key: cord-0252266-jsdnwiri
authors: Dehghan, Razieh; Soheilifar, Mohammad Hasan; Azizi Jalilian, Farid; Najafi, Rezvan; Amini, Razieh
title: The Potential Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Zerumbone in COVID-19 Patients
date: 2021
journal: Avicenna J Med Biotechnol
DOI: nan
sha: 5c61e47931d7c758a3c1d37f28eb178b439fbd6b
doc_id: 252266
cord_uid: jsdnwiri

nan

appropriate treatment strategy. Therefore, one strategy for the treatment against COVID-19 is to block the overwhelming inflammation especially in severe cases. Clinical trials are being conducted to assess the inhibition of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6 and IL-1β 6 and blockade effect of myeloid-like inflammatory cytokine and Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) has also been assessed 6 . ZER is traditionally used to manage many inflammatory disorders including allergies, fever, and asthma 7 . ZER significantly suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, PGE2, and COX-2 protein in LPS-induced human macrophages through NF-κB, MAPK, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways. These inflammatory cytokines were also seen in COVID-19 patients with more severe symptoms 7 .

Other studies have demonstrated that ZER could attenuate inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) expression which stimulates white blood cells to release IL-1 and TNF and inhibits PGE2 production as well as COX-2 protein expression in macrophages 2 .

Different in vivo experiments showed that ZER could significantly suppress IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in plasma in a mouse model of Chronic Constriction Injury (CCI)-induced neuropathic pain 8 ; moreover, it could reverse the increase in IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α production in the inflammatory response of diabetic rats 9 . ZER could decrease IL-1β, TNF-α, and PGE2 in mice with Acute Ulcerative Colitis (AUC) 10 . Also, in male Wistar rats, ZER suppressed IL-6, iNOS activities, and TNF-α concentration 11 . In both ovarian and cervical cancer cell lines, ZER significantly reduced IL-6 levels 12 .

Hypoxia is present in severe pneumonia and respiratory distress 13 . HIF-1α is a critical factor in hypoxic conditions which by activating STAT3 could lead to an increase of IFNI, IL-6, and TNF-α in the inflammatory process. Therefore, suppression of HIF-1 transcription or inhibition of its activity can be effective in reducing inflammation caused by COVID-19 viral infection in affected organs 13 . It was found that in hypoxic conditions, ZER could reduce metastasis in cancer cells through reducing CXCR4 and HIF-1A 14 . ZER exerts anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory effects by decreasing the expression of IL-17A, TNF-α, Keratinocytesderived Chemokine (KC), and iNOS in colonic tissues of Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF)-infected mice through the inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway 15 . Also, ZER could be used as a drug due to its immunomodulating activity in modulating the cytokine expression such as human interleukin-12p70 in

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Zerumbone, a natural plant dietary compound induces expression of interleukin-12P70 cytokine in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

The Potential Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Zerumbone in COVID-19 Patients