key: cord-0067229-0qochf4r
authors: Rampogu, Shailima; Kim, Seong Min; Shaik, Baji; Lee, Gihwan; Kim, Ju Hyun; Kim, Gon Sup; Lee, Keun Woo; Kim, Myeong Ok
title: Novel Butein Derivatives Repress DDX3 Expression by Inhibiting PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 Cell Lines
date: 2021-08-18
journal: Front Oncol
DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.712824
sha: 80cfdd9c29a5368a27d5163465b7ccddcddf9b21
doc_id: 67229
cord_uid: 0qochf4r

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is one of the major causes of mortalities noticed in women globally. DDX3 has emerged as a potent target for several cancers, including breast cancer to which currently there are no reported or approved drugs. METHODS: To find effective cancer therapeutics, three compounds were computationally designed tweaking the structure of natural compound butein. These compounds were synthesized and evaluated for their anticancer property in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines targeting DDX3. The in silico molecular docking studies have shown that the compounds have occupied the binding site of the human DDX3 target. Furthermore, to investigate the cell viability effect of 3a, 3b, and 3c on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, the cell lines were treated with different concentrations of compounds for 24 and 48 h and measured using MTT assay. RESULTS: The cell viability results showed that the have induced dose dependent suppression of DDX3 expression. Additionally, 3b and 3c have reduced the expression of DDX3 in MCF-7 and MDA-MD-231 cell lines. 3b or 3c treated cell lines increased apoptotic protein expression. Both the compounds have induced the apoptotic cell death by elevated levels of cleaved PARP and cleaved caspase 3 and repression of the anti-apoptosis protein BCL-xL. Additionally, they have demonstrated the G2/M phase cell cycle arrest in both the cell lines. Additionally, 3c decreased PI3K and AKT levels. CONCLUSIONS: Our results shed light on the anticancer ability of the designed compounds. These compounds can be employed as chemical spaces to design new prospective drug candidates. Additionally, our computational method can be adapted to design new chemical scaffolds as plausible inhibitors.

RNA helicases are a group of proteins possessing a unique motif, called the DEAD/H (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp/His) (1) . One of the members of the RNA helicase family, DDX3, demonstrates a wide range of roles in the process of cellular biogenesis that includes cell survival, cell-cycle regulation, cellular differentiation, and apoptosis (2) . The genome of human encodes for two genes, namely DDX3X and DDX3Y. DDX3Y is present on Y-chromosome and demonstrates its role in male fertility. The gene DDX3X is present on the X-chromosome bands, p11.3-> p11. 23 (2) and acts as a oncogene or tumor suppressor (1) . DDX3 modulates the expression of genes at various levels. It takes part in transcriptional regulation of gene promoters, engages in splicing, performs the nuclear export of RNA, demonstrates a role in translational regulation (3) . The structure of DDX3 is made up of 12 conserved motifs and two recA like domains. The X-ray structure of DDX3 was cocrystallized with the AMP located at the nucleotide-binding pocket (2) . The residues from the Q motif, Arg202, and Gln207, hold the adenine group and the phosphate group is held by the P-loop residues, namely Gly227, Ser228, Gly229, Lys230, and Thr231 (2) . This binding site has been exploited widely by the researchers to design and discover new chemical compounds (4) (5) (6) .

DDX3 is a well-studied protein and is a known validated target to design and develop antiviral and anticancer drugs (7) . DDX3 communicates with several viral and human proteins and their complexes via the RNA and demonstrates a double role in viral replication. Intriguingly, it works as a cofactor for viral replication and acts as a mediator of the innate immunity system (7) . The association of DDX3 in cancer has been emerging in the recent times (8) and has demonstrated a significant role in progression of malignancies besides playing a key role in tumorigenesis to metastasis (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) . Although the role of DDX3 is noticed in several cancers (1) , in the current study, we focused on breast cancer targeting two cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, respectively.

DDX3 demonstrates an oncogenic role in breast cancer and upon its elevation may promote cell growth and proliferation (1, 10) and corresponds to distant metastasis (18) , whose knockdown represses the tumor volume in vivo (19) , thus demonstrating an oncogenic role in breast cancer (1) . Several inhibitors were employed to target DDX3 in breast cancer. The combination of DDX3 and PARP inhibitors have brought about synthetic lethality noticed in BRCA1-proficient breast cancer (20) . Another compound RK-33 has induced radiosensitization in breast cancer via the mitochondrial translation inhibition (21) .

In the current investigation, we have used the butein derivatives to potentially target DDX3 in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Butein, a flavonoid, is known to have immense therapeutic potential (22) , besides being an anticancer agent (23) . In lung cancer cells, butein promotes apoptosis and represses the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (24) . It is reported that butein triggers the suppression of breast cancer growth by causing the reduction of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (25) and hindering the AKT phosphorylation. Furthermore, it was mechanistically noticed that butein elicits apoptosis by a series of mechanisms, thereby demonstrating the anti-proliferative activity (26) and can further act as aromatase inhibitor with the IC 50 value of 3.7 mM (27) . It also subsides the proliferative ability of the breast cancer cells by the formation of reactive oxygen species and regulation of ERK and p38 functions (26) . Estrogen has been linked with the initiation and the progression of the disease. It was evidenced that butein could efficiently inhibit the aromatase when tested on MCF-7 cells with a minimum inhibitory concentration showing less than 5 µM (27) . The purified phenolic-rich EtOAC fraction (PPEF) extracts of medicinal plant Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RVS) that contained butein, demonstrated apoptosis in breast cancer cell lines (28) . Fibroblasts, the cockroaches of the human body (29) , are found at all the stages of cancer, further playing a major role in promoting the growth of breast cancer. The phytochemical butein has inhibited the clonogenic growth of UACC-812, which was co-cultured with fibroblasts. Mechanistically, it can be speculated that the chalcone butein compound might intrude between the fibroblast and the breast cancer cells at as low as 2.5 µg/ml (30) . It is evidenced that butein downregulates the CXC chemo receptor-4 (CXCR4) by transcriptional regulation demonstrated by the downregulation of mRNA expression, suppression of NF-kB activation, and suppression of chromatin immunoprecipitation activity, thereby hindering the process of metastasis (31) . It was reported that butein repressed the formation of osteoclasts prompted by MDA-MB-231 cell lines (32) .

Motivated by the aforementioned reports, in the current investigation, we have synthesized butein analogs and have tested them against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, respectively. The primary objective of the study is to evaluate the anticancer potential of the new compounds and to assess their ability as DDX3 inhibitors.

The butein structure was downloaded from the PubChem database (33) in the 2D format and was subsequently exported on to the Discovery Studio v18 (hereinafter referred to as DS). The compound was minimized by employing the Full Minimization protocol accessible with DS.

Using the Discovery Studio, the B ring of butein was modified to obtain new structures as described in Figure 1 , and three compounds were designed and synthesized.

To elucidate on their binding affinity toward the target DDX3, the molecular docking was performed using the CDOCKER program (34-37) available on DS. The CDOCKER utilized a CHARMm-based molecular dynamics (MD) strategy to dock ligands into a receptor-binding site. Correspondingly, Random Ligand Conformations are generated using high-temperature MD. These conformations are then translated into the binding site. The candidate poses are subsequently created using random rigid-body rotations followed by simulated annealing. A final minimization is then used to refine the ligand poses (34, 38) .

The protein for the current study is the human DEAD-box RNA helicase DDX3X bearing the PDB code 2I4I cocrystallized with the AMP (39). The protein was initially prepared by initiating the Clean Protein tool available with the DS. Correspondingly, the heteroatoms and the water molecules were dislodged and were minimized using the Minimization tool available under the Minimize and Refine Protein protocol. The active site was marked for all the atoms and the residues around the cocrystallized AMP (39) .

The synthesized butein-like compounds were docked into the active site of the protein permitting the generation of 50 conformers for each compound along with the butein compound. The best pose was selected from the largest cluster demonstrating a higher dock score, read according to the -CDOCKER interaction energy and the key residue interactions.

Unless otherwise noted, all reactions were carried out under an atmosphere of argon in oven-dried flasks. All reagents and chemicals were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Co., TCI, or Alfa Aesar Co. Solvents, such as tetrahydrofuran (THF) and methylene chloride, were used after distillation following standard purification procedures. 1 H NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker DRX-300 and chemical shifts (d) for 1 H NMR spectra are given in ppm relative to TMS. Column chromatography was performed on Merck silica gel (40-63 mesh).

To a solution of 2′,4′-dihydroxyacetophenone (0.76 g, 5.0 mmol) in dry CH 2 Cl 2 (5 mL) triethylamine (2.4 mL, 17.5 mmol) and 4-dimethylamino pyridine (0.06g, 0.5 mmol) were added, and then tertbutyldimethylsilyl chloride (2.11g, 14.0 mmol) dissolved in CH 2 Cl 2 (9 mL) was added dropwise. After the completion of addition, the reaction mixture was allowed to stirred overnight at room temperature. The reaction mixture was quenched by the addition of water. The organic fractions were collected, and the aqueous phase was extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 . The combined organic fractions were washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO 4 , and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by short column chromatography on silica gel using n-hexanes as the eluent to afford compound 2 (1.56 g, 82% yield) as a colorless oil; 1 

To a solution of compound 2 (1.0 mmol) in dry THF (3 ml) under argon was added lithium diisopropylamide (LDA, 1.0 M, 1.1 ml, 1.1 mmol) dropwise at −78°C. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to −20°C over 30 min, and then cooled to −78°C. The solution of substituted aldehyde (1.0 mmol) in dry THF (3 ml) was added dropwise at −78°C, and the resulting reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature stirred overnight and then quenched by addition of sat. aqueous NH 4 Cl. The organic fraction was collected, and the aqueous layer was extracted with diethyl ether. The combined organic fractions were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO 4 , and evaporated under reduced pressure to afford the monohydroxy protected chalcones. The monohydroxy protected chalcones were purified by using CH 2 Cl 2 /MeOH as eluent.

The monohydroxy protected chalcone derivatives (0.2 mmol) were dissolved in THF (5 ml), and tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF, 1.0 M, 0.4 mmol) was added. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. and quenched by addition of water. The organic fraction was 

The compound (3a) was synthesized by following the general procedure using monohydroxy-protected chalcone (0.10 g, 0.23 mmol) dissolved in THF (8 mL 

The compound (3b) was synthesized by following general procedure using monohydroxy-protected chalcone (0.10 g, 0.24 mmol) dissolved in THF (8 mL 

The compound (3c) was synthesized by following general procedure using monohydroxy protected chalcone (0.03 g, 0.08 mmol), was dissolved in THF (2 mL 

Human 

The cell viability assay was conducted as described before (42) 

The Western blot analysis was performed as described before (43 

The data were expressed as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM) and analyzed by GraphPad Prism Version 4.0b (GraphPad Software Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA), for statistical significance using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. All experiments were performed in triplicates.

The prepared butein compound was used as the starting structure (parent structure) to computationally design new compounds. Subsequently, modifying the ring B has yielded three compounds as shown in Figure 1 .

The synthesized compounds were assessed for the binding affinity studies using the CDOCKER program. These compounds were docked into the ATP binding pocket of the DDX3 to understand their potentiality along with butein for comparative study. The results have shown that the modified compounds have demonstrated a better to comparable dock score than the parent compound butein as shown in Table 1 . Further, the compounds have shown interactions with the key residues positioning at the binding pocket as elucidated in Figure 2 . The compound butein has formed hydrogen bond with the residue Arg202, as displayed in Figure 3A . Additionally, the key residue Tyr200 has formed the p-p stacked interaction. The 3a has prompted hydrogen bond interactions with the residues, Thr201 and Gln207, as shown in Figure 3B , along with the p-p stacked interaction by Tyr200. The compound 3b has interacted via hydrogen bonds with the residues, Thr231, Ala232, Gln281, and Glu285, respectively, as represented in Figure 3C . The key residue Tyr200 has participated by p-alkyl interaction holding the compound at the binding pocket. The compound 3c has formed hydrogen bond interactions with the residues, Thr231, Ala232, and Gln281 residues. The residue Thr231 has formed two hydrogen bonds with the ligand as illustrated in Figure 3D .

The key residue Tyr200 has demonstrated the p-p stacked interaction. Several other residues have clamped the ligands at the binding pocket as shown in Supplementary 1A-C respectively.

The syntheses of chalcones are illustrated in Scheme 1. All the chalcones were synthesized by aldol condensation reaction using an appropriate aldehyde and ketone as previously described in the literature method with modification. The dihydroxy ketone was protected by using TBSCl. Dihydroxy protected compound by reacting with aldehyde in the presence of LDA base resulted in the condensation product, which on desilylation by TBAF, the desired chalcones were obtained. The 1 H NMR spectrum data of the three compounds is provided as, Supplementary Figures 2-4 for 3a, 3b, and 3c, respectively.

To evaluate the anti-proliferative effect of 3b and 3c, MTT assays were carried out on the MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 representing the human breast cancer cell lines. 3b and 3c were treated with various concentration for 24, 48, and 72 h in the MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7, respectively. The cell viability on the MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells was markedly decreased by 3b and 3c treatment 

Based on cell viability results, we also identified the DDX3 protein expression. The two cell lines, which include MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with indicated concentration of 3a, 3b, or 3c, respectively. The DDX3 protein expression was decreased dose-dependently in 3b or 3c treated MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines as shown in Figures 5A, B, and Supplementary Figure 5 . This data indicated that 3b and 3c could suppress DDX3 protein expression in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Since 3a did not show any significant reduction of DDX3 expression, as shown in Supplementary  Figure 7 , we have not proceeded with the compound further.

To determine the cell death and cell cycle arrest effect on 3b and 3c in human breast cancer cell lines, we identified the apoptosis and cell cycle related protein expression in 3b and 3c treated MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. The apoptosis marker proteins, such as cleaved PARP and cleaved caspase 3 were increased, and anti-apoptosis protein, BCL-xL, was decreased in compound use to treat both cell lines, as shown Figures 6A, B , and Supplementary Figure 6 . In addition, G2/M cell cycle arrest-related protein including CDK1 and cyclinB1, were inhibited in compound treated both cell lines. Those data A B suggest that 3b and 3c can induce apoptotic cell death and G2/M phase cell cycle arrest in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, indicating anti-cancer effect, as shown in Figures 6A, B .

In addition, PI3K/AKT signaling pathway is an important intercellular signal involving apoptotic cell death and cell cycle arrest. Therefore, we examined the phosphorylated PI3K and AKT protein expression in the 3b and 3c treated human breast cancer cells. 3b was not affective to PI3K/AKT protein change. The results showed that inhibition of PI3K and AKT activation was induced in the 3c treated both cell lines, as shown in Figure 6B .

With an objective to find effective therapeutics to breast cancer, the current investigation has proceeded by tweaking the natural compound butein. Correspondingly, we have obtained three compounds. These three compounds, namely 3a, 3b, and 3c, were docked into the active site of the protein target 2I4I to gain insights into the atomistic interactions. Alluringly, the three compounds have rendered an interaction with the key residue Tyr200, via p-p stalk interaction with 3a and 3c, whereas 3b has prompted a p-alkyl interaction as shown in Supplementary Figure 1 . Interaction with this residue is regarded to be potential as reported in previous reports (2, 4, 44) . Additionally, it was reported that binding with Tyr200 phenyl ring and the imidazole-diazepine ring amplifies the binding (19) . It was further noted that the compounds were accommodated at the binding pocket prompted by various residues.

To elucidate on their anti-proliferative activity in cancer cells, we proceeded with the in vitro MTT assay. This assay has shown a remarkable decline in the cell viability when compared with the untreated cells. The 3a has shown an IC 50 Fundamentally, the flavonoids promote the anticancer mechanism by instigating the apoptosis and cell cycle arrest (42) . The apoptosis was studies by the expression of cleaved PARP and cleaved caspase 3 (42) . Caspases broadly belong to the protease family that manifests specificity to aspartic acids. These caspases are pivotal players of apoptosis (42) . Among the caspases, Caspase-8, -9, and -10 are called the instigators of apoptosis as they are capable of activating other caspases while the caspase-3, -6, and -7 are grouped as executioners because of their ability to cleave important substrates thereby killing the cell (45) . One such substrate is the poly (ADP-Ribose) polymerase (PARP) that is instrumental in maintaining DNA stability and repair (45, 46) . The PARP being cleaved into two fragments serves as an indication of functional caspase activation (45) . Our identified compounds have triggered the elevation of the apoptosis marker protein, such as cleaved PARP and cleaved caspase 3.

The antiapoptosis protein (apoptosis inhibitor) is an eminent member of BCL-2 family of apoptosis regulators (47) . This protein is elevated in certain cancers, and its role in particular to breast cancer corresponds to increased metastatic potential than the primary tumor growth (48, 49) and is a target against invasive cancer cells (50) . Our finding has shown that the level of BCL-xL was downregulated by both the compounds in two cell lines. These results signify the ability of the compounds to induce apoptosis cell death.

We further extended our study to assess the effect of 3b and 3c on cell cycle. Cell cycle has four phases that transvers from quiescence (G0 phase) to proliferation (G1, S, G2, and M phases). The process of cell cycle occurs by the activation of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) and its corresponding cofactor the cyclins (51) . Among the innumerable factors that are involved in the process, the activation of CDK-cyclin heterodimeric complexes are considered as the paramount steps. Furthermore, the activation of the kinases (CDKs) is closely governed by the binding to cyclins (51) . Correspondingly, the cell cycle proteins, cyclin B1 and CDK1, are interconnected with the G2/M phase. The primary factor cyclin B1 switches on the mitosis could compose compound with CDK1 to adjust the G2/M phase (51) . Our findings have demonstrated that 3b and 3c have arrested the G2/M phase and suppressed the proteins CDK1 and cyclin B1 (51) . The corresponding downregulation of CDK1 and cyclin B1 may reduce the formation of CDK1-cyclin B1 complex, thereby leading to the arrest of G2/M phase. These findings put forth that 3b and 3c have arrested the G2/M phase by repressing the expression of proteins CDK1 and cyclin B1.

The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway is believed to be associated with the modulation of several cellular physiological processes (52) and has an important role in the regulation of cell proliferation, the cell cycle and apoptosis (52) . It is a well-known fact that inhibition of PI3K/AKT signal pathway favors the process of apoptosis in cancer cell (53, 54) . Likewise, 3c inhibited the expression level of PI3K and its downstream target AKT that is remarkably associated with cellular apoptosis. In a noteworthy observation, it was only 3c that could inhibit the PI3K/AKT signal pathway. The proposed mechanism of inhibition is represented in Figure 7 , and all the full blots are provided as Supplementary Files.

In conclusion, the present manuscript predominantly focuses on finding new therapeutics targeting DDX3. DDX3 is widely 

A Double-Edged Function of DDX3, as an Oncogene or Tumor Suppressor, in Cancer Progression (Review)

A Potential Target for Cancer Treatment

Multiple Functions of DDX3 RNA Helicase in Gene Regulation, Tumorigenesis, and Viral Infection

In Vitro Anti-Cancer Activity of Doxorubicin Against Human RNA Helicase

Targeting DDX 3 With a Small Molecule Inhibitor for Lung Cancer Therapy

A Computational Approach With Biological Evaluation: Combinatorial Treatment of Curcumin and Exemestane Synergistically Regulates Ddx3 Expression in Cancer Cell Lines

DEAD-Box RNA Helicase DDX3: Functional Properties and Development of DDX3 Inhibitors as Antiviral and Anticancer Drugs

DDX3X: Structure, Physiologic Functions and Cancer

Is Deregulated in Hepatitis Virus-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Is Involved in Cell Growth Control

Oncogenic Role of DDX3 in Breast Cancer Biogenesis

DDX3 Enhances Oncogenic KRAS-Induced Tumor Invasion in Colorectal Cancer Via the b-Catenin/ZEB1 Axis

DDX3 Loss by p53 Inactivation Promotes Tumor Malignancy Via the MDM2/Slug/E-cadherin Pathway and Poor Patient Outcome in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer

The Clinical and Pathological Significance of Nectin-2 and DDX3 Expression in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinomas

Nectin-2 and DDX3 Are Biomarkers for Metastasis and Poor Prognosis of Squamous Cell/ Adenosquamous Carcinomas and Adenocarcinoma of Gallbladder

Ddx3 Activates Cbc-eIF3-Mediated Translation of uORF-Containing Oncogenic mRNAs to Promote Metastasis in HNSCC

The X-Linked Ddx3x RNA Helicase Dictates Translation Reprogramming and Metastasis in Melanoma

New MLLT10 Gene Recombinations in Pediatric T-Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

The Prognostic Effect of DDX3 Upregulation in Distant Breast Cancer Metastases

Ring-Expanded Nucleoside Analog, Inhibits Motility and Viability of Breast Cancer Cells by Targeting the RNA Helicase DDX3

Combination Treatment Using DDX3 and PARP Inhibitors Induces Synthetic Lethality in BRCA1-Proficient Breast Cancer

Targeting Mitochondrial Translation by Inhibiting DDX3: A Novel Radiosensitization Strategy for Cancer Treatment

Butein in Health and Disease: A Comprehensive Review

An Investigation on the Therapeutic Potential of Butein, A Tretrahydroxychalcone Against Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Butein Induces Cell Apoptosis and Inhibition of Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in A549 Lung Cancer Cells

Butein Suppresses Breast Cancer Growth by Reducing a Production of Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species

Butein Inhibits the Proliferation of Breast Cancer Cells Through Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species and Modulation of ERK and p38 Activities

The Plant Polyphenol Butein Inhibits Testosterone-Induced Proliferation in Breast Cancer Cells Expressing Aromatase

Selective Cytotoxic Effects on Human Cancer Cell Lines of Phenolic-Rich Ethyl-Acetate Fraction From Rhus Verniciflua Stokes

The Biology and Function of Fibroblasts in Cancer

The Chalcone Butein From Rhus Verniciflua Stokes Inhibits Clonogenic Growth of Human Breast Cancer Cells Co-Cultured With Fibroblasts

Butein Downregulates Chemokine Receptor CXCR4 Expression and Function Through Suppression of NF-kb Activation in Breast and Pancreatic Tumor Cells

Suppresses Cancer-Induced Osteoclastogenesis Through Inhibition of Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-Kappab Ligand Signaling

Update: Improved Access to Chemical Data

Detailed Analysis of Grid-Based Molecular Docking: A Case Study of CDOCKER -A Charmm-Based MD Docking Algorithm

Unravelling the Therapeutic Potential of Marine Drugs as SARS-CoV-2 Inhibitors: An Insight From Essential Dynamics and Free Energy Landscape

Old Drugs for New Purpose-Fast Pace Therapeutic Identification for SARS-CoV-2 Infections by Pharmacophore Guided Drug Repositioning Approach

Pharmacophore Modelling-Based Drug Repurposing Approaches for SARS-CoV-2 Therapeutics

Crystal Structure of Conserved Domains 1 and 2 of the Human DEAD-Box Helicase DDX3X in Complex With the Mononucleotide Amp

Synthesis of Some Novel Chalcones and Their Facile One-Pot Conversion to 2-Aminobenzene-1, 3-Dicarbonitriles Using Malononitrile

Apoptotic Effect of Lambertianic Acid Through AMPK/FOXM1 Signaling in MDA-MB231

Sinensetin Induces Autophagic Cell Death Through p53-Related Ampk/Mtor Signaling in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Hepg2 Cells

Apigetrin Induces Extrinsic Apoptosis, Autophagy and G2/M Phase Cell Cycle Arrest Through PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway in AGS Human Gastric Cancer Cell

DDX3X Multifunctionally Modulates Tumor Progression and Serves as a Prognostic Indicator to Predict Cancer Outcomes

Cleaved Caspase-3, Caspase-7 and Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Are Complementarily But Differentially Expressed in Human Medulloblastomas

ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1 Protects Excessive DNA Strand Breaks From Deterioration During Repair in Human Cell Extracts

The BCL-2 Protein Family: Opposing Activities That Mediate Cell Death

A Cytoskeleton-Based Functional Genetic Screen Identifies Bcl-xL as an Enhancer of Metastasis, But Not Primary Tumor Growth

Bcl-x(L) Promotes Metastasis of Breast Cancer Cells by Induction of Cytokines Resistance

Bcl-Xl Mediates Therapeutic Resistance of a Mesenchymal Breast Cancer Cell Subpopulation

Downregulation of Cdk1 and CyclinB1 Expression Contributes to Oridonin-Induced Cell Cycle Arrest at G2/M Phase and Growth Inhibition in SGC-7901 Gastric Cancer Cells

Research Progress on the PI3K/ AKT Signaling Pathway in Gynecological Cancer (Review)

Curcumin Induces Apoptosis Via Inhibition of PI3′-kinase/ AKT Pathway in Acute T Cell Leukemias

Polyphenolic Extract Isolated From Korean Lonicera Japonica Thunb. Induce G2/M Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in HepG2 Cells: Involvements of PI3K/Akt and MAPKS

Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest