key: cord-0748625-jur9ypcc authors: Köberlein, M. C.; Hermann, L.; Gantner, S.; Tur, B.; Peters, G.; Westphalen, C.; Benthaus, T.; Döllinger, M.; Kniesburges, S.; Echternach, M. title: Impulse dispersion of aerosols during playing the recorder and evaluation of safety measures date: 2022-04-06 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2022.04.05.22273294 sha: 3e67e11617f1cb5d4eee0e0a60e8fae892ea75cf doc_id: 748625 cord_uid: jur9ypcc Introduction: Group musical activities using wind instruments have been restricted during the CoVID19 pandemic due to suspected higher risk of virus transmission. It was presumed that the aerosols exhaled through the tubes while playing would be ejected over larger distances and spread into the room due to jet stream effects. In particular, the soprano recorder is widely used as instrument in school classes and for beginners of all age groups in their musical education, as well as in contexts of leisure activities and in professional concert performances. Understanding the aerosol impulse dispersion characteristics of playing the soprano recorder could assist with the establishment of concepts for safe music-making. Methods: Five adult professionally trained soprano recorder players (4 female, 1 male) played four bars of the main theme of L. van Beethovens "Ode to Joy" in low and in high octaves, as well as with 3 different potential protection devices in the high octave. For comparison they spoke the corresponding text by F. Schiller. Before each task, they inhaled .5 L of vapor from an e-cigarette filled with base liquid. The vapor cloud escaping during speaking or playing was recorded by cameras and its spread was measured as a function of time in the three spatial dimensions. The potential safety devices were rated in practicability with a questionnaire, and their influence on the sound was compared, generating a long-term average spectrum from the audio data. Results: When playing in the high octave, at the end of the task the clouds showed a median distance of 1.06 m to the front and .57 m diameter laterally (maxima: x: 1.35 m and y: .97 m). It was found that the clouds expansion values in playing the recorder with and without safety measures are mostly lower when compared to the ordinary, raised speaking voice of the same subjects. The safety devices which covered the instrument did not show clear advantages and were rated as unpracticable by the subjects. The most effective reduction of the cloud was reached when playing into a suction funnel. Conclusion: The aerosol dispersion characteristics of soprano recorders seem comparable to clarinets. The tested safety devices which covered holes of the instrument did not show clear benefits. . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted April 6, 2022. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.04.05.22273294 doi: medRxiv preprint NOTE: This preprint reports new research that has not been certified by peer review and should not be used to guide clinical practice. 18 I n t r o d u c t i o n : G r o u p m u s i c a l a c t i v i t i e s u s i n g w i n d i n s t r u m e n t s h a v e b e e n r e s t r i c t e d d u r i n g t h e 19 C o V I D 1 9 p a n d e m i c d u e t o s u s p e c t e d h i g h e r r i s k o f v i r u s t r a n s m i s s i o n . I t w a s p r e s u m e d t h a t t I t w a s f o u n d t h a t t h e c l o u d s ' e x p a n s i o n v a l u e s i n p l a y i n g t h e r e c o r d e r w i t h a n d w i t h o u t s a f e t y 37 m e a s u r e s a r e m o s t l y l o w e r w h e n c o m p a r e d t o t h e o r d i n a r y , r a i s e d s p e a k i n g v o i c e o f t h e s a m e 38 s u b j e c t s . 39 T h e s a f e t y d e v i c e s w h i c h c o v e r e d t h e i n s t r u m e n t d i d n o t s h o w c l e a r a d v a n t a g e s a n d w e r e r a t e d a s 40 u n p r a c t i c a l b y t h e s u b j e c t s . T h e m o s t e f f e c t i v e r e d u c t i o n o f t h e c l o u d w a s r e a c h e d w h e n p l a y i n g i n . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review) 1 Introduction 46 D u r i n g t h e C o V I D 1 9 p a n d e m i c , m u s i c a l a c t i v i t i e s s u c h a s c h o i r s i n g i n g o r w i n d i n s t r u m e n t p l a y i n g 47 h a v e b e e n s u s p e c t e d o f v i r u s t r a n s m i s s i o n v i a e x h a l e d d r o p l e t p a r t i c l e s 1 , 2 , a n d h a v e t h e r e f o r e b e e n 48 r e s t r i c t e d b y l a w s i n m a n y c o u n t r i e s a r o u n d t h e w o r l d . T h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f j e t s t r e a m e f f e c t s , 49 a c c u m u l a t i o n o f e x h a l e d p a r t i c l e s a n d g r o u p g a t h e r i n g s l e d t o t h e c l o s i n g o f c o n c e r t h a l l s , a s w e l l a s 50 t h e p r o h i b i t i o n o f m u s i c a l e v e n t s , r e h e a r s a l s , a n d m u s i c l e s s o n s i n s c h o o l s 3 . T h e r e f o r e , i n s t i t u t i o n s i . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted April 6, 2022. . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted April 6, 2022. . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted April 6, 2022. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.04.05.22273294 doi: medRxiv preprint T o a v o i d c o n v e c t i o n a l f l o w s , t h e s u b j e c t s w e r e s t a n d i n g o n a m a r k e d p o i n t o n a s t a g e w h i l e i n h a l i n g 117 a n d p e r f o r m i n g . T h e y w e r e a s k e d t o a v o i d a n y m o t i o n a f t e r f i n i s h i n g t h e t a s k s . A s i n p r e v i o u s 118 e x p e r i m e n t s 1 4 , 1 9 -2 3 , t h e m e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e c o n d u c t e d i n a B a v a r i a n T e l e v i s i o n B r o a d c a s . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted April 6, 2022. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.04.05.22273294 doi: medRxiv preprint Acoustical evaluation of the potential safety device 149 A d d i t i o n a l l y , t h e s u b j e c t s w e r e a s k e d t o p e r f o r m t h e m e l o d y o f t a s k 3 w i t h o u t e -c i g a r e t t e v a p o r b u t 150 i n 3 0 c m d i s t a n c e t o a D : S C R E E T 4 0 6 1 m i c r o p h o n e ( D P A M i c r o p h o n e s A / S , A l l e r o e d , D e n m a r k ) . . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted April 6, 2022. A l l s u b j e c t s w e r e a b l e t o p e r f o r m a l l t a s k s w i t h o u t a n y d r o p o u t . T h e v a p o r e s c a p e d t h e i n s t r u m e n t 166 m a i n l y t h r o u g h t h e l a b i u m a n d t h e b e l l h o l e a n d m e r g e d i n t o o n e c l o u . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted April 6, 2022. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.04.05.22273294 doi: medRxiv preprint I n t h e y -d i m e n s i o n a t t h e e n d o f t h e t a s k , t h e m e d i a n v a l u e w a s c o m p a r a b l e t o t h e v a l u e o f T 3 , w i t h 197 a m a x i m u m o f . 2 3 m b e l o w t h e v a l u e o f T 3 . A l l v a l u e s t o t h e s i d e s a t l a t e r t i m e p o i n t s w e r e h i g h e r 198 t h a n i n t h e c o m p a r e d t a s k T 3 , r e a c h i n g a l a r g e s t d i a m e t e r o f 1 . 2 9 m a f t e r 1 0 s e c o n . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted April 6, 2022. T h i s s t u d y i n v e s t i g a t e s t h e i m p u l s e d i s p e r s i o n o f a e r o s o l s d u r i n g p l a y i n g t h e s o p r a n o r e c o r d e r a n d 223 t h r e e p o t e n t i a l s a f e t y d e v i c e s . I n g e n e r a l , i t w a s f o u n d t h a t t h e i m p u l s e d i s p e r s i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted April 6, 2022. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.04.05.22273294 doi: medRxiv preprint r e a c h i n g a m a x i m u m d i a m e t e r o f 1 . 1 4 m 1 0 s e c o n d s a f t e r t h e e n d o f t h e t a s k . C o n s i d e r i n g t h e 255 i n d i v i d u a l l y d i f f e r e n t e x p a n s i o n d i m e n s i o n s o f e a c h c l o u d a f t e r t h e e n d o f t h e t a s k ( s e e f o r e x a m p l e 256 f i g . 3 : T 3 i n x -d i r e c t i o n ) , i t s e e m s l i k e l y t h a t , a f t e r t h e p r i m a r y i m p u l s e , m u l t i f a c t o r i a l i n f l u e n c e s s u 287 . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted April 6, 2022. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.04.05.22273294 doi: medRxiv preprint A p a r t f r o m t h e a e r o s o l d i s p e r s i o n , t h e s u b j e c t s d i d n o t a p p r o v e m o s t o f t h e s a f e t y d e v i c e s . T h e 288 s i n g l e e x c e p t i o n w a s f o r t h e b e l l h o l e t i s s u e , w i t h w h i c h t h r e e o f t h e f i v e s u b j e c t s s t a t e d t h e y c o u l d 289 i m a g i n e p l a y i n g a c o n c e r t . T h e m a s k w a s e s t i m a t e d t o i m p a i r t h e f r e e m o v e m e n t a n d s u f f i c i e n 318 . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted April 6, 2022 . A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s : T h i s s t u d y w a s f u n d e d b y t h e M i n i s t r y o f S c i e n c e a n d A r t o f t h e S t a t e o f B a v a r i a 319 ( G e r m a n y ) . T h e a u t h o r s t h a n k a l l m e m b e r s o f t h e B a v a r i a n B r o a d c a s t f o r t h e i r h e l p i n r e a l i z i n g t h i 326 . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted April 6, 2022. TABLES 416 T a b l e 1 . T h e m a x i m u m a n d m e d i a n v a l u e s f o r a l l p e r f o r m e d t a s k s a t t h e t i m e p o i n t 0 s ( e n d o f t h e 417 t a s k ) , a s w e l l a s 3 s a n d 1 0 s a f t e r t h e e n d o f t h e t a s k . I t a l i c v a l u e s i n T 2 -3 s h o w a n a t l e a s . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted April 6, 2022. . CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted April 6, 2022. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.04.05.22273294 doi: medRxiv preprint It is Time to Address Airborne Transmission of COVID-19 COVID-19): How is it transmitted? What science says about reducing wind instruments' coronavirus spread Musizieren Während Der Pandemie-Was Rät Die Wissenschaft? Filtern zur Reduktion der Ausbreitung der Atemluft beim Spielen von Blasinstrumenten und beim Singen während der COVID-19 Pandemie Impact of Lockdown Measures on Joint Music 344 Making: Playing Online and Physically Together Risk Assessment of a Coronavirus Infection in the Field of Music Policy brief about 351 performances of orchestras during the COVID-19 pandemic Assessing the Risk of Music Activities During the 356 CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. (which was not certified by peer review Hällsten A. Munskydd på blockflöjten som coronaåtgärd? Propagation of Respiratory Aerosols by the 365 Aerosol and droplet generation from 367 performing with woodwind and brass instruments Impulse dispersion of aerosols by 374 playing wind instruments and speaking. medRxiv Measurements and Simulations of Aerosol 377 Released while Singing and Playing Wind Instruments Electronic cigarette aerosol particle size 385 distribution measurements The Effect of Singers' Masks on the 388 doi: medRxiv preprint Impulse Dispersion of Aerosols During Singing Sources of aerosol dispersion during 391 singing and potential safety procedures for singers Impulse Dispersion of Aerosols during 394 Singing and Speaking: A Potential COVID-19 Transmission Pathway Effects of surgical masks on aerosol 397 dispersion in professional singing Aerosol Dispersion During Different 400 Phonatory Tasks in Amateur Singers A deep learning enhanced novel software tool 403 for laryngeal dynamics analysis Aerosol 405 Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Inhalation as well as Exhalation Matters for COVID-406 Aerosol generation from different wind 409 instruments the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity