key: cord-0029060-6jftz68m
authors: Son, Keunbada; Son, Young-Tak; Jin, Myoung-Uk; Lee, Kyu-Bok
title: Satisfaction Factors with a Dental Unit Chair System in South Korea: A Dentist’s Perspective
date: 2022-02-25
journal: Healthcare (Basel)
DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10030437
sha: fac32d8c695585b7f9c433a6a5320c184216ae9b
doc_id: 29060
cord_uid: 6jftz68m

This study aimed to survey users’ satisfaction with a dental unit chair in order to highlight the elements affecting the dentist’s satisfaction. The questionnaire items were drawn up with seven components that constitute a dental unit chair, including the light, patient seat, foot controller, water fountain and cuspidor, monitor, bracket table and controller, and dentist chair. With these questionnaire elements, a pilot experiment was conducted to test the reliability, and reliability analysis was conducted. The scale reliability was checked using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Bartlett’s test of sphericity, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure, and factor analysis were performed to test whether the items would constitute appropriate questionnaire items for the survey. The survey was conducted with 26 dentists with more than three years of clinical experience. A correlation analysis was conducted using Pearson’s correlation coefficient (PCC) (α = 0.05) to analyze the impact of the factors on the overall satisfaction with the dental unit chair. The items that were strongly correlated with the overall satisfaction score of the dental unit chair were the design and appearance quality of the dental unit chair (PCC = 0.781), its maintenance (PCC = 0.784), and the overall satisfaction with the water fountain and cuspidor (PCC = 0.703) (p < 0.05). Most of the questionnaire items could affect the overall satisfaction with the dental unit chair. Additionally, because the design and appearance quality, maintenance, and overall satisfaction with the water fountain and cuspidor may have the greatest impact on the overall satisfaction with the dental unit chair, the improvement of these elements may bring about the enhancement of the overall satisfaction.

In dental clinics, the use of a dental unit chair is essential for the diagnosis and treatment of patients [1] [2] [3] . Dentists spend most of their office hours in the dental unit chair space for patient care [4, 5] . In addition to dentists, patients and dental hygienists also use the dental unit chair [6] . The dental unit chair consists of the following components: the light, patient seat, foot controller, water fountain and cuspidor, monitor, bracket table and controller, and dentist chair ( Figure 1 ).

Regarding the light of the dental unit chair, precise light irradiation should be possible to the patient's mouth for medical treatment, and convenience of movement is required for the operator [7] . Furthermore, the color temperature control should be convenient, considering tooth color detection and eye fatigue in various clinical environments [8] . Additionally, considering the influence of illumination, illumination suitable for medical treatment is required for resin polymerization and the prevention of eye fatigue [9] . The foot controller should allow the dentist's intuitive operation and precise use of the handpiece [14] . Additionally, pedal pressures placing less strain on the ankle are required for long-time use [15] .

The water fountain and cuspidor should be convenient when they are operated by the patient and assistant [16] . The height and area of the spit sink should be of a size that can minimize inconvenience in movement. Contaminants should be cleaned automatically, and the ease of cleaning management is needed [17] . Additionally, the cup position, the adequacy of the quantity of the water supply, and the water supply speed are important. Furthermore, water purification and wastewater treatment facilities are essential for a pleasant environment and the prevention of cross infection [18] [19] [20] .

The monitor should be visually comfortable, should provide a great deal of information, and should be of a size which is harmonized with the overall treatment system [21] . An appropriate monitor distance between the dentist and the patient is needed, considering a visually comfortable and moving line. Additionally, the monitor should move stably and smoothly, and should be supported and fixed stably even after the movement The patient seat of the dental unit chair requires a seat that has an appropriate size for the human body of each country, taking into consideration the body shape of the patient and dentist [10] . Furthermore, the optimal back reclining angle and headrest reclining angle are needed for the patient's comfort and the dentist's treatment posture, and appropriate speed is also required, considering the stability and ease of operation when lying or returning the patient to the original position [10] . Additionally, the thickness of the seat is important, considering the shape of the spine and the height of the knee for the dentist's correct treatment posture [11] . The auxiliary handle of the patient seat should not disturb the patient's movement, and instead should but help in this regard. All of these factors may have a significant impact on long-term patient care [12, 13] .

The foot controller should allow the dentist's intuitive operation and precise use of the handpiece [14] . Additionally, pedal pressures placing less strain on the ankle are required for long-time use [15] .

The water fountain and cuspidor should be convenient when they are operated by the patient and assistant [16] . The height and area of the spit sink should be of a size that can minimize inconvenience in movement. Contaminants should be cleaned automatically, and the ease of cleaning management is needed [17] . Additionally, the cup position, the adequacy of the quantity of the water supply, and the water supply speed are important. Furthermore, water purification and wastewater treatment facilities are essential for a pleasant environment and the prevention of cross infection [18] [19] [20] .

The monitor should be visually comfortable, should provide a great deal of information, and should be of a size which is harmonized with the overall treatment system [21] . An appropriate monitor distance between the dentist and the patient is needed, considering a visually comfortable and moving line. Additionally, the monitor should move stably and smoothly, and should be supported and fixed stably even after the movement without any motion. A legible resolution is needed in the treatment process for the display of radiographs, oral photographs, and texts [22] .

The bracket table and controller should be of a suitable size for various appliances to be placed on them without affecting the treatment environment [23] . The bracket table and controller should be of a stable weight, should not have any problems with movement, and should allow the stable and convenient mounting and moving of various appliances, as well as providing stability at fixation. Additionally, in the process of controlling several medical devices, a user interface (UI) for the user experience of dentists and assistants is required [24] .

The dentist's chair may affect the dentist's musculoskeletal health [25] [26] [27] [28] . The backrest angle and shape should be suited for the dentists' health and comfort, and the design should not burden the human body, especially with the dentist's long-term use [29] [30] [31] . Additionally, smooth chair movement is required in the process of treatment, considering durability and noise.

A dental unit chair is a necessity in dental clinics, but due to the continuous development of the dental medical device market, various dental unit chairs are being developed, making it difficult for dentists to properly select a dental unit chair when purchasing the dental unit chair. The dental unit chair causes eye fatigue due to light [8, 9] ; should feature an appropriate size and angle of the patient seat [10] [11] [12] [13] , and the appropriate usability of the foot controller [14, 15] ; the water fountain and cuspidor should be convenient [16, 17] ; and there should be harmony between the monitor and the overall treatment system [21, 22] , as well as size and stability of bracket table and controller [23, 24] . It is selected by various factors, including the overall design [29] [30] [31] . However, it is difficult for dentists to choose a suitable dental unit chair, considering all factors. There are still insufficient studies providing quantitative information regarding the factors to consider while purchasing the dental unit chair. Thus, this study aimed to conduct a survey of user satisfaction with a dental unit chair, and to highlight the elements affecting dentists' satisfaction. The null hypothesis was that the questionnaire items in this study have no correlation with the overall satisfaction with the dental unit chair.

Based on clinical experts' advice, important questionnaire items were set up regarding the dental unit chair parts ( Table 1 ). The questionnaire consisted of five items on overall satisfaction (the variety of prices and features, design and appearance quality, maintenance, and overall satisfaction) and the items of each element constituting the dental unit chair (light, patient seat, foot controller, water fountain and cuspidor, monitor, bracket table and controller, and dentist chair) ( Table 1 ). The questionnaire items of each component of the dental unit chair were as follows: 4 items on the light, including the convenience of the light head movement, the convenience of the color temperature control, the influence of illuminance, and overall satisfaction; 7 items on the patient seat, including the appropriate length and area for each part, back reclining angle, headrest recline angle, backrest reclining speed, backrest seat thickness, convenience of the auxiliary handle, and overall satisfaction; 3 items on the foot controller, including the ease of operation, pedal pressure during operation, and overall satisfaction; 7 items on the water fountain and cuspidor, including the ease of operation, height and area of the cuspidor, cup position, water purification and wastewater treatment facilities, water quantity and speed, convenience of cleaning the cuspidor, and overall satisfaction; 6 items on the monitor, including the screen size, distance between monitor and the operator/patient, convenience to move, resolution, arm support, and overall satisfaction; 6 items on the bracket table and controller, including the size, weight, mounting stability, controller UI, stability of the table arm operation, and overall satisfaction; and 4 items on the dentist chair, including the backrest angle and shape, convenience to move, human engineering design, and overall satisfaction) ( Table 1 ). The score of each questionnaire item was evaluated on a Likert scale from 1 to 5 (1: very low satisfaction; 2: low satisfaction; 3: neither high nor low; 4: high satisfaction; 5: very high satisfaction). 

Dentist chair Backrest angle and shape Backrest angle and shape for dentists' health and comfort

Convenience to move Soft chair movement considering durability and noise

Human engineering design Design that harmonizes with the human body and does not burden the dentist, especially with long-term use A pilot experiment was conducted with an additional 5 participants for a reliability test of the questionnaire elements. Regarding the reliability analysis of the scale, the reliability was checked through Cronbach's alpha coefficient, using statistical software (SPSS release 25.0, IBM, Chicago, IL, USA) (α = 0.05). Previous literature reported that a Cronbach's alpha of >0.9 indicates reliability and consistency among the items [32] [33] [34] . Bartlett's test of sphericity and the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure were calculated, indicating the appropriateness of the variable selection for the KMO value factor analysis (>0.9: excellent, 0.8-0.89: good, 0.7-0.79: suitable, 0.6-0.69: ordinary, 0.5-0.59: unsuitable for use, <0.5: impossible for use in a survey) [35] .

Factor analysis was conducted to reduce the variables, remove unnecessary variables, identify variable characteristics, and validate the analysis of the measurement items. Furthermore, communality was calculated, and its value shows how well each variable is described by the extracted factors (the communality value is suitable if they are >0.5) [36] .

The results of the reliability analysis of the survey elements showed that there were excellent reliability and consistency among them (Cronbach's alpha = 0.975). The results of the KMO measure and Bartlett's test of sphericity revealed that there was excellent appropriateness of the variable selection for the factor analysis (KMO = 0.894; p < 0.001). The result of the communality calculation (>0.5) showed how well each variable was described by the extracted factors (Table 2 ). In the questionnaire, factors in seven of the categories showed the explanatory power of 87.217% of the global dispersion, excellent reliability, and consistency among the items (Table 2 ). Thus, we tested whether the factors of this questionnaire constituted appropriate questionnaire items for the survey of the satisfaction with the dental unit chair. 

This survey was conducted with the approval of the Clinical Trial Ethics Committee of Kyungpook National University Dental Hospital (IRB No. KNUDH-2021-04-04-00). The survey was conducted with 26 dentists after the sufficient description of the satisfaction survey with the dental unit chair. Prior to this study, a pilot experiment was conducted with the same materials and methods as this study but with 5 subjects; based on the results, the a priori sample size calculation was performed, using power analysis software (G*Power v3.1.9.2; Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany) (N = 26; correlation ρ H1 = 0.66; actual power = 97.36%; power = 97%; α = 0.05). As for the subject selection, two investigators (K.S. and K.-B.L.) counseled the participants, and those who had active opinions and high interests in the dental unit chair were selected as the subjects. Twenty-six participants were enrolled in the study according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria ( Table 3 ). The participants evaluated the dental unit chair systems used in dental clinics, and the manufacturers of the chair unit systems were as follows: Shinhung (Seoul, Korea), Osstem Implant (Seoul, Korea), Sky Dental (Cheongju, Korea), and Dentium (Seoul, Korea). The survey took about 30 min per person. The information on the 26 participants is as follows-sex: 16 men and 10 women; mean age: 37.3 ± 7.7 years; and mean clinical experience: 9.7 ± 6.3 years. 

Participants who have no experience in using a dental unit chair system.

All of the statistical data analyses were performed using statistical software (SPSS release 25.0, IBM, Chicago, IL, USA) (α = 0.05). First, the normal distribution of the data was investigated through the Shapiro-Wilk test, and the normal distribution was checked. A correlation analysis was conducted by assessing Pearson's correlation coefficient (PCC) in order to analyze the impact of each factor on the overall satisfaction with the dental unit chair. The correlations were divided into perfect correlation (PCC = −1 or 1), strong correlation (PCC = −0.7 to −0.9 or 0.7 to 0.9), ordinary correlation (PCC = −0.4 to −0.6 or 0.4 to 0.6), and weak correlation (PCC = −0.1 to −0.3 or 0.1 to 0.3) [35] .

The overall satisfaction score of the dental unit chair was significantly correlated with 38 questionnaire items (p < 0.05; Table 4 ), except for the headrest reclining angle of the patient seat (p = 0.07), the ergonomic design of the dentist chair (p = 0.076), and the overall satisfaction with the dentist chair (p = 0.064). Furthermore, the overall satisfaction score of the dental unit chair was strongly correlated with elements such as the quality of the design and appearance of the dental unit chair (PCC = 0.781), maintenance (PCC = 0.784), and the overall satisfaction with the water fountain and cuspidor (PCC = 0.703) ( Table 4 ). All of the other items were ordinarily correlated with the overall satisfaction score of the dental unit chair score (Table 4 ). Table 4 . Results of the correlation analysis between the overall satisfaction score of the chair unit and the questionnaire items.

Overall Satisfaction Score The overall satisfaction with each component of the dental unit chair was significantly correlated with the questionnaire items, except for the convenience of the movement of the light head (p = 0.064) (p < 0.05; Table 5 ).

The overall satisfaction with the light of the dental unit chair was strongly correlated with the convenience of the color temperature control (PCC = 0.866) and the influence of the illumination (PCC = 0.803), and highly correlated with the convenience of the color temperature control ( Table 5) .

The overall satisfaction with the patient seat of the dental unit chair was strongly correlated with the appropriate length and area for each part (PCC = 0.821), back reclining angle (PCC = 0.727), backrest reclining speed (PCC = 0.700), and convenience of the auxiliary handle (PCC = 0.700), and highly correlated with appropriate length and area for each part (Table 5 ). Table 5 . Results of the correlation analysis between the overall satisfaction of each element constituting the chair unit and the questionnaire items.

Overall Satisfaction Score The overall satisfaction with the foot controller of the dental unit chair was strongly correlated with ease of operation (PCC = 0.736) and pedal pressure during operation (PCC = 0.737), and highly correlated with the two elements ( Table 5) .

The overall satisfaction with the water fountain and cuspidor of the dental unit chair was strongly correlated with the ease of operation (PCC = 0.748), height and area of the cuspidor (PCC = 0.824), cup position (PCC = 0.862), water purification and wastewater treatment facilities (PCC = 0.722), and convenience of cleaning the cuspidor (PCC = 0.774), and highly correlated with the height and area of the cuspidor ( Table 5) .

The overall satisfaction with the monitor of the dental unit chair was strongly correlated with the monitor size (PCC = 0.871), the distance between the monitor and the operator/patient (PCC = 0.923), its convenience to move (PCC = 0.877), its resolution (PCC = 0.811), and its arm support (PCC = 0.865), and highly correlated with the distance between the monitor and the operator/patient ( Table 5) .

The overall satisfaction with the bracket table and controller of the dental unit chair was strongly correlated with the bracket table and controller size (PCC = 0.824), weight (PCC = 0.948), mounting stability (PCC = 0.899), controller UI (PCC = 0.836), and stability of the table arm operation (PCC = 0.899), and highly correlated with its weight ( Table 5) .

The overall satisfaction with the dentist chair of the dental unit chair was strongly correlated with the backrest angle and shape (PCC = 0.768), convenience to move (PCC = 0.780), and human engineering design (PCC = 0.932), and highly correlated with the human engineering design (Table 5 ).

This in vivo study conducted a survey of the user satisfaction with a dental unit chair in order to highlight the factors affecting Korean dentists' satisfaction. The null hypothesis was that the questionnaire items in this study would not affect the satisfaction with the dental unit chair; however, the null hypothesis was dismissed (p < 0.05; Tables 2-4). In this study, a reliability test of the questionnaire items was conducted. This study proved that most of the derived factors might affect the overall satisfaction with the dental unit chair.

To the best of our knowledge, in several previous studies on the dental unit chair, there were no studies providing quantitative information regarding the factors to consider while purchasing a dental unit chair. Thus, an appropriate comparison with previous studies is difficult. However, quantitative information on factors to consider when purchasing a dental unit chair can help the dentist in their decision, as it can confirm what items to consider when choosing a dental unit chair. In addition, this information will be important information for dental unit chair manufacturers, as they can check the design preferred by dentists and the factors that are important to them when developing or improving the chair unit. Furthermore, this study may become a new guideline for the evaluation of the chair unit because it was able to derive important factors by evaluating the dental unit chair.

Previous studies have reported on the musculoskeletal risk factors when dentists use a dental unit chair [29] [30] [31] . Electromyographic evaluation was performed in order to assess the musculoskeletal risks, and it was reported that elements of the dental unit chair design had an effect on the dentist's musculoskeletal health [27, 29, 30] . Furthermore, elements of the dental unit chair design may have a significant impact on the aesthetic elements of its appearance. However, they should not affect the dentist's musculoskeletal health while using the unit for a long time. The design elements of a dental unit chair may possess some risk factors, such as percutaneous injuries [23] , the risk of cross infection [17] , work convenience [1] [2] [3] , and musculoskeletal diseases. Thus, this study highlighted the design elements that affect the dental unit chair, with two investigators (K.S. and K.-B.L.) subdividing each component of the dental unit chair. Additionally, in this study, a reliability test of the derived elements was performed, and the appropriate reliability for a survey of satisfaction with the dental unit chair was tested.

This study reported that the design and appearance quality, maintenance, and overall satisfaction with the water fountain and cuspidor may have the greatest impact on the overall satisfaction with the dental unit chair ( Table 2) . From the perspective of dentists, for the overall satisfaction with the dental unit chair, the design and appearance quality of the dental unit chair-which can be checked by the naked eye-would be the most important factors. Additionally, in the interviews after the survey in this study, it was found that the respondents preferred the dental unit chair that could be used stably without any failure for a long time, as they had to receive patients continuously, and placed priority on convenient maintenance after a failure. From the perspective of dentists, the water fountain and cuspidor are the places where there is a risk of cross contamination, as they are used by patients and dental hygienists [5, 17] . Additionally, in the interviews, it was noted that the water fountain and cuspidor took up great proportions of the external size of the dental unit chair. Thus, the overall satisfaction with the dental unit chair strongly interacted with each of the three factors, and it was highlighted as an important factor.

In previous studies, it has been reported that the dentist's posture affected the muscle activities in the neck and shoulders in the treatment process [26, 27, 30] , and various components of the dental unit chair may affect the dentist's posture [6] . This study highlighted the factors that have strong correlations with the overall satisfaction score with each component of the dental unit chair ( Table 5 ). The study results showed that the satisfaction with various components of the dental unit chair differed depending on their design and functional importance ( Table 5 ).

There are some potential limitations of this study. The study included a small number of subjects. Results from more subjects are needed. Thus, it is necessary to conduct an additional study with more subjects, referring to the research methods and results of this in vivo study. In addition, while evaluating the design of the dental unit chair system, the induction of musculoskeletal disorders is an important point to consider. Therefore, the dentist's knowledge of ergonomic laws is important, and additional studies of musculoskeletal disorders should be performed. In addition, because this study was only from the perspective of dentists, additional studies are needed from the perspective of dental hygienists and patients in the future.

Within the limitations of this in vivo study, a survey of user satisfaction with the dental unit chair was conducted with the dentists of South Korea, and the factors affecting the satisfaction are as follows:

1.

Because the design and appearance quality, maintenance, and overall satisfaction with the water fountain and cuspidor may have the greatest impact on the overall satisfaction with the dental unit chair, the improvement of these factors may bring about the enhancement of the overall satisfaction.

Additionally, regarding the dental unit chair components, the following factors have the greatest impact on the overall satisfaction with the dental unit chair: with regard to light, the convenience of color temperature control; with regard to the patient seat, the appropriate length and area for each part; with regard to the foot controller, the ease of operation and pedal pressure during operation; with regard to the water fountain and cuspidor of the dental unit chair, the height and area of the cuspidor and cup position; with regard to the monitor of the dental unit chair, the distance between monitor and operator/patient; with regard to the bracket table and controller of the dental unit chair, the weight; and with regard to the dentist chair, human engineering design. The improvement of these factors may bring about the enhancement of the satisfaction with each component of the dental unit chair. 

Data Availability Statement: The data are included within the article.

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The authors thank the researchers of the Advanced Dental Device Development Institute, Kyungpook National University, for their time and contributions to the study.

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the study's design; the data collection, analyses, or interpretation; the manuscript writing; or the decision to publish the results.