key: cord-0699689-8scz9kqv authors: Gallo, Antonio; Capuano, Rocco; Donnarumma, Giovanna; Bisecco, Alvino; Grimaldi, Elena; Conte, Miriana; d’Ambrosio, Alessandro; Coppola, Nicola; Galdiero, Massimiliano; Tedeschi, Gioacchino title: Preliminary evidence of blunted humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine in multiple sclerosis patients treated with ocrelizumab date: 2021-06-15 journal: Neurol Sci DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05397-7 sha: 52eb692a8d63a89cbb521f7ecf5ced726863e7cb doc_id: 699689 cord_uid: 8scz9kqv OBJECTIVES: Several concerns regard the immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS), since the majority of them is treated with immunomodulating/immunosuppressive disease modifying therapies. Here we report the first data on the humoral response to mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in a case series of 4 pwMS treated with ocrelizumab (OCR) as compared to a group of healthy subjects (HS). METHODS: We collected serum samples at 0, 14, 21 days after the first dose and 7 days after the second dose of BNT162b2-mRNA-Covid-19 vaccine from 55 health-care workers and 4 relapsing pwMS on OCR, with no history of Covid-19 infection. Sera were tested using the LIAISON®SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS-IgG assay (DiaSorin-S.p.A.) for the detection of IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The anti-spike IgGtiters were expressed in Binding Antibody Units (BAU), an international standard unit. RESULTS: At baseline all subjects were negative for anti-spike IgG. Seven days after the second dose of vaccine all HS mounted a significant humoral response (geometric mean 2010.4 BAU/mL C.I. 95% 1512.7-2672) while the 4 pwMS showed a lower response (range <4.81-175 BAU/mL). DISCUSSION: Humoral response to BNT162b2-mRNA-vaccine in pwMS treated with OCR was clearly blunted. Further data are urgently needed to confirm and expand these preliminary results and to develop strategies to optimize the response to SARSCoV-2 vaccines in pwMS on OCR. The spreading of the SARS-CoV-2 has raised new health concerns for people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). Previous studies highlighted higher disability and progressive MS course, in addition to risk factors shared with healthy subjects (HS) (i.e. age, sex and comorbidities), as predictors of severe COVID-19 in pwMS [1] . Moreover, preliminary evidences have suggested that recent use of steroids and monoclonal antibodies targeting CD20 B cells (i.e. ocrelizumab [OCR] and rituximab [RTX] ) might have an unfavourable impact on COVID-19 course [1, 2] . Since the worldwide launch of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine campaign, several concerns have raised on the immunogenicity of vaccines in pwMS on treatment with high efficacy disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). In this context, an attenuated humoral response to a range of vaccines has already been reported in pwMS treated with anti-CD20 therapies and fingolimod [3, 4] . Therefore there is an urgent need to know if the response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines -that has shown to be strong and reliable in HS [5] -is impaired by high efficacy DMTs in pwMS and if so, if there is any strategy to improve protection against COVID-19 through vaccination. Here we report preliminary data on humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine assessed in 4 pwMS treated with OCR and compared it with that measured in a sample of HS enrolled in a surveillance programme. Since January 5th, 2021, we collected serum samplesat 0, 14, 21 days after the first dose and 7 days after the second dose of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine (the first available in Italy) -of (i) 55 health-care workers at our Neurology Clinic and (ii) 4 relapsing MS patients on OCR, that were vaccinated at the same time because employed in the National Health System. All subjects did not have a history of COVID-19 infection as also confirmed by results of an internal surveillance protocol with frequent molecular and/or antigenic nasopharyngeal swabs and/or IgM-IgG antibodies tests. Sera were stored at − 20 °C and tested using the LIAI-SON® SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS IgG assay (DiaSorin S.p.A., Saluggia, Italy), an indirect chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) technology for the detection of serum IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 trimeric spike protein (anti-TSP IgG), including neutralizing antibodies [6] . Performance and interpretation of results were done in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions, and the IgG titers were expressed in Binding Antibody Units (BAU), an international standard unit, with 33.8 BAU/mL as cut-off value [7] . Anti-TSP IgG titers above 2080 BAU/mL (maximum allowed limit) were 1:10 diluted to obtain a value in the detectable range. The local Ethic Committee approved the study and a signed informed consent was obtained from all participants. All subjects, as expected, were seronegative at baseline. Clinical and demographical data are reported in Table 1 . Injection-site-related reactions were commonly reported, while no unexpected and/or serious local and/or systemic side effects were observed. Seven days after the second dose of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine, all HS mounted a significant anti-TSP IgG response, while all 4 pwMS showed a very low humoral response, with nearly undetectable antibody titers in two cases (Table 1 ). As far as we know this is the first report on humoral response to BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in a case series of pwMS treated with OCR. Our data suggest a clear reduction of anti-TSP IgG titers in pwMS treated with anti-CD20 DMT compared with HS. These results are in agreement with previous data showing a weakened humoral response to (i) vaccines administered in pwMS treated with OCR as well as in patients treated with RTX for immune thrombocytopenia [3, 8] and (ii) COVID-19 infection in pwMS treated with OCR [9, 10] . Notably all 4 vaccinated pwMS had a very low response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine, though they were relatively young (median 38.5 years, range 33-51), received few OCR doses (median 1.5, range 1-5), and the last OCR infusion (following international guidelines: https:// www. msif. org/) was more than 3 months before the first vaccine dose in all subjects (median 113 days, range 97-184). Interestingly, the patient with the highest humoral response showed countable CD20 circulating B cells and the longest interval since the last OCR dose (Table 1) . Furthermore, since IgG levels in pwMS were in the normal range or just below the lower limit of the normal range at the time of the vaccination (Table 1) , we do not expect an impact on the humoral response to vaccine. Beyond the small number of tested patients, another limitation of this report was the inability to assess the cellmediated and the innate immune response. Indeed, even if anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies target circulating B-cells, dampening the humoral response, they do not directly interfere with innate immune and antigen-specific cytotoxic T-cells, which play a key role in the response to vaccines and infections. Larger studies exploring the response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in pwMS treated with anti-CD20 drugs and other high efficacy DMTs are warranted in order to confirm and expand these preliminary data. The results of these investigations will be fundamental to address the central question about how to manage such therapies during pandemic and vaccine campaigns. In particular, we urgently need to know if the response to vaccines is modifiable based on manageable factors such as -in the case of anti-CD20 therapiesthe count of circulating CD20 cells, IgG levels, time-elapsed since the last infusion and previous DMT use. Ethics approval The local ethics committee approved the present study. Table 1 Socio-demographic, clinical-therapeutic and humoral response to BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine data of HS (N = 55) and pwMS (N = 4) * Cerebellar relapse occurred 186 days before vaccination, treated with intravenous methylprednisolone 1000 mg for 5 days ** Anti-TSPS IgG titers lower than 4.81 BAU/mL were not detected by the test used (LIAISON®/Diasorin) *** The first 600 mg dose, as per prescription drug label, were administered in two doses separated by 2 weeks **** Treatment stopped after first infusion of ocrelizumab 300 mg due to a significant hypertransaminasemia Informed consent Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study. Outcomes and Risk factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in a North American Registry of patients with multiple sclerosis Disease-modifying therapies and coronavirus disease 2019 severity in multiple sclerosis Effect of ocrelizumab on vaccine responses in patients with multiple sclerosis: the VELOCE study Randomized trial of vaccination in fingolimod-treated patients with multiple sclerosis Immunological considerations for COVID-19 vaccine strategies Evaluation of the automated LIAISON® SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS IgG assay for the detection of circulating antibodies WHO international standard for anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin The effect of rituximab on vaccine responses in patients with immune thrombocytopenia Negative SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing following COVID-19 infection in Two MS patients treated with ocrelizumab The presence of SARS-CoV2 antibodies in MS patients Conflict of interest AG received speaker's honoraria and/or compensation for consulting service and/or speaking activities from Biogen, Genzyme, Merck, Mylan, Novartis, Roche, Teva. RC, GD, EG, MC, AdA, MG and NC have no disclosures. AB received speaker's honoraria and/or compensation for consulting service and/or speaking activities from Biogen, Genzyme, Merck, Mylan, Novartis, Roche, Teva. GT received speaker's honoraria and/or compensation for consulting service and/or speaking activities from Biogen, Genzyme, Merck, Mylan, Novartis, Roche, Teva.