key: cord-0078723-urmp3m6u
authors: Zhu, Kailai; Zheng, Fang; Wang, Chuanguang; Ding, Leiming
title: Effect of Ultrasound-Guided Fascia Iliac Compartment Block on Serum NLRP3 and Inflammatory Factors in Patients with Femoral Intertrochanteric Fracture
date: 2022-05-17
journal: Comput Math Methods Med
DOI: 10.1155/2022/1944659
sha: 9fb3370e9f955cb42950a5fd4b450f6e8cc9194e
doc_id: 78723
cord_uid: urmp3m6u

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of ultrasound-guided fascia iliac compartment block (FICB) on patients' postoperative pain and inflammatory factors as well as nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) in femoral intertrochanteric fracture. METHODS: This single-blind randomized controlled study included 231 patients with femoral intertrochanteric fracture treated in our hospital from January 2017 to December 2020. All patients were randomized into two groups, the FICB group (n = 116) and the general anesthesia group (control group, n = 115). The serum NLRP3 levels and inflammatory factors were evaluated. The heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and SpO(2) values were recorded. Pain condition was measured by the visual analogue scale (VAS) score. Harris score was performed for positive hip function. RESULTS: The values of HR and MAP were significantly lower after anesthesia induction in FICB groups compared with the control group. However, no significant difference was found for SpO(2). Compared with the control group, the VAS scores within 72 h after surgery were all markedly lower in the FICB group than in the control group and showed no significant difference at 1 week after surgery. The levels of NLRP3 and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were significantly lower in FICB patients at 1 h, 6 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h after surgery compared with the control group. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) showed a significant lower level in the FICB group at 1 h and 6 h after surgery, and significant lower levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) were found at 1 h and 24 h after surgery compared with the control group. Positive correlation was found between NLRP3 and IL-6, as well as CRP and VAS scores after 1 h of the surgery. No significant difference was found for both Harris score and postoperative complications between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Fascia iliac compartment block could reduce the postoperative pain, which might be associated with the decrease of the serum levels of NLRP3, CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α in femoral intertrochanteric fracture patients.

The incidence rate of hip fractures is increasing every year, which affects about 18% of the world's women and 6% of the men, especially in the elderly [1] [2] [3] . In hip fracture, femoral intertrochanteric fracture is a common fracture in elderly, accounting for about 50% of hip fractures and leading to 15%~20% death after fracture [4, 5] . At present, surgery is still the main treatment strategy for femoral intertrochanteric fracture, including InterTAN intramedullary nail, proximal femoral nail anti-rotation (PFNA), and Asian proximal femoral nail (APFN) [6] [7] [8] . Pain is one of the postoperative complications which may influence patients' recovery and treatment experience [9] . Thus, the pain management is of great significance.

Nowadays, many methods are reported to relieve patients' postoperative pain, including use of analgesics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [10, 11] . Among these pain management methods, the application of fascia iliac compartment block (FICB) has been already reported in several surgical types such as total hip arthroplasty (THA) [12, 13] . However, few studies focused on application of FICB in treatment of femoral intertrochanteric fracture alone. Besides, during the pain process, the activation of inflammation-related factors is closely related to pain development [14] . However, the influence of FICB on inflammatory factors is also rarely studied.

In the present study, a randomized control research was performed to investigate the effects of FICB on patients' postoperative pain and inflammatory factors as well as inflammation-related factor NLR family, pyrin domaincontaining 3 (NLRP3) in femoral intertrochanteric fracture. This study might provide new clinical evidence for FICB in femoral intertrochanteric fracture.

2.1. Patients and Grouping. The present single-blinded randomized control study included a total of 231 cases of femoral intertrochanteric fracture patients who were admitted in our hospital during January 2017 to December 2020. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) patients were diagnosed with femoral intertrochanteric fracture by imaging evidence such as X-ray, CT scan, and MRI; (2) patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grades I~III. The following patients were excluded: (1) patients with severe renal, liver, or heart diseases and (2) (6) patients who failed with FICB or quit the study. All patients were randomized into two groups, the FICB group (n = 116) and the general anesthesia group (control group, n = 115) using a random number table generated by SPSS 18.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA). Written informed consent was obtained from all patients. The present study was approved by the ethical committee of Lishui Municipal Central Hospital.

2.2. Anesthetic Strategy. All patients received routine preparation before anesthesia, including brief education, helping relieving tension, and fasting and water prohibition for 8 h. Patients all received scopolamine 0.5 mg and diazepam 5 mg before 30 min of the surgery.

For both groups, patients received induced anesthesia under the monitor of a PHILIPS IntelliVue MP60 Monitor (PHILIPS Inc.) by intravenous injection of midazolam (0.05 mg/kg), sufentanil (0.5 μg/kg), propofol (0.5~2 mg/ kg), and rocuronium (0.6 mg/kg). The anesthesia maintenance was performed by intravenous injection of propofol (0.05~0.15 mg/kg/min) and remifentanil (0.15 μg/kg/min). Injection of cisatracurium (0.1 mg/kg) was performed every 30 min during the surgery. The BIS value was maintained within 40~60.

For the FICB group, patients received ultrasound-guided FICB before the above general anesthesia surgery. Briefly, the ultrasonic probe was used to find the femoral artery. An incision was made at 1~2 cm below the position of the outer 1/3 junction of the line between anterior superior iliac spine and pubic symphysis. The nerve stimulation needle was put through fascia lata and iliac fascia to the inferior iliac fascia space under the monitor of an M-Turbo Portable Color Ultrasonic Diagnostic Instrument (SONOSITE Inc.). After injection of 2 ml normal saline, 0.2% ropivacaine (30~40 ml) was injected to the compartment to conduct FICB. The success of FICB was confirmed by acupuncture method. After successful FICB, patients received the above general anesthesia,

The control group only received general anesthesia without FICB.

All patients received internal fixation surgeries including InterTAN intramedullary nail and proximal femoral nail anti-rotation (PFNA). The surgical strategies were made according to the patients' conditions and will. All surgeries were conducted by the same team according to the same protocol.

For both groups, patients received patient-controlled intravenous analgesia pump (PCIA) after surgery containing fentanyl 0.5 μg/kg every time with no background infusion, block time 8 min and limited to 2 μg/kg/h.

All patients receive the routine postoperative treatment including anti-infection (oral antibiotics), antithrombus (low molecular weight heparin), and routine nursing treatment. 

The clinical characteristics and demographic data of all patients were recorded, including age, sex, preoperative complications, surgical methods, ASA grade, and fracture AO types. The heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and SpO 2 values before the surgery (T 0 ), after induced anesthesia (T 1 ), and 5 min after surgery (T 2 ) were recorded. The VAS score was evaluated before the surgery as well as at 1 h, 6 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 1 week after surgery. Harris score was performed before surgery and at 3 months after surgery. Complications during admission were also collected. All patients were followed up for 3 months.

Analysis. Data were expressed by mean ± SD if normally distributed and or median (range) if nonnormally distributed. The rates were analyzed by the chi-square test. The Student t-test and Mann-Whitney U test were used for analysis of normally and nonnormally distributed data, respectively. Spearman's analysis was conducted for correlation analysis. P < 0:05 was considered as statistically different. All calculations were made using SPSS 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA). Table 2 ). However, no significant difference was found for SpO 2 between the two groups. At T 2 time, no significant difference was found for all indices.

The pain condition of the patients was then evaluated. As shown in Figure 1 , for all patients, the VAS scores gradually decreased after surgery. Compared with the control group, the VAS scores within 72 h after surgery were all markedly lower in the FICB group than in the control group (P < 0:05). However, at 1 week after surgery, the VAS score showed no significant difference.

Inflammatory Factors of the Two Groups. The change of the serum values of NLRP3 and inflammatory factors is shown in Figure 2 . It was observed that at 1 h to 24 h after surgery, the levels of NLRP3, CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α were all significantly increased compared to their baseline and then gradually decreased. The levels of NLRP3 and IL-6 were significantly lower in FICB patients at 1 h, 6 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h after surgery compared with the control group (P < 0:05 ). TNF-α showed significant lower level in the FICB group at 1 h and 6 h after surgery, and significant lower levels of CRP were found at 1 h and 24 h after surgery compared with the control group (P < 0:05). No significant difference was found after 1 week of the surgery. Besides, significant positive correlation was found between NLRP3 and IL-6 after 1 h of the surgery (P < 0:05, Table 3 ). Meanwhile, positive correlation was only found between CRP and VAS scores after 1 h of the surgery (P < 0:05, Table 4 ). Other inflammatory factors of CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α showed no significant correlation with VAS score.

Finally, the patients' hip function was evaluated. As shown in Table 5 , no significant difference was found for Harris score before the surgery between the two groups. At 3 months after surgery, both groups showed markedly increased Harris score than their baseline. However, no significant difference was found for both Harris score and postoperative complications between the two groups. 

Femoral intertrochanteric fracture is a common orthopedic disease especially in elderly patients. Although many treatments and surgical methods were developed, the postoperative recovery and pain management keep being a clinical problem. In the present study, we demonstrated that fascia iliac compartment block could reduce the postoperative pain and decrease the serum levels of NLRP3, CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α in femoral intertrochanteric fracture patients, with no severe side effects.

Fascia iliac compartment block has been reported in a series of surgeries. It was found that FICB could reduce the postoperative pain of femoral neck fractures compared with the standard analgesia alone [15] . Desmet et al. demonstrated that FICB reduced the morphine consumption after THA [16] . Another study also found that use of FICB might also benefit the postoperative cognitive status; however, the trend was not significant [17] . However, despite these researches, we noticed that no study focused on FICB in treatment of femoral intertrochanteric fractures alone. In the present study, we found that FICB could also reduce the postoperative pain after femoral intertrochanteric fracture. However, FICB did not influence the recovery of hip function.

The change of inflammation is closely related to pain condition. It was found after THA, proinflammatory factors of CRP and IL-6 all increased, which started to decrease after 3 d of the surgery, and local infiltration analgesia could reduce the release of the cytokines [18] . Another study found that synovial fluid PGE2, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α were all increased after THA and were correlated with numerical rating scale at walking (NRSW) [19] . In a meta-analysis, authors also found that postoperative CRP and IL-6 levels were higher in patients with postoperative cognitive dysfunction after THA [20] . Among these inflammationrelated factors, NLRP3 is a newly found factor which is reported to be associated with process of many diseases, Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine including bone injury. It was reported that inhibition of NLRP3 could improve the diabetic-induced impaired fracture healing [21] . NLRP3 was also found to facilitate the release of inflammatory factors in metabolic bone disease and suppress the expression of angiogenesis-related genes during bone formation [22] . However, up to now, few studies reported changes of inflammatory factors and NLRP3 after surgery of femoral intertrochanteric fractures, and the influence of FICB on this change is also unclear. In our research, we observed that both NLRP3 and inflammatory factors of CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α were reduced by treatment of FICB. Besides, NLRP3 and inflammatory factors were correlated with VAS score, suggesting that they were associated with postoperative pain condition. The present study also has some limitations, both small sample size and unclear mechanism for how FICB reduce postoperative pain limited the significance of this study. All these need further researches to improve.

In summary, through a randomized controlled study, we found that FICB can improve postoperative pain management and the release of NLRP3 and inflammatory factors in femoral intertrochanteric fractures. This study may provide new clinical evidence and research objectives for the application of FICB in femoral intertrochanteric fracture.

The datasets during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. 

Epidemiology and social costs of hip fracture

Quality of life and psychological consequences in elderly patients after a hip fracture: a review

Prolonged social lockdown during COVID-19 pandemic and hip fracture epidemiology

Total hip arthroplasty for intertrochanteric fracture fixation failure

Hip fracture and increased short-term but not long-term mortality in healthy older women

Biomechanical comparison of INTERTAN nail and Gamma3 nail for intertrochanteric fractures

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Comparison of the Asian proximal femoral intramedullary nail anti-rotation (PFNA II) with and without using guide wire and reaming for the treatment of elderly osteoporosis intertrochanteric fractures

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The predictive value of quantitative sensory testing: a systematic review on chronic postoperative pain and the analgesic effect of pharmacological therapies in patients with chronic pain

Fascia iliaca compartment blocks: different techniques and review of the literature

Fascia iliaca compartment block reduces pain and opioid consumption after total hip arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Minimally invasive spine surgery decreases postoperative pain and inflammation for patients with lumbar spinal stenosis

Standard preoperative analgesia with or without fascia iliaca compartment block for femoral neck fractures

A longitudinal supra-inguinal fascia iliaca compartment block reduces morphine consumption after total hip arthroplasty

Fascia iliaca compartment block as a preoperative analgesic in elderly patients with hip fractures-effects on cognition

Does local infiltration analgesia reduce peri-operative inflammation following total hip arthroplasty? A randomized, double-blind study

Correlations between inflammatory cytokines, muscle damage markers and acute postoperative pain following primary total knee arthroplasty

Inflammatory markers in postoperative cognitive dysfunction for patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty: a meta-analysis

NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor glyburide expedites diabetic-induced impaired fracture healing

The role of NLRP3 inflammasome activities in bone diseases and vascular calcification

The authors declare that they do not have any commercial or associative interest that represents a conflict of interest in connection with the work submitted.