key: cord-0023635-7h2r65nh
authors: Arar, Mohammad; Jung, Chuloh
title: Improving the Indoor Air Quality in Nursery Buildings in United Arab Emirates
date: 2021-11-18
journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182212091
sha: a9d4aac973159d4fb7cfc667d44785658d3fc200
doc_id: 23635
cord_uid: 7h2r65nh

Children inhale indoor air at 400 mL/min∙kg per body weight, 2.76 times more than adults. They have weaker immunity than adults and are more exposed to asthma, allergies, and atopic diseases. The objective of this paper is to suggest effective management and improvement measures for indoor air quality for nurseries. As a methodology, 16 nurseries (total of 35 classrooms) were selected to measure the indoor air quality compared with WHO IAQ Standard, and identify the daily concentration change of the pollutants. Based on the measurements, IAQ improvements for selected facilities are carried out to compare the results before and after improvement. The result has shown that the concentration of Carbon Dioxide (CO(2)), Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOC), Total Suspended Particles (TSP) and formaldehyde (CH(2)O) exceeds WHO IAQ standards. The concentration of CO(2) and TSP is changed mainly by physical activity of children and that of CH(2)O and TVOC is changed mainly by ventilation after school start. TVOC decreased by 46.4% and the TSP decreased by 21.7% after air purifier, but CH(2)O and TVOC increased 1.8–3.8 times after interior renovation with low-emission finishing materials. After new ventilation installation, the CH(2)O and TVOC reduced half and the TSP reduced one third. It is proven that the most effective way to reduce the concentration of air pollutants in nurseries is the installation of a new ventilation system, followed by an air purifier. The renovation with low-emission finishing materials cannot improve IAQ in a short period of time.

It is essential to manage Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) in buildings to create a pleasant environment and maintain the health of occupants [1] [2] [3] . Unlike office buildings, where most of the occupants are adults, it is important to maintain pleasant indoor air quality in the nursery, where most of the occupants are children and play in groups [4] [5] [6] . Infants and children inhale indoor air at 400 mL/min·kg per body weight, compared to 150 mL/min·kg per body weight of adults [7, 8] . They are highly influenced by the indoor environment and have weaker immunity than adults, so they are more likely to suffer from asthma, allergies, and atopic diseases that can be caused by indoor air quality [9, 10] . Atopic asthma and wheezing in infants and children, which are judged to be environmental diseases, can affect lung growth, and may impair lung function [11] [12] [13] . As allergic diseases can develop into more serious types of allergic diseases as they progress naturally, it is very essential to manage indoor air quality in childcare facilities [14] [15] [16] .

The Public Health and Safety Department of Dubai Municipality assessed the Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) for 70 educational institutions, universities, schools, nurseries, kindergartens, and health care centers between 2013 and 2014 [17] [18] [19] . Based on this assessment, Dubai municipality established the IAQ (Indoor Air Quality) stipulation with less than 0.08 ppm (parts per million) of formaldehyde (CH 2 O), less than 300 micrograms/m 3 0.08 ppm (parts per million) of formaldehyde (CH2O), less than 300 micrograms/m 3 of TVOC (Total Volatile Organic Compound), and less than 150 micrograms/m 3 of suspended particulates (less than 10 microns) in 8 h of continuous monitoring prior to occupancy [20, 21] . Even though a strict IAQ standard has been set for childcare facilities, they are not adhered to in practice [22, 23] . Exceeding these IAQ standards can not only lead to decreased learning efficiency in infants and children, but also serious SBS (Sick Building Syndrome) symptoms such as respiratory diseases, nausea, eye irritation, drowsiness, and long-term health problems [24, 25] . To reduce the adverse effects on the health of infants and children due to Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) pollution, three methods to keep indoor air quality clean in nurseries are used such as controlling the source of pollutants, improving ventilation, and removing pollutants via purification [26] [27] [28] . Many studies have been conducted for these three general methods [29, 30] . However, most of the research targets houses and offices, and there is very little research on indoor air quality in childcare facilities, used by infants and children with weak immunity [31] [32] [33] . In addition, while research has been focused on improving indoor air quality before moving in, studies conducted for occupied space are very rare [34, 35] .

This study aims to determine the most effective methods to enhance the indoor air quality (IAQ) of the nurseries among placing an air purifier, changing finishing materials (low-emission materials), and installing ventilation facilities. IAQ was measured on site for 16 facilities to define the current status of IAQ in nurseries in the UAE. Six nurseries were measured during a specific time period to understand the daily concentration change for indoor air pollutants. Sixteen nurseries had installed three different IAQ improvement methods (placement of air purifiers (10) , change of finishing materials (3) and installation of ventilation facilities (3)) according to the measurement data, characteristics of nurseries, and manager' s requirements. After improvement, the indoor air quality was re-measured to identify how these three methods effectively reduce indoor air pollutants in nurseries for future IAQ management (Figure 1 ). 

The fundamental methods to solve the indoor air pollution problem include control of the source, improvement of ventilation, and control by purification [36] [37] [38] . Examples of source control include the use of low-emission building finishes and bake-outs [39, 40] . Ventilation improvement uses natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation to increase the indoor inflow of outdoor air with low pollution level [41, 42] . Alternatively, if the outdoor air pollution is serious, there is a method to purify the indoor and outdoor air, and to introduce and recirculate it indoors [43] . Removal control is a method of adsorbing and filtering pollutants or decomposing them by catalysts [44] . There is a method to improve indoor air quality on its own using air purifiers, catalyst materials and air purifying plants [45] .

As a study to improve indoor air quality, there is a study result in which the concentration of TVOC and CH 2 O was reduced by more than 20% compared to the initial concentration after bake-out in a new apartment building in relation to source control [46, 47] . A study was conducted on the effect of bakeout of general finishing materials and low-emission finishing materials [48] . To increase the effect of reducing pollutants by bake-out, the main influencing factors and operating conditions were reviewed [49] .

As a study on ventilation improvement, after identifying the emission intensity of pollutants (radon) from building materials for residential buildings, the radon concentration according to the location of the room and the opening and closing state of the opening was identified through simulation, and ventilation was performed to improve indoor air quality [50] . In addition, there is a study result that the location of the seal and the radiation time of contaminants should be considered [51] . In the construction stage before moving into an apartment, natural ventilation, mechanical (exhaust) ventilation, and natural ventilation and mechanical (exhaust) ventilation were divided into ventilation methods, and the indoor air quality was improved before ventilation and 3 weeks after each ventilation method was applied [52, 53] . There is a study comparing the reduction efficiency according to each ventilation method by measuring it [54] . Additionally, by measuring and simulating the ventilation rate and CO 2 generation in the classroom, there is a study result that CO 2 concentration decreases when the summer temperature is set low, and the CO 2 concentration increases when the winter temperature is set high [55, 56] .

Previous research has conducted ventilation methods such as natural ventilation, air conditioner operation, mechanical ventilation, and measure indoor air quality, and concludes natural ventilation dilutes pollutants under the influence of outside air [57] . Although air conditioners and mechanical ventilation have lower ventilation rates, studies have reported that pollutants are lowered in the process of air recirculation, thereby improving indoor air quality [58] .

Studies on the improvement effect of purification have been actively conducted on the reduction of indoor air pollutants by air purification plants [59, 60] . For example, there was a study result that proved that the CH 2 O concentration was reduced when air purifying plants were planted indoors by conducting a closed experiment assuming outdoor air conditions in which natural ventilation is difficult in winter and early spring [61, 62] . In addition, there is a study comparing the concentration of pollutants due to the decomposition of pollutants in indoor ventilation and photo plasma, and there is a study that the removal of pollutants is more effective than when the ventilation is performed twice and 1.3 times [63] . It has been reported that when the photo plasma device is operated, pollutants are greatly reduced compared to non-operated threads, and pollutants can be reduced in a short time [64] . It has been investigated that ventilation lowers the concentration of all types of VOCs, but photocatalysis lowers the concentration of only a few VOCs [65, 66] .

Concerning ventilation control, there is a study that evaluates the effect of reducing indoor air quality pollutants by selecting six two-bedroom households to understand the effect of natural ventilation and decomposition agent construction for a newly built apartment building before moving in [67, 68] . In the household with natural ventilation, the rate of increase in pollutants was reduced by 2/3 compared to the sealed household [69] . In addition, a study showing that the concentration of VOCs decreased in the houses using the ventilation system and cement floors instead of carpets by installing ventilation facilities and changing materials in each house targeting four houses requiring improvement of indoor air quality has been reported [70] .

The improvement plans studied above are mainly those that can be implemented during the construction phase and before moving in [71] . There were proposals that had to be implemented by contractors rather than the improvements that users can generally implement [72] . Therefore, it is necessary to study the indoor air quality improvement plan, which can be implemented relatively easily by occupants in a building already in use, and the verification of the effect thereof [73] .

In addition, most of the studies on indoor air quality improvement have mainly focused on residential buildings, but there are few studies on the nursery IAQ [74] . As a study on nurseries, there is a study that TVOC, CH 2 O, airborne bacteria and CO 2 exceed the standard in nursery and elementary school buildings in Greece [75] . There was a study that measured temperature, humidity, CO 2 , CO, and PM 10 for 10 childcare facilities, investigated the maintenance status, and identified factors affecting the concentration of each pollutant. However, it is considered that research is needed to improve the indoor air quality in the nursery, as it is mainly limited to the actual situation report. Therefore, a method to improve indoor air quality in nurseries where children stay for a long time is explored. Based on the basic indoor air quality improvement plan, the effects of installing air purifiers, changing building finishing materials, and installing ventilation facilities that managers can easily implement are investigated.

Sixteen nurseries were selected based on the EdArabia' s best nurseries rankings and number of reviews on the site for Dubai (Figure 2 ), Sharjah ( Figure 3 ) and Ajman [76] . Temperature, humidity, CO 2 , TSP, CH 2 O, and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) were measured in a total of 35 classrooms. For each indoor air quality pollutant in the target room, the degree of contamination was compared with the standard value of the WHO IAQ Standard, and the daily concentration change of the pollutant was identified. Based on the measurement results and the manager' s request, to improve the indoor air quality of the target facility, an air purifier or ventilation system was installed, or the finishing material of the facility was changed to an eco-friendly building certification material. After improvement, the degree of reduction in pollutant concentration and satisfaction with the improvement were investigated via air quality measurement. of increase in pollutants was reduced by 2/3 compared to the sealed household [69] . In addition, a study showing that the concentration of VOCs decreased in the houses using the ventilation system and cement floors instead of carpets by installing ventilation facilities and changing materials in each house targeting four houses requiring improvement of indoor air quality has been reported [70] . The improvement plans studied above are mainly those that can be implemented during the construction phase and before moving in [71] . There were proposals that had to be implemented by contractors rather than the improvements that users can generally implement [72] . Therefore, it is necessary to study the indoor air quality improvement plan, which can be implemented relatively easily by occupants in a building already in use, and the verification of the effect thereof [73] .

In addition, most of the studies on indoor air quality improvement have mainly focused on residential buildings, but there are few studies on the nursery IAQ [74] . As a study on nurseries, there is a study that TVOC, CH2O, airborne bacteria and CO2 exceed the standard in nursery and elementary school buildings in Greece [75] . There was a study that measured temperature, humidity, CO2, CO, and PM10 for 10 childcare facilities, investigated the maintenance status, and identified factors affecting the concentration of each pollutant. However, it is considered that research is needed to improve the indoor air quality in the nursery, as it is mainly limited to the actual situation report. Therefore, a method to improve indoor air quality in nurseries where children stay for a long time is explored. Based on the basic indoor air quality improvement plan, the effects of installing air purifiers, changing building finishing materials, and installing ventilation facilities that managers can easily implement are investigated.

Sixteen nurseries were selected based on the EdArabia' s best nurseries rankings and number of reviews on the site for Dubai (Figure 2 ), Sharjah ( Figure 3 ) and Ajman [76] . Temperature, humidity, CO2, TSP, CH2O, and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) were measured in a total of 35 classrooms. For each indoor air quality pollutant in the target room, the degree of contamination was compared with the standard value of the WHO IAQ Standard, and the daily concentration change of the pollutant was identified. Based on the measurement results and the manager' s request, to improve the indoor air quality of the target facility, an air purifier or ventilation system was installed, or the finishing material of the facility was changed to an eco-friendly building certification material. After improvement, the degree of reduction in pollutant concentration and satisfaction with the improvement were investigated via air quality measurement. Table 1 shows basic information such as the number of children and the year of establishment of the target facility, as well as the maintenance status of mechanical ventilation devices and natural ventilation times expected to be related to indoor air quality. 01-FU-10-HO are facilities that we improved indoor air quality, and the air quality was measured before and after the improvement. Among the target facilities, 17 facilities have a mechanical ventilation system comparable to that of a local exhaust system in kitchens and toilets; more than half of them. None of the facilities had ventilation in the classroom. 8 out of 16 childcare facilities had air purifiers in each classroom. Measurements were made before and after improvement in 32 classrooms in a total of 16 childcare facilities. Hourly measurements were made in 10 classrooms in six facilities. Table 1 shows basic information such as the number of children and the year of establishment of the target facility, as well as the maintenance status of mechanical ventilation devices and natural ventilation times expected to be related to indoor air quality. 01-FU-10-HO are facilities that we improved indoor air quality, and the air quality was measured before and after the improvement. 11-OR-16-BL facilities are measured for the daily concentration change of pollutants. The target facilities are 10 facilities in Dubai, 4 facilities in Sharjah, and 2 facilities in Ajman. By area, there are two facilities under 500 m 2 , 10 facilities with 500-1000 m 2 , and 4 facilities with more than 1000 m 2 . In terms of the number of children, there are eight facilities with 50 or less children, six facilities with 50 to 100 children, and two facilities with 100 to 150 children. By year of completion, there are two facilities before 2005, 12 facilities between 2006 and 2015, and two facilities after 2016. Among the target facilities, 17 facilities have a mechanical ventilation system comparable to that of a local exhaust system in kitchens and toilets; more than half of them. None of the facilities had ventilation in the classroom. 8 out of 16 childcare facilities had air purifiers in each classroom. Measurements were made before and after improvement in 32 classrooms in a total of 16 childcare facilities. Hourly measurements were made in 10 classrooms in six facilities.

The measured indoor air pollutants were CO 2 , TVOC, CH 2 O, and TSP with temperature and humidity. The measurements were conducted in 32 classrooms in 16 nursery facilities; the most common two nursery rooms where children reside, and all measurement points were set at a height of 1.0 to 1.2 m from the floor in consideration of the child' s breathing line. Indoor air quality was measured in two stages: before and after improvement of the indoor air environment. Facility 11-OR-16-BL between February and November 2020, Facility 01-FU-10-HO between February and November 2020, pre-measurement, improvement work and re-measurement after improvement. The measurements before improvement were conducted in the spring, February to March, and measurements after improvement were carried out in October to November, autumn, when the outdoor temperature was relatively the same to reduce seasonal effects. The measurements before and after improvement were conducted from 08:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. in the morning after children go to school. During the summer months of June and August, indoor air quality improvement work was carried out in nursery facilities. In addition, to analyze the change in the concentration of pollutants according to time period, two classrooms in 6 facilities (11-OR-16-BL) were targeted in March 2020, the same time as the measurement before improvement. The measurement was conducted three times, before going to school (before 08:00 a.m.) in the morning (08:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m.), and in the afternoon (12:00 p.m. to 16:00 p.m.) to avoid mealtimes and times when children are not present. To achieve the maximum objectivity of the experiment, there were no intervention or control of children's activities for the measurement.

The method of measuring pollutants before and after the improvement and according to the time is the same. Temperature, humidity, and CO 2 were measured 30 times for 1 min for 30 min by direct reading method. TSP was measured 10 times for 3 min each. TVOC and CH 2 O were measured according to the WHO IAQ standard test method. The test method is a method of measuring two or more points at 1 m from the inner wall and floor surface of a place judged to be representative of the pollution level of the target facility during the daytime (08:00 a.m. to 19:00 p.m.). Table 2 shows the measuring devices and methods according to the measurement items. The collection of air during sampling was carried out continuously twice in one or two chambers for 30 min using Formaldehyde Meter HFX205-100. CH 2 O was collected through Formaldehyde Meter HFX205-100 at a flow rate of 500 mL/min and then analyzed using HPLC. TVOC was collected through VOC Environmental Meter PCE-VOC 1 at a flow rate of 100 mL/min and analyzed using GC/MS (Varian-SATURN2200/Shimadzu-QP2010). When measuring indoor air quality before and after improvement work, day-today childcare activities were carried out, so there was no control over changes in equipment used indoors, such as teaching aids and toys, and the amount of activity of occupants. 

When measuring indoor air quality before improvement, the average and standard deviation of the room temperature were 26.6 • C and 1.9, respectively, and the rooms were measured at relatively similar temperatures. The mean and standard deviation of humidity were 41% and 16.87, which showed a relatively large standard deviation compared to temperature.

Figures 4-7 show the concentrations of CO 2 , TSP, CH 2 O, and TVOC measured in each nursery room and outside air before improvement. When measured, the average outdoor air CO 2 concentration was 436.7 ppm, indicating that the pollution level of the outdoor air was not serious. The CO 2 concentration of seven facilities in 01-FU, 04-ID, 08-KI, 09-AK, 10-HO, and 14-RO and 11 nursery rooms (37%) exceeded 920 ppm, the CO 2 standard of the WHO IAQ standard. The source of CO 2 pollution is due to the breathing of infants and children in the room. Among them, in the case of facility 01-FU and facility 14-RO, both classrooms approached or exceeded 2000 ppm, twice the CO 2 maintenance standard, indicating that the degree of CO 2 contamination was serious ( Figure 4 ). 

When measuring indoor air quality before improvement, the average and standard deviation of the room temperature were 26.6 °C and 1.9, respectively, and the rooms were measured at relatively similar temperatures. The mean and standard deviation of humidity were 41% and 16.87, which showed a relatively large standard deviation compared to temperature. The average TSP (PM 10 ) of the outdoor air at the nurseries was 90.29 µg/m 3 , indicating that the overall level of contamination was lower than WHO IAQ standard. The measurement results of 08-KI (141.3 µg/m 3 ) and 16-BL (166.7 µg/m 3 ) facilities were very high. The surrounding areas of 08-KI and 16-BL are industrial and commercial areas, and it is understood that the outside air is polluted by the influence of dust from surrounding construction sites and factories, as well as a lot of vehicle flow. Room 1, Room 2 of 08-KI, and Room 2 of 16-BL were seriously polluted indoors with the concentration of TSP at 165.6 µg/m 3 , 182.0 µg/m 3 , and 184.1 µg/m 3 due to the pollution of the outside air along with the dust generated indoors. Although the concentration of TSP in the outdoor air was high in 16-BL room 1, it was measured to be lower than the TSP concentration in the outdoor air by keeping the room clean. In the case of 14-RO room 2, the outdoor air TSP concentration was low, but the amount of dust generated indoors was large, so the TSP concentration was measured to be high as 129.1 µg/m 3 . Other 01-FU room 2, 02-DO room 1, 10-HO room 1, 11-OR room 1 and 12-AM room 2 exceeded the standard value of 100 µg/m 3 ( Figure 5 ). the WHO IAQ standard of 100 μg/m 3 . In the case of 11-OR and 15-GA, the indoor CH2O concentration is higher than the outdoor air, so it is judged that they are contaminated by various finishing materials and CH2O emitted from teaching materials (Figure 7 ). Figure 6 ).

The CH 2 O concentrations in the outside air of 02-DO, 07-LL, and 12-AM were 99.64 µg/m 3 , 132.8 µg/m 3 , and 234.2 µg/m 3 , respectively, and the degree of contamination was serious compared to other nurseries. As a result, the indoor CH 2 O concentration was also measured to be high. 07-LL, 11-OR, 12-AM, and 15-GA were found in places that exceeded the WHO IAQ standard of 100 µg/m 3 . In the case of 11-OR and 15-GA, the indoor CH 2 O concentration is higher than the outdoor air, so it is judged that they are contaminated by various finishing materials and CH 2 O emitted from teaching materials (Figure 7 ). In case of CO 2 , before school (798.3 ppm), in the morning after school start (1556 ppm), and in the afternoon during school (1197.5 ppm) was measured according to time. As for the change trend of the CO 2 concentration in each nursery room, as shown in the average concentration change pattern, the concentration was the lowest before school, and the concentration increased after school start, and then decreased again in the afternoon ( Figure 8) . As for the daily change in TSP concentration, such as the trend of change in CO 2 concentration, the concentration of TSP before school was the lowest, and it rose the highest in the morning after school, and then decreased in the afternoon. However, the concentration continued to increase over time in 4 out of 12 nursery rooms. The hourly average concentrations were measured to be 47.2 µg/m 3 , 85.3 µg/m 3 , and 65.0 µg/m 3 , respectively ( Figure 9 ). Figures 8-11 show the changes in the concentrations of pollutants CO2, TSP, C and TVOC measured over time in each of the two classrooms at six nurseries. There a difference in the degree of contamination for each material in each nursery room the change pattern of the concentration according to time was similar. In case of CO2, before school (798.3 ppm), in the morning after school start ppm), and in the afternoon during school (1197.5 ppm) was measured according to As for the change trend of the CO2 concentration in each nursery room, as shown i average concentration change pattern, the concentration was the lowest before school the concentration increased after school start, and then decreased again in the after ( Figure 8) . As for the daily change in TSP concentration, such as the trend of chan CO2 concentration, the concentration of TSP before school was the lowest, and it ros highest in the morning after school, and then decreased in the afternoon. Howeve concentration continued to increase over time in 4 out of 12 nursery rooms. The ho average concentrations were measured to be 47.2 μg/m 3 , 85.3 μg/m 3 , and 65.0 μg/m spectively (Figure 9 ). In case of CO2, before school (798.3 ppm), in the morning after school start ppm), and in the afternoon during school (1197.5 ppm) was measured according to As for the change trend of the CO2 concentration in each nursery room, as shown i average concentration change pattern, the concentration was the lowest before schoo the concentration increased after school start, and then decreased again in the after ( Figure 8) . As for the daily change in TSP concentration, such as the trend of chan CO2 concentration, the concentration of TSP before school was the lowest, and it ros highest in the morning after school, and then decreased in the afternoon. Howeve concentration continued to increase over time in 4 out of 12 nursery rooms. The h average concentrations were measured to be 47.2 μg/m 3 , 85.3 μg/m 3 , and 65.0 μg/m spectively ( Figure 9 ). (Figure 11 ).

The improvement plan for indoor air quality carried out in this paper are (1) "i lation of an air purifier" to remove indoor air pollutants, (2) "change of building m als" to remove pollutants (replacement with finishing materials that emit less pollut and (3) "installation of ventilation equipment" to dilute the polluted air. The improve work carried out at each nursery was determined in consideration of the indoor air qu measurement results, the manager' s opinion, and the situation of the nurseries. Ta below shows the facilities according to the indoor air quality improvement wo group. Group A consisted of a total of 10 nurseries (01-FU-10-HO), which do not hav purifiers. The air purifier is the most preferred improvement plan by facility man because of the ease of installation. The device was adapted to the size of the nurse that the children could use it continuously while they were in the room. The installe (Figure 11 ).

The improvement plan for indoor air quality carried out in this paper are (1) "installation of an air purifier" to remove indoor air pollutants, (2) "change of building materials" to remove pollutants (replacement with finishing materials that emit less pollutants), and (3) "installation of ventilation equipment" to dilute the polluted air. The improvement work carried out at each nursery was determined in consideration of the indoor air quality measurement results, the manager' s opinion, and the situation of the nurseries. Table 3 below shows the facilities according to the indoor air quality improvement working group. Group A consisted of a total of 10 nurseries (01-FU-10-HO), which do not have air purifiers. The air purifier is the most preferred improvement plan by facility managers because of the ease of installation. The device was adapted to the size of the nursery so that the children could use it continuously while they were in the room. The installed air purifier has a built-in deodorizing filter that removes odors and indoor air pollutants and an anti-virus HEPA filter that can filter out more than 99.9% of 0.3 µg fine particles.

Group B, which is a change of finishing materials, targeted 11-OR and 12-AM nurseries with CH 2 O concentrations higher than the standard, and 13-DR nursery that were very old and poorly managed. As for the replaced eco-friendly building materials, the best certified materials were used with the emission of CH 2 O and TVOC less than 0.015 mg/m 2 h and 0.1 mg/m 2 h, respectively, through the chamber test. In facilities 11-OR and 13-DR, wallpapers were replaced on the four sides of the nursery room walls, and in 12-AM, the flooring materials were changed.

In Group C, which is expected to be most effective in improving indoor air quality, new ventilation equipment was installed since two or more of the measured pollutants exceeded WHO IAQ standard, and the level of pollution was severe. In group C, the outdoor air was measured to be clean, but the 14-RO with high TSP and TVOC concentrations were measured in the nursery room, and the 15-GA and 16-BL with high outdoor air pollutant concentrations and two or more pollutants exceeding the WHO IAQ standard in the nursery room. In addition, at the time of the visit, it was confirmed that the nursery room had a closed floor plan, and the windows were very narrow. The ventilation system is a method of supplying and exhausting 250 CMH (Cubic Meter per Hour) of fresh air into the room through a diffuser capable of temperature/humidity control and a filter. One device was installed in each nursery room so that natural and mechanical ventilation were performed simultaneously.

To understand the degree of improvement in indoor air quality according to the improvement work in Group A-Group C, the concentrations before and after improvement were compared for each nursery. The degree of improvement was expressed as a percentage before and after the improvement using the following equation. Table 4 below shows the changes in indoor air pollutants before and after the improvement with air purifiers. The average reduction rate of pollutant concentration in nursery rooms with air purifiers was the highest in TVOC at 46.31% compared to before improvement. Next, TSP was 21.7%, CO 2 was 18.16%, and CH 2 O was 13.7%. On average, the concentration of all contaminants decreased after improvement. However, CO 2 and TVOC concentrations increased in three out of 16 nursery rooms, and TSP was measured slightly higher than before improvement in two rooms. There was a total of seven facilities with increased CH 2 O concentration, and it was the indoor air pollutant which had the highest concentration among all the pollutants. The concentrations of CH 2 O and TVOC in 09-AK were 84.9% and 86.4% in Room 1, and 91.0% and 96.7% in Room 2, respectively, showing the highest concentration reduction rates. CO 2 concentration was reduced by 60.9% in Room 1 and 64.2% in Room 2. The main source of CO 2 is human respiration or combustion. It is judged that the concentration is lowered not because of an air purifier but the decrease in the number of occupants and the amount of activity. In the case of TSP, the Room1 in 08-KI showed the highest reduction rate of 72.1%. The effect of improving indoor air quality by air purifiers was found to be the most effective in reducing TVOC. In case of CH 2 O, the concentration was reduced on average and the degree was found to be insignificant. Table 5 shows the changes in pollutants before and after the improvement of the facilities with building material change. In case of using a finishing material certified with a low emission of pollutants, the concentrations of CH 2 O and TVOC after improvement were significantly lower than before improvement in all six nurseries. In the 11-OR-1 room, the decrease rate of CH 2 O concentration was −498.3%, which was about 5 times lower than before the improvement, and the decrease rate of TVOC concentration in L2 was −812.8%, which was about eight times lower. The average reduction rates of CH 2 O and TVOC were −178.6% and −380.7%, respectively. Considering that re-measurement was carried out about two months after changing the finishing materials at each nursery and that the amount of indoor air pollutants emitted by building materials was very high at the beginning and then decreased over time, The improvement effect regarding building material change in short period of time was difficult to expect based on many previous studies. If change of building material is considered, it should be changed in long break time such as summer vacation [77] . 

In addition, the 13-DR changed the finishing material at the request of the manager due to the deterioration of the material, so that the interior was aesthetically pleasing, but the indoor air quality became more serious compared to the previous one. The concentration of TSP in room 13-DR-2 decreased slightly after improvement to −5.6%, but the concentration of TSP in other nursery rooms decreased overall, resulting in an average decrease rate of 15.2%. This is the effect of cleaning the nursery room, furniture, and various items carried out along with the material change. The reduction rate of pollutants before and after CO 2 improvement was −25.6% on average, and the CO 2 concentration decreased about two times to −221.4% in 12-AM-2 room. Since the source of CO 2 pollution is outside air or human breathing, it cannot be said to be an effect of material change. Table 6 shows the concentration of pollutants before and after the installation of ventilation equipment in the nursery and their reduction rate. In case of CH 2 O, the 15-GA-2 room showed the highest reduction rate of 79.7%. The lowest measured case was 17.46% in the 16-BL-1 room, and the average reduction rate was 53.5%, so the concentration was reduced most effectively among pollutants. Regarding CH 2 O, compared to other improvement methods such as air purifier placement and building material change, air purifier has the highest efficiency (91.06%) at 09-AK-2. The TVOC concentration decreased the second most with an average decrease rate of 52.94% before and after improvement. Compared to other improvement methods, air purifier has the highest efficiency (96.68%) at 09-AK-2. The concentrations of TSP and CH 2 O were reduced in all the measured rooms, and in case of TSP, compared to other improvement methods, new ventilation system has the highest efficiency (72.27%) at 14-RO-1. In case of CO 2 , the concentration reduction rate was relatively low, and the concentration increased after improvement in three of six rooms, indicating that the reduction effect by installing ventilation facilities was the least. Compared to other improvement methods, new ventilation system has the highest efficiency (75.2%) at 15-GA-2. 

There are various sources of indoor air pollutants and the improvement methods for various pollutants are also different. It is necessary to identify the problematic pollutants of nurseries, and to establish appropriate improvement measures. In addition, in order to understand the effect of a low-emission finishing material for future study, a study on the concentration change according to each elapsed time will be conducted when changing to a general material and a low-emission finishing material.

Facing the COVID-19 pandemic, IAQ became a more important social phenomenon [78] . After a new airborne virus ignited a global pandemic, IAQ and its impact on our health became one of the most crucial issues, even though the spotlight was primarily on the threat of COVID-19 pathogens [79] . In last two years, many global building certifications have focused on monitoring IAQ, especially on pathogens and particulate matter (PM) [80] . Since we are moving past the COVID-19 pandemic, it will be important to maintain higher standards, addressed during the pandemic. Regarding COVID-19 risk mitigation strategies, it is absolutely important not only to wear a mask, social distance, and outdoor de-densify, but also to have appropriate IAQ management systems such as increasing natural and mechanical ventilation, increasing filtration, managing indoor temperature and humidity, and frequent UV cleaning for HVAC units [81] .

Our methodology to enhance the IAQ in 16 nurseries are the same as above and the result data can possibly be implemented to augment Dubai Municipality IAQ stipulation, not only for nursery building IAQ enhancement, but COVID-19 risk mitigation.

The nature of IAQ research is multidisciplinary with four main categories such as medicine, energy, buildings, and environments. The focus originated from a medical point of view such as the symptoms of SBS in places of work and recently shifted to the characterization of pollutants and risk assessment due to global trends of smoking bans in public spaces. Moreover, the focus was moved from office buildings to schools and hospitals. Currently there have been many attempts to use four IR (Industrial Revolution) technologies such as low-cost sensors to measure indoor air pollutants and the apply new technology to passively improve air quality. Since many unprecedented chemicals and new building material are used in daily life, various new monitoring campaigns and sampling methods have appeared.

This study aimed to measure indoor air quality in nurseries to determine the current situation, conduct indoor air quality improvement work for each facility, and compare the results before and after improvement by re-measurement of indoor air quality. The objective is to suggest effective management and improvement measures for indoor air quality for nurseries.

First, the concentration of CO 2 and TVOC exceeding WHO IAQ standards in the target nurseries was 37% each, and the concentration of TSP and CH 2 O was 23%, respectively. Some nurseries were found to have very serious contamination levels for certain substances. In most nursery rooms, the indoor pollutant concentration was higher than the outdoor air, and it was found that the cause of indoor air pollution was greater indoors than outdoor factors. In addition, to manage and improve indoor air quality in nurseries, natural ventilation, or ventilation equipment to bring outdoor air to dilute the indoor pollutants is effective since the concentration of pollutants in the outdoor air is not high.

Second, the daily change in the concentration of pollutants increased in the case of CO 2 and PM 10 after children went to school, and the concentration decreased in the afternoon during a nap in the afternoon and children went home. The concentration of CO 2 and TSP was changed mainly by the presence and physical activity of children. On the other hand, the concentrations of CH 2 O and TVOC were the highest before school start, and the concentrations decreased gradually after school finish. The concentration of pollutants was reduced by ventilation after the opening of the nurseries, and contaminants were emitted and accumulated in the closed classroom, such as building materials, furniture, and various play equipment. Therefore, to keep the indoor air quality clean in nurseries, sufficient natural ventilation should be performed before children attend.

Third, as a result of the air quality measurement before and after improvement, the TVOC concentration decreased significantly to 46.4% and the TSP concentration decreased by 21.7% in the nursery room with air purifier installation. This is due to a deodorizing filter that adsorbs and removes the pollutants and a HEPA filter which removes particulate pollutants. Concentrations of CH 2 O and TVOC increased by 178.6% and 380.7%, respectively, in nursery rooms where building materials were changed with low-emission finishing materials. Even for low-emission finishing materials, the initial emission of pollutants is higher than that of general materials already in use, so it is not effective to improve indoor air quality in a short period of time. In the nursery room whose materials were changed due to deterioration of the facility, indoor air quality pollution grew worse. In addition, the TSP concentration was also reduced by the cleaning work accompanying the material change. In case of nurseries with ventilation facilities, the CH 2 O concentration showed the highest reduction rate of 53.5% after improvement. The TVOC and TSP concentrations were reduced by 52.9% and 36.7%, respectively, indicating that the indoor air quality improvement effect was superior to that of other improvement plans. Additionally, the CO 2 concentration was reduced the most by the ventilation system, but it was found to be relatively difficult to control, as it was largely affected by the number of occupants and the amount of activity in the nursery room.

As a way to improve indoor air quality in nurseries, the most effective way to reduce the concentration of pollutants was the installation of a ventilation system, followed by an air purifier. Since air purifiers will have different pollutant reduction rates due to the characteristics of the product, a device suitable for the characteristics of the facility should be used. The use of low-emission finishing materials cannot be a direct way to improve indoor air quality, but it is considered to be better than the degree to which indoor air quality is polluted by changing to general building finishing materials in nurseries.

Author Contributions: All authors contributed significantly to this study. C.J. and M.A. identified and secured the example buildings used in the study. The data acquisition system and installations of sensors were designed and installed by C.J. and M.A. M.A. were responsible for data collection. Data analysis was performed by C.J. The manuscript was compiled by C.J. and reviewed by M.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding: This research received no external funding.

The study was conducted according to the guidelines of Ajman University Research Ethics Committee.

Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

Data Availability Statement: New data were created or analyzed in this study. Data will be shared upon request and consideration of the authors.

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The authors would like to express their gratitude to Ajman University for the generous support to publish this paper.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.