key: cord-0033098-2bu0k55t
authors: Chudzik, Anna; Migdał, Paweł; Paściak, Mariola
title: Different Cutibacterium acnes Phylotypes Release Distinct Extracellular Vesicles
date: 2022-05-21
journal: Int J Mol Sci
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105797
sha: 9571228809c72d0e448690ef203913c62239ae9a
doc_id: 33098
cord_uid: 2bu0k55t

Bacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs) perform various biological functions, including those that are critical to microbes. Determination of EVs composition allows for a deep understanding of their role in the bacterial community and communication among them. Cutibacterium acnes, formerly Propionibacterium acnes, are commensal bacteria responsible for various infections, e.g., prosthesis, sarcoidosis, soft-tissue infections, and the most known but still controversial—acnes lesion. In C. acnes, three major phylotypes represented variable disease associations. Herein, for the first time, we present a comparative analysis of EVs obtained from three C. acnes phylotypes (IA1, IB, and II) to demonstrate the existence of differences in their protein and lipid composition. In the following work, the morphological analysis of EVs was performed, and the SDS-PAGE protein profile and the lipid profile were presented using the TLC and MALDI-TOF MS methods. This study allowed us to show major differences between the protein and lipid composition of C. acnes EVs. This is a clear indication that EVs released by different phylotypes of the one species are not identical to each other in terms of composition and should be separately analyzed each time to obtain reliable results.

Bacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs) have recently gained a special interest in the scientific community, both due to their therapeutic potential and participation in intercellular communication [1, 2] . Secreted from the bacterial cells extracellular vesicles are spherical nanostructures with dimensions ranging from 20 to 300 nm. Formerly, they are disregarded as artifacts of bacterial growth, bubbles, or rubbish. It is now understood that EVs are purposely secreted by bacteria to aid in communication and contribute to numerous bacterial functions. Although the mechanisms controlling the release and selection of contents remain unexplained, reports indicate their important role in the bacterial community, including protective functions, support in obtaining nutrients, and horizontal gene transfer. EVs, apart from intracellular communication, take part in the pathogenesis and regulation of host immunity [3] . Due to their structure consisting of a lipid bilayer, they may contain various lipids but also numerous proteins, cellular metabolites, and nucleic acids [4] . It is the proteins and lipids that can be important elements of cell-to-cell communication via EVs. Composition analysis would improve the understanding of their function in the bacterial environment and the interaction between EVs and eukaryotic cells [5] [6] [7] . Careful elaboration of the composition will not only clarify their biological significance but also make it possible to determine their usefulness in medical applications. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) have been used successfully in the design of vaccines, and liposome constructs have found use as carriers for therapeutic substances [8, 9] . Hence, further research into the composition, functions, and interactions in which bacterial EVs participate is necessary.

EVs derived from Cutibacterium acnes were purified from culture supernatant according to the previously established protocol for Gram-positive bacterial EVs [23] with modifications. For bacteria cultivation, we used thioglycollate-soy broth medium (TS) and anaerobic conditions.

The described method of culture allowed us to obtain satisfactory amounts of bacterial extracellular vesicles for further analysis. From 2 L of bacterial culture, 2.092 mg/mL EVs of C. acnes DSM 16379, 1.355 mg/mL EVs of C. acnes DSM 1897, and 2.994 mg/mL EVs of C. acnes PCM 2334 were obtained, respectively, in terms of proteins.

The homogeneity and purity of the EVs fractions were verified using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). TEM images of the individual Cutibacterium acnes EVs obtained were presented in Figure 1a -c. The homogeneity and purity of the EVs fractions were verified using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). TEM images of the individual Cutibacterium acnes EVs obtained were presented in Figure 1a -c. The homogeneity and purity of the EVs fractions were verified using tra electron microscopy (TEM) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). TEM images o vidual Cutibacterium acnes EVs obtained were presented in Figure 1a -c. 

Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE formed for the C. acnes cellular protein fractions and EVs fractions released b acnes strain (Figure 3 ). No contaminants from the culture medium were pres SDS-PAGE protein fractions ( Figure S1 ). This allowed for the comparison of pro sent in EVs against cell fractions and against each phylotype. This analysis revealed clear differences between the proteins found in EVs from each C. acnes strain. In the case of EVs isolated from C. acnes type IB, o proteins are observed, and they can be found in each cellular fraction of C. a 16379 (Figure 3b ). EVs from type IA1 (DSM 1897) showed the presence of nume icle proteins, and some of them were also found in the fractions of whole cell ly solic proteins, and cell wall proteins of C. acnes DSM 1897 (Figure 3a ). Release type II EVs proteins were also found in protein fractions isolated from this str cially the cytosolic proteins ( Figure 3c ). The comparison of individual vesicle allows for the demonstration of significant differences, especially in the size a dance of the proteins. EVs released by the C. acnes DSM 16379 strain were cha by the poorest protein profile-the presence of proteins in the range of about 20 found. The most abundant proteins were EVs released by the DSM 1897 strain ( 

Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was performed for the C. acnes cellular protein fractions and EVs fractions released by each C. acnes strain ( Figure 3 ). No contaminants from the culture medium were present in the SDS-PAGE protein fractions ( Figure S1 ). This allowed for the comparison of proteins present in EVs against cell fractions and against each phylotype. 

Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was performed for the C. acnes cellular protein fractions and EVs fractions released by each C. acnes strain ( Figure 3 ). No contaminants from the culture medium were present in the SDS-PAGE protein fractions ( Figure S1 ). This allowed for the comparison of proteins present in EVs against cell fractions and against each phylotype. This analysis revealed clear differences between the proteins found in EVs obtained from each C. acnes strain. In the case of EVs isolated from C. acnes type IB, only a few proteins are observed, and they can be found in each cellular fraction of C. acnes DSM 16379 ( Figure 3b ). EVs from type IA1 (DSM 1897) showed the presence of numerous vesicle proteins, and some of them were also found in the fractions of whole cell lysate, cytosolic proteins, and cell wall proteins of C. acnes DSM 1897 (Figure 3a ). Released C. acnes type II EVs proteins were also found in protein fractions isolated from this strain, especially the cytosolic proteins ( Figure 3c ). The comparison of individual vesicle fractions allows for the demonstration of significant differences, especially in the size and abundance of the proteins. EVs released by the C. acnes DSM 16379 strain were characterized by the poorest protein profile-the presence of proteins in the range of about 20 kDa was found. The most abundant proteins were EVs released by the DSM 1897 strain (type IA1), with numerous proteins in the range of 15-75 kDa. Despite the fact that all phylotypes belong to the same species and were processed in identical culture and isolation conditions, the protein profiles may represent differences in the adaptation of these strains to environmental conditions. This analysis revealed clear differences between the proteins found in EVs obtained from each C. acnes strain. In the case of EVs isolated from C. acnes type IB, only a few proteins are observed, and they can be found in each cellular fraction of C. acnes DSM 16379 ( Figure 3b ). EVs from type IA1 (DSM 1897) showed the presence of numerous vesicle proteins, and some of them were also found in the fractions of whole cell lysate, cytosolic proteins, and cell wall proteins of C. acnes DSM 1897 (Figure 3a ). Released C. acnes type II EVs proteins were also found in protein fractions isolated from this strain, especially the cytosolic proteins (Figure 3c ). The comparison of individual vesicle fractions allows for the demonstration of significant differences, especially in the size and abundance of the proteins. EVs released by the C. acnes DSM 16379 strain were characterized by the poorest protein profile-the presence of proteins in the range of about 20 kDa was found. The most abundant proteins were EVs released by the DSM 1897 strain (type IA1), with numerous proteins in the range of 15-75 kDa. Despite the fact that all phylotypes belong to the same species and were processed in identical culture and isolation conditions, the protein profiles may represent differences in the adaptation of these strains to environmental conditions.

To confirm the lipid presence in isolated EVs, lipid extracts obtained by the Bligh-Dyer method were analyzed by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography (2D-TLC). The spots visible on the TLC plates correspond to the individual lipids present in the obtained lipid extracts ( Figure 4 ). The differences between the lipid composition of EVs from individual strains are clearly visible. Lipid extract of EVs obtained from C. acnes DSM 1897 contains only six lipids (Figure 4a ), while C. acnes PCM 2334 ( Figure 4c ) and DSM 16379 ( Figure 4b ) contain 8 and 11 lipids, respectively. The use of copper sulfate acid reagent allows for the visualization of polar lipids-both phospholipids and glycolipids. Lipids numbered 1-6 were present in extracts obtained from each phylotype. Worth mentioning are the attempts to use different reagents to visualize phospho-and glycolipids, i.e., Dittmer & Lester reagent and orcinol, respectively, were unsuccessful. In the culture medium after lipid extraction, no lipid spots were visible in 2D-TLC ( Figure S2 ). 

To confirm the lipid presence in isolated EVs, lipid extracts obtained by the Bligh-Dyer method were analyzed by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography (2D-TLC) The spots visible on the TLC plates correspond to the individual lipids present in the ob tained lipid extracts ( Figure 4 ). The differences between the lipid composition of EVs from individual strains are clearly visible. Lipid extract of EVs obtained from C. acnes DSM 1897 contains only six lipids (Figure 4a ), while C. acnes PCM 2334 ( Figure 4c ) and DSM 16379 ( Figure 4b ) contain 8 and 11 lipids, respectively. The use of copper sulfate acid reagent allows for the visualization of polar lipids-both phospholipids and glycolipids. Lipids numbered 1-6 were present in extracts obtained from each phylotype. Worth mentioning are the attempts to use different reagents to visualize phospho-and glycolipids, i.e. Dittmer & Lester reagent and orcinol, respectively, were unsuccessful. In the culture medium after lipid extraction, no lipid spots were visible in 2D-TLC ( Figure S2 ). 

The EVs and cellular lipid extracts were also analyzed using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) (Figures 6 and  8 ). The mass spectra were acquired in the positive ion mode due to the much higher qual ity of the spectra than in the negative ion mode. 

The EVs and cellular lipid extracts were also analyzed using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) (Figures 6 and 8) . The mass spectra were acquired in the positive ion mode due to the much higher quality of the spectra than in the negative ion mode. 

The EVs and cellular lipid extracts were also analyzed using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) (Figures 6 and  8) . The mass spectra were acquired in the positive ion mode due to the much higher quality of the spectra than in the negative ion mode. 3 m/z, 834.3 m/z, 1023.4 m/z, 1045.4 m/z) (Figure 7) . The comparison of the presence of mass peaks in the extracts was made after removing the peaks present in the matrix or the culture medium (Tables S7 and S8, Figure S3 ). MALDI-TOF analysis of cellular lipids was performed, and again similar but distinct mass spectra of different species were obtained (Figure 8 ). The analysis of the peak list for individual phylotypes (Tables S4-S6 ) allowed us to confirm the observations previously visible in the TLC analysis: cellular lipid extracts were more abundant in lipids compared to vesicular extracts. Figure 9 ). After removing from the analysis peaks from the matrix and those that were contaminants from the culture medium (Tables S7 and S8 MALDI-TOF analysis of cellular lipids was performed, and again similar but dis mass spectra of different species were obtained ( Figure 8 ). The analysis of the peak lis individual phylotypes (Tables S4-S6) allowed us to confirm the observations previo visible in the TLC analysis: cellular lipid extracts were more abundant in lipids comp to vesicular extracts. Figure 9 ). After remo from the analysis peaks from the matrix and those that were contaminants from the ture medium (Tables S7 and S8 Figure 9 ). After removing from the analysis peaks from the matrix and those that were contaminants from the culture medium (Tables S7 and S8 (Tables S2 and S5 , Figure 9 ). For the C. acnes DSM 1897 strain, the presence of seven common mass peaks was found in whole-cell and vesicular extracts (739.4 m/z, 755.4 m/z, 767.5 m/z, 1341.9 m/z, 1363.8 m/z, 2704.7 m/z, 2732.7 m/z) (Tables S1 and S4, Figure 9 ). Both extracts contained 74 and 31 mass peaks, respectively. Figure 9 ). Both extracts contained 74 and 31 mass peaks, respectively. 

The ability of Gram-negative bacteria to produce outer membrane vesicles (OMV) was first observed in the 1960s by Mergenhagen et al. [24] ; however, it was long believed that, due to the thick peptidoglycan layer and the lack of an outer membrane, Gram-positive bacteria did not secrete extracellular vesicles. In 1990, conducted research on Staphylococcus aureus confirmed the ability of Gram-positive bacteria to release EVs [25] . In these initial studies, vesicle formation was demonstrated using transmission electron microscopy and proteomic analysis [25] . In the group of 90 identified S. aureus vesicular proteins, cytoplasmic proteins were the most common, followed by extracellular and membrane proteins. S. aureus-derived EVs are especially enriched with extracellular or membraneassociated virulence proteins, including superantigens, hemolysins, coagulation factors, IgG-binding protein, lipase, and others [25] . Next, many further Gram-positive bacterial species were checked to produce EVs; however, compared to Gram-negative bacteria, the information concerning EV content and structures is insufficient. By means of 1D gel separation and LC-MS/MS analysis, 431 proteins in EVs of C. perfringens were identified [26] . The most abundant proteins were derived from the membrane or cytoplasm location; also, many bacterial surface proteins were found. These proteins were involved in metabolic processes.

Few studies are focused on the lipid composition of EVs from Gram-positive bacteria. In Streptococcus pyogenes, characteristic differences were observed in the contents, distributions, and fatty acid compositions of specific lipids between EVs and bacterial cell membranes [27] . They found phosphatidylglycerol (PG) enrichment and cardiolipin (CL) depletion, a factor known to dictate membrane curvature in EVs. This differential enrichment of EV lipid species relative to the membrane provides evidence for the dedicated mechanism contributing to EV biogenesis. This is why there is a need to acquire and perform the complex analysis of extracellular vesicles not only from different species but also within different phylotypes belonging to one species. Herein, we performed a comparative analysis of the protein and lipid content of EVs obtained from three C. acnes phylotypes representing the same species.

Despite numerous studies on the participation of C. acnes in the pathogenesis of acne, 

The ability of Gram-negative bacteria to produce outer membrane vesicles (OMV) was first observed in the 1960s by Mergenhagen et al. [24] ; however, it was long believed that, due to the thick peptidoglycan layer and the lack of an outer membrane, Grampositive bacteria did not secrete extracellular vesicles. In 1990, conducted research on Staphylococcus aureus confirmed the ability of Gram-positive bacteria to release EVs [25] . In these initial studies, vesicle formation was demonstrated using transmission electron microscopy and proteomic analysis [25] . In the group of 90 identified S. aureus vesicular proteins, cytoplasmic proteins were the most common, followed by extracellular and membrane proteins. S. aureus-derived EVs are especially enriched with extracellular or membrane-associated virulence proteins, including superantigens, hemolysins, coagulation factors, IgG-binding protein, lipase, and others [25] . Next, many further Gram-positive bacterial species were checked to produce EVs; however, compared to Gram-negative bacteria, the information concerning EV content and structures is insufficient. By means of 1D gel separation and LC-MS/MS analysis, 431 proteins in EVs of C. perfringens were identified [26] . The most abundant proteins were derived from the membrane or cytoplasm location; also, many bacterial surface proteins were found. These proteins were involved in metabolic processes.

Few studies are focused on the lipid composition of EVs from Gram-positive bacteria. In Streptococcus pyogenes, characteristic differences were observed in the contents, distributions, and fatty acid compositions of specific lipids between EVs and bacterial cell membranes [27] . They found phosphatidylglycerol (PG) enrichment and cardiolipin (CL) depletion, a factor known to dictate membrane curvature in EVs. This differential enrichment of EV lipid species relative to the membrane provides evidence for the dedicated mechanism contributing to EV biogenesis. This is why there is a need to acquire and perform the complex analysis of extracellular vesicles not only from different species but also within different phylotypes belonging to one species. Herein, we performed a comparative analysis of the protein and lipid content of EVs obtained from three C. acnes phylotypes representing the same species.

Despite numerous studies on the participation of C. acnes in the pathogenesis of acne, its contribution is still unclear. Moreover, subsequent research not only showed the role of this species as the cause of acne but also allowed for the differentiation of the participation of individual phylotypes in various pathological conditions. While the C. acnes subsp. acnes is usually associated with acne, C. acnes subsp. defendens is more common in healthy skin and infections of deep tissues [28] . Due to the different properties within individual phylotypes, a comparative analysis is necessary. As the discovery of the release of EVs by Gram-positive bacteria is relatively new, many aspects related to the structure and function remain unknown. Due to the fact that both lipids and proteins are active biomolecules, we decided to perform an initial comparative characterization.

In the following work, thioglycollate-soy broth was used for bacterial culture, due to its beneficial properties for anaerobic microorganisms, instead of the frequently used in EV research brain-heart infusion (BHI) [11, 29] . Morphological assessments based on TEM analysis confirmed the presence of closed spherical structures, and the DLS analysis allowed us to determine the size of their diameter in the range of 80.15-93.84 nm, which corresponds to the values previously described [22] ; however, Jeon et al. (2017) obtained C. acnes EVs with an average diameter of about 38 nm. Research carried out by Jeon et al. [11] confirmed that the EVs proteins differ significantly from individual fractions of cellular proteins. Similar to the strain described therein, in EVs derived from C. acnes phylotype II, we found the presence of cytosolic proteins. The sizes of the vesicular proteins obtained from various C. acnes strains were different. The EVs obtained from the PCM 2334 strain contained proteins in the range of 37-75 kDa, while the EVs of DSM 1897 and DSM 16379, were 15-75 kDa and 20 kDa, respectively. Protein profiles of bacterial EVs of Brucella abortus have also been characterized by SDS-PAGE by Araiza-Villanueva et al. It was shown that the profiles contained proteins in the range of 10-92 kDa for B. abortus 2308 and 10-139 kDa for B. abortus RB51, which indicates a greater protein richness in this bacterial species [30] . This shows that C. acnes EVs seem to have a characteristic narrow protein profile. In proteomic studies of EV of C. acnes type I performed by Jeon et al., 252 vesicular proteins were identified, but more than half of them were poorly characterized [11] . Most of the proteins were associated with the cell membrane and with transport, protein processing, translation, and virulence.

In the case of the C. acnes EVs lipids analyzed by TLC, there is also a clear differentiation between the phylotypes; it concerns mainly the amount of lipids present in the extracts, from 6 obtained from phylotype IA1, 8 for phylotype II to 11 from phylotype IB. Analysis of the lipidomic profile in C. acnes and their EVs have already been performed by Jeon et al. [29] ; however, it concerned one strain of the species C. acnes (type IA1). Using LC-MS/MS analysis, they identified 214 different lipids in C. acnes and EVs, and 187 lipids were shared. C. acnes EV contained substantially more PCs, DGs, PAs, PEs, LPAs, LPCs, and MGs than C. acnes cells. In our work, which did not use sophisticated methodology like TLC or SDS-PAGE, we were able to show the difference between EVs secreted by different phylotypes.

What is worth mentioning is that the necessary control was also performed to exclude the presence of proteins and lipids derived from the culture medium, which would interfere with the analysis of the samples. It was shown that no contaminants from the culture medium were present in the SDS-PAGE protein fractions and TLC lipid analysis. MALDI-TOF analysis of mass spectra obtained from the medium showed the presence of a few peaks, some of them may be medium-derived contamination and these values were removed from the EV analysis to preserve the reliability of the research.

The following strains of Cutibacterium acnes were used in the studies, namely DSM 1897 (type IA1), whole genome shotgun sequence: AWZZ00000000; DSM 16379 (type IB), whole-genome sequence: AE017283, and PCM 2334 (type II) whole-genome sequence: CP003084.

All C. acnes strains were cultivated in thioglycollate-soy broth (TS, Thioglycollate medium, Merck-Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany, Trypticasein soy broth Biomaxima, Lublin, Poland (1:1, v/v) in anaerobic conditions (GasPack ® systems, Becton, Dickinson and Company, Sparks, MD, USA) at 37 • C. Bacterial strains were taken from the TS solid medium with a sterile loop (10 µL) and suspended in 5 mL of the liquid TS medium. After 24 h of incubation, the bacterial suspension was transferred to a culture bottle containing 100 mL of liquid TS medium. After 24 h incubation in anaerobic conditions, 25 mL of the bacterial suspension was transferred into a culture bottle containing 500 mL of liquid TS medium and grown for 48 h. When the culture reached the mid-exponential phase (OD600 = 1-1.5), it was centrifuged (Heraeus Biofuge Stratos, Hanau, Germany) at 4000× g for 10 min, and the supernatant was sterilized using a bottle-top 0.22 µm filter (Stericup ® Vacuum Filters, Merck-Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany). In the next step, ultrafiltration of the supernatant was carried out using an Amicon ® ultrafiltration system, Merck-Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany with 100 kDa Ultrafiltration Discs, Merck-Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany. Then, the concentrate was centrifuged at 4000× g (Heraeus Biofuge Stratos, Hanau, Germany) for 15 min at 4 • C, and the obtained supernatant was collected and subjected to another centrifugation (15,000× g, 15 min, 4 • C, Hermle Z 36 HK, Wehingen, Germany) followed by ultracentrifugation (100,000× g, 2 h, 4 • C, Sorvall WX+, Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA, USA). The pellet of bacterial EVs obtained was suspended in 1-1.5 mL of the PBS buffer and subjected to further analyses.

To check if the culture medium (TS) did not contain extracellular vesicles, the same volume and the same procedure used to isolate extracellular vesicles were used (i.e., ultrafiltration, differential centrifugation, and ultracentrifugation). The sediment formed after ultracentrifugation and supernatant was used to control SDS-PAGE analysis. Also, the supernatant after ultracentrifugation and Bligh-Dyer extraction was used as a control in TLC and MALDI-TOF MS analyses.

EVs were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). For TEM analysis, 5 µL of the EVs sample in PBS was loaded on a 400 mesh copper grid with formvar/carbon film and left to absorb for 60 s. Then, the preparation was dried with filter paper. Next, it was negatively stained with 2% uranyl acetate. The images were taken using a JEM-F200 transmission electron microscope (JEOL, Akishima, Japan).

Measurements of the size of bacterial EVs were carried out using dynamic light scattering analysis (DLS, Malvern Zetasizer, Malvern, UK). Extracellular vesicles dissolved in PBS buffer (100 µL) were measured in triplicate on DLS Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS using Zetasizer software version 8.01.4906.

The obtained EVs were analyzed with SDS-PAGE together with protein fractions derived from individual C. acnes strains. To prepare protein fractions, the culture of C. acnes was centrifuged, Heraeus Biofuge Stratos, Hanau, Germany (4000× g, 10 min, 4 • C) and washed three times with PBS. The bacterial pellet obtained in this way was re-suspended in PBS and divided into four parts.

The first one, which was dedicated to obtaining bacterial surface proteins, was centrifuged again, Heraeus Biofuge Stratos, Hanau, Germany (4000× g, 10 min, 4 • C), suspended in freshly prepared 1 M lithium chloride solution (3 mL for 1 g of the bacterial pellet), and shaken for 30 min at room temperature. Then, it was centrifuged, Heraeus Biofuge Stratos, Hanau, Germany (4000× g, 10 min, 4 • C), and the supernatant was collected and precipitated with cold ethanol in a ratio of 1:9 (protein fraction-ethanol 96%, v/v) and left overnight at 4 • C. After overnight precipitation, the proteins were centrifuged (4000× g, 10 min, 4 • C), suspended in 2 mL of MQ water, and dialyzed for 72 h (Dialysis membrane ZelluTrans/ROTH, MWCO 6000-8000, Carl Roth GmbH + Co., Karlsruhe, Germany). The concentration of the surface proteins fraction and EVs fraction was determined using the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay (Pierce™ BCA Protein Assay Kit, Thermo Fisher, Rockford, IL, USA).

Further protein fractions, i.e., cell wall, cytosol, and whole-cell lysate, were prepared according to Jeon et al. [11] : the cell wall fraction was prepared using lysozyme, whole-cell lysate (using sonication), and cell cytoplasm (using sonication and gradual centrifugation). Bacterial EVs, together with corresponding protein fractions, were analyzed at a concentration of 10 µg per well on SDS-PAGE (4% polyacrylamide stacking gel, 12.5% polyacrylamide separating gel). Proteins were detected by silver staining.

For lipid analysis, C. acnes strains (DSM 16379, DSM 1897, and PCM 2334) were cultivated in thioglycollate-soy broth (TS), as above, in an anaerobic chamber (using GasPack systems, Becton, Dickinson and Company, Sparks, MD, USA) at 37 • C for 5 days to reach the stationary growth phase. The culture was then centrifuged at 4000× g, for 10 min, and washed twice with PBS and once with MQ water. The pellet obtained was deep-frozen at −80 • C and subsequently freeze-dried. Both EVs and dry cell mass of C. acnes were extracted according to the Bligh-Dyer method to obtain lipids [31] . For lipid analysis, 50 mg of dry cell mass and the 0.5 milliliters of EVs fraction and as control, 0.5 mL of TS medium were used. Dry cell mass was suspended in 1 mL of MQ water and then 3.75 mL (1.875 mL for EVs and TS medium fractions) of methanol-chloroform (2:1, v/v) was added. The mixtures were shaken for 24 h at 20 • C. After centrifugation, the extract was decanted into another tube and the residue was re-suspended in 4.75 mL (2.375 mL for EVs and TS medium fractions) of methanol-chloroform-water (2:1:0.8, v/v/v) and shaken for 2 h at 20 • C. After centrifugation, the supernatant extracts were combined and 2.5 mL (1.25 mL for EVs and TS medium fractions) each of chloroform and MQ water were added. After shaking for 3 min, the mixture was centrifuged to separate the water and chloroform phases completely. The chloroform phase containing crude lipids was withdrawn, brought to dryness under a stream of nitrogen, and stored at −20 • C.

Lipids were dissolved in chloroform-methanol (2:1, v/v) and applied at a concentration of 50 mg/mL to a 10 cm × 10 cm HPTLC Silica gel 60 (Merck-Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany). The TLC plate was developed in the first direction using solvent system (I) chloroform-methanol-water (65:25:4, v/v) for 25 min at 20 • C, and then after drying, in the second direction with the solvent system (II) chloroform-methanol-acetic acid-water (80:15:12:4, v/v) under the same conditions. After evaporation of the mobile phase, the plate was sprayed with a reagent containing 300 mM CuSO 4 in 8.5% phosphoric acid [32] and then placed at 130 • C for 20 min to visualize all lipids.

The lipids were dissolved in chloroform-methanol (2:1, v/v) and applied to the target plate (MTP 384 ground steel BC, Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA) at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. The matrix used was norharmane at a concentration of 10 mg/mL in the same solvent. We used the dried droplet preparation protocol, 1 µL of the sample after drying on air was overlaid with 1 µL of the matrix solution. The MALDI-TOF analysis was performed with the Ultraflextreme mass spectrometer (Bruker Daltonics, Bremen, Germany) in positive ion mode using FlexAnalysis software (version 3.4). The spectrometer was calibrated using peptide calibration standard II (Bruker Daltonics, Bremen, Germany) with a mass range of 757.399 to 3147.471 m/z.

In this work, for the first time, we conducted a comparative analysis of the protein and lipid profiles of EVs obtained from three different C. acnes phylotypes. The applied techniques allowed us to show that bacterial EVs differ significantly in protein and lipid composition, depending on the phylotype from which they are isolated. This requires an individual approach to studying these nanostructures within a species. Our results are the background for further analyses that will allow the precise characterization of the qualitative protein and lipid composition. Due to our in-depth understanding of the structure and biological functions of bacterial EVs, they could become a useful tool as drug carriers or in vaccine production.

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The authors are most grateful to Paulina Deptula (University of Copenhagen) for providing the C. acnes DSM 1897 and 16379 strains used in the study. The authors would like to thank Tomasz Goszczyński (Laboratory of Biomedical Chemistry, IIET PAS) for the possibility of using DLS equipment.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.