key: cord-0716555-v2fqvrvr
authors: Jackson, Carolyn; Manley, Kim
title: Contemporary Challenges of Nursing CPD: Time to change the model to meet citizens’ needs
date: 2021-05-24
journal: Nurs Open
DOI: 10.1002/nop2.941
sha: e09529a3f7dff0fc38be623b1b712faa69396435
doc_id: 716555
cord_uid: v2fqvrvr

The purpose of this paper is to present the evidence shared with a citizen Consensus panel detailing key issues associated with how nursing CPD can best influence the quality of health and social care experienced by citizens and communities. It presents a summary of contemporary theory, research and evidence of the effectiveness of nursing CPD and outlines four key challenges: (i) how to strengthen the focus on patient experience as the starting point for CPD; (ii) the lack of evidence of CPD effectiveness and accountability in its transfer to practice; (iii) evaluation of CPD effectiveness; and (iv) involving citizens in targeting CPD where it is most needed. It briefly describes the methods used to facilitate public consultation through a citizen Consensus panel as part of a collaborative project with the RCN Strategic Research Alliance in 2020 and outlines 7 themes identified as important by the public for future development. The main challenge for nursing is capitalizing on the workplace as a learning resource that can integrate learning with development, improvement, knowledge translation, inquiry and innovation. This requires skilled facilitators, particularly at meso‐ levels, and systems leaders with the full skillset to develop system‐wide cultures of learning that enable everyone to flourish and create good places to work. The paper concludes that the development of CPD process measures would indicate how CPD investment contributes to person‐centred, safe and effective care and system transformation and enable commissioners and education providers to optimize CPD’s full potential.

Continuing professional development (CPD) for nursing is essential for career progression and maintaining person-centred, safe and effective evidence-informed care in the workplace (Jackson et al., 2015; Manley et al., 2018) , yet is fraught with issues. It plays a crucial role in continued fitness to practice and patient safety, and maintaining professional standards, and is effective only to the extent that learning is transferred to the workplace (Marvin et al., 2010) . In the United Kingdom (UK), nurses are required to undertake 12 hr of CPD annually, compared to other countries which average 30 hr (European Union Health Programme, 2013; Tran et al., 2014) . Every three years the regulator requires revalidation, to demonstrate practice is up to date for public protection.

Despite the plethora of clinical and academic CPD programmes that lay claim to prepare the workforce to lead and facilitate improvements in patient safety and quality of care, most CPD focuses on individuals or teams, and there is little research evidence of; (i) what difference these programmes make in practice at the macro (system)-, meso (service)-and micro (team)-levels of the system, 1 (ii) whether there is cost benefit for system investment and (iii) what impact these programmes have on outcomes such as career progression, staff well-being, retention and sustainable innovation, or improvement in patient experience and outcomes. We argue in this paper that a holistic approach to workforce development at all levels of the system is required for quality care and transformation of services involving all interdependent partners, working with the complexity of practice contexts, using the workplace as the main resource for learning, development and improvement Manley et al., 2016 Manley et al., , 2019 .

Four key issues associated with funding and commissioning future CPD inform recommendations about how nursing CPD budgets could be used more effectively, and how workforce development and transformation should be influenced by what matters to citizens.

There is no universally agreed definition of CPD, Box 1 provides a comprehensive summary for a term often used synonymously with continuing nursing education, lifelong learning and professional skills development (RCN, 2016) .

Traditional approaches to both formal and informal CPD undertaken in a wide range of settings, from the workplace, to the classroom, is content focused and places value on mandatory training and knowledge acquisition. It relies on the individual practitioner to use, implement and blend different types of evidence in the workplace (Jackson et al., 2015) . Contextual factors (culture, evaluation and leadership) and holistic facilitation influence implementation (Graham et al., 2006; Kitson et al., 1998) , with organizational learning, involving co-production, a recent development (Rowley et al., 2012) .

In contrast, CPD that maximizes the opportunity to learn at work, through work and for work (Tynjala, 2013) , using the workplace as the main resource for learning, development, innovation and improvement, helps to shape practice in real time and enables practitioners to make a meaningful contribution to their team, service and organization Manley et al., 2019) .

A recent rapid review of 39 international CPD studies (King et al., 2021) , identified the factors that optimize CPD impact in nursing; including self-motivation of learners, relevance to practice, preference for workplace learning, strong enabling leadership and a positive workplace culture. The findings indicated the interdependence of these factors when optimizing CPD impact on personcentred care and outcomes.

Current challenges for nursing CPD include:

1. significant reductions in funding threaten the ability of nurses to meet the requirements for revalidation (NMC, 2017; RCN, 2018) ; 2. potential to be underprepared to supervise future nursing students in attaining the new NMC standards of proficiency, which identify the extended knowledge and skills required for 5. Inability to access CPD influences patient safety and quality of care, which adversely affects job satisfaction, recruitment and retention (Aiken et al., 2018; Coventry, 2015) .

Two key studies, summarize the international evidence of CPD impact across healthcare professions, repositioning the purpose of CPD as using the workplace as the main resource for learning, development and improvement (Illing et al., 2018; Jackson et al., 2015) . Both use realist methodologies to identify the strategies that work and shed light on key issues which warrant further study.

The first study by Illing et al., (2018) aimed to identify how education and training of health and social care staff can transfer to practice and benefit patients based on evidence from 368 studies.

Findings were tested with five NHS case studies, and a survey of 600 health and social care staff who stated how their education or CPD had benefitted patients. Illing et al., (2018) review showed a top-down approach; illustrating how organizations can commission education or training that transfers to practice and benefits patients. However, the case studies and survey findings identified that the model could also be effective using a bottom-up approach, showing how individuals and teams could focus on a patient problem and find the evidence to benefit patients (persuading organizations to provide the resources needed). Rhydderch et al., (2004) also recognized the process for change in the United Kingdom was primarily "top-down", and that greater encouragement should be given to ownership of change at the "lower" individual, team and organizational levels. Illing et al., (2018) advocated a focus on developing teams rather than individuals in order to improve knowledge transfer and realtime changes in the quality of care because of its impact on culture.

This was evidenced by the observation that when new staff were exposed to existing staff behaviours, which had become embedded into regular practice following CPD, they adopted the same behaviours without needing the educational intervention.

Their four-step model identifies how to facilitate staff learning and development in the workplace:

1. Training is designed to benefit patients and aligned to the strategic goals of the organization.

2. The learner is motivated, recognizing the importance and relevance of the training.

3. The learner successfully learns and has a desire to put the learning into practice.

4. Knowledge is transferred to practice, through a momentum for change. Training whole teams reduces resistance to change (Illing et al., 2018) .

This model was intended to ensure formal education benefits patients, considering the importance of the workplace environment. It does however continue to focus on the concept of CPD as "training" as opposed to thinking about "learning" and its potential to transform the workforce. The study does not explore how patients and citizens can shape the CPD focus of the organization to address gaps in service provision, workforce development or quality of care.

The second study by Jackson et al., (2015) aimed to develop a multi-professional framework to measure the impact of CPD, to evaluate whether learning has been effective in improving the quality of patient care and experience in the workplace, and in supporting sustainable practice transformation for all health and social care professions. The framework for effective CPD captured indicators at micro-, meso-and macro-levels across the system. Taking a whole systems approach to interprofessional learning, four new transformational theories (Table 1) were developed to describe and explain the relationships between what works (context = C), why it works (mechanisms = M) to achieve specific outcomes (O) of CPD learning in practice, linked to impact and potential indicators of effectiveness. Four CPD purposes were identified as:

1. enhancing individual professional practice essential for growing and retaining staff; 2. developing skills and knowledge to meet changing healthcare needs of the population (context); 3. getting best practice and evidence implemented to improve the standards of patient care and citizen well-being; 4. transforming the workplace culture to enable implementation of shared values and learning in the workplace so that care is personcentred, safe and effective (overarching purpose).

Workplace culture is critical to a learning organization and effective high performing teams as it impacts on whether staff thrive and flourish and quality services are provided (Cardiff et al., 2020; Jackson et al., 2015; Manley et al., 2018) .

The study concluded that both the workplace and organization impact on achieving CPD outcomes through the content focused on in terms of learning and development; and whether the workplace is valued and used as a resource for learning, development, innovation and improvement (Jackson et al., 2015) . This is because there is often dissonance between what the organization or system aims to achieve and what front-line teams are achieving, hence the need to focus on how interdependent service providers (meso-level) enable front-line teams to be effective.

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the challenges associated with rapid change in times of crisis and the impact on frontline staff well-being, 2 services, organizations and systems delivering health and social care globally (Chaudry & Raza, 2020; Greenberg et al., 2020; Jackson et al., 2020 Jackson et al., , 2021 Maben & Bridges, 2020) .

Staff well-being is an indicator of a flourishing workplace culture that impacts on staff commitment, resilience and retention, and in health care, it results in an experience of quality, person-centred care (Maben et al., 2012) .

"… in order for CPD to be effective it has to address all of the outcomes for individual, team, service and organisational transformation because they are interrelated and interdependent." (Jackson et al., p.104) . Therefore, it is important that the purpose of CPD is not only to transform an individual's practice, but also requires transformation of workplace culture and context, to achieve optimal impact for service users (citizens and professionals) ( Figure 1) .

Although there is a dearth of evidence on the effectiveness of CPD, there have been significant advances in defining potential indicators of impact. Indicators are defined as measurement tools used to monitor and evaluate the quality of important governance, management, clinical and support functions (JCAHO, 1990) .

Indicators found to be most helpful at different levels are identified in Table 2 mapped to the four transformation theories (Jackson et al., 2015) .

Identifying what enables processes of learning and development helps us to understand the possible mechanisms through which CPD learning is achieved. Transformation occurs initially when CPD

"The systematic maintenance, improvement and continuous acquisition and/or reinforcement of the life-long knowledge, skills and competences of health professionals. It is pivotal to meeting patient, health service delivery and individual professional learning needs. The term acknowledges not only the wide-ranging competences needed to practise high quality care delivery but also the multi-disciplinary context of patient care" (EAHC, EU report 2013:6). enables individual practitioners to become more self-aware of the way in which their values, beliefs and attitudes influence their behaviour in the workplace. Developing role clarity and emotional intelligence about the way in which practitioners influence both workplace culture and delivery of person-centred, safe and effective care, should be the primary goal of CPD programmes of learning.

Psychological safety in the workplace is essential to enable practitioners to develop insight, confidence (Landor, 2011) and feel as though their contributions to the delivery of person-centred, safe and effective care are valued. Carpenter (2011) suggests that outcomes for service users and carers can generally be considered in terms of changes in such factors as the quality of life, skills and behaviour, self-esteem and levels of stress (Carpenter, 2011 The evidence presented suggests the purpose of CPD should be refocused to emphasize learning in and from the workplace for direct benefit to service users and citizens, through transforming:

1. individuals to self-directing, resilient self-sufficient lifelong learners that drive their own learning; 2. the way different staff groups work together to become effective teams recognized by flexibility and team competences;

3. cultures so that workplaces live shared values, everyone flourishes, and knowledge is used in practice, to enable safe and effective practice to be experienced by service users in a personcentred way.

The NHS People Plan (2020) and NHS Long Term Plan (2019) have ambitions to transform the future delivery of health and social care through integrated "place-based" care systems (ICSs) driven by citizen and population health needs. The plan requires the current and future multi-professional workforce to have the capacity and capability to facilitate and lead integrated approaches to systemwide transformation and be equipped to deliver quality services that are person-centred, safe, effective and seamless, providing value for money, in increasingly complex circumstances (NHS Improvement, 2016).

Co-ordinated and focussed CPD is an untapped resource for contributing to this strategy, but issues influencing its potential impact need to be resolved. From our extensive review of the evidence there are four key issues for nursing CPD requiring action: TA B L E 1 CPD transformation theories (Jackson et al., 2015) CPD theories Theory 1: Transformation of an Individual's Professional Practice Through CPD CPD that is work based within a context that is enabling, inquiring and supportive and learner-driven, and centred on the provision of facilitated support and reflection and includes self-assessment and a focus on self-awareness will increase self-confidence, self-awareness, self-efficacy, role clarity, and create a positive attitude to change with opportunities for role and career development.

Theory 2: Transformation of Skills to Meet Society's Changing Healthcare Needs Through CPD CPD that focuses on the transformation of skills to meet society's changing healthcare needs embracing team and system assessment to identify gaps and expand skills to meet a changing healthcare context will be reflected in better service user experiences of continuity and consistency of service provision, better employability and opportunities for career progression for individuals, more effective teams better organizational/ systems outcomes around integration, partnerships and more effective use of human resources.

Theory 3: Transformation of Knowledge Enabling Knowledge Translation Through CPD CPD in workplace contexts that both support and encourage engagement with and use of different types of knowledge in everyday practice and active sharing through CPD strategies that focus on: using and blending multiple knowledges a to inform professional decision-making; skills in facilitating dialogue, active enquiry and evaluation; and, developing practical and theoretical knowledge fostering leadership, evaluation and culture will achieve knowledge rich cultures recognized by knowledge use and development, active inquiry, innovation and creativity. 2. the lack of evidence of CPD effectiveness and accountability in its transfer to practice;

3. evaluation of CPD effectiveness; and 4. involving citizens in targeting CPD where it is most needed.

The paper presents each of these in turn below.

The assessment, measurement and evaluation of learning outcomes from CPD are underdeveloped and inconsistent (Academy of Medical Royal Colleges, 2010; Clark et al., 2008; Fryer, 2006; Illing et al., 2018; Jackson et al., 2015; Manley et al., 2018; Mathers, 2012) and, in spite of regulatory commitment to CPD, there is a lack of substantial evidence base to demonstrate the link between patient and citizen experiences of care, service improvements and practitioner behaviour change. This undermines confidence in the value of CPD for transforming the future workforce to meet citizen health needs 

The outcomes and associated indicators most useful for measuring individual, team, service and organizational impact of CPD (Jackson et al., 2015) Individual professional practice Inter-professional learning in, through, and from practice, collective leadership, and CPD is pivotal to the delivery and evaluation What is needed is a holistic (Dixon-Woods, 2019; Manley et al., 2019) and "bottom-up" approach (drawing upon the experience and insights of those delivering services) for wider system learning (Cardiff et al., 2020; West et al., 2017 West et al., , 2018 .

It is vital therefore that future CPD models focus on developing the capacity and the capability of nursing as part of the wider multiprofessional workforce to develop an integrated approach to transformation which focuses on:

1. clinical/care systems leadership with all the skills required to support systems transformation at the macro-level across partner boundaries towards a common purpose for service provision, multi-professional workforce effectiveness and ongoing cultures of innovation based on shared governance and system-wide learning for quality and staff outcomes;

2. team leadership at the micro-level to support the development of effective workplace cultures associated with high performing teams and improved quality and staff outcomes;

3. facilitating an integrated approach, at the meso-and micro-level that draws on all the skills required for supporting and enabling successful multi-professional learning, development improvement and knowledge translation.

When demonstrating CPD impact, it is important to measure what we value as a profession cognizant with the purposes of CPD, rather than valuing measurement per se. This means focusing less on measuring everything and more on what is most important, for example the impact on person-centred care, safety, effectiveness, continuity and the contextual factors positively influencing these outcomes.

The literature uses a confusing array of terms relevant to impact measurement, some are described in Table 3 .

The CPD Impact Tool developed by Jackson et al., (2015) , cocreated with a wide range of stakeholders, identifies indicators of CPD effectiveness at all system levels ( Table 2) and has the potential for development into a set of CPD metrics for commissioners, providers and government as a national benchmarking tool. Additionally, meso-level education practitioners whose role is to facilitate learning, development and improvement in the workplace could use them as a form of self-assessment, and nurses could demonstrate

Indicator • Quantitative and qualitative evidence of the degree to which a result is occurring over time. • They should be relevant; repeatable, verifiable and time-bound.

• Is the demonstrable contribution that education makes to the economy, society, culture, public policy or services, health, the environment or quality of life, beyond contributions to academia.

Assesses whether an intervention works in relation to its defined objectives.

• The changes to people resulting from the activity, and measure progress towards achieving that change through an organization's and/or systems work.

Description of indicators, impact and outcomes (Jackson et al., 2015) achievements, gaps and challenges in CPD learning through educational passports for revalidation purposes.

In the United Kingdom, we need a standardized set of indicators to measure the impact of CPD and an educational approach for all professions underpinned by sound educational theory that recognizes the realities of practice. The four transformation theories highlighted in this paper have the potential to form the bedrock of CPD in the future.

Finally, there is a need to focus on what matters to citizens and service users of health care so that citizens feel more empowered to make their own choices and take responsibility for their own health.

This shifts the lens from the paternalistic view of healthcare systems to a strength-based model. The question then becomes how do we enable authentic engagement with citizens to achieve this? One solution may be for Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) providing CPD to transform the way they work when designing, delivering and evaluating programmes through stronger authentic engagement with and representation of citizens. There is scope for the UK Council of Deans for Health to develop a more coherent national strategy for citizen engagement and involvement in CPD. Huge potential exists to work with the private voluntary and independent sectors, local charities, local governments and citizens assemblies as partners in CPD to ensure that it can flex and adapt to the changing needs of populations and communities. Future investment, research and an evidence base for impact will identify how this is authentically achieved.

In summary, we propose that CPD is commissioned to meet the needs of patients, citizens and populations as the starting point, At a national level, it is vital that CPD is funded adequately by the UK government. However, CPD for the nursing profession cannot be in a vacuum, it must be linked to using the workplace as the main resource for active learning, development, improvement and innovation. With the development of greater focus on multiprofessional integrated care to meet the health needs of people there is also a need for greater fluidity across professions. This requires appropriate CPD accreditation models to be developed that reflect the importance of supporting nurses to learn at work.

Embedded active learning with other professionals in the healthcare team in the workplace creates a learning culture in, through and from practice, which places the patient and the public, at the heart of learning so that improvements are generated to enhance patient and family experiences and person-centred outcomes in real time.

Citizen consensus panels were recruited by the University of Sheffield for consultation on a number of pre-determined themes related to nursing regulation, workload, CPD and models of care.

Each team of academic leaders in these fields were invited to write a contemporary evidence review paper which was shared with citizen panel members. Citizen panel members reviewed this evidence and invited each team of experts to present core themes of interest to them in a virtual conference, supported by a paper presenting these themes. Each team were given 20 min to present and then a further 40 min to debate the issues identified and address questions by the citizen panel members. Key themes were summarized in a report for the project leads. The consensus methodology will be presented in a separate publication in the spring but is adapted from both a Scandinavian and Canadian context (Fassbender, 2018; Grundhal, 1995) . The remainder of this section focuses on the feedback and key issues identified by citizens for nursing CPD.

The panel identified that nursing CPD is a complex topic with technical terms linked to nurse education and competencies. The panel raised questions about CPD content, motivations for organizations and individuals, resourcing and impact. There were 7 main issues discussed in by the consensus panel and a summary provided below.

The panel discussion highlighted that CPD was not just about skills training, it is also about lifelong learning that supports personal development and staff retention. The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrates that nurses need transferable skills as they move between specialisms to support patients. CPD should not be seen in a narrow functional way, for example training sessions in a specific technique.

The value in bringing nurses together in external CPD sessions was suggested as a means to aid mutual learning and help refresh thinking.

The evidence suggests that there was no "one size fits all" model for CPD and that a combination of methods is probably required.

Investment in the right places is needed, but the panel heard that no one currently maps out CPD requirements for the workforce based on service user feedback. Currently, there is a fragmentation between university education, what health organizations need, and what policy makers think should be given for CPD. The panel highlighted that, increasingly, care is given in an integrated system, with the growing links between hospital and community and between health and social care. Nurses work across this integrated system and CPD should reflect this.

When nurses move from one organization to another or even leave the NHS to work in another healthcare role this could be considered a "loss to the system", but any CPD they have undertaken continues to shape their practice. One suggestion was that CPD could be considered as an investment in the human capital (i.e. the staff) of the NHS and that in turn promotes better patient outcomes across the whole health system. There was some discussion on the merits of tying high quality CPD to qualifications and promotion, with a stipulation that funding should come with a requirement to stay in an organization for a period.

Questions were raised about the measurement of the impact of CPD on patient outcomes and person-centred care. The discussion emphasized the need to consider the impact of resource allocation on patient experiences and ensure that patient and citizen experiences are included in designing learning for CPD. There was a feeling that surveys such as Friends and Family Tests and patient satisfaction surveys were meaningless if they are not used as a starting point for CPD commissioning and design to address gaps in quality of care and services provided.

There were questions about the adequacy of funding for CPD and how this affected learning opportunities. There was some concern expressed, linked to personal experiences, that the aspirations and policy statements on CPD do not trickle down to the nurses who are working on wards and in community settings. The panel agreed that self-funding and reliance on learning on the job did not lead to best nursing practice. The importance of CPD being linked to appraisal and nurses seeing CPD as something that went beyond the mandatory minimum was discussed. A question was asked about whether sponsorship by private companies can adversely affect what CPD is available and introduce bias.

The panel reflected on how responsibility for funding CPD should not just rest with the individual nurse. Healthcare organisations have a role to play and a culture change is needed to support CPD and time to study. The evidence suggests that culture and leadership is important for attracting and retaining nurses. CPD learning will be applied where there is a positive culture and leadership around person-centred care.

There was some discussion centred on the role of Patient and Public 

Our research highlights that a holistic approach to workforce development is required at all system levels for quality care and transformation of services involving all interdependent partners, working with the complexity of practice contexts, using the workplace as the main resource for learning, development and improvement Manley et al., 2016 Manley et al., , 2019 ).

Changing the model of funding, supporting and embedding CPD that uses the workplace in this way has the potential to create a future workforce who strive to continually grow knowledge and skills throughout their career, within their context, with their colleagues and in partnership with citizens.

It is important to recognize that our current understanding of how and where CPD should be best provided and the skill sets required to facilitate learning in the workplace, needs to be challenged . Workplace culture plays an important part in enabling knowledge transfer to embed learning and informs organizational and systems learning .

Future attention should be focused on how we create psychological and holistic safety in enabling learning cultures across all system levels. This can only be achieved by investing in the future development of systems leaders who have the skill set to facilitate integration at a system-wide level. Having clear system architecture, resources, time and support to nurture this is essential, and it is hoped that the future NHS Spending Reviews and NHS Bill will recognize the importance of investing in the right parts of the system to enable this to happen.

There is little evidence of the impact of CPD in providing safe and effective patient care (King et al., 2021) and it is essential to recognize the importance of taking a whole systems approach to this end for the future. To date, researchers have developed frameworks that have the potential to measure CPD impact for citizens and at the individual, team, organization and system level and further work is taking place to further test and evaluate these (Illing et al., 2018; Jackson et al., 2015; Manley et al., 2018) .

This offers a significant challenge to policy makers, commissioners, regulators, HEIs and providers to work together to plan for multi-professional workforce transformation focusing on development of an integrated skill set for innovation and improvement, underpinned by research of evidence of impact, starting with patient and citizen experience as the driving force for commissioning. Research Alliance partners.

There are no known conflicts of interest associated with this work.

Ethical approval was not needed for this piece of work as we were commissioned by the RCN Strategic Research Alliance so for the fuller piece any ethics lies with the lead partner University of Sheffield. The original study in 2015 was covered by University ethics.

Jackson et al in this paper are available on request.

Carolyn Jackson https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2046-0242

1 We use the term system to describe all the interdependent partners working together to provide integrated health and social care services to meet the needs of citizens, communities and local populations.

1. In rapidly changing healthcare contexts, it is vital to understand the synergistic relationship between individual aspiration, workplace context and culture, if CPD opportunities are to be maximized to promote high quality, person-centred care.

2. Developing individuals as whole system leaders can promote team effectiveness and help transform workplace culture in ways that increase patient benefit.

3. Future studies should seek to measure the value of CPD for citizens and communities experiencing care, test the feasibility of new CPD impact tools and metrics and gain evidence of cost-effectiveness of CPD at all levels of the system for return on investment. (King et al., 2021; .

be developed to enable funders and regulators to understand the impact of nursing CPD on the quality and safety of services and citizen experience.

and investment made to enable nurses to achieve regulatory requirements for CPD, through time, financial resources and a supportive workplace culture at all levels of the system.

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