key: cord-0761684-de2etcaw
authors: Castelli, Gioele; Semenzato, Umberto; Lococo, Sara; Cocconcelli, Elisabetta; Bernardinello, Nicol; Fichera, Giulia; Giraudo, Chiara; Spagnolo, Paolo; Cattelan, Annamaria; Balestro, Elisabetta
title: Brief communication: Chest radiography score in young COVID-19 patients: Does one size fit all?
date: 2022-02-23
journal: PLoS One
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264172
sha: ed107e1504bc6ef80a60a5fa5a5519945423bab0
doc_id: 761684
cord_uid: de2etcaw

During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, chest X-Ray (CXR) scores are essential to rapidly assess patients’ prognoses. This study evaluates a published CXR score in a different national healthcare system. In our study, this CXR score maintains a prognostic role in predicting length of hospital stay, but not disease severity. However, our results show that the predictive role of CXR score could be influenced by socioeconomic status and healthcare system.

Since the beginning of the current pandemic, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has already affected over 110,000,000 people causing more than 2,400,000 deaths. Portable chest radiography (CXR) demonstrated to be a useful tool to diagnose and monitor the disease in emergency departments, intensive care units (ICU), and Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) wards [1] . CXR has been used as a prognostic tool in acute respiratory distress syndrome even before COVID-19 [2] . From the beginning of the pandemic, several CXR scores have been proposed, especially to triage patients within emergency departments [3] [4] [5] [6] . These different scores, such as the CARE score or the BRIXIA score, correlated to clinical conditions at admission and to clinical outcomes [7] [8] [9] . Among these, the one of Toussie et al. demonstrated a good prognostic value in patients between the ages of 21 and 50 years with COVID-19 [10] . Our study aimed to assess the value of this score on young and middleaged Italian COVID-19 patients.

In this retrospective study, approved by our local ethic committee (Comitato Etico per la Sperimentazione Clinica della Provincia di Padova, protocol n˚46430/03.08.2020, which waived Patients were included if underwent either digital anteroposterior CXR or digital posteroanterior and lateral chest radiography, all performed in a single Radiology Unit of our Hospital dedicated to COVID-19 patients from the Emergency Department, with the same CXR equipment and setting. If patients accessed the Emergency Department more than once, the CXR of the access leading to hospitalization was assessed. CXR was divided into 6 zones, using the upper and lower hilar marking as limits. Each zone with an opacity was counted as a point, with the score ranging from 0 to 6 points. For the whole population, two radiologists (10 and 4 years experience) scored the initial CXR independently of each other. To minimize bias, reviewers were blinded to patient histories other than COVID-19 positivity. We considered a CXR score equal or major to 3 as a cut-off to categorize patients as follows: low and high radiological risk scores (LRRS and HRRS, respectively) [10] . Clinical outcomes assessed in our cohort were: the need for high-intensity medical setting (ICU or Respiratory ICU), need for invasive ventilation, prolonged hospitalization (>10 days). The Cohen's kappa coefficient was used to assess agreement in CXR interpretation between the two radiologists. 

Patients characteristics and categorization are summarized in the Table 1 , examples of CXR score are in Fig 1. All patients accessed the Emergency Department only once before the hospiatlization. Patient underwent either digital anteroposterior CXR (47 of 51, 92%) or digital posteroanterior and lateral chest radiography (4 of 51, 8%). CXRs were scored by two radiologists with a moderate to substantial agreement with Choen's kappa coefficient ranging from 0.55 to 0.66 in different lobes. We observed a higher percentage of patients with LRRS (n = 41; 80%) compared to Toussie's (n = 87; 60%). Subjects with HRRS were significantly older than the LRRS (p = 0.04), they presented a lower arterial oxygen partial pressure to fractional inspired oxygen. (P/F ratio) (p = 0.02), and had a higher BMI (p = 0.03). Among the patients with normal BMI (i.e., <25), only one had HRRS.

At univariate analyses, HRRS was a risk factor for prolonged hospitalization (OR 4.65, CI95%:1.09-19.87;p = 0.03) whereas HRRS did not influence the need of high-intensity medical setting and intubation. The multivariate analysis revealed that HRRS (OR 7.83, CI95%:1.23-49.99;p = 0.03), diabetes (21.72,1.63-289.40;p = 0.02), and the need of high-intensity medical setting (51.30,4.53-582.71;p = 0.001), were independent risk factors for prolonged hospitalization.

In young and middle-aged COVID-19 patients we observed a higher percentage of LRRS than Toussie and colleagues (80% vs 60%). This difference could be due to the different healthcare systems. In fact, in countries with public healthcare, patients with mild symptoms are presumably more prone to access health services [11] . Confirming previous data, patients presenting HRRS had worst pulmonary gas exchanges, with a lower P/F ratio [1, 5, 12] . Moreover, HRRS subjects showed higher BMI values compared to LRRS. Our result suggests that being overweight, and not necessarily obese, represents a risk factor for HRRS and leads to a worse prognosis. This finding is in line with the results of a larger multicentre study of young and middleaged Italian patients, where obesity and older age were independent predictors for mechanical ventilation [12] . Some authors suggest that fatality and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection are higher in lower socioeconomic classes [13] . Given the known association of lower socioeconomic status and higher BMI, a stratification risk model including such information should be explored [14] .

In our population, HRRS was an independent prognostic factor for prolonged hospitalization, but not for intubation. This concept is of interest if we consider that in our study the interval between the onset of symptoms and CXR is similar between the two groups, opposed to the Toussie's study. Limitation of our study are the small sample size, the monocentric and restrospective nature of study design. In conclusion, our preliminary results confirm that CXR Table 1 low (LRRS, 0-2) and high (HRRS, 3-6) scores are useful for the management of COVID-19 patients but also point out that their prognostic role might be influenced by the socioeconomic background and the type of healthcare system. CXR scores should be integrated in a multiparametric score system including patients' characteristics and clinical findings.

Conceptualization: Gioele Castelli, Umberto Semenzato, Sara Lococo, Elisabetta Balestro. 

Clinical Features and Chest Imaging as Predictors of Intensity of Care in Patients with COVID-19

Severity scoring of lung oedema on the chest radiograph is associated with clinical outcomes in ARDS. Thorax

Examples of a chest severity score. A. Chest radiograph of a 48-year-old male. CXR does not show any opacities; total score = 0. B. CXR of a 42-year-old male shows opacities in all three right lung zones and in the left middle and lower lung zones

Frequency and distribution of chest radiographic findings in COVID-19 positive patients

Chest x-ray severity score in COVID-19 patients on emergency department admission: a two-centre study

Chest radiograph at admission predicts early intubation among inpatient COVID-19 patients

Initial findings in chest X-rays as predictors of worsening lung infection in patients with COVID-19: correlation in 265 patients

Validation of a composed COVID-19 chest radiography score: the CARE project

Which role for chest x-ray score in predicting the outcome in COVID-19 pneumonia?

Chest X-ray severity index as a predictor of in-hospital mortality in coronavirus disease 2019: A study of 302 patients from Italy

Clinical and chest radiography features determine patient outcomes in young and middle age adults with COVID-19

Health in International Perspective: Shorter Lives, Poorer Health

Predictors of Worse Prognosis in Young and Middle-Aged Adults Hospitalized with COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Multi-Center Italian Study (COVID-UNDER50)

Socio-economic status and COVID-19-related cases and fatalities

The obesity epidemic in the United States-gender, age, socioeconomic, racial/ ethnic, and geographic characteristics: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis