key: cord-0765184-ibo290gx
authors: Sulaiman, Nabil; Yaseen Hachim, Mahmood; Khalique, Anila; Mohammed, Abdul Khader; Al Heialy, Saba; Taneera, Jalal
title: EXOC6 (Exocyst Complex Component 6) Is Associated with the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes and Pancreatic β-Cell Dysfunction
date: 2022-03-01
journal: Biology (Basel)
DOI: 10.3390/biology11030388
sha: e0e5ef2f20986cd676a3caddd299dd7a97b5ca21
doc_id: 765184
cord_uid: ibo290gx

SIMPLE SUMMARY: EXOC6 and EXOC6B (EXOC6/6B) are components of the exocyst complex involved in the secretory granule docking. The exact role of EXOC6/6B in pancreatic β-cell function and risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) required further investigations. Herein, we showed that EXOC6/6B is associated with the risk of T2D and is essential to maintain the function of pancreatic β-cell. Our study suggests that EXOC6/6B are crucial regulators for insulin secretion and for exocytosis machinery in β-cells. ABSTRACT: EXOC6 and EXOC6B (EXOC6/6B) components of the exocyst complex are involved in the secretory granule docking. Recently, EXOC6/6B were anticipated as a molecular link between dysfunctional pancreatic islets and ciliated lung epithelium, making diabetic patients more prone to severe SARS-CoV-2 complications. However, the exact role of EXOC6/6B in pancreatic β-cell function and risk of T2D is not fully understood. Herein, microarray and RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) expression data demonstrated the expression of EXOC6/6B in human pancreatic islets. Expression of EXOC6/6B was not affected by diabetes status. Exploration of the using the translational human pancreatic islet genotype tissue-expression resource portal (TIGER) revealed three genetic variants (rs947591, rs2488071 and rs2488073) in the EXOC6 gene that were associated (p < 2.5 × 10(−20)) with the risk of T2D. Exoc6/6b silencing in rat pancreatic β-cells (INS1-832/13) impaired insulin secretion, insulin content, exocytosis machinery and glucose uptake without cytotoxic effect. A significant decrease in the expression Ins1, Ins1, Pdx1, Glut2 and Vamp2 was observed in Exoc6/6b-silenced cells at the mRNA and protein levels. However, NeuroD1, Gck and InsR were not influenced compared to the negative control. In conclusion, our data propose that EXOC6/6B are crucial regulators for insulin secretion and exocytosis machinery in β-cells. This study identified several genetic variants in EXOC6 associated with the risk of T2D. Therefore, EXOC6/6B could provide a new potential target for therapy development or early biomarkers for T2D.

Diabetes mellitus is a major health problem, diagnosed in more than 500 million individuals worldwide (www.idf.org, accessed on 6 January 2022). Type 2 diabetes (T2D) accounts for approximately 90% of all diabetes cases described by elevated blood sugar

The INS-1 cells were transfected as previously described [35] using lipofectamine transfection reagent and siRNA against Exoc6 (s132217) or Exoc6b (500233-SMARTpool) in addition to siRNA negative control. After 48 h post-transfection, a glucose-stimulated insulin secretion assay was investigated. Briefly, silenced and control cells were washed with secretion assay buffer (SAB) [35] containing 2.8 mM glucose. Next, cells were incubated for 2 h in a 2 mL SAB at 37 • C. Insulin secretion measurement was performed by stimulating the cells in 1 mL SAB containing either 2.8 mM glucose, 16.7 mM glucose, 2.8 mM glucose plus 35 mM KCL, or 16.7 mM glucose plus 35 mM KCL for 1 h. A 100 µL of the supernatant was aspirated and used to measure insulin release using a rat insulin ELISA kit (Mercodia, Sweden). Total protein was extracted by mammalian protein extraction reagent (MPER) to determine insulin content and concentration by standard BCA protein assay (Thermo Fisher). Extracted protein was diluted at 1:250; insulin content was measured with a rat insulin ELISA kit (Mercodia) and normalized to the total protein amount.

For cell viability and apoptosis analysis, 2 × 10 4 INS-1 cells in 100 µL RPMI media were cultured in a 96-well plate for 24 h and transfected as previously described earlier. After 48 h of transfection, 10 µL of MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide, Sigma, St. Louis, MI, USA) was added into each well and incubated for 3-4 h at 37 • C. Afterward, MTT formazan product was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and absorbance was read by microplate reader at 570 nm (Crocodile mini workstation; Crocodile Control Software). The average absorbance was used to measure the percentage (%) of cell viability using this formula: % cell viability = (OD 570 nm of sample/OD 570 nm of control) × 100.

Transfected INS-1 cells in 24 well-plate were washed and re-suspended in 500 µL of Annexin-V Binding Buffer (Becton Dickinson (BD) Biosciences, Franklin, NJ, USA). Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide (5 µL each) were incubated with the cells for 10 min, then analyzed using BD FACS Aria III flow cytometer (BD, USA).

The 2-NBDG glucose uptake assay kit (#N13195, Invitrogen, Waltham, MA, USA) was used to evaluate glucose uptake following the manufacturer's guidelines. Briefly, the 2-NBDG reagent was added to the transfected cells and incubated for one hour. Then, cells were washed with PBS and analyzed immediately with flow cytometry using the FITC detector (Excitation/Emission 485/535 nm).

ROS measurements was performed by the H 2 O 2 assay, as previously described [36] . In brief, 2 × 10 4 of cells/well in a total volume of 80 µL were seeded in a 96-wells plate. After 48 h of post-transfection, a 20 µL of the H 2 O 2 substrate solution was added and the plate was incubated at 37 • C for 4 h. Next, 100 µL of the ROS-Glo detection solution was added to each well at the end of the incubation and incubated at room temperature for 20 min. Immediately, the luminescence was recorded using a plate reader. The average values were used to calculate the relative luminescence unit (RLU).

The cDNA synthesis was generated using a high-capacity cDNA reverse transcription kit (Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA, USA). Expression of target genes were assessed by using TaqMan gene expression assays; Taqman: EXOC6 (Rn00570613_m1), EXOC6b (Rn01420854_m1), Glut2 (Rn00563565_m1), Ins1 (Rn02121433_g1), Ins2 (Rn01774648_g1), Pdx1 (Rn00755591_m1), Insr (Rn00690703_m1), Gck (Rn00561265_m1) and Rat Hprt1 (Rn01527840_m1) as endogenous (all from Thermo Fisher). SYBR green gene expression analysis was performed with the corresponding primers ( Table 1 ). The qPCR reactions were conducted in triplicate in 96-well plates using the QuantStudio 3 qPCR system (Applied Biosystems, Waltham, MA, USA). Relative gene expression was determined by the 2 −∆∆CT method. 

Western blot expression analysis was performed as previously described [36] . Briefly, transfected cells were collected in ice-cold PBS. Samples were centrifuged at 1200 rpm for 10 min at 4 • C; the cell pellet was resuspended in mammalian protein extraction reagent (M-PER) containing 1% protease cocktail inhibitor and 1% phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF). The samples were thoroughly vortexed and kept on ice for 30 min and then centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 15 min at 4 • C. The supernatant was collected, and protein concentrations were determined by BCA protein assay kit (Thermo Fisher). A 30µg protein was used for Western blot. The blot was incubated overnight at 4 • C with primary antibodies against INSULIN (Cat. #8138-anti-mouse, dilution 1:1000), INSR-β (Cat. #23413-anti-rabbit, dilution 1:1000), and VAMP2 (Cat. # 13508-anti-rabbit, dilution 1:1000) purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA); PDX1 (Cat. #ab47267anti-rabbit, dilution 1:1000), NEUROD1 (Cat. #ab213725-anti-rabbit, dilution 1:1000), GCK (Cat. #ab37796-anti-rabbit, dilution 1:1000) from Abcam (Cambridge, UK) and GLUT2 (Cat. #A12307-anti-rabbit, dilution 1:1000) from ABclonal (Waltham, MA, USA). The β-actin endogenous control was used from Sigma (Cat. #A5441-anti-mouse, dilution 1:1000). The primary antibodies were incubated at 4 • C overnight. The secondary HRP-linked antimouse (CAT. #7076S, dilution 1:1000) and HRP-linked anti-rabbit (#7074S, dilution 1:1000) from Cell Signaling Technology antibodies were used for 1 h. Chemiluminescence was detected using the Clarity ECL substrate kit (Bio-Rad, Berkeley, CA, USA). Protein bands were analyzed using the Bio-Rad Image Lab software (ChemiDoc Touch Gel Western Blot Imaging System; Bio-Rad, Berkeley, CA, USA).

For differential expression analysis between diabetic and nondiabetic islets, Student's t-test or nonparametric Mann-Whitney U tests were used. For correlation analysis, we used nonparametric Spearman's test. All statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism (version 8.0.0 for Windows, GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA). Differences were considered significant at p < 0.05. 

Expression of EXOC6/6B in human islets is not well-profiled. Herein, we used our previous microarray and RNA-seq expression data from human islets (publicly available) to investigate the EXOC6/6B expression compared to some key functional genes for human pancreatic β-cell, such as KCNJ11 (potassium inwardly rectifying channel subfamily J member 11) and GLUT1 (solute carrier family 2 member 1; SLC2A1). Microarray expression analysis revealed that EXOC6/6B are expressed in human islets ( Figure 1A) . Furthermore, expression of EXOC6/6B was shown to have higher expression than KCNJ11 but lower than GLUT1 genes (p < 0.05) ( Figure 1A ). On the other hand, RNA-seq expression analysis showed higher expression of EXOC6/6B relative to KCNJ11 and GLUT1 (p < 0.05) ( Figure 1B) . Moreover, we investigated the impact of diabetes status on the EXOC6/6B expression using RNA-seq data. As shown in Figure 1C , a similar expression of EXOC6/6B was observed in diabetic/hyperglycemic islets (HbA1c ≥ 6%) compared to nondiabetic/normoglycemic (HbA1c < 6%) islets.

For differential expression analysis between diabetic and nondiabetic islets, Student's t-test or nonparametric Mann-Whitney U tests were used. For correlation analysis, we used nonparametric Spearman's test. All statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism (version 8.0.0 for Windows, GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA). Differences were considered significant at p < 0.05.

Expression of EXOC6/6B in human islets is not well-profiled. Herein, we used our previous microarray and RNA-seq expression data from human islets (publicly available) to investigate the EXOC6/6B expression compared to some key functional genes for human pancreatic β-cell, such as KCNJ11 (potassium inwardly rectifying channel subfamily J member 11) and GLUT1 (solute carrier family 2 member 1; SLC2A1). Microarray expression analysis revealed that EXOC6/6B are expressed in human islets ( Figure 1A ). Furthermore, expression of EXOC6/6B was shown to have higher expression than KCNJ11 but lower than GLUT1 genes (p < 0.05) ( Figure 1A ). On the other hand, RNA-seq expression analysis showed higher expression of EXOC6/6B relative to KCNJ11 and GLUT1 (p < 0.05) ( Figure 1B) . Moreover, we investigated the impact of diabetes status on the EXOC6/6B expression using RNA-seq data. As shown in Figure 1C , a similar expression of EXOC6/6B was observed in diabetic/hyperglycemic islets (HbA1c ≥ 6%) compared to nondiabetic/normoglycemic (HbA1c < 6%) islets. (C) Differential expression analysis (RNA-seq) of EXOC6 and EXOC6B in human islets obtained from diabetic/hyperglycemic donors (n = 27) compared to nondiabetic/normoglycemic donors (n = 50). ***; p < 0.001. n.s.; not significant. Bars represent mean ± SD.

Using the TIGER portal, we explored whether EXOC6/6B contain any genetic variants (single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP) associated with T2D. At p < 0.05, we found 155 SNPs in the 70K for the T2D project, 224 SNPs in the DIAGRAM 1000G and 337 SNPs in DIAGRAM Diamante in the EXOC6 gene. For EXOC6B, 47 155 SNPs in the 70K for T2D project, 227 SNPs in the DIAGRAM 1000G and 131 SNPs in DIAGRAM Diamante were associated with T2D. However, only three SNPs (rs947591, rs2488071 and rs2488073) in DIAGRAM Diamante and 1000G database showed a powerful association with T2D using a cutoff threshold (p < 1.0 × 10 −10 ) that passed genome-wide significance (Table 2) . However, we could not find any expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) for these SNPs in human islets using the TIGER portal.

To evaluate the impact of Exoc6/6b silencing on insulin secretion, we silenced the expression of each gene individually in INS-1 (832/13) cells using siRNA. Transfection efficiency determined by qPCR expression analysis 48 h post-transfection revealed a significant reduction (~90%; p < 0.05) for Exoc6 (Figure 2A ) and~75%; p < 0.05 for Exoc6B compared to the negative control ( Figure 2B ). Next, we investigated the impact of Exoc6/6B-silencing on cell viability and apoptosis levels. As shown in Figure 2C ,D, silencing of Exco6/6b on Biology 2022, 11, 388 6 of 13 cell viability measured by MTT assay showed no differences between transfected cells and negative control cells. In addition, we could not observe any effect of Exoc6/b silencing on apoptosis as determined by Annexin-V/PI apoptosis analysis compared to negative control cells ( Figure 2E ,F). The percentage of apoptotic cells in siRNA negative control-silenced cells was 7% compared to 9% in Exoc6-silenced cells. Similarly, the rate of apoptotic cells in siRNA negative control-silenced cells was 5% compared to 6% in Exoc6b-silenced cells. Next, as the exocytosis machinery involves other exocyst complex components (Exoc1-8), we investigated the effect of Exoc6 or Exoc6b silencing of these subunits. As shown in Figure 2D ,E, qPCR expression data revealed that only Exoc5 was affected by Exoc6 silencing (p < 0.05). No significant effect was observed on the other exocyst components by silencing Exoc6b. Transfected cells stimulated with glucose exhibited a significant decrease in insulin secretion at 2.8 mM glucose and 16.7 mM glucose in Exoc6/6b-silenced INS-1 cells (p < 0.05) ( Figure 3A,B) . Notably, a significant reduction (~55%; p < 0.05) in insulin secretion was observed in Exoc6/6B-silenced INS-1 cells stimulated with 35 mM KCl (a depolarizing agent) compared to control cells, which suggest a defects in the exocytosis machinery ( Figure 3A,B) . More, measurement of insulin content in Exoc6/6B-silenced cells revealed a significant reduction (~40%; p < 0.05) than the negative control cells ( Figure 3C ). Assessment of ROS production in Exoc6/6b-silenced cells indicated a significant elevation in Exoc6 compared to the negative control ( Figure 3D ). Exoc6b-silenced cells did not show any change in ROS production levels ( Figure 3D ). Finally, glucose uptake determination showed a marked reduction (~30%; p < 0.05) in Exoc6/6b-silenced cells compared to control cells ( Figure 3E ).

The effect of Exoc6/6b silencing on the pancreatic β-cells functional genes was examined at mRNA and protein levels. mRNA expression of genes involved in insulin production revealed a significant (p < 0.05) down-regulation of Ins1, Ins2 and Pdx1, whereas, NeuroD1 was not affected (Figure 4A,B) . Likewise, a substantial reduction in protein expression was observed in pro/insulin and PDX1 (p < 0.05) relative to control cells. NEUROD1 expression was not affected (Figure 4C,D) . Analysis of mRNA and protein expression of genes involved in glucose-sensing (Glut2 and Gck) revealed no difference at mRNA level in Exoc6-silenced cells ( Figure 4A ), whereas expression of both genes was down-regulated in Exoc6b-silenced cells ( Figure 4B ). GLUT2 expression was down-regulated at protein level in Exoc6/6b-silenced cells, but Gck was not affected (Figure 4C,D) . Expression of InsR, a gene involved in insulin signaling, was shown to be reduced (p < 0.05) in Exoc6-silenced cells at mRNA and protein levels ( Figure 4A-C) . In contrast, mRNA expression of InsR was elevated in Exoc6b-silenced cells but not affected at the protein level ( Figure 4B-D) . Finally, mRNA expression of Vamp2 was down-regulated in Exoc6/6b-silenced cells ( Figure 4A,B) ; however, it was reduced only in Exoc6-silenced cells at the protein level. (Figure 4C,D) . Transfected cells stimulated with glucose exhibited a significant decrease in insulin secretion at 2.8 mM glucose and 16.7 mM glucose in Exoc6/6b-silenced INS-1 cells (p < 0.05) ( Figure 3A,B) . Notably, a significant reduction (55%; p < 0.05) in insulin secretion was observed in Exoc6/6B-silenced INS-1 cells stimulated with 35 mM KCl (a depolarizing agent) compared to control cells, which suggest a defects in the exocytosis machinery (Figure 3A,B) . More, measurement of insulin content in Exoc6/6B-silenced cells revealed a significant reduction (40%; p < 0.05) than the negative control cells ( Figure 3C ). Assessment of ROS production in Exoc6/6b-silenced cells indicated a significant elevation in Exoc6 compared to the negative control ( Figure 3D ). Exoc6b-silenced cells did not show any change in ROS production levels ( Figure 3D ). Finally, glucose uptake determination showed a marked reduction (~30%; p < 0.05) in Exoc6/6b-silenced cells compared to control cells ( Figure 3E ). 

The effect of Exoc6/6b silencing on the pancreatic β-cells functional genes was exam ined at mRNA and protein levels. mRNA expression of genes involved in insulin produc tion revealed a significant (p < 0.05) down-regulation of Ins1, Ins2 and Pdx1, whereas NeuroD1 was not affected (Figure 4A,B) . Likewise, a substantial reduction in protein ex pression was observed in pro/insulin and PDX1 (p < 0.05) relative to control cells. NEU ROD1 expression was not affected (Figure 4C,D) . Analysis of mRNA and protein expres sion of genes involved in glucose-sensing (Glut2 and Gck) revealed no difference a mRNA level in Exoc6-silenced cells ( Figure 4A ), whereas expression of both genes wa down-regulated in Exoc6b-silenced cells ( Figure 4B ). GLUT2 expression was down-regu lated at protein level in Exoc6/6b-silenced cells, but Gck was not affected (Figure 4C,D) Expression of InsR, a gene involved in insulin signaling, was shown to be reduced (p < 0.05) in Exoc6-silenced cells at mRNA and protein levels ( Figure 4A-C) . In contrast Exoc6/6b-silenced cells ( Figure 4A,B) ; however, it was reduced only in Exoc6-silenced cells at the protein level. (Figure 4C,D) . 

EXOC6/6B are essential for insulin granule docking/secretion and for insulin signaling through interaction with the glucose transporter GLUT4 [12] . This emphasizes the important role that EXOC6/6B play in the pathophysiology of T2D. This study showed that EXOC6/6B are expressed in human pancreatic islets, but their expression was not influenced by diabetes or hyperglycemia status. Three SNPs (rs947591, rs2488071, and rs2488073) in the proximity of EXOC6 gene were found to be strongly associated with T2D in the DIAGRAM Diamante and DIAGRAM 1000 G GWAS database. We also showed that silencing of Exoc6 or Exoc6b in INS-1 cells impaired insulin secretion, exocytosis machinery, reduced glucose uptake, elevated ROS production, and disturbed several pancreatic β-cell functional genes at the protein and mRNA levels. Together, these results suggest that Exoc6/6b are essential for β-cell biology.

Accumulative data suggest that EXOC6/6B and other members of the exocyst complex have a diverse physiological function that depends on the microenvironment. For example, EXOC6/6B was shown to function as cilia-associated proteins with ciliogenesis- Figures S1-S3 ). *; p < 0.05. **; p < 0.01. n.s.; not significant. Bars represent mean ± SD.

EXOC6/6B are essential for insulin granule docking/secretion and for insulin signaling through interaction with the glucose transporter GLUT4 [12] . This emphasizes the important role that EXOC6/6B play in the pathophysiology of T2D. This study showed that EXOC6/6B are expressed in human pancreatic islets, but their expression was not influenced by diabetes or hyperglycemia status. Three SNPs (rs947591, rs2488071, and rs2488073) in the proximity of EXOC6 gene were found to be strongly associated with T2D in the DIAGRAM Diamante and DIAGRAM 1000 G GWAS database. We also showed that silencing of Exoc6 or Exoc6b in INS-1 cells impaired insulin secretion, exocytosis machinery, reduced glucose uptake, elevated ROS production, and disturbed several pancreatic β-cell functional genes at the protein and mRNA levels. Together, these results suggest that Exoc6/6b are essential for β-cell biology.

Accumulative data suggest that EXOC6/6B and other members of the exocyst complex have a diverse physiological function that depends on the microenvironment. For example, EXOC6/6B was shown to function as cilia-associated proteins with ciliogenesis-associated roles [37, 38] . A process that is essential in developing epithelial organs, including the lung and kidney [39] . Loss of function of Exco6 in erythrocytes (cell with high heme production and iron turnover) resulted in anemias and heme defects [40] . Furthermore, it has been recently demonstrated that EXOC6/6B promotes the malignant transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) [41] . In addition, it was proposed that the exocyst complex is important in the epithelium barrier integrity [42] . In this context, it is well-accepted that exocytosis is the main mechanism used to the secretion of surfactants involved in alveolar host defense in the lungs. Therefore, defect in the exocytosis machinery may implicate surfactant secretion, leading to severe lung disorders [43] . Recently, we reported that SARS-CoV-2 infection modulates the expression of EXOC6/6B in lung tissues. This might shed light on the possible pathophysiological mechanisms shared between T2D and COVID-19 [29] .

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report investigating the expression of EXOC6/6B in human islets and their association with the pathophysiology of diabetes. The finding that Exoc6/6b is not influenced in diabetic/hyperglycemic islets compared to nondiabetic/normoglycemic is not surprising. A possible explanation could be a compensatory response that regulates the expression of EXOC6/6B in β-cell or reflects that the diabetic donors suffer from insulin resistance rather than insulin secretion.

Interestingly, exploration of genetic variants associated with T2D identified three different SNPs (rs947591, rs2488071 and rs2488073) in the proximity of EXOC6 gene. The rs947591 was first identified in relation to T2D risk on chromosome 10, located in IDE (insulin-degrading enzyme), KIF11 (the kinesin interacting factor 11) and HHEX (the hematopoietically expressed homeobox) gene cluster [44] . Similarly, the same SNP was replicated in Chinese Han populations [45] . Moreover, rs947591 was associated with other traits, including triglyceride and total cholesterol levels in the Chinese population [46] . rs2488071 was identified as a novel functional locus shared between T2D and birth weight in Chinese populations [47] . It seems that rs947591 is an important genetic variant that requires replication in different ethnic populations as biomarkers for the risk of T2D. Importantly, exploring the effect of rs947591, rs2488071, and rs2488073 on EXOC6 and EXOC6B expression in human pancreatic islets using TIGER portal revealed no effect. Further investigations are needed to explore effect of the 3 identified SNPs on other tissues such muscle or blood.

Exco6 was proposed as necessary machinery for the β-cells function by enabling the docking of secretory vesicles to the membrane before the SNARE-mediated fusion (12) . However, the specific role of EXOC6/6b in pancreatic β-cells is not clear. Gene silencing of Exoc6/6b in INS-1 cells impaired insulin secretion reduced insulin content and decreased glucose uptake without affecting cell viability or cytotoxic apoptosis levels (Figures 2 and 3 ). As expected, the observed reduction of insulin secretion in cells stimulated with the depolarizing agent KCl, clearly demonstrated that silencing of Exoc6/6b affects the exocytosis machinery of insulin release.

Notably, genes involved in insulin biosynthesis, such as Ins1, Ins2 and Pdx1, were down-regulated at mRNA and protein levels in Exoc6/6b-silenced cells. Therefore, it is not clear how Exoc6/6b affected insulin biosynthesis. However, previous reports demonstrated that Rab protein, which belongs to the small GTPase family, regulates insulin synthesis, exocytosis, ER-associated degradation of proinsulin or mediates proinsulin to insulin conversion in β-cells [12, 13, 48, 49] . Considering that Exoc6 directly interacts with Rab protein to participate in GLUT4 translocation in adipocytes [12] , it is reasonable to speculate that such interaction between Rab-Exoc6 might be involved in insulin biosynthesis. However, further investigations will be required to address this issue.

Expression of Glut2 that involved in glucose sensing and uptake machinery was downregulated in Exoc6/6b-silenced cells. It has been shown that defects in the machinery of glucose-sensing resulted in insulin secretion impairment and severe hyperglycemia [50, 51] . This work demonstrated that the decreased Glut2 expression accompanied low glucose uptake efficiency, a crucial driving factor for insulin secretion.

Moreover, the observed expression decreased in InsR, involved in insulin signaling, in Exco6-silenced cells might affect the insulin secretion. Down-regulation of InsR in β-cell has been shown previously to impair insulin secretion [52] . Together, the data indicate that Exoc6/6b are involved in insulin secretion by reducing the expression of glucose sensing and insulin signaling regulators.

In contrast to our data, it has been shown that overexpression of Exoc6 in mouse insulinoma βtc6 cells did not affect insulin secretion [53] . However, double overexpression of EXOC6 and SYTL3 significantly reduced insulin secretion [53] . Such conflicting data might be due to the different cell lines used for validation, the transfection protocol, or the experimental setup.

Our data suggest that EXOC6/6B are essential components in the exocytosis machinery and insulin release in β-cell function. In addition, several genetic variants associated with the risk of T2D were found in the EXOC6 gene. Therefore, further works are warranted to explore whether EXOC6/6b can be targeted for potential therapy or biomarkers for T2D. 

Diabetes in numbers

Autocrine regulation of insulin secretion

Hormones and the autonomic nervous system are involved in suprachiasmatic nucleus modulation of glucose homeostasis

Stroke Revisited: Diabetes in Stroke

Control of insulin secretion: A model involving Ca2+, cAMP and diacylglycerol

A tale of two glucose transporters: How GLUT2 re-emerged as a contender for glucose transport into the human beta cell

Membrane fusion and exocytosis

The Exocyst is a multiprotein complex required for exocytosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Vesicle tethering complexes in membrane traffic

Evidence for a role of the exocyst in insulin-stimulated Glut4 trafficking in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

Insulin stimulates the phosphorylation of the exocyst protein Sec8 in adipocytes

A potential link between insulin signaling and GLUT4 translocation: Association of Rab10-GTP with the exocyst subunit Exoc6/6b

Exocyst complex protein expression in the human placenta

Exploring Cellular Dynamics: From Vesicle Tethering to Cell Migration

RAB-10-dependent membrane transport is required for dendrite arborization

Mutations in the exocyst component EXOC2 cause severe defects in human brain development

Cell invasion in vivo via rapid exocytosis of a transient lysosome-derived membrane domain

Sec2p mediates nucleotide exchange on Sec4p and is involved in polarized delivery of post-Golgi vesicles

Mammalian exocyst complex is required for the docking step of insulinvesicle exocytosis

The RalA GTPase is a central regulator of insulin exocytosis from pancreatic islet beta cells

The GTPase RalA regulates different steps of the secretory process in pancreatic β-cells

Exocyst sec5 regulates exocytosis of newcomer insulin granules underlying biphasic insulin secretion

Keeping insulin secretion in check

The exocyst complex regulates insulinstimulated glucose uptake of skeletal muscle cells

The Role of Host Exocytosis in Internalin A (InlA)-Mediated Entry of Listeria Monocytogenes into Human Cells

A novel Rab11-Rab3a cascade required for lysosome exocytosis

Diverse functions and signal transduction of the exocyst complex in tumor cells

Sec15 is an effector for the Rab11 GTPase in mammalian cells

Cellular exocytosis gene (EXOC6/6B): A potential molecular link for the susceptibility and mortality of COVID-19 in diabetic patients

Global genomic and transcriptomic analysis of human pancreatic islets reveals novel genes influencing glucose metabolism

Identification of novel genes for glucose metabolism based upon expression pattern in human islets and effect on insulin secretion and glycemia

TIGER: The gene expression regulatory variation landscape of human pancreatic islets

Reduced expression of Chl1 gene impairs insulin secretion by down-regulating the expression of key molecules of β-cell function

Evaluation of the INS-1 832/13 cell line as a beta-cell based screening system to assess pollutant effects on beta-cell function

Orphan G-protein coupled receptor 183 (GPR183) potentiates insulin secretion and prevents glucotoxicity-induced β-cell dysfunction

Copine 3 "CPNE3" is a novel regulator for insulin secretion and glucose uptake in pancreatic β-cells

The exocyst acting through the primary cilium is necessary for renal ciliogenesis, cystogenesis, and tubulogenesis

Nuclear roles for cilia-associated proteins

ERK and MMPs sequentially regulate distinct stages of epithelial tubule development

Intracellular iron and heme trafficking and metabolism in developing erythroblasts

Transmembrane protease TMPRSS11B promotes lung cancer growth by enhancing lactate export and glycolytic metabolism

Jourdain, I. The exocyst complex in health and disease

Mechanisms of surfactant exocytosis in alveolar type II cells in vitro and in vivo

A genome-wide association study identifies novel risk loci for type 2 diabetes

Genetic variants of IDE-KIF11-HHEX at 10q23. 33 associated with type 2 diabetes risk: A fine-mapping study in Chinese population

Genetic variants at 10q23. 33 are associated with plasma lipid levels in a Chinese population

Identification of novel functional CpG-SNPs associated with Type 2 diabetes and birth weight

Rab2A is a pivotal switch protein that promotes either secretion or ER-associated degradation of (pro) insulin in insulin-secreting cells

Rab1A mediates proinsulin to insulin conversion in β-cells by maintaining Golgi stability through interactions with golgin-84

Transgenic reexpression of GLUT1 or GLUT2 in pancreatic β cells rescues GLUT2-null mice from early death and restores normal glucose-stimulated insulin secretion

Maturity-onset diabetes of the young: An overview with focus on the middle east

Knocking down insulin receptor in pancreatic beta cell lines with lentiviral-small hairpin RNA reduces glucose-stimulated insulin secretion via decreasing the gene expression of insulin, GLUT2 and Pdx1

β-cell insulin secretion requires the ubiquitin ligase COP1

Data Availability Statement: Not applicable.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.