key: cord-0069992-iryhrv1j
authors: Liew, David F L; Robinson, Philip C
title: What does endemic COVID-19 mean for the future of rituximab?
date: 2021-11-15
journal: Lancet Rheumatol
DOI: 10.1016/s2665-9913(21)00362-3
sha: 6f5a05406eac0aebff24b5ed67fdaa9a83e183db
doc_id: 69992
cord_uid: iryhrv1j

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It may have been a stalwart of rheumatological therapy for 20 years, but rituximab has not fared well during the COVID-19 pandemic. Whereas the observational outcome data have been reassuring for the use of almost all other disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, the same cannot be said of rituximab. Multiple rheumatological cohorts 1,2 have shown that the drug is associated with worsened morbidity and mortality after COVID-19, and similar outcomes have been seen with B-cell depleting therapies in patients with multiple sclerosis. 3, 4 Additionally, the protective effect of COVID-19 vaccination is probably threatened by concomitantly administered rituximab, hindering the most viable solution to address this pandemic. 5 It is unfortunate that the COVID-19 pandemic has occurred at a time when the potential utility of rituximab has been shown across multiple diseases, including in the maintenance of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis, in primary Sjögren's syndrome, and even as proofof-concept in diseases such as systemic sclerosis 6 and polymyalgia rheumatica. 7 Additionally, for some patients with orphan conditions, off-label rituximab remains one of very few therapeutic options. At a time in which much of the world is benefiting from more affordable rituximab biosimilars, we might ordinarily be heralding this as rituximab's golden era. The persistence of COVID-19 as an issue has instead dampened enthusiasm for rituximab in contemporary practice.

In The Lancet Rheumatology, Kathleen M Andersen and colleagues further extinguish any doubt around concerns about COVID-19 in patients treated with rituximab. 8 They used the US National COVID-19 Cohort Collaborative (N3C) to examine whether immunosuppressive therapy was associated with poorer outcomes in patients who were hospitalised for COVID-19. The data, which were extracted from electronic medical records up to June, 2021 and therefore largely before the introduction of COVID-19 vaccination, included 16 494 adults who were taking some form of immunosuppressive therapy and 206 081 who were not. Patients on immunosuppressants more frequently had comorbidity, so unadjusted analyses unsurprisingly showed a greater risk of mechanical ventilation (9% vs 6%) and in-hospital death (14% vs 9%) in these patients. When propensity score matching was performed, however, immunosuppression was not associated with death; in fact, a reduced risk of mechanical ventilation was observed. These associations were unchanged by a range of sensitivity and subgroup analyses, except those examining rituximab, in which the risk of in-hospital death was increased in patients treated with the drug for either autoimmune disease or cancer. Although provisos exist in the interpretation of these data, as is the case for most retrospective real-world cohorts, the best attempts to remove confounders have shown no clear risk profile in patients on immunosuppressive therapies, apart from that associated with rituximab.

The most plausible mechanism whereby rituximab impacts outcomes is through blunted humoral immunity. This makes mechanistic sense and is also supported by the RECOVERY trial, which showed that those who were seronegative for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies benefited from treatment with monoclonal antibodies directed at the virus, whereas those who were seropositive did not. 9 The potential contribution of cell-mediated immunity should also be noted but has not yet been explored fully. What do all these data mean for patients and their doctors faced with a scenario in which rituximab is a good therapeutic option?

Patients and clinicians have two potential paths. For those who proceed to treatment with rituximab, we must find the safest approach. This might ideally involve COVID-19 vaccinations before initiating rituximab and adherence to public health measures, such as wearing face coverings and shielding from high-transmission exposures, but all of these strategies are likely to be challenging in practice. It is also not clear how the risk to patients with some pre-existing immunity to SARS-CoV-2 before rituximab might vary from those without such immunity; data on this will help to further our understanding of the pathophysiology of COVID-19 and help us make better decisions for individual patients.

Of course, with the right strategy, the impact of B-cell depletion might be mitigated, and rituximab might not need to be a therapeutic pariah. If vaccination can induce sufficient and sustained humoral immunity before rituximab is needed, rituximab could plausibly be far less risky, particularly if B-cell repertoire diversity can combat subtle spike protein mutations. However, questions about the optimal strategy for individual patients remain unanswered. When should rituximab be timed relative to vaccine administration? What improvements will additional vaccine boosters confer? How important is having some cell-mediated immunity in patients treated with rituximab? If patients develop COVID-19, is seropositivity for antiviral antibodies an appropriate marker for protection in these patients, or should they be given anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonals or small molecules regardless? Clearly, there is much further work to be done.

A key component of therapeutic strategies involving rituximab is likely to be post-exposure prophylaxis, either with neutralising monoclonal antibodies, based on the evidence of efficacy with this approach using casirivimab and imdevimab, 10 or emerging small molecule antiviral therapies. If patients become infected with SARS-CoV-2, one might advocate for the early use of virus-neutralising monoclonal antibodies if available, based on currently available data and in line with the aforementioned RECOVERY data. 9 Furthermore, pre-exposure prophylaxis might be appropriate for those identified to be at the highest risk (clinically or serologically), with long-acting monoclonal antibodies a logistical possibility. These interventions are potentially lifesaving for those who can access them but, in a glaring issue of equity, much of the world cannot.

The other path leads to rheumatologists being forced to use alternative therapies. Whereas in rheumatoid arthritis, rituximab is one of a large number of choices, in many other potential indications, it stands alone as first-line therapy. The detriment from choosing an inferior option, such as azathioprine for the maintenance of ANCA-associated vasculitis, will need to be balanced against potentially improved outcomes with COVID-19. This equation will vary with new SARS-CoV-2 variants, changing epidemiology, and between individual patients; currently, such a complex decision lacks data to inform it.

As we enter this next endemic stage of the pandemic, the flurry of intuition must be replaced by data, and we must determine the optimal solutions for our patients: solutions that encompass both good rheumatic disease outcomes and good COVID-19 outcomes. Without robust data on vaccination responses in a range of rituximab treatment scenarios and outcomes from strategies such as post-exposure prophylaxis, we will only be able to guess at the best approaches. We must do better than that.

Factors associated with COVID-19-related death in people with rheumatic diseases: results from the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance physician-reported registry

COVID-19 outcomes in patients with inflammatory rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases treated with rituximab: a cohort study

Disease-modifying therapies and coronavirus disease 2019 severity in multiple sclerosis

Associations of diseasemodifying therapies with covid-19 severity in multiple sclerosis

Effect of immunosuppression on the immunogenicity of mRNA vaccines to SARS-CoV-2: a prospective cohort study

Safety and efficacy of rituximab in systemic sclerosis (DESIRES): a double-blind, investigator-initiated, randomised, placebo-controlled trial

Efficacy of rituximab in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, proof-ofconcept trial

Long-term use of immunosuppressive medicines and in-hospital COVID-19 outcomes: a retrospective cohort study using the National COVID Cohort Collaborative

Casirivimab and imdevimab in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial

Subcutaneous REGEN-COV antibody combination to prevent Covid-19