key: cord-0724242-5cv2y8po
authors: Ducatelle, R.; Coussement, W.; Pensaert, M. B.; Debouck, P.; Hoorens, J.
title: In vivo morphogenesis of a new porcine enteric coronavirus, CV 777
date: 1981
journal: Arch Virol
DOI: 10.1007/bf01315165
sha: 2eb1887252d1c02dc8cf0f52ef051396826b922a
doc_id: 724242
cord_uid: 5cv2y8po

The morphogenesis of a new porcine enteric coronavirus, CV777, in intestinal epithelial cells of experimentally infected newborn piglets is described. The virus shows a morphogenetic pattern characteristic for members of the Coronaviridae family. It is formed by budding through membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum. Some specific aspects of this morphogenesis are discussed.

In 1978, a new coronavirus-like agent (CVLA), was demonstrated in the faeces of piglets from outbreaks of diarrhoea (16) .

The clinical findings after natural and experimental infection have been described (7) . The virus has been provisionally classified as a coronavirus, based on its morphologic aspect with negative staining. It has been shown to differ serologically from other known porcine coronaviruses, transmissible gastro-enteritis virus (TGEV) and haemagglutinating encephalo-myelitis virus (HEV) (16) .

The pathogenesis of the experimental oronasal infection has been studied by immunofluorescenee (8). The accompanying histological and ultrastructurM lesions will be reported elsewhere (4, 11) . The results of these studies show that virus replication occurs in the cytoplasm of absorptive epithelial cells covering the small intestinal villi and the large intestine. The intraeellular virus replication results in alterations of cellular organelles and cell desquamation.

The present study deals with the morphogenesis of the CVLA in the intestinal epithelial cells of piglets after experimental oronasal infection.

Sixteen caesarean-derived colostrum-deprived piglets were inoculated oronasally on the second or third day of life with 104 pig infeetive doses of a virus stock, obtained 3* 0304-8608/81/0068/0035/$ 02.00 as described elsewhere (DEBoUCK et a l , to be published). One piglet was kept as a control . The pigs were sacrificed at different time intervals after the inoculation (12,  18, 24, 30, 32, 36, 38, 41, 48, 60, 72, 96 and 120 hours) . Tissues were collected from the duodenum, middle jejunum and colon as described elsewhere in more detail (DueATEImE et al., to be published). The specimens were fixed in 2 per cent paraformaldehydc, 2.5 per cent glutaraldehyde in 0.1 molar eaeodylate buffer. Postfixation was done with 1 per cent OsO4. The blocks were stained with uranylacetate dehydrated in acetone in a vacuum chamber and then embedded in Spurt medium. Semi-thin sections were stained with toluidine blue; ultra-thin sections were stained with lead citrate.

I n the watery phase of diarrhoea, numerous viral particles were detected in the sections of the small intestinal villi.

Occasionally, the particles were seen in close apposition to, and between the mierovilli of uninfected cells. More frequently, rows of virus particles were seen between the microvilli of heavily infected cells (Fig. 1) . These cells showed an electron translucent cytoplasm and short, im'egula, r microvitli. Cell free virM particles ranged in diameter from 60 to 90 nm. They were round and consisted of a n inner electron dense core of 40 to 70 nm. This core sometimes showed a central clearing halo, b u t was completely electron-dense in other particles. :It was separated by a narrow translucent ring from an outer u n i t -m e m b r a n e . Virions were sometimes seen in the intercellular space between epithelial cells. They were frequently present inside caveotae or apical pits between the microvitli of infected cells. They were also frequently observed inside small cytoplasmic vesicles in the terminal web area and in the apical cytoplasm. A small vesicle usually contained only one to two complete viral particles. Virus maturation by budding through cytoplasmic membranes into eisternae of the smooth endoplasmie reticulam was occasionally seen (Fig. 2) . igows of viral particles were sometimes observed lining the membrane of large cytoplasmic vacuoles (Fig. 3) . Some of these particles seemed to be superimposed on, or adhering to the membrane, which was often not clearly defined (Fig. 3) . Many of these large cytoplasmic vacuoles were completely filled-up with viral particles. In some of the cytoplasmic vacuoles, annular structures were seen, resembling the outer viral membrane without an inner core.

A number of other large cytoplasmic vacuoles was filled with granulofibrillar material. They also contained virus particles at the inside of their membrane (Fig. 4-) . Another type again of large vacuoles showed a highly electron dense matrix with scattered viral particles. Some of these vacuoles had constrictions suggesting that one or two viral particles were separated from the vacuole.

Occasionally, bud-like structures were seen inside membranous whorls. Budding of viral particles at the cell membrane was never observed.

Strands of endoplasmie retieulum (EPIC) sometimes contained rows of viral particles (Fig. 5 ). Viruses were often present within the Golgi sacs causing a spindle shaped dis~ention of these lamellae (Fig. 4) . Occasionally, the viral particles were seen inside the extremi5ies o~ the Golgi saeeu]e~. In that case, the Golgi lamellae sometimes showed a constriction next to the viral particle (Fig. 6) . Small cytoplasmic vesicles containing one viral particle were frequently present in the Golgi area. The apical cytoplasmic membrane of heavily infected cells was sometimes ruptured with loss of cytoplasmic contents into the intestinal lumen. Virat particles were also sometimes observed inside desquamated epithelial cells in the gut lumen. VirM particles were never detected in the nuclei of epithelial cells. This morphogenetic pattern was seen in pigs killed at different stages of disease. It was most prominent in the pig killed 6 hours after the onset of diarrhoea. In later stages however, the number of large virus-containing vacuoles decreased and viral particles were observed more frequently between lamellae of the EPR, inside Golgi sacs, and in small cytoplasmic vesicles.

Nevertheless, in the piglet killed 96 hours after the onset of diarrhoea, when severely dehydrated and moribund, some part~ieular observations were made:

Budding of viral particles through membranes of EPI~ was very commonly observed, in this animal (Fig. 7) . These budding structures ranged from early crescents through particles in the middle of the budding process (Fig. 8) to viral particles linked to the membrane by only a narrow membranous bridge (Fig. 9) .

Large cytoplasmic vacuoles with virus particles were now rarely seen. The particles were generally confined to dilated cisternae of EPt~ and to the Golgi sacs. The other aspects of the morphogenesis were similar to those observed during the watery phase of diarrhoea. Fig. 8 . Virus assembly by budding through E P R membranes: 1 Early "crescent" formation. An electron dense layer is formed parallel to the membrane. 2 Diseussio~t A definite answer could not, be obtained concerning the mode of uptake of the virus by the epithelial cells. Close apposition of virions to the apical cytoplasmic membrane of uninfected cells, as seen in the present study, has also been observed with TGNV (15) .

The rows of viral particles between the microvilli of infected cells, and the viral particles present in apical pits, may represent either uptake or release of the virus. However, since their presence was often associated with heavy infection and morphologic alterations of the cell, it points to release rather than to uptake. Assembly of the virus seems to occur by budding through intracyeoplasmic membranes. Budding structures have been described in a number of coronaviral infections (1, 2, 13, 17, 19) , and are considered to be characteristic for members of the family Coronaviridae (20) . The frequency with which budding structures are observed seems to vary markedIy not only from one coronavirus to the other (I, 12), but, it also seems to depend on the host or eel1 type. This was very obvious in neonatal calf diarrhoea coronavirus (NCDCV) infection (2, 9) . In the present study, budding structures were very frequently seen in the one animal killed 96 hours after the first clinical signs appeared, whereas they were very rarely observed in the earlier phases of diarrhoea when larger numbers of intraeellular viral particles were present. The ultrastructure of the epithelial cells (DtTcAT:~LL]~ et al., to be published) and the time delay between inoculation and euthanasia in this one animal indicate that these cells are a second generation of epithelial cells since the infection first started. Immunoftuorescenee of the intestine of this animal has demonstrated that the cells are heavily infected (DEBOUCK et al., to be published), whereas histopatholog~eal study has shown very little desquamation (CovssE-3~E~-T et al., to be published). All this may indicate that the virus assembly occurs slower in this second generation of infected epithelial cells than in the first generation, so that it is more easily observed by electron microscopy. The presence of many viral particles in close apposition to intraeytoplasmic membranes of vacuoles, as described during the watery phase of diarrhoea, may indicate that these viral particles have just been passing through the process of budding. This also indicates that in the first generation of infected epithelial cells virus assembly is a rapid process. Structures resembling those called "viral factories" in NCDCV infection (10) have also been observed in cells infected with CVLA (Fig. 5) . It can, however, not be excluded that they merely represent particles which came into these vesicles by budding through the membrane.

Membranous whorls, resembling the so-called "condensed tubular network" were also observed in the present material. It has been suggested that they represent some form of virus assembly (6, 14) . The large, virus-containing intracytoplasmic vacuoles probably represent dilated cisternae of EPR (1). Since there exists a physiologic transport mechanism from the EPI~ to the Golgi apparatus (5), it is very possible that viral particles are transported to the Golgi cisternae, where they were frequently located. Golgi sacs have been reported as a site of morphogenesis of other coronaviruses (15, 19) . Constrictions seen at the ends of the Golgi sacs and in electron dense cytoplasmic vacuoles ( Fig. 6 and 8) suggest the pinchingoff of small vesicles containing one or two viral ]?articles. The numerous intravesicular particles seen in the cytoplasm of infected cells are probably produced in this way.

Similar small virus-containing vesicles have also been observed in other eoronaviral infections (I0, 15). Viral particles between the microvilli of heavily infected cells may originate from fusion of small virus-containing vesicles with the cell membrane. Fusion of small virus-filled vesicles with cell membranes has been described in human (3) and calf (18) coronaviral infections. The size and morphology of this CV777 virus and its intracellular development are in accordance with those reported for other eoronaviridae (20) . The average particle diameter in ultra-thin sections was however less than that described after negative staining (16) . This discrepancy has also been observed in human coronaviruses (i), and is attributed to tissue shrinkage.

This study was supported by "Institut tot aanmoediging van het Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek in Nijverheid en Landbouw (IWONL-Brussels). We thank J. P. Logghe for ultramicrotome preparations and photography. We are endebted to the department of Virology (Dir. Prof. Pensaert) for preparing the infectious material.

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1%eceived September 15, 1980