mirza, Zeenat; Alotibi, Reem; Al-Ahmadi, Alaa; Alansari, Nuha A.; Albogmi, Alaa A.; Al-Quaiti, Maha M.; Ashgan, Fai T.; Bandah, Afnan; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed H.; Satar, Rukhsana; Rasool, Mahmood; Ahmad, Waseem; Nazam, Nazia; Lone, Mohamad I.; Naseer, Muhammad I.; Jamal, Mohammad S.; Zaidi, Syed K.; Pushparaj, Peter N.; Jafri, Mohammad A.; Ansari, Shakeel A.; Alqahtani, Mohammed H.; Bashier, Hanan; Al Qahtani, Abrar; Mathew, Shilu; Nour, Amal M.; Alkhatabi, Heba; Zenadah, Adel M. Abu; Buhmeida, Abdelbaset; Assidi, Mourad; Al Qahtani, Muhammed; Faheem, Muhammad; Mathew, Shilu; Mathew, Shiny; Pushparaj, Peter Natesan; Al-Qahtani, Mohammad H.; Alhadrami, Hani A.; Dallol, Ashraf; Abuzenadah, Adel; Hussein, Ibtessam R.; Chaudhary, Adeel G.; Bader, Rima S.; Bassiouni, Randa; Alquaiti, Maha; Ashgan, Fai; Schulten, Hans; Alama, Mohamed Nabil; Al Qahtani, Mohammad H.; Lone, Mohammad I.; Nizam, Nazia; Ahmad, Waseem; Jafri, Mohammad A.; Rasool, Mahmood; Ansari, Shakeel A.; Al-Qahtani, Muhammed H.; Alshihri, Eradah; Abu-Elmagd, Muhammad; Alharbi, Lina; Assidi, Mourad; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed; Mathew, Shilu; Natesan, Peter Pushparaj; Al Qahtani, Muhammed; Kalamegam, Gauthaman; Pushparaj, Peter Natesan; Khan, Fazal; Kadam, Roaa; Ahmed, Farid; Assidi, Mourad; Sait, Khalid Hussain Wali; Anfinan, Nisreen; Al Qahtani, Mohammed; Naseer, Muhammad I.; Chaudhary, Adeel G.; Jamal, Mohammad S.; Mathew, Shilu; Mira, Lobna S.; Pushparaj, Peter N.; Ansari, Shakeel A.; Rasool, Mahmood; AlQahtani, Mohammed H.; Naseer, Muhammad I.; Chaudhary, Adeel G.; Mathew, Shilu; Mira, Lobna S.; Jamal, Mohammad S.; Sogaty, Sameera; Bassiouni, Randa I.; Rasool, Mahmood; AlQahtani, Mohammed H.; Rasool, Mahmood; Ansari, Shakeel A.; Jamal, Mohammad S.; Pushparaj, Peter N.; Sibiani, Abdulrahman M. S.; Ahmad, Waseem; Buhmeida, Abdelbaset; Jafri, Mohammad A.; Warsi, Mohiuddin K.; Naseer, Muhammad I.; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed H.; Rubi; Kumar, Kundan; Naqvi, Ahmad A. T.; Ahmad, Faizan; Hassan, Md I.; Jamal, Mohammad S.; Rasool, Mahmood; AlQahtani, Mohammed H.; Ali, Ashraf; Jarullah, Jummanah; Rasool, Mahmood; Buhmeida, Abdelbasit; Khan, Shahida; Abdussami, Ghufrana; Mahfooz, Maryam; Kamal, Mohammad A.; Damanhouri, Ghazi A.; Jamal, Mohammad S.; Jarullah, Bushra; Jarullah, Jummanah; Jarullah, Mohammad S. S.; Ali, Ashraf; Rasool, Mahmood; Jamal, Mohammad S.; Assidi, Mourad; Abu-Elmagd, Muhammad; Bajouh, Osama; Pushparaj, Peter Natesan; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed; Abuzenadah, Adel; Jamal, Mohammad S.; Jarullah, Jummanah; Mathkoor, Abdulah E. A.; Alsalmi, Hashim M. A.; Oun, Anas M. M.; Damanhauri, Ghazi A.; Rasool, Mahmood; AlQahtani, Mohammed H.; Naseer, Muhammad I.; Rasool, Mahmood; Sogaty, Sameera; Chudhary, Adeel G.; Abutalib, Yousif A.; Merico, Daniele; Walker, Susan; Marshall, Christian R.; Zarrei, Mehdi; Scherer, Stephen W.; Al-Qahtani, Mohammad H.; Naseer, Muhammad I.; Faheem, Muhammad; Chaudhary, Adeel G.; Rasool, Mahmood; Kalamegam, Gauthaman; Ashgan, Fai Talal; Assidi, Mourad; Ahmed, Farid; Zaidi, Syed Kashif; Jan, Mohammed M.; Al-Qahtani, Mohammad H.; Al-Zahrani, Maryam; Lary, Sahira; Hakamy, Sahar; Dallol, Ashraf; Al-Ahwal, Mahmoud; Al-Maghrabi, Jaudah; Dermitzakis, Emmanuel; Abuzenadah, Adel; Buhmeida, Abdelbaset; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed; Al-refai, Abeer A.; Saleh, Mona; Yassien, Rehab I.; Kamel, Mahmmoud; Habeb, Rabab M.; Filimban, Najlaa; Dallol, Ashraf; Ghannam, Nadia; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed; Abuzenadah, Adel Mohammed; Bibi, Fehmida; Akhtar, Sana; Azhar, Esam I.; Yasir, Muhammad; Nasser, Muhammad I.; Jiman-Fatani, Asif A.; Sawan, Ali; Lahzah, Ruaa A.; Ali, Asho; Hassan, Syed A.; Hasnain, Seyed E.; Tayubi, Iftikhar A.; Abujabal, Hamza A.; Magrabi, Alaa O.; Khan, Fazal; Kalamegam, Gauthaman; Pushparaj, Peter Natesan; Abuzenada, Adel; Kumosani, Taha Abduallah; Barbour, Elie; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed; Shabaad, Manal; Mathew, Shilu; Dallol, Ashraf; Merdad, Adnan; Buhmeida, Abdelbaset; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed; Assidi, Mourad; Abu-Elmagd, Muhammad; Gauthaman, Kalamegam; Gari, Mamdooh; Chaudhary, Adeel; Abuzenadah, Adel; Pushparaj, Peter Natesan; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed; Hassan, Syed A.; Tayubi, Iftikhar A.; Aljahdali, Hani M. A.; Al Nono, Reham; Gari, Mamdooh; Alsehli, Haneen; Ahmed, Farid; Abbas, Mohammed; Kalamegam, Gauthaman; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed; Mathew, Shilu; Khan, Fazal; Rasool, Mahmood; Jamal, Mohammed Sarwar; Naseer, Muhammad Imran; Mirza, Zeenat; Karim, Sajjad; Ansari, Shakeel; Assidi, Mourad; Kalamegam, Gauthaman; Gari, Mamdooh; Chaudhary, Adeel; Abuzenadah, Adel; Pushparaj, Peter Natesan; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed; Abu-Elmagd, Muhammad; Kalamegam, Gauthaman; Kadam, Roaa; Alghamdi, Mansour A.; Shamy, Magdy; Costa, Max; Khoder, Mamdouh I.; Assidi, Mourad; Pushparaj, Peter Natesan; Gari, Mamdooh; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed; Kharrat, Najla; Belmabrouk, Sabrine; Abdelhedi, Rania; Benmarzoug, Riadh; Assidi, Mourad; Al Qahtani, Mohammed H.; Rebai, Ahmed; Dhamanhouri, Ghazi; Pushparaj, Peter Natesan; Noorwali, Abdelwahab; Alwasiyah, Mohammad Khalid; Bahamaid, Afnan; Alfakeeh, Saadiah; Alyamani, Aisha; Alsehli, Haneen; Abbas, Mohammed; Gari, Mamdooh; Mobasheri, Ali; Kalamegam, Gauthaman; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed; Faheem, Muhammad; Mathew, Shilu; Pushparaj, Peter Natesan; Al-Qahtani, Mohammad H.; Mathew, Shilu; Faheem, Muhammad; Mathew, Shiny; Pushparaj, Peter Natesan; Al-Qahtani, Mohammad H.; Jamal, Mohammad Sarwar; Zaidi, Syed Kashif; Khan, Raziuddin; Bhatia, Kanchan; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed H.; Ahmad, Saif; AslamTayubi, Iftikhar; Tripathi, Manish; Hassan, Syed Asif; Shrivastava, Rahul; Tayubi, Iftikhar A.; Hassan, Syed; Abujabal, Hamza A. S.; Shah, Ishani; Jarullah, Bushra; Jamal, Mohammad S.; Jarullah, Jummanah; Sheikh, Ishfaq A.; Ahmad, Ejaz; Jamal, Mohammad S.; Rehan, Mohd; Abu-Elmagd, Muhammad; Tayubi, Iftikhar A.; AlBasri, Samera F.; Bajouh, Osama S.; Turki, Rola F.; Abuzenadah, Adel M.; Damanhouri, Ghazi A.; Beg, Mohd A.; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed; Hammoudah, Sahar A. F.; AlHarbi, Khalid M.; El-Attar, Lama M.; Darwish, Ahmed M. Z.; Ibrahim, Sara M.; Dallol, Ashraf; Choudhry, Hani; Abuzenadah, Adel; Awlia, Jalaludden; Chaudhary, Adeel; Ahmed, Farid; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed; Jafri, Mohammad A.; Abu-Elmagd, Muhammad; Assidi, Mourad; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed; khan, Imran; Yasir, Muhammad; Azhar, Esam I.; Al-basri, Sameera; Barbour, Elie; Kumosani, Taha; Khan, Fazal; Kalamegam, Gauthaman; Pushparaj, Peter Natesan; Abuzenada, Adel; Kumosani, Taha Abduallah; Barbour, Elie; EL Sayed, Heba M.; Hafez, Eman A.; Schulten, Hans-Juergen; Elaimi, Aisha Hassan; Hussein, Ibtessam R.; Bassiouni, Randa Ibrahim; Alwasiyah, Mohammad Khalid; Wintle, Richard F.; Chaudhary, Adeel; Scherer, Stephen W.; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed; Mirza, Zeenat; Pillai, Vikram Gopalakrishna; Karim, Sajjad; Sharma, Sujata; Kaur, Punit; Srinivasan, Alagiri; Singh, Tej P.; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed; Alotibi, Reem; Al-Ahmadi, Alaa; Al-Adwani, Fatima; Hussein, Deema; Karim, Sajjad; Al-Sharif, Mona; Jamal, Awatif; Al-Ghamdi, Fahad; Al-Maghrabi, Jaudah; Baeesa, Saleh S.; Bangash, Mohammed; Chaudhary, Adeel; Schulten, Hans-Juergen; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed; Faheem, Muhammad; Pushparaj, Peter Natesan; Mathew, Shilu; Kumosani, Taha Abdullah; Kalamegam, Gauthaman; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed; Al-Allaf, Faisal A.; Abduljaleel, Zainularifeen; Alashwal, Abdullah; Taher, Mohiuddin M.; Bouazzaoui, Abdellatif; Abalkhail, Halah; Ba-Hammam, Faisal A.; Athar, Mohammad; Kalamegam, Gauthaman; Pushparaj, Peter Natesan; Abu-Elmagd, Muhammad; Ahmed, Farid; Sait, Khalid HussainWali; Anfinan, Nisreen; Gari, Mamdooh; Chaudhary, Adeel; Abuzenadah, Adel; Assidi, Mourad; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed; Mami, Naira Ben; Haffani, Yosr Z.; Medhioub, Mouna; Hamzaoui, Lamine; Cherif, Ameur; Azouz, Msadok; Kalamegam, Gauthaman; Khan, Fazal; Mathew, Shilu; Nasser, Mohammed Imran; Rasool, Mahmood; Ahmed, Farid; Pushparaj, Peter Natesan; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed; Turkistany, Shereen A.; Al-harbi, Lina M.; Dallol, Ashraf; Sabir, Jamal; Chaudhary, Adeel; Abuzenadah, Adel; Al-Madoudi, Basmah; Al-Aslani, Bayan; Al-Harbi, Khulud; Al-Jahdali, Rwan; Qudaih, Hanadi; Al Hamzy, Emad; Assidi, Mourad; Al Qahtani, Mohammed; Ilyas, Asad M.; Ahmed, Youssri; Gari, Mamdooh; Ahmed, Farid; Alqahtani, Mohammed; Salem, Nada; Karim, Sajjad; Alhathli, Elham M.; Abusamra, Heba; Eldin, Hend F. Nour; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed H.; Kumar, Sudhir; Al-Adwani, Fatima; Hussein, Deema; Al-Sharif, Mona; Jamal, Awatif; Al-Ghamdi, Fahad; Al-Maghrabi, Jaudah; Baeesa, Saleh S.; Bangash, Mohammed; Chaudhary, Adeel; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed; Schulten, Hans-Juergen; Alamandi, Alaa; Alotibi, Reem; Hussein, Deema; Karim, Sajjad; Al-Maghrabi, Jaudah; Al-Ghamdi, Fahad; Jamal, Awatif; Baeesa, Saleh S.; Bangash, Mohammed; Chaudhary, Adeel; Schulten, Hans-Juergen; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed; Subhi, Ohoud; Bagatian, Nadia; Karim, Sajjad; Al-Johari, Adel; Al-Hamour, Osman Abdel; Al-Aradati, Hosam; Al-Mutawa, Abdulmonem; Al-Mashat, Faisal; Al-Maghrabi, Jaudah; Schulten, Hans-Juergen; Al-Qahtani, Mohammad; Bagatian, Nadia; Subhi, Ohoud; Karim, Sajjad; Al-Johari, Adel; Al-Hamour, Osman Abdel; Al-Mutawa, Abdulmonem; Al-Aradati, Hosam; Al-Mashat, Faisal; Al-Qahtani, Mohammad; Schulten, Hans-Juergen; Al-Maghrabi, Jaudah; shah, Muhammad W.; Yasir, Muhammad; Azhar, Esam I; Al-Masoodi, Saad; Haffani, Yosr Z.; Azouz, Msadok; Khamla, Emna; Jlassi, Chaima; Masmoudi, Ahmed S.; Cherif, Ameur; Belbahri, Lassaad; Al-Khayyat, Shadi; Attas, Roba; Abu-Sanad, Atlal; Abuzinadah, Mohammed; Merdad, Adnan; Dallol, Ashraf; Chaudhary, Adeel; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed; Abuzenadah, Adel; Bouazzi, Habib; Trujillo, Carlos; Alwasiyah, Mohammad Khalid; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed; Alotaibi, Maha; Nassir, Rami; Sheikh, Ishfaq A.; Kamal, Mohammad A.; Jiffri, Essam H.; Ashraf, Ghulam M.; Beg, Mohd A.; Aziz, Mohammad A.; Ali, Rizwan; Rasool, Mahmood; Jamal, Mohammad S.; Samman, Nusaibah; Abdussami, Ghufrana; Periyasamy, Sathish; Warsi, Mohiuddin K.; Aldress, Mohammed; Al Otaibi, Majed; Al Yousef, Zeyad; Boudjelal, Mohamed; Buhmeida, Abdelbasit; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed H.; AlAbdulkarim, Ibrahim; Ghazala, Rubi; Mathew, Shilu; Hamed, M. Haroon; Assidi, Mourad; Al-Qahtani, Mohammed; Qadri, Ishtiaq; Sheikh, Ishfaq A.; Abu-Elmagd, Muhammad; Turki, Rola F.; Damanhouri, Ghazi A.; Beg, Mohd A.; Suhail, Mohd; Qureshi, Abid; Jamal, Adil; Pushparaj, Peter Natesan; Al-Qahtani, Mohammad; Qadri, Ishtiaq; El-Readi, Mahmoud Z.; Eid, Safaa Y.; Wink, Michael; Isa, Ahmed M.; Alnuaim, Lulu; Almutawa, Johara; Abu-Rafae, Basim; Alasiri, Saleh; Binsaleh, Saleh; Nazam, Nazia; Lone, Mohamad I.; Ahmad, Waseem; Ansari, Shakeel A.; Alqahtani, Mohamed H.
title: Abstracts from the 3rd International Genomic Medicine Conference (3rd IGMC 2015): Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. 30 November - 3 December 2015
date: 2016-07-20
journal: BMC Genomics
DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2858-0
sha: af7f0d165e87dacfdb584b82aa1231f5fce4d38b
doc_id: 2323
cord_uid: pd1g119c

O1 Regulation of genes by telomere length over long distances Jerry W. Shay O2 The microtubule destabilizer KIF2A regulates the postnatal establishment of neuronal circuits in addition to prenatal cell survival, cell migration, and axon elongation, and its loss leading to malformation of cortical development and severe epilepsy Noriko Homma, Ruyun Zhou, Muhammad Imran Naseer, Adeel G. Chaudhary, Mohammed Al-Qahtani, Nobutaka Hirokawa O3 Integration of metagenomics and metabolomics in gut microbiome research Maryam Goudarzi, Albert J. Fornace Jr. O4 A unique integrated system to discern pathogenesis of central nervous system tumors Saleh Baeesa, Deema Hussain, Mohammed Bangash, Fahad Alghamdi, Hans-Juergen Schulten, Angel Carracedo, Ishaq Khan, Hanadi Qashqari, Nawal Madkhali, Mohamad Saka, Kulvinder S. Saini, Awatif Jamal, Jaudah Al-Maghrabi, Adel Abuzenadah, Adeel Chaudhary, Mohammed Al Qahtani, Ghazi Damanhouri O5 RPL27A is a target of miR-595 and deficiency contributes to ribosomal dysgenesis Heba Alkhatabi O6 Next generation DNA sequencing panels for haemostatic and platelet disorders and for Fanconi anaemia in routine diagnostic service Anne Goodeve, Laura Crookes, Nikolas Niksic, Nicholas Beauchamp O7 Targeted sequencing panels and their utilization in personalized medicine Adel M. Abuzenadah O8 International biobanking in the era of precision medicine Jim Vaught O9 Biobank and biodata for clinical and forensic applications Bruce Budowle, Mourad Assidi, Abdelbaset Buhmeida O10 Tissue microarray technique: a powerful adjunct tool for molecular profiling of solid tumors Jaudah Al-Maghrabi O11 The CEGMR biobanking unit: achievements, challenges and future plans Abdelbaset Buhmeida, Mourad Assidi, Leena Merdad O12 Phylomedicine of tumors Sudhir Kumar, Sayaka Miura, Karen Gomez O13 Clinical implementation of pharmacogenomics for colorectal cancer treatment Angel Carracedo, Mahmood Rasool O14 From association to causality: translation of GWAS findings for genomic medicine Ahmed Rebai O15 E-GRASP: an interactive database and web application for efficient analysis of disease-associated genetic information Sajjad Karim, Hend F Nour Eldin, Heba Abusamra, Elham M Alhathli, Nada Salem, Mohammed H Al-Qahtani, Sudhir Kumar O16 The supercomputer facility “AZIZ” at KAU: utility and future prospects Hossam Faheem O17 New research into the causes of male infertility Ashok Agarwa O18 The Klinefelter syndrome: recent progress in pathophysiology and management Eberhard Nieschlag, Joachim Wistuba, Oliver S. Damm, Mohd A. Beg, Taha A. Abdel-Meguid, Hisham A. Mosli, Osama S. Bajouh, Adel M. Abuzenadah, Mohammed H. Al-Qahtani O19 A new look to reproductive medicine in the era of genomics Serdar Coskun P1 Wnt signalling receptors expression in Saudi breast cancer patients Muhammad Abu-Elmagd, Abdelbaset Buhmeida, Ashraf Dallol, Jaudah Al-Maghrabi, Sahar Hakamy, Wejdan Al-Qahtani, Asia Al-Harbi, Shireen Hussain, Mourad Assidi, Mohammed Al-Qahtani, Adel Abuzenadah P2 Analysis of oxidative stress interactome during spermatogenesis: a systems biology approach to reproduction Burak Ozkosem, Rick DuBois P3 Interleukin-18 gene variants are strongly associated with idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss. Safia S Messaoudi, Maryam T Dandana, Touhami Mahjoub, Wassim Y Almawi P4 Effect of environmental factors on gene-gene and gene-environment reactions: model and theoretical study applied to environmental interventions using genotype S. Abdalla, M. Nabil Al-Aama P5 Genomics and transcriptomic analysis of imatinib resistance in gastrointestinal stromal tumor Asmaa Elzawahry, Tsuyoshi Takahashi, Sachiyo Mimaki, Eisaku Furukawa, Rie Nakatsuka, Isao Kurosaka, Takahiko Nishigaki, Hiromi Nakamura, Satoshi Serada, Tetsuji Naka, Seiichi Hirota, Tatsuhiro Shibata, Katsuya Tsuchihara, Toshirou Nishida, Mamoru Kato P6 In-Silico analysis of putative HCV epitopes against Pakistani human leukocyte antigen background: an approach towards development of future vaccines for Pakistani population Sajid Mehmood, Naeem Mahmood Ashraf, Awais Asif, Muhammad Bilal, Malik Siddique Mehmood, Aadil Hussain P7 Inhibition of AChE and BuChE with the natural compounds of Bacopa monerri for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: a bioinformatics approach Qazi Mohammad Sajid Jamal, Mughees Uddin Siddiqui, Mohammad A. Alzohairy, Mohammad A. Al Karaawi P8 Her2 expression in urothelial cell carcinoma of the bladder in Saudi Arabia Taoufik Nedjadi, Jaudah Al-Maghrabi, Mourad Assidi, Heba Al-Khattabi, Adel Al-Ammari, Ahmed Al-Sayyad, Abdelbaset Buhmeida, Mohammed Al-Qahtani P9 Association of angiotensinogen single nucleotide polymorphisms with Preeclampsia in patients from North Africa Hédia Zitouni, Nozha Raguema, Marwa Ben Ali, Wided Malah, Raja Lfalah, Wassim Almawi, Touhami Mahjoub P10 Systems biology analysis reveals relations between normal skin, benign nevi and malignant melanoma Mohammed Elanbari, Andrey Ptitsyn P11 The apoptotic effect of thymoquinone in Jurkat cells Sana Mahjoub, Rabeb El Ghali, Bechir Achour, Nidhal Ben Amor, Mourad Assidi, Brahim N'siri, Hamid Morjani P12 Sonic hedgehog contributes in bladder cancer invasion in Saudi Arabia Taoufik Nedjadi, Adel Al-Ammari, Ahmed Al-Sayyad, Nada Salem, Esam Azhar, Jaudah Al-Maghrabi P13 Association of Interleukin 18 gene promoter polymorphisms - 607A/C and -137 G/C with colorectal cancer onset in a sample of Tunisian population Vera Chayeb, Maryam Dendena, Hedia Zitouni, Khedija Zouari-Limayem, Touhami Mahjoub P14 Pathological expression of interleukin-6, -11, leukemia inhibitory factor and their receptors in tubal gestation with and without tubal cytomegalovirus infection Bassem Refaat, Ahmed M Ashshi, Sarah A Batwa P15 Phenotypic and genetic profiling of avian pathogenic and human diarrhegenic Escherichia coli in Egypt Hazem Ramadan, Amal Awad, Ahmed Ateya P16 Cancer-targeting dual gene virotherapy as a promising therapeutic strategy for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma Adel Galal Ahmed El-Shemi, Ahmad Ashshi, Mohammed Basalamah, Youjin Na, Chae-Ok YUN P17 Cancer dual gene therapy with oncolytic adenoviruses expressing TRAIL and IL-12 transgenes markedly eradicated human hepatocellular carcinoma both in vitro and in vivo Adel Galal Ahmed El-Shemi, Ahmad Ashshi, Mohammed Basalamah, Youjin Na, Chae-Ok Yun P18 Therapy with paricalcitol attenuates tumor growth and augments tumoricidal and anti-oncogenic effects of 5-fluorouracil on animal model of colon cancer Adel Galal El-Shemi, Bassem Refaat, Osama Kensara, Amr Abdelfattah P19 The effects of Rubus idaeus extract on normal human lymphocytes and cancer cell line Batol Imran Dheeb, Mohammed M. F. Al-Halbosiy, Rghad Kadhim Al lihabi, Basim Mohammed Khashman P20 Etanercept, a TNF-alpha inhibitor, alleviates mechanical hypersensitivity and spontaneous pain in a rat model of chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain Djouhri, Laiche, Chaudhary Adeel, Nedjadi, Taoufik P21 Sleeping beauty mutagenesis system identified genes and neuronal transcription factor network involved in pediatric solid tumour (medulloblastoma) Hani Al-Afghani, Maria Łastowska, Haya H Al-Balool, Harsh Sheth, Emma Mercer, Jonathan M Coxhead, Chris PF Redfern, Heiko Peters, Alastair D Burt, Mauro Santibanez-Koref, Chris M Bacon, Louis Chesler, Alistair G Rust, David J Adams, Daniel Williamson, Steven C Clifford, Michael S Jackson P22 Involvement of interleukin-1 in vitiligo pathogenesis Mala Singh, Mohmmad Shoab Mansuri, Shahnawaz D. Jadeja, Hima Patel, Yogesh S. Marfatia, Rasheedunnisa Begum P23 Cytogenetics abnormalities in 12,884 referred population for chromosomal analysis and the role of FISH in refining the diagnosis (cytogenetic experience 2004-2013) Amal M Mohamed, Alaa K Kamel, Nivin A Helmy, Sayda A Hammad, Hesham F Kayed, Marwa I Shehab, Assad El Gerzawy, Maha M. Ead, Ola M Ead, Mona Mekkawy, Innas Mazen, Mona El-Ruby P24 Analysis of binding properties of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 through in silico method S. M. A. Shahid, Qazi Mohammad Sajid Jamal, J. M. Arif, Mohtashim Lohani P25 Relationship of genetics markers cis and trans to the β-S globin gene with fetal hemoglobin expression in Tunisian sickle cell patients Moumni Imen, Chaouch Leila, Ouragini Houyem, Douzi Kais, Chaouachi Dorra Mellouli Fethi, Bejaoui Mohamed, Abbes Salem P26 Analysis of estrogen receptor alpha gene polymorphisms in breast cancer: link to genetic predisposition in Sudanese women Areeg Faggad, Amanuel T Gebreslasie, Hani Y Zaki, Badreldin E Abdalla P27 KCNQI gene polymorphism and its association with CVD and T2DM in the Saudi population Maha S AlShammari, Rhaya Al-Ali, Nader Al-Balawi , Mansour Al-Enazi, Ali Al-Muraikhi, Fadi Busaleh, Ali Al-Sahwan, Francis Borgio, Abdulazeez Sayyed, Amein Al-Ali, Sadananda Acharya P28 Clinical, neuroimaging and cytogenetic study of a patient with microcephaly capillary malformation syndrome Maha S. Zaki, Hala T. El-Bassyouni, Marwa I. Shehab P29 Altered expression of CD200R1 on dendritic cells of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: in silico investigations and clinical evaluations Mohammed F. Elshal, Kaleemuddin M., Alia M. Aldahlawi, Omar Saadah, J. Philip McCoy P30 Development of real time PCR diagnostic protocol specific for the Saudi Arabian H1N1 viral strains Adel E El-Tarras, Nabil S Awad, Abdulla A Alharthi, Mohamed M M Ibrahim P31 Identification of novel genetic variations affecting Osteoarthritis patients Haneen S Alsehli, Ashraf Dallol, Abdullah M Gari, Mohammed M Abbas, Roaa A Kadam, Mazen M. Gari, Mohmmed H Alkaff, Adel M Abuzenadah, Mamdooh A Gari P32 An integrated database of GWAS SNVs and their evolutionary properties Heba Abusamra, Sajjad Karim, Hend F Nour eldin, Elham M Alhathli, Nada Salem, Sudhir Kumar, Mohammed H Al-Qahtani P33 Familial hypercholesterolemia in Saudi Arabia: prime time for a national registry and genetic analysis Fatima A. Moradi, Omran M. Rashidi, Zuhier A. Awan P34 Comparative genomics and network-based analyses of early hepatocellular carcinoma Ibrahim Hamza Kaya, Olfat Al-Harazi, Dilek Colak P35 A TALEN-based oncolytic viral vector approach to knock out ABCB1 gene mediated chemoresistance in cancer stem cells Nabila A Alkousi, Takis Athanasopoulos P36 Cartilage differentiation and gene expression of synovial fluid mesenchymal stem cells derived from osteoarthritis patients Afnan O Bahmaid, Etimad A Alhwait, Mamdooh A Gari, Haneen S Alsehli, Mohammed M Abbas, Mohammed H Alkaf, Roaa Kadam, Ashraf Dallol, Gauthaman Kalamegam P37 E-GRASP: Adding an evolutionary component to the genome-wide repository of associations (GRASP) resource Hend F Nour Eldin, Sajjad Karim, Heba Abusamra, Elham Alhathli, Nada Salem, Mohammed H Al-Qahtani, Sudhir Kumar P38 Screening of AGL gene mutation in Saudi family with glycogen storage disease Type III Salma N Alsayed, Fawziah H Aljohani, Samaher M Habeeb, Rawan A Almashali, Sulman Basit, Samia M Ahmed P39 High throughput proteomic data suggest modulation of cAMP dependent protein kinase A and mitochondrial function in infertile patients with varicocele Rakesh Sharma, Ashok Agarwal, Damayanthi Durairajanayagam, Luna Samanta, Muhammad Abu-Elmagd, Adel M. Abuzenadah, Edmund S. Sabanegh, Mourad Assidi, Mohammed Al-Qahtani P40 Significant protein profile alterations in men with primary and secondary infertility Ashok Agarwal, Rakesh Sharma, Luna Samanta, Damayanthi Durairajanayagam, Mourad Assidi, Muhammad Abu-Elmagd, Mohammed Al-Qahtani, Adel M. Abuzenadah, Edmund S. Sabanegh P41 Spermatozoa maturation in infertile patients involves compromised expression of heat shock proteins Luna Samanta, Ashok Agarwal, Rakesh Sharma, Zhihong Cui, Mourad Assidi, Adel M. Abuzenadah, Muhammad Abu-Elmagd, Mohammed Al-Qahtani P42 Array comparative genomic hybridization approach to search genomic answers for spontaneous recurrent abortion in Saudi Arabia Alaa A Alboogmi, Nuha A Alansari, Maha M Al-Quaiti, Fai T Ashgan, Afnan Bandah, Hasan S Jamal, Abdullraheem Rozi(,) Zeenat Mirza, Adel M Abuzenadah, Sajjad Karim, Mohammed H Al-Qahtani P43 Global gene expression profiling of Saudi kidney cancer patients Sajjad Karim, Hans-Juergen Schulten, Ahmad J Al Sayyad, Hasan MA Farsi, Jaudah A Al-Maghrabi, Zeenat Mirza, Reem Alotibi, Alaa Al-Ahmadi, Nuha A Alansari, Alaa A Albogmi, Maha M Al-Quaiti, Fai T Ashgan, Afnan Bandah, Mohammed H Al-Qahtani P44 Downregulated StAR gene and male reproductive dysfunction caused by nifedipine and ethosuximide Rasha A Ebiya, Samia M Darwish, Metwally M. Montaser P45 Clustering based gene expression feature selection method: A computational approach to enrich the classifier efficiency of differentially expressed genes Heba Abusamra, Vladimir B. Bajic P46 Prognostic significance of Osteopontin expression profile in colorectal carcinoma Jaudah Al-Maghrabi, Wafaey Gomaa, Mehenaz Hanbazazh, Mahmoud Al-Ahwal, Asia Al-Harbi, Wejdan Al-Qahtani, Saher Hakamy, Ghali Baba, Abdelbaset Buhmeida, Mohammed Al-Qahtani P47 High Glypican-3 expression pattern predicts longer disease-specific survival in colorectal carcinoma Jaudah Al-Maghrabi, Abdullah Al-Harbi, Mahmoud Al-Ahwal, Asia Al-Harbi, Wejdan Al-Qahtani, Sahar Hakamy, Ghalia Baba, Abdelbaset Buhmeida, Mohammed Al-Qahtani P48 An evolutionary re-assessment of GWAS single nucleotide variants implicated in the Cholesterol traits Elham M Alhathli, Sajjad Karim, Nada Salem, Hend Nour Eldin, Heba Abusamra, Sudhir Kumar, Mohammed H Al-Qahtani P49 Derivation and characterization of human Wharton’s jelly stem cells (hWJSCs) in vitro for future therapeutic applications Aisha A Alyamani, Gauthaman Kalamegam, Etimad A Alhwait, Mamdooh A Gari, Mohammed M Abbas, Mohammed H Alkaf, Haneen S Alsehli, Roaa A Kadam, Mohammed Al-Qahtani P50 Attitudes of healthcare students toward biomedical research in the post-genomic era Rawan Gadi, Abdelbaset Buhmeida, Mourad Assidi , Adeel Chaudhary, Leena Merdad P51 Evaluation of the immunomodulatory effects of thymoquinone on human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) from osteoarthritic patients Saadiah M Alfakeeh, Etimad A Alhwait, Mamdooh A Gari, Mohammed M Abbas, Mohammed H Alkaf, Haneen S Alsehli, Roaa Kadam, Gauthaman Kalamegam P52 Implication of IL-10 and IL-28 polymorphism with successful anti-HCV therapy and viral clearance Rubi Ghazala, Shilu Mathew, M.Haroon Hamed, Mourad Assidi, Mohammed Al-Qahtani, Ishtiaq Qadri P53 Selection of flavonoids against obesity protein (FTO) using in silico and in vitro approaches Shilu Mathew, Lobna Mira, Manal Shaabad, Shireen Hussain, Mourad Assidi, Muhammad Abu-Elmagd, Mohammed Al-Qahtani P54 Computational selection and in vitro validation of flavonoids as new antidepressant agents Shilu Mathew, Manal Shaabad, Lobna Mira, Shireen Hussain, Mourad Assidi, Muhammad Abu-Elmagd, Mohammed Al-Qahtani P55 In Silico prediction and prioritization of aging candidate genes associated with progressive telomere shortening Ahmed Rebai, Mourad Assidi, Abdelbaset Buhmeida, Muhammad Abu-Elmagd, Ashraf Dallol, Jerry W Shay P56 Identification of new cancer testis antigen genes in diverse types of malignant human tumour cells Mikhlid H Almutairi P57 More comprehensive forensic genetic marker analyses for accurate human remains identification using massively parallel sequencing (MPS) Angie Ambers, Jennifer Churchill, Jonathan King, Monika Stoljarova, Harrell Gill-King, Mourad Assidi, Muhammad Abu-Elmagd, Abdelbaset Buhmeida, Muhammad Al-Qatani, Bruce Budowle P58 Flow cytometry approach towards treatment men infertility in Saudi Arabia Muhammad Abu-Elmagd, Farid Ahmed, Ashraf Dallol, Mourad Assidi, Taha Abo Almagd, Sahar Hakamy, Ashok Agarwal, Muhammad Al-Qahtani, Adel Abuzenadah P59 Tissue microarray based validation of CyclinD1 expression in renal cell carcinoma of Saudi kidney patients Sajjad Karim, Hans-Juergen Schulten, Ahmad J Al Sayyad, Hasan MA Farsi, Jaudah A Al-Maghrabi, Abdelbaset Buhmaida, Zeenat Mirza, Reem Alotibi, Alaa Al-Ahmadi, Nuha A Alansari, Alaa A Albogmi, Maha M Al-Quaiti, Fai T Ashgan, Afnan Bandah, Mohammed H Al-Qahtani P60 Assessment of gold nanoparticles in molecular diagnostics and DNA damage studies Rukhsana Satar, Mahmood Rasool, Waseem Ahmad, Nazia Nazam, Mohamad I Lone, Muhammad I Naseer, Mohammad S Jamal, Syed K Zaidi, Peter N Pushparaj, Mohammad A Jafri, Shakeel A Ansari, Mohammed H Alqahtani P61 Surfing the biospecimen management and processing workflow at CEGMR Biobank Hanan Bashier, Abrar Al Qahtani, Shilu Mathew, Amal M. Nour, Heba Alkhatabi, Adel M. Abu Zenadah, Abdelbaset Buhmeida, Mourad Assidi, Muhammed Al Qahtani P62 Autism Spectrum Disorder: knowledge, attitude and awareness in Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Muhammad Faheem, Shilu Mathew, Shiny Mathew, Peter Natesan Pushparaj, Mohammad H. Al-Qahtani P63 Simultaneous genetic screening of the coagulation pathway genes using the Thromboscan targeted sequencing panel Hani A. Alhadrami, Ashraf Dallol, Adel Abuzenadah P64 Genome wide array comparative genomic hybridization analysis in patients with syndromic congenital heart defects Ibtessam R. Hussein, Adeel G. Chaudhary, Rima S Bader, Randa Bassiouni, Maha Alquaiti, Fai Ashgan, Hans Schulten, Mohamed Nabil Alama, Mohammad H. Al Qahtani P65 Toxocogenetic evaluation of 1, 2-Dichloroethane in bone marrow, blood and cells of immune system using conventional, molecular and flowcytometric approaches Mohammad I Lone, Nazia Nizam, Waseem Ahmad, Mohammad A Jafri, Mahmood Rasool, Shakeel A Ansari, Muhammed H Al-Qahtani P66 Molecular cytogenetic diagnosis of sexual development disorders in newborn: A case of ambiguous genitalia Eradah Alshihri, Muhammad Abu-Elmagd, Lina Alharbi, Mourad Assidi, Mohammed Al-Qahtani P67 Identification of disease specific gene expression clusters and pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma using In Silico methodologies Shilu Mathew, Peter Pushparaj Natesan, Muhammed Al Qahtani P68 Human Wharton’s Jelly stem cell conditioned medium inhibits primary ovarian cancer cells in vitro: Identification of probable targets and mechanisms using systems biology Gauthaman Kalamegam, Peter Natesan Pushparaj, Fazal Khan, Roaa Kadam, Farid Ahmed, Mourad Assidi, Khalid Hussain Wali Sait, Nisreen Anfinan, Mohammed Al Qahtani P69 Mutation spectrum of ASPM (Abnormal Spindle-like, Microcephaly-associated) gene in Saudi Arabian population Muhammad I Naseer, Adeel G Chaudhary, Mohammad S Jamal, Shilu Mathew, Lobna S Mira, Peter N Pushparaj, Shakeel A Ansari, Mahmood Rasool, Mohammed H AlQahtani P70 Identification and characterization of novel genes and mutations of primary microcephaly in Saudi Arabian population Muhammad I Naseer, Adeel G Chaudhary, Shilu Mathew, Lobna S Mira, Mohammad S Jamal, Sameera Sogaty, Randa I Bassiouni, Mahmood Rasool, Mohammed H AlQahtani P71 Molecular genetic analysis of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch Syndrome) in Saudi Arabian population Mahmood Rasool, Shakeel A Ansari, Mohammad S Jamal, Peter N Pushparaj, Abdulrahman MS Sibiani, Waseem Ahmad, Abdelbaset Buhmeida, Mohammad A Jafri, Mohiuddin K Warsi, Muhammad I Naseer, Mohammed H Al-Qahtani P72 Function predication of hypothetical proteins from genome database of chlamydia trachomatis Rubi, Kundan Kumar, Ahmad AT Naqvi, Faizan Ahmad, Md I Hassan, Mohammad S Jamal, Mahmood Rasool, Mohammed H AlQahtani P73 Transcription factors as novel molecular targets for skin cancer Ashraf Ali, Jummanah Jarullah, Mahmood Rasool, Abdelbasit Buhmeida, Shahida Khan, Ghufrana Abdussami, Maryam Mahfooz, Mohammad A Kamal, Ghazi A Damanhouri, Mohammad S Jamal P74 An In Silico analysis of Plumbagin binding to apoptosis executioner: Caspase-3 and Caspase-7 Bushra Jarullah, Jummanah Jarullah, Mohammad SS Jarullah, Ashraf Ali, Mahmood Rasool, Mohammad S Jamal P75 Single cell genomics applications for preimplantation genetic screening optimization: Comparative analysis of whole genome amplification technologies Mourad Assidi, Muhammad Abu-Elmagd, Osama Bajouh, Peter Natesan Pushparaj, Mohammed Al-Qahtani, Adel Abuzenadah P76 ZFP36 regulates miRs-34a in anti-IgM triggered immature B cells Mohammad S Jamal, Jummanah Jarullah, Abdulah EA Mathkoor, Hashim MA Alsalmi, Anas MM Oun, Ghazi A Damanhauri, Mahmood Rasool, Mohammed H AlQahtani P77 Identification of a novel mutation in the STAMBP gene in a family with microcephaly-capillary malformation syndrome Muhammad I. Naseer, Mahmood Rasool, Sameera Sogaty, Adeel G. Chudhary, Yousif A. Abutalib, Daniele Merico, Susan Walker, Christian R. Marshall, Mehdi Zarrei, Stephen W. Scherer, Mohammad H. Al-Qahtani P78 Copy number variations in Saudi patients with intellectual disability and epilepsy Muhammad I. Naseer, Muhammad Faheem, Adeel G. Chaudhary, Mahmood Rasool, Gauthaman Kalamegam, Fai Talal Ashgan, Mourad Assidi, Farid Ahmed, Syed Kashif Zaidi, Mohammed M. Jan, Mohammad H. Al-Qahtani P79 Prognostic significance of CD44 expression profile in colorectal carcinoma Maryam Al-Zahrani, Sahira Lary, Sahar Hakamy, Ashraf Dallol, Mahmoud Al-Ahwal, Jaudah Al-Maghrabi, Emmanuel Dermitzakis, Adel Abuzenadah, Abdelbaset Buhmeida, Mohammed Al-Qahtani P80 Association of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene G894T polymorphism with hypertension risk and complications Abeer A Al-refai, Mona Saleh, Rehab I Yassien, Mahmmoud Kamel, Rabab M Habeb P81 SNPs array to screen genetic variation among diabetic patients Najlaa Filimban, Ashraf Dallol, Nadia Ghannam, Mohammed Al-Qahtani, Adel Mohammed Abuzenadah P82 Detection and genotyping of Helicobacter pylori among gastric cancer patients from Saudi Arabian population Fehmida Bibi, Sana Akhtar, Esam I. Azhar, Muhammad Yasir, Muhammad I. Nasser, Asif A. Jiman-Fatani, Ali Sawan P83 Antimicrobial drug resistance and molecular detection of susceptibility to Fluoroquinolones among clinical isolates of Salmonella species from Jeddah-Saudi Arabia Ruaa A Lahzah, Asho Ali P84 Identification of the toxic and virulence nature of MAP1138c protein of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Syed A Hassan, Seyed E Hasnain, Iftikhar A Tayubi, Hamza A Abujabal, Alaa O Magrabi P85 In vitro and in silico evaluation of miR137 in human breast cancer Fazal Khan, Gauthaman Kalamegam, Peter Natesan Pushparaj, Adel Abuzenada, Taha Abduallah Kumosani, Elie Barbour, Mohammed Al-Qahtani P86 Auruka gene is over-expressed in Saudi breast cancer Manal Shabaad, Shilu Mathew, Ashraf Dallol, Adnan Merdad, Abdelbaset Buhmeida, Mohammed Al-Qahtani P87 The potential of immunogenomics in personalized healthcare Mourad Assidi, Muhammad Abu-Elmagd, Kalamegam Gauthaman, Mamdooh Gari, Adeel Chaudhary, Adel Abuzenadah, Peter Natesan Pushparaj, Mohammed Al-Qahtani P88 In Silico physiochemical and structural characterization of a putative ORF MAP0591 and its implication in the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in ruminants and humans Syed A Hassan, Iftikhar A Tayubi, Hani MA Aljahdali P89 Effects of heat shock on human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs): Implications in regenerative medicine Reham Al Nono, Mamdooh Gari, Haneen Alsehli, Farid Ahmed, Mohammed Abbas, Gauthaman Kalamegam, Mohammed Al-Qahtani P90 In Silico analyses of the molecular targets of Resveratrol unravels its importance in mast cell mediated allergic responses Shilu Mathew, Fazal Khan, Mahmood Rasool, Mohammed Sarwar Jamal, Muhammad Imran Naseer, Zeenat Mirza, Sajjad Karim, Shakeel Ansari, Mourad Assidi, Gauthaman Kalamegam, Mamdooh Gari, Adeel Chaudhary, Adel Abuzenadah, Peter Natesan Pushparaj, Mohammed Al-Qahtani P91 Effects of environmental particulate matter on bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells Muhammad Abu-Elmagd, Gauthaman Kalamegam, Roaa Kadam, Mansour A Alghamdi, Magdy Shamy, Max Costa, Mamdouh I Khoder, Mourad Assidi, Peter Natesan Pushparaj, Mamdooh Gari, Mohammed Al-Qahtani P92 Distinctive charge clusters in human virus proteomes Najla Kharrat, Sabrine Belmabrouk, Rania Abdelhedi, Riadh Benmarzoug, Mourad Assidi, Mohammed H. Al Qahtani, Ahmed Rebai P93 In vitro experimental model and approach in identification of new biomarkers of inflammatory forms of arthritis Ghazi Dhamanhouri, Peter Natesan Pushparaj, Abdelwahab Noorwali, Mohammad Khalid Alwasiyah, Afnan Bahamaid, Saadiah Alfakeeh, Aisha Alyamani, Haneen Alsehli, Mohammed Abbas, Mamdooh Gari, Ali Mobasheri, Gauthaman Kalamegam, Mohammed Al-Qahtani P94 Molecular docking of GABA(A) receptor subunit γ-2 with novel anti-epileptic compounds Muhammad Faheem, Shilu Mathew, Peter Natesan Pushparaj, Mohammad H. Al-Qahtani P95 Breast cancer knowledge, awareness, and practices among Saudi females residing in Jeddah Shilu Mathew, Muhammad Faheem, Shiny Mathew, Peter Natesan Pushparaj, Mohammad H. Al-Qahtani P96 Anti-inflammatory role of Sesamin by Attenuation of Iba1/TNF-α/ICAM-1/iNOS signaling in Diabetic Retinopathy Mohammad Sarwar Jamal, Syed Kashif Zaidi, Raziuddin Khan, Kanchan Bhatia, Mohammed H. Al-Qahtani, Saif Ahmad P97 Identification of drug lead molecule against vp35 protein of Ebola virus: An In-Silico approach Iftikhar AslamTayubi, Manish Tripathi, Syed Asif Hassan, Rahul Shrivastava P98 An approach to personalized medicine from SNP-calling through disease analysis using whole exome-sequencing of three sub-continental populations Iftikhar A Tayubi, Syed Hassan, Hamza A.S Abujabal P99 Low versus high frequency of Glucose –6 – Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency in urban against tribal population of Gujarat – A signal to natural selection Ishani Shah, Bushra Jarullah, Mohammad S Jamal, Jummanah Jarullah P100 Spontaneous preterm birth and single nucleotide gene polymorphisms: a recent update Ishfaq A Sheikh, Ejaz Ahmad, Mohammad S Jamal, Mohd Rehan, Muhammad Abu-Elmagd, Iftikhar A Tayubi, Samera F AlBasri, Osama S Bajouh, Rola F Turki, Adel M Abuzenadah, Ghazi A Damanhouri, Mohd A Beg, Mohammed Al-Qahtani P101 Prevalence of congenital heart diseases among Down syndrome cases in Saudi Arabia: role of molecular genetics in the pathogenesis Sahar AF Hammoudah, Khalid M AlHarbi, Lama M El-Attar, Ahmed MZ Darwish P102 Combinatorial efficacy of specific pathway inhibitors in breast cancer cells Sara M Ibrahim, Ashraf Dallol(,) Hani Choudhry, Adel Abuzenadah, Jalaludden Awlia, Adeel Chaudhary, Farid Ahmed, Mohammed Al-Qahtani P103 MiR-143 and miR-145 cluster as potential replacement medicine for the treatment of cancer Mohammad A Jafri, Muhammad Abu-Elmagd, Mourad Assidi, Mohammed Al-Qahtani P104 Metagenomic profile of gut microbiota during pregnancy in Saudi population Imran khan, Muhammad Yasir, Esam I. Azhar, Sameera Al-basri, Elie Barbour, Taha Kumosani P105 Exploration of anticancer targets of selected metabolites of Phoenix dactylifera L. using systems biological approaches Fazal Khan, Gauthaman Kalamegam, Peter Natesan Pushparaj, Adel Abuzenada, Taha Abduallah Kumosani, Elie Barbour P106 CD226 and CD40 gene polymorphism in susceptibility to Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in Egyptian patients Heba M. EL Sayed, Eman A. Hafez P107 Paediatric exome sequencing in autism spectrum disorder ascertained in Saudi families Hans-Juergen Schulten, Aisha Hassan Elaimi, Ibtessam R Hussein, Randa Ibrahim Bassiouni, Mohammad Khalid Alwasiyah, Richard F Wintle, Adeel Chaudhary, Stephen W Scherer, Mohammed Al-Qahtani P108 Crystal structure of the complex formed between Phospholipase A(2) and the central core hydrophobic fragment of Alzheimer’s β- amyloid peptide: a reductionist approach Zeenat Mirza, Vikram Gopalakrishna Pillai, Sajjad Karim, Sujata Sharma, Punit Kaur, Alagiri Srinivasan, Tej P Singh, Mohammed Al-Qahtani P109 Differential expression profiling between meningiomas from female and male patients Reem Alotibi, Alaa Al-Ahmadi, Fatima Al-Adwani, Deema Hussein, Sajjad Karim, Mona Al-Sharif, Awatif Jamal, Fahad Al-Ghamdi, Jaudah Al-Maghrabi, Saleh S Baeesa, Mohammed Bangash, Adeel Chaudhary, Hans-Juergen Schulten, Mohammed Al-Qahtani P110 Neurospheres as models of early brain development and therapeutics Muhammad Faheem, Peter Natesan Pushparaj, Shilu Mathew, Taha Abdullah Kumosani, Gauthaman Kalamegam, Mohammed Al-Qahtani P111 Identification of a recurrent causative missense mutation p.(W577C) at the LDLR exon 12 in familial hypercholesterolemia affected Saudi families Faisal A Al-Allaf, Zainularifeen Abduljaleel, Abdullah Alashwal, Mohiuddin M. Taher, Abdellatif Bouazzaoui, Halah Abalkhail, Faisal A. Ba-Hammam, Mohammad Athar P112 Epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC): Systems oncological approach to identify diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic biomarkers Gauthaman Kalamegam, Peter Natesan Pushparaj, Muhammad Abu-Elmagd, Farid Ahmed Khalid HussainWali Sait, Nisreen Anfinan, Mamdooh Gari, Adeel Chaudhary, Adel Abuzenadah, Mourad Assidi, Mohammed Al-Qahtani P113 Crohn’s disease phenotype in northern Tunisian population Naira Ben Mami, Yosr Z Haffani, Mouna Medhioub, Lamine Hamzaoui, Ameur Cherif, Msadok Azouz P114 Establishment of In Silico approaches to decipher the potential toxicity and mechanism of action of drug candidates and environmental agents Gauthaman Kalamegam, Fazal Khan, Shilu Mathew, Mohammed Imran Nasser, Mahmood Rasool, Farid Ahmed, Peter Natesan Pushparaj, Mohammed Al-Qahtani P115 1q Gain predicts poor prognosis marker for young breast cancer patients Shereen A Turkistany, Lina M Al-harbi, Ashraf Dallol, Jamal Sabir, Adeel Chaudhary, Adel Abuzenadah P116 Disorders of sex chromosomes in a diagnostic genomic medicine unit in Saudi Arabia: Prevalence, diagnosis and future guidelines Basmah Al-Madoudi, Bayan Al-Aslani, Khulud Al-Harbi, Rwan Al-Jahdali, Hanadi Qudaih, Emad Al Hamzy, Mourad Assidi, Mohammed Al Qahtani P117 Combination of WYE354 and Sunitinib demonstrate synergistic inhibition of acute myeloid leukemia in vitro Asad M Ilyas, Youssri Ahmed, Mamdooh Gari, Farid Ahmed, Mohammed Alqahtani P118 Integrated use of evolutionary information in GWAS reveals important SNPs in Asthma Nada Salem, Sajjad Karim, Elham M Alhathli, Heba Abusamra, Hend F Nour Eldin, Mohammed H Al-Qahtani, Sudhir Kumar P119 Assessment of BRAF, IDH1, IDH2, and EGFR mutations in a series of primary brain tumors Fatima Al-Adwani, Deema Hussein, Mona Al-Sharif, Awatif Jamal, Fahad Al-Ghamdi, Jaudah Al-Maghrabi, Saleh S Baeesa, Mohammed Bangash, Adeel Chaudhary, Mohammed Al-Qahtani, Hans-Juergen Schulten P120 Expression profiles distinguish oligodendrogliomas from glioblastoma multiformes with or without oligodendroglioma component Alaa Alamandi, Reem Alotibi, Deema Hussein, Sajjad Karim, Jaudah Al-Maghrabi, Fahad Al-Ghamdi, Awatif Jamal, Saleh S Baeesa, Mohammed Bangash, Adeel Chaudhary, Hans-Juergen Schulten, Mohammed Al-Qahtani P121 Hierarchical clustering in thyroid goiters and hyperplastic lesions Ohoud Subhi, Nadia Bagatian, Sajjad Karim, Adel Al-Johari, Osman Abdel Al-Hamour, Hosam Al-Aradati, Abdulmonem Al-Mutawa, Faisal Al-Mashat, Jaudah Al-Maghrabi, Hans-Juergen Schulten, Mohammad Al-Qahtani P122 Differential expression analysis in thyroiditis and papillary thyroid carcinomas with or without coexisting thyroiditis Nadia Bagatian, Ohoud Subhi, Sajjad Karim, Adel Al-Johari, Osman Abdel Al-Hamour, Abdulmonem Al-Mutawa, Hosam Al-Aradati, Faisal Al-Mashat, Mohammad Al-Qahtani, Hans-Juergen Schulten, Jaudah Al-Maghrabi P123 Metagenomic analysis of waste water microbiome in Sausdi Arabia Muhammad W shah, Muhammad Yasir, Esam I Azhar, Saad Al-Masoodi P124 Molecular characterization of Helicobacter pylori from faecal samples of Tunisian patients with gastric cancer Yosr Z Haffani, Msadok Azouz, Emna Khamla, Chaima Jlassi, Ahmed S. Masmoudi, Ameur Cherif, Lassaad Belbahri P125 Diagnostic application of the oncoscan(©) panel for the identification of hereditary cancer syndrome Shadi Al-Khayyat, Roba Attas, Atlal Abu-Sanad, Mohammed Abuzinadah, Adnan MerdadAshraf Dallol, Adeel Chaudhary, Mohammed Al-Qahtani, Adel Abuzenadah P126 Characterization of clinical and neurocognitive features in a family with a novel OGT gene missense mutation c. 1193G > A/ (p. Ala319Thr) Habib Bouazzi, Carlos Trujillo, Mohammad Khalid Alwasiyah, Mohammed Al-Qahtani P127 Case report: a rare homozygous deletion mutation of TMEM70 gene associated with 3-Methylglutaconic Aciduria and cataract in a Saudi patient Maha Alotaibi, Rami Nassir P128 Isolation and purification of antimicrobial milk proteins Ishfaq A Sheikh, Mohammad A Kamal, Essam H Jiffri, Ghulam M Ashraf, Mohd A Beg P129 Integrated analysis reveals association of ATP8B1 gene with colorectal cancer Mohammad A Aziz, Rizwan Ali, Mahmood Rasool, Mohammad S Jamal, Nusaibah samman, Ghufrana Abdussami, Sathish Periyasamy, Mohiuddin K Warsi, Mohammed Aldress, Majed Al Otaibi, Zeyad Al Yousef, Mohamed Boudjelal, Abdelbasit Buhmeida, Mohammed H Al-Qahtani, Ibrahim AlAbdulkarim P130 Implication of IL-10 and IL-28 polymorphism with successful anti-HCV therapy and viral clearance Rubi Ghazala, Shilu Mathew, M. Haroon Hamed, Mourad Assidi, Mohammed Al-Qahtani, Ishtiaq Qadri P131 Interactions of endocrine disruptor di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and its metabolite mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) with progesterone receptor Ishfaq A Sheikh, Muhammad Abu-Elmagd, Rola F Turki, Ghazi A Damanhouri, Mohd A. Beg P132 Association of HCV nucleotide polymorphism in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma Mohd Suhail, Abid Qureshi, Adil Jamal, Peter Natesan Pushparaj, Mohammad Al-Qahtani, Ishtiaq Qadri P133 Gene expression profiling by DNA microarrays in colon cancer treated with chelidonine alkaloid Mahmoud Z El-Readi, Safaa Y Eid, Michael Wink P134 Successful in vitro fertilization after eight failed trials Ahmed M. Isa, Lulu Alnuaim, Johara Almutawa, Basim Abu-Rafae, Saleh Alasiri, Saleh Binsaleh P135 Genetic sensitivity analysis using SCGE, cell cycle and mitochondrial membrane potential in OPs stressed leukocytes in Rattus norvegicus through flow cytometric input Nazia Nazam, Mohamad I Lone, Waseem Ahmad, Shakeel A Ansari, Mohamed H Alqahtani

Kinesin super family protein 2A (KIF2A) is an ATP-dependent microtubule destabilizer, that belongs to the kinesin-13 family. It is highly expressed in juvenile brains, but its postnatal function has not been determined due to mortality in KIF2A-deficient mice. In addition, KIF2A is a causal gene in human Malformation of Cortical Development (MCD) with epilepsy, but the contribution of KIF2A to its pathogenesis is not yet understood due to the small number of human patients. In this study, we first analyzed the prenatal function of KIF2A using kif2a-KO mice. These mice were pale, breathed irregularly, and exhibited frequent twitching in addition to malformations resembling those in kif2a-mutated human patients. To determine the post-migration function of KIF2A, we generated newly tamoxifen-inducible conditional knockout mice. Despite successful neuronal migration, all offspring displayed hyper-activity, weight loss, severe cortical/hippocampal-focus epilepsy, and died. Interestingly, KIF2A was highly expressed in excitatory axons, in cortical neurites in layers II/III/V and in dentate mossy fibers (MF). In the cortex, the loss of KIF2A generated aberrant axon sprouting in those layers. In the hippocampus, the loss of KIF2A resulted in the development of hippocampal sclerosis, MF sprouting, and recurrent excitatory circuits resembling but different from TLE. These phenotypes developed without excitation. cKO granule cells exhibited failed axon/dendrite determination, and developed multiple short axons throughout the entire molecular layer. These results suggest that KIF2A is crucial postnatally for establishing accurate neuronal circuits, in addition to its role in prenatal cell survival, migration, and axon elongation.

Integration of metagenomics and metabolomics in gut microbiome research Maryam Goudarzi 1 and Albert J. Fornace Jr. 1, 2, 3, 4 The gut is the largest reservoir of microbes in the body, harboring more than 100 trillion microorganisms in a well-balanced communication with the host factors. The gut microbiota plays an essential role in a wide range of biological functions such as digestion and the development of immunological responses. The microbial community composition and diversity is important in maintaining the homeostatis in the host. Factors, which may influence the gut microbial composition include diet, environmental exposures, age, genetics, and many more. Recent advances in technology, particularly 16S rRNA sequencing and mass spectrometry have enabled us to survey these microbial communities at the phylogenetic level and assess the host/microbes cometabolism. The metagenomic studies have shed light on the functional composition of the gut microbiota and have determined that in diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) there is an increase in functions of the auxotrophic and pathobiont bacteria. A number of studies have also pointed to an increase in the sulfate-reducing bacteria, such as Desulfovibrio, in IBD. On the other hand, metabolomics studies have revealed that taurine-conjugated bile acids increase the availability of free sulfur causing an expansion of the sulfate-reducing pathobiont Bilophila wadsworthia, which drive colitis in genetically susceptible IL10 −/− but not wild-type mice. Furthermore, an increased in glutathione transport and riboflavin metabolism and a decrease in biosynthesis of amino acids have been reported in ulcerative colitis patients, which is indicative of increased predisposition for managing oxidative stress, a hallmark of an inflammatory environment. Our current studies have explored the correlative nature of the microbe/ host co-metabolism to characterize the regulatory role of microbiota in maintaining host health. These correlative host/microbial studies have the potential to determine causality, response to treatment, risk prediction, and keystone species for use as probiotics in diseases such as IBD or colitis induced by immuno-radiotherapy. Central Nervous System Tumors (CNST) are a collection of neoplasms that grow in the brain and the spinal cord. Long term survival for patients carrying these tumors can reach at best 14 % in countries that provide optimal health operating systems. Despite advancement in cancer targeted therapy, surgery and radiation remain typically the main methods of treatment, even though both are challenging and may affect the quality of life of survivors adversely. Inventive approaches and deeper comprehensions of tumor characteristics are needed to transform treatment options for CNST patients. We established a unique integrated system to enable analysis of multiple bio-parameters of individual CNST. Each sample recovered was prepared to preserve tissue and generate a corresponding cell line with a purpose to process for genetic, biochemical, cytological and pharmacological analysis. A collection of 84 tumors were recovered, with a wide range of tumor types including Meningiomas, Astrocytomas, Oligodendrogliomas, Medulloblastomas and Glioblastomas. Generating a tumor type combined outlook facilitated access to vital information, as exemplified by the analysis of sixteen primary Meningiomas. Investigating the gene expression profile of uncultured tumors samples while considering the live cell behavior in relation to morphology, growth, stemness and sensitivity to chemotherapy, enabled the identification of possible novel prognostic markers for Meningiomas, including the recently associated cancer stem cell marker Anterior Gradient 2 Homolog (AGR2). This integrated analysis approach is critical for the development of safe, efficacious and potent targeted therapeutic modalities.

RPL27A is a target of miR-595 and deficiency contributes to ribosomal dysgenesis Heba Alkhatabi Centre of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia BMC Genomics 2016, 17(Suppl 6):O5 Myelodysplasia with monosomy 7 or deletion 7q has a dismal prognosis and high propensity for leukaemic transformation. The exact pathogenesis of these disorders remains elusive. We investigated functional consequences of deletion of microRNAs (miRNAs) residing on chromosome 7q, focusing on miR-595. Using a novel assay, several targets for miR-595 were identified, including a large ribosomal subunit RPL27A. RPL27A downregulation induced p53 activation, apoptosis and inhibited proliferation. Importantly, p53-independent effects were identified secondary to a reduction in the ribosome subunit 60s with associated ribosome dysgenesis. Of note, RPL27A overexpression showed no significant effects on p53 mRNA levels but did enhance proliferation. In normal CD34+ cells, RPL27A knockdown preferentially blocked erythroid proliferation and differentiation. Lastly, miR-595 appears significantly downregulated in MDS patient samples possessing -7/-7q anomalies compared to those with normal karyotype. We postulate that haploinsufficency of miR-595 in patients with -7/del 7q may contribute to disease pathogenesis via RPL27A modulation.

Next generation DNA sequencing panels for haemostatic and platelet disorders and for Fanconi anaemia in routine diagnostic service Anne Goodeve, Laura Crookes, Nikolas Niksic, Nicholas Beauchamp Sheffield Diagnostic Genetic Service, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK Correspondence: Anne Goodeve (a.goodeve@sheffield.ac.uk) -Sheffield Diagnostic Genetic Service, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK BMC Genomics 2016, 17(Suppl 6):O6

Next Generation sequencing (NGS) is transforming delivery of diagnostic molecular genetics. Gene panels are being utilised to analyse groups of related disorders and to extend diagnostic capability in comparison with previous Sanger sequencing. The aim of this study is to examine the utility of gene panels for diagnostic/research NGS analysis of haemostatic and platelet disorders and for Fanconi anaemia. Requests were received for all but one (F5) genes on the haemostasis/platelet panel. Candidate pathogenic mutations were identified in 24 of 39 patients (62 %), including 15/16 males diagnosed with haemophilia A and 3/7 individuals with possible von Willebrand disease. Some analyses (e.g. ADAMTS13, MYH9, VWF) were requested to help exclude specific diagnoses. In addition to analysis of single genes, combinations were analysed simultaneously, e.g. F8 & F9 (possible carrier relative of deceased haemophilia patient; unknown type); F8, F9, F13A1, F13B and VWF (baby died of bleeding shortly after birth), F8 & VWF (low FVIII:C). In contrast, nearly all patients referred for FA analysis were seeking a diagnosis of the disorder and all 16 genes were analysed in most individuals investigated (15/19). Biallelic mutations were identified in 7 cases (33 %) in BRCA2, FANCA, FANCC, FANCD2 and FANCG. A single heterozygous mutation was identified in 2 patients (13 %), 2 heterozygous mutations in different genes in 1 case (7 %), homozygous mutations in 2 (13 %) and no mutation in 5 (33 %). We can conclude that NGS provides a single laboratory workflow for analysis of gene panels for related disorders as well as for whole genomes/exomes. Data analysis can include a single gene, such as ADAMTS13, or ≥ 1 gene for disorders such as those affecting fibrinogen. For disorders potentially caused by one of the several genes in a pathway such as FA, all can be analysed simultaneously. Use of NGS provides a single laboratory workflow for analysis of gene panels for many different disorders and can dramatically reduce time to achieve a definitive diagnosis. Several milestones have to be achieved in order to introduce the concept of personalized medicine to the healthcare system in Saudi Arabia. There is a notable lack of publicly available information about the "normal" genetic makeup of this population which is hindering the complete elucidation of "disease" genomes. Therefore, it is important that considerable effort should be spent on the identification of the genetic and epigenetic risk factors that predispose to the common diseases in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Knowledge gained will help in the elucidation of disease biomarkers and drug response modifiers. Furthermore, providers of personalized medicine should validate internationally-approved biomarkers and risk factor indicators for use in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Most importantly, genetic tests offered to the public should be designed to be cost-effective without compromising sensitivity or specificity and with fast turnaround amenable to use in the clinic. Towards this end, we at the Center of Innovations in Personalized Medicine (CIPM) at King Abdulaziz University are utilizing the robustness of the Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine to design genetic tests for afflictions common to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. We have designed and tested custom Ampliseq panels as well as used panels from the Life Technologies catalog. Our array of targeted sequencing panel now covers conditions such as deafness, betathalassemia, thrombophilia, inborn errors of metabolism, and cancer susceptibility. We will report on the progress achieved so far and discuss the future of such platform in the delivery of individualized diagnostics. Biospecimens are collected from patients and other donors in a variety of ways for basic, clinical and epidemiologic research studies. Methods for collecting, processing, storing and analyzing biospecimens have usually been developed locally for diagnostic and research purposes, with little consideration for standardization or long-term quality management. Biospecimen management has developed into a more scientifically-based endeavor, as researchers have realized that biospecimens and data of consistent quality are required as we enter the era of precision medicine. Best practices have been developed by organizations such as the International Society for Biological and Environmental and Repositories (ISBER), the U.S. National Cancer Institute (NCI), the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the European Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Biospecimen research programs have been developed to establish evidence-based standard procedures to control the collection and processing of biospecimens. Molecular data from the analysis of biospecimens contribute directly to the diagnosis of disease and treatment of patients. Various "pre-analytical" variables can affect the quality of biospecimens. Among these variables are: the amount of time that it takes for surgical removal of the biospecimen; the time the specimen spends at room temperature before it is frozen or fixed with formalin; and many other variables that can affect biospecimen quality. There is the potential for: incorrect diagnoses; incorrect treatment; irreproducible results; and overall the potential for misinterpretation of artifacts as new biomarkers. The adoption of best practices for biospecimen collection and processing is an important part of the strategy to advance translational research and precision medicine. These practices should include:

Governance models with clearly stated technical standards, ethical guidelines, access policies and procedures, scientific rationale, and long-term custodianship plans.

A strong quality management program with clearly defined standard operating procedures, and regular audits to assure compliance.

A comprehensive business model that has a sustainable costrecovery plan, or a plan to assure consistent long-term financial support.

In general, adherence to a set of best practices governing both technical and ethical/legal issues.

The future development of international collaboration in biobanking will require cooperation among various nations to standardize and harmonize their biospecimen practices.

With advances in molecular biology (i.e., OMICs) and computational capabilities, society is on the verge of demystifying the causes of diseases with an expectation of better diagnostics, prognostics, and possible therapeutics for health and well-being. However, forensic science (for 30 years) embraced the field of genetics and built an entire infrastructure relying on DNA typing from biospecimen collection to final results integrated under strict and formal quality assurance guidelines. Both the medical and forensic disciplines rely on the accumulation of big data to perform precision, or personalized, analyses. These two disciplines have built biobanks and/or databanks with different rationales, designs and governance. Databanks and databases can be exploited to harness the power of emerging technologies and either enable detection of putative genes or potential suspects, and promote development of innovative biomarkers and treatments. Both resources must provide value, have proper ethical/conduct governance, develop capabilities to store and retrieve samples and annotated data, and be managed and maintained. Medical databases typically are governed by institutions (often not government agencies, although constrained by laws) and can be either free to those who donate samples or consumers pay for tests. Samples and metadata are provided on a voluntary consent basis, and the resource may be available to many interested parties. Forensic databases are controlled by the government, access is limited to law enforcement, and sample donation often is mandatory. Medical and forensic big data resources, views of data sharing, experiences of both systems users are discussed. Another resource, the human microbiome, should be considered. The composition of the microbiome can affect health and well-being. Indeed, the microbiome may end up being a more flexible and dynamic manner to address aspects of personalized medicine. Forensic genetics also may benefit as the microbes may serve as genetic signatures that could individualize humans and serve as another powerful identification tool. Forensic and medical biobanks should begin considering on how to sample, collect and store such samples in suitable core facilities, the microbiome banks. Such integration of the microbiome to either forensic and/or medical biobanks will revolutionize current approaches towards individualized medicine and precision forensics.

Since the achievement of the Human Genome Project in 2003, a significant increase in biobanks in terms of number, design, scale and governance has been noticed worldwide in order to support effective genomic research. Biobanks/Biorepositories are the main core around which OMICs scale research and advanced clinical applications have been performed to drive the Precision Medicine wave toward shaping the future of human welfare. Consequently, a biobanking unit has been developed at the Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine (CEGMR) in 2008 to collect, store and release high quality biospecimens with fully annotated clinico-pathological data according to best practices established worldwide in order to deliver personalized diagnostics and tailor individualized therapeutics for the Saudi population. Despite promising milestones and over 150 publications in ISI journals using CEGMR Biobank Unit (CBU) biospecimens, the awareness about biobanking and biospecimen donation remains the foremost challenge. Reaching the benefits of biobanks rely on an educated public and well trained healthcare providers that will enable the establishment of perpetual and comprehensive partnerships between several stakeholders involved in healthcare service. A survey conducted by our CBU team targeted healthcare students at King Abdulaziz University and showed that only 46 % of them have heard about the "Human Genome Project". Surprisingly, 72 % of these future healthcare providers have never heard of the term "biobank" which was significantly correlated with lower willingness to donate biospecimens. Interestingly, around 50 % of healthcare students were willing to donate biospecimens and believed that it will advance medical research and benefit the whole society. Better general health status, previous blood donation and higher scores of biobanking knowledge were significantly associated with the willingness to donate (p-value = 0.048, p-value = 0.043 and p-value < 0.001, respectively). These findings highlight the urgency of developing a multidisciplinary awareness strategy to integrate biobanking and OMICs scale approaches in the healthcare students' curricula, building up therefore well qualified healthcare providers' competencies. Simultaneously, a suitable and lifelong public outreach program about biobanking tailored to the diverse communities in Saudi Arabia must be launched to ensure their effective involvement in the biobanking and precision medicine trend with adequate awareness about benefits and risks.

with standard fluoropyrimidines-based chemotherapeutic regimens, still adverse effects and development of chemoresistance are important limitations to pharmacological therapy. Some biomarkers to guide CRC treatment have been developed and some of them are considered valid by the regulatory agencies and included in the technical sheet of the drugs but many others are still "probable valid" needed of additional validation and cost-efficiency studies. Some of the most promising biomarkers are still not translated to clinical practice nor approved by the agencies. In addition, there is a lack of integration in a common framework of biomarkers at different levels (germline, somatic, epigenetic) limiting translation and cost-efficiency analysis. Here we present a strategy for the translation to clinical practice of pharmacogenomic biomarkers to predict response (both efficacy and ADRs) and to guide treatment in colorectal cancer including previous valid biomarkers approved by EMA, probable biomarkers at germline and somatic level. The selected markers include variants at DNA level (sequence level and methylation markers) and RNA level (including miRNA). The use of specific CTC genomic alterations associated with treatment resistance and recurrence to guide the selection of target therapies in mCRC patients will be also discussed. The final goal is an integrative approach for a practical translation to clinical practice of CRC pharmacogenomics. To achieve this goal cost efficiency studies will be performed and a pilot project has been to organize workflow and optimize decision-making processes. With the decrease of the cost of high throughput genotyping and sequencing, Genome wide Association Studies (GWAS) have become a good approach to identify sequence variations and mainly Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) that are related to complex and common diseases. However, GWAS data allow only associational inference and is only able to identify sequence variants that are statistically associated with the disease status. The last seven years have seen an exponential growth in the number of GWAS which resulted in over 15 thousand associated Single Nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified in more than 2100 published studies. Although many statistical methods and algorithms have been developed to increase the power to detect association, testing causal relationship between the associated SNPs and the disease risk was not given much attention. A causal variant is a 'mutation' that contributes to an increase in risk to disease. Establishing causality from association is thus a challenging task, hindered by many complicating factors and remains a major concern in identifying genetic causes of common diseases, particularly for clinical translation of GWAS findings. In order to establish causality, we generally need intervention, which means not only observing the genotypes of some individuals but taking actions that can manipulate these genotypes, which can only be done in animal models. However, recent studies showed that, although we cannot estimate causal effects using observations alone, it is possible to use the classical framework of causality inference to get estimate of lower bounds for these effects. Here I build on recent works within the Bayesian networks modeling framework, to present an original approach to test causality based on observation data only. Based on standard GWAS data alone, this approach provides a measure for ranking causal effects of associated variants. The accuracy and stability of this measure is assessed and compared to other approaches. Selecting the most likely causal variants from GWAS results will allow the prioritization and designs of targeted experiments to unravel causal mechanisms underlying association and effective clinical translation of GWAS findings for genomic medicine, including individual risk prediction, advanced clinical strategies and personalized treatments.

O15 E-GRASP: an interactive database and web application for efficient analysis of disease-associated genetic information Sajjad Karim 1 , Hend F Nour Eldin 1 , Heba Abusamra 1 , Elham M Alhathli 1 , Nada Salem 1 , Mohammed H Al-Qahtani 1 , and Sudhir Kumar 1, 2 Genome-wide association study data is used widely to identify the genetic variants associated with complex traits or common disease. Genome-Wide Repository of Associations between SNPs and Phenotypes (GRASP) is a refined database, containing ∼ 8.87 million SNP associations reported in 2044 studies and~178 thousand phenotypes, derived from GWAS data. GRASP v2.0 users face difficulties in access and correlation of SNPs with traits. Thus we aimed to design an interactive database providing detailed information of SNPs required for better data interpretation, communication between possible collaborators and new hypotheses to be generated. To develop a web application, we used ASP.net as front-end tool; SQL server, MatLab, D3.js, D3Plus.js and jQuery data table as back-end tools; JavaScript and Ajax for client-side purpose. MATLAB was used to analyse the statistical replication and evolutionary information of each SNPs and all SNPs were mapped to genome position of human genome build 38 (hg38) using LiftOver. We developed a new web application called E-GRASP using an advance tool and different filter code to retrieve and represent data in better way leading to fast and easy data analysis. We retrieved and retained all information of GRASP in E-GRASP and added new information including statistical replication and evolutionary information of each SNPs. E-GRASP provides information under following categories: (i) SNPs view-provides information about SNPid, PMID, P-value, chromosome, position, number of studies and phenotypes for each SNPs; (ii) Study view-explains about unique SNPs replication in each studies and phenotypes, and (iii) Evolutionary view-describes evolutionary information including E-value for SNP phenotype association, E-rank of the evolutionary rate and time span of the position retrieved from the "E-rank Web Server" for each SNP. Web application allows the users to computed P-rank and Erank using P-value and E-value respectively for each phenotype of different studies. In conclusion, E-GRASP is more representative database with additional information of SNPs replication and evolutionary scores, facilitating the comprehensive qualitative and quantitative analysis. In future, we aim add complete data sets of studies available in GRASP and provide more filters to get refined information.

The supercomputer facility "AZIZ" at KAU: utility and future prospects Hossam Faheem Fujitsu Technology Solutions International BMC Genomics 2016, 17(Suppl 6):O16

Aziz is ranked No. 360 among the world's Top 500 supercomputers. Aziz is also one of the top 10 supercomputers in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Primary objective of Aziz is to support growing number of researchers and scientists in King Abdul Aziz University and its partners across different geographical locations. The compute facility consists of high-end compute nodes; interconnect infrastructure, and storage capabilities. Compute nodes consist of a total of 496 nodes (11,904 cores) for running large parallel jobs as well as a large number of small parallel or serial jobs. 380 nodes are standard compute nodes (9120 cores) with 96 GB (4GB per core) for running the majority of mixed HPC applications. The remaining 112 high memory compute nodes (2688 cores) with 256 GB (10.6GB per core) are intended for applications that require large memory for their execution. 2 NVidia Tesla K20 GPGPU equipped compute nodes (2496 CUDA cores) with 96GB for running applications with the ability to use GPUbased accelerators. 2 Intel Phi 5110P Co-processor equipped compute nodes (120 Xeon phi cores) with 96GB for running applications with the ability to use MIC based accelerators. Storage space contains Fujitsu FEFS high-speed parallel file system of 2 PB acts as scratch space as well as storage for current running jobs. A total of 28 I/O servers and Infiniband as interconnect enable high speed non-blocking storage access to compute nodes. To address the needs of longer term storage capacity at KAU, a total of 6 PB of usable permanent storage solution was provided with automatic archival system. A NAS storage unit of total 22 TB usable space acts as home directory and application space for users. Infiniband network consists of Intel QDR which is used as interconnect connecting computing nodes and FEFS high-speed storage system. It Features like non-blocking configuration and RDMA enables application use full potential of underlying interconnect and reach maximum performance, delivering results in least possible time. We believe that Aziz will have a great effect on accelerating scientific research and solving computationally intensive problems at KAU. Twenty-five percent of male-factor cases present with no identifiable cause of male infertility. Conventional semen analysis provides important but limited information in the laboratory diagnosis of male infertility. While advanced sperm function tests provide additional information at the cellular level, understanding the underlying molecular mechanism of sperm dysfunction is important. The talk will mainly focus on new research into the causes of male infertility. Proteomics is the new frontier of research in male infertility as it allows the identification of numerous sperm-specific proteins. In addition, it provides a greater understanding of protein functions involved in sperm processes such as motility, capacitation, acrosome reaction & fertilization. Identification of alterations in major proteins associated with dysfunctional sperm will help in our understanding of the pathology of male infertility. The speaker will examine, 1) the current methodology and techniques used in the global proteomic analysis of sperm and seminal plasma samples from infertile men with various clinical diagnosis, 2) examine the bioinformatics tools and search engines employed in analyzing the data; 3) discuss the key findings of recent proteomics research published from his center. Finally, the speaker will review the future of proteomics in male infertility and list the major challenges in introducing proteomics in the laboratory diagnosis of male infertility. 

The Klinefelter syndrome (KS), 47, XXY karyotype, is the most common chromosome aneuploidy in men characterized by hypogonadism, infertility, and other comorbidities. The incidence of KS in the general male population is 1:500, whereas in our ongoing project in Saudi Arabia the incidence is 1:11 in selected patients with azoospermia or low sperm counts. Fertility Until recently KS men were considered infertile as about 90 % of KS men are azoospermic. Recently, sperm were obtained by testicular sperm extraction for intracytoplasmic sperm injection into oocytes, resulting in live-born children. Most of these children have a euploid karyotype as these sperm derive from tubuli with euploid spermatogonial foci. As shown in a KS mouse model these spermatogonia get lost during early development so that cryopreservation of testicular biopsies from prepubertal boys for later gamete maturation in vitro is discussed. Comorbidities KS is often associated with gynecomastia, metabolic syndrome, diabetes type II, cardiopathies, thrombosis, embolism, osteoporosis, and epilepsy. Androgen receptor polymorphism influences the incidence and together with smaller diameter of arteries in KS may aggravate associated disorders. Paternal compared to maternal origin of X chromosome is associated with a more pronounced risk of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and cardiac disorders. Psycho-neurological function Half of KS patients suffer from disturbed verbalization and legasthenia causing difficulties in communication and learning, many develop autism spectrum disorders. Neuro-imaging showed anomalies in the brain of KS patients. KS mice also exhibit cognition, memory, and learning difficulties and help to elucidate the psycho-neurological shortcomings. Testosterone treatment All KS men develop a lack of testosterone sooner or later. Although the capacity for biosynthesis of testosterone of the hyperplastic Leydig cells is normal, the hormone seems to be trapped in the testis due to impaired blood flow as shown in the KS mouse. Therefore, testosterone substitution remains the prime option in treating KS men. As current modalities of testosterone substitution cannot remedy all symptoms, recent discussion focuses on when the treatment should be initiated (prepubertal, pubertal, or adult?) and what the optimal serum levels should be.

known causes according to the current tests available. Whole genome sequencing might help to uncover the genetic bases of these cases. We have recently shown TLE6 mutation the underlying cause of repeated fertilization failure. The third impact of these technologies will be on treatment where drugs and dose could be individualized according to the genetic background of a person. Some of the genomic technologies are also being used in prenatal diagnosis (PND) in the clinical settings. Namely, the noninvasive PND is now available to the patients as a routine test. In this presentation, the newly adapted genomic methodologies and their applications to the reproductive medicine will be reviewed. Background Wnt ligands and their receptors "Frizzleds' constitute a pivotal signalling that mediates a considerable number of cellular events during development, in adulthood and cancer including fate determination, polarity, tissue patterning, and proliferation. At least ten members of frizzled transcription factors have been characterised each of which is known as seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor. In cancer, frizzled receptors expression is associated with tumour development and patient's outcomes including recurrence and survival [1] . High level of Fiz-zled6 expression in particular was reported during leukemogenesis [2] . Our current study aimed to analyse the expression pattern of a number of frizzled receptors in Saudi Arabia breast cancer (BC) tissue and here we present only FRIZZLED6 (FZD6) analysis. Subjects and methods BC tissue samples from more than 615 patients aged between 25-80 years who were reported for BC complications at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia were used. All samples, processed for paraffin sectioning, were subjected to tissue array technology and automated immunohistochemistry staining for Frizzled genes according to the protocol described in detail in [3] .

Expression pattern analysis of Frizzled6 revealed that its expression is mainly cytoplasmic while few cases showed, in addition, nuclear expression reflecting the heterogeneity of the tumour. The majority of BC tissues (60 % of the samples) showed no/weak expression patterns while around 40 % of the samples showed moderate to high level of the expression.

We have analysed the expression pattern of a number of Wnt signalling receptors (Frizzleds) in Saudi BC patients. Among these receptors is FZD6 which revealed in general weak expression. FZD6 expression is currently further analysed and being correlated with patients clinico-pathological features in order to evaluate its prognostic significance in BC.

Daily production of spermatozoa is a complex process and severely affected by oxidative stress. Spermatogenesis is one of the most gainful cell-producing systems in animals, generating 100 million spermatozoa each day forming high levels of protein-protein interactions (PPIs). Interactions depend on cell type, cell cycle phase, developmental stage, oxidative stress conditions, redox mediated protein modifications, presence of cofactors, and other binding partners. To better understand how sperm production is regulated, we performed network analysis of redox mediated PPIs during spermatogenesis. Interactions between the major signaling pathways in germ cells yet to be investigated [1] . Furthermore, interactions between antioxidant defense proteins and sperm signaling pathways (e.g., energy production, sperm-egg recognition, and fertilization) are not known.

Our interactome analysis combined experimental and predicted PPIs [2, 3] . PPIs that were coming from different databases showed a small overlap, and also male infertility proteins are not well known and knowledge of their interactors are based on low throughput studies. Only 26 proteins were found to be annotated in the ReactomeDB [4] . Our curated network representing Antioxidant Response pathway proteins and their interactors consists of 101 nodes and 235 edges. Conclusions Almost 40 % of human genes do not have a PfamA or GO annotation, no current studies provide a list of potential functions [3, 4] . We found that only two proteins, superoxide dismutase 1 and 2 (SOD1 and SOD2) had genetic interactions, while SOD3 had only one physical interaction which was inferred from mouse, also nitric oxidase 4 (NOX4) and glutathione peroxidase 5 (GPX5) didn't show any interactions Other proteins showed physical interactions and more than 90 % those proteins had minimum 4 unique interactors. Oxidative stress response proteins with high number of interactions are involved in biological processes in sperm, and by manipulating this PPI network we simulated sperm specific conditions. Catalase (CAT) is not present in mature sperm, in the absence of CAT, the interactome would shift to new PPIs involving other antioxidants or alternative pathways. Combining computational and experimental tools for identifying PPIs will enrich the maps of PPIs in germ cells, and help understanding molecular basis of the increase in infertile population.

Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is an important regulator of innate and acquired immune responses with a proposed role in a variety of early inflammatory responses [1] . This cytokine is actively involved in the regulation of immune responses in order to have a successful pregnancy and enhances either T helper 1 (Th1) or Th2 differentiation depending on the immunologic state [2] . Alterations of IL-18 expression and secretion were linked with the pathogenesis of pregnancy complications, such as recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) [3] . Furthermore, genetic variants in IL-18 gene were identified to have an impact on the level of IL-18 protein secretion [4] . In this study, we investigate the possible associations of Interleukin-18 (IL-18) promoter single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL).

We evaluated −656C/A (rs1946519), −137G/C (rs187238), −119A/C (rs360718), and −105G/A (rs360717) IL-18 promoter polymorphisms (SNPs) by Taqman assays in 470 Tunisian women comprising 235 RPL cases and 235 age-matched multiparous control women. The association of IL-18 alleles, and genotypes with RPL was evaluated by Fisher's exact test and regression analysis. A value of P < 0.05 will be considered statistically significant.

Genotype distribution of −656C/A, −137G/C, −119A/C, and −105G/A was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The A allele of −105G/A (P < 0.001) and the A allele of −656C/A (P < 0.01), but not the C allele of −119A/C (P = 0.93) or C allele of −137G/C (P = 0.32), were significantly associated with RPL. Significant differences in −656C/A (P < 0.001) and −105G/A (P < 0.001), but not −119A/C (P = 0.78) or −137G/C (P = 0.12) regarding the distribution of genotypes were noted between RPL cases and control women. Since both variants were linked with reduced IL-18 availability [4] our findings underscore the significance of reduced IL-18 in the maintenance of normal pregnancy [5] , and in the pathogenesis of pregnancy complications [6] , including RPL [4] . Our results confirm the lack of association between rs187238and RPL in southern Iranian women [7] .

We demonstrated that the IL-18 promoter variants −656C/A and − 105G/A are significantly associated with RPL among Tunisian women. Background Genotype is affected by both the ecological [1, 2] and genetic factors [3] to some known and conjoint diseases of contrast where the size of which genes and environment interact. Neglecting the presence of risk factors, ecological factors will lead to assess the probabilities of some benefits in a definite population sample. Here, there must be a general methodology for the analysis of twin data as the gene interactions (epistasis), the possible weightiness of the gene, and genetic interactions of the environment, and the conditions which stop the presumption of "equal environments" for mono monozygotic and dizygotic twins.

Materials and methods A model to study the genes and gene to gene environment interactions [1, 2] is presented. The classic twin study assumptions, including Fisher's hypothesis which presumes that genes act as hazard points for combined features in a style needs dominate polygenic added: long way. Provided there will be no confusion when applying: Environmental-, twinand family-data; results show an issue for every trait or common disease [4] . Every fine-detail that is present through the solution space will match with a different system of the potential hazard and the action of environment and genes. Every fine-detail that is present through the solution space will match with a different system of the potential hazard and the action of environment- [5] and genes [6] .

The present data showed the possibility of limiting the spread of conjoint diseases when applying environmental-interactions to certain gene. Our results emphasize the significance of the genetic makeup of the individual when estimating the possible hazards of complex diseases is overstated [3, 4] . Moreover, when the phenomena are a powerful, genetically, because of epistasis, environmental explanation for the large risk of common brotherhood is reasonable, even when considering high heritage typical cases. Thus, the results confirm the potential the previously rejected on the light of the data of the case twin. Thus, genetic models of family assembly may be incorrect and chase additional genes can be counter-productive to a large extent. 

The gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common frequent mesenchymal tumor of the digestive tract. GIST proliferation is driven by gain-of-function mutations in KIT. These characteristics have facilitated the targeted therapies development that based on with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as imatinib. Although many clinical studies have demonstrated revolutionized effects of imatinib, more than 80 % of patients lastly develop disease progression driven by secondary resistance mutations in KIT kinase domains. However, the full spectrum of genomic and transcriptomic changes behind the resistance remains unknown.

This study analyzed genomic and transcriptomic changes in drugsensitive and -resistant cell lines against imatinib. We also looked at an "intermediate" cell-line before reaching the full resistance. We identified SNVs and CNAs from the next-generation sequencing and also the transcriptome from microarrays. For clinical insights, we conducted exome sequencing for two clinical samples with the resistance. Notably, the cell line briefly exposed to imatinib exhibited drastic transcriptional changes, but few genomic changes.

We suggest that pre-existing cell death-resistant subpopulations are the main cause for full resistance via secondary KIT mutations. The combination of chemotherapy with imatinib and apoptosis pathwaytargeting drugs, could limit the emergence of drug-resistant cancer.

In 

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the neurodegenerative diseases and there are no perfect treatments. The pathogenesis of AD is directly linked to the presence of two deposits, senile plaques (SPs), neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), and cholinergic abnormalities. Acetylcholine receptors stimulation is essential for the cure of AD. In this perspective, the role of AChE inhibitors, which get better cognitive functions, are presently accepted for its treatment. Cholinesterase inhibitors a compound that works as a neurotransmitter in the Central Nervous System avert the metabolism of acetylcholine (a-SEA-til-KOH-lean). Individuals with dementia generally have lower levels of this compound, which is essential for the processes of remembrance, thinking, and interpretation. Cholinesterase inhibitors slow the breakdown of acetylcholine. Therefore, in the current study the natural compounds of Bacopa monerri have been used as an acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor which could play an important role in the treatment of AD after further in vitro or in vivo, and other related investigations.

The molecular interaction analysis to explore the binding pattern of remains poorly understood. The aim of the current study was to analyze the status of her2 expression and its clinical value as a prognostic marker in BC.

Bladder cancer samples were collected from patients who underwent surgical resection at King Abdulaziz University Hospital-KSA. One hundred and sixty samples were arranged on a tissue microarray (TMA) and stained using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and brightfield dual in situ hybridization (BDISH) methods. Correlation between the levels of her2 protein expression/gene amplification and patients' clinical parameters were evaluated.

Using Immunohistochemistry, Her2 staining was expressed in the cytoplasm and cell membrane. Her2 was detected in 85 % of patients and over-expressed (+3) in 24 % of BC cohort. Overexpression of her2 protein was significantly associated with tumour staging (p = 0.002), lymph node invasion (p = 0.04) and vascular invasion (p = 0.01). BDISH analysis revealed that her2 gene is amplified (score of 2+) in 25 % of patients. Significant correlation between her2 gene amplification and tumour grade was reported (p = 0.03). Interestingly, amplification of her2 gene was significantly associated with poor cancerspecific survival in bladder cancer (p < 0.04, log-rank test).

High concordance between the IHC and BDISH data was shown. Her2 might serve as a potential marker for cancer metastasis and poor prognosis. This finding also indicates that high proportion of bladder cancer patient could potentially benefit from anti-her2 targeted therapies. Background Preeclampsia (PE) is a major pregnancy complication, associated with maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality, and affects about 2-8 % of pregnancies worldwide (1, 2) . PE is characterized by onset of proteinuria and hypertension after 20 th week of gestation. PE is a documented risk factor for preterm birth and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), and is a multi-factorial disorder involving both modifiable and nonmodifiable factors. The latter include specific mutations in gene implicated in blood pressure control. These include, angiotensinogen (AGT) gene, which play a key role in blood pressure regulation. This study examined the association between PE and the AGT polymorphismsM235T and T174M in (North African) Tunisian population.

This case-control study included 300 unrelated Tunisian women with PE, and 300 unrelated age-and ethnically-matched control women. M235T and T174M genotyping was done by RFLP-PCR (Fig. 2) . Haplotype analysis was investigated using SNPstats software. 

Background Melanoma is among the most prevalent types of cancer worldwide. Malignant melanoma is aggressive, hard to treat and presents a significant challenge for early diagnostics. Better understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying the development and function of malignant melanoma is essential for improvement of diagnostic technology.

In this study we used previously published and publicly available data on microarray patterns of gene expression in normal skin, benign nevi and malignant melanoma samples. We have applied an alternative analysis strategy designed to highlight molecular functions and regulatory pathways rather than separate biomarkers characteristic of melanoma. As anticipated, we report the three classes of samples are separated from each other by specific molecular mechanisms. However, the relation between normal skin samples, nevi and melanoma show striking similarity to previously described relation between normal, primary tumor and metastatic tumor samples in other types of cancer. We also present the evidence that in gene expression space some benign nevi samples are located closer to the cluster of melanoma samples, which may be indicative of their high metastatic potential detectable on the early stages of development.

Our analysis points at similarity of functional patterns of gene expression between nevi and malignant melanoma. We hypothesize that the pathways differentially activated between nevi and melanoma are responsible for metastatic progression.

The apoptotic effect of thymoquinone in Jurkat [1, 2] . It is the most common pediatric cancer, representing approximately 25 % of cancers diagnosed in children aged <20 years [3] . There have been dramatic improvements in blood cancer treatment using chemotherapy, ionizing radiation, radio immunotherapy, immunotherapy, gene therapy, and stem cell transplantation [4] . However, most of these therapies are plagued with side effects, and almost all cause cytotoxicity in healthy cells [5] . These findings make discovery of new treatments measures for leukemia very imperative. Natural compounds have been an important source of drugs since ancient times. Thymoquinone (TQ) is the major bioactive compound of the essential oil of Nigella sativa which have many anticancer effects. The aim of this study is to analyze the potential of TQ to induce apoptosis in Jurkat cells. The cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT assay at different concentration of TQ to determinate the IC50 (half maximal inhibitory concentration). Apoptosis effect was analyzed by annexin V and caspase3/7 assays at both IC50 and 1 μM.

Our results reported an IC50 of 210 nM for TQ. We showed also that the number of labeled cells by annexin V and caspase 3/7 activity are proportional to TQ concentration. Conclusions TQ has an apoptotic activity which is concentration dependent. It is an interesting anticancer agent extracted from natural compounds. However, further in vitro investigations are required to optimize its effect and assess possible side effects.

Sonic hedgehog gene (SHH) is a key regulator at an early embryonic development. Recent findings revealed a constitutive activation of the SHH pathway in several malignancies including bladder cancer. The role of SHH in bladder pathogenesis may be related to increased stemness and EMT. We here investigated the clinical and pathological significance of SHH in bladder cancer.

The expression pattern of SHH protein was examined in 160 patients with bladder cancer using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Correlation analysis of the SHH status with clinicopathological parameters was performed using SPSS. Background Inflammation is considered both as a cause and consequence of cancer. Litterature has shown that the imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines could modulate colorectal carcinogenesis [1] . Interleukin 18 is a pro-inflammatory cytokin, which level was reported to be increased in cancer disease [2, 3] .We hypothesised that it can be genetically controlled by polymorphisms located in the promoter region .

We had conducted a case-control study of 148 subjects: 74 patients and 74 healthy volunteers of Tunisian origin. DNA isolation was made by Miller's method. Genetic profiling was performed of the RFLP-PCR assay of the -607 A/C and -137 G/C polymorphism of Interleukin 18 gene. Statistical Analysis was conducted by the EPIINFO v.7.1.2.0 statistical software.

Our work has demonstrated a significant association of the A/A genotype of the -607 A/C polymorphism under the additive and recessive models of genetic transmission by the onset colorectal cancer (Table 5 ).

In contrast, no association has been observed betwwen the -137 G/C ( Little is known about the pathogenic mechanisms underlying cytomegalovirus (CMV) induced fallopian tube (FT) damage and ectopic pregnancy (EP) [1, 2] . This study measured the prevalence of CMV infection in EP and its impact on the production of interleukin (IL)-6 family members and their corresponding receptors (IL6R, IL11R & LIFR) in Fallopian tubes (FT) with and without EP.

Fresh FTs were obtained from 84 women with EP, 20 total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH) during the midluteal phase and 31 tubal ligations. Tubal infection with CMV was detected by an IVD CE PCR kit. The participants were then categorised according to their CMV results and he candidate molecules were measured by realtime RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry in tubes with EP and were CMV-positive (n = 15) and the results were compared with those obtained from EP (n = 15) and TAH (n = 15) and were negative for the virus.

The frequency of viral infection was higher (P = 0.01) in EP (21.4 %) than controls (5.9 %) and EP samples simultaneously positive for CMV had higher expression of all candidate cytokines and their receptor, except for IL11R, at the gene (Fig. 4 ) and protein (Table 7) levels compared with negative EP and TAH. Conclusions CMV infection of FT appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of EP by increasing the production of members of IL-6 family in the FT. Further studies are needed to explorer the function of CMV and candidate cytokines in the pathogenesis of tubal pregnancy. This study was carried out to identify the coexistence of phenotypes, intestinal virulent genes and phylotypes between human diarrhegenic E. coli (DEC) and avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC).

A total of 36 diseased chickens (3 visceral organs; liver, spleen and heart per each) were collected from different poultry farms located in the district of Mansoura, Egypt, during the first quarter of 2015. Seventy-eight human stool samples (50 diarrheic patients and 28 healthy persons) were taken from a small charity hospital laboratory in the district of Mansoura, Egypt during the second quarter of 2015. Culturing, phenotyping, PCR screening of intestinal virulent markers (intimin and shiga toxin genes) and phylogrouping were performed.

From 186 chicken visceral (108) and human stool (78) samples, sixty five (35.3 %) biochemically identified E.coli isolates were detected from chicken (29/108; 26.9 %) and human samples (36/78; 46.2 %). Seventeen phenotypes were determined from human and chicken isolates and the most common serotypes distinguished from APEC isolates were O78, O2 and O1. Importantly, only 2 similar serotypes (O119:H4 and O26:H11) were identified from both APEC and human DEC isolates.

Molecularly, the respective percentages of 100 and 35 with intimin (eae) and Shiga toxin genes were detected from APEC isolates while 50 %, 27.8 % and 19.4 % of human DEC isolates harbored eae, stx1 and stx2 genes respectively. Phylogrouping revealed the significant (P < 0.05) higher occurrence of pathogenic phylogroups (D and B2) in APEC (19/29, 65.5 %) than human DEC isolates (8/36, 22.2 %).

Our results verified that APEC isolates shared serotypes, virulent genes and phylotypes with DEC isolates with a subsequent potential public health concern. Also, the implementation of PCR based methods along with the conventional cultural methods is beneficial. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in Egypt that determines virulent genes and phylogroups concomitance between APEC and DEC isolates. Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly fatal cancer without effective therapy. Recently, a novel strategy known as cancertargeting dual gene virotherapy (CTDGVT), in which an oncolytic adenoviral vectors (oncolytic Ads) encodes two therapeutic genes, has shown efficient anticancer therapy, whereby, an excellent triplex antitumor effect can be achieved by the viral oncolytic effect on cancer cells and the additive or synergetic interaction between the two expressed anti-tumor genes. Therefore, the present research work is designed to investigate the therapeutic potential, possible synergy and safety profile of this CTDGVT strategy in treatment of human HCC.

Herein, we constructed two oncolytic Ads: one expressing human TRAIL (Ad-ΔB/TRAIL); an apoptotic ligand induces apoptosis in tumor cells; and other expressing human ING4 (Ad-ΔB/ING4), a novel tumour suppressor gene, and then investigated their individual and combined therapeutic efficacy and safety against HCC both in vitro on human HCC cells and in vivo on xenogarfted model of human HCC in nude mice.

Co-therapy with Ad-ΔB/TRAIL and Ad-ΔB/ING4 elicited significant killing effect on HCC cells and growth suppression on the xenogarfted tumor, without overlapping toxicity (Fig. 5) . Mechanistically, Ad-ΔB/TRAIL and Ad-ΔB/ING4 had co-operated together to induce apoptosis; stimulate anti-tumor immune response reflected by excess interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production and deep infiltration of natural killer cells (NK1.1 + ve cells) and antigen presenting cells (Cd11 + ve cells); and to inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and CD31 expression as well as microvessel density in xenografted tumors.

Combination therapy with oncolytic Ads expressing human TRAIL and human ING4 genes additively suppressed human HCC both in vitro and in vivo, via inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and vasculature as well as induction of anti-tumor immunity and apoptosis. Cancer gene therapy-mediated by oncolytic adenoviruses (Ads) encoding immunostimulatory interleukin-12 (IL-12) gene, or proapoptotic tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) gene, have been recently emerged as a novel strategy in cancer therapy. In this study, we generated, and the investigated the single and combination therapy of two oncolytic Ad encoding human TRAIL gene (Ad-ΔB/TRAIL) and oncolytic Ad encoding human IL-12 gene (Ad-ΔB/IL-12) on human hepatocellular carcinoma (human HCC) cell lines and on orthotopic human HCC (Hep3B) model in athymic nude mice.

Ad-ΔB/TRAIL and Ad-ΔB/IL-12 combination therapy elicited a more significant cytopathic effect on HCC cells and additive growth suppression of the xenogarfted tumor compared with their single therapy, without overlapping toxicity. Additionally, the augmented anti-HCC activity of Ad-ΔB/TRAIL and Ad-ΔB/IL-12 combination therapy had also resulted in a more activation of the apoptotic-caspase-3 and-8 pathway, overproduction of interferon gamma (IFN-γ), high infiltration rate of natural killer cells and antigen presenting cells. Moreover, Ad-ΔB/TRAIL and Ad-ΔB/ IL-12 combination treatment additively reduced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and CD31 expression as well as the microvessel density in the tumor tissues.

Cancer dual gene therapy with Ad-ΔB/TRAIL and Ad-ΔB/IL-12 was synergistically interacted in suppressing human HCC in vitro and in vivo with enhanced activation of anti-tumor immunity and apoptosis, and also enhanced inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and vasculature. The limited efficacy and safety of the current therapies of human colorectal carcinoma (CRC) represent a major obstacle. Thus, development of more effective treatment option is a paramount medical demand. In this regard, Paricalcitol (PCAL), a new vitamin D analogue with less calcemic side effects than vitamin D, has been recently identified as a pluripotent anticancer agent. Therefore, the current study was designed to investigate the therapeutic effect of Pcal against CRC and determine its underlying mechanism. Materials and methods CRC was developed in rats by using azoxymethane (AOM) model. Five groups of male Wistar rats were assigned as follow: normal controls, AOM alone, AOM-treated with 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) which is the standard chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of human CRC, AOM-treated with PCAL, and AOM-treated with PCAL + 5-FU. All groups were examined at week 15 after AOM injection, and their colons were and assessed at gross, histopathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular levels. 

Therapy with PCAL not only reduced the growth of CRC but also augmented the tumoricidal effect of 5-FU, and they were significantly co-operated in inhibition of the colonic expression of wellknown pro-oncogenic, angiogenesis-and metastasis inducing genes and molecules; such as Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway, CDNK-1A, NF-kB, iNOS, Smads, HSP90, COX-2, Caspase-3, TGF-β1, and VEGF, that collectively have crucial roles in CRC development, promotion, invasion and metastasis. As shown in Fig. 7 Pcal and 5-FU had cooperated together to more repress the expression of procancerous Wnt (Fig. 7a) , β-catenin (Fig. 7b) , CDNK-1A (Fig. 7d) , COX-2 ( Fig. 7e ) NF-Kb (Fig. 7f) ; and to upregulate the expression of anti-tumorigenesis DKK-1 (Fig. 7c ) compared with their monotherapies.

This study suggests that therapy with PCAL not only inhibit CRC development and promotion, but also has beneficial synergistic tumoricidal effect with 5-FU, and thereby could act as a potent additive anticancer agent for treatment of human colon cancer.

The effects of Rubus idaeus extract on normal human lymphocytes and cancer cell line [1] . Researches show berry bioactive protect against oxidative DNA damage), also a first line of defense against the multistage process of carcinogenesis. [2] . Active compounds play a major role in the induction of apoptosis (1) . The aim of this study was to determine the cytotoxic activity of Rubus idaeus extract towards human lymphocyte and cancerous cell line also employed the pathway by which extract work and determine the cytokine level and CD markers in lymphocyte and cancerous cultured cell.

Determination of Cytotoxicity effect of Rubus idaeus extract according to selected parameters including MTT assay [3] and In vitro Immunomodulation Determination.

Extracted components from Rubus idaeus showed cytotoxic effects on the primary cell culture of normal hepatic cells (WRL-68), and cancer hepatic cell lines (HepG-2) at 120 μg/ml concentration. The most significant reduction (p ≤ 0.05) in cell viable count was at the concentration of 100 μg/ml which appears to cause induction of cell death via mitochondrial pathway for HepG-2 cell line after 24 hours' exposure. The extract suppresses lymphocytes proliferation and caused increase in IL-2 and IL-4 level estimated by ELISA at concentrations of 250 and 500 μg/ml, while opposite results were shown after 4 hours of exposure.

Rubus idaeus extract having cytotoxic effects on HepG-2 and normal hepatic cells WRL68 line in a dose dependent manner.

Cancer is a major health problem and a leading cause of death worldwide. Many cancer patients receiving chemotherapy are unable to complete full or optimal treatment schedules because many potentially curative cancer chemotherapeutic agents cause severe toxic damage to the peripheral nervous system. This neurotoxicity is often accompanied by chronic peripheral neuropathic pain (NP). This chemotherapy-induced NP (CINP) is extremely debilitating and severely affects the life quality of 10 % to 100 % of cancer patients and survivors (depending on the dose and drug type). The underlying mechanisms of CINP, which is resistant to currently available drugs, are poorly understood, but pro-inflammatory cytokines may play a role. The aim of the current study was to examine the hypothesis that the pro-inflammatory TNF-α is involved in the pathophysiology of CINP, and that its blockade would alleviate pain hypersensitivity in an in vivo rat model of CINP. 

To induce CINP, 18 male Sprague Dawley rats were injected with the anti-cancer drug, Paclitaxel (2 mg/kg, i.p.) on four alternate days. All the rats were assessed for behavioral signs of mechanical and heat hypersensitivity, and spontaneous pain 4 weeks after treatment. To examine the effects of blocking TNF-α on these pain behaviours, two groups of CINP rats were used: one group (n = 12) was treated with the anti-TNF-α, etanercept (6 mg/kg, i.p.) and the other with vehicle (n = 12).

All paclitaxel treated rats showed significant decreases (P < 0.001) in paw withdrawal threshold to a mechanical stimulus, but not in paw withdrawal latency to a noxious heat stimulus 4 weeks post treatment indicating development of mechanical hypersensitivity (allodynia), but not heat hypersensitivity (hyperalgesia). The rats also exhibited significant spontaneous foot lifting, a behavioural sign of spontaneous pain (see Djouhri et al., 2006; . Interestingly our data also show that, compared with vehicle, etanercept significantly reduced mechanical hypersensitivity and spontaneous pain at both 24 h (P < 0.01) and 48-h (P < 0.01) post-drug treatment.

The findings suggest that TNF-α is involved in the pathophysiology of CINP, and that strategies that target TNF-α inhibition may be effective in treating CINP. Background Medulloblastoma (MB) is a paediatric tumour of the cerebellum which is responsible for 15-20 % of all childhood brain tumours. Mortality due to this disease is high (~40 %) and successful treatment is associated with significant neurological and cognitive consequences, making new therapies desirable. Disruption of the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway, including mutations in PTCH1, define a major subset of human MB. Mice heterozygous for the Ptch1 ortholog develop MBs at low frequency.

To identity genes that co-operate with Ptch1 in MB development, we have performed a Sleeping Beauty insertional mutagenesis screen in this murine model. To identify the genes responsible for this enhanced tumour formation we have used Splinkerette-PCR and 454-FLX sequencing to define SB insertion sites within 40 tumours. Monte Carlo and Kernel Convolution statistical methods were applied on these data to identify statistically significant candidate MB genes defined by common insertion sites (CISs). Sophisticated bioinformatic analysis were conducted in human gene expression datasets to identify a plausible neuronal network. Illumina beads microarray was carried out on mutagenised mice primary tumour samples.

We find that mutagenesis significantly increases the frequency of MB formation in Ptch heterozygote mice from~3 % to~25 % after 8 months (p < 0.001). Statistical analysis identified 18 (CISs). Many of these are gene known to be involved in neuronal development and cell fate determination. Subsequent ARACNe network analysis has established that seven (CISs) lie within a single network (with Myt1l, was highly networked gene), which is enriched for both neuronal genes and transcription factors, and includes genes known to interact with the SHH pathway. Furthermore, the disrupted network genes work synergistically to upregulate Igf2 (involved in MB formation).

Functional analyses of this network should both improve our understanding of how this tumour develops, and define potential targets for therapeutic and diagnostic intervention. 

Vitiligo is a hypomelanotic autoimmune skin disorder. High serum and transcript levels of IL1 have been reported in vitiligo patients [1, 2] . IL1RN intron 2 VNTR (rs1794068) has been found to be associated with autoimmune disorders including vitiligo [3] . We have explored the role of Interleukin (IL)-1 in vitiligo by monitoring the expression of IL1A, IL1B, IL1Receptor1 (R1) and IL1 Receptor Antagonist (RN) in skin samples, effect of IL1-α on melanocyte viability, IL1R1 membrane expression and genotyping of IL1RN VNTR in Gujarat population.

Twelve skin biopsies from vitiligo patient's lesional, non-lesional skin and controls were obtained. RNA was isolated and relative gene expression was performed using Real-time-PCR. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood of 226 vitiligo patients and controls for IL1RN VNTR genotyping. PrimaryNormal Human Melanocytes (NHM) were isolated and cultured from human skin, cell viability was monitored by MTT assay. Membrane expression of IL1R1was monitored using Flow-cytometry.

We investigated the expression of IL1A, IL1B, IL1R and IL1RN in control and vitiliginous human skin, and found unaltered levels of IL1A, IL1R1 and IL1RN (p = 0.6000, p = 0.8186, p = 0.2147 respectively). Interestingly, significant increase in IL1B levels was seen in non-lesional compared to lesional vitiliginous skin (p = 0.0021), suggesting its important role in disease progression (Fig. 8a) . In vitro studies were performed on NHM to monitor the dose dependent effect of IL1-α on melanocyte death. IL1-α (100 ng/ml) showed~12 % melanocyte death upon 48 hrs. treatment (Fig. 8b) . Further, transcript levels as well as membrane expression of IL1R1 in NHM upon IL1-α treatment was studied.1.24-fold increase in IL1R1 and~22 % increase in membrane expression of IL1R1 as observed (Fig. 8c) . Additionally, genotyping of IL1RN VNTR in 226 patients and controls was carried out and no significant difference was found in genotype and allele frequency (Table 8) .

Significant increase of IL1B in non-lesional skin indicates its important role in vitiligo progression. IL1-α decreases the NHM viability via upregulation of IL1R1, suggesting the important role of IL1 in immune homeostasis and melanocyte biology. Lack of genetic association of IL1RNVNTR polymorphism suggests dysregulation of IL-1 signaling may not be due to IL-1RN studied polymorphism i.e., rs1794068. (p = 0.0021 and p = 0.0290 respectively) was observed. However, no significant difference in the transcript levels of IL1A, IL1R1 and IL1RN was observed. b MTT cell viability assay: IL1-α (100 ng/ml) showed significant decrease in cell viability of NHM at 48 hrs (n = 3, *p < 0.0210). However, at lower concentrations (0.1-50 ng/ml) IL1-α did not show any significant change in the % cell viability. c The NHM were treated with 10 ng/ml IL1α and 100 ng/ml IL1α and subsequently IL1R1 levels were measured by Flow cytometry after 48 hrs of treatment. Results showed significant increase (~22 %) in the membrane expression of IL1R1 upon exogenous IL1-α stimulation to NHM Background Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE 2) belongs to the renninangiotensin system (RAS) and is a potential therapeutic target for the control of cardiovascular diseases and hypertension. Inhibitors of ACE2 are effective drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and associated pathophysiology. In this study, we have taken the human Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 and their known inhibitors, to identify the catalytic site residues of ACE2. The predicted catalytic traid of ACE2 is ALA 354 -GLN 281 -LYS 511 -GLU 376 -THR 282. Our results would be more useful in designing and development new inhibitors of human ACE2 to control cardiovascular diseases and hypertension.

We used a novel, rapid, and economical structure-based approach to predict the catalytic site of human Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2). We docked all 7 known inhibitors with ACE2 using AutoDock program and evaluated the binding compatibility with receptor based on docked energy (in kcal/mol). The docking tool generated 30 conformations for each docked inhibitor in approximately 25 minutes of CPU time. Based on docking energy it was predicted that the inhibitors Candesartan (-7.55 kcal/mol), losartan (-12.07 kcal/mol), Quinapril (-11.7 kcal/mol), Ramipril (-11.57 kcal/mol), Valsartan (-6.75 kcal/mol), Perindopril (-10.04 kcal/mol) and Enalapril (-10.36 kcal/ mol) have good binding affinities towards the ACE2 and their Root mean square deviation from a reference.

The protein-ligand interaction plays a significant role in structure based drug designing and is extensively used to reduce cost and time in drug discovery. In this present work, we have taken 7 known inhibitors of ACE2 namely Candesartan, Losartan, Quinapril, Ramipril, Valsartan, Perindopril and Enalapril were taken for in silico prediction of catalytic site (ALA 354 -GLN 281 -LYS 511 -GLU 376 -THR 282) residues of the human Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Our reports can be used to design and develop new inhibitors with better binding affinities towards the ACE2 to recuperate cardiovascular disease. Background Sickle cell anemia is the first monogenic disease described in human, and it became the paradigm for a disease traceable to a single mutation in a single gene. Spectacular results are certainly being obtained useful for understanding the phenotypic variability of the disease. However, Fetal hemoglobin (HbF) plays a dominant role in ameliorating morbidity and mortality of hemoglobinopathies. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of polymorphic markers located in cis and trans of β S -globin gene on the variation of HbF expression among Tunisian sickle cell patients. After formal consent, we performed the Haplotype analysis of the β-globin gene cluster by (PCR-RFLP), the framework polymorphism was established by PCRsequencing, four independent regions of interest were investigated: the 5′ region of β-LCR-HS2 site, the intervening sequence II (IVSII) region of the two fetal genes (Gγ and Aγ) and the 5′ region of β-Globin gene. In trans of the βS-globin gene we studied two polymorphisms rs1005589 and rs11095629 on neuronal membrane glycoprotein gene (GPM6B) in chromosome X by SSP-PCR.

The Correlation of these various Haplotypes and SNPs with HbF expression was studied. Our data showed that among the various polymorphic markers analyzed in cis of β S -globin gene, only the sequence (AT)xN12(AT)y in LCR HS2 region was significantly associated (p < 0.05) with increased HbF levels, suggesting that the β-globin gene cluster exerts a significant effect on HbF in sickle cell patients. In GPM6B gene, our results indicate that the rs11095629 and rs1005589 are associated with HbF level variation.

This study suggests that different genes might modulate the rate of HbF in sickle cell anemia, which can improve understanding of the physiopathology of the disease and aid to increase our ability to predict clinical severity.

Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide [1] . The incidence rates are increasing alarmingly among Sudanese women. Estrogen receptor alpha, encoded by ESR1 gene, is a ligand-activated transcription factor that mediates estrogen action in target tissues. Estrogen is essential in breast tissue proliferation and differentiation. Estrogen exposure is a central risk factor in the development of BC [2] ; therefore, genetic variants in ESR1 are likely to affect BC susceptibility. Most genetic associations on BC have arisen from studies investigating European and American patients. However, possibility of specific changes among cancer patients of different ethnic groups remains unexplored. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ESR1 with BC among Sudanese women.

This case-control study included 71 BC women diagnosed at National Cancer Institute (NCI-UG), University of Gezira, Sudan from 2012 to 2014 (patient group); and 73 women having no evidence of personal or family history of BC were recruited as a control group. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood. Genotyping of the ESR1 polymorphisms were performed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Amplification products were digested by BsmAI and Hpy188III endonucleases for rs3020314 and rs1643821 respectively, the DNA fragments were electrophoresed and the resulting bands were visualized using automated gel documentation system. Information on demographic data, personal and family medical history, in addition to reproductive history was obtained. Anthropometric measurements and clinicopathological characteristics were assessed.

The findings showed significant differences in genotype frequencies between cases and controls. For rs3020314, women carrying the heterozygous genotype CT had a significantly increased risk of BC compared to controls (OR: 2.67; 95 % CI: 1.19-6.01; p = 0.014). Conversely, for rs1514348 women with the heterozygous genotype CT showed a significantly decreased BC risk (OR: 0.41, 95 % CI: 0.19-0.89; p = 0.046). There were no differences in allele frequencies between the two groups. For rs3020314, cases with BMI > = 25 kg/m 2 carrying CT genotype had 7 times BC risk than controls, likewise postmenopausal BC patients with CT genotype had 6 times BC risk than controls. No association was found between genotype frequencies of either SNP with clinicopathologic features.

Our data suggest that the ESR1polymorphism rs3020314 might contribute to increased BC risk, and rs1643821 to decreased risk in Sudanese women. However, these findings need to be further tested in a larger number of Sudanese women in a population-based approach. Background Genome Wide Association studies have identified several loci associated with an increased risk of developing CVD and T2DM, this was confirmed by replication studies. Polymorphisms within KCNQ1gene are consistently associated with T2DM in a number of populations. Recent reports indicated that both T2DM and CVD are increasing in the Saudi population, with T2DM reaching alarming levels in the Eastern Province. This study was undertaken to shed light on the possible association of three polymorphisms (rs2237892, rs151290 and rs2237895) with T2DM and/or CVD in this population.

Patients clinically diagnosed with either T2DM (320 patients), CVD (250 patients) or both (60 patients) and 516 healthy controls were included in the study. Genotyping was performed by TaqMan assay run on a real time PCR thermocycler. Results A statistically significant association was found for SNPs rs151290 (OR = 1.63; p = <0.00001) and rs2237895 (OR = 1.70; p = <0.00001) with CVD. Moreover, SNPs rs151290 (OR = 2.20; p = 0.0029) and rs2237895 (OR = 1.56; p = 0.031514) showed a strong association in patients with both T2DM and CVD. However, none of the SDNPs tested showed any significant association with T2DM. Haploview analysis showed that CCC (rs151290 "C"; rs2237892 "C"; rs2237895 "C") and ACC (rs151290 "A"; rs2237892 "C"; rs2237895 "C") haplotypes are the most significant risk (p < 0.00001) allele combinations for CVD, while CCA (rs151290 "C"; rs2237892 "C"; rs2237895 "A") and ACA (rs151290 "A"; rs2237892 "C"; rs2237895 "A") are co-morbidity risk haplotypes for T2DM and CVD. Conclusions KCNQ1 polymorphism at SNPs rs151290 and rs2237895 is strongly associated with CVD in this population, but reflected no association with T2DM. Background \Microcephaly-capillary malformation syndrome (MICCAP syndrome) is a newly recognized congenital neurocutaneous central nervous system disorder. To date the diagnosis has been confirmed in 14 affected individuals.

Meticulous clinical examination, brain MRI, echocardiogram, abdominal ultrasound, ophthalmological examination, electroencephalogram (EEG), thyroid profile, intelligent quotient, karyotyping and array-CGH were done.

We report a 5 years old girl of a non-consanguineous marriage with microcephaly, early onset seizures that started at 7 months of age, craniofacial dysmorphism, recurrent infection and profound intellectual disability. Delayed mile stones, craniofacial dysmorphism included narrow forehead, anterior recession of hair line, scanty eye brows, depressed nasal bridge, squint, tented upper lip, and protruded tongue. Limited extension of right wrist, brittle dystrophic nails, soft tissue syndactly of fingers and areas of cutaneous vascular malformation. Neurologically, she had hypertonia and hyperreflexia. The anthropometric measurements were weight 9 Kg (-3.5 SD), head circumference 39.5 cm (-8.8 SD) and height 90.5 cm (-3.7 SD). Thyroid profile showed hypothyroidism and Echo heart displayed patent foramen oval, right ventricular dysplasia. DEXA revealed osteopenia at the spine and femur. The Intelligent Quotient (IQ) at the age of 5 years based on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale was 56 (profound intellectual disability). The MRI brain showed severe microcephaly with marked cerebral atrophic changes, incomplete demyelination, vascular malformation and hemorrhage of the brain. Dental examination revealed high arched palate, delayed teeth eruption, abnormal small teeth, premature shedding of upper incisors and high caries index. Karyotype revealed normal female karyotype 46,XX and arraycomparative genomic hybridization analysis (array CGH) was normal.

To our knowledge this work presents the first patient of Microcephaly capillary malformation syndrome reported in Egypt. Our study displays previously unreported findings of dental abnormalities and osteopenia. Consent to publish Written informed consent for publication of the clinical details was obtained from the parents of the patient. A copy of the consent form is available for review by the Editor of BMC Genomics. Background Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic disease that are thought to occur due to loss of tolerance toward commensal flora and food antigens in the gut. The CD200 receptor (CD200R) cell surface protein is an inhibitory receptor mainly expressed on myeloid cells, whose known functions are immunosuppression and modulation of inflammation [2] . We aimed to analyze the structural deviation of clinically significant mutant forms of CD200R by computational modeling and to investigate the expression of CD200R1 by dendritic cells (DCs) using flow cytometry to determine whether there are any abnormalities in their expression at the cellular level.

The In-silico analysis of clinically potential missense mutations of human CD200R1 gene was performed by algorithms based on sequence and structure homology (SIFT, PolyPhen and Con-Surf). Molecular modeling and secondary structural analysis was done to confirm their impact on the stability and secondary properties of wild-type and mutated CD200R1 protein. For in vivo validation, 37 IBD patients (14 UC and 23 CD) were included. Fourteen age-matched healthy volunteers (5 males and 9 females) served as a healthy control group (HC). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected and analyzed for expression of CD200R1 on DCs multi-parametric flow cytometry as described elsewhere [4] . The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the KAUH.

By using in-silico algorithms, we were able to identify that the deleterious mutations corresponding to p.Y291N, p.G223V, p.A176V, p.V149A and p.S39L have potential role in structural and functional deviations of CD200R1 activity (RMSD ≥ 2 Å) (Fig. 9 ). Multi-parametric flow-cytometry results revealed significant decrease (P < 0.001) in CD200R expressing DCs of IBD patients when compared with that of HC (Fig. 10) .

In-silico finding suggests that mutations in CD200R1 influence IBD rate, which we confirmed this hypothesis by demonstrating that CD200R1 expressing DCs are significantly lower in IBD patients compared with healthy controls. Collectively, these data present evidence for dysregulated expression of the inhibitory molecule CD200R1 on DCs that may contribute to the immunologic abnormalities occurring in this disease and provide insight into the pathophysiology of IBD. Further functional studies are mandatory to explore the molecular mechanism underlying the down-regulation of CD200R in IBD. Background Periodically, complete novel antigenic subtypes of influenza viruses have been introduced in human population, causing large-scale global outbreaks with high death tolls. As a consequence of all this, pandemic preparedness has become an important issue worldwide and specially for Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Theses Pandemic plans should include proper approaches that allow early recognition of novel influenza viruses infecting humans in the future.

In silico PCr analysis of the designed oligonucleotide primers showed a strong matching with the corresponding nucleotide sequences of the KSA H1N1 viral strains. Moreover, real time PCR data generated from this study produced a variable range of Cycle threshold (C.t.) values of 16.61 -31.7. Furthermore, sensitivity test of the optimized real time PCR protocol showed that recommended protocol is efficient and specific to the H1N1 KSA strains, especially the oligonucleotide primers H1N1 KSA F2R2 which produced an earlier C.t. value of 16.61.

Results of this study confirm the importance of design specific diagnostic protocols against local infectious agents in order to increase the accuracy and efficiency of the detection process and, hence, increases the chances to control the epidemic spread of H1N1 viruses. Finally, this scientific article represents the first research to design and test specific oligonucleotide primers for the detection of local H1N1 viral strains in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive joint disease characterized by gradual degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in the cartilage and bone. The ECM of cartilage is highly specified structure that is mainly composed of type II collagen that provides tensile strength to the tissue, aggrecan and proteoglycans. However, changes in the ECM composition and structure can lead to collagen type II loss, and network integrity. Several risk factors have been correlated with OA including age, genetic predisposition, hereditary factors, obesity, mechanical injuries, and joint trauma. Certain genetic association studies have been identified several genes associated with OA using genome-wide association studies (GWASs).

To understand the pathology of OA and changes in the ECM that could be caused by genetic mutation, we performed a pilot wholeexome sequencing study on blood samples obtained from five endstage OA patients with an age range of 46 -70 years old.

Although no common genetic factors have been found, we identified several novel genetic variants affecting genes that function in several candidate causative pathways including immune response, inflammatory and cartilage degradation such as SELP, SPN, COL6A6 and COL7A1. 

The approach of exome sequencing can be a promising method to identify gene mutations that influence the OA disease. Background Genome-wide repository of associations between SNPs and phenotypes (GRASP) is a centralized repository of publically available genome-wide association study (GWAS) results. GRASP v2.0 contains ∼ 8.87 million SNP associations reported in 2044 studies and~178 thousand phenotypes [1] . However, this database does not contain evolutionary information about individual SNVs, particularly the prioritization of SNVs by using evolutionary conservation of SNVs.

We built a new relational database that contains information from GRASP v.2.0 as well as evolutionary information. The resulting SQL database was subjected to MATLAB analysis in order to compute secondary fields, including the statistical replication of SNVs over studies and evolutionary information for each SNV. All SNVs were mapped to genome position of human genome build 38 (hg38) using the LiftOver resource.

We developed an integrated E-GRASP-DB that provides detailed information of SNPs, an efficient examination of past GWAS results for diverse sets of researchers to complete various qualitative and quantitative analyses. Statistical SNV replication category provides information about replication of SNVs in studies, replication of SNVs in phenotype, SNVs replication in each study of each phenotype, and number of unique studies for each SNV. Another replications based on studies include number of SNVs in each study, studies replication in phenotype, and number of unique SNVs in each study (Table 9 ). Further, evolutionary information includes E-value for SNP phenotype association, rank of the evolutionary rate of the position, and rank of the evolutionary time span of the position that have been retrieved from the E-rank web server for each SNP [2] . Conclusions Our E-GRASP database has additional information related to SNPs replication and evolutionary scores, facilitating better data interpretation and new hypotheses to be generated.

The story of Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH) in the Middle East started fifty years ago with the first description of Essential Familial Hypercholesterolemia in Lebanese families by Khachadurian in 1962. Later the field of FH and atherosclerosis expanded exponentially with the discovery of the LDL-receptor (LDLR) defect in fibroblast of homozygote FH individuals leading the way for Goldstein and Brown to receive the Nobel prize. Later numerous mutations in the LDLR gene where reported.

Through record keeping of FH individuals we exposed the global under reporting, poor management and premature death in undiagnosed FH cases in Saudi Arabia. In addition, mapping private mutations and the emergence of the third culprit (PCSK9 gene) associated with FH has flourished the concept of the heterogeneity in FH and the gene-gene interaction. Furthermore, the advance imaging of atherosclerosis in FH had aided in the understanding of the phenomena of aortic calcification and the essential role of inflammation as a neglected marker and target for intensive therapy in these individuals.

Efforts to maintain a registry and a cascade screening program for FH are undergoing to improve the recognition of FH in Saudi Arabia. Increase awareness of the number one genetic risk for CVD, which is FH, and the preventive strategies to reduce premature atherosclerosis are expected to improve FH life expectancy. Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fourth most common cancer type, and has one of the highest mortality rates among cancer patients. The disease is more common in Eastern Mediterranean nations, probably due to a significant contribution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B infection. The disease is mostly diagnosed at advanced stages, and therefore has poor prognosis. Previously, we have developed a rat model of liver cancer for the identification distinct molecular mechanisms for early HCC. In this study, we gathered recent human HCC genomic data sets and performed cross-species comparative genomic analyses and identified a gene list that may be most relevant to early HCC. Moreover, we validated our gene-list on the gene expression profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with HCC. Furthermore, using our gene list we performed functional annotation, gene networks and pathway analyses.

We identified potential gene signature that is conserved across rat and human HCCs, and validated its diagnostic value on the PBMC from patients with HCC dataset as well as independently performed HCC datasets. Our results indicate alterations in a number of cancer related pathways and critical for early HCC transformation.

The results suggest that network analysis coupled with cross-species genomic analysis may provide a robust method to identify key biological programs associated with early HCC and may lead to improved diagnosis and therapeutic options. Background Finding a treatment for various types of cancer is a key challenge with very poor clinical outcomes. Chemoresistance induced by cancer stem cells (CSCs) and subsequent tumour relapses are major obstacles in cancer chemotherapy [4, 5] . ABCB1 is a gene which is highly expressed in CSCs that encodes for the P-glycoprotein (P-pg)/ multidrug resistance protein (MDR), protecting the cancer cell from anticancer drugs [2] . To overcome the chemoresistance ability in cancer cells and/or CSCs, we designed a TALEN-based oncolytic viral vector approach as a genome editing tool to knockout the ABCB1 gene and inhibit over expression of P-gp in CSCs [1, 3] .

Several bioinformatics tools (Table 10) were utilized to determine structure/function relationships of ABCB1 gene and to design TALENs. Results E-TALEN/De-novo software shows 12 designs depicting nucleotide sequence, transcript and exon, RVD sequence score and percent of total transcripts hit. TALEN designs with highest scores were selected based on i.e. length of binding site / (DNA composition Variation + RVD Composition). ABCB1_14_59842 had the higher score of the successful designs and no off-target theoretical crossmatches with a score of 1.379 whereas RVD recognized the nucleotide sequence of ABCB1 gene in ENST00000265724 at exon 5. The RVD sequence of the TALEN design ABCB1_14_59842 was evaluated by using E-TALEN/Evaluation software. In order to obtain functional TALENs, repeats were generated into the Sangamo plasmid model and forward and reverse TALEN plasmids map were constructed by using ApE plasmid editing tool.

Genetically engineered TALENs with repeat variable diresidues (RVD) which specifically target and cleave the ABCB1 gene via DSB/NHEJ mechanisms at exon 5, were designed. These can be delivered by recombinant oncolytic viral vectors that specifically target CSCs. ABCB1 knockouts and reversion of chemoresistance in CSCs could potentially improve the outcome of chemotherapy in cancer patients. Background Osteoarthritis (OA), a progressive disease of synovial joints represents failed repair of joint damage that results from stresses that may be initiated by an abnormality in any of the synovial joint tissues [1] . Synovial fluid contains mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that contribute to cartilage regeneration [2] . The aim of this study is to derive the MSCs from the synovial fluid (SF-MSCs), characterize them for stemness and evaluate their differentiation potential into chondrocytes and related gene expression.

Synovial fluid samples were collected from patients following institutional ethical approval and informed patient consent. Derivation SF-MSCs were done using earlier established protocol and were assessed for their morphology (Phase contrast microscopy), cell viability and proliferation (MTT assay), CD marker expression (flow cytometry) and cartilage related gene expression (qRT-PCR).

Results SF-MSCs were derived with greater efficiency and propagated to produce primary cell lines. Initial passages showed short fibroblastic morphology and increased proliferation (Fig. 12a ) and were positive for MSCs related CD markers namely, CD73, CD105, CD90, CD29 and negative for CD34, CD45 (Fig. 12b ). Cell proliferation by 229.42 % and 264.71 % at 48 h and 72 h compared to the 24 h respectively and these increases in values were statistically significant (Fig. 12c ). qRT-PCR analysis showed increased expression of collagen II and SOX9 in the differentiated samples compared to the controls (Fig. 12d) .

Conclusions SF-MSCs were derived, expanded in culture and were also differentiated into chondrocytes that highly expressed cartilage related genes. Presence of MSCs from within the joint indicate the self healing mechanisms. Thus these cells might be a right choice of cell type for cartilage regeneration. In addition they may be able to provide closer insight into actual disease status enabling development of targeted therapies. Background Genome-Wide Repository of Associations between SNPs and Phenotypes (GRASP) is an extensive database of publicly available genomewide association study (GWAS) results, which are the genetic variants (single nucleotide variants, SNVs) associated with complex traits and diseases [1] . This resource is primarily a population genetics resource, which currently ignores the evolutionary information available for the positions harboring SNVs. We have developed a web application to make the information available in the GRASP2 resource along with the evolutionary information.

In building the web application, we used JavaScript, Ajax and ASP.net to develop the client-side web interface which is served on the backend by a SQL server, Matlab, D3.js, D3Plus.js and jQuery datatable. Popular dbSNP, dbSNP-Q and hgLiftOver resources were used for synchronizing and populating the database, in addition to the contect available at GRASP2.

We developed a new web application and database named "E-GRASP" to enable easy and fast data retrieval of SNVs in GRASP and associated evolutionary information. E-GRASP presents three different views. (a) SNV View that contains information about each SNV such as SNPid, PMID, P value, chromosome number, position, number of studies reporting the SNV, and number of phenotypes associated with each SNV. (b) Study View that presents information on individual studies and basic information, including PMID, list of SNVs, their replication, phenotypes. (c) Evolutionary View that contains evolutionary conservation information as well as the E-rank [2] of SNVs in individual studies (plus P value, E value, P-rank, E-rank, and MAF) (Fig. 13) . Conclusions E-GRASP will enable users to examine the GWAS data along with evolutionary information. In future, we plan to add more features and filters to improve it further.

Screening of AGL gene mutation in Saudi family with glycogen storage disease Type III Background Glycogen storage disease (GSD) type III is autosomal recessive disease affects several organs as liver, heart and skeletal muscles. It is due to glycogen debranching enzyme deficiency that is responsible for glycogenolysis and is encoded by amylo-1, 6-glucosidase, 4-αglucanotransferase (AGL) gene. We aim in this study to screen AGL gene mutation in a Saudi family with GSD type III from Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah.

Blood samples from 6 members of a family were collected including two affected with GSD III. DNA was extracted using QIAGEN Mini Kit. Quality of DNA was tested using gel electrophoresis and UV visualization. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was done to amplify all exons of AGL gene. PCR products were purified by QIAquick Purification Kit. The products of cycle sequencing were purified using Xterminator PCR Purification kit. The targeted exons were sequenced by ABI 3500 genetic analyzer. The data were analyzed using BioEdit Sequence Alignment Editor.

Clinical manifestations of hepatomegaly was observed in two affected individuals. Laboratory investigations revealed an increase in creatinine kinase and transaminases. No potential sequence variants were found when patients DNA sequence was compared with reference sequence of exons and splice junctions of AGL gene.

Sequence analysis revealed no mutation in the patients DNA, while the possibility of presence of mutation in the regulatory region (promoter, enhancer) of this gene cannot be excluded.

High throughput proteomic data suggest modulation of cAMP dependent protein kinase A and mitochondrial function in infertile patients with Varicocele is diagnosed in about 15 % of the adult male population and~40 % of infertile males. The prevalence of varicocele is 35 % in men with primary infertility, but increases to 81 % in men with secondary infertility, implicating varicocele as a cause of progressive decline in fertility. Approximately 90 % of varicoceles occur unilaterally on the left side, while 10 % occur bilaterally. Despite extensive research, the exact cause of infertility in men having varicocele remains unknown. We utilized proteomic analyses to identify proteins and pathways that may be affected and responsible for infertility in men with varicocele.

An in-silico analysis of proteomics data targeting proteins in spermatozoa from infertile men with varicocele (n = 5) both unilateral and bilateral and men of proven fertility (n = 5) were separated on 1-D gel electrophoresis. Proteins were digested with trypsin in gel and identified on a LTQ-Orbitrap Elite hybrid mass spectrometer system. The differentially expressed proteins identified were subjected to bioinformatics pathway analysis using STRING, IPA and Metacore software to find out the putative pathways involved in development of infertility in these patients.

Ninety nine proteins were differentially expressed in the varicocele groups, of which nine were uniquely expressed in the fertile group and 2 proteins in the varicocele groups. Integrins (ITGM and ITGB2) are uniquely expressed in varicocele group. The underexpressed proteins in varicocele group include proteins involved in stress response and energy metabolism, molecular chaperones, vesicular transport, proteins necessary for chromatin compaction and epigenetic regulation and sperm function (Acrosin, AK7, SPA17, CACNA2D). The regulatory subunit of protein kinase A (PKA) was underexpressed in the varicocele group. 

The in silico proteomic profiling reveals that mitochondrial dysfunction may lead to oxidative stress mediated anomalies in sperm function. Underexpression of PRKAR1A may lead to activation of Protein kinase A, a tissue specific extinguisher leading to dismantling of signaling in the spermatozoa of varicocele patients resulting in reduced fertilizing ability.

Significant protein profile alterations in men with primary and secondary infertility Background Both primary and secondary infertility are due to an impairment of sperm function which is associated to some proteomic profile alterations. The objective of the present study is to compare the proteome profile of spermatozoa of fertile and infertile men irrespective of primary or secondary causes. The specific aim was to determine the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in infertile group involved in sperm function linked to failure of successful pregnancy in their partners.

This prospective proteomic study analyzed proteins in spermatozoa from proven fertile (n = 5) and infertile men (n = 5 Background Reduced expression of heat shock proteins particularly, HSPA2 is associated with oligozoospermia, increased frequency of chromosomal aneuploidies, DNA fragmentation, apoptosis, abnormal morphology, cytoplasmic retention, reduced fertility potential, and even pregnancy failure following in vitro fertilization (IVF). Despite the importance of HSPA2 in spermatogenesis and fertility, there is a lack of reports on the role of HSPA2 in human sperm maturation. The present study was designed to identify the pathways involved in protein turn-over, particularly heat shock proteins in spermatozoal function from infertile patients; and subsequently validate the role of testis-specific HSPs in sperm function.

This prospective proteomic study analyzed proteins in spermatozoa from infertile men. Briefly, spermatozoa from infertile patients (n = 5) were fractionated on density gradient (80, 60 and 40 %) layers. Fraction 1 (F1) refers to the least mature stage having lowest density whereas the fraction 4 (F4) comprises of the most dense and morphologically mature motile spermatozoa. Fraction 2 (F2) and fraction 3 (F3) are the intermediate stages. Proteins were extracted and separated by 1-D gel. Bands were digested with trypsin and analyzed on a LTQ-Orbitrap Elite hybrid mass spectrometer system. Protein identification was done using Mascot, SEQUEST and X! Tandem which were set up to search the human reference with database assuming trypsin as the digestion enzyme. Functional analyses of proteins were performed using gene ontology analyses. Selected candidate proteins were validated by Western blot. Results A significant decreasing trend in spectral counts of molecular chaperones was observed from F1 to F4 fractions. Among the chaperones, HSPA2 was selected as it is testis specific and its average spectral count decreased from 707.7 in F1 to 276 in F4. This was validated by western blot. Another important HSP 70 family member HSPA1L was also validated and correlated with the pathway analysis data. Beta-Actin was taken as internal control. The results showed similar trend as per the proteomic analysis. Conclusions HSPA2 expression correlates significantly with sperm maturation process. Aberrant HSPA2 expression and downregulation of protein modification and folding may play an important role in sperm function and fertilization processes.

Array comparative genomic hybridization approach to search genomic answers for spontaneous recurrent abortion in Saudi Arabia Continuously increasing world population is major concern today, however many couples are praying for a child as their desire to have baby results in combination of frustration, inadequacy and hopelessness, because of recurrent pregnancy loss or spontaneous recurrent abortion (SRA) [1] . Chromosome abnormalities has been reported as major reason for SRA and cytogenetics techniques are routinely used to detect chromosomal techniques, however, it has many limitations [2] .

In the present study, we applied high-density whole genome array-comparative genomic hybridization technique to identify all chromosome abnormalities in forty one SRA patients where classical cytogenetics G-band analysis technique fails to detect such abnormalities [3] . The array-CGH analysis was performed by Agilent sure print G3 Hmn CGH 2x 400 K arrays (Agilent Technologies, USA) following manufacturer's protocol. (Fig. 14) .

The study shows that whole genome array-CGH can be used in the identification of potential genes and chromosomal abnormalities underlying RSA problem. We have reported some of the novel CNVs/ genes involved in the Saudi RSA patients. A more comprehensive procedure is required to validation the possible causative CNVs and genes in these regions to improve the diagnoses and treatment of RSA. 

We performed whole gene expression profiling of seven KC against five control using Affymetrix HuGene 1.0 ST arrays and Partek genomic suite v 6.6. IPA, a genome-wide biological pathway analysis package, was used to find significantly molecular networks and pathways associated with KC.

We identified 1596 differentially expressed significant genes, 542 up and 1054 down regulated, with cutoff P value ≤ 0.05 and a fold change > 2; comparing KC with normal kidney tissues. The most significantly upregulated genes were small nucleolar RNA, C/D box 29 (SNORD29), hypoxia inducible lipid droplet-associated (HILPDA), caveolin 1 (CAV1), early B-cell factor 2 (EBF2), transforming growth factor, beta-induced (TGFBI), mitochondrially encoded tRNA cysteine (MT-TC), enolase 2 (ENO2), neuropilin (NRP) and tolloid (TLL)-like 2 (NETO2), anoctamin 4 (ANO4), versican (VCAN) and matrix metallopeptidase 16 (MMP-16) whereas downregulated genes were aldolase B, fructose-bisphosphate (ALDOB), solute carrier family12 (SLC12A3), calbindin1 (CALB1), uromodulin (UMOD), plasminogen (PLG), kininogen 1 (KNG1), nephrosis2 idiopathic, steroidresistant (NPHS2), and potassium inwardly-rectifying channel subfamilyJ1 (KCNJ1). IPA based canonical pathway analysis shown LPS/IL-1 Mediated Inhibition of RXR Function, Valine Degradation I, Tryptophan Degradation X (Mammalian, via Tryptamine), Noradrenaline and Adrenaline Degradation, Serotonin Degradation and FXR/RXR Activation Signaling pathway to be significantly associated with our kidney cancer cases and this finding is in accordance with other finding [2, 3, 4] . Conclusions Present study identified differentially expressed genes in kidney cancer of Saudi Arabian patients using whole transcript, high-density expression arrays. Our dataset is small but has a potential source for novel biomarker and may offer unique biological insights for kidney cancer. Background Calcium is important for male fertility in vasodilation, sperm development and several enzymatic reactions. It also serves as a second messenger to control acrosome reaction and sperm motility. Calcium channel-blockers (CCB) as nifedipine and ethosuximide are used in hypertension and epilepsy treatment can affect the male reproductive system. However, little is known about their side effects on chromosomes, StAR-gene, histology of testis and the underlying mechanism of the male reproductive dysfunction. The present study utilized various analyses including genotoxicity, histology and sperm analysis to address the involvement. of CCB in inducing male infertility.

Thirty-six albino male mice were orally treated by 50 or 100 mg/kg body weight nifedipine and ethosuximide respectively for 20 days followed by another 10 days without treatment for drug withdrawal and assayed for chromosome aberrations; epididymal sperm count, motility, abnormal shape; and the testicular expressions of biomarkers gene including steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) gene were measured. In addition, the histologic structure of the testis was investigated to the process of spermatogenesis which indicating partly absent and atrophy and malformation.

Mice administrated CCB showed a significant increase in the percentage of chromosome aberration and sperm shape change. In addition, expressions of StAR-mRNA was significantly down regulated. Sperm count and motility were significantly decreased. However, a slight improvement was observed in all tested parameters after drug withdrawal. All seminiferous tubules displayed total atrophy, more disruption, severe damage and more elongation of the tubules with disorganization of germinal epithelium that detached from the basement membrane. In addition, the lumen of seminiferous tubules showed the completely absence of sperm cells.

There is evidence that both nifedipine and ethosuximide cause a significant increase in chromosome abnormalities, decrease in sperm structure and function, and downregulation of StAR-mRNA expression. All these side effects may lead to irreversible male sterility. The native nature of high dimension low sample size of gene expression data make the classification task more challenging. Therefore, feature (gene) selection become an apparent need. Selecting a meaningful and relevant genes for classifier not only decrease the computational time and cost, but also improve the classification performance. Among different approaches of feature selection methods, however most of them suffer from several problems such as lack of robustness, validation issues etc. Here, we present a new feature selection technique that takes advantage of clustering both samples and genes.

We used leukemia gene expression dataset [1] . The effectiveness of the selected features were evaluated by four different classification methods; support vector machines, k-nearest neighbor, random forest, and linear discriminate analysis. The method evaluate the importance and relevance of each gene cluster by summing the expression level for each gene belongs to this cluster. The gene cluster consider important, if it satisfies conditions depend on thresholds and percentage otherwise eliminated.

Initial analysis identified 7120 differentially expressed genes of leukemia (Fig. 15a) , after applying our feature selection methodology we end up with specific 1117 genes discriminating two classes of leukemia (Fig. 15b) . Further applying the same method with more stringent higher positive and lower negative threshold condition, number reduced to 58 genes have be tested to evaluate the effectiveness of the method (Fig. 15c) . The results of the four classification methods are summarized in Table 11 .

The feature selection method gave good results with minimum classification error. Our heat-map result shows distinct pattern of refines genes discriminating between two classes of leukemia.

Osteopontin (OPN) is an extracellular matrix protein possess central role in many physiological and pathological processes including, tumorigenesis. It is over-expressed in a variety of solid tumors, including lung, breast, colorectal, stomach and ovarian cancers. It is believed that manipulation of OPN levels may be useful in the treatment of cancer metastasis. The purpose of this work is to study the association of OPN expression profile with several clinicpathological variables and patient outcome in colorectal carcinoma (CRC).

Hundred and Thirty-Four archival FFPE samples of CRC were collected from King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Saudi Arabia. Tissue microarrays were constructed and automated immunohistochemistry was done to evaluate the impact of expression patterns of OPN protein in CRC.

OPN is expressed in both cytoplasm and nuclei. About 20 % and 23 % of the tumor samples showed high cytoplasmic and nuclear OPN expression patterns, respectively. There was no association between OPN expression patterns and gender, age, tumor size and location. However, borderline significant correlation was observed with lymph nodes status (p < 0.06) while significant correlations were observed with tumor grade (0.008), tumor invasion (0.01) and distant metastasis (0.04). Interestingly, the disease free survival (DFS) outcome of CRC patients, by using Kaplan-Meier analysis, showed that there was a significant (p < 0.05) variation in DFS between patients with high expression tumors as compared to those with low expression tumors in that patients with tumors of high expression stay alive longer.

The data imply that OPN expression might have an essential function in tumor invasion and distant metastasis and provides additional information in predicting patient outcome in CRC. Background Glypicans (GPC) are engaged in developmental morphogenesis, and have been involved in regulatory processes of several cell signaling pathways. Abnormal expression of glypicans has been observed in different cancer types, including ovarian, pancreatic, and breast cancers. The present work was designed to investigate the expression profiling of Glypican-3 (GPC-3) and its association Fig. 15 (abstract P45) a Heat-map of differential expressed genes of leukemia. Row represents genes, and column represents samples, b Heat-map of refined differential expressed genes of leukemia for 1117 genes and c 58 genes Background A number of loci associated with total cholesterol concentration and cardiovascular diseases are identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The Genome-Wide Repository of association between SNPs and phenotype (GRASP v2.0) database has most of the publically available data for diverse phenotypes including total cholesterol [1] . These direct association results do not account for difference in evolutionary conservation of positions and the power of the test, which may not identify all SNPs with significant associations [2] . We applied the E-ranking approach, based on P value, allele frequency, and evolutionary conservation score, on total cholesterol data in GRASP to reassess the significant and reproducible genetic disease associations [2] .

We retrieved 232,051 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) for a total cholesterol GWAS. We generated ranks of all SNVs using the E-value produced by the E-rank web server [2] . We assessed the quality of the highest ranking SNVs based on the number of times they were reported in 79 other cholesterol studies available in the GRASP database.

We found 3,173 of the top-5000 E-rank SNPs shared with the top 5000 P-rank SNPs. Overall, we indicated an improved average replication for top E-rank SNPs (average = 4) after removing bad P-rank SNPs (average = 3.5). Of the missense mutation causing SNPs, 15 out of 21 SNPs were identified by using combined E-rank/P-rank approach were underestimated using p-value alone. Two SNPs (rs1919127-C2orf16 and rs2266788-APOA5) of coding region were identified as highly associated with total cholesterol (Table 12 ). In contrast, we also found few top replicated SNPs in total cholesterol category with lower E-rank than Prank (Fig. 16) .

Evolutionary ranking of genomic positions to filter disease associated SNPs can improve the reproducibility of SNPs at faster evolving sites and can enhance SNP discovery in published GWAS. These results are based on replication in studies with a limited number of significant SNPs, therefore, using full dataset can contribute significantly for improvement of the discovery of genetic variants in future work. Background Adult cartilage has limited intrinsic self-repair capacity and poor regeneration. New hope come from using stem cells for cartilage tissue engineering [1] . Mesenchymal stem cells especially those from the Wharton's Jelly of the human umbilical cord (hWJSCs) represent an attractive source for chondrogenic differentiation, given their capacity for self-renewal, ease of access and lack of immunogenic or tumorigenic activities [2] . In the present study we aim to derive hWJSCs from the umbilical cords, characterize them for the mesenchymal stem cell markers, evaluate their morphology, proliferation and differentiate them into chondrocytes in vitro. Differentiation efficiency was evaluated using histology as well as cartilage related gene expression.

Human umbilical cords were collected following ethical approval from the King Abdulaziz University (KAU) and informed patient consent. hWJSCs were derived using earlier established protocol and were assessed for their morphology (Phase contrast microscopy), cell proliferation (MTT assay), surface markers analysis (FACS), chondrogenic differentiation capacity (Toluidine Blue histology) and related gene expression (qRT-PCR).

Results hWJSCs were derived and propagated to produce primary cell lines. Early passages showed short fibroblastic morphology (Fig. 17a) and increased proliferation by 38.22 % and 263.80 % at 48 h and 72 h compared to the 24 h respectively (Fig. 17b) . MSCs related surface markers namely CD73 (99.6 %), CD105 (98.9 %), CD90 (95.1 %), CD44 (97.8 %) and CD29 (99.9 %) were highly expressed (Fig. 17c) . hWJSCs were successfully differentiated into chondrocytes (Fig. 17d ) which showed increased expression of collagen II (COL2A1), aggrecan (ACAN) and SOX9 compared to the control (Fig. 17e) .

Conclusions hWJSCs was successfully derived with greater efficiency and expanded in culture. They were also differentiated into chondrocytes in vitro, that highly expressed cartilage related genes. Unlike BM-MSCs, hWJSCs can be harvested in abundance with no risk of donor site morbidity, are relatively young in nature, rich in proteoglycans, hypoimmunogeneic and non-tumorigeneic [2] . hWJSCs therefore can be used either alone or with biological nanoscaffolds for cartilage regeneration. Over the past decade, the field of genomics has witnessed important advances in terms of scope and used technologies [1] . The integration of genomics into biomedical research and clinical care has tremendous impacts on research, health and society [2] . Understanding the attitudes of healthcare students is a prerequisite to design appropriate research programs integrated into their educational curriculum (Double Helix Curriculum) in order to ensure perpetual development and innovation in biomedical technologies and applications [3, 4] . In Saudi Arabia, previous studies have focused only on medical students and used questionnaires that were not validated. The objectives of this study were (1) to assess the attitudes of healthcare students towards biomedical research; and (2) to investigate the factors affecting their attitudes. 

This cross-sectional study was conducted among all senior healthcare students (Faculties of Medicine, Dentistry, Pharmacology and Applied Medical Sciences), at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia using a validated Research Attitudes Questionnaire [5] . The questionnaire contained 11 items covering different aspects of biomedical research. Each item was rated on a 5-point Likert scale. A higher score indicates more positive attitudes towards biomedical research. Data were described using means and standard deviations. The t-test and one-way ANOVA were used to test the association between predictors and attitude scores.

Out of 512 consent students, the general percentage attitude score was 69 %. The majority of students showed positive attitudes towards biomedical research although some showed negative attitudes towards certain aspects such as participant safety. The relationship between students' attitudes and type of faculty and previous involvement in medical research was significant (p-value = 0.04 and 0.01, respectively.) In addition, higher knowledge of biobanking was correlated with positive attitudes towards biomedical research (Pearson's r = 0.30, p-value < 0.001).

In general, health care students showed favorable attitude towards biomedical research. A noticeable effect of the students' faculty and previous involvement in research on their attitudes towards biomedical research was observed. These findings suggest that healthcare schools should consider including teaching of advanced research methodology and OMICs-based approaches in their curricula as well as motivate students to participate in biomedical research activities.

Inflammatory events lead to altered immunological profile and acceleration of the disease pathology in osteoarthritis (OA). Thymoquinone (TQ) which is a major active chemical component of Nigella sativa is reported to have immunomodulatory properties which impart beneficial effects on bone and joint diseases [1] . We in the present study aim to evaluate the effect TQ on inflammatory and cell death related gene expression.

Bone marrow aspirate from OA patients were obtained following institutional ethical approval (11-557). Primary cultures of BM-MSCs were established and basic characterization including cell morphology (phase contrast microscopy), MSC related CD marker expression (FACS) were done. BM-MSCs were treated with TQ and their effects on cell proliferation (MTT assay) and gene expression for IL-6, TNF-α, COX 2, BAX and BCL-2 were done using real-time PCR.

Derived BM-MSCs demonstrated characteristic fibroblastic morphology (Fig. 18a) and were highly positive for CD105, CD73, CD29, CD44 and CD90 and negative for CD34 & CD45 (Fig. 18b) . BM-MSCs treated TQ showed mean maximal decrease in cell proliferation by 61.08 %, 66.84 % and 65.67 % for 24 h, 48 h and 72 h respectively compared to the control (Fig. 18c) . Inflammation related genes namely IL-6, TNF-α and COX2 were decreased by 14.41, 10.92 and 12.55 fold respectively compared to the control (Fig. 18d) . BAX was increased by 29.48 (1 μM) and 8.18 fold (3 μM) respectively, while BCl2 decreased by3.23 fold (1 μM) and were not detectable at 3 μM (Fig. 18e) .

Conclusions BM-MSCs were isolated with greater efficiency and expanded in culture. Treatment with TQ showed dose dependent decrease in inflammation related genes. TQ has been shown to have immunoregualtory effects on pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells earlier [2] . Inhibitory effect on cell proliferation at higher concentrations indicate that TQ have also a cytotoxic effect. Hence, an optimal dose of TQ ranging between 1 μm and 3 μm may be useful in decreasing the inflammatory events without compromising required stem cell numbers for cartilage regeneration. Hepatitis C virus the main reason of chronic liver ailment and liver cancer globally and is distributed into six discrete genotypes through the world with numerous subtypes in each genotype (1-6). The response and extent of interferon treatment is genotype specific and host restriction. Number of cellular genes are involved in this process including TBXA2R (G-protein coupled receptor), TRAF2 (adapter protein), LTbeta which is a membrane protein, NFkappaB2 and RelA (transcriptional factors), SNARK and MKK7 (protein kinases) and two diligently associated TNF/lymphotoxin pathway. A reported polymorphisms (SNPs) in these and other genetic factor are involved in viral clearance and chronicity. Genetic studies have also identified several SNPs round the interferon λ3 interleukin-28B, which are sturdily related with SVR to PEG-IFN and RBV cure for chronicity. In this study we examined SNP in IL10 and IL28B in HCV-GT3 infected individuals.

A total of 349 patients of chronic hepatitis have been included in this genetic susceptibility study. The infected individuals were diagnosed anti-HCV positive and then confirmed by HCV Polymerized Chain Reaction (PCR) qualitative test. All these selected patients had been diagnosed for HCV and taken the standard treatment of interferon and ribavirin from 20 weeks to 36 weeks. The end product of PCR was confirmed by gel electrophoresis.

The following restriction enzymes Ear I/, Rsa 1 and Mae III were used to digest the PCR product. This study focused only on patients who were non-responsive and had relapsed from conventional therapy.

Our study proposes that both the interleukin genes interleukin 28B and IL-10 are found mutual in 2 foremost castes of the province Punjab. We determined that HCV GT-3a is precisely communal (84.0 %) amongst group of responders whereas GT-1a is more acquainted in relapser (66.2 %) as well as resistant (54.0 %). Genotype 4was excluded, the remaining 5 major genotypes, known as 1a (61.40 %), 2a (0.50 %), 2b (20.00 %), 3a (13.70 %) and an unidentified (4.40 %) were reported amongst the twelve various groups of Pakistan. Our findings designate that IL-10 and IL-28 genes may be intricate in the clearance of HCV GT3 in Asian population. Background Fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) is gene involved in obesity which affects more than 1/6 of the population worldwide [1] . FTO is located in the 'p' arm of the human chromosome 16 [2] . Certain variants of this gene are associated with obesity [3] . Research studies in humans and mice showed a role in cardiovascular and nervous systems and a robust association with obesity risk [4] . Natural products may play a effective role to prevent obesity especially those containing fibers, polyphenols, sterols, and alkaloids [5] . The aim of this study is to assess the use of selected flavonoids as potential obesity preventing agents targeting the three dimensional structure of FTO protein followed by an in vitro validation.

An in silico approach based on well-established computational methods in quantitative structure-activity relationship, pharmacophore identification and computational docking software named CLC drug discovery Workbench were used [6] . Background HTR 1A (5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptor 1A) is a protein associated with some diseases mainly depression [1] , which is considered as a serious healthcare concern worldwide [2] . HTR1A gene encodes a GPCR for serotonin, which is implicated in several physiologic and pathologic conditions [3] . 5-HT 1A receptor is the dominant receptor of HTR1A and found to be responsible for depression and plays a role in the mechanism of action of several antidepressant drugs [4] . Studies indicate that with inactivation of HTR1A in mice resulted in increased stress and anxiety [5] .Flavonoids are considered as one of the promising safer alternatives to treat depression [6] . The objective of this study is to screen various flavonoids which could potentially target the 5-HT 1A R protein using in silico docking study. These flavonoids with potential antidepressant effect will be subjected to subsequent in vitro validation. were screened against the active domain sites of residues in 5HT 1A R using computational structural biology tools CLC drug discovery workbench. To evaluate the inhibitory activity of selected medicinal flavonoids, a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) was conducted.

These studies confirm an inhibitory activity of the recruited medicinal drugs on 5-HT1AR. The docking scores were highest for vitamin B with -15.632Kcal/mol and showed a interactions at active site ALA349 (2), ASP352, and PHE353. Furthermore, selected medicinal drugs such as ginkgo, hypericin and omega-3 fatty acid also formed two H-bond interactions whereas hypericin interacted with active site region at SER45 and SER43 with high affinity.

Docking studies of the vitamin B showed that this compound is good molecule which docks well with 5-HT1AR. These results indicated that vitamin B could be one of the potential compound to treat depression, which need further validation, and assessment of their pharmacological activities using in vitro and in vivo models.

In Silico prediction and prioritization of aging candidate genes associated wit progressive telomere shortening Background Very recently a new mechanism of gene regulation, called telomere position effect over long distances (TPE-OLD) has been discovered. As telomeres shorten during normal aging, certain genes nearby telomeres showed altered expression with increased age. It is thought that this off/on phenomenon could explain certain agingassociated diseases. However, only few TPE-OLD regulated genes have been functionally validated. Here we perform a preliminary in silico screening for these genes.

Two different in silico approaches were used; the first (forward) started from a list of genes which expression is changed during aging, that are available in the GenAge database (http://genomics.senescence.info/genes/) or described in the literature as having their expression affected by telomere shortening. These genes were then filtered based on their proximity to telomere, their involvement in age-related diseases, and other attributes (gene size, signaling and regulation pathways, expression profile, etc.) using a weighted score. A set of 24 genes (with a standardized cut-off score of 0.5) was identified as genes of high interest for further experimental validation. The second (backward) approach consisted of a genome scan of all the genes located within 10 Mb from telomere using a machine-learning based procedure (Bayesian networks).

Preliminary results showed modest sensitivity of the approach, which is expected given the reduced size of the training dataset and the nonavailability of well characterized distinctive features of this class of genes and a deep understanding of TPE-OLD mechanisms. In fact, the main challenge in the backward approach is to define a training set with 'positive' and 'negative' genes, that is large enough to ensure high precision of the model learning process. The second challenge in this approach is choosing the gene features that are relevant and highly predictive of the TPE-OLD regulation status.

This study is an initial attempt to identify comprehensive and bidirectional approaches to identify aging-associated genes that are affected telomere length changes for subsequent analysis and functional validation. Once validated using larger gene sets, the overlap between these two approaches will help clarify the genes and mechanisms underlying aging-related human diseases. Background Humans possess a class of genes that are normally expressed in the testes of adult males, and are also characteristic of several types of cancer cells [1] . These genes are known as cancer-testis (CT) antigen genes and they might be helpful for both diagnosis and immunotherapy drug targeting [2] . For this reason, identifying new CTA genes has significant clinical importance. We postulated that meiosis-specific genes may provide a good source for identifying potential novel CTA genes. The overall purpose of this investigation was to identify new CTA candidate genes via RT-PCR analysis. A bioinformatic screening program, which included microarray analysis [3] and an expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis pipeline [4] , indicated potential meiotic genes which could serve this purpose. Materials and methods 16 and 11 genes were chosen at random from the candidate genes identified via the EST and the Microarray analyses, respectively. The RT-PCR validation employed RNA from 21 normal tissues, including adult testis. The genes that were expressed only in the testis were further examined by RT-PCR using 33 different cancer tissues. Results CCNA1, C2orf69, C11orf70, C20orf195, HORMAD1, NOL4, ZNF558, SSX2, UBL4B, GAGE1 and FSCN3 were identified from the gene expression Microarray data analysis pipeline, which predicted they are testis-specific. The expression of these genes was investigated in 21 human normal tissues using RT-PCR technique. SSX2, UBL4B and GAGE1 were expressed only in the testis (Table 13) , while the remaining 8 genes were expressed in different normal tissues. Therefore, SSX2, UBL4B and GAGE1 were further validated in 33 human cancer cell lines and tissues. SSX2 and GAGE1 genes were expressed in different types of cancer cells (Table 14) .

The validation of the 27 genes using RT-PCR analysis determined that four genes showed a cancer testis-restricted expression patterns and four genes displayed meiosis-specific expression patterns. Therefore, these CT genes represent promising candidates due to their expression patterns in distinct types of cancer. However, further investigation is needed to establish the protein products of these excellent CT candidate genes in a range of normal and cancer tissues.

More comprehensive forensic genetic marker analyses for accurate human remains identification using massively parallel sequencing archaeological skeletal remains often lack reference samples for comparison [1] . Massively parallel sequencing (MPS) offers an opportunity to provide biometric data in such cases, and these cases provide valuable data on the feasibility of applying MPS for characterization of modern forensic casework [2, 3] . In this study, MPS was used to characterize 140-year-old human skeletal remains discovered in a historical site in Deadwood, South Dakota, United States. The remains were discovered in an unmarked grave and there were no records or other meta data to identity of the individual. Due to the high throughput of MPS a variety of biometric markers could be typed using a single sample.

Using MPS and suitable forensic genetic markers, more relevant information could be obtained from a limited quantity and quality sample. Background Infertility has becoming an increasing social problem that reached to an alarming level of up to 12 %. In the Middle East countries, a newly married couple usually become very eager to get their first child as soon as they start their marriage life. This is due historic and cultural traditions that the father should get a child who will carry the family' s name and continue the heritage of the family's tribe. If for some reasons that the pregnancy delayed or did not happen then the newly married couple, especially in the Gulf countries including Saudi Arabia, starts to get pressurized and stressed from other members of their families. Serious social impacts of infertility on the married couple has been recently reviewed. Among these are economic difficulties, improper integration with the rest of the society and family violence. These serious impacts highlight the real need for having real measurements and screening for the causes of the infertility which will directly and positively reflect on the families and the whole society in general. The aim of the current study is to establish a robust molecular assay to assess the quality of the sperms in both fertile and infertile men.

Ethical approval was granted from the centre of innovation and personalized medicine (CIPM) by the ethical committee. Consent forms were signed by the patients. Four assays are being established including measuring DNA fragmentation using TUNEL assay, mitochondrial membrane potential, sperm vitality using Promidium Iodide and sperm reactive oxygen stress (ROS).

We have just started assessing the sperm viability of an infertile patient and the flow cytometry analysis showed that the sperms can be categorized to two separate population (viable and noviable) (Fig. 21) .

Preliminary results showed that using flow cytometry approach shows that this approach could be a used as a robust quick analysis to discriminate between viable and non-viable sperms. Also, the technology could help in perfect selection of quality sperms that could be used in IVF clinics.

Tissue microarrays (TMAs) is a new high-throughput tool for the study of protein expression patterns in tissues and are increasingly used to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic importance of biomarkers. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a seventh ranked malignancy with a poor prognosis (1) . The aim of this study was to identify protein signatures that would predict clinical outcomes in a large cohort of patients with RCC based on data from previous gene expression microarray studies (2) .

We conducted microarray to identify differentially expressed genes associated with RCC and TMA based immunohistochemical analysis of CyclinD1 (CCND1) to validate our microarray finding over 139 cases of RCC patients. Statistical analysis was used to determine the association of CCND1 expression with RCC and cases were evaluated based on the absence or presence of staining intensity in the tumor cells.

The result showed the positive percentage of CCND1 expression in 53 % (73/139) of RCC cases. CCND1 was one of the important upregulated gene identified in microarray and validated by TMA. Studies revealed that it is frequently deregulated in cancer and is a biomarker of cancer phenotype and disease progression (3, 4) .

Our microarray and TMA based finding confirm the high expression of CCND1 in RCC. It is hoped that CCND1 may be potential therapeutic targets and its inhibition could target the migratory, invasive, and metastatic potential of RCC. 

Gold NPs were synthesized and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), followed by their toxicity analysis was performed by comet assay. The surface was modified with glutaraldehyde as biocompatible coating for enhancing their potential application in drug delivery for concurrent therapy and other diagnostic based applications.

TEM results showed that the synthesized NPs were of 30 nm. Comet result showed that as a result of surface functionalization of gold NPs by glutaraldehyde, reduction in DNA damage was reduced from 7 μm to 2 μm.

These NPs can be used in numerous techniques involving NPs based enhancement in electrochemical DNA hybridization signals, electronucleation and ultra-sensitive electrical detection of nucleic acids with increased specificity and sensitivity apart from multiplexing capability and short turnaround times. . Since biospecimen is the main driver towards precision medicine, its management and processing along with their biodata remain therefore the crucial step that will significantly impact their subsequent use in research and/or diagnostics. In this context, the objective of this study is to underline the biospecimen management and processing at the CEGMR Biobank Unit (CBU), CEGMR, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; and to suggest future guidelines to upgrade this facility.

A summary of biospecimen transition steps within the CBU (collection, transport, reception, labelling, extraction, storage and release) with a special focus on the main improvement milestones since its establishment in 2008, current challenges and future plans are presented. Additionally, the main achievements of the CBU in terms of the biospecimens' collection and its role in bridging the gap between clinicians and scientists are discussed.

Biospecimen management at the CBU started in 2008 with basic freezing infrastructure and manual recording. A home-made Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) "Biosearch" was implemented as user-friendly platform for biospecimen biodata entry, follow-up and retrieve [4] . Progressive introduction of SOPs and biospecimen quality control at different steps were implemented. A particular effort was given to staff training and public awareness mainly in healthcare providers explaining significant increase of CBU biospecimen providers over the past few years. Therefore, around 15000 high quality and fully annotated biospecimens (50 % genetic disorders; 40 % of mainly solid cancers) have been collected and part of them supplied to healthcare scientists. More than 150 studies published in ISI journals were carried out using CBU biospecimens.

The continual improvement of biospecimen management and processing is vital to keep CBU updated with the rapid evolution in biobanking concept, rules and applications worldwide. Additional efforts are needed to improve the CBU governance and biospecimen management including the introduction of robotic-based cryopreservation, the increase of awareness, and the implementation of the latest international SOPs and rules toward international accreditation.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurological disorder that is characterized by an impaired social interaction, communication, restricted, and repetitive behaviors. It starts at the time of birth or within the first three years of life, and is a big challenge not only for the affected child but also for the whole family. About 67-million individuals are suffering with autism worldwide whereas its prevalence ranges from 1.4 to 29 per 10,000 persons in Saudi Arabia [1, 2, 3] . Here, we study the general knowledge, awareness, and attitude of public towards autism patients in Jeddah, KSA.

A survey comprises of thirty questions regarding ASD has been used to collect the data from 300 residents of Jeddah, KSA. Questionnaires were distributed hand-to-hand and through the creation of an online survey.

In this study, 300 people, both males and females, have successfully completed the questionnaire. The results have shown that 89 % people were aware of autism, 83 % believed that the autistic child has difficulty in social interaction, and 53 % has linked autism with an emotional or psychological disorder. 30 % predicted that the autism patients do not want friends, 72 % were with a point of view that a person with autism may exhibit ritualistic or repetitive behavior, 67 % were convinced that autism can be cured or children with autism will eventually grow out of it, 70 % were with a thought that autistic patients may have very limited interests (i.e. preoccupation with one toy, movie, game etc). Furthermore, 25 % answered that autism is associated with mental retardation, 59 % think that autism affect the intelligence level, 52 % believed that the child with autism get married in the future. 58 % favored that autism child should attend special school, and 45 % accepted that there is a discrimination in society against the autistic child.

In conclusion, there is a need to increase the public awareness about ASD. Several educational awareness programs, seminars, and campaigns are required to build an autism friendly society. It is expected that the society will be more sympathetic and responsible towards ASD patients as a result of this informative study.

Simultaneous genetic screening of the coagulation pathway genes using the Thromboscan targeted sequencing panel Thrombophilia is a condition where the blood has an increased tendency to clot. It can be acquired or inherited. Inherited thrombophilia is a result of DNA mutation in genes responsible for the production of blood clotting proteins. While inherited thrombophilia can be caused by a number of mutations, the most common ones are factor V Leiden (FVL) and prothrombin (factor II). Factor V Leiden mutation is a single nucleotide point mutation (SNP) located at position number 506 and alters amino acid arginine to glutamine in FV gene. Prothrombin (factor II) is the precursor to thrombin and located on chromosome 11p11-q12. Prothrombin G20210A mutation (factor II mutation) is a SNP located at position 20210 and changes amino acid guanine to adenine in the prothrombin gene. This mutation is associated with high levels of prothrombin and was reported to increase the risk of thrombosis almost three fold. Patients with high levels of other procoagulants such as factors VIII, IX, XI, VII, fibrinogen, and Von Willebrand factor (VWF) are also at high risk of thrombosis.

Next Generation Sequencing allows high throughput DNA sequencing and mutation detection at a low cost and high turnover. This in turns has a major influence in both clinical care and understanding susceptibility to thrombophilia. Therefore, we have designed the Thromboscan panel which will allow the simultaneous screening of 23 coagulation genes using the Ampliseq™ technology.

In this study, a screening panel of 23 

Dichloroethane treated rats showed a significant increase in micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes and extensive chromosomal aberrations (CA value of 6.34 ± 1.69 at highest dose of 242.1 mg/kg). The treated rats also displayed high level DNA damage compared to the untreated control group (p < 0.05) as indicated by the value of olive tail moment (19.87 ± 1.4 at dose 242.1 mg/kg after 24 hour) in the comet assay. The flowcytometric analysis following PI staining of dichloroethane exposed cells after 24, 48 and 72 hour showed enhanced apoptosis which increased with the dose and exposure duration. The appearance of SubG1 apoptotic peak in cell cycle was also noticed. The cyclophosphamide treated group (positive control) showed 100 % cell population in the apoptotic phase. The MMP analysis (flowcytometry examination following rhodamine 123 staining) demonstrated a significant decrease in MMP of all WBCs (neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes and monocytes) in the treated groups.

The dichloroethane exposure in Wistar rats induced excessive apoptosis in normal cells by direct DNA damage. The DNA damage resulted in decreased mitochondrial membrane potential which in turn altered membrane permeability leading to the release of pro-apoptotic signals and activation of caspase pathway. Thus, driving cells to undergo apoptosis. Therefore, dichloroethane has a potential for inducing severe cell injury and genotoxicity. Fluorescent in situ hybridization using centromeric probes for chromosomes X and Y and whole chromosome confirmed sex chromosomes and the deleted part of Y chromosome didn't inserted in another chromosome.

The gender of our current case of ambiguous genitalia was male with Y chromosome long arm deletion. This case of DSD shows the importance of the chromosomal and molecular cytognetic analysis for early and accurate determination the genetic gender in order to ensure that patients with similar conditions will receive proper diagnosis, management and both medical and psychological follow up in adolescence and adulthood.

Identification of disease specific gene expression clusters and pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma using In Silico methodologies Background Hepatocellular carcinoma is third most common cause of death and one of the most common cancers worldwide [1, 2] . HCC ascends in cirrhotic livers secondary to numerous environmental condition [3, 4] . However, HCC may also progress in both normal liver, and abnormal non-cirrhotic liver. HCV and HBV infections are one of the major cause resulting in cirrhosis and finally HCC [5] . Each of above conditions comprises altered epigenetic and genetic alterations, differential activation/ inhibition of molecular pathways, gene mutations and chromosomal aberrations [3] . This study was done to achieve a comprehensive analysis of gene expression profiling using in silico methodologies to identify novel pathways and disease specific gene clusters in HCC.

We have obtained Affymetrix Microarray CEL files from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) (GSE49515). The CEL files were then analyzed using Genespring™ GX 13.1 software (Agilent, USA). Statistical analysis was done using unpaired Student's t-test to obtain differentially expressed genes (P < 0.05) with 2-fold cut-off between normal liver tissue and HCC samples. The differentially expressed genes were then subjected to Hierarchical Clustering to obtain HCC specific gene clusters. Furthermore, we have used Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software (Ingenuity Systems, USA) to obtain differentially expressed canonical pathways and novel gene networks in HCC.

Gene expression profiling between non-tumor tissues and HCC resulted in the identification of deregulated pathways and potential genetic networks in the context of HCC (Fig. 23) . Pathway analysis defined evidence that various biological pathways, such as TREM1 Signaling, pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, communication between innate and adaptive immune cells, toll-like receptor signaling and HER-2 signaling in breast cancer. Few differentially expressed classes of genes in HCC are related to cellular assembly, organization, cell cycle, DNA replication, cellular development, recombination and repair, cell morphology and RNA post-transcriptional modification, post-translational modification, RNA damage and repair, and liver toxicity.

Our gene expression profile analysis unraveled a complete cluster of genes and several dysregulated signaling pathways that are different in HCC. These observations may deliver the root for developing novel diagnostic, and prognostic biomarkers of HCC to design effective therapeutics in clinics.

Human Wharton's Jelly stem cell conditioned medium inhibits primary ovarian cancer cells in vitro: Identification of probable targets and mechanisms using systems biology [2, 3] . The anticancer properties human Wharton's jelly stem cells conditioned medium (hWJSCs-CM) on primary ovarian carcinoma cells in vitro and also identification of possible novel targets using systems biological approaches was evaluated.

Primary cultures of epithelial ovarian cancer cells (EOCs) and hWJSCs were derived following Ethical Committee approval [33-15/KAU] and cultured using their recommended media. EOCs were exposed to hWJSC-CM (100 %) for 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. Mophological changes (Phase-contrast imaging) and cell proliferation assay (MTT) were evaluated. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA, Igenuity Systems, USA) was used to identify targets and mechanisms in ovarian cancer.

EOCs showed growth as small clusters of epithelial cells with cobblestone appearance (Fig. 24a ) while hWJSCs showed a monolayer of short fibroblasts (Fig. 24b) . Treatment with hWJSC-CM led to varied morphological changes that resulted in death of EOCs (Fig. 24c-f ). Time dependent inhibition in EOCs proliferation (MTT assay) were observed. Mean decreases in proliferations were 12.23 %, 19.71 % and 37.07 % at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h respectively compared to untreated control (Fig. 24g) . IPA of EOC genes implicated in canonical pathways led to the identification of important molecular pathways and signaling networks associated with cancer cell death (Fig. 24h) . Earlier transcriptome analysis of hWJSCs showed high expression of tumour suppressors and apoptosis inducing genes, which significantly overlap with IPA predictive results. Additional targets and mechanisms of EOCs death/inhibition identified using IPA needs validation by further in vitro/in vivo studies.

hWJSC-CM induce primary EOCs inhibition in vitro and cause cell death probably via apoptosis. Our findings are in line with earlier reports of cancer inhibition by various other MSCs [2, 3] . IPA predictive results indicating the genes/targets invovled in EOCs that overlap with hWJSCs tumour suppressors further support our findings. Additional in vitro and in vivo studies are necessary to ascertain EOCs inhibition with hWJSCextracts and identify its possible mechaisms. Background Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterized by smaller head circumference present at birth with mental retardation [1] . Abnormal Spindlelike, Microcephaly-associated (ASPM) gene is responsible for majority of the primary microcephaly patients. Here, we aim to establish mutational spectrum of ASPM gene in Saudi population.

We have ascertained 50 patient samples with microcephaly. Detailed clinical information was taken from each patient. Fluorescent labeled Microsatellite markers are used to link the ASPM gene using Gene Scan method. Massive sequencing using Sanger sequencing method was carried out to identify the mutations involved in the ASPM gene.

The sequencing of ASPM gene from patient samples has revealed number of known and novel mutations associated with primary microcephaly and mental retardation.

Once the genetic basis of primary microcephaly is known in Saudi population, it will help in the provision of molecular diagnosis and genetic counseling that may help to decrease the frequency of this disorder. Background Primary microcephaly is a genetic disorder characterized by reduced head circumference that is at least 4 standard deviation (SD), accompanied with non-progress mental retardation. The brain is architecturally normal but the size of cerebral cortex is significantly reduced causing the microcephaly. In this research project we aim to identify the mutated genes behind the primary microcephaly patients in the Saudi population.

We have ascertained 10 consanguineous families with primary microcephaly from Jeddah, Makkah and Taif cities of Saudi Arabia. Detail clinical information and Pedigree (family tree) of the families were analyzed. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood of affected and normal individuals of the families. Fluorescent labeled microsatellite markers were used to link the known genes previously identified with the disease. Sanger sequencing method was used to identify the known and novel genes.

Our linkage analysis results showed that four out of ten families were linked with the ASPM gene and three families were linked with MCPH1 gene. Three families were excluded from the previously known genes associated with primary microcephaly. Furthermore we have done the sequencing of ASPM and MCPH1 gene that has revealed novel and known mutations.

Identification of exact genotype phenotype correlation would help in genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis for primary microcephaly and would enable us to reduce the incidence of microcephaly in a highly consanguineous population of Saudi Arabia.

Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), also referred to as Lynch syndrome, represents 1-7 % of all cases of colorectal cancer and is characterized by autosomal dominant inheritance caused by germline mutations in many DNA mismatch repair genes [1, 2] . The aim of current research involves the molecular characterization of Lynch syndrome to provide predictive information of greater accuracy regarding the risks of colon and extracolonic cancer in Saudi population.

Detailed clinical information was taken from patients suffering from lynch syndrome. Amsterdam criteria and Bethesda guidelines were used to confirm the lynch syndrome. Immunohistochemistry, microsatellite instablitity and testing of mismatch repair (MMR) genes performed to diagnose the disease.

On first stage we have established state of art facility for the efficient diagnosis of HNPCC in families of Saudi Arabian origin at risk and to find the novel genetic factors associated with it by using cutting edge technology. So far 20 samples of hereditary colorectal cancer involving two or more patients in a family have been collected. The sequencing of mismatch repair genes carried out to find the mutation spectrum in the population and exclude the families for possible novel genes involving lynch syndrome.

Once the full spectrum of MMR gene mutations is known in Saudi population, it will help in screening and intensive surveillance or some other measures such as hysterectomy and colectomy that will reduce the risk for colorectal cancer development. This will result in better quality medical facility for counselling and diagnosis as well as reduce the health expenditures to the Saudi families affected with lynch syndrome. [2] .

In our study, we used a number of bioinformatics tools to predict the functions of HPs of C. trachomatis. A combination of latest protein family databases, pathway and genome databases are available to assign an appropriate function to HPs whose sequence is available. We also performed sub-cellular localization and signal peptide prediction.

After analysis of the proteome data of C. trachomatis strain D/ UW-3/Cx, it was found that~30 % (272) proteome is listed as conserved hypothetical protein (HP). Extensive analysis of all 272 HPs resulted in the putative function prediction of 60 HPs with high precision. We further categorized HPs on the basis of predicted functions as enzymes, transporters, binding proteins, biosynthesis proteins, type III secretion system effectors, and proteins with miscellaneous functions.

The outcome of this study will be helpful in studying the mechanism of pathogenesis of C. trachomatis to identify the potential drug targets, thus helping in the discovery of effective drug against the pathogen. [2] . Several transcription factors like GATA-1, NF-kB, AP1, Nrf2, STAT, Cox, C-Jun and Src and pathways like MAPK play significant role in melanoma development and prognosis [3, 4] . Discoveries of frequent mutations involving several transcription factors can make the pathway easier to understand, and can help in making therapies for their effective treatment.

These transcription factors are immediate and potential targets for treating cancers. This study elaborates the role of current list of transcription factors and signaling molecules in melanoma prognosis and treatment.

Plumbagin (PL) is derived from the root of Plumbago indica, has various medicinal properties and reported to induce the apoptosis by activating caspases [1] . Caspase-3 and Caspase-7 has been driving force behind execution of apoptosis. In vitro and In vivo studies has shown PL activating effect on caspases for inducing apoptosis [2] but the structural insight into the binding mechanism of PL mediated caspases actiation is not defined yet. Here, for the first time we have used In Silico studies using docking approach to reveal the molecular insight into the binding of PL with Caspase-3 and Caspase-7.

Docking calculations were carried out on Plumbagin from Plumbago indica protein model using AutoDock and Autogrid programs. Each docking experiment was derived from 100 different runs that were set to terminate after a maximum of 250000 energy evaluations. The population size was set to 150.

The study demonstrate binding mode of Plumbagin to caspase-3 and caspase-7 using docking and simulations analysis. Our results affirm the role of various important residues 251-SER, 252-PHE, 253-ASP, 256-PHE of caspase-3 and 159-ILE, 211-TYR, 213-ILE, 214-PRO, 221-PHE, 223-TYR, 292-VAL of caspase-7. We found very negative value for dock score and binding energy was also very close to well known inhibitors.

For the very first time we have shown the binding mechanism of Plumabgin to apoptosis executioner using In Silico approach. In this report we found that total number of four and seven critical residues of Caspase-3 and Caspase-7 respectively play very important role in binding to Plumbagin. The emerging of single cell genomics (SCGs) has revolutionized the OMICs scale approaches to target extremely small amounts of biomolecules at the single cell level. Such powerful screening advanced approach has permitted comprehensive analysis of molecular heterogeneity within tissues, and the development of pioneering applications in experimental, clinical and forensic applications [1] . Preimplantation Genetic Screening (PGS) for aneuploidy is one of the main SCGs clinical applications used as an adjunct in IVF clinics to select embryos prior their transfer. PGS is offered to patients with advanced maternal age, repeated implantation failure, recurrent pregnancy loss, and infertility [2, 3] . Given the limitation of starting material, single cell whole genome amplification (scWGA) is a crucial step in PGS that needs to be carefully optimized in order to get an amplified DNA with high affinity and reproducibility [4] . The aim of this study is to optimize PGS efficiency through the selection of the best scWGA among three commercial kits allowing thus an efficient detection of copy-number variations (CNVs) and translocations with high reproducibility.

Two scWGA kits based on multiple displacement amplification (MDA): REPLI-g® Single Cell (Qiagen) and Single Cell GenomiPhi DNA Amplification (GE Healthcare) were compared to the PCRbased SurePlex DNA Amplification System (Blue Genome) using a single white blood cell (WBC) from the same patient as a template and unamplified genomic DNA as a control (Fig. 25) . All three methods were compared using array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) to detect potential differences in amplification uniformity and/or errors, CNVs, and detection of structural aberrations larger than 10 Mbs.

All three scWGA methods provided satisfactory DNA yields when starting from single cell (≥3 μg). Following aCGH data analysis, selected scWGA methods had similar genome coverage and representativity compared to the unamplified reference (P > 0.05). Preliminary evidence showed better CNVs detection with SurePlex kit.

This study showed that SurePlex DNA Amplification System is more suitable for PGS to ensure a pregnancy-free disease but further validation using massively parallel sequencing (MPS) is needed. Since most scWGA have some imperfections, a better selection of the scWGA that fits best with both the clinical application and the target genomic variation is recommended.

In our previous report we tried to understand the mechanism of G1 cell cycle arrest upon stimulation of immature B-lymphocytes through B cell receptors in which gene expression and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis drew our attention that ZFP36 is an important hub among the various genes identified. Because it recruits various kinds of miRNAs (miRs) by binding itself at the 3′ AU-rich regions of various mRNA it is called as RNA Binding protein and miRNA recruiter [1] . In this study we decipher the ZFP36 recruited miRs regulating anti-IgM triggered Immature B cell G1 cell cycle arrest.

Materials and methods CH1 cell were used for study. Literature survey was carried out; we found the list of miRs involved in regulation of immature B cell cycle arrest [2] . So we employed the ZFP36 siRNA system from Santa cruz in anti-IgM triggered immature B cells followed by real-time analysis against listed miRs.

Our real-time analysis suggests that upon ZFP36 silencing in immature CH1 cells triggered with anti-IgM miR-34a which was down-regulated in normal BCR triggered CH-1 Cells, shows slight increase in expression at RNA level.

Our results suggest that in normal triggered CH1 cells ZFP36 leads to down regulation of miRs-34a may be downregulating some protein at RNA level which might be directly indirectly involved in regulation of miRs.

Microcephaly-capillary malformation syndrome (MIC-CAP syndrome; OMIM#614261) is an extremely rare disorder of the central nervous system disorder that is characterized by microcephaly, developmental delay, generalized cutaneous capillary malformation, and seizures. This syndrome has been reported in patients, both male and female, born to unrelated or consanguineous parents of various ethnicities, including Arabs. Exonic and intronic mutations (including missense mutations) in the STAM-binding protein (STAMBP) gene are well-established causes of this syndrome in dozens of patients. This gene encodes deubiquitinating isopeptidase, which has a key role in cell surface receptor-mediated endocytosis and sorting.

We present two affected male children from a consanguineous family having developmental delay and seizures. We performed exome sequencing on one of the siblings and both parents on the Illumina HiSeq 2500. Base calling was performed using CASAVA v1.8.2 and reads were mapped to the hg19 reference sequence using the BWAbacktrack algorithm from BWA v0.5.9. Variant calling was performed using GATK 1.1-28. Variants were classified into loss of functions and missense. The rare variants were defined as those at < 5 % frequency in 1000 Genomes, NHBLI Exome Sequencing Project, Exome Aggregation Consortium and one in-house databases.

In the proband, we found a homozygous missense single-nucleotide variant in exon 7 of the STAMBP gene. With Sanger sequencing, we found the same homozygous mutation in the affected sibling. Both parents are heterozygous at this position. The A > G substitution (c.A908G) results in an amino acid change of lysine to arginine (p.K303R). This exonic mutation (chr2:74077543:A:G) has not previously been reported in the STAMBP gene, therefore it constitutes a novel mutation, presumed to be disease-causing. We further interrogated the genome of one of siblings for copy number variation, using the Affymetrix CytoScan HD platform, and did not find any potentially pathogenic CNVs.

Our results showed a homozygous missense single-nucleotide variant in exon 7 of the STAMBP gene and no other phenotype-relevant mutations were found, we attribute the cause of the syndrome to the recessive mutations in STAMBP.

Epilepsy is genetically complex disorder affecting 1 % population of people of the world irrespective of their age, groups and fluctuating in its type and severity. Now a day's high throughput sequencing such as DNA array-based studies have reported relevant copy number variations (CNVs) in 5-30 % of patients with epilepsy. These CNVs in epileptic patients is always remaining a challenge to find the causative genes for epilepsy in the population.

In this study to observe novel CNVs deletion and duplication in the patients with epilepsy we investigated 40 patients with numerous patterns of seizures with epilepsy, minor dysmorphism and intellectual disability (ID). We used the high density whole genome Agilent sure print G3 Hmn CGH 2x 400 K array-CGH chips to find these variations. Our outcomes showed many novel CNVs including the deletions and duplications along with deletion plus duplication in the patients on different chromosomal regions. Duplications were detected in the chromosomal regions 2q13, 5p14.3, 6q23.2, 7p15. 2, 19p12 .13 respectively and deletions were observed in the chromosomal regions 1q29, 5p14.3, 6p25.3, 7q32.3, 14q11.2 and 19p13.13 respectively. Furthermore, duplication plus deletions were observed in 3q12.3, 5p14. 3, 19p13 .13. We found several genes related to ion channel and genes involved in neuron differentiation, so that the frequently occurring seizures may be due to loss or haploinsufficiency of one or more of these genes. Moreover, the array CGH results were also validated by using primer design of deleted regions utilizing the flanked SNPs using simple PCR and also by using real time PCR.

In our study we found some of the novel deletions and duplication for the first time in Saudi population. A large proportion of our patients showed at least one rare copy number variant. Our results suggest unless there is a strong indication for a specific monogenic syndrome otherwise the array-CGH should be considered as a first line of genetic test for epilepsy. The use of advanced technologies to identify novel mechanisms for fundamental epileptic disorder may help to recover the clinical management of the patients in lowering the load of epilepsy in the Saudi population.

Antibodies naturally exist as part of the specific immune system and their main function is to detect foreign substances and target them for elimination.CD44 (HCAM) (homing cell adhesion molecule) antibody is a multifunctional class I transmembrane glycoprotein (80 kDa) present on T lymphocytes, granulocytes, red blood cells, brain, and epithelial cells. CD44 is expressed on malignant cells, as well as on cancer stem cells. Therefore, CD44 plays an essential role in tumour progression by helping in cancer invasion and metastasis (Jaggupilli and Elkord, 2012) .The aim of this study was to elucidate the prognostic impact of the cancer marker CD44 by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in colorectal cancer (CRC) and determine its value as potential biomarker of clinical outcome.

The expression of CD44 was evaluated by automated immunohistochemistry in 149 Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues of CRC. The expression profile of immunostaining was evaluated by objective method (index score) that considered both intensity and fraction/extension of expression pattern.

The expression of CD44 was predominantly membranous and /or cytoplasmic (Fig. 26) . Immunostaining results showed that there was no association between CD44 immunoexpression and age, gender and grade of the tumour, however it was found to have a significant association with tumour location (p = 0.039) and tumour stage (p = 0.007). In univariate analysis, there was no correlation between CD44 expression patterns and disease-free survival (DFS). However, there was a significant correlation, with disease-specific survival (DSS), in that patients with CD44 low expression patterns tumours have longer survival outcome (p <0.03).

Our study primarily showed that CD44 expression profile has a potential prognostic value in CRC; however, larger cohort with complete follow up data, in addition to deep functional molecular work is highly recommended in order to assess the correlation between CD44 and CRC carcinogenesis and progression.

Association of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene G894T polymorphism with hypertension risk and complications Abeer A Al-refai 1, 4 

Hypertensive patients had significantly increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.001), lipid profile (P < 0.001), fasting blood glucose, 2 h-PPG (P < 0.001) and smoking status (P = 0.01) as compared to control. No significant difference between the 2 participants groups regarding genotypic distribution of (G894T) SNP (P > 0.05). However, the combination of (GT + TT) eNOS genotype and T allele significantly increase the risk of hypertension (OR = 3. The accurate determination of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has received immense attention, particularly in genomewide association studies (GWAS). Although enormous SNPs were identified, only the ones that are known to cause diseases are considered to investigate the genetic predisposition to complex diseases such as diabetes. However, it is conceptually known that allele with low frequency might have genetic effects influencing diabetic phenotypic traits. Therefore, we address the importance of detecting the allele and genotype frequency and eventually examine the common genetic variants that are significantly associated with diabetic traits. The study aimed to screen a spectrum of SNPs in a one single run taking advantage of the large-scale genotyping technology.

Selected genetic loci that are located on chromosome 16, and previously known to be associated with diabetes and obesity were screened utilizing the availability of Taqman Genotyping Open Array plate. The frequency was estimated for each individual allele and genotype in the total sample population.

Data have shown the presence of uncommon and rare SNPs variants in VKORC1 gene.

Identifying SNPs-related diabetes is a very challenging approach creating a clinical debate whether these variants have a meaningful value in predicting diabetes risk. Further study has to be conducted to assess the implication extent of the genetic variations in the development of the disease. The complete genome of the reference Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) strain K-10 has been sequenced [1] . This has provided us with many opportunities to study the interaction of many putative virulence genes with its hosts and the environment. Recently, through an in silico analysis of a putative virulence factor (MAP1138c), it was postulated that since MAP1138c share a sequential, structural and functional homology with Rv1141c (LprG) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis it can possibly play a role in the escaping the cellmediated immune response within host macrophages in paratuberculosis infection [2] . Therefore, considering this fact the in vitro characterization of the putative ORF MAP1138c is useful in understanding nature of the protein and its role in the virulence of MAP in ruminants.

In this study, we have cloned, purified MAP1138c and have performed protein toxicity assays and ELISA to detect the presence of MAP1138c in MAP infected sheep serum. Data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 5 software. ELISA data were compared using a nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test on O.D values at 490 nm. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05.

MAP1138c was cloned, purified and confirmed using western blot. The purified MAP1138c protein was used to perform immunoassay and toxicity assay to work out a possible functional role for the putative MAP1138c protein. From our analyses, it appears that MAP1138c plays a role in infection of MAP in sheep.

Despite the conserved nature of this protein, a significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed in serum antibody levels between control animals (N = 10) and infected sheep's (N = 20) serum for MAP1138c (Fig. 28) . The toxic nature of MAP1138c was also established as the presence and expression of protein were negligible in pRSETA-MAP1138c expression vector while contrary results were obtained using pET28a-MAP1138c expression vector system (Table 17) .

These studies reveal the possible role of MAP1138c protein in virulence and pathogenesis of MAP. Further, biochemical and functional studies of MAP1138c protein will surely enhance our understanding of the role of MAP1138c protein in the pathogenesis of MAP in ruminants and humans. 

Cancer is one of the leading cause of deaths worldwide, and there has been an increase in the development of multidrug resistance to cancer [1] . Micro RNAs (miRs) are small 21-25 nucleotides long single stranded molecules that interact with their complementary sequences and regulate the different genes [2] . MiR-137 is overexpressed in mammogenesis during embryonic development and significant overexpression of miR137 in MDA-MB231 breast cancer cell line inhibited breast cancer formation in nude mice [3] . We aim to identify the pathways and mechanisms influenced by miR137 in breast cancer using in vitro and in silico studies.

Human breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF-7) were seeded in a 24 well plate (2 × 10 4 /well) and allowed to attach overnight. The cells were transfected with miR137 at 30nM and 100nM concentrations using lipofectamine 2000 © according to the manufacturer's protocol. Following culture of transfected MCF-7 cells for 48 h, any changes in their morphology (Phase microscopy), cell proliferation (MTT assay), cell cycle and apoptosis (AnnexinV-FITC and PI staining using FACS) were studied. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA, Ingenuity Systems, Qiagen, USA) was utilized to determine miR137 targets and pathways in human breast cancer.

Results MCF-7 cells treated with 100nM miR137 revealed cell shrinkage and cell death (Fig. 29a) . MTT results showed inhibition of cell proliferation by 20.70 % compared to control and this decrease was statistically significant (Fig. 29b) . AnnexinV-FITC and PI staining showed high percentage (72.8 %) of cells in the pre-apoptotic phase and low percentage (12.4 %) in late-apoptotic stage (Fig. 29c) . Cell cycle analysis also showed 'S' phase arrest and increase in sub G1-phase (15.20 %) indicative of apoptosis compared to control (Fig. 29d) . The IPA analysis for miR137 in breast cancer revealed several target proteins and pathways that are implicated in breast cancer pathogenesis (Fig. 29e) .

Conclusions miR137 demonstrated inhibition of MCF-7 cells in vitro and induced mophological changes leading to cell death via an apoptotic mechanism. In silico analysis identified several key proteins which are involved in breast cancer pathogenesis in addition to the most commonly involved HER-2 signaling and stathmin regulated pathways. IPA analysis thus provides additional insights to explore novel therapeutics. Prognosis of breast cancer (BC) is mainly based on the tumor staging system and other traditional/conventional clinico-pathological features; however, staging system alone is in adequate in predicting the outcome of patients within same stage. Moreover, early stage BC patients, who subjected to surgery, have a tendency of recurrence within upcoming 10 years of follow up time. Therefore, searching for molecular markers that could help in prognosticating patients within same stage is of high priority in BC research. In this study, we evaluated the expression patterns of AURKA gene, a cell cycle regulator, which has tumorigenic activity, and verify its prognostic value. ,

The retrospective study cohort consists of 137 female breast primary invasive ductal carcinoma samples and 2 non-cancerous tissues representing normal. The patients were diagnosed at the Department of Pathology, King Abdulaziz University and Bakhash Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia during years from 2000 to 2008. RNA extraction was carried out using an RNeasy FFPE Kit and was transcripted by using Sensiscript reverse transcription kit from Qiagen.

In our study, 70 % of the breast cancer patients had shown over expression in AURKA genes for tumor samples versus benign samples. We found also the significant correlation between AURKA and recurrence rate (p < 0.009). AURKA gene is also over expressed in patients with high reoccurrence score (RS).

Our study showed that AURKA gene is highly expressed in tumors vs. benign cases and significantly associated with disease recurrence. These preliminary data confirmed that high AURKA gene expression patterns might be helpful in selecting a group of patients of early stage BC who have high recurrence rate in order to be subjected to adjuvant therapy.

The potential of immunogenomics in personalized healthcare Immunogenomics is an expanding field which will allow expanding basic knowledge about the contribution of the genomic immunology and its interaction with the environment including the microbiome of both human health and disease [1] . It helps us to understand the immune mechanisms in both health and disease and provides critical clues to foster the medical transition towards precision medicine through the provision of individualized diagnostics and therapeutics [2, 3] . In this study, we provide an overview of the recent developments in Immunogenomics and their potent role to develop novel preventive and therapeutic strategies for the wellbeing of humans.

High throughput data, obtained from individual patients, using advanced technological platforms such as microarrays, next generation sequencing (NGS) methodologies were examined using freewares like R and commercial platforms like Genespring GX13.1 (Agilent, USA), Partek Genomics Suite (Partek Inc., USA), JMP Genomics Software (SAS, USA) etc., The differential expression patterns of immune genes has been analysed using the Database for Annotation and Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID), and commercial knowledge bases like Pathway Analysis (IPA) (Ingenuity Systems, Qiagen USA), Pathway Studio (Elsevier, Netherlands) etc., to decipher biomarkers and novel immune-regulatory pathways.

The screening of available high throughput data and further analysis of molecular using computational and comparative genomics tools provide us key biomarkers and/or pathways driving human immunogenomic behaviour at both physiological and pathological contexts.

Immunogenomics is, thus, an expanding field that offers unprecedented opportunities for better understanding of the intricate mechanisms of disease regulation and progression using genomics of the immune system. Therefore, precise prediction of susceptibility, early and accurate diagnosis using immunogenomic methodologies can be done frequently to improve personalized healthcare in the near future.

In Silico physiochemical and structural characterization of a putative ORF MAP0591 and its implication in the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in ruminants and humans Background Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is an intracellular pathogen of ruminants and humans [1] [2] . However, the identification of virulence factors of these diseases and their mode of action in causing pathogenesis in human and ruminant are still partly understood. In this regard, identifying the role of the "two-component systems" in the pathogenesis and survival of MAP within host cells; considering the fact that it plays a role in the establishment and propagation of tuberculosis infection in humans [3] .

Therefore, a comprehensive sequential, structural and functional comparative study between phoP a response regulatory component of the "two-component regulatory system" of Mtb and its ortholog in MAP genome was conducted using computational tools namely EggNOG, ProtScan, ProtPram, Hydropathy plot, and PSIPRED. Swiss-model server was used to build the three-dimensional structure of an MAP0591 protein using the crystal structure of the Rv0757 protein as a template. The quality and reliability of generated model were evaluated using QMEAN and GMQE structure assessment tools of SWISS-MODEL server.

EggNOG analysis showed that the MAP0591 protein of MAP is an ortholog of PhoP (Rv0757) protein of Mtb and shares sequential homology of 97.12 %. Further sequential analysis displayed that MAP0591 protein has a signal receiver domain and winged helix-turn-helix DNA binding domain suggesting its role in signal transduction and gene regulation. The ProtPram analysis shows similarity in various physical and chemical parameters between MAP0591 and Rv0757 proteins (Table 18 ). The hydropathy plot of MAP0591 and Rv0757 proteins showed strong negative peaks indicating the presence of high antigenic region along the protein sequence. Comparative PSIPRED analysis of MAP0591 with Rv0757 protein reveals a similarity of secondary structure between the two proteins. The predicted three-dimensional model of MAP0591 protein (Fig. 30 ) was found to be reliable using QMEAN and GMQE global structural evaluation tools of Swiss-model server.

Autologus stem cell transplantation for articular cartilage repair appears promising. However, increase or decrease in temperatures as associated with the use of arthroscope or laser drilling during stem cell based cartilage repair procedures may have detrimental effects on the transplanted stem cells [1] . In the present study, we attempt to evaluate the effect of heat shock on human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs) in relation to its proliferation and survival.

Primary cultures of hBM-MSCs were established and characterized. Early passages of hBM-MSCs (1x10 5 cells) were exposed to different tempaeratures (37°C, 40°C, 50°C, 55°C) and duration (30s, 60s, 90s, 120 s) either as cell pellet or as cell suspensions. Following heat shock the hBM-MSCs were cultured under standard culture conditions for 24 hrs and changes in morphology (Phase-contrast imaging), cell proliferation (MTT assay), cell cycle (PI staining) and appoptosis (AnnexinV-FITC and PI) were studied.

Exposure to heat shock affected the cellular functions which was more pronounced in the suspension cells than pelleted cells. Cell death were observed in both groups at eleveated temperatures (50°C, 55°C) and longer durations (90s, 120 s) (Fig. 31a) . There was an overall inhibition of cell proliferation in both cell suspension and cell pellet groups at 24 h (Fig. 31b) . However, there was nearly 50 % decrease in inhbition in the cell suspension group compared to the cell pellet group at higher temperatures and duration studied (Fig. 31b ). There were no changes in either the cell cycle or apoptosis (Fig. 31c) between the two groups.

Cell pellet have better proliferation and survival compared to cell suspension in response to heat shock. The observed cell death may be due to predominantly necrosis although current results wre negative for apoptois this cannot be ruled out. Further studies on differential expression of genes related to cell death, heat shock proteins are currently being pursued to ascertain the underlying mechanisms. Background Resveratrol (RSV) is a phytoalexin produced by plants in environmental stress or pathogenic bout [1] . Phytoalexins offer resistance against an array of infectious agents in plants [1, 2] . RSV has earlier been shown to possess anti-inflammatory effects using in vitro and in vivo model systems [3, 4] . Mast cells are innate immune cells that play a pivotal role in the regulation of allergy, allergic rhinitis, anaphylaxis, atopic dermatitis, asthma and other related disorders [5] . In our present study, we specifically dissect the effect of RSV in mast cell mediated signaling process using in silico approaches.

The list of target molecules for RSV was obtained using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software (Ingenuity Systems, Qiagen, USA). The RSV target genes were further clarified using Fisher's Exact Test and Benjamini Hochberg Multiple Testing Correction (P < 0.05) and subjected to core analysis using IPA to decipher proteins implicated in mast cell signaling. In order to understand the binding efficiencies of RSV with proteins implicated in mast cell signaling, computational docking software named CLC Drug Discovery Workbench version 2.5 (CLC Bio, Qiagen, USA) was used.

Ingenuity knowledge base showed that RSV potently regulates proteins involved in the mast cell signaling pathway such as GRB2, GAB, PI3K, PTPN 11, PKC, JNK, and p38 MAPK (Fig. 32a) . These intracellular proteins specifically control the Fc epsilon mediated mast cell signaling in allergic responses. Furthermore, the in silico docking approach (Fig. 32b) showed that RSV significantly interacts and binds strongly (Docking Score Range: -4 to -16 Kcal/mol) with GRB2, GAB, PTPN 11, PKC, PI3K, JNK and p38 MAPK (Table 19) .

Our in silico study reiterates the importance of mast cell mediated signaling in innate immune responses. The inhibition of proteins involved in Fc epsilon signalling by RSV is essential for the attenuation of transcription of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in mast cells and could lead to the reduction of allergic responses. However, further in vitro studies in human cord blood derived mast cells (hCBMCs) are required to precisely translate the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of RSV. Background Airborne particulate matter (PM) less than 2.5 μm are classified as 'fine particles' while those above are classified as 'coarse particles'. Fine and coarse PM comprise organic and inorganic substances and both carry inhalational hazard. Suspended PM include but not limited to dust, smoke, and liquid droplets which can cause adverse health effects in humans especially those related to the respiratory and circulatory systems [1] . PM collected from Jeddah increased expression of genes associated with the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis both in vitro [1] and in vivo [2] . The objective of this study is to assess the in vitro effects of PM on bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) proliferation, death and gene expression profiling.

Dust were collected on Polypropylene filters and immersed in an aqueous/ alcohol extraction followed by sonication. Particles were then lyophilized, weighed and stored at -80°C. Human BM-MSCs were derived from bone marrow aspirates obtained following Institutional Ethical Committee approval [11-557/KAU]. BM-MSCs cells were plated at a seeding density of 2 × 10 4 cells/well in a 24 well plate and exposed to two different sizes of PM (2.5 μm and 10 μm) at five different concentrations (15, 25, 20, 150 and 300 μg/mL). Cell morphology and cell proliferation (MTT assay) were carried out.

Primary cultures of BM-MSCs demonstrated their characteristic spindle shaped morphology (Fig. 33a) . Treatment with PM (2.5 μm and 10 μm) at varying concentrations (15, 25, 50, 150 and 300 μg/mL) led to morphological changes which resulted in death of BM-MSCs at higher concentrations (50, 150 and 300 μg/mL) (Fig. 33b, c) . Concentration dependent inhibition of BM-MSCs proliferation (MTT assay) were also observed. Mean maximal decreases in proliferations were 19.35 % (150 μg, 24 h) and 28.49 % (300 μg, 24 h) for PM2.5 μm respectively (Fig. 33d) . Mean maximal decreases in proliferations were 23.71 % (50 μg, 48 h), 31.73 % (150 μg, 72 h) and 38.46 % (300 μg, 72 h) for PM10μm respectively (Fig. 33e) .

Particulate matter at concentrations of 2.5 μm and 10 μm inhibit BM-MSCs proliferation in vitro leading to cell death. The actual mechanism that caused BM-MSCs cell death in the present study needs further investigations. The identification of charge clusters (runs of charged residues) in proteins and their mapping within the sequence is an important step toward a comprehensive analysis of how these particular motifs mediate, via electrostatic interactions, various molecular processes such as protein sorting, translocation, docking, orientation and binding to DNA and to other proteins. Few algorithms that specifically identify these charge clusters have been designed and described in the literature [1] . In this study, 197 distinctive human viral proteomes were screened for the occurrence of charge clusters (CC) using a new computational tool. Results 373 CC have been identified within the 2549 viral protein sequences screened. The number of protein sequences that are CC-free is 2176 (85.3 %) while 150 and 180 proteins contained positive charge (PCC) and negative charge clusters (NCC), respectively. The NCCs (211 detected) were more prevalent than PCC (162). PCC-containing proteins are significantly longer than those having NCCs (p = 2. 10 16 ). The most prevalent virus families having PCC and NCC were Herpesviridae followed by Papillomaviridae. However, the single-strand RNA group has on average three times more NCC than PCC. According to the functional domain classification, a significant difference in distribution was observed between PCC and NCC (p = 2. 10 -8 ) with the occurrence of NCCs being more frequent in C-terminal region while PCC more often fall within functional domains. Only 29 proteins sequences contained both NCC and PCC. Moreover, 101 NCC were conserved in 84 proteins while only 62 PCC were conserved in 60 protein sequences. To understand the mechanism by which the membrane translocation functionalities are embedded in viral proteins, we screened our PCC for sequences corresponding to cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) using two online databases: CellPPd and CPPpred. We found that all our PCCs, having length varying from 7 to 30 amino-acids were predicted as CPPs. Experimental validation is needed to improve our understanding of the role of PCCs in viral infection process.

Screening distinctive cluster charges in viral proteomes suggested a functional role of these protein regions and might provide potential clues to improve the current understanding of viral diseases.

Arthritic diseases are major causes of disability in the elderly population throughout the world, including the Middle East and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease of the synovial joint, where matrix metalloproteinases, inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species orchestrate the cartilage degradation process [1] . As early detection and intervention have better prognosis it is important to identify the expressed biomarkers at various stages of OA. Use of experimental model systems to assay such biomarkers will greatly aid in understanding their role in diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic management of OA.

Screening for biomarkers in OA was done using nomenclature of signalling molecules and pathways involved in cartilage formation and degradation using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) knowledgebase (Ingenuity Systems, Qiagen, USA). Target molecules identified by IPA were further analyzed using Fisher's Exact Test (P < 0.05) and subjected to core analysis to understand the diseases and biological functions. Human cartilage and synovial fluid were collected following ethical approval . Primary cell cultures of synovial fluid MSCs (SF-MSCs) from normal and OA patients were established and characterized. Pharmacologicals/ nutraceutics that are known to influence OA will be evaluated at different concentrations on both SF-MSCs and cartilage explants and proteomic analysis performed. Results SF-MSCs demonstrated characteristic fibroblastic morphology and these cells were positive for the MSC related CD markers (Fig. 34a, b) . SF-MSCs showed slow growth and cell proliferation; and inflammatory related genes (TNF, IL6) were increased in OA (Fig. 34c) . Secreted proteins will be analyzed using proteomic depicted workflow (Fig. 34d) . IPA analysis core analysis identified predominant molecules (~200) associated with connective tissue disorders, inflammatory diseases and skeletal/muscular disorders (Fig. 34e) . These potential targets/biomarkers will be evaluated using primary cultures and explant in vitro models.

In vitro explant and primary cell cultures from controls and OA patients are excellent models for proteomics analysis and IPA prediction analysis enables identification of biomarkers that have diagnostic and prognostic value. Combination of biological and systems analysis helps to identify important molecules of interest for analysis in a cost effect manner.

An inhibitory neuronal transmission is chiefly mediated through γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) via GABA A receptors (GABA A Rs). The GABA A Rs are heteropentameric chloride channel receptors, expressed in neurons, and their deficiency could lead to epilepsy. Therefore, the GABA A Rs might be considered as the primary targets against epilepsy. Several antiepileptic drugs, natural, and synthetic compounds have been shown to enhance the GABA A Rs action and reduce epileptic seizures [1, 2] . Hence, the objective of present the study is to find out potential binding ligands with anti-epileptic properties against the active sites of GABA A R subunit γ-2.

Homology model of GABA A R subunit γ-2 has been built, and the docking studies were carried out to deduce the possible binding ligands with anti-epileptic properties against GABA A R subunit γ-2. For this purpose, four different plant derived compounds, such as Chrysin, Rutin, Montanine, and Vitexin, were selected. Their quantitative structure-activity relationships have been investigated to find the inhibitory activity of these four compounds.

Our results have shown a maximum docking score for Chrysin 

We can conclude that Chrysin could be the best-fit ligand for GABA A R subunit γ-2 and might be considered as an alternate treatment for epileptic patients. However, both in vitro, and in vivo studies are necessary for further characterization and validation to design effective anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) in the near future.

Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women worldwide. It ranks first amongst cancer in Saudi females with an incidence of 19.8 % [1] . Few studies have shown that the knowledge, awareness, and protective measures against this disease are very low in Saudi females [1, 2, 3] . Objective of this study was to assess the level of awareness, knowledge, and practices of breast cancer among Saudi females living in Jeddah.

This study was conducted through a self-administered 25questions regarding the level of awareness, knowledge, and practices about breast cancer. 200 females participated in this survey. Questionnaires were distributed hand-by-hand and through the creation of an online survey.

Most of the contributors (76 %) were below 40 years, married (92.5 %) or ever married (5.4 %). 64.8 % participants have three or more children, and 9.4 % were without any children. 81.5 % females have regular menstruation, 3.5 % with stopped menstruation, 38 % faced abortion in their life, and 46.5 % have used pills as contraceptives. 82.5 % got information about breast cancer through health professionals, 52.5 % through friends/neighbors, 58.5 % through electronic media, and 61.5 % through print media. 18 % has reported a positive family history of breast cancer, 78.6 % know about the incidence of breast mass, 73 % know about an increase in the neighboring lymph nodes, 68.5 % know about blood discharge from nipple, 66.3 % know about the breast pain, and 43 % know about the nipple retraction. 42.1 % were aware of the effect of hormonal replacement therapy, 56 % know the smoking affect, 43.5 % do not know about breast selfexamination (BSE), 26.0 % aware of the procedure but never go for it, and 13.5 % have applied it. Moreover, 80 % never go to the health professionals for breast examination, and 84 % do not know about mammography.

The study showed an inadequate knowledge about breast cancer among Saudi females. This study could help to increase the awareness and knowledge of breast cancer in the Saudi society. However, extensive public awareness programs, campaigns, and seminars will be required to significantly reduce the socio-economic burden of this disease in KSA. 

The results showed that SES significantly lowered the progression of diabetic retinal injury by: 1) decreasing blood glucose level, 2) suppressing microglia activation, 3) reducing retinal inflammatory mediators TNF-α and ICAM-1 levels and 4) quenching iNOS expression.

In conclusion, our results suggested that SES could be of therapeutic benefit in slowing the progression of DR by ameliorating hyperglycemia and inflammation in diabetic retina.

Identification of drug lead molecule against vp35 protein of Background Current global scenario faced with an infectious disease crisis, which has been anticipated for decades. The fatal filoviruses, Ebola and Marburg is one of the utmost virulent pathogens, which causes adverse viral hemorrhagic fever in humans and non-human primates and has higher fatality rates up to 90 % have been reported [1] . There are no approved vaccine or therapeutics described to counter filovirus infection. Mortality after their infection is the result of severe bleeding and multi-organ failure. The genome of Ebola virus (EBOV) encodes a single polypeptide with enzymatic activity, viral large (L) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase protein. Presently, with fewer evidence is added about the L protein due to which it hindered the development of antivirals. Viral protein 35 (VP35) is capable of copping dsRNA and plays important roles in viral replication, pathogenesis and innate immune response. Therefore, antifiloviral therapeutic efforts must comprise added targets for the development of vaccines to counter their infection [2, 3] . In the current study, structure-based in silico screening method can be used to recognize and characterize the small molecules targeting the binding pocket within VP35 glycoprotein.

Proteins selected for the present study are VP35 glycoprotein PDB ID: 3FKE (Fig. 36) , whose 3D structure was acquired from PDB [http:// www.rcsb.org/pdb/] with resolution range 1.40 Ǻ. Antiviral compounds used for virtual screening were taken from PubChem database. The active site residues in the target proteins were determined by using CastP. Ligand preparation was done using Discovery studio software and their binding affinity with target components were analysed using Autodock 4.0.

Based on the binding affinity, we conclude that antiviral compound perfectly blends with and ALA-291, PRO-292 amino acid residues involved in this binding and their binding energy are -4.48 Kcal/mole. Results indicate that Idoxuridine can be used as best antiviral compounds against Ebola virus. The outcome helps and provides an early outline for the development of antifiloviral compounds against VP35 proteins.

Results indicate that Idoxuridine can be used as best antiviral compounds against Ebola virus. The outcome helps and offers an early framework for the development of antifiloviral compounds against VP35 proteins.

An approach to personalized medicine from SNP-calling through disease analysis using whole exome-sequencing of three sub-continental populations Iftikhar A Tayubi The protein coding genes consist only approx 1 % of the human genome, which anchorage 85 % of the mutations with large effects on disease-related traits. The effective approaches for the selective sequencing of completely coding regions, or "whole exome" have a possible contribution to the understanding human diseases [1] . Exome-sequencing is a cost-effective and innovative tools for dissecting the genetic basis of diseases [2] . These progresses have also set the stage for applying exome-and whole-genome sequencing to simplify clinical diagnosis and personalized medicine. Here we have performed SNP, INDEL profiling and deduce their functional role by using whole exome-sequencing of a wide range of Human populations from HapMap projects.

The Data set were acquired from NCBI Short Reads under ID SRP004054.There are total 93 exomes data available from African and American populations sequenced under HapMap project.The 22 samples (9 exome samples from Asian, 6 exome samples from American and 5 exome samples from African population) were considered for the computational study. Genes containing the novel variations were determined via Genome analysis Toolkit [3] .

Around 15410 genes exhibited novel variants across the sample groups originating from the three populations, primarily from Asian, African and American ethnicity (Fig. 37) , 425 novel SNPs and 264 novel INDELS were determined across the three populations (Table 20) . Further, 20,037 variants were observed in the nucleus region, whereas 22,154 genomic variants were found in the cytoplasm region. Genomic variants are responsible for the individual differences and hence the novel variants determined via the study will help in understanding their impact on biological processes.

The calling resulted in 105,050 novel variants across the three populations. The novel variants determined via the computational analysis is significant for decoding the interference and role of the SNPs and INDELs on the genes and their related biological functions.

An important parameter for human genetic variation is known to be natural selection. Natural selection is a theory that states that individuals with certain genotypes best adapted to live in an area are more likely than other individuals to survive and reproduce. Natural selection is however interlinked to genetic drift and gene flow. Interplay amongst these influences evolution in natural populations. Directional selection leads to increase over time in the frequency of a favoured allele. Previous reports suggest that G6PD-deficient alleles show some signatures of selection. Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is the most common enzyme deficiency of human erythrocyte which affects more than 400 million people worldwide. Previous studies have reported prevalence of G6PD deficiency ranging from 0 % to 27 % amongst various castes, ethnic and linguistic groups in India. Although few studies have reported the prevalence of G6PD deficiency in populations of Gujarat these studies are limited to specific castes and regions of Gujarat. There is no Congenital heart diseases (CHDs) represent a major category of world-wide birth defects. We had searched MEDLINE databases, clinical-science journals and reports from the earlier reviews. We used the search term "Congenital heart diseases", "Saudi Arabia", "Down syndrome", "Molecular genetics".

CHDs were reported in about 6-13 per 1000 live births and implicated in increased incidence of early childhood mortality. CHDs represent one of the most important health problems in Saudi Arabia. CHDs occur in about 50 % of neonates born with Down Syndrome (DS) and almost 40 % of the DS children who survive. Increased incidence of CHDs in children with DS in certain populations has been reported to be associated with widespread consanguinity. Exploration of genes and molecular genetic pathways involved in heart development greatly helps to understand the genetic basis of CHDs. Genetic variations that have not been identified up-till now might contribute to this complex genetic disorder.

This study aims to highlight the importance of CHDs as a major health problem in Saudi Arabia and to emphasize the role of molecular genetics in the pathogenesis of CHDs in children with DS.

Combinatorial efficacy of specific pathway inhibitors in breast cancer cells Recently, the concept of oncogenic addiction has gained immense significance, wherein the cells excessively rely on particular pathways for malignancy and resistance [1] . Several single molecule inhibitors, affecting different aspects of neoplasticity, are rapidly entering clinical trials and being explored for their therapeutic relevance. However, from trials using single targeted agents, it is becoming evident that often single target agents are not sufficient and multiple components need to be targeted to disrupt the neoplastic pathways in cells [2] . The aim of this work was to study the effect of novel drug combinations targeting multiple members of signaling pathways in BC cell lines.

All small molecule inhibitors were purchased from Selleckchem (Munich, Germany). The cytotoxicites of individual drugs were assessed using Cell Titer Blue assay (Promega) on MCF-7 cells in quadruplicates. Fluorescence was measured on SpectraMax i3 MiniMax 300. The IC 50 values for each drug was determined using Graphpad Prism 6. Two drugs combination experiments were perfomed at IC 50 value for each drug with dose ranges above and below IC 50 as described by Chou and Talalay [3] . Combination Index (CI) values were calculated using compusyn software. CI = 1 indicates additive effect, CI < 1 indicates synergism, CI > 1 indicates antagonism.

Here we report the observation of additive, but not synergistic effect on combination of curcumin, a BCL2 inhibitor and PP242, an active site mTOR inhibitor with CI of 1.06 (ED75), 1.00 (ED90) and 0.97138 (ED95 In cancer, oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes lose or gain vital functions leading to the aberrant expression of oncogenic pathways and malignant transformation. The treatment of cancer is extremely difficult due to inherent complexity of the disease as well as limitations of current chemotherapy and target-based anticancer drugs in terms of toxicity and resistance development. Therefore, novel therapeutic approaches are required. MicroRNAs (miRNA) have emerged as master regulator of gene expression in cells. Their deregulation is associated with cancer initiation and progression. Downregulated miRNAs may be delivered to tumors in order to repair lost gene expression. In this review we highlight the specific role of miR-143 and miR-145 in various cancers and their downstream targets. We also critically evaluate them as possible RNA medicine for the treatment of cancer in the light of recent reports.

MicroRNAs regulate various cancer-specific processes including angiogenesis, invasion, migration, apoptosis, metastasis, and chemo-resistance. MicroRNAs can function as either tumor suppressors or oncogenes. The tumor suppressor miRNAs are usually down-regulated in cancer. The observation that certain miRNAs acting as tumor suppressors are downregulated in many cancer types has led to the concept of miRNA replacement therapy. The downregulation of miRNAs could be overcome by introducing exogenous synthetic oligonucleotides known as miRNA mimics to restore the lost gene regulatory network and signaling pathways. MiRNA mimics may be delivered to the cells by using modern advanced delivery techniques. Mir-143 and miR-145 encoding genes, located on chromosome 5 position 33 as a cluster, are co-transcribed to regulate a variety of cellular pathways. These two miRNAs have been reported to be regularly downregulated in many cancer types including breast, bladder, pancreatic, prostrate and colorectal cancer and act as tumor suppressor through inhibition of various downstream targets.

While there is a substantial amount of evidence that suggests a possible use of miR-143 and -145 for combination replacement therapy in cancers in which both miRNAs are downregulated but recent reports also have revealed that they can promote tumor growth by stimulating cell proliferation. Therefore, a cautious approach is required to use them as therapeutic intervention in cancer.

Metagenomic profile of gut microbiota during pregnancy in Saudi population Imran khan 1 , Muhammad Yasir 2 , Esam I. Azhar 2,3 , Sameera Al-basri 4 Background Pregnant women often suffer with gastrointestinal problems [1] and gut microbiota is one of the contributing factors [2] . The gut microbiota variate with geography, diet, gender and age [3] . Any aberration in the natural composition of gut microbiota can lead to obesity, high risk of infections, inflammation and miscarriages [2] . In this study, Illumine MiSeq deep sequencing was carried out to analyze gut microbiota composition and richness during pregnancy among Saudi females. Statistical, alpha and beta diversity analysis, were performed to identify pregnancy-induced changes in gut microbiota of local population.

Around 2.971 million filtered sequences were obtained that were coded for 17 bacterial phyla, 98 families, 230 genera and 454 different bacterial species. The phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteriodetes and Actinobacteria are dominating healthy Saudi women that substantially modulate during pregnancy. The phyla Firmicutes and Actinobacteria enriched with pregnancy whereas Bacteroidetes significantly decreased during second (p = 0.008) and thrid trimester (p = 0.037) (Fig. 38a) . The Prevotellaceae is the second most dominant family that significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced with pregnancy. Among the dominant species (density > 2 %), Prevotella copri significantly (p ≤ 0.01) decreased. The species Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Faecalibacterium sp. enriched with pregnancy. Additionally, third trimester significantly (p ≤ 0.05) enriched with Bacteroides vulgatus and Alistipes finegoldii (Fig. 39) . The statistical analysis indicated that species diversity significantly decreased in 1 st trimester (p = 0.01), second and third trimesters (p = 0.05) (Fig. 38b) .

Pregnancy significantly modulated gut microbiota structure and diversity. The dominant species remained constant with modulated richness among the groups.

Cancer is one of the major cause of death world-wide. Wide spectrum of anticarcinogenic agents exists including synthetic chemicals, natural compounds, small molecules and stem cells. Natural compounds have great appeal as they are both cost-effective and have less or no side effects. Camptothecin, cisplatin, quercetin and etoposide are some of the plant derived potential anticancer agents for cancer treatment [1] . Phoenix dactylifera L. (Date fruit) is claimed to have medical benefits such as hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, antioxidant, antiinflammatory and anticancer properties. These beneficial properties may be due to the presence of flavonoids, carotenoids, phytosterols, polyphenols, β-D-glucans, procyanidins and anthocyanidins [2] . We attempt to screen some of the important metabolites of date fruit using in silico analysis to identify potential targets which may develop into novel therapeutics.

Based on the literature search eight important compounds that are present in date fruits namely luteolin, β (1 → 3) D-glucan, apigenin, carotenoids, lutein, proanthocyanidins, stigmasterol were selected for exploration of molecular targets utilizing Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) (Ingenuity System, Qiagen, USA). Furthermore, we performed core analysis of the molecules (Fisher's Exact Test, P < 0.05) regulated by these compounds by IPA to decipher top canonical pathways, diseases and biological functions as well as toxicological functions. Results IPA analysis revealed targeted proteins and pathways related to cancer signaling (Fig. 40a) . Especially the luteolin, quercetin and β (1 → 3) Dglucan share common target and pathways controlling antioxidant system (SOD, CAT, glutathione and NOS), cell growth and differentiation (TGFβ, MAPK, ERK, AKT, PI3K & VEGF), apoptosis (bax, bcl2, p53, TNF-alfa, caspases) and metastasis (MMP1, 2, 9 & 13) (Fig. 40b, c) . Carotenoids and lutein mainly are involved with reactive oxygen species management. Proanthocyanidins are identified to target developmental, differentiation (MAPK, Jnk) and autophagy (ATG5, ATG7) related genes. Conclusions IPA analysis of important metabolites of date fruit targeted specifically the cell growth and differentiation pathways including the process of metastasis and apoptosis. Secondary metabolites of date fruit may thus have anticancer properties which need further validation using biological systems. Given the nutritional benefits of date fruits, their daily intake may additionally provide a prophylactic or synergistic effects against cancers. Background Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common rheumatic disease of the childhood with a high risk of disability in Egyptian children. JIA has many genetic factors affecting its pathogenesis including CD226 and CD40 genes. These genetic factors vary in different races proved by previous studies on European and Chinese populations. The association between JIA and CD226 and CD40 is yet to be evaluated in non-European populations including Egypt. So we studied the association of CD226 rs1883832 (-1C > T) and CD40 rs1883832 (-1C > T) gene polymorphism and disease susceptibility and severity of in an Egyptian cohort.

In this case control study we recruited 79 Egyptian children with JIA and 93 healthy controls. We studied CD226 rs763361 (C > T) using the tetra amplification refractory mutation system -polymerase chain reaction assay (ARMS-PCR) for detection of polymorphism while for CD40 rs1883832 (-1C > T) we used restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP).

The statistical results showed that the rs763361 (C > T) SNP in the CD226 gene is significantly associated with JIA group as regard to TT genotypes (p = 0.0001). The frequency of the T allele was significantly higher in JIA patients in comparison with the control group (p = 0.0001). Also this allele was significantly higher in patients with moderate and sever JIA when compared to controls (p = 0.003). This allele correlated to the disease severity (OR = 2.4). Study of CD40 rs1883832 (-1C > T) showed that the distribution of the C allele was significantly higher in JIA patients (p = 0.003). Also it was significantly higher in patients with moderate and sever JIA when compared to controls (p = 0.01).

These results demonstrate a genetic association between the CD226 and CD40 gene polymorphism and JIA with an impact on disease severity in an Egyptian cohort.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of multifactorial neurodevelopmental conditions resulting in mental disability. Estimated prevalence of ASD in Arab countries varies widely between 1.4 and 29 per 10,000 children. Early diagnosis and intervention, can substantially improve outcome and reduce demands within the health care system. Several studies reported a significant genetic background, with a certain risk for heritability, and a 4:1 male to female ratio.

Examination of study participants shall be conducted according to the criteria of the Diagnostic_ and Statistical_ Manual of Mental Disorders, (DSM-IV-TR). Furthermore, defined in-and exclusion criteria shall apply. Whole exome sequencing shall be performed on the Illumina next sequencing platform at the King Fahad Medical Research Center, including methodology for sample preparation and quality control assessment, and production sequencing. Informatics upstream data analysis and interpretation shall be employed at the The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.

This project has started to recruit study participants according to the criteria outlined above. Literature review identified a number of case-control studies on biomarkers in ASD patients from Saudi Arabia which may support interpretation of our anticipated results. We propose that application of whole exome sequencing shall not only lead to the identification of possible pathogenic impairments in known ASD-related genes as listed in the Autism Database, (AutDB http://autism.mindspec.org/autdb/Welcome. do), but shall also result in identification of suspected ASD-related genes and ASD-related biological networks and pathways. Furthermore, we attempt to unravel novel genes not yet known to be related to ASD but may have a regional prevalence. This study aims also to contribute to leverage the involvement of the Canadian project partners in the international Autism Sequencing Consortium, which aims to decode approximately 10,000 autistic genomes. Furthermore, a major component of this project is to transfer expertise in exome sequencing from the Canadian to our Jeddah facility. Alzheimer's disease (AD), is pathologically hallmarked by misfolding of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ); which favors conversion from a native, often soluble form, to a nonnative, often insoluble structure and subsequent aggregation [1, 2] . Myriad of different biophysical and structural techniques have been employed to elucidate the secondary structure, conformational dynamics, aggregation propensity and morphology of Aβ [3, 4] .

We adopted a reductionist strategy and co-crystallised central core fragment of Aβ (16-21) with phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ) and report the complex structure at 1.2 Å resolution (PDB id: 3JQL) determined by X-ray crystallography. The X-ray intensity data were collected on EMBL beamline X-11 at DESY, Hamburg with λ = 0.98 Å, using MAR CCD detector. The data were processed using the programs DENZO and SCALEPACK [5] . The crystals belong to space group P4 1 with unit cell parameters a = b = 42.0 Å, c = 64.1 Å containing four molecules in the unit cell. Good electron density for the peptide was observed at the active site of PLA 2.

All six residues of hexapeptide Lys-Leu-Val-Phe-Phe-Ala can be traced from their electron densities and positioned well in the substrate-binding hydrophobic channel of PLA 2 . Final R cryst and R free factors for the complete data in the resolution range of 20.0 -1.1 Å were 0.18 and 0.192 respectively. Significant interactions are observed involving Nζ of terminal lysine of the peptide with Asp49 Oδ1 and Tyr28 O of the active site and also with active site water molecule OW172 which in turn interacts with active site residues (Fig. 41) .

Our finding establishes possibility of interaction between Aβ and PLA 2 in vivo and sheds light on structure adopted by central hexapeptide. PLA 2 inhibits the aggregation of Aβ by interacting with the peptide and keeping the two peptide chains apart. The selected peptide includes a pentapeptide sequence necessary for Aβ-Aβ binding and aggregation and can form fibrils on its own indistinguishable from those formed by full-length Aβ and probably forms the core of the fibril. This may potentially aid in future therapeutic interventions for AD.

Meningiomas arise from the meningothelial cap cells of the arachnoidal membrane and have a predominance of about 70 % in females.

Hormones are regarded as a predisposition factor as a subset of meningiomas express hormone-receptors; however, the molecular mechanism underlying the female predominance are not thoroughly understood [1] . Materials and methods RNA isolation and array sample processing for Affymetrix HuGene 1.0 ST array hybridization has been described earlier [2] . Whole transcript expression profiles were generated from 10 female and four from male patients. A set of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was generated based on established criteria [2] . Bioinformatics software packages were utilized to interpret data sets.

Microarray expression analysis identified nearly 100 genes that were differentially expressed between meningiomas from female and male patients. More than 10 % of the DEGs were transcribed from the Y chromosome. Among the autosomal located genes that were higher expressed in meningiomas from females were rhotekin 2 (RTKN2), and neuritin 1 (NRN1) and that were lower expressed were fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10), mucin 12, cell surface associated (MUC12), Top upstream regulators include the inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor (ITPR) and (E)-2,3′,4,5′-tetramethoxystilbene. A top associated network function was entitled Post-Translational Modification, Cellular Development, Cellular Growth and Proliferation.

This microarray expression analysis identified a number genes and biofunctions which may provide molecular clues for the predominance of female meningioma patients. Candidate genes include, besides others, the critical RhoA effector RTKN2 and NRN1 that is known to be associated with astrocytoma progression [3] . Further studies have to assess the functional involvement of the identified genes as drivers of meningioma initiation and/or progression in female patients.

Neurospheres (NS) serves as a good in vitro model system to study neurodevelopmental alterations induced by neurotoxicants on fundamental processes of brain development [1] . The objective of this study was to investigate the proliferation, migration and differentiation patterns of neural stem cells within 3D neurospheres.

Normal human neural progenitor (NHNP) cells were derived from male and female abortuses (16 weeks) following ethical committee approval and cultured using DMEM:F12 media supplemented with B27, EGF (20 ng/ml), FGF (20 ng/ml). Free floating 3D-NS were generated from HNHP cells and cultured in the presence or absence of growth factors (GFs) for up to 44 days (Fig. 42a, b) . Effects of GFs withdrawal on 3D-NS was ascertained by studying the changes in (i) neurosphere diameter; (ii) proliferation following immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining with proliferation marker Ki67 using FACS; and (iii) cellular composition and localisation using IHC markers for nestin (neural stem cells, Tuj1 (neuronal cells) and GFAP (glial cells).

Upon withdrawal of GFs the diameter of 3D-NS increased for up to 7 days from 0.86 μM to 0.98 μM (Fig. 42c) . Thereafter, there was either shrinkage or increase by 12 % from its original size. In the presence of GFs, cell proliferation was mainly observed in the periphery of the sphere. IHC identified that nestin positive cells were restricted to the outer region of the 3D-NS, while Tuj1 and GFAP positive cells were localized in the inner region (Fig. 42d) . However, following withdrawal of GFs, cellular redistribution was evident as demonstrated by migration of the neuronal (Tuj1 + ve) and glial cells (GFAP + Ve) to the outer region ( Figure E ). Nestin positive cells at the outer region of 3D-NS decreased and appeared as a thin outer circle (Fig. 42e) . Conclusions 3D-NS represent self-organized and dynamic structures in which the migration, proliferation and differentiation of stem cells can be analysed. 3D-NS model thus serve as an excellent in vitro biological tool to study the brain developmental stages, cellular redistribution, the effect of various known neurotxicants and screening of new pharmacological agents. This will greatly help to understand scientific inquiries and development of novel therapeutics. 

Screening for the LDLR mutations was performed by exon sequencing analysis. We identified a recurrent missense mutation c.1731G > T, p.(W577C) in exon 12 of the Ldlr gene in the probands and their relatives in an apparently unrelated Saudi families. All the probands were homozygous for the mutation, which is located in the EGF-precursor homology domain of the LDLR protein, and show severe FH phenotype. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of a mutation in the Ldlr gene from the Arab population, including the Saudi population. We also describe a three dimensional homology model of LDLR structure and examine the consequence of the recurrent missense mutation p.(W577C), as this could affect the LDLR structure in a region involved in dimer formation, and protein stability.

This finding of a recurrent missense mutation causing FH in the Saudi population could serve to develop a rapid screening procedure for FH, and the 3D-structure analysis of the mutant LDLR, may provide a mechanistic model of the LDLR function. Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the digestive tract with extraintestinal manifestations and associated immune disorders. CD is generally classified into three entities depending on disease location: ileum, colon and ileocolon with or without complications (stricture, penetrating and perianally penetrating) [1] . The causes of inflammation are multiple implying a genetic susceptibility, a dysbiosis, autoimmune and environmental factors. To date there have been a genome-wide meta-analysis performed in CD patients leading to 71 susceptibility loci [2] . Our aim is to investigate the Crohn's disease phenotype in North Tunisian population and to establish a correlation with genotypes for CDassociated polymorphisms (IL23R, JAK2 and SMAD3).

The study included 91 patients with Crohn's disease composed of 47 males and 44 females. Mean age is 41 years (41.12 ± 14.71). The diagnosis of CD was determined by standard clinical, radiological, endoscopic and histological criteria. CD is located in the terminal ileum in 35 %, colon in 19 % and ileocolon in 46 %. More than half of patients (52 %) had a non-structuring non-penetrating phenotype, 19 % a structuring, 16 % a penetrating and 13 % perianally penetrating phenotype.

We are in the process of acquiring additional biological samples (blood, serum and biopsy) of the control group and of the patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis to investigate candidate genes polymorphisms and cytokine expression profiles. By our ongoing study we will be better able to treat CD by targeting specific cellular pathways at a molecular level.

Understanding the molecular mechanisms of action of drug candidates is pivotal in drug discovery and development [1, 2] . More importantly, knowing the toxicological functions can help in evaluating the risk of genotoxicity and carcinogenesis [1] [2] [3] . Besides, it can help in the rational screening for novel candidate compounds targeting canonical pathways and novel gene networks. In the present study, we investigate, 20 different drug candidates and environmental agents, for both efficacy and toxicity using cutting-edge in silico approaches.

In order to study the mechanisms of action of 20 different compounds important in both experimental therapeutics and molecular toxicology, we have used Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) knowledgebase (Ingenuity Systems, Qiagen, USA) to obtain their molecular targets in mammalian cells and tissues. The list of target molecules for each compound was further clarified using Fisher's Exact Test and Benjamini Hochberg Multiple Testing Correction (P < 0.05) and subjected to core analysis using IPA to decipher top canonical pathways, novel molecular networks, biological and toxicological functions regulated by these agents. Furthermore, we have used the multiple comparison module in IPA to compare all the core analyses results to generate hierarchical clusters (2-fold cut-off) for top canonical pathways, diseases and biological and toxicological functions.

We have identified unique toxicological effects, such as hepatotoxicity, cardiotoxicity and nephrotoxicity, for Arsenite, Etoposide, Ara-C, Camptothecin, and Cisplatin (Fig. 44a) . Furthermore, these compounds potently regulate cell death and apoptosis of tumor cell lines (Fig. 44b) . However, most of the compounds significantly regulate the Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer, P53 Signaling, Apoptosis Signaling, Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Signaling in mammalian systems (Fig. 44c) .

Our in silico study has deciphered an array of canonical pathways and novel gene networks regulated by anti-cancer drugs and environmental agents. Establishing the in silico-based characterization of known as well as novel compounds may provide novel cues for further investigations using in vitro and in vivo systems and helps in the effective design and development of drugs for the management of cancer and other debilitating diseases. Background Disorders of Sex Chromosomes (DSCs) includes all cases of X and/or Y structural abnormalities or mosaicism which are associated with ambiguity in sex determination [1] . They include mainly the sex chromosome aneuploidies (SCAs) which are common disorders affecting 1 out of 400 newborns [2] . This high incidence among population is associated to a low abortion rate (compared to autosomal aneuploidies) [3] and encompass a range of chromosomal abnormalities mainly Klinefelter's syndrome, Turner's syndrome, XYY or Jacob's syndrome and Triple X or Superwoman syndrome with an incidence range at birth from 1/500 to 1/2000 [2, 3] . These DSCs have direct impact on biological sex determination, embryonic development and require some medical, social and educational care [4] . In Saudi Arabia, a systematic screening for DSCs is not implemented yet and only referred cases receive this diagnostic service. The objective is to assess the prevalence of most common DSCs in a Genomic Diagnostic Unit in KSA, determine the characteristics of the target population, and provide recommendations toward more comprehensive and multidisciplinary care for patients with DSCs. This study was performed using blood samples from 2256 consent patients referred to DGMU at CEGMR for subsequent cytogenetic or molecular analyses.

Cytogenetic data analysis revealed an incidence of chromosomal abnormalities of 18.35 % among all cases referred to DGMU. Only 10.62 % of these affected subjects have DSCs. Half of these sex chromosome abnormalities were numerical, while the structural disorders and mosaicism were 18.18 % and 31.8 %, respectively. Turner's and Klinefelter's syndromes are the most common DSCs in our patient cohort (Fig. 45) . Surprisingly, only 25 % of the DSCs were infants (Table 22) indicating a serious delay of diagnosis.

We reported a high incidence of DSCs (10 %) in Saudi population with a late first diagnosis for these serious abnormalities mainly at adolescence and adulthood suggesting a lack of awareness in the Kingdom that need to be prioritized. This delay might have serious personal, educational, societal and psychological impacts on affected subjects. Therefore, implementation of a routine clinical service for newborn aneuploidy screening and a prevention program included in the premarital testing is highly recommended. In this study we evaluated the effect of co-inhibition of mTOR and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) in AML cell lines.

Cell viability was assessed using Cell-Titre Blue kit (Promega) as per manufacturer's protocol, after 48 hours of incubation with drug/s. Combination index (CI) values were calculated for synergism by CompuSyn software based on dose response curve analysis [2] . To determine the total apoptotic cells, cells were stained with Annexin V (BD bioscience) and analyzed on flow cytometer (BD FACS Aria III).

Inhibitor of mTOR WYE-354, and pan RTK inhibitor sunitinib synergistically inhibit acute myeloid leukemia cell lines K562 and HL60. CI values for K452 are; 0.792 (ED50), 0.661 (ED75) and 0.557 (ED90). According to median effect principle CI < 1 represents synergism, CI = 1 represent additive, whereas CI > 1 represent antagonsim. Combination of these inhibitors significantly induce apoptosis (p = 0.0009 for ED75 and <0.0001 for ED90) in comparison with individual inhibitor in leukemic cell lines.

In this study we report that combination of RTK inhibitors with mTOR inhibitors show synergistic inhibition of AML cell lines and therefore offers a promising approach to deal with AML. Background Genome wide association studies (GWAS) have become standanrd tool to identify disease-associated loci. GWAS use frequencies of single nucleotide variants (SNVs), to prioritize variants with the highest P-values that discriminate between cases and controls. However, not all SNVs occur at functionally equivalent positions, and it is important to consider the strength of functional importance of positions when prioritizing variants. We conducted a reanalysis of GWAS data by using the E-rank approach [1] that integrates evolutionary dimension into P-value in order to examine if additional bona-fide variant can be discovered.

We used data from an asthma GWAS of~550,000 SNVs (PMID: 20860503) [2] . For these variants, E-ranks and P-ranks were obtained from myPEG server. For the top 5000 E-rank variants, we obtained their replication which was reported to be significant in 45 sthma-related studies. This was done by querying the Genome-Wide Repository of Associations between SNPs and Phenotypes (GRASP v2.0) [3] . Written codes in "R" were used to compare E-rank and P-rank with replication and to estimate the genetic variance (GV) explained for each SNV according to this formula: GVi = 2 × log(ORi) 2 x MAFi (1-MAFi) [4] .

Of the top 5000 E-rank variants, 2926 were shared with the top 5000 P-rank variants. These shared variants were replicated in many studies, on average. Of the remaining, the average replication was 1.13 for E-ranks and 1.02 for P-ranks. We estimated the total heritability explained by increasing number of SNVs under an additive model and found that E-rank SNVs explain greater heritability than P-rank alleles (Wilcoxon test P < 10 -16 ) (Fig. 47) . Also, comparing E-rank and P-rank for the top replicated SNVs in multiple Asthma GWAS resulted in finding functionally missense SNVs that have improved average values of E-rank than P-rank (Table 23) .

Our results show the usefulness of evolutionary ranking method of SNPs as an aid to P-values in assessing and identifying the most replicated SNPs that are functionally important. Since Eranking approach requires the use of original full GWAS data and the MAF values, further efforts are needed to make them publically available. Background Frequency and/or type of mutations in genes encoding isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) vary between histological types of primary brain tumors. BRAF mutations in brain tumors have also been assessed in recent years [1] . We investigated the frequency of mutations in these genes in a series of primary brain tumors from the western Saudi Arabian region.

The series of primary brain tumors consisted in the majority of astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, glioblastoma multiformes (GBMs), and a variety of minor histological types. Genomic DNA extraction, PCR conditions and cycle sequence reactions basically followed our standard protocols [2] . Gene specific PCR primers were used to flank mutational hotspots regions in IDH1 exon 4, IDH2 exon 4, EGFR exons 3 and 7, and BRAF exon 15.

Sequence analysis identified IDH1 R132H mutations in six of 40 (20 %) assessed brain tumors, namely in two oligodendrogliomas grade II, one oligodendroglioma grade III, two astrocytomas grade II, and one GBM. One IDH2 R172 mutation (R172K) was identified in an oligodendroglioma grade II. No BRAF exon 15 and EGFR exons 3 and 7 mutations were identified in 54 and 31 assessed primary brain tumors, respectively.

In our series, IDH1 mutations were identified in a considerable number of the major glioma types which is consistent with other mutational studies. Mutations in other assessed genes were rare or absent which may be attributed to the fact that IDH2 and BRAF mutations are less common or more common in not assessed histological types, and only a minority of known EGFR aberrations were analyzed. Taken together, identifying critical gene mutations in brain tumors is gaining clinical relevance as, for example IDH1 and IDH2 mutations bear predictive and prognostic preposition. 

As ODGs follow a favorable clinical course, differential expression profiling between ODG and GBM may add on sub-classifying GBM, according to their ODG component, into different assessment groups. The identified DEGs contain biomarkers as MMP13 that is known to be expressed in cancer stem-like cells of glioblastoma where it correlates with cell invasiveness [2] . In summary, this study suggests that microarray expression analysis is capable to distinguish individual cases of GBM based on the ODG component which may gain relevance for clinical assessment of gliomas.

Common benign lesions of the thyroid are goiters and hyperplastic lesions that; however, may bear a certain risk for neoplastic transformation. Hyperplastic lesions are also regarded as a subcategory of goiter. In a previous study we investigated the expression profiles in these diseases and found that they share similar expression profiles [1] . In the current study we regarded goiters and hyperplastic lesions as one entity aiming to identify subgroups that cluster separately based on differentially expressed profiles.

The study group comprised goiters and hyperplastic lesions from more than 30 patients and a number of PTC and normal/unaffected thyroid samples as reference. Sample processing and hybridization to HuGene 1.0 ST arrays was performed as reported earlier [2] . Bioinformatics software packages were employed to interpret data sets.

Based on distance metrics, hierarchical cluster analysis stratified goiters and hyperplastic lesions into a number of subgroups. Two clearly separated subgroups (A and B) were selected to investigate their expression profiles in more detail. Among the most significantly upregulated genes in group A compared to group B were RNA, 5S ribosomal pseudogene 456 (RNA5SP456).and among the most downregulated genes were bromodomain and WD repeat domain containing 3 (BRWD3) and polypyrimidine tract binding protein 2 (PTBP2). Furthermore, the regulatory factor for X-box (RFX5) was significantly associated with the data set.

Inclusion of both malignant PTCs and normal/unaffected thyroid samples in hierarchical cluster analysis supported to identify differential expressed subgroups in goiters and hyperplastic lesions. BRWD3 is a known serological biomarker in breast cancer patients [3] . PTBP2 is a critical splicing factors in regulation of alternative splicing of pre-mRNA and is implicated in proliferation and migration of cancer cells [4] . Further studies are necessary to assess in how far the identified gene sets bear the capacity for neoplastic transformation.

Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, also referred to as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, is found in the background of about 30 % of papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) [1] . The predisposition effect of this autoimmune condition is not thoroughly investigated on the transcriptional expression level.

We analyzed retrospectively microarray expression profiles of 26 thyroid lesions including thyroiditis cases, and PTCs with or without coexisting thyroiditis. Normal/unaffected thyroid samples served as control. The processed samples were hybridized to HuGene 1.0 ST microarrays (Affymetrix, Inc., Santa Clara, CA). Sets of differentially expressed genes were generated on basis of a p-value ≤ 0.05 and a fold change > 2.

More than 150 genes were differentially expressed between PTCs with coexisting thyroiditis and PTCs without coexisting thyroiditis and nearly 90 of these genes were also differentially expressed between thyroiditis cases and PTCs without coexisting thyroiditis.

Comparably upregulated genes between the two PTC groups included nearly 50 immunoglobulin genes and comparably downregulated genes were, for example gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase (GGCT), and zinc finger, CCHC domain containing 16 (ZCCHC16). One of the genes that was not differentially expressed between thyroiditis and PTCs with coexisting thyroiditis was the bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST2).

This study detected a number of differentially expressed genes that are related to thyroiditis or to PTC with coexisting thyroiditis. For example, BST2 was originally cloned from a rheumatoid-arthritis-derived synovial cell line and is known as a viral immune sensing molecule. BST2 overexpression in oral cavity cancer is known to be associated with nodal metastasis and poorer prognosis [2] . Furthermore, a fusion containing the extracellular domain of BST2 exhibited anti-inflammatory and antiremodelling effects in an experimental asthma model [3] . In conclusion, among the candidate genes for further investigation is for example BST2 in order to elucidate its functions in cancer and autoimmune diseases.

Metagenomic analysis of waste water microbiome in Sausdi Arabia Background Helicobacter pylori, a common bacterial pathogen of humans, infects gastric mucosa and is implicated in the etiology of several chronic diseases. Increasing evidence point H. pylori as class I carcinogen where chemical signals are secreted in the digestive tube. This molecular crosstalk generally promotes colonization by bacteria. This pathogen infects 3 billions people worldwide and can lead to severe diseases, including gastric ulcers and ultimately cancers. The secreted chemotaxic peptides help bacterial infection and function of atypical protein signal transduction system of H. pylori. The H. pylori species exhibit unusual high levels of genetic variation between strains. Interestingly, the genome of North African isolates of H. pylori has not yet been sequenced. North African isolates of H. pylori seems genetically different from the Asian isolates based on the susceptibility to affect the population with gastric cancer. Previous studies encountered difficulties to show the impact of H. pylori on gastric tumorigenesis and gastric microbiome due to low bacterial load in the stomach and sample availability.

To address the limitation highlighted above, we established a procedure to isolate metagenomic DNA from faecal samples and conducted PCR with H. pylori 16S rRNA specific primers followed by sequencing. Gastric mucosal biopsies were acquired from Tunisian patients in order to conduct anatomopathological examinations. All tissues used in this study were collected in order to examine the natural history of H. pylori infection in patients with and without gastric cancer.

Ongoing results show individuals with gastric cancers are more prevalent among women under the age of 50. Gastric H. pylori infection is highly associated with diffuse pathological variant and adenocarcinoma are most often found in the gastric antrum of the stomach. Individuals with adenocarcinoma are classified poorly differentiated according to histology and location.

Our ongoing studies will unravel the extent of diversity of H. pylori populations possibly explaining why infection appears to be distinct across different samples. The application of cutting edge molecular technologies, mainly through whole genome sequencing, omic approaches and metabarcoding to the study of human associated pathogenic bacteria will make advances in our understanding of this field. Cancer syndrome is considered a genetic disorder in which inherited DNA polymorphisms in one or more genes make the individual susceptible to cancer development. It has been estimated that familial cancer syndromes comprises 5 to 10 percent of all types of cancer. In addition to the high risk of developing cancer, cancer syndromes often lead to the development of various independent primary tumours. These syndromes are usually caused by mutations in tumour suppressor genes, oncogenes and DNA repair genes. The very common examples of cancer syndromes are the hereditary breast-ovarian cancer syndrome and hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer (Lynch syndrome).

The advent of Next Generation Sequencing has resulted in an era of high throughput DNA sequencing, which has a major influence in both clinical care and cancer research. In particular, targeted resequencing is an efficient approach for mutation detection at a low cost and high turnover. Taking the importance of NGS in diagnosing inherited mutations of multiple genes, we have designed the Oncoscan panel which will allow the simultaneous screening of 74 cancer genes using the Ampliseq™ technology.

The Background X-linked intellectual disability (XLID) is a heterogeneous disorder for which many of the causative genes are still unknown [1] . So far, more than one hundred genes of the X chromosome have been associated with intellectual disability (ID). O-linked N-acetyl-Glucosamine-Transferase (OGT) gene is well known to be involved in endocrine alterations by the resistance of insulin in muscles and adipocytes and therefore the initiation of diabetes. It is reported to be involved also in cancer, brain development, and neurodegenerative diseases [2] . We performed X-exome sequencing in three brothers with non-syndromic XLID and developmental delay. Sanger sequencing was accomplished to confirm novel mutations. X-chromosome inactivation was executed in the mother. Affected boys had a severe ID and mild dysmorphic features. The heterozygous mother had mild cognitive impairment. Her X-chromosome inactivation pattern was not skewed. We identified a novel missense mutation (c. 1193G > A) in the OGT gene. This mutation was inherited by the affected males, and segregated with the abnormal phenotype. Rusults A single missense mutation (c.1193G > A) was identified by X-exome sequencing of two patients, according to our filters this mutation is considered to be pathogenic. This mutation is absent from public databases of control individuals. Sanger sequencing was performed to confirm this novel mutation in all three affected boys as well as in the mother, also the unaffected brother X-exome sequencing revealed no mutation. This substitution is predicted to be deleterious by SIFT software (score: 0) and polyphen score was one which considered to be damaging. In addition by Mutation Taster, a disease-causing variant was predicted, scoring a p-value of one.

Effect of OGT alteration of brain development has been confirmed, nevertheless so far this gene has not been attested to be related to ID. The mutation within OGT segregating in all affected males, the phenotype of our patients could be linked to the new missense mutation of the OGT gene nevertheless, our single case cannot be generalized and despite evidence of OGT gene effect on neuronal physiology and brain development, more studies with additional cases are warranted to shed light on the cognitive role of the OGT gene.

Case report: a rare homozygous deletion mutation of TMEM70 gene associated with 3-Methylglutaconic Aciduria and cataract in a Saudi Lately, there is an increase in the number of the patients with nuclear genetic defects of the mitochondrial ATP synthase. The TMEM70 gene mutation is one of the most common nuclear encoded genes that affect the ATP synthase. Here, we report a 9-month-old Saudi girl presenting with lactic acidosis, 3-Methylglutaconic aciduria, cataract, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and encephalopathy. The patient was genetically tested for Methylglutaconic Aciduria Nuclear Gene panel/sequencing and deletion/duplication analysis.

She was positive for homozygous deletion of c.578_579 delCA in exon 3 of the TMEM70 gene.

This is consistent with a diagnosis of ATP synthase deficiency. This case report hopefully helps in the diagnosis of future cases, providing important information regarding diagnosis and prognosis and as well as optimal managements for such cases. Consent to publish Written informed consent for publication of their clinical details and/ or clinical images was obtained from the patient/parent/guardian/ relative of the patient. A copy of the consent form is available for review by the Editor of this journal.

Isolation and purification of antimicrobial milk proteins Milk is a specific diet of mammalian neonates. Besides its nutritional value, milk is rich in antimicrobial proteins, immunoglobulins, growth factors and plays a key role in enhancing immune system of infants. Milk-derived proteins and peptides play a significant role in the prevention and treatment of various human metabolic disorders and have significant therapeutic importance. These include lactoperoxidase, lactoferrin, peptidoglycan recognition protein etc. Lactoperoxidase, one of the essential constituents of milk plays a significant role during the early stages of neonatal life. In addition to improving the immune system of infants, lactoperoxidase also has antimicrobial activity. Lactoperoxidase has huge industrial applications and is commonly known as lactoperoxidase system. The system is well-established and commonly adopted in industries for preventing microbial growth. Similarly, lactoferrin and peptidoglycan recognition proteins also exhibit antimicrobial activity and are of immense medical importance. The aim of the current study is to purify antimicrobial protein from camel milk.

Milk was purchased from the local camel farms in Jeddah. Milk was processed to separate the fats by centrifugation (skimming) at 1500 g for 10 min. The fat free milk was subjected to a linear gradient of 0.0 M-0.5 M NaCl in 50 mM Tris-HCl at pH 7.8.

The acidic and basic proteins from camel milk were separated. We are currently making attempts to purify different fractions of proteins from camel milk.

Camel is the most important agricultural animal in the Saudi Kingdom. Camel milk derived constituents are of tremendous potential industrial applications. These proteins could be explored for medical applications like drug designing.

Colorectal cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers in the world population and its incidents are increasing every year. Numerous cutting edge approaches are being applied to find the basis underlying this lethal disorder [1] . Integrative analysis of multiple -omics is promising to provide new biomarkers and targets for cancer.

We carried out integrated analysis of cytogenetic and exon array data using colorectal cancer patient samples.

Patient wise tumor-normal comparison at cytogenetic level yielded a high priority list of 144 driver genes. Of these, 11 genes were found to be novel in their association with colorectal cancer. We analyzed these genes at exon level and found ATP8B1 to be significantly altered in expression. At cytogenetic level, ATP8B1 had a GISTIC score of 2.326 and was found in the region of heavy loss. ATP8B1 showed significant fold changes at the gene and exon level. It was downregulated by more than two fold at gene level (with a p value <0.01). ATP8B1 had no prior knowledge of association with colorectal cancer as inferred from Ingenuity Pathway analysis. Further characterization of ATP8B1 and associated genes is underway to get better insights into its functional aspect and eventual use as a biomarker for colorectal cancer.

In conclusion we have first time reported association of ATP8B1 gene associated with colorectal cancer using integrative analysis of multiple -omics technique.

Implication of IL-10 and IL-28 polymorphism with successful anti-HCV therapy and viral clearance Hepatitis C virus the main reason of chronic liver ailment and liver cancer globally and is distributed into six discrete genotypes through the world with numerous subtypes in each genotype (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) .

The response and extent of interferon treatment is genotype specific and host restriction. Number of cellular genes are involved in this process including TBXA2R (G-protein coupled receptor), TRAF2 (adapter protein), LTbeta which is a membrane protein, NFkappaB2 and RelA (transcriptional factors), SNARK and MKK7 (protein kinases) and two diligently associated TNF/lymphotoxin pathway. A reported polymorphisms (SNPs) in these and other genetic factor are involved in viral clearance and chornicity. Genetic studies have also identified several SNPs round the interferon λ3 interleukin-28B, which are sturdily related with SVR to PEG-IFN and RBV cure for chronicity. In this study we examined SNP in IL10 and IL28B in HCV-GT3 infected individuals.

A total of 349 patients of chronic hepatitis have been included in this genetic susceptibility study. The infected individuals were diagnosed anti-HCV positive and then confirmed by HCV Polymerized Chain Reaction (PCR) qualitative test. All these selected patients had been diagnosed for HCV and taken the standard treatment of interferon and ribavirin from 20 weeks to 36 weeks. The end product of PCR was confirmed by gel electrophoresis. The following restriction enzymes Ear I/, Rsa 1 and Mae III were used to digest the PCR product. This study focused only on patients who were non-responsive and had relapsed from conventional therapy.

Our study proposes that both the interleukin genes interleukin 28B and IL-10 are found mutual in 2 foremost castes of the province Punjab. We determined that HCV GT-3a is precisely communal (84.0 %) amongst group of responders whereas GT-1a is more acquainted in relapser (66.2 %) as well as resistant (54.0 %). Genotype 4was excluded, the remaining 5 major genotypes, known as 1a (61.40 %), 2a (0.50 %), 2b (20.00 %), 3a (13.70 %) and an unidentified (4.40 %) were reported amongst the twelve various groups of Pakistan. Our findings designate that IL-10 and IL-28 genes may be intricate in the clearance of HCV GT3 in Asian population.

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) contaminating our ecosystems are increasingly shown to impact the reproductive health in human population. Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) is a high production volume EDC used as a plasticizer in personal and industrial products such as dolls, toys, medical tubing, floor tiles, upholstery, food packaging plastics, cosmetics etc. Constant leaching from these products leads to the ubiquitous presence of DEHP in the environment. Clinico-epidemiological reports have incriminated DEHP and its metabolites in reproductive developmental abnormalities in neonates, endometriosis and miscarriage in women, and abnormal spermiogram in men. Experimental studies in rats also induce similar developmental and reproductive abnormalities. Many EDCs have agonistic and antagonistic interactions with the steroid receptors. Binding of DEHP and its metabolites to progesterone receptor (PR) represents a potential interfering mechanism for the steroid target tissues. Progesterone plays a central role in diverse reproductive events including ovarian function and pregnancy. We present here a study on the structural binding of DEHP and its metabolite mono (2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (MEHP) with PR using in silico approaches.

The crystal structure of human PR (Id: 1SQN) was retrieved from Protein Data Bank as a template for docking DEHP and MEHP. The structures of DEHP and MEHP were obtained from PubChem database. Docking of DEHP and MEHP into the binding site of PR was performed using AutoDock 4.2 with Lamarckian Genetic Algorithm to predict the bound conformation. The interacting residues for the ligand-receptor binding were visualized using Chimera.

Docking of DEHP and MEHP with PR displayed good binding affinity values and exhibited both hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions. The PR residues involved in hydrogen bonding interactions were Glutamine-725 and Arg-766, and Phe-778 made Pi-Pi interactions with aromatic ring in both ligands. Altogether 22 residues contributed in hydrophobic interactions in ligand-receptor complex.

The study suggested that DEHP and its metabolite, MEHP occupy important residues in interactions with PR. These interactions apparently compete with progesterone for PR binding sites and, hence, likely disrupt the progesterone signaling resulting in abnormal reproductive function. Current study enhances our understanding of underlying molecular mechanisms of endocrine disrupting activity of DEHP and its metabolites. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection presents a significant health problem worldwide. In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), liver cancer is a major problem and there is an increase in the prevalence of viral induced cirrhosis. Based on genetic differences of HCV isolates, it is classified into at least 7 genotypes (1-7) with many additional subtypes within each genotype and GT-4 is predominant in KSA. Single Nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) are most common cause of variation in viral and host genome and linked with specific disease subjected to known sequence specific polymorphic sites (mutations) in genomes that trigger mutation and disease progression. Several SNPs also contribute in the HCV infection outcomes. During HCC development, mutations are scored with in the Core, NS4B, NS5B and hyper variable region of E2 which are somehow associated with lack of strong inflammatory immune response.

Guanosine Triphosphatase (GT) activity encoded in NS4B protein's nucleotide binding motif (NBM) serves as single nucleotide variable in the evolution process of HCV and associated viral life cycle. The transforming activity of NS4B from HCV GT4 was analyzed using the mutants. Phylogenetic data on clustering of subtypes for E1 & NS5B genes was performed to identify the variation in viral genomes.

The pathogenicity was progressively inhibited and completely abrogated by increasing genetic impairment with the nucleotide binding motif (NBM) of NS4B. This transformation ability of NS4B in NIH3TC cells was independent of co-transfection with activated H-ras. Phylogenetic data on clustering of subtypes for E1 & NS5B genes revealed that genome types (1-6) differ around 30-35 % while the subtypes differ only about 20-25 %. Conclusions HCV GT4 encoded NS4B has both in vitro and in vivo tumorigenic potential and this transforming activity is mediated by its NBM as single nucleotide variable factor. Moreover, results suggest that pharmacological inhibition of this motif may be exploited to inhibit HCV replication but also the associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Further studies should help in the development of non-invasive techniques for evaluating the NBM distribution, patient's condition and the risk of HCC development. Microarray studies play an important role in identification and classification the genes whose expressions are impacted by chemotherapies for colorectal cancer. Therefore, the application of gene expression profiling using microarray of DNA could potentially use to predict the response to treatments. The anticancer mechanisms of chelidonine (alkaloid) were tested on colon cancer using Caco-2 cell line.

Caco2 cells were treated with 20 μM chelidonine for 48 h. RNA isolation and cDNA synthesis, hybridization, data quality assessment, filtering, normalization, and subsequent analysis were performed by procedure that meet or exceed the MIAME-criteria of microarray analysis [1] . The numbers of significantly up and down regulated genes in treated Caco-2 cell were subjected to correspondence cluster analysis [2] . Among the differentially expressed genes we selected highly P-value genes for Ingenuity Pathway Analysis Knowledge database (version 6.5) (www.ingenuity.com) to identify the biological responses of treated colon adenocarcinoma.

The top 10 networks of the molecules that have impact on the diversity of biological functions in treated colon cancer with chelidonine are summarized in Table 24 . These molecules have an important role in modulation of cancer, cell cycle, cell death, cellular proliferation, and cellular function. Biomarker Analysis shows that chelidonine able to modulate many biomarkers that involved in molecular mechanism of cancer, apoptotic signaling, and PXR signaling (Fig. 50) .

Our results provide new insights into chelidonine-related signaling activities, which may facilitate the development of chelidonine-based anticancer strategies and/or combination therapies. Many infertile couples worldwide resort to donated gametes to overcome their infertility problems, however many others cannot for cultural or religious reasons. They have no other options but probably to keep trying In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) treatment using their own gametes. We wanted to see if we would be able at some point to help such cases fulfil their dreams.

Four infertility cases with a history of many unsuccessful IVF trials; eight, seven, six, and four, respectfully; suggestively because of very poor fertilization and/or poor embryo development due to sever male factor that ranged from azoospermia to severe oligoteratoasthenozoospermia. A short ovarian stimulation (OS) protocol was employed with all cases. Follicles growth was monitored by ultrasound examinations until the eggs were retrieved. The cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) were incubated in culture medium then denuded before the intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Normally fertilized eggs were kept in culturing conditions till the embryos were transferred to each patient's uterus. Fourteen days later, the patient's blood serum hCG was analyzed for pregnancy. Six weeks later the ultrasound exam was done for detecting the viable gestational sacs. Informed consents were collected from all patients prior to any data collection.

All four cases were finally successful with normal live births in three cases and a 16-week ongoing pregnancy in the fourth case.

In some complex infertility cases, when the use of donor-gametes is not optional, probably hopelessness in IVF treatment with autologous gametes is not an option as well.

Genetic sensitivity analysis using SCGE, cell cycle and mitochondrial membrane potential in OPs stressed leukocytes in Rattus norvegicus through flow cytometric input Nazia Nazam 1 , Oxidative damage to DNA and other biological processes can be disrupted by ROS. The organophosphates are known to produce oxidative stress by inhibiting enzymes and antioxidants. Incorporating flow cytometry in assessing DNA damage, cell cycle, mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis due to endogenous cysteine proteases-get credence.

Detection of DNA strand break was performed by alkaline comet assay involving; single cell suspension, lysis, electrophoresis, image analysis and comet measurements. Detection of apoptosis and analysis of cell cycle used leukocyte cells; involving RNase digestion after incubation by propidium iodide and analyzed on flow cytometer. The fluorescence intensity of SubG 1 cell fraction gave clue for apoptotic cell population. Number of events were scored for cell cycle analysis. Flow cytometric measurements were facilitated by Rh 123 dye in ΔΨm study. Two OPsdichlorovos (DCV) and dimethoate (DM) were explored using standard protocol.

Digitized comet images showed nuclei with increasing degree of DNA damage in exposed cells. The mean value of frequencies of olive tail moments and tail lengths indicated genotoxicity. Image analysis and comet measure results show nuclei with damage. There was a statistically significant increase by DCV. DM, also inflicted highly significant DNA damage. The single cell DNA not repaired, owing to excessive ROS production. The subG 1 cells provided clue for cells undergoing apoptosis/necrosis-increased considerably. Comet images showed damage to nucleus. Cell cycle analysis confirmed decreased G2/M cell cycle arrest. The conspicuous ΔΨm loss, was a cellular event in the mitochondrial driven apoptosis.

Results contribute to understanding the acute exposition of OPs on cell survival and carcinogenicity. Clinical interest in evaluating the damage to humans, involuntarily exposed to chemical stressors, is further vindicated. 

Frizzled homolog proteins, microRNAs and Wnt signaling in cancer

Dysregulation of Frizzled 6 is a critical component of B-cell leukemogenesis in a mouse model of chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Evaluation of HER-2/neu gene amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry in Saudi female breast cancer

Detrimental Effects of Oxidative Stress on Spermatozoa Lacking Peroxiredoxin 6

Interleukin-18 and IL-18 binding protein. Front Immunol

TH1/TH2 paradigm in pregnancy: paradigm lost? Cytokines in pregnancy/early abortion: reexamining the TH1/TH2 paradigm

Polymorphisms in the interleukin-12/18 genes and recurrent spontaneous abortion

Differential haplotypic expression of the interleukin-18 gene

Abnormal first trimester serum interleukin 18 levels are asso-ciated with a poor outcome in women with a history of recurrent miscarriage

Preeclampsia: more than pregnancy-induced hypertension

Dual effect of oxidative stress on leukemia cancer induction and treatment

CA: a cancer journal for clinicians

Improving access to novel agents for childhood leukemia

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a clinical review

Antileukemic effect of zerumbone-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier in WEHI-3B cellinduced murine leukemia model

Interferon-gamma reverses the immunosuppressive and protumoral properties and prevents the generation of human tumor-associated macrophages

Control of tumor development by intratumoral cytokines

Xin Huang W: Cloning and mutation analysis of the human IL-18 promoter: a possible role of polymorphisms in expression regulation

Human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein genotypes in the genital tract tissue of tubal pregnancy patients

Seroprevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 in Saudi women with normal and abnormal early pregnancy: A case control study

Laboratory and Clinical Studies of Cancer Chemoprevention by Antioxidants in Berries

Flavonoids as Anti-inflammatory Agents: Implications in Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease

Interleukin-1β (IL1B) Genetic Variants and Correlation of IL1B Transcript Levels with Vitiligo Susceptibility

Increased tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin 1 alpha (IL1-alpha) levels in the lesional skin of patients with nonsegmental vitiligo

ACE (I)/(D), CCR5 (Delta32), CTLA4 (+49) and IL1-RN (VNTR in intron 2)gene polymorphisms and vitiligo

Rare chromosomal abnormalities, prevalence and prenatal diagnosis rates from population-based congenital anomaly registers in Europe

Pattern of chromosomal aberrations in patients from north east Iran

International Agency for Research on Cancer

Understanding breast cancer risk -where do we stand in 2005?

Classification of inflammatory bowel disease

CD200/CD200R paired potent inhibitory molecules regulating immune and inflammatory responses; Part I: CD200/CD200R structure, activation, and function

Pediatric modification of the Montreal classification for inflammatory bowel disease: the Paris classification

Directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into functional dendritic cells through the myeloid pathway

GRASP v2. 0: an update on the Genome-Wide Repository of Associations between SNPs and phenotypes

Evolutionary metaanalysis of association studies reveals ancient constraints affecting disease marker discovery

Multidrug resistance in cancer: role of ATP-dependent transporters

TALENs: a widely applicable technology for targeted genome editing

Concise Reviews: Cancer Stem Cells: From Concept to Cure

Cancer stem cells: an evolving concept

OARSI-FDA initiative: defining the disease state of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage

Inhibition of oncostatatin m in osteoarthritic synovial fluid enhances GAG production in osteoarthritic cartilage repair

GRASP v2. 0: an update on the Genome-Wide Repository of Associations between SNPs and phenotypes

Evolutionary meta-analysis of association studies reveals ancient constraints affecting disease marker discovery

Recurrent miscarriage

Genetic aspects of miscarriage

Profile of chromosomal aberrations in different gestational age spontaneous abortions detected by comparative genomic hybridization

Cancer statistics

Expression profiling of renal epithelial neoplasms: a method for tumor classification and discovery of diagnostic molecular markers

Secreted frizzled-related protein 1 loss contributes to tumor phenotype of clear cell renal cell carcinoma

A Cancer of the Blood Vessels?

Molecular classification of cancer: class discovery and class prediction by gene expression monitoring

Evolutionary metaanalysis of association studies reveals ancient constraints affecting disease marker discovery

Wharton's Jelly-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Phenotypic Characterization and Optimizing Their Therapeutic Potential for Clinical Applications

Immune properties of human umbilical cord Wharton's jelly-derived cells

Single cell genomics: advances and future perspectives

Realizing the promise of genomics in biomedical research

Integration of scientific research training into undergraduate medical education: a reminder call

Impact of medical student research in the development of physician-scientists

Measuring how people view biomedical research: Reliability and validity analysis of the Research Attitudes Questionnaire

Elvy Suhana Mohd Ramli, Norliza Muhammad, and Ima Nirwana Soelaiman. Nigella sativa: A Potential Antiosteoporotic Agent. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Anti-inflammatory effects of the Nigella sativa seed extract, thymoquinone, in pancreatic cancer cells. HPB (Oxford)

In silico studies of medicinal compounds against hepatitis C capsid protein from north India

Biomarkers for virus-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)

Docking studies of Pakistani HCV NS3 helicase: a possible antiviral drug target

Computational Docking Study of p7 Ion Channel from HCV Genotype 3 and Genotype 4 and Its Interaction with Natural Compounds

N6-methyladenosine in nuclear RNA is a major substrate of the obesity-associated FTO

The bigger picture of FTO: the first GWAS-identified obesity gene

Computational study on the interaction of flavonoids with fat mass and obesity associated protein

Riham Salah El Dine: Natural anti-obesity agents

Activation of 5-HT1A receptors in rostral medullary raphe inhibits cutaneous vasoconstriction elicited by cold exposure in rabbits

Pharmacological studies of 8-OH-DPAT-induced pupillary dilation in anesthetized rats

Heal DJ: 8-OH-DPAT-induced mydriasis in mice: a pharmacological characterisation

Cause and Consequence of Cancer/Testis Antigen Activation in Cancer: Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology

Cancer/testis (CT) antigens: potential targets for immunotherapy

CancerMA: a web-based tool for automatic meta-analysis of public cancer microarray data

Meta-analysis of expression of l (3) mbt tumor-associated germline genes supports the model that a soma-to-germline transition is a hallmark of human cancers

Missing persons identification: genetics at work for society

Single nucleotide polymorphism typing with massively parallel sequencing for human identification

High throughput whole mitochondrial genome sequencing by two platforms of massively parallel sequencing

Cancer statistics

Molecular interaction of a kinase inhibitor midostaurin with anticancer drug targets, S100A8 and EGFR: transcriptional profiling and molecular docking study for kidney cancer therapeutics

Expression profiling of renal epithelial neoplasms: a method for tumor classification and discovery of diagnostic molecular markers

Cyclin D as a therapeutic target in cancer

Multifunctional gold nanoparticles for diagnosis and therapy of disease

Need for guidelines for standardized biobanking. Biopreservation and biobanking

Biospecimens and Biorepositories: From Afterthought to Science. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology

Biobank resources for future patient care: developments, principles and concepts

BioSearch: an in-house developed lab information management system for center of excellence in genomic medicine research

AA: systemic review of the epidemiology of autism in Arab Gulf countries

Fourth Conference

Congenital heart defects, chromosomal anomalies, syndromes and extra cardiac malformations

Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization as a Diagnostic Tool for Syndromic Heart Defects

Disorders of Sexual Differentiation: Ethical Considerations Surrounding Early Cosmetic Genital Surgery

Management framework paradigms for disorders of sex development. Archives of endocrinology and metabolism

45,X/46,XY mosaicism. A clinical review and report of ten cases

Epidemiology and natural history of hepatocellular carcinoma

Global cancer statistics

Molecular diagnosis of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma: the potential of gene expression profiling

Biomarkers for virus-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)

MicroRNA-133b targets glutathione S-transferase π expression to increase ovarian cancer cell sensitivity to chemotherapy drugs

Bongso Ariff: Human umbilical cord Wharton's jelly stem cell (hWJSC) extracts inhibit cancer cell growth in vitro

Naıve human umbilical cord matrix derived stem cells significantly attenuate growth of human breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo

Molecular genetics of human primary microcephaly: An overview

Genetics, natural history, tumor spectrum, and pathology of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer: an update review

Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer: the syndrome, the genes, and historical perspectives

Chlamydiae as symbionts in eukaryotes

Questioning azithromycin for chlamydial infection

Screening for skin cancer: absence of evidence

Contribution of transcription factors to oncogenesis

Jun promotes whereas JunB inhibits epidermal neoplasia

AP1 factor inactivation in the suprabasal epidermis causes increased epidermal hyperproliferation and hyperkeratosis but reduced carcinogen-dependent tumor formation

Apoptosis inducing effect of plumbagin on colonic cancer cells depends on expression of COX-2. PLoS One

Plumbagin and juglone induce caspase-3-dependent apoptosis involving the mitochondria through ROS generation in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Free Radic Biol Med

Single Cell Genomics: Advances and Future Perspectives

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis guided by single-cell genomics

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis: state of the art 2011

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis for aneuploidy and translocations using array comparative genomic hybridization

The roles of TTP and BRF proteins in regulated mRNA decay

MicroRNAs regulate B-cell receptor signalinginduced apoptosis

Prevention of chronic disease in the 21st century: elimination of the leading preventable causes of premature death and disability in the USA

Modelling the impact on avoidable cardiovascular disease burden and costs of interventions to lower SBP in the England population

Oxidative Stress and Human Hypertension: Vascular Mechanisms, Biomarkers, and Novel Therapies

The complete genome sequence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis

In silico approach to identify the role of a putative protein MAP1138c in the virulence of Johne's disease

restoration sensitizes multidrug-resistant MCF-7/ADM cells to anticancer agents by targeting YB-1

RNAi and RNAa-the yin and yang of RNAome

A contrasting function for miR-137 in embryonic mammogenesis and adult breast carcinogenesis

Counterpoise between the microbiome, host immune activation and pathology

Charting a course for genomic medicine from base pairs to bedside

Immunogenomics and systems biology of vaccines

A review of prevalences of paratuberculosis in farmed animals in Europe

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis causes Crohn's disease in some inflammatory bowel disease patients

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Pathogenesis and Molecular Determinants of Virulence

Temperature changes and chondrocyte death during drilling in a bovine cartilage model and chondroprotection by modified irrigation solutions

Disease resistance results from foreign phytoalexin expression in a novel plant

A human tRNA synthetase is a potent PARP1-activating effector target for resveratrol

Resveratrol inhibits IgE-mediated basophilic mast cell degranulation and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in mice

Anti-inflammatory mechanisms of resveratrol in activated HMC-1 cells: pivotal roles of NF-kappaB and MAPK

Deciphering the structure and function of FcεRI/mast cell axis in the regulation of allergy and anaphylaxis: a functional genomics paradigm

Gene expression profiling and pathway analysis of human bronchial epithelial cells exposed to air borne particulate matter collected from Saudi Arabia

Particulate matter from Saudi Arabia induces genes involved in inflammation, metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis

Exploring proteome-wide occurrence of clusters of charged residues in eukaryotes

Afnan Bahamaid 2,4 , Saadiah Alfakeeh 2,4 , Aisha Alyamani 2,4 , Haneen Alsehli 5

Saudi Arabia; 6 Sheikh Salem Bin Mahfouz Scientific Chair for Treatment of Osteoarthritis by Stem Cells

High throughput proteomic analysis of the secretome in an explant model of articular cartilage inflammation

Epilepsy, E/I balance and GABA A receptor plasticity

Interaction of different proteins with GABA A receptor and their modulatory effect on inhibitory neural transmission leads to epilepsy

Population based survival of female breast cancer cases in Riyadh Region, Saudi Arabia

Global Cancer Statistics

Ebola haemorrhagic fever

Structure of the Ebola VP35 interferon inhibitory domain

Structural and functional characterization of Reston Ebola VP35 Interferon Inhibitory Domain

36 (abstract P97) Vp35 protein PDB ID 3FKE

Adeel Malik: Identification of hub genes and their SNP analysis in West Nile virus infection for designing therapeutic methodologies using RNA-Seq data

Exome-sequencing as a tool for Mendelian disease gene discovery

The Genome Analysis Toolkit: a MapReduce framework for analyzing next-generation DNA sequencing data

New concepts in breast cancer genomics and genetics

Combining targeted therapeutics in the era of precision medicine

Computerized quantitation of synergism and antagonism of taxol, topotecan, and cisplatin against human teratocarcinoma cell growth: a rational approach to clinical protocol design

Variables related to nausea and vomiting during pregnancy

Implication of gut microbiota in human health

References 1. Newman DJ and Cragg GM. Natural products as sources of new drugs over the 30 years from 1981 to 2010

Association between the CTLA-4, CD226, FAS polymorphisms and rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility: a meta-analysis

The L55M polymorphism of paraoxonase-1 is a risk factor for rheumatoid arthritis

Evolution of amyloid: What normal protein folding may tell us about fibrillogenesis and disease

The alpha-to-beta conformational transition of Alzheimer's Abeta-(1-42) peptide in aqueous media is reversible: a step by step conformational analysis suggests the location of beta conformation seeding

Solution structure of amyloid beta-peptide (1-40) in a water-micelle environment. Is the membrane-spanning domain where we think it is?

Inhibition of Protein Aggregation: Supramolecular Assemblies of Arginine Hold the Key

Processing of X-ray diffraction data collected in oscillation mode

Specific genes expressed in association with progesterone receptors in meningioma

Effect of BRAF mutational status on expression profiles in conventional papillary thyroid carcinomas

Neuritin expression and its relation with proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis in human astrocytoma

Cancer statistics

43 (abstract P112) An Overlapping canonical genes in EOC References

Crohn's disease

Genome-wide meta-analysis increases to 71 the number of confirmed Crohn's disease susceptibility loci

P114 Establishment of In Silico approaches to decipher the potential toxicity and mechanism of action of drug candidates and environmental agents Gauthaman Kalamegam 1 , Fazal Khan 2 , Shilu Mathew 1 , Mohammed Imran Nasser 1 , Mahmood Rasool 1 , Farid Ahmed 1

A review of the genotoxicity of marketed pharmaceuticals

The hallmarks of cancer

Genome maintenance mechanisms for preventing cancer

Effects of increased paternal age on sperm quality, reproductive outcome and associated epigenetic risks to offspring

Natural products, micronutrients, and nutraceuticals for the treatment of depression: A short review

Million Veteran Program: A mega-biobank to study genetic influences on health and disease

Frequent methylation of the KLOTHO gene and overexpression of the FGFR4 receptor in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast

Treatment of acute myeloid leukemia: are we making progress? Hematology / the Education Program of the

Comparison of dose-effect relationships of carcinogens following low-dose chronic exposure and high-dose single injection: an analysis by the median-effect principle

Evolutionary meta-analysis of association studies reveals ancient constraints affecting disease marker discovery

A Large-Scale, Consortium-Based Genomewide Association Study of Asthma

GRASP v2.0: an update on the Genome-Wide Repository of Associations between SNPs and phenotypes

Estimation of effect size distribution from genomewide association studies and implications for future discoveries

P119 Assessment of BRAF, IDH1, IDH2, and EGFR mutations in a series of primary brain tumors Fatima Al-Adwani

Arabia; 4 Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine

BRAF alterations in brain tumours: molecular pathology and therapeutic opportunities. Current opinion in neurology

Mutational screening of RET, HRAS, KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, AKT1, and CTNNB1 in medullary thyroid carcinoma

Saudi Arabia; 6 Division of Neurosurgery

Cancer stem-like cells of glioblastoma characteristically express MMP-13 and display highly invasive activity

P121 Hierarchical clustering in thyroid goiters and hyperplastic lesions Ohoud Subhi 1 , Nadia Bagatian 1

Nodular goiter and hyperplastic lesion of the thyroid share common deregulated expression profiles

Comparison of microarray expression profiles between follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinomas and follicular adenomas of the thyroid

Comparative profiling of plasma proteome from breast cancer patients reveals thrombospondin-1 and BRWD3 as serological biomarkers

P122 Differential expression analysis in thyroiditis and papillary thyroid carcinomas with or without coexisting thyroiditis Nadia Bagatian 1 , Ohoud Subhi 1

Arabia; 2 KACST Technology Innovation Center in Personalized Medicine

Arabia; 6 Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine

Clinical Review: Hashimoto's thyroiditis and papillary thyroid carcinoma: is there a correlation?

Overexpression of BST2 is associated with nodal metastasis and poorer prognosis in oral cavity cancer

Anti-inflammatory and anti-remodelling effects of ISU201, a modified form of the extracellular domain of human BST2, in experimental models of asthma: association with inhibition of histone acetylation

Developmental Regulation of Protein O-GlcNAcylation, O-GlcNAc Transferase, and O-GlcNAcase in Mammalian Brain

Nusaibah samman 1 , Ghufrana Abdussami 4 , Sathish Periyasamy 1 , Mohiuddin K Warsi 5 , Mohammed Aldress 1 , Majed Al Otaibi 1 , Zeyad Al Yousef 1 , Mohamed Boudjelal 1

Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs

med.sa) -King Abdullah International Medical Research Center/King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs

ESMO Consensus Guidelines for management of patients with colon and rectal cancer. A personalized approach to clinical decision making

In silico studies of medicinal compounds against hepatitis C capsid protein from north India

Biomarkers for virus-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)

Docking studies of Pakistani HCV NS3 helicase: a possible antiviral drug target

Computational Docking Study of p7 Ion Channel from HCV Genotype 3 and Genotype 4 and Its Interaction with Natural Compounds

-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and its metabolite mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) with progesterone receptor Ishfaq A Sheikh 1

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Correspondence: Mohd A. Beg (mabeg51@gmail.com) -King Fahd Medical Research Center

Minimum information about a microarray experiment (MIAME) -toward standards for microarray data

Correspondence analysis applied to microarray data

IVF in natural cycle: our experience

Trends and outcomes for donor cycles in the United States

Successful in-vitro fertilization in a natural cycle after four previously failed attempts in stimulated cycles

This project was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, under HiCi grant no. (1434-141-453). The authors, therefore, acknowledge with thanks DSR technical and financial support.

This project was funded by the National Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation (MAARIFAH) -King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Saudi Arabia -Award number (13-CIPM-01).

The authors are thankful to Buraydah Colleges for providing all the necessary facilities to carry out this work. 

We would like to thank Ms. Saad Hanen and Prof.Abdelaziz Hamdi for their collaborations.

This project was funded by the National Science, Technology and Innovation Plan (MARRIFAH) -King Abdul Aziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Award Number (11-MED2067-10). 

Authors would like to thank the National Research Centre, Egypt for supporting this work.

The authors are thankful to the University of Hail for providing all the necessary facilities to carry out this work.

This work has been supported by «la direction de la recherche scientifique, ministere de l'enseignement supérieur et de la recherche scientifique de Tunisie », Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Hematology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis: LR 11 IPT 07».

The 

This project was funded by the National Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation (MAARIFAH) -King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Saudi Arabiaaward number (08-MED120-03).

This project was funded by the National Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation (MAARIFAH) -King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Saudi Arabiaaward number (10-BIO1258-03, 10-BIO1073-03 and 08-MED120-03).

Authors would like to acknowledge Deanship of Scientific Research, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (HiCi-1434-117-2) for funding the research.

The financial support provided by King Abdulaziz City for Science and 

Authors would like to thank King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) for their financial support to this study (Grant number: 11-BIO1512-03).

The authors would like to thank the King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) for funding this work as part of the project No. (P-L-11-0556).

The financial support provided by King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) grant [AT-34-330] is greatly acknowledged.

This project was funded by the KACST (King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology) -the Kingdom of Saudi Arabialarge grant project number (APR-34-13). 

This study is supported by KAU grant 117-36-HiCi.

Authors acknowledge the support from the Department of Biophysics, AIIMS, New Delhi, India.

This study was supported by King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) grant AT-32-98.

We express our gratitue and appreciation for the financial support provided by King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) postgraduate student grant [AA-].

We sincerely thank the Chair "Abdullah Basalamh of the women's Tumors", King Abdulaziz University for supporting this study.

This work was funded by the National Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation (MAARIFAH) -King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technologythe Kingdom of Saudi Arabiaaward number (12-BIO2267-03). The authors also, acknowledge with thanks Science and Technology Unit, King Abdulaziz University for their excellent technical support.

This work was supported by generous funds from the National Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation (MAARIFAH), King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Kingdom of Saudi Arabiaaward number (09-BIO-693-03).

We would like to acknowledge the Deanship of Scientific Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia for funding the research (HiCi-1434-117-2).

This study was supported by King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) grant AT-32-98.

This study was supported by King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) grant AT-32-98

This study was performed in support of the King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) grant 09-BIO2289-03.

This study was performed in support of the King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) grant 09-BIO2289-03.

This project was funded by the National Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation (MAARIFAH) -King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technologythe Kingdom of Saudi Arabiaaward number (12-BIO3082-03). The authors also acknowledge with thanks Science and Technology Unit, King Abdulaziz University for technical support.

This project was funded by the National Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation (MAARIFAH) -King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technologythe Kingdom of Saudi Arabiaaward number (12-BIO3082-03). The authors also, acknowledge with thanks Science and Technology Unit, King Abdulaziz University for technical support.

The author would like to appreciate the College of Medicine Research Center, the Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University, for supporting this work and its authors. The authors would like to thank all the IVF team of the Assisted Conception Unit at King Khalid University Hospital in Saudi Arabia for their dedication and professionalism in serving our patients.

This study highlights the physiochemical, sequential and structural similarity between the MAP0591 and Rv0757 proteins and opens the prospects that MAP0591 protein might play a role in the survival of MAP in host macrophages leading to latency and subsequent infection in human and ruminants. 

We assume that by detecting the genetic causes in a part of the study probands and by identifying affected biological networks and pathways, our study shall strengthen with its cutting-edge approach already existing ASD research in Saudi Arabia.