key: cord-0004361-5b4jzj3w
authors: Yu, Xindi; Chen, Maolin; Liu, Xu; Chen, Yiwei; Hao, Zedong; Zhang, Haibo; Wang, Wei
title: Risk factors of nosocomial infection after cardiac surgery in children with congenital heart disease
date: 2020-01-21
journal: BMC Infect Dis
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-4769-6
sha: 2221ce7b64ba6ab8643f0bbec678b9a23302a42c
doc_id: 4361
cord_uid: 5b4jzj3w

BACKGROUND: The aim of our study was to analyze the risk factors of nosocomial infection after cardiac surgery in children with congenital heart disease (CHD). METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study, and children with CHD who underwent open-heart surgeries at Shanghai Children’s Medical Center from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2018 were included. The baseline characteristics of these patients of different ages, including neonates (0–1 months old), infants (1–12 months old) and children (1–10 years old), were analyzed, and the association of risk factors with postoperative nosocomial infection were assessed. RESULTS: A total of 11,651 subjects were included in the study. The overall nosocomial infection rate was 10.8%. Nosocomial infection rates in neonates, infants, and children with congenital heart disease were 32.9, 15.4, and 5.2%, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis found age (OR 0798, 95%CI: 0.769–0.829; P < 0.001), STS risk grade (OR 1.267, 95%CI: 1.159–1.385; P < 0.001), body mass index (BMI) <5th percentile (OR 1.295, 95%CI: 1.023–1.639; P = 0.032), BMI >95th percentile (OR 0.792, 95%CI: 0.647–0.969; P = 0.023), cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time (OR 1.008, 95%CI: 1.003–1.012; P < 0.001) and aortic clamping time (OR 1.009, 1.002–1.015; P = 0.008) were significantly associated with nosocomial infection in CHD infants. After adjusted for confounding factors, we found STS risk grade (OR 1.38, 95%CI: 1.167–1.633; P < 0.001), BMI < 5th percentile (OR 1.934, 95%CI: 1.377–2.715; P < 0.001), CPB time (OR 1.018, 95%CI: 1.015–1.022; P < 0.001), lymphocyte/WBC ratio<cut off value (OR 3.818, 95%CI: 1.529–9.533; P = 0.004) and AST>cut off value (OR 1.546, 95%CI: 1.119–2.136; P = 0.008) were significantly associated with nosocomial infection in CHD children. CONCLUSION: Our study suggested STS risk grade, BMI, CPB duration, low lymphocyte/WBC or high neutrophil/WBC ratio were independently associated with nosocomial infection in CHD infant and children after cardiac surgery.

In-hospital infections have an adverse effect on the clinical outcomes of pediatric patients after thoracotomy, which can cause morbidity, mortality, prolonged hospital stay [1] [2] [3] [4] . The prevalence of nosocomial infections in children with open-heart surgery remains high. Among patients who admitted into the ICU, 50% or more of the patients were affected by nosocomial infections, compared with about 5 to 15% of inpatients in the conventional ward [5] . In developing countries, the severity of nosocomial infections is still underestimated, mainly due to lack of good surveillance system which requires expertise and resources [6] .

In-hospital infections after cardiac surgery in patients with congenital heart disease are affected by many factors. A prospective cohort study found that diabetes mellitus and obesity are associated with surgical site infection in valve surgery, and diabetes mellitus and reoperation for bleeding are associated with surgical site infection in coronary revascularization [7] . Younger age and ventilator or ECMO use at time of heart transplant are attribute to bacterial infections of pediatric patients [8] .

A 4-year survey found that age < 2 months, congenital malformations, post-operative complications, and openchest procedure are associated with nosocomial infections in pediatric cardiovascular surgery patients [9] . Surgeryrelated risk factors include age, longer preoperative hospitalizations, higher American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA) score, preoperative ventilation, longer duration of surgical procedures, blood transfusions, continuation of antimicrobial prophylaxis more than 48 h, longer ICU time and longer hospitalization time, open chest, surgical risk grade, and duration of central line placement are associated with hospital-acquired infections in pediatric cardiac surgical patients [10] . The study founded that risk factors for nosocomial infection after neonatal cardiac surgery include lower Apgar score, higher incidence of other congenital malformations, longer hospital stay, central venous catheter indwelling time > 14 days, mechanical ventilation time > 7 days, blood product transfusion > 5 times [11] .

Previous studies on risk factors for nosocomial infection in children with CHD have often focused on a specific age group, and few studies have detailed analysis of risk factors for nosocomial infections after CHD in children of different ages, especially in China. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the risk factors of postoperative in-hospital infection in children with CHD classified according to age. The study also used nomogram to analyze the discrimination ability of these risk factors for the post-operative infection. The discrimination ability of the nomograms was evaluated through the area under the (ROC) curve (AUC).

Children with CHD who underwent cardiac surgery at Shanghai Children's Medical Center from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2018 were included in this retrospective cohort study. For patients with multiple surgery records within 30 days, only the last open-heart surgery was included and the previous surgery records were considered as operation history. The inclusion criteria include patient with CHD, age ≤ 10 years old. The exclusion criteria include surgery without CPB, infection within preoperative 30 days, preoperative ventilator support, and no complete blood count (CBC) within 48 h before CPB, deaths of uninfected patients after surgery, postoperative infection occurred within 2 days of admission. Demographic characteristics and pre-operation test data were extracted from a clinical database. The study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Shanghai Children's Medical Center. All children with congenital heart disease were divided into neonates (0-1 months old), infants (1-12 months old) and children (1-10 years old) according to age. We analyzed the inhospital infection rate of all CHD children after cardiac surgery. The baseline characteristics of these patients of different ages were analyzed, and the association of risk factors with postoperative nosocomial infection were assessed.

Nosocomial infection was defined according to draft version of the hospital infection diagnosis standard of Chinese Ministry of Health [12] . The variables of interest in the study included preoperative demographic data of the patient, laboratory test data after admission, surgical related variables. All these study data were obtained from the hospital's electronic medical record. All laboratory testing was done at Shanghai Children's Medical Center. The cut-offs and selection criteria for laboratory tests were listed in Additional file 1: Table S1 . Moreover, the STS risk grade was defined as ordinal data; an increase in the STS risk grade can indicate the risk of nosocomial infection [13] .

Continuous variables were described as Mean ± SD or Median (Range) according to their distributions and categorical data were presented as frequency (%). For between group comparison, T tests or Mann-Whitney U tests were used for continuous variables and Chisquared tests or Fisher's exact tests for categorical data, as appropriate.

To identify risk factors for nosocomial infection, univariate logistic regression was used first and multiple logistic regression were applied for significant variables (i.e. P < 0.05) in the univariate analysis to select the significant risk factors.

Then, nomograms were established for the risk predictive models for nosocomial infection, taking the whole samples for infant subgroup and child subgroup as derivation cohorts, respectively. Finally, cross validation was conducted as internal validation.

All tests were two-sided and p < 0.05 were regarded as statistically significant.

A total of 11,651 subjects were included in the study. Among them, there are 85 newborns, 6183 infants, and 5383 children. Nosocomial infection rates in neonates, infants, and children with congenital heart disease were 32.9,15.4, and 5.2%, respectively. The overall nosocomial infection rate was 10 

Of all 85 neonatal CHD patients, there were 28 nosocomial infections and 91 controls. There were no significant differences in length of hospital stay and mortality after operation between nosocomial infection patients and control (P = 0.124, P = 0.329) ( Table 2) . General characteristics were similar for nosocomial infection and control in CHD newborns. Significant differences were found in age (19.5d vs. 14d, P = 0.039), Neutrophil count (P = 0.026) between of nosocomial infection and control (Additional file 1: Table S1 ).

Among 6183 CHD infants (median age 188d, range: 122-250d), there were 952 nosocomial infections, and 5231controls. Among baseline characteristics, CPB time (69 min vs. 51 min, P < 0.001) and aortic clamping time (42 min vs. 31 min, P < 0.001) of nosocomial infections infant was significantly higher than control group, but age (138d vs. 196d, P < 0.001) was significantly younger. BMI, STS risk grade, delayed sternal closure, serum creatinine level, lymphocyte count, neutrophil count, lymphocyte/white blood cell (WBC) ratio and neutrophil/WBC ratio were all significantly different between nosocomial infection and control in CHD newborns ( Table 3 ). The length of hospital stay and mortality were significantly different between nosocomial infection and control after cardiac surgery (both P < 0.001) ( Table 2) .

Significant risk factors in the univariate analysis associated with nosocomial infection were age, STS risk grade, delayed sternal closure, BMI < 5th percentile, CPB time, aortic clamping time, lymphocyte count >cut off value, lymphocyte/WBC ratio, neutrophil count >cut off value, neutrophil/ WBC ratio and serum creatinine >cut off value (Table 4) .

After adjusted confounding factors, the study found age (OR 0.798, 95%CI: 0.769-0.829; P < 0.001), STS risk grade (OR 1.267, 95%CI: 1.159-1.385; P < 0.001), BMI < 5th percentile (OR 1295, 95%CI: 1.023-1.639; P = 0.032), BMI >95th percentile (OR 0.792, 95%CI: 0.647-0.969; P = 0.023), CPB time (OR 1.008, 95%CI: 1.003-1.012; P < 0.001), aortic clamping time (OR 1.009, 95%CI: 1.002-1.015; P = 0.008) were significantly associated with nosocomial infection in CHD infants (Table 4) .

Nosocomial infection probability can be estimated with the nomograms (Fig. 1) . In order to calculate the probability of nosocomial infection after heart surgery in infants with congenital heart disease, each parameter has a corresponding score on the point axis, and the sum of the scores is plotted on the "total point" axis. The probability of nosocomial infection is the value at a vertical line from corresponding total points. The area under the curve (AUC) of nomograms predicting nosocomial infection risk of CHD infant after cardiac surgery was 0.738 (95% CI: 0.721-0.755, P < 0.001). After cross validation, AUC of nomograms was 0.730 ( Fig. 2 ). (Table 6) .

Nosocomial infection probability of CHD children after cardiac surgery can also be estimated with the nomograms, and calculation method is similar with that of CHD infant (Fig. 3) . The AUC of nomograms predicting nosocomial infection risk of CHD children after cardiac surgery was 0.818 (95% CI: 0.792-0.844, P < 0.001). After cross validation, AUC of nomograms was 0.808 (Fig. 4 ).

CHD has become the most common congenital defect in China. Due to China's large population base, the number of new cases of CHD per year is huge. Surgery is the main treatment for most heart defects [14] . But pediatric cardiac surgery reduces the patient's immunity and increases the risk of postoperative infection [15] . The study found that nosocomial infection was one of the main complications in the postoperative period in children with CHD, and are major causes of morbidity and mortality after cardiac surgery [16] . Nosocomial infections are also associated with longer intensive care unit (ICU) stay and greater antibiotic usage [17] [18] [19] . Analysis and identification of risk factors for nosocomial infections is important for identifying the highest risk population and developing strategies to prevent nosocomial infections. There have been few previous studies on the risk of nosocomial infection after cardiac surgery in children with congenital heart disease, and most of the studies were small size studies. This study investigated the risk factors for infection in 11,937 CHD children after cardiac surgery, the results have important clinical significance for the prevention and treatment of nosocomial infection in CHD children.

In present study, nosocomial infection rate was 10.8%, and nosocomial infection rates of newborns, infant and child were 32.9, 15.4, and 5.2%, respectively. Overall nosocomial infection rate is slightly lower than previous studies [20, 21] .

Nosocomial infection rate of CHD newborn was higher than infant and child in our study, age may be one of the main reasons for this difference. We also found that age was significantly associated with nosocomial infection of infant and child after cardiac surgery. Previous studies found that younger age was associated with higher incidence of postoperative infectious complications [22, 23] . Younger age was independently associated with acquisition of bacterial infection postheart transplantation in children [8] . A matched casecontrol study found that age younger than 1 year was an [24] . Sen et al. assessed the risk factors for postoperative infection after congenital heart surgery using data from the International Quality Improvement Collaborative for Congenital Heart Surgery in Developing World Countries, they found younger age was one of independent risk factors for infection [16] . Surgery itself is the risk of postoperative infection [25] . In our study, STS risk grade and history of cardiac surgery were significantly associated with post-operative nosocomial infection in CHD infant and child. The complexity of surgery is related to the operation time. The more complicated the operation, the longer the operation time, and the worse the outcome of the patient [26] . Duration of surgery and surgical complexity score are all risk factors of nosocomial infections in infants and children undergoing open heart surgery [20, 27] . The possible cause is that the risk of bacterial contamination and cell damage increases at the surgical site as the operation time increases. Retrospective study confirmed high complexity and previous cardiothoracic operation were associated with major infection after pediatric cardiac surgery [25, 28] . A cross-sectional prospective study found that duration of operation ≥3 h significantly predicted surgical site infection [29] . Previous case-control studies showed longer duration of surgery were independently associated with hospitalized surgical site infections after cardiovascular surgery in children [24, 30] . Higher surgical complexity was an independent risk factor for nosocomial infection after congenital heart surgery [16] .

Obesity and BMI is associated with an increased number of ventilator days, as well as increased ICU and hospital lengths of stay, which increase the risk of nosocomial infections [31, 32] . Previous study showed that a higher BMI is directly related to longer hospital and ICU stay [33] , which increases the risk of nosocomial infections [11, 34] . In a two-center prospective randomized controlled study, multiple regression analysis demonstrated a preoperative BMI of > 30 kg/m2 was an independent predictor for an increased surgical site infection rate after cardiac surgery in adult patients [35] . Higher BMI patients have a higher risk of community acquired and nosocomial infections in the ICU [33, 36, 37] . However, in this study, [38, 39] . However, children with high BMI have a low risk of developing these diseases. This may also be one of the reasons why higher BMI was associated with decreased odds of postoperative infection risk in CHD children. During cardiac surgery, CBP induces a systemic inflammatory response that causes immune disorders and significant pulmonary dysfunction [40, 41] . CPB time is closely related to aortic clamping time. Interestingly, we found through multivariate analysis that CPB time was significantly associated with the risk of nosocomial infection after cardiac surgery in children, but there was no significant association with the risk of postoperative infection in infants. The aortic clamping time is just the opposite, and there is only a significant correlation with the risk of postoperative nosocomial infection in infants. Aortic cross-clamp time greater than 85 min was an independent risk factor for surgical site infections in children undergoing cardiac surgery [24] . Lomtadze et al. confirmed that long CPB and cross-clamp time are major risk factors for nosocomial infection after cardiac surgery in a retrospective case study [42] .

Neutrophils, the most abundant human immune cells, are rapidly recruited to sites of infection, where they fulfill their life-saving antimicrobial functions [43] . Neutrophils are responsible for nonspecific inflammation through secretion of many inflammatory mediators [44] . This study found neutrophils are involved in the activation of non-specific inflammation, and lymphopenia is associated with adverse outcomes [44] . In our study, high neutrophils/WBC ratio was significantly associated with nosocomial infection in CHD infants, low lymphocyte/WBC ratio was significantly associated with nosocomial infection in child after surgery.

AST is one of the commonly used enzyme indicators for clinical evaluation of myocardial injury, and myocardial damage leads to an increase in AST levels [45] . The Fig. 4 The area under the curve of nomograms predicting nosocomial infection risk of CHD children after cardiac surgery patients included in this study were children with congenital heart disease and had varying degrees of myocardial cell damage. These patients have lower immunity than normal people, and the risk of inflammatory reactions and infections increases. This may explain the association between increased AST levels in CHD children and postoperative infection, but further clinical studies are needed.

Combined with the above risk factors, we can use nomogram to assess the risk of nosocomial infections in infants and children with congenital heart disease after cardiac surgery. In our study, the AUC of nomograms predicting nosocomial infection risk of CHD infant after cardiac surgery was 0.738. After cross validation, AUC of nomograms was 0.730. The AUC of nomograms predicting nosocomial infection risk of CHD children was 0.818. After cross validation, AUC of nomograms was 0.808. Therefore, nomograms had good discrimination ability of the risk of nosocomial infection after cardiac surgery in infants and children.

Several limitations should be considered to interpret this study. First, this is a retrospective single-center study. Second, some biomarkers of infection or inflammatory, such as CRP, as well as PCT, was not measured and analyzed. Third, the type of infection such as bacteria or virus, the grams positive of negative bacteria was not analyzed in this study. Fourth, the association between multidrug resistance and postoperative infection cannot be analyzed because of the lack of data related to multiple resistances.

STS risk grade, BMI, CPB duration, low lymphocyte/ WBC ratio or high neutrophil/WBC ratio were independently associated with nosocomial infection in CHD infant and children after cardiac surgery. Additional preventive strategies, including controlling weight (such as nutrition support), optimizing the surgical procedure may reduce risk of postoperative infection, but further research is needed.

Supplementary information accompanies this paper at https://doi.org/10. 1186/s12879-020-4769-6.

Additional file 1: Table S1 . Baseline characteristics of postoperative infection neonates and control.

Abbreviations ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; ALT: Alanine transaminase; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologist; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: Body mass index; CHD: Congenital heart disease; STS risk grade: Society of Thoracic Surgeons risk grade; WBC: White blood cell

Economic effects of nosocomial infections in cardiac surgery

The impact of nosocomial infections on patient outcomes following cardiac surgery

The impact of surgical-site infections in the 1990s: attributable mortality, excess length of hospitalization, and extra costs

Recognition, prevention, surveillance, and management of surgical site infections: introduction to the problem and symposium overview

International study of the prevalence and outcomes of infection in intensive care units

Preventing infections acquired during health-care delivery

epidemiological surveillance of surgical site infection and its risk factors in cardiac surgery: a prospective cohort study

Bacterial infections after pediatric heart transplantation: epidemiology, risk factors and outcomes

Nosocomial infections in pediatric cardiovascular surgery patients: a 4-year survey

Avoidance of hospital-acquired infections in pediatric cardiac surgical patients

Risk factors for nosocomial infections after cardiac surgery in newborns with congenital heart disease

Hospital infection diagnostic criteria

Analysis of surgical mortality for congenital heart defects using RACHS-1 risk score in a Brazilian single center

Changing landscape of congenital heart disease

Postoperative nosocomial infections among children with congenital heart disease

Postoperative Infection in Developing World Congenital Heart Surgery Programs: Data From the International Quality Improvement Collaborative

Risk factors and risk adjustment for surgical site infections in pediatric cardiothoracic surgery patients

Risk factors for central line-associated bloodstream infection in a pediatric cardiac intensive care unit

The costs associated with nosocomial bloodstream infections in the pediatric intensive care unit

Nosocomial infections after cardiac surgery in infants and children: incidence and risk factors

Diagnostic value of Procalcitonin on early postoperative infection after pediatric cardiac surgery

Outcome of ventricular septal defect repair in a developing country

Is early correction of congenital ventricular septal defect a better option in a developing country?

Risk factors for surgical site infection after cardiac surgery in children

Major infection after pediatric cardiac surgery: a risk estimation model

The impact of operative time on complications after plastic surgery: a multivariate regression analysis of 1753 cases

Nosocomial infections in infants and children after cardiac surgery

Major infection after pediatric cardiac surgery: external validation of risk estimation model

Predictors of surgical site infections among patients undergoing major surgery at Bugando medical Centre in Northwestern Tanzania

Risk factors for surgical site infections after pediatric cardiovascular surgery

The impact of obesity on the outcomes of 1,153 critically injured blunt trauma patients

Effect of obesity on intensive care morbidity and mortality: a meta-analysis

Body mass index and outcomes in critically injured blunt trauma patients: weighing the impact

Nosocomial infections in renal transplant patients: risk factors and treatment implications associated with urinary tract and surgical site infections

Prevention of surgical site sternal infections in cardiac surgery: a two-Centre prospective randomized controlled study

Obesity and infection

Obesity and site-specific nosocomial infection risk in the intensive care unit

Risk factors for post-operative wound infection in the setting of chorioamnionitis and cesarean delivery

Moderating effects of immunosuppressive medications and risk factors for post-operative joint infection following total joint arthroplasty in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis

Management of immune dysfunction after adult cardiac surgery

Alterations in inflammatory capacity and TLR expression on monocytes and neutrophils after cardiopulmonary bypass

Incidence and risk factors of nosocomial infections after cardiac surgery in Georgian population with congenital heart diseases

Neutrophils: between host defence, immune modulation, and tissue injury

Usefulness of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in predicting short-and long-term mortality after non-STelevation myocardial infarction

Biochemical markers of myocardial damage

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations

Thanks to all the staff of Shanghai Children's Medical Center who have contributed to the study. Thanks to Shanghai Synyi Medical Technology Co., Ltd. for providing a data analysis and statistical platform. 

Authors' contributions XDY: responsible for research implementation, data collection and analysis. MLC: responsible for supervision of project execution, data quality control, final approval of the version to be published. XL: accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved, final approval of the version to be published. YWC: responsible for the statistics and analysis of research data, final approval of the version to be published. ZDH: responsible for retrieval and screening literature, drafting the article. HBZ: responsible for data collection, data quality control, final approval of the version to be published. WW: responsible for the determination of the research direction, the design of the research program, and the summary of the research questions. All authors approved the final manuscript as submitted and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

The research was funded by National Science Foundation of China (No: 81670372).

The data and materials are not available because of hospital regulation.

The research project is in accordance with the ethical principles of "Declaration of Helsinki" and "International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects" promulgated by the Council for International Organization of Medical Sciences. After carefully reviewing, the research was approved by the Ethical Committee of Shanghai Children's Medical Center. All patients were free of informed consent because the study was a retrospective study. The approved number is SCMCIRB-K2016047.

This study was a retrospective study, it did not contain any individual person's data and all data has been desensitized. So, all patients were free of informed consent.

The authors declare no competing interests.Author details