key: cord-0774381-f5tishrq
authors: Kanakaraju, Kirubhakaran; Vanoli, Harshavarthanan; Rajenthrakumar, Hamsavardhini; Asokan, Arunkumar; Ranganathan, Rangabashyam Seetharaman
title: An Analytical Study to Determine the Severity of COVID-19 Among Smokers
date: 2022-04-04
journal: Cureus
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.23802
sha: a6a4c9c1167c8e8969cb1b257b3dce9abc208960
doc_id: 774381
cord_uid: f5tishrq

Introduction In December of the year 2020, the SARS-CoV-2 virus was discovered in Wuhan, China. It extended to over 180 nations around the world. It can manifest in patients who are asymptomatic to those who are symptomatic, with symptoms ranging from anosmia to severe respiratory distress syndrome. It affects both men and women. The existence of comorbidity is also linked to a significant worsening of the infection. Despite the fact that the principal consequences of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) damage the lungs, the prevalence of current smokers among COVID-19 hospitalized patients has repeatedly been observed to be lower than the prevalence of smokers in the general community. As a result, the evidence from various studies appears to cast doubt on active smoking as a risk factor for COVID-19 pneumonia. Thus, with this background, this study has been conducted with the aim of assessing the influence of smoking as a risk factor for COVID-19 mortality. Methodology An observational study was conducted in a tertiary care center in Tamil Nadu for a period of three months (April 2021 to June 2021). The study participants were all the patients admitted to the COVID-19 ward of the department of general medicine during the study period. Those who were not willing to participate in the study were excluded. The questionnaire contains variables including socio-demographic characteristics, vitals, and investigations, and the outcome variable was death due to COVID-19. The data obtained were entered in Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA) and the results were analyzed using SPSS version 21 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Results About 401 individuals participated in the study. The mean age, COVID-19 Reporting and Data System (CO-RADS) score, and CT severity score of the study participants were 50 years, 4.91, and 10.61, respectively. About 63.3% of participants were males, about 92% have not been vaccinated, about 91.8% have a CO-RADS score of 5, about 45.1% were smokers, and about 15.7% have died despite effective treatment. When looking for adverse outcomes, being male (p = 0.047), non-vaccinated for COVID-19 (p = 0.042), and being a smoker (p = 0.008) were the factors that showed statistical significance. Conclusion The mortality due to COVID-19 is high among smokers than non-smokers with statistical significance. Thus, before admitting COVID-19 patients, to classify the patients as mild, moderate, and severe, the risk factor of the habit of smoking can be added. Cigarette smoke is harmful to the lungs in a variety of ways, and further research is needed to understand why there is such a low proportion of current smokers among COVID-19 patients in hospitals. The impact of current smoking on SARS-CoV-2 infection is a delicate and complex topic that should be thoroughly investigated before sending out potentially misunderstood signals.

In December of the year 2020, the SARS-CoV-2 virus was discovered in Wuhan, China. It was extended to almost all countries around the world. As of June 2021, about 18 crores of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases and 39 lakhs deaths were reported globally. It can manifest in patients who are asymptomatic to those who are symptomatic, with symptoms ranging from anosmia to severe respiratory distress syndrome. It has an effect on both men and women. The existence of comorbidity is also linked to a significant worsening of the infection [1] . SARS-CoV-2 predominantly infects alveolar epithelial cells in the lungs. It can cause acute respiratory distress syndrome and, on rare occasions, multiorgan failure. The presence of underlying respiratory impairments, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or smoking history, has an impact on the disease's outcome. Many case studies have found that active smokers have a high frequency of severe COVID-19 [2] [3] [4] . Smoking has also been identified as a risk factor for COVID-19's worsening progression. When compared to never smokers, current and former smokers are more likely to get community-acquired pneumonia. Many studies have found that smokers have a twice-as-high risk of COVID-19 infection. COVID-19 is no exception to the rule that smokers are more susceptible to lung infection [1, 5] . Tobacco use has been linked to a variety of respiratory disorders, and significant data have shown that it has a deleterious impact on lung health. Smoking weakens the immune system and reduces its ability to respond to infections, rendering smokers more susceptible to infectious diseases [6, 7] . According to earlier studies, smokers are twice as likely as non-smokers to get influenza, have more severe symptoms, and had a higher mortality rate during the previous Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV) pandemic. Despite the fact that COVID-19's principal consequences damage the lungs, the percentage of current smokers among COVID-19 hospitalized patients has repeatedly been observed to be lower than the prevalence of smokers in the general community. As a result, the evidence from various studies appears to cast doubt on active smoking as a risk factor for COVID-19 pneumonia. Thus, with this background, this study has been conducted with the aim of assessing the influence of the habit of smoking on mortality due to COVID-19.

An observational analytical study was done in a tertiary care hospital in Salem, Tamil Nadu, for a period of three months (April 2021 to June 2021).

All the patients who were admitted to the COVID-19 ward during the study period and diagnosed with COVID-19 infection either by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for COVID-19 or chest CT findings were included in the study.

The patients who were not willing to participate in the study and patients who were extremely ill during admission were excluded from the study.

The eligible study participants were included by a convenient sampling technique. With the assumption of COVID-19 prevalence as 50% and absolute error as 5%, the estimated sample size was 400.

The data were collected after getting ethical clearance from the Institutional Ethical Committee of Vinayaka Mission Kirupananda Variyar Medical College and Hospital, Salem (approval number: VMKVMC&H/IEC/21/112) by interviewing the patients using a semi-structured questionnaire and visualizing and cross-checking the hospital records.

The questionnaire contains variables including socio-demographic characteristics such as age, religion, and gender, vitals and Investigations, CT severity scores, and RT-PCR test results, and the outcome variable was death due to COVID-19.

The data obtained were entered in Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA) and the results were analyzed using SPSS version 21 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). The continuous variables were represented as mean with standard deviation and the frequency variables were represented as percentages. To find the test of significance between the frequency variables, the chi-square test was used. The P-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant with a 95% confidence level.

A total of 401 individuals participated in our study. The mean age, COVID-19 Reporting and Data System (CO-RADS) score, and CT severity score of the study participants were 50 years, 4.91, and 10.61, respectively, as shown in Table 1 . 

In the present study, the mean age of the study participants was 50.74 years. In contrast to our study, a study done by Bhattacharya et al. (2021) in New Delhi among 55 hospitalized patients diagnosed with COVID-19 states that the mean age was 37 years. This difference may be due to the difference in the sample size and the difference in the study settings [8] . The present study states that the majority of the study participants were males and being male has a statistically significant association with mortality due to COVID-19. Similar results were given by a study done by Dalal et al. (2021) in Italy to compare the case fatality rate (CFR) in gender among 1656 COVID-19 deaths through secondary data, stating that women have lower CFR than the male gender [9] . Another study done by Skrip et al. (2020) in the USA using secondary data analysis states that the mortality was predominantly in males, which is 61% [10] . The present study states that individuals not been vaccinated have a statistically significant association with mortality due to COVID-19. Similar results were given by another study done by Bhattacharya et al. (2021) in New Delhi among 55 hospitalized patients diagnosed with COVID-19, which states that the odds of getting ICU admission and death among fully vaccinated individuals was 0.07. Thus, there is a 70% reduction in mortality given by full vaccination [8] . Another study was done in England by Lopez Bernal et al. (2021) with the aim of comparing the available vaccines against mortality due to COVID-19, which states that all vaccines have similar effects in preventing mortality [11] . Our study states that the prevalence of smoking among the study participants is 45.1% and there is a statistically significant association between the habit of smoking and mortality. A study was done by Gaiha et al. (2020) in California with the aim of assessing the association between youth smokers and COVID-19 diagnosis, which states that this disease is six times more prevalent in smokers [12] . But in contrast to our study, a study done by Tsigaris et al. (2020) in Europe concluded that there is a negative association between smoking prevalence and COVID-19 infection [13] . Thus, this discussion needs further research. Tobacco smoke causes epigenetic changes in the bronchial epithelium, which results in mucous (goblet) cell metaplasia. Because goblet cells are a key source of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the lungs, this could help to explain why smokers' lungs have higher amounts of ACE2. Goblet cells, on the other hand, are the primary generator of mucous, which acts as the first line of defense against inhaled pathogens, preventing pathogen entry and infection.

The impact of COPD and smoking history on the severity of COVID-19: a systemic review and meta-analysis

The neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of COVID-19 patients

Imaging and clinical features of patients with 2019 novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China

Effect of tobacco smoking on the risk of developing community acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Secular trends in smoking in relation to prevalent and incident smoking-related disease: a prospective population-based study

Are healthy smokers really healthy

Evaluation of the dose-effect association between the number of doses and duration since the last dose of COVID-19 vaccine, and its efficacy in preventing the disease and reducing disease severity: a single centre, cross-sectional analytical study from India

COVID-19 mortality in women and men in sub-Saharan Africa: a crosssectional study

Clinical management and mortality among COVID-19 cases in sub-Saharan Africa: a retrospective study from Burkina Faso and simulated case analysis

Effectiveness of the Pfizer-BioNTech and Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines on COVID-19 related symptoms, hospital admissions, and mortality in older adults in England: test negative case-control study

Association between youth smoking, electronic cigarette use, and COVID-19

Smoking prevalence and COVID-19 in Europe

Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Institutional Ethical Committee, Vinayaka Mission Kirupananda Variyar Medical College and Hospital, Salem issued approval VMKVMC&H/IEC/21/112. This study has been approved by the Institutional Ethical Committee, Vinayaka Mission Kirupananda Variyar Medical College and Hospital, Salem. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.

Though this study takes a convenient sampling, an ample number of study participants were included. The data were collected and analyzed by a single investigator. This eliminates the inter-observer bias. All data were collected from the case sheets and were counterchecked with the computerized hospital records, which increases the validity of the data. Though the habit of smoking is acquired through a questionnaire, a subjective method, these data have certain limitations (may lead to social desirability bias). This is an observational cross-sectional study, thus the association found in this study was not needed for causation.

The mortality due to COVID-19 is high among smokers than non-smokers with statistical significance. Thus, before admitting COVID-19 patients, to classify the patients as mild, moderate, and severe, the risk factor of the habit of smoking can be added. Even after admission, those patients with a history of smoking should be on continuous monitoring to minimize the adverse outcome. The majority of the patients who need hospital care were unvaccinated. Cigarette smoke is harmful to the lungs in a variety of ways, and further research is needed to understand why there is such a low proportion of current smokers among COVID-19 patients in hospitals. The impact of current smoking on SARS-CoV-2 infection is a delicate and complex topic that should be thoroughly investigated before sending out potentially misunderstood signals, and this study promotes further research.

Disclosures