key: cord-0067402-i05dfnc7 authors: Kachmar, Mohamed Reda; Naceiri Mrabti, Hanae; Bellahmar, Meryem; Ouahbi, Abdelilah; Haloui, Zoubida; El Badaoui, Khalid; Bouyahya, Abdelhakim; Chakir, Said title: Traditional Knowledge of Medicinal Plants Used in the Northeastern Part of Morocco date: 2021-08-06 journal: Evid Based Complement Alternat Med DOI: 10.1155/2021/6002949 sha: ec49da9777f5783dd2fcf0e3860e61cc86c24de3 doc_id: 67402 cord_uid: i05dfnc7 The knowledge of the plants that are used may provide insight on their properties for further exploration. This study aimed to identify and collect data about medicinal plants used in traditional medicine by the population of the provincial region of Taza, Morocco. An ethnobotanical survey was carried out among 200 informants, competent villagers, herbalists, and traditional healers from the provincial region of Taza city through direct interviews using a structured questionnaire. The survey reported 55 plant species belonging to 28 families used in the folk medicine. Informants' results showed that the most frequently used plants were Origanum compactum, Mentha pulegium, Rosmarinus officinalis L., Aloysia citrodora, Calamintha officinalis Moench, and Artemisia herba-alba Asso., with a relative frequency of citation of 76%, 72%, 60%, 42%, 40%, and 30%, respectively. Moreover, in this study, the Lamiaceae family was the most commonly reported plant family, and the leaves were the most frequently used parts of the plants; otherwise, decoction and infusion were the most used modes in the preparation of remedies from medicinal plants in the traditional medicine. The sociodemographic characteristics showed that women use medicinal plants slightly more than men, the illiterate people use the medicinal plant the most, and old people have more information about the medicinal plants than the new generations. The region of Taza of Morocco has an important floristic biodiversity of medicinal plants which are used in traditional medicine practice. This result provides a good database for pharmacological screening in the search for new plants that can contain new bioactive molecules that can be used as a bioactive ingredient of medicament or as a biological alternative in pharmacology. For a long time, plants have played a very important role in the daily lives of human life [1] . Herbal medicines have traditionally been used because of several benefits; they are affordable and easily accessible, and there is no evidence of resistance to whole plant extracts or of effectiveness [2] . is sort of traditional medicinal knowledge has been regularly practiced in homes and is transferred from generation to generation with the passage of time [3] . Nowadays, the use of plants as a way of treatment is still very important for many rural and urban Moroccans [4] . In recent decades, scientific studies have increasingly focused on plants used in traditional medicine to treat various diseases through botanical surveys and laboratory biological tests on animal models to discover certain species with medicinal properties that may replace certain chemical drugs with side effects [5, 6] . Morocco is a Mediterranean country which is crisscrossed from east to west and from southwest to northeast by four mountain ranges, the Rif, the Middle Atlas, the High Atlas, and the Anti-Atlas; his position between two seas and a vast desert results in a complete range of Mediterranean bioclimates. is varied climate provides habitat for rich and varied flora: more than 4200 spontaneous species and some 1500 introduced species have been catalogued [1, 7, 8] . e region of Taza is located between the mountain ranges of the Rif and the Middle Atlas; its climate is characterized by dry and very hot summer and cold, precipitating, and partly snowy winter. During the year, the temperature generally ranges from 5°C to 36°C and is rarely below 2°C or above 41°C. is climate makes this region very rich in plant biodiversity and in wide varieties of indigenous medicinal plants used by the local population in the folk medicine. To the best of our knowledge, few works in the literature were interested in this region. us, the aim of this work was to collect information about plant species used in folk medicine by the traditional healers and local population of this region to treat diseases and human pathologies. For these reasons, the current survey was conducted in the provincial area of Taza of Morocco (northeastern Morocco). Taza city is administratively part of the Region of Fez-Meknes, it is located in the northeast of Morocco, and it is located in a mountain pass where the mountain range of the Rif and that of the Middle Atlas meet ( Figure 1 ). Taza province is bordered to the north by the province of Al Hoceima, to the northeast by the province of Nador, to the east by the province of Taourirt, to the south by that of Boulemane, and to the west by the province of Taounate and that of Sefrou (latitude: 34°13′00″N, longitude: 4°01′00″W, and altitude: 550 m). is city covers an area of 37 km 2 with a population of 148,456 inhabitants in 2014. e first interview was conducted with the informants, giving them a brief explanation of the objective of the study and the importance of the information they were going to provide in order to sensitize them to participate in this study. In total, 200 people were interviewed directly between May and August 2016 through ethnobotanical surveys in different localities, cities, towns, villages, and douars in the province of Taza. During the interviews, structured questionnaires were used for data documentation, 20 questionnaires for each zone, and the selected zones were dispersed between the city of Taza, the villages, and the douars of the Rif Mountains and the Middle Atlas belonging administratively to the province of Taza. Each questionnaire consisted of two parts. e first part concerns demographic information such as sex, age, educational level, source of information, and the profession of the participants, while the second part has informative questions on local names of plant species, mode preparation (decoction, maceration, infusion, etc.), the plant part used (stems, roots, leaves, seeds, aerial part, etc.), the method of administration, and the diseases treated by the plants mentioned by the informant. In each interview, the names of the plants were recorded in Moroccan Arabic when they were mentioned. e botanical materials of 55 plant species were collected from the informants and kept in special glass frames; they were later identified by Pr. Abdelilah Rahou (Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, Meknès). e confirmation was carried out by Dr. Mohamed Reda Kachmar using means of the literature. ese samples of plant materials were given herbarium specimen codes, and the voucher plant samples were kept in the Herbarium of the Botany Department of the Scientific Institute of Rabat, Morocco. e complete floristic list was established after the identification and verification of the samples; the identification process was realized using the following references: Moroccan Medicinal and Aromatic Plants [9] , Vascular Flora of Morocco [10] , Practical Flora of Morocco [10] , and Traditional Moroccan Pharmacopoeia [11] . e taxonomy was confirmed on the basis of data available on the International Plant Names Index website: https://www.ipni.org/. On the basis of the local therapeutic importance of each plant species, the relative frequency of citation (RFC) was calculated according to the following formula [12] : where FC is the number of participants who mentioned the use of a plant species and N is the total number of participants. e results obtained were processed and analysed using Excel 2010 software. A total of 200 participants comprising herbalists, competent villagers, traditional healers, and normal people from Taza city, including 114 women (57%) and 86 men (43%), were interviewed. eir average age was 52 years with a minimum of 19 years and a maximum of 85 years. e majority of the informants belonged to the rural area (90%), and 61% were illiterate. e majority of participants received their education about herbal medicine from herbalists (54%), while the rest learned from their older family members or from other people ( Table 1) . Figure 2 . Plants were grouped into 28 families; this census also shows different routes of administration of the drugs, the preparation methods, and the part of the plants used in the traditional medicine as presented in Table 1 . e most presented families were Lamiaceae (14 species), Apiaceae (6 species), Asteraceae (5 species), and Myrtaceae (3 species) followed by Cupressaceae, Lauraceae, and Zingiberaceae (2 species). All other families were presented by one species as shown in Figure 3 . Administration. Results obtained in this study showed that leaves were the most used part of the plants (57.35%) followed by the stems (13.23%), seeds (11.76%), roots (7.35%), flowers (5.88%), fruits (2.94%), and barks (1.47%) ( Figure 4 ). Our survey also showed that decoction and infusion were the most used methods of preparation with frequencies of 29.11% and 27.84%, respectively, followed by the raw form (20.25%), powder form (17.72%), fumigation (3.79%), and vegetable oil (1.26%) ( Figure 5 ). Oral administration of the drugs had the highest frequency (70%), while the other Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 3 administration modes (brushing, rinsing, massage, and inhalation) presented the rest 30% ( Figure 6 ). e main goal of this study is to identify the medicinal plants used in the province of Taza city. is region has an important and diversified heritage of aromatic and medicinal plants widely used in traditional medicine by the local population. is richness is also reflected by broad culture in phytotherapy and phytopharmacology among the selected informants, particularly herbalists and traditional healers. Sociodemographic results showed that the age of all participants was between 20 and 86 years, and the most presented group of the informants having the age between 30 and 50 years (48%). e result also showed that females use medicinal plants a little bit more than males. Our results confirm those obtained by other ethnobotanical studies made in other regions in Morocco [7, 128] . is must be due to that women are in charge of drying, stocking of medicinal plants, and preparing recipes for the care of family members. Interviews showed that older people are particularly competent than the young generation and had a greater knowledge of the uses of medicinal plants for the cure of various diseases; similar results were observed by other studies [30, 129] . However, this finding did not exclude other age groups with valuable knowledge about herbal remedies. In fact, older people are expected to provide more reliable information because they hold more ancestral knowledge transmitted orally. e transmission of this valuable knowledge and medicinal recipes from the old to the new generation is not always assured and is now in decline [129] . In this study, women were the most presented (57%) than men (43%). ese results agree with those of a previous ethnobotanical study done in the province of Tata, Souss-Massa region in Morocco [19] . is study was led in the southeast region of Morocco, while our study was conducted in the northeast region of Morocco; these two regions differ by their geographical locations and their climatic zones and consequently a difference in their plant biodiversity, which obviously affects the choice of the plant's species used in traditional medicine. erefore, our survey showed that the most used plants in the Taza region were Origanum compactum, Mentha pulegium, Rosmarinus officinalis, Aloysia citrodora, Calamintha officinalis Moench, and Artemisia herba-alba Asso., while Artemisia huguetii, Mentha pulegium, Trigonella Antioxidant effect [28] Protection of gastric mucosal damage [29] Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 5 Gastroprotection [36] Antibacterial and antifungal [37] Antibacterial and antioxidant [38] Asteraceae Atractylis gummifera L. Antibiofilm and anticaries [47] , radical scavenging and antioxidant activity [48] 6 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Digestive system and kidney diseases [1] Allergy and increasing energy [4] Antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects [66] Antihyperglycemic activity [67] Diuretic effects [68] Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 7 Allergy, asthma, cancer, infections, and immune system depression [57] Pathologies of the digestive system, allergy, and dermocosmetology [4] Antibacterial activity [84] Diuretic effects [68] Lamiaceae Salvia officinalis L. Migraine [89] Respiratory, skin [85] Antibacterial [90] Antioxidant [91] Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 9 Antibacterial and antifungal [99] Wound healing [100] Antibacterial [101] Moraceae Ficus carica L. Chriha Lkarmous Fruits Raw Oral 1.5 Asthma Digestive system [1] Pathologies of the digestive system, pathologies of the circulatory system, and cardiovascular diseases [4] Anticancer [102] Hepatoprotective and nephroprotective [103] Myrtaceae Eucalyptus globulus Labill (sp) Inhalation 11 Flu Diabetes [6] Asthma [57] Antibacterial activity [104] Hypoglycemic activity [105] 10 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Cardiac weakness, digestive system [1] Antioxidant activity [106] Antigenotoxic effect [107] Hypoglycemic effect [108] Myrtaceae Eugenia caryophyllata Qronfel Flowers Decoction Powder Inhalation Massage Rinsing 3 Grippe Tooth pain Headaches, migraine, pathologies of the digestive system, dermocosmetology [4] Antibacterial and antioxidant [109] Antioxidant capacity and cytotoxic activity [110] Nitrariaceae Peganum harmala L. Antiviral [111] Antibacterial and antifungal [112] Pedaliaceae Sesamum indicum L. Ajenjlane Seeds Raw Oral 1 Digestive system disorders Appetite stimulant [40] Bloating, digestion problems [73] Antiulcer [113] Gastroprotective [114] Antirheumatoid [115] Ranunculaceae Nigella sativa L. Hair loss Hair care and hair strengthening [1] Dermocosmetology, fever, and head problems [4] Anti-inflammatory [119] Antimicrobial [120] Urticaceae Urtica dioica L. Lhriga Leaves Decoction Oral 8 Urinary system problem Diabetes [6] Osteoporosis [30] Renal weakness, digestive system [1] Antibacterial [121] Antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiulcer, and analgesic [22] Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11 Antioxidant activity [126] Antibacterial [127] 12 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine foenum-graecum, Mentha suaveolens, Lavandula mairei, and Nigella sativa were the most cited for their use in the traditional medicine in the study [19] . Results showed that 61% of the informants were illiterate, and their age was older than 40 years. ese results are in agreement with other ethnobotanical studies carried out in Morocco [130] and Algeria [131] . e use of medicinal plants in traditional medicine is more widespread among illiterate people. ese results are confirmed by other studies, which have shown that people with a lower level of education have more expertise in the uses of plants in traditional medicine [132, 133] . On the contrary, the results of this survey indicate the predominance of some plant families such as the Lamiaceae, the Apiaceae, and the Asteraceae. e predominance of these families has already been observed in a study carried out in another African country [134] and another study carried out in southeast Morocco [19] . Furthermore, the most used species by the population of Taza province were Origanum compactum with the highest RFC (76%), followed by Mentha pulegium, Rosmarinus officinalis, Aloysia citrodora Palau, Calamintha officinalis Moench, and Artemisia herba-alba Asso., with RFC values of 72%, 60%, 42%, 40%, and 30%, respectively. e medicinal properties that these plants have were experimentally proven by several studies carried out in vivo and/or in vitro by [135] [136] [137] [138] [139] [140] [141] . e plants used mainly by the population of the Taza region are almost the same as those previously mentioned in Morocco [4, 7] and in Algeria [142] . e use of leaves in traditional medicine could be attributed to their availability, the simplicity of their harvest, and their richness in therapeutic substances [143] . On the contrary, decoction was the most used method of preparing medicinal plants (29.11%) followed by infusion (27.84%), the raw form (20.25%), the powder form (17.72%), fumigation (3.79%), and the vegetable oil form (1.26%). is observation is in agreement with other ethnobotanical studies [57] , which indicate that the recipes were essentially prepared by decoction, about 67% of herbal preparations were in the liquid form, and water was the solvent of choice in the preparation of herbal recipes because it is abundant and easy to access. e vast majority of remedies were taken orally (70%); similar results have been obtained in other studies [7, 57] . is study showed that Taza region has a rich and varied patrimony of medicinal plant species used in the folk medicine to treat different diseases. In fact, the traditional recipes based on those plants must be validated and grouped into databases to become as a source for alternative therapeutic compounds, and their use must be conducted by safety and efficacy data, especially for herbalists and traditional healers. Nonetheless, chemical, pharmacological, and toxicological investigations in the medicinal plant area are required to determine and confirm their chemical composition and clinical uses to standardize their correct therapeutic doses. e data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article. Ethnobotanical studies and economic evaluation of medicinal plants in Taounate province Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in the traditional treatment of diabetes in Chtouka Ait Baha and Tiznit An ethnobotanical survey of indigenous medicinal plants in Wana district south Waziristan agency, Pakistan Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by people in Oriental Morocco to manage various ailments Étude ethnobotanique des plantes utilisées dans le traitement du diabète dans la médecine traditionnelle de la région Maritime du Togo Integrative herbal treatments of diabetes in Beni Mellal region of Morocco Indigenous knowledge of the use of medicinal plants in the North-West of Morocco and their biological activities A survey of medicinal plants used by herbalists in Taza (Northern Morocco) to manage various ailments Les plantes médicinales et aromatiques marocaines : Utilisation, biologie,écologie, chimie, pharmacologie, toxicologie, lexiques, IDPCM, mohammedia Practical flora of Morocco: Manual for the determination of vascular plants La pharmacopée marocaine traditionnelle, 2èmeédition augmen Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used for the treatment of malaria in plateau of Allada Antioxidant and immunostimulant potentials of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. in Pacific red snapper Antioxidant, intestinal immune status and anti-inflammatory potential of Chenopodium ambrosioides L. in fish: In vitro and in vivo studies In vitro antioxidant activity of aged extracts of some Italian Allium species GC/MS analysis and in vitro antibacterial activity of the essential oil isolated from leaf of Pistacia lentiscus growing in Morocoo Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of Cuminum cyminum as an intracanal medicament compared to chlorhexidine gel Antioxidant potential of Coriandrum sativum L. seed extract Protection of gastric mucosal damage by Coriandrum sativum L. pretreatment in Wistar albino rats Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used to treat osteoarticular diseases in the Moroccan Rif, Morocco Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity from nerium oleander and evaluvate their plant mediated nanoparticle synthesis Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in the region of middle oum Rbia (Morocco) Cytotoxic and antimicrobial principles from the roots of Aristolochia longa HPLC-DAD/ TOF-MS chemical compounds analysis and evaluation of antibacterial activity of Aristolochia longa root extracts Oral disorders and ethnobotanical treatments: a field study in the central Middle Atlas (Morocco) Gastroprotection and prostaglandin E2 generation in rats by flavonoids of Dittrichia viscosa Chemical composition, antibacterial and antifungal activities of crude Dittrichia viscosa (L.) greuter leaf extracts Chemical composition, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of essential oils from flowers, leaves and aerial parts of Tunisian Dittrichia Viscosa Phytochemical screening and in vitro evaluation of alpha amylase, alpha glucosidase and beta galactosidase inhibition by aqueous and organic Atractylis gummifera L. extracts Ethnobotanical study and biodiversity of medicinal plants used in the Tarfaya province Nephroprotective effect of Artemisia herba alba aqueous extract in alloxan-induced diabetic rats Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Artemisia herbaalba essential oil cultivated in Tunisian arid zone Composition and anti-oxidant, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities of Artemisia herba-alba, Ruta chalpensis L. and Peganum harmala L Oulad daoud zkhanine" (Nador province), in Northeastern 16 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Comparison of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of methanolic extracts of the Artemisia sp. recovered by different extraction techniques Étude ethnobotanique des plantes médicinales et aromatiques utilisées dans la ville de Fès au Maroc Antibiofilm and anti-caries effects of an experimental mouth rinse containing Matricaria chamomilla L. extract under microcosm biofilm on enamel Radical scavenging and antioxidant effects of Matricaria chamomilla polyphenolic-polysaccharide conjugates Anti-diabetic and anti-hyperlipidemic properties of Capparis spinosa L.: In vivo and in vitro evaluation of its nutraceutical potential Phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity of caper berries (Capparis spinosa L.): evaluation of the influence of the fermentation process Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal plants with hallucinogenic effect and plants used against pain, inflammatory diseases, diabetes and urinary lithiasis in Zagora "Morocco Ethnobotanical study of some aromatic and medicinal plants in the Middle Atlas Mountains of Morocco Effect of aqueous extract from Herniaria hirsuta L. on experimentally nephrolithiasic rats Contribution to the knowledge of Rifian traditional medicine II: Folk medicine in Ksar Lakbir district Evaluation of hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of aqueous extract of Cistus ladaniferus in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oil and extracts of Cistus ladaniferus subsp. ladanifer and Mentha suaveolens against phytopathogenic bacteria and their ecofriendly management of phytopathogenic bacteria Ethnopharmacological survey of plants used for immunological diseases in four regions of Morocco Chemical composition of leaf essential oil of juniperus phoenicea and evaluation of its antibacterial activity An ethnomedicinal survey of a Tashelhitspeaking community in the High Atlas Phytochemical analysis and assessment of antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic properties of Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Masters leaves In vitro antibacterial and biofilm inhibitory activity of the sawdust essential oil of Tetraclinis articulata (vahl) against catheterassociated Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates Antiviral activity of castor oil plant (Ricinus communis) leaf extracts Green synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanoparticles by Trigonella foenumgraecum extract and its antimicrobial properties In vivo hypocholesterolemic and anti-inflammatory effect of Aloysia triphylla (L'Hér.) Britton and Trigonella foenum-graecum L. seeds Antiallergic effect of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. extracts on allergic skin inflammation induced by trimellitic anhydride in BALB/c mice HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS n phenolic profile and in vitro biological potential of Centaurium erythraea Rafn aqueous extract Evaluation of anti-hyperglycemic activity and side effects of Erythraea centaurium (L.) Pers. in rats Experimental diuretic effects of Rosmarinus officinalis and Centaurium erythraea Determination of antioxidant and antimutagenic activities of Phlomis armeniaca and Mentha pulegium Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Origanum compactum essential oil Antiproliferative effect of extracts from Aristolochia baetica and Origanum compactumon human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 Investigation of the mutagenic and antimutagenic effects of Origanum compactum essential oil and some of its constituents Ethnobotanical survey about the management of diabetes with medicinal plants used by diabetic patients in Region of Fez-Meknès Morocco Phytochemical study, polyphenols determination and evaluation of antioxidant activity of Origanum compactum and Satureja calamintha nepeta from the region of Ouazzane (Morocco) Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Mentha pulegium, Lavandula stoechas and Satureja calamintha Scheele essential oils and an evaluation of their bactericidal effect in combined processes Hepatoprotective activity of Marrubium vulgare against paracetamol induced toxicity Antioxidant and antifungal activities of marrubiin, extracts and essential oil from Marrubium vulgare L. against pathogenic dermatophyte strains Characterization, activities, and ethnobotanical uses of Mentha species in Morocco Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant effects of phenolic compound from Algerian Mentha rotundifolia L. leaves on experimental animals Chemical composition and insecticidal, repellent and antifungal activities of essential oil of Mentha rotundifolia (L.) from Algeria Determination of phenol content and antibacterial activity of five medicinal plants ethanolic extracts from North-west of Morocco Hypoglycaemic effect of the lyophilised aqueous extract of Ajuga iva in normal and streptozotocin diabetic rats Acute hypoglycemic, hypocholesterolemic and hypotriglyceridemic effects of continuous intravenous infusion of a lyophilised aqueous extract of Ajuga iva L. Schreber whole plant in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils from six Moroccan plants An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants of the Agadir Ida Ou Tanane province (Southwest Morocco) Screening of antioxidant, antibacterial and antileishmanial activities of Salvia officinalis L. Extracts from Morocco Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of thymus vulgaris Antioxidative properties of ymus vulgaris leaves: Comparison of different extracts and essential oil chemotypes Ethnobotanical study aimed at investigating the use of medicinal plants to treat nervous System diseases in the Rif of Morocco Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of Mentha pulegium L. and Mentha spicata L. essential oils Antioxidant potential of mint (Mentha spicata L.) in radiation-processed lamb meat e antidepressant-like effects of Origanum majorana essential oil on mice through monoaminergic modulation using the forced swimming test Chemical composition and in vitro evaluation of antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxicity and anti-acetylcholinesterase properties of Tunisian Origanum majorana L. essential oil Repertory of standard herbal drugs in the Moroccan pharmacopoea Evaluation of the gastroprotective effect of Laurus nobilis seeds on ethanol induced gastric ulcer in rats Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of Laurus nobilis L. essential oil against Staphylococcus aureus strains associated with oral infections In vitro antibacterial activity and major bioactive components of Cinnamomum verum essential oils against cariogenic bacteria, Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus Chemical characterisation and antifungal activity of methanolic extract of Cinnamomum verum J. Presl bark against Malassezia spp Assessment of colorimetric, antibacterial and antifungal properties of woollen yarn dyed with the extract of the leaves of henna (Lawsonia inermis) Wound healing activity of cuttlefish gelatin gels and films enriched by henna (Lawsonia inermis) extract Antibacterial activity of sequentially extracted organic solvent extracts of fruits, flowers and leaves of Lawsonia inermis L. from Jaffna Comparative anticancer activities of Ficus carica and Ficus salicifolia latex in MDA-MB-231 cells Hepatotoxicity and renal toxicity induced by gamma-radiation and the modulatory protective effect of Ficus carica in male albino rats Antibacterial activity of the essential oils from the leaves of Eucalyptus globulus against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Hawthorn evokes a potent anti-hyperglycemic capacity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of myrtle (Myrtus communis) extracts Anti-genotoxic and free-radical scavenging activities of extracts from (Tunisian) Myrtus communis Hypoglycaemic effects of myrtle oil in normal and alloxan-diabetic rabbits Evaluation of antibacterial and antioxidant effects of cinnamon and clove essential oils from Madagascar Composition, antioxidant capacity and cytotoxic activity of Eugenia uniflora L. chemotype-oils from the Amazon In vitro antiviral effects of Peganum harmala seed extract and its total alkaloids against Influenza virus Antibacterial and antifungal activities of (beta)-carboline alkaloids of Peganum harmala (L) seeds and their combination effects Anti-Ulcer activity of ethanolic extract of Sesamum indicum seed on indomethacin-induced ulcer model and its antioxidant property in Gastro-protection Gastro-protective effect of crude hexane leaf extract of Sesamum indicum in rabbits Anti-rheumatoid activity of ethanolic extract of Sesamum indicum seed extract in Freund's complete adjuvant induced arthritis in Wistar albino rats Protective effect of Nigella sativa oil on cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative damage in rat kidney Nigella sativa seeds based antibacterial composites: a sustainable technology for water cleansing-a review Influence of environment variations on antiglycaemic, anti-cholesterolemic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of natural wild fruits of Ziziphus lotus (L.) Inhibition of proinflammatory macrophage responses and lymphocyte proliferation in vitro by ethyl acetate leaf extract from Daphne gnidium Antimicrobial evaluation of coumarins and flavonoids from the stems of L Antibacterial effect of nettle (Urtica dioica) Extraction of essential oil from Aloysia citriodora Palau leaves using continuous and pulsed ultrasound: Kinetics, antioxidant activity and antimicrobial properties Anticancer medicinal plants used by Moroccan people: ethnobotanical, preclinical, phytochemical and clinical evidence Antibacterial activity of Curcuma longa varieties against different strains of bacteria Cytotoxicity, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of curcumins I-III from Curcuma longa Antioxidant activity of a ginger extract Antibacterial activity and medicinal properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale) Ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological studies of medicinal and aromatic plants used in the treatment of metabolic diseases in the Moroccan Rif Ecology and ethnomedicine: exploring links between current environmental crisis and indigenous medical practices Étude ethnobotanique de la flore médicinale dans la commune rurale d'Aguelmouss province de Khénifra (Maroc) Medicinal plants and their traditional uses in the highland region of Knowledge, attitude, and utilization of traditional medicine among the communities of Merawi town, northwest Ethiopia: a cross-Sectional study Ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological study of medicinal and aromatic plants used in the treatment of respiratory System disorders in the Moroccan Rif Taxonomy and ethnobotany of medicinal plants in eastern region of Libya Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of two aromatic plants cultivated in Morocco (Cinnamomum cassia and Origanum compactum) An updated and comprehensive review of the antiviral potential of essential oils and their chemical constituents with special focus on their mechanism of action against various influenza and coronaviruses In vitro antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic evaluation of Rosmarinus officinalis L. flower extract fractions Rosemary supplementation (Rosmarinus oficinallis L.) attenuates cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction in rats Chemical composition and cytotoxic and antibacterial activities of the essential oil of Aloysia citriodora Palau Grown in Morocco Artemisia herba-alba Asso. essential oil antibacterial activity and acute toxicity Effects of aqueous extracts from Quercus ilex l. root bark, Punica granatum l. fruit peel and Artemisia herba-alba Asso leaves on ethanol-induced gastric damage in rats Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by nomadic peoples in the Algerian steppe Études de quelques plantes thérapeutiques utilisées dans le traitement de l\'hypertension artérielle et du diabète : Deux maladieś emergentes en Côte d\'Ivoire