key: cord-0786973-bleffcrp
authors: T. M. Rafiqul Islam, A.; Ferdousi, Jannatul; Shahinozzaman, Md
title: Previously published ethno-pharmacological reports reveal the potentiality of plants and plant-derived products used as traditional home remedies by Bangladeshi COVID-19 patients to combat SARS-CoV-2
date: 2021-07-17
journal: Saudi J Biol Sci
DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.07.036
sha: cf64fc3b1fbcc43db3ce426df8df86c20a882bce
doc_id: 786973
cord_uid: bleffcrp
Several plants have traditionally been used since antiquity to treat various gastroenteritis and respiratory symptoms similar to COVID-19 outcomes. The common symptoms of COVID-19 include fever or chills, cold, cough, flu, headache, diarrhoea, tiredness/fatigue, sore throat, loss of taste or smell, asthma, shortness of breath, or difficulty breathing, etc. This study aims to find out the plants and plant-derived products which are being used by the COVID-19 infected patients in Bangladesh and how those plants are being used for the management of COVID-19 symptoms.In this study, online and partially in-person survey interviews were carried out among Bangladeshi respondents. We selected Bangladeshi COVID-19 patients who were detected Coronavirus positive (+) by RT-PCR nucleic acid test and later recovered. Furthermore, identified plant species from the surveys were thoroughly investigated for safety and efficacy based on the previous ethnomedicinal usage reports. Based on the published data, they were also reviewed for their significant potentialities as antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory agents. We explored comprehensive information about a total of 26 plant species, belonging to 23 genera and 17 different botanical families, used in COVID-19 treatment as home remedies by the respondents. Most of the plants and plant-derived products were collected directly from the local marketplace. According to our survey results, greatly top 5 cited plant species measured as per the highest RFC value are Camellia sinensis (1.0) > Allium sativum (0.984) > Azadirachta indica (0.966) > Zingiber officinale (0.966) > Syzygium aromaticum (0.943). Previously published ethnomedicinal usage reports, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activity of the concerned plant species also support our results. Thus, the survey and review analysis simultaneously reveals that these reported plants and plant-derived products might be promising candidates for the treatment of COVID-19. Moreover, this study clarifies the reported plants for their safety during COVID-19 management and thereby supporting them to include in any future pre-clinical and clinical investigation for developing herbal COVID-19 therapeutics.
COVID-19 is a viral disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus 2); also known as a novel coronavirus that was firstly originated in Wuhan City, Hubei, China in late December 2019 Sharma et al., 2021) . This contiguous disease has now become a global concern causing serious economic and health crises all over the world. Coronavirus (CoVs) is a positive (+) sense single-stranded RNA virus which affects the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract and causes inflammation of the mucosal membrane that damages the alveoli and eventually leads to pneumonia (Mhatre et al., 2020) . COVID-19 was reported to cause SARS and is closely linked to Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) found in the past Xie and Chen, 2020) . According to World Health Organization (WHO) (https://www.who.int), as of July 03, 2021, there were already 1, 82,319,261 confirmed cases of which 3,954,324 were confirmed deaths in approximately 223 countries. In Bangladesh, there were already 9, 44,917 confirmed cases, 15,065 confirmed deaths, and 8, 33,897 recovery cases reported (https://corona.gov.bd).
Pandemics are not a new phenomenon in the history of human civilization but rather an old phenomenon and since ancient times humans relied on plants to solve other health-related problems including pandemics. The pandemics have wreaked havoc in the history of human civilization (Rosenwald, 2020) . Several pandemics include Death or Black Plague caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis in the Middle Ages (1347) (1348) (1349) (1350) (1351) in Eurasia (Haensch et al., 2010) , Smallpox caused by the Variola virus in the 18 th century (Behbehani, 1983) , Tuberculosis caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Europe and North America during the 18th and 19th centuries (Daniel, 2006) , Malaria caused by the Plasmodium group (Medicine, 2004) , Spanish flu caused by Hemagglutinin Type 1 and Neuraminidase Type 1 (H1N1) influenza virus in 1918 (Spreeuwenberg et al., 2018) , and the swine flu pandemic caused by the same virus H1N1 influenza in 2009 (Jilani et al., 2020) . Plant-based traditional herbal remedies have played a central role in all of the pandemics in human history. There is strong evidence of using traditional plant-based remedies to combat the outbreak of various pandemics caused at different times in human history (Garcia, 2020 ). An example of which is garlic was used as a remedy for various epidemics such as dysentery, cholera, typhus, influenza, and whenever an epidemic emerged, garlic was the first preventive and curing remedy (Petrovska and Cekovska, 2010) .
Traditional medicines are mostly plant-based and the therapeutic options in many developing countries are still dependent on traditional medicine, but now the rich countries are also increasing their attention on plant-based herbal formulations for safe therapeutic purposes (Garcia, 2020) . The WHO Africa (https://www.afro.who.int/news/who-supports-scientificallyproven-traditional-medicine) has already recognized and suggested the use of traditional, complementary, and alternative medicine in the treatment of COVID-19. However, these alternatives as still subject to safety maintenance and efficacy guideline. The Chinese government (http://en.nhc.gov.cn/) on the other hand, is heavily promoting and recommended traditional medicines as treatments for COVID-19, which was proven effective in treating H1N1 diseases . This strategy was significantly effective and played a vital role in treating SARS during the epidemic period in 2003 (Chen and Nakamura, 2004; Lau et al., 2005; Leung, 2006) . Chinese traditional medicine was widely used singly or in combination with western medicine in most of the hospitals in China at the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak, which played a very effective role in controlling symptoms (DU et al., 2020) .
Bangladesh is a developing country with a high population density, where hospital scarcity exists due to not having adequate resources and facilities. According to a report (WHO, 2019) by DHTM (Director, Homeo & Traditional Medicine, 2007) , about 20-39% of the population in Bangladesh seek medical treatment using indigenous traditional medicine. This country is rich in phytodiversity and here, more than 6000 plant species are found, of which about 450-500 plant species are known to have medicinal value (http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Flora). Since there was no effective treatment for COVID-19 and due to lack of adequate facilities for COVID-19 treatment in hospitals of Bangladesh, non-cooperative activities of health professionals and reluctance to treat, patients with COVID-19 are relying on traditional medicine at home. Treatment of COVID-19 using traditional medicine has been widely discussed on various online social media like Facebook©, Twitter©, Instagram©, and others in Bangladesh. In this context we, therefore, adopted research questions to investigate how patients infected with COVID-19 are recovering in Bangladesh;
what methods they were employing for the COVID-19 treatment; what and how were their attitude and actual perception in the management of COVID-19.
A significant number of research articles including systematic reviews, meta-analysis, and in silico studies (Chowdhury and Barooah, 2020; Mhatre et al., 2020; Rahman et al., 2020; Rouf et al., 2020 ; Taghizadeh-Hesary and Akbari, 2020) on the potential use of traditional, complementary, and alternative medicine in the treatment of COVID-19 have already been published by several researchers in the scientific arena. They suggested that plant-based remedies such as various biologically active compounds derived from several medicinal plants can build resistance and might be a potential candidate to combat COVID-19 and could reduce the overall risks such as morbidity (cases) and mortality (deaths). However, almost all of these reviews and in silico studies have encompassed indirect evidence or partial studies. The practical application of these traditional medication systems and their effectiveness is not discussed yet sufficient. Limited ethnobotanical and cross-sectional studies (Chaachouay et al., 2021; Khadka et al., 2021; Nguyen et al., 2021 ) have yet been done to identify the medicinal plants and plantderived products traditionally being used as home remedies in COVID-19 management and to investigate their efficacy against the SARS-CoV-2 virus and safety on the human body.
We assumed that majority of the COVID-19 infected patients in Bangladesh were receiving treatment with traditional home remedies based on plant and plant-derived products.
To verify this hypothesis, we conducted a semi-online survey study on Bangladeshi COVID-19
patients. The persons who confirmed their COVID infection through RT-PCR nucleic acid test results and later recovered were selected. Furthermore, we also performed a systematic review analysis to comprehensively examine and interpret the efficacy, safety, and potentiality of the
The use-value signifies the relative importance of plants known locally. The UV of the studied plant species in the present study ranged from 0.038 to 0.009 ( Citrus sinensis and Spondias mombin are at the bottom with the lowest 1 use reports (Fig. 9 ).
This is followed by Allium cepa L. ranked 2 nd with 15 use reports. Moreover, Allium sativum L.
and Zingiber officinale jointly ranked 3 rd with 12 use reports. In addition, other plants including
Azadiracta indica, Cinamomum tamala, and Punica granatum show 11 symptom use reports. This is followed by Phyllanthus emblica and Vitex negundo with 10 symptom use reports.
Reports of the past ethnobotanical uses justify potential as in COVID-19 treatment.
We
From the mentioned data, it is understood that men are more affected comparatively than women with COVID-19. Several studies describe similar findings consistent with us (Bischof et al., 2020; Dehingia and Raj, 2021; Garima et al., 2020; Griffith et al., 2020; Ortiz-Prado et al., 2021; Richardson et al., 2020) . These studies reported that men are at higher risk of infecting by COVID-19 than women. More men than women have died of COVID-19 Gebhard et al., 2020; . The overall COVID-19 case-fatality ratio is approximately 1.0-3.5 times higher among men than women and this risk increases with age and the simultaneous presence of two or more complex diseases in a patient. Griffith et al., (2020) have explained the possible causes are biological (immune responses, hormones, and genes; Males and females differ in both innate and adaptive immunity, hormones and genes and women generally respond stronger innate and adaptive immunity than men), psychological, behavioral, and social factors (Men are involved in more high-risk behaviors that make COVID-19 more likely to be infected, Men also tend to be less likely than women to wash their hands, social distance, wear masks, and seek medical help effectively and actively). Akiko Iwasaki, a professor of medicine, and associate research scientist Takehiro Takahashi at Yale University, USA (Takahashi et al., 2020) mentioned that sex biases in COVID-19 infection and women are generally respond with stronger innate and adaptive immunity than men. They explained that a larger volume of innate immune cytokines such as interleukin-8 (IL-8) and IL-18 and nonclassical monocytes were found in infected male COVID-19 patients (which is blamed for worsening conditions in COVID-19) than females, while female patients had more robust T cell activation than male patients and acquired immunity worked more actively in women.
Through our investigation, it appears that middle-aged (between 30-50 years old) adults (84.63%) are more likely to be infected with COVID-19 than older (above 50 years) adults
It was revealed in our study that a total of 26 medicinal plant species belonging to 23 genera and 17 different botanical families were traditionally used by the Bangladeshi people to prevent and manage the COVID-19 symptoms at home. A recent study (Khadka et al., 2021) found that a total of 60 plants belonging to 36 families were used by Nepali people to prevent COVID-19.
Another study (Chaachouay et al., 2021) found Nepali people whereas Eucalyptus globulus, followed by Azadiracta indica was the most mentioned species by Moroccan herbalists (Chaachouay et al., 2021) . Nguyen et al., (2021) reported that Zingiber officinale Rosc., Allium sativum L., and Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. were the most frequently used herbal remedies by Vietnamese adults. They used these herbal medicines to treat different COVID symptoms like sore throat, fever, cough, and nasal congestion.
The most frequently used plant parts aforementioned ethnobotanical studies conducted in
Bangladesh are somewhat varied with our results. Most of the previous ethnobotanical studies have stated that the leaves are the most used parts, but in this study, we found that fruits are the most used parts (39%) followed by leaves (29%) in the treatment of COVID-19 symptoms.
However, our findings are similar to some ethnobotanical studies (Baharvand- Ahmadi et al., 2016; Mussarat et al., 2014) where fruits are the most commonly used plant parts.
According to the respondents, the two most common methods of using these plants and plant-derived products were direct oral intake and the other was steam inhalation. Most of the respondents mentioned that when they faced symptoms of respiratory problems like difficulty in breathing or shortness of breath, they took steam inhalation through the nose and mouth, which were prepared by evaporating a variety of spicy plant ingredients in boiling water. Khadka et al., (2021) also mentioned that boiling different parts with hot water is the most common method of preparation. Steam inhalation has traditionally been used for decades as a home remedy for common colds and respiratory tract infection symptoms including fever, feeling unwell, feeling chilled, loss of appetite, headache, muscle aches, and pains (Brewster et al., 2020; Singh et al., 2017) . For example, Bay leaves (Cinnamomum tamala), Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum), cumin (Cuminum cyminum), black pepper (Piper nigrum), clove (Syzygium aromaticum), and cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) were boiled altogether in water and its vapor was steam inhaled through the nose and mouth at 3-4 times in a day. Some participants even mentioned that they drunk this mixed water directly in their mouths. Besides, for symptoms, such as sore throat, dry cough, loss of taste or smell, diarrhoea, fatigue, etc., the juice made from these plant remedies was taken orally singly or mixed with honey, tea, or vinegar. For example, basil leaf (Ocimum tenuiflorum) juice was taken directly in the mouth or mixed with honey to cure dry cough and sore throat. It may also be mentioned that the juice prepared from ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizome was mixed with honey and taken 4 times a day to cure voice loss symptoms. Besides, ginger rhizomes were also sliced into pieces and mixed with boiled green tea, and taken 5-8 times a day.
People from different marginalized and ethnic communities have been relying on traditional plant-based remedies for the treatment of various ailments from generation to generation. They treat various gastroenteritis and respiratory systems diseases that are closely related to COVID-19 symptoms such as fever or chills, cold, cough, flu, headache, diarrhoea, tiredness/fatigue, sore throat, loss of taste or smell, asthma, shortness of breath, or difficulty breathing, etc., using
Previously published research data obtained from pre-clinical and clinical studies (see Appendix C.) show that different extracts of the reported plant species in our study such as aqueous, ethanol, methanol, and other extracts of various plant parts as well as its bioactive compounds have proved its inhibitory activity against different types of RNA (ssRNA/dsRNA) and/or DNA (ssDNA/dsDNA) viruses that cause widespread infectious diseases including cold/flu and other respiratory infections including coronavirus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus Keyaerts et al., 2007; , influenza & parainfluenza , procine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus , rhinovirus , In an in vitro study, reported that tea polyphenols EGCG and theaflavin exhibited inhibitory action against the SARS-CoV-2 3CL-protease in a dosedependent manner with the IC 50 values of 7.58 μg/ml and 8.44 μg/ml for EGCG and theaflavin, respectively. They did not find any cytotoxicity on HEK293T cells by both EGCG and theaflavin at the concentrations tested up to 40 μg/ml.
Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is another important and potential antiviral candidate. Many pre-clinical and clinical investigations (Keyaerts et al., 2007; revealed the antiviral activity of fresh garlic extract and its organosulfur compounds (OSCs) against a variety of viruses, especially positive and negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses. The OSCs namely allicin and its derivatives (alliin, diallyl sulfide (DAS), diallyl disulfide (Garlicin), methyl allyl thiosulfinate) derived from garlic are mainly responsible for their antiviral properties (Khubber et al., 2020; Rouf et al., 2020; . Also, a non-organosulfur proteinous compound namely lectin derived from garlic has been reported antiviral activity against SARS-CoV via inhibition of early viral attachment (Keyaerts et al., 2007) .
Many in vitro studies provide anti-viral evidence that juice extract , polyphenols , ellagitannins, punicalagin, punicalin and ellagic acid derived from pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) can attenuate various types of ssRNA/dsRNA and ssDNA/dsDNA viral infections by blocking the HCV NS3/4A protease activity and blocking CD4 and coreceptors CXCR4/CCR5 binding ability of HIV-1 (Neurath et al., 2004) . extract. EGYVIR is reported as a potent immunomodulatory herbal extract that has promising antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2.
All but 3 plant species reported in our study namely Citrus aurantiaca, Cinnamomum tamala,
and Elettaria cardamomum exhibited antiviral activity against several RNA (ssRNA/dsRNA) and DNA (ssDNA/dsDNA) viruses. This report cannot be assumed that these 3 species do not have any antiviral activity, but that there is no research report on any type of antiviral activity that has been found in these 3 species. It may be that antiviral activity research for these 3 species has not been evaluated until now.
Pneumonia (inflammation of lungs) and asthma are the key pathophysiological features of COVID-19 patients where immunity, inflammation, and oxidation processes are involved (Danzi et al., 2020) . Studies on SARS-CoV and COVID-19 have shown that immune system weakness is one of the main reasons for the incidence of COVID-19 complications such as pneumonia and mortality in infected patients (Curbelo et al., 2017; Prompetchara et al., 2020; Taghizadeh-Hesary and Akbari, 2020) . Researchers suggest that improving the immune systems response may be effective in reducing the incidence of pneumonia and that reducing inflammation may be effective in decreasing mortality rates from pneumonia. Besides, asthma is a complex chronic respiratory disease (CRD) connected with several inflammatory cells and proteins that comprise inflammatory eosinophils, hypersecretion of mucus, and airway hyperresponsiveness which finally creates breathing difficulty by triggering wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath (de Tattersfield et al., 2002) .
Analysis of published reports on the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of plants recorded in this study shows that almost all plant species have beneficial effects on boosting the immune system and reducing inflammation. Many in vitro and in vivo experimental evidence (Gholamnezhad et al., 2015; Majdalawieh and Fayyad, 2015) revealed that Nigella sativa and its major active ingredient thymoquinone have an inherent potent ability to modulate inflammation, cellular and humoral adaptive immune responses. Gholamnezhad et al., (2015) summarized the basic and clinical evidence of anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory aspects of N. sativa and its constituents on preventive and relieving bronchodilatory effects on obstructive respiratory diseases such as asthma, bronchiectasis, bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Boskabady et al., (2010 Boskabady et al., ( & 2007 reported that N. sativa and its active ingredient have a potent antiasthmatic effect on asthmatic airways. Heo et al., Cinnamaldehyde, a bioactive compound isolated from Cinnamomum verum showed antiinflammatory activity by reducing allergic symptoms in the allergic rhinitis (AR) rat model . AR is a risk factor for the development of asthma that occurs in individuals and is related to inflammation of the upper respiratory tract (Yawn, 2008) . Moreover, mentioned that cinnamaldehyde reduced vascular congestion along with plasma cell, eosinophil, as well as inflammatory cell infiltration into the lamina propria.
Two alkaloid compounds namely synephrine and stachydrine from Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (PCR, Citrus reticulata) have shown anti-asthmatic activity in vitro Fig.11 . and Appendix D.).
According to the majority of respondents who participated in this study, they relied more on plants and plant-derived traditional home remedies (HMBHR) than on hospital-based allopathic treatments for COVID-19 management. In some cases, they even put plant-based traditional home remedies on top. They cited the lack of adequate COVID-19 specialized hospitals, the deficit of adequate intensive care unit (ICU) beds and ventilation systems in hospitals, and, above all, the absence of effective drugs for COVID-19 treatment; and which has increased their reliance on plant-based traditional remedies and preferred treatment at home. An example is a 37-years-old employed woman who was diagnosed with other diseases including diabetes and was hospitalized with COVID-19 left the hospital and returned home and started receiving plantbased remedies at home as her condition continued to deteriorate in the hospital due to the adverse environment. She was then gradually recovered from COVID-19. She mentioned that the steam inhalation of hot water with basil leaves made her feel much more comfortable than the nebulizer in times of shortness of breath and/or difficulty breathing. She, therefore, believes that plant-based home remedies have healed her.
This study encompassed some limitations due to the COVID-19 pandemic situation. First, it was not possible to conduct face-to-face interviews with most respondents. Second, since most of the plants and plant-derived products used in COVID-19 treatment were collected from local marketplaces and some plants are not native to Bangladesh. Thus, herbarium sheets and/or voucher specimens of all the plants cannot be prepared and stored except for a few. However, these limitations can be overcome in future research by taking some specific steps. Firstly, faceto-face interviews with respondents can be conducted using Zoom and other conventional video conferencing platforms subject to easy availability. In addition, they can be interviewed face-toface, ensuring proper health safety and rules and maintaining social distance. Samples of plant products can be collected from the local market and preserved in fluid preservatives following standard laboratory methods instead of preparing herbarium sheets.
The present study reveals that the Therefore we recommend that patients with mild symptoms of COVID-19 can easily use plantbased traditional therapies that could reduce the overall risk of COVID-19 such as morbidity and mortality.
All the data related to this article exist in the main body of the article and as an appendix in the supplementary material.
A T M RI: Conceived the idea, collected primary and secondary data, wrote the primary manuscript, analyzed data, and supervised the whole work.
Collected primary and secondary data, complied literature sources, reviewed and revised the primary manuscript.
Reviewed and revised the primary manuscript, modified and improved the final version of the manuscript.
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Skin diseases/fever/cough diarrhoea/body pain/ respiratory disorders/ fatigue/thirsts/loss of appetite/asthma/pain in joint.
11 (Chowdhury and Koike, 2010; Islam et al., 2014; Kadir et al., 2012; Kona and Rahman, 2016; Parvez Rana et al., 2010; Rahman and Keya, 2015; Rahman et al., 2011; Rahmatullah et al., 2010 Rahmatullah et al., , 2009a Uddin et al., , 2006
Asthma/bronchitis/pneumoni a/cold/cough/mucus/influenz a/tonsillitis/sore throat/fever/bronchitis/flue/c hest pain/skin diseases /headache/diarrhoea.
( Azam et al., 2013; Bhowmik et al., 2015; Biswas et al., 2010; Chowdhury and Koike, 2010; Das et al., 2013b Das et al., , 2013a Faruque et al., 2019; Islam et al., 2014; Khan et al., , 2012 Kona and Rahman, 2016; Parvez Rana et al., 2010; Rahman et al., 2013 Rahman et al., , 2011 Rahmatullah et al., 2009a Rahmatullah et al., , 2009c Rahmatullah et al., , 2009b Rahmatullah et al., , 2009d Tumpa et al., 2014; Uddin et al., , 2006
Loss of appetite/asthama/bronchitis/s kin diseases /sore throat/skin diseases/diarrhoea/headache/ cold/cough/eczema/to increase taste/appetizer. 13 (Khan et al., 2012; Nahar et al., 2013; Rahman et al., 2013 Rahman et al., , 2011 Rahman, 2013; Rahmatullah et al., 2009c; Uddin et al., , 2006 ) (Ahmad et al., 201 Yabesh et al., 2014 Savithram and Ayyanar, 2015) Piper nigrum Fever/mucus/body ache/ dry cough/skin disease 5 (Nahar et al., 2013;
Headache/sore throats/voice loss/cough/loss of appetite/bronchitis/asthma/co ld/fever/ailments/flue/respira tory disorder.
12 (Faruque et al., 2019; Khan et al., , 2012 Kona and Rahman, 2016; Rahman and Keya, 2015; Rahman, 2013; Rahmatullah et al., 2009a; Tumpa et al., 2014; (Ahmad et al., 2018 Napagoda et al., Savithramma et al., Table 2 Published reports (data generated from previously published articles) on the antiviral activity of the studied plant species
Due to the lack of adequate facilities such as the ICU bed crisis in the hospitals of Bangladesh for COVID-19 treatment, the use of plants and plant-derived products as traditional remedies at home might reduce morbidity and mortality. Our survey results suggest that Camellia sinensis, Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale, Nigella sativa, Punica granatum, Azadiracta indica, and Ocimum tenuiflorum might be a potential and promising candidate for searching drugs in the treatment of COVID-19.
Previous ethnomedicinal reports on the reported plants and plant-derived products used as traditional home remedies by Bangladeshi COVID-19 patients justify their potentiality as antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory therapeutics. Previous pharmacological evidence and ethnomedicinal reports supporting that plants and plant-derived products could reduce overall risks related to COVID-19.
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Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory action of Nigella sativa and thymoquinone: A comprehensive review
The Effect of Allium cepa Extract on Lung Oxidant, Antioxidant, and Immunological Biomarkers in Ovalbumin-Sensitized Rats
Ethnobotany-A manual of methods
Saving Lives, Buying Time: Economics of Malaria Drugs in an Age of Resistance
Virucidal Activity of Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized by Green Chemistry Using Garlic Extract
The effects of combination of Zingiber officinale and Echinacea on alleviation of clinical symptoms and hospitalization rate of suspected COVID-19 outpatients: a randomized controlled trial
Antiviral activity of green tea and black tea polyphenols in prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19: A review
Experimental studies on the effect of (Lambda-Cyhalothrin) insecticide on lungs and the ameliorating effect of plant extracts (Ginseng (Panax Ginseng) and garlic (Allium sativum L.) on asthma development in albino rats
A comparative analysis of medicinal plants used by folk medicinal healers in three districts of Bangladesh and inquiry as to mode of selection of medicinal plants
Age groups that sustain resurging COVID-19 epidemics in the United States
Pomegranate peel extract inhibits internalization and replication of the influenza virus: An in vitro study
Antiinfluenza virus activity and phenolic content of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Peel extract and fractions
Use of Ethnomedicinal Plants by the People Living around Indus River. Evidence-Based Complement
Punica granatum(Pomegranate) juice provides an HIV-1 entry inhibitor and candidate topical microbicide
Use of and attitudes towards herbal medicine during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study in Vietnam
Direct virucidal action against influenza virus of an extract of Punica granatum L (granada)
Age-specific mortality and immunity patterns of SARS-CoV-2
Potential therapeutic effect of Allium cepa L. and quercetin in a murine model of Blomia tropicalis induced asthma
Green tea catechins adsorbed on the murine pharyngeal mucosa reduce influenza A virus infection
Epidemiological, socio-demographic and clinical features of the early phase of the COVID-19 epidemic in Ecuador
Inhibitory potential of neem (Azadirachta indica Juss) leaves on Dengue virus type-2 replication
Extracts from the history and medical properties of garlic
Quantitative Ethnobotany and Amazonian Conservation
Lactic Acid Fermentation of Pomegranate Juice as a Tool to
Antiviral activities and cytotoxicity assay of seed extracts of Piper longum and Piper nigrum on human cell lines
Immune responses in COVID-19 and potential vaccines: Lessons learned from SARS and MERS epidemic
Inhibitory effect of the green tea molecule EGCG against dengue virus infection
COVID-19 Outbreak and Emerging Management through Pharmaceutical Therapeutic Strategy
Green Tea Catechin, Epigallocatechin Gallate, Suppresses Signaling by the dsRNA Innate Immune Receptor RIG-I
Small molecule inhibitors of HCV replication from Pomegranate
Consortium, and the N.C.-19 R., 2020. Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 in the New York City Area
The effect of combination of Zingeber and Althea officinalis extracts in acute bronchitis-induced cough
History's deadliest pandemics, from ancient Rome to modern America
EGYVIR: An immunomodulatory herbal extract with potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2
Antiviral potential of garlic (Allium sativum) and its organosulfur compounds: A systematic update of pre-clinical and clinical data
Effects of Ginger on the improvement of asthma
Inhibition of Murine Norovirus and Feline Calicivirus by Edible Herbal Extracts
Antiviral activity of herbal extracts against the hepatitis A virus
Therapeutic properties of Punica granatum L (pomegranate) and its applications in lung-based diseases: A detailed review
Persons with co-existing neurological disorders: Risk analysis, considerations and management in COVID-19 pandemic
Heated, humidified air for the common cold
Antiviral Potential of Spondias mombin L. Leaves Extract Against Herpes Simplex Virus Type-1 Replication Using In Vitro and In Silico Approaches
Antiviral effect of catechins in green tea on influenza virus
Antiviral activity of five Asian medicinal pant crude extracts against highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus. Asian Pac
Reassessing the Global Mortality Burden of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic
Influenza virus variation in susceptibility to inactivation by pomegranate polyphenols is determined by envelope glycoproteins
The powerful immune system against powerful COVID-19: A hypothesis
Cultural importance indices: A comparative analysis based on the useful wild plants of southern Cantabria (northern Spain)
Ethno-Medico-Botanical Study in Lawachara National Park
Determination of informant consensus factor of ethnomedicinal plants used in Kalenga forest
Identification of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate as a potential agent for blocking infection by grass carp reovirus
Allicin Alleviates Reticuloendotheliosis Virus-Induced Immunosuppression via ERK/Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway in Specific Pathogen-Free Chickens
Crude garlic extract significantly inhibits replication of grapevine viruses
Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Enhances Hepatitis C Virus Double-Stranded RNA Intermediates-Triggered Innate Immune Responses in Hepatocytes
The green tea catechin, epigallocatechin gallate inhibits chikungunya virus infection
In vitro virucidal effects of Allium sativum (garlic) extract and compounds
WHO global report on traditional and complementary medicine 2019
Genome Composition and Divergence of the Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Originating in China
In vitro Anti-Herpes Simplex Virus Activity of 1, 2, 4, 6-Tetra-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose from Phyllanthus emblica L.(Euphorbiaceae)
Insight into 2019 novel coronavirus -An updated interim review and lessons from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV
A natural theaflavins preparation inhibits HIV-1 infection by targeting the entry step: Potential applications for preventing HIV-1 infection
Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study
Comparison of in vitro antiviral activity of tea polyphenols against influenza A and B viruses and structure-activity relationship analysis
Importance of allergic rhinitis management in achieving asthma control: ARIA update
Garlic (Allium sativum) Extract Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Toll-Like Receptor
Medicinal Plants Used in Russia and Central Asia for the Treatment of Selected Skin Conditions
Medicinal plants traditionally used in the northwest of the Basque Country (Biscay and Alava), Iberian Peninsula
A comparative analysis of medicinal plants used by folk medicinal healers in three districts of Bangladesh and inquiry as to mode of selection of medicinal plants
An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by traditional healers in silent valley of Kerala, India
Medicinal plant diversity and local healthcare among the people living in and around a conservation area of Northern Bangladesh
Ethnomedicinal plants of the Rai Clan of the Tipra tribe of Sylhet district
An Ethnobotanical Study of the Medicinal Plants Used as Anti-Inflammatory Remedies in Gampaha District
Ethnobotany of medicinal plants used by the Zeliangrong ethnic group of Manipur, northeast India
Ethno-medicinal plants use by the Manipuri tribal community in Bangladesh
An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in pachamalai hills of Tamil Nadu
Ethnomedicinal plant use by Lepcha tribe of Dzongu valley, bordering Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve
Ethnobotanical study of the medicinal plants known by men in Ambalabe
Traditional medicinal plants used by local people at the village Sabgram under Sadar Upazila of Bogra district
Study of Medical Ethnobotany at the Village Genda under Savar Upazilla of District Dhaka
A Study on Exploration of Ethnobotanical Knowledge of Rural Community in Bangladesh: Basis for Biodiversity Conservation. ISRN Biodivers
Traditional knowledge and use of medicinal plants by the Patra tribe community in the North-Eastern region of Bangladesh
Ethnomedicinal survey of Bheramara area in Kushtia district
Medicinal plants and formulations used by the Soren clan of the Santal tribe in Rajshahi district, Bangladesh for treatment of various ailments
Ethnobotanical survey of the Santal tribe residing in Thakurgaon District
A survey of medicinal and functional food plants used by the folk medicinal practitioners of three villages in Sreepur Upazilla
An ethnobotanical survey and pharmacological evaluation of medicinal plants used by the Garo tribal community living in Netrakona district
A survey of medicinal plants in two areas of Dinajpur district, Bangladesh including plants which can be used as functional foods
Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by Ribeirinhos in the North Araguaia microregion
Ethnomedicinal plant resources of Mayurbhanj district
Plants used in ethnomedicinal practices in Gulnar district of Mersin
Ethnobotanical study on medicinal use of wild and cultivated plants in middle, south and west Bosnia and Herzegovina
Ethnobotanical survey of plants used to treat asthma in Andhra Pradesh
An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by ethnic people in West and South district of Tripura
Ethnomedicinal plants used to treat skin diseases by Tharu community of district
An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Palamalai region of Eastern Ghats
An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in sacred groves of Kumaon Himalaya
An ethnobotanical study of indigenous knowledge on medicinal plants used by the village peoples of Thoppampatti
Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the Kani tribes of Pechiparai Hills
An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in the Eastern Himalayan zone of Arunachal Pradesh
Ethnomedicinal uses of herbs by indigenous medicine practitioners of Jhenaidah district
Ethno-Medico-Botanical Study in Lawachara National Park
Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in Phulbari Upazila of Dinajpur District
Determination of informant consensus factor of ethnomedicinal plants used in Kalenga forest
Investigation of ethnomedicinal plants of Subarnachar in Noakhali
Plant biodiversity and ethnobotany inside the projected impact area of the Upper Seti Hydropower Project
Traditional knowledge of medicinal plants in Gindeberet district
Beneficial therapeutic effects of Nigella sativa and/or Zingiber officinale in HCV patients in Egypt
In vitro antiviral activity of clove and ginger aqueous extracts against feline calicivirus, a surrogate for human norovirus
Evaluation of the antiviral effects of aqueous extracts of red and yellow onions (Allium Cepa) against avian influenza virus subtype H9N2. Iran
Antiviral study on Punica granatum L., Momordica charantia L., Andrographis paniculata Nees, and Melia azedarach L., to Human Herpes Virus-3
Antiviral phytochemicals identification from Azadirachta indica leaves against HCV NS3 protease: an in silico approach
Antiviral activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and type 2 (HIV-2) of ethnobotanically selected Ethiopian medicinal plants
In vitro'antiviral activity of neem (Azadirachta indica. A. Juss) leaf extract against group B coxsackieviruses
Effects of Nigella sativa on outcome of hepatitis C in Egypt
Antiviral Activity of Essential Oils Against Hepatitis A Virus in Soft Fruits
In vitro and in vivo activity of eugenol on human herpesvirus
Vitro Synergistic Antiviral Activity of Black Tea Theaflavins and Acyclovir on Herpes Simplex Virus Types 1 and 2 in A549 Cells. Theses, Diss. Culminating Proj
Antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral effects of three essential oil blends
The green tea molecule EGCG inhibits Zika virus entry
Fresh ginger (Zingiber officinale) has anti-viral activity against human respiratory syncytial virus in human respiratory tract cell lines
Assessment of Anti-Influenza activity and hemagglutination inhibition of Plumbago indica and Allium sativum extracts
In vitro anti-adenoviral activity of five Allium plants
Chemical Constituents of Essential Oils Possessing Anti-Influenza A/WS/33 Virus Activity
Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate, a Histone Acetyltransferase Inhibitor, Inhibits EBV-Induced B Lymphocyte Transformation via Suppression of RelA Acetylation
Theaflavins, polyphenols of black tea, inhibit entry of hepatitis C virus in cell culture
The green tea polyphenol, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, inhibits hepatitis C virus entry
An in vitro study of theaflavins extracted from black tea to neutralize bovine rotavirus and bovine coronavirus infections
A Small Molecule Inhibits Virion Attachment to Heparan Sulfate-or Sialic Acid-Containing Glycans
Antiviral ellagitannins from Spondias mombin
Isolation of antirhinoviral sesquiterpenes from ginger (Zingiber officinale)
Antiviral activity of several Thai traditional herb extracts against fish pathogenic viruses
Efficacy of guava (Psidium guajava) extract against some fish and shrimp pathogenic agents, in: Diseases in Asian Aquaculture. III. Fish Health Section
In ovo evaluation of antiviral effects of aqueous garlic (Allium sativum) extract against a velogenic strain of Newcastle disease virus
ln vitro antioxidant and antiherpes activities of Cuminum cyminum seeds extract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase inhibitory activity of Phyllanthus emblica plant extract
Efficacy of Cinnamaldehyde Against Enteric Viruses and Its Activity After Incorporation Into Biodegradable Multilayer Systems of Interest in Food Packaging
Evaluation of antiviral potential of cinnamon essential oil and its derived benzimidazole against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
The in vitro antiviral property of Azadirachta indica polysaccharides for poliovirus
Assessment of antiherpetic activity of nonsulfated and sulfated polysaccharides from Azadirachta indica
Evaluation of biological activities of seeds of Coriandrum sativum
Multiple antiviral approaches of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection in vitro
Aqueous extracts from peppermint, sage and lemon balm leaves display potent anti-HIV-1 activity by increasing the virion density
Evaluation of antiviral activity of Ocimum sanctum and Acacia arabica leaves extracts against H9N2 virus using embryonated chicken egg model
Antiviral composition derived from allium CEPA and therapeutic use thereof
Antiviral activity of (E)-cinnamaldehyde revisited with nanoscience tools
Antiviral activities of Capsicum annuum methanolic extract against herpes simplex virus 1 and 2
Pomegranate (Punica granatum) purified polyphenol extract inhibits influenza virus and has a synergistic effect with oseltamivir
Garlic Organosulfur Compounds Reduce Inflammation and Oxidative Stress during Dengue Virus Infection
Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant Property, and Anti-influenza Viral Activity of Chinese Quince (Pseudocydonia sinensis Schneid.), Quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.), and Apple (Malus domestica Mill.) Fruits
Evaluation of Antiviral Activity of Allium Cepa and Allium Sativum Extracts Against Newcastle Disease Virus
Inhibitory effect of cinnamaldehyde, derived from Cinnamomi cortex, on the growth of influenza A/PR/8 virus in vitro and in vivo
Antiviral Effect of Epigallocatechin Gallate on Enterovirus 71
Potentiated virucidal activity of pomegranate rind extract (PRE) and punicalagin against Herpes simplex virus (HSV) when co-administered with zinc (II) ions, and antiviral activity of PRE against HSV and aciclovirresistant HSV
Inhibitory effects of Sudanese medicinal plant extracts on hepatitis C virus (HCV) protease
Macrophage-mediated inhibitory effect of Zingiber officinale Rosc, a traditional oriental herbal medicine, on the growth of influenza A/Aichi/2/68 virus
Assessment of potency of PC-complexed Ocimum sanctum methanol extract in embryonated eggs against Influenza virus (H1N1)
Tea Polyphenols EGCG and Theaflavin Inhibit the Activity of SARS-CoV-2 3CL-Protease In Vitro. Evidence-Based Complement
Anti-HBV active constituents from Piper longum
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibition by Vitex negundo L. leaf extract and quantification of flavonoids in relation to anti-HIV activity
In vitro anti-adenoviral activities of ethanol extract, fractions, and main phenolic compounds of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel
Anti-viral activity of Zingiber officinale (Ginger) ingredients against the Chikungunya virus
Guava flavonoid glycosides prevent influenza A virus infection via rescue of P53 activity
In-ovo antiviral effect of Nigella sativa extract against Newcastle Disease Virus in experimentally infected chicken embryonated eggs
Cytotoxic and antiviral activity of methanolic, ethanolic and acetate extracts of six varieties of Capsicum
Evaluation of in vitro antiviral activity of Vitex Negundo L
Biological characterization of eugeniin as an anti-herpes simplex virus type 1 compound in vitro and in vivo
Efficacy of traditional herbal medicines in combination with acyclovir against herpes simplex virus type 1 infection in vitro and in vivo
Anti-influenza virus activity of green tea by-products in vitro and efficacy against influenza virus infection in chickens
In vitro antiviral activity of fifteen plant extracts against avian infectious bronchitis virus
Antiviral Effect of Epigallocatechin Gallate via Impairing Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Attachment to Host Cell Receptor
In vitro antiviral, antiinflammatory, and antioxidant activities of the ethanol extract of Mentha piperita L
Antiviral activity of nobiletin against chikungunya virus in vitro
The Antiadenovirus Activities of Cinnamaldehyde In Vitro
Anti-Coxsackie Virus B3 Norsesquiterpenoids from the Roots of Phyllanthus emblica
Theaflavin derivatives in black tea and catechin derivatives in green tea inhibit HIV-1 entry by targeting gp41
Synergistic effects of combination treatment using EGCG and suramin against the chikungunya virus
Anti-hepatitis B virus activities and absolute configurations of sesquiterpenoid glycosides from Phyllanthus emblica
Anti-viral and cytotoxic norbisabolane sesquiterpenoid glycosides from Phyllanthus emblica and their absolute configurations
Anticancer Activity of Phyllanthus emblica Linn. (Indian Gooseberry): Inhibition of Transcription Factor AP-1 and HPV Gene Expression in Cervical Cancer Cells
Evaluation of antiviral activity of Azadirachta indica (Neem) bark extract against Newcastle disease virus
Antiviral and anti-proliferative in vitro activities of piperamides from black pepper
Antiviral Activity of Essential Oils and Acetone Extracts of Medicinal Plants Against Papaya Ring Spot Virus
Assessment of direct immunofluorescence assay in detection of antiviral effect of garlic extract on influenza virus
Antiviral activity of garlic extract on influenza virus
Virucidal Activity of Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized by Green Chemistry Using Garlic Extract
The inhibitory effect of essential oils on herpes simplex virus type-1 replication in vitro
Antiviral and antidermatophytic activity of a compound extracted from Cuminum cyminum seeds
Pomegranate peel extract inhibits internalization and replication of the influenza virus: An in vitro study
Antiinfluenza virus activity and phenolic content of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Peel extract and fractions
THE EFFECT OF CUMIN SEED EXTRACTS AGAINST HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE 1 IN VERO CELL CULTURE. Iran
Piperine, an alkaloid of black pepper seeds can effectively inhibit the antiviral enzymes of Dengue and Ebola viruses, an in silico molecular docking study
Antiviral effect of aqueous extracts from species of the Lamiaceae family against Herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in vitro
Direct virucidal action against influenza virus of an extract of Punica granatum L (granada)
Antiviral activity of green tea catechins against feline calicivirus as a surrogate for norovirus
Antiviral effect of theaflavins against caliciviruses
Inhibitory effect of Mentha Piperita extracts against herpes simplex virus isolated from eye infection
Nigella sativa concoction induced sustained seroreversion in HIV patient
Seronegative conversion of an HIV positive subject treated with Nigella sativa and honey
Green tea catechins adsorbed on the murine pharyngeal mucosa reduce influenza A virus infection
Selective inhibition of hepatitis c virus replication by Alpha-zam, a Nigella sativa seed formulation
Alternative Therapy for Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Patients Using Pineapple Juice
Inhibitory potential of neem (Azadirachta indica Juss) leaves on Dengue virus type-2 replication
Pathogenesis-related protein 10 isolated from hot pepper functions as a ribonuclease in an antiviral pathway
Antiviral activities and cytotoxicity assay of seed extracts of Piper longum and Piper nigrum on human cell lines
Inhibitory effect of the green tea molecule EGCG against dengue virus infection
Effect of green tea extract on enteric viruses and its application as natural sanitizer
Anti-Avian influenza virus H9N2 activity of aqueous extracts of Zingiber officinalis (Ginger) & Allium sativum (Garlic) in chick embryos
Small molecule inhibitors of HCV replication from Pomegranate
Chemical compositions, antiviral and antioxidant activities of seven essential oils
Devastating treatment against hiv/aids with capsaicin
EGYVIR: An immunomodulatory herbal extract with potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2
Inhibition of Dengue Virus Protease by Eugeniin, Isobiflorin, and Biflorin Isolated from the Flower Buds of Syzygium aromaticum (Cloves)
Protective effect of black seed oil from Nigella sativa against murine cytomegalovirus infection
Virucidal effect of peppermint oil on the enveloped viruses herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in vitro
Inhibition of Murine Norovirus and Feline Calicivirus by Edible Herbal Extracts
Comparison of the antiviral activity of flavonoids against murine norovirus and feline calicivirus
Antiviral activity of herbal extracts against the hepatitis A virus
The effect of Allium sativum (Garlic) extract on infectious bronchitis virus in specific pathogen free embryonic egg
Ocimum tenuiflorum possesses antiviral activity against bovine herpes virus-1
Antiviral activities of extracts and phenolic components of two Spondias species against dengue virus
Antiviral Potential of Spondias mombin L. Leaves Extract Against Herpes Simplex Virus Type-1 Replication Using In Vitro and In Silico Approaches
Antiviral effect of catechins in green tea on influenza virus
Antiviral activity of five Asian medicinal pant crude extracts against highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus. Asian Pac
Antiviral effects of Psidium guajava Linn. (guava) tea on the growth of clinical isolated H1N1 viruses: Its role in viral hemagglutination and neuraminidase inhibition
Time-dependent effects of pomegranate juice and pomegranate polyphenols on foodborne viral reduction
In vitro effects of pomegranate juice and pomegranate polyphenols on foodborne viral surrogates
Phenolic profiles, antioxidant activity and in vitro antiviral properties of apple pomace
Influenza virus variation in susceptibility to inactivation by pomegranate polyphenols is determined by envelope glycoproteins
Identification of the dietary supplement capsaicin as an inhibitor of Lassa virus entry
In vitro antiviral activity of neem (Azardirachta indica L.) bark extract against herpes simplex virus type-1 infection
In vitro and in silico anti-dengue activity of compounds obtained from Psidium guajava through bioprospecting
Anthemis hyalina (Ah) and Citrus sinensis (Cs) extracts on the replication of coronavirus and the expression of TRP genes family
Protective and antiviral activities of Nigella sativa against avian influenza (H9N2) in turkeys
Screening and characterization of antiviral compounds from Psidium guajava Linn. root bark against white spot syndrome virus
Vitro Antiviral Activity of Black Tea Polyphenols on Sindbis Virus in Vero Cells. Theses, Diss. Culminating Proj
In vitro antiviral activity of plant extracts against Infectious Bursal Disease Virus
Identification of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate as a potential agent for blocking infection by grass carp reovirus
Vitro and In Vivo Antiviral Activity of Gingerenone A on Influenza A Virus Is Mediated by Targeting Janus Kinase 2. Viruses
Allicin Alleviates Reticuloendotheliosis Virus-Induced Immunosuppression via ERK/Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway in Specific Pathogen-Free Chickens
Crude garlic extract significantly inhibits replication of grapevine viruses
The green tea catechin, epigallocatechin gallate inhibits chikungunya virus infection
In vitro virucidal effects of Allium sativum (garlic) extract and compounds
Clinical study on treatment of infantile rotaviral enteritis with Psidium guajava L. Zhongguo Zhong xi yi jie he za zhi Zhongguo Zhongxiyi jiehe zazhi=
Epigallocatechin gallate, the main polyphenol in green tea, binds to the T-cell receptor, CD4: Potential for HIV-1 therapy
In vitro Anti-Herpes Simplex Virus Activity of 1, 2, 4, 6-Tetra-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose from Phyllanthus emblica L.(Euphorbiaceae)
Tangeretin from Citrus reticulate Inhibits Respiratory Syncytial Virus Replication and Associated Inflammation in Vivo
Antiviral Activity of Polymethoxylated Flavones from "Guangchenpi", the Edible and Medicinal Pericarps of Citrus reticulata 'Chachi
Epigallocatechin gallate inhibits hepatitis B virus via farnesoid X receptor alpha
Antiviral activity and mode of action of extracts from neem seed kernel against duck plague virus in vitro1
Anti-HIV-1 activity of herbs in Labiatae
A natural theaflavins preparation inhibits HIV-1 infection by targeting the entry step: Potential applications for preventing HIV-1 infection
Comparison of in vitro antiviral activity of tea polyphenols against influenza A and B viruses and structure-activity relationship analysis
Water extract of Cinnamomum cassia Blume inhibited human respiratory syncytial virus by preventing viral attachment, internalization, and syncytium formation
Inhibitory effect of peppermint extracts and menthol against herpes simplex virus infection
Inhibitory Effect of Peppermint Extracts and Menthol against Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
Prophylactic treatment of cytomegalovirus infection with traditional herbs
Observations on the biological effects of black cumin seed (Nigella sativa) and green tea (Camellia sinensis)
Antiviral activity of tannin from the pericarp of Punica granatum L. against genital Herpes virus in vitro. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi= Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi=
Vitro Evaluation of the Antiviral Activity of the Synthetic Epigallocatechin Gallate Analog-Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) Palmitate against Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
A proprietary topical preparation containing EGCG-stearate and glycerin with inhibitory effects on herpes simplex virus: Case study
Thymoquinone Efficiently Inhibits the Survival of EBV-Infected B Cells and Alters EBV Gene Expression
The effects of rosemary (Rosemarinus afficinalis) and garlic (Allium sativum) essential oils on performance, hematological, biochemical and immunological parameters of broiler chickens. Br
Hepatoprotective, Antioxidant, and Ameliorative Effects of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and Vitamin E in Acetaminophen Treated Rats
Immunomodulatory effects of black seeds and garlic on alloxaninduced Diabetes in albino rat
Effects of dietary peppermint (Mentha piperita) on growth performance, chemical body composition and hematological and immune parameters of fry Caspian white fish (Rutilus frisii kutum)
Modulatory effects of dietary inclusion of garlic (Allium sativum) on gentamycin-induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats
Possible therapeutic uses of salvia triloba and piper nigrum in alzheimer's disease-induced rats
Punica granatum L. extracts inhibits IL-1β-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinases by inhibiting the activation of MAP kinases and NF-κB in human chondrocytes in vitro
Immunomodulation by Coriandrum sativum seeds (Coriander) and its ameliorative effect on lead-induced immunotoxicity in Nile tilapia
Effects of dietary Punica granatum L. by-products on performance, immunity, intestinal and fecal microbiology, and odorous gas emissions from excreta in broilers
Green synthesis and chemical characterization of gold nanoparticle synthesized using Camellia sinensis leaf aqueous extract for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia in comparison to daunorubicin in a leukemic mouse model
Ginger prevents Th2-mediated immune responses in a mouse model of airway inflammation
The inhibition of gastric mucosal injury by Punica granatum L. (pomegranate) methanolic extract
Melanogenesis inhibitory, anti-inflammatory, and chemopreventive effects of limonoids from the seeds of Azadirachta indicia A
Effect of Essential Oils from Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Rhizomes on Some Inflammatory Biomarkers in Cadmium Induced Neurotoxicity in Rats
Immunomodulatory effect of Nigella sativa seed extract in male rabbits treated with dexamethasone
Anti-nociceptive and antiinflammatory effects of an aqueous extract of blended leaves of Ocimum gratissimum and Psidium guajava
Novel Antiinflammatory Activity of Epoxyazadiradione against Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor: INHIBITION OF TAUTOMERASE AND PROINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITIES OF MACROPHAGE MIGRATION INHIBITORY FACTOR*
Anti-inflammatory effect of seeds and Callus of Nigella sativa L. extracts on mix glial cells with regard to their thymoquinone content
Aqueous extract of dried flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum inhibits inflammation and oxidative stress
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by Nigella sativa extract alleviates diabetic neuropathy through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects
Bioactivity-guided identification to delineate the immunomodulatory effects of methanolic extract of Nigella sativa seed on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells
Echinacea purpurea and Allium sativum as immunostimulants in fish culture using Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities of pomegranate (punica granatum) on eimeria papillata -induced infection in mice
Effect Of Acetone Soluble And Acetone Insoluble Fractions Of Allium Cepa On Some Animal Models Of Asthma
Anti-Inflammatory Properties and Chemical Characterization of the Essential Oils of Four Citrus Species
In vitro anti-hydatic and immunomodulatory effects of ginger and [6]-gingerol. Asian Pac
Anti-inflammatory procyanidins and triterpenes in 109 apple varieties
Effect of peppermint (Mentha piperita) powder on immune response of broiler chickens in heat stress
Effects of Peel Extract from Citrus reticulata and Hesperidin, A Citrus Flavonoid, on Macrophage Cell Line
Anti-inflammatory effect of resin fraction of cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. PharmaNutrition 10, 100165
Effect of green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract on healing process of surgical wounds in rat
Anti-inflammatory Activity of Ethanol Extract from Malacca Leaves (Phyllanthus emblica) in Carrageenan Induced Male Mice. E3S Web Conf
Immunostimulant effects of essential oils of peppermint and eucalyptus in chickens
Effect of black cumin seed oil (Nigella sativa) and nettle extract (Quercetin) on enhancement of immunity in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)
Efek imunomodulator ekstrak etanol kulit buah nanas (Ananas comosus l. Merr) terhadap mencit putih jantan dengan metode bersihan karbon (carbon clearance)
In vivo anxiolytic and in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of water-soluble extract (WSE) of Nigella sativa (L.) seeds
Clove and eugenol in noncytotoxic concentrations exert immunomodulatory/ anti-inflammatory action on cytokine production by murine macrophages
The Protective Effect of Aged Garlic Extract on Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug-Induced Gastric Inflammations in Male Albino Rats. Evidence-Based Complement
Impact of Cooking and Digestion
Immunomodulatory Efficacy of Phyllanthus Emblica and Costus Speciosus Aqueous Extracts for Immunosuppressive Rats
Social research 2.0: Virtual snowball sampling method using Facebook
Effects of Nigella sativa oil on Th1/Th2, cytokine balance, and improvement of asthma control in children
Protective effect of Mandarin (CITRUS RETICULATA) peel extract on potassium dichromate induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in rats
Antinociceptive and anti-edema properties of the ethyl acetate fraction obtained from extracts of Coriandrum sativum Linn. leaves
Assessment of antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anti-cholinesterase and cytotoxic activities of pomegranate (Punica granatum) leaves
Chemical composition and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferation activities of pomegranate (Punica granatum) flowers
Protective effects of Mentha piperita L. leaf essential oil against CCl4 induced hepatic oxidative damage and renal failure in rats
Protective effect of essential oil of Cinnamomum verum bark on hepatic and renal toxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats
Black tea theaflavins attenuate Porphyromonas gingivalis virulence properties, modulate gingival keratinocyte tight junction integrity and exert anti-inflammatory activity
Anti-inflammatory potential of ellagic acid, gallic acid and punicalagin A&B isolated from Punica granatum
Enhancement of immune responses to neem leaf extract (Azadirachta indica) correlates with antineoplastic activity in BALB/c-mice
Effect of cuminum cyminum L. Seed extracts on pain and inflammation
Identification of proapoptopic, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, anti-invasive and anti-angiogenic targets of essential oils in cardamom by dual reverse virtual screening and binding pose analysis
Immunopharmacological basis of the healing of indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal damage in rats by the constituents of Phyllanthus emblica
In vivo anti-inflammatory activity and chemical composition of Algerian pomegranate (Punica granatum L.)
Potential immunomodulation effect of the extract of Nigella sativa on ovalbumin sensitized guinea pigs
Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antibacterial activities of extracts from nigella sativa (black cumin) plant parts
Evaluation of gastroprotective and ulcer healing activities of yellow mombin juice from spondias mombin l
Piper Nigrum extract improves OVA-induced nasal epithelial barrier dysfunction via activating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling
The protective role of Piper nigrum fruit extract in an ovalbumin-induced allergic rhinitis by targeting of NFκBp65 and STAT3 signalings
Piper nigrum extract ameliorated allergic inflammation through inhibiting Th2/Th17 responses and mast cells activation
Src kinase is a direct target of apigenin against UVB-induced skin inflammation
Phytochemical study and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of Spondias mombin leaves
Immunomodulatory activity of Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Salvia officinalis L. and Syzygium aromaticum L. essential oils: evidence for humor-and cell-mediated responses
Flavonoid Fraction of Citrus Reticulata Juice Reduces Proliferation and Migration of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma Cells
Effects of Canned Pineapple Consumption on Nutritional Status, Immunomodulation, and Physical Health of Selected School Children
Immunostimulatory properties of fructans derived from raw garlic (Allium sativum L.)
Biphasic Effect of Phyllanthus emblica L. Extract on NSAID-Induced Ulcer: An Antioxidative Trail Weaved with Immunomodulatory Effect. Evidence-Based Complement
Evaluation of anti-inflammatory effects of green tea and black tea: A comparative in vitro study
Black tea (Camellia sinensis) decoction shows immunomodulatory properties on an experimental animal model and in human peripheral mononuclear cells
Anti-inflammatory activity of tea (Camellia sinensis) root extract
Vitex negundo inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 inflammatory cytokine-mediated inflammation on carrageenan-induced rat hind paw edema
Stimulatory effects of Cuminum cyminum and flavonoid glycoside on Cyclosporine-A and restraint stress induced immune-suppression in Swiss albino mice
Immunomodulation property of hexane fraction of leaves of Cinnamomum tamala Linn. in rats
Effect of hexane fraction of leaves of Cinnamomum tamala Linn on macrophage functions
Anti-inflammatory effects of the Nigella sativa seed extract, thymoquinone, in pancreatic cancer cells
Anti-Inflammatory Effects of a Polyphenols-Rich Extract from Tea (Camellia sinensis) Flowers in Acute and Chronic Mice Models
Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) stalk extracts: Comparison of pericarp and placenta extracts
Immunosuppressive Effects of A-Type Procyanidin Oligomers from Cinnamomum tamala. Evidence-Based Complement
Flavonoid composition of orange peel and its association with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities
Protective effects of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel and their bioactive compounds on oxidative stress
Preparation, characterization and in-vitro efficacy of quercetin loaded liquid crystalline nanoparticles for the treatment of asthma
Immunomodulatory activities of common vegetables and spices of Umbelliferae and its related coumarins and flavonoids
Syzygium aromaticum aqueous extract inhibits human neutrophils myeloperoxidase and protects mice from LPSinduced lung inflammation
Inhibitory effect of epigallocatechin from Camellia sinensis leaves against pro-inflammatory mediator release in macrophages
Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities in Relation to the Flavonoids Composition of Pepper (Capsicum annuum L
Punica granatum protects against oxidative stress in PC12 cells and oxidative stress-induced Alzheimer's symptoms in mice
Ocimum sanctum leaf extracts attenuate human monocytic (THP-1) cell activation
Apoptosis mediated leishmanicidal activity of Azadirachta indica bioactive fractions is accompanied by Th1 immunostimulatory potential and therapeutic cure in vivo
Leishmanicidal Activity of Piper nigrum Bioactive Fractions is Interceded via Apoptosis In Vitro and Substantiated by Th1 Immunostimulatory Potential In Vivo
Alpha-terpinyl acetate: A natural monoterpenoid from Elettaria cardamomum as multi-target directed ligand in Alzheimer's disease
Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of Camellia sinensis extract using protein denaturation assay
Antioxidant properties and in vitro immunomodulatory effects of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) Essential oils in human leukocytes
Potential anti-inflammatory effects of the hydrophilic fraction of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Seed oil on breast cancer cell lines
Combined extracts of Echinacea angustifolia DC. and Zingiber officinale Roscoe in softgel capsules: Pharmacokinetics and immunomodulatory effects assessed by gene expression profiling
Antiinflammatory activity of Phyllanthus emblica, Plumbago zeylanica and Cyperus rotundus in acute models of inflammation
Screening of immunomodulatory activity of total and protein extracts of some Moroccan medicinal plants
Inhibition of tumour growth and inflammation by consumption of tea
Effects of aqueous extract of Allium cepa (red onion) on ovalbumininduced allergic asthma in wistar rats
Quantification of polyphenols and evaluation of antimicrobial, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous and acetone-water extracts of Libidibia ferrea, Parapiptadenia rigida and Psidium guajava
Immunological and parasitological parameters in Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice treated with crude extract from the leaves of Mentha x piperita L
Ellagitannins of the fruit rind of pomegranate (Punica granatum) antagonize in vitro the host inflammatory response mechanisms involved in the onset of malaria
Guava pomace: A new source of anti-inflammatory and analgesic bioactives
Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of mature fresh leaves of Vitex negundo
In Vitro Studies on Phytochemical Content, Antioxidant, Anticancer, Immunomodulatory, and Antigenotoxic Activities of Lemon, Grapefruit, and Mandarin Citrus Peels
Immunomodulatory effects of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) constituents on macrophages: In vitro evaluations of aqueous and ethanolic components
The Effect of Coriander Ethanol Extract (Coriandrum sativum L.) Against Phagocytosis Activity and Capacity of the Macrophage Cells and the Percentage of Leukocyte Cells in White Male Mice
An Analysis of In Vitro Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Mucuna pruriens (Leaves) and Allium sativum (Bulbs)
The effect of black cumin seeds, Nigella sativa, on the immune response of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss
Efficient biogenesis of Cu2O nanoparticles using extract of Camellia sinensis leaf: Evaluation of catalytic, cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and anti-human ovarian cancer properties
Polymethoxyflavones in peel of Citrus reticulata 'Chachi' and their biological activities
Coffee with cinnamon -Impact of phytochemicals interactions on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory in vitro activity
Immunomodulatory and growth promoting effects of Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves infusion in broiler chicks
A study of the anti-inflammatory effect of the leaves of Psidium guajava Linn. on experimental animal models
The anti-inflammatory activity of nigella sativa balm sticks
Effects of Dendrobii herba and Punica granatum Extract on the Anti-oxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-wrinkle and Whitening
Gastroprotective activity of Nigella sativa oil and its constituent, thymoquinone, against gastric mucosal injury induced by ischaemia/reperfusion in rats
Chemical composition and anti-inflammatory activity of the essential oils of Psidium guajava fruits and leaves
Immunomodulatory and Antioxidant Protective Effect of Zingiber officinale, in Lead Intoxicated Rat
Immunomodulatory Effect of Red Onion (Allium cepa Linn) Scale Extract on Experimentally Induced Atypical Prostatic Hyperplasia in Wistar Rats
Amelioration of DENA-induced oxidative stress in rat kidney and brain by the essential oil of Elettaria cardamomum. Beni-Suef Univ
Chemoprotective Effect of Elettaria Cardamomum against Chemically induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Rats by Inhibiting NF-κB, Oxidative Stress, and Activity of Ornithine Decarboxylase
Immunomodulation of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, by Nigella sativa and Bacillus subtilis
Nigella sativa seed extract: 1. Enhancement of sheep macrophage immune functions in vitro
Bromelain Modulates T Cell and B Cell Immune Responses in Vitro and in Vivo
The hidden mechanism beyond ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) potent in vivo and in vitro antiinflammatory activity
Effect of pomegranate (Punica granatum) juice intake on hepatic oxidative stress
Psidium guajava leaf extracts fed to mono-sex Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus enhance immune response against Pseudomonas fluorescens
Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences Evaluation of the composition and in vitro antimicrobial , antioxidant , and anti-inflammatory activities of Cilantro ( Coriandrum sativum L . leaves ) cultivated in Saudi Arabia
Anti-asthmatic activity of alkaloid compounds from Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae
Antiinflammatory effects of the essential oils of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in experimental rheumatoid arthritis
Anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extract of Cinnamomum tamala leaves by in vivo and in vitro methods
Immunomodulatory effect of rutin, catechin, and hesperidin on macrophage function
Immunomodulatory effects of agents of plant origin
Immunocontraceptive activity guided fractionation and characterization of active constituents of neem (Azadirachta indica) seed extracts
An investigation of the analgesic and antiinflammatory effects of Nigella sativa seed polyphenols
Immunomodulatory effect of concentrated lime juice extract on activated human mononuclear cells
Effect of Nigella sativa on immune response in treadmill exercised rat
Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory aspects of Nigella sativa for its preventive and bronchodilatory effects on obstructive respiratory diseases: A review of basic and clinical evidence
Immunomodulatory and cytotoxic effects of Nigella sativa and thymoquinone on rat splenocytes
Potential of Moringa oleifera root and Citrus sinensis fruit rind extracts in the treatment of ulcerative colitis in mice
The Effects of Allium Cepa Extract on Tracheal Responsiveness, Lung Inflammatory Cells and Phospholipase A2 Level in Asthmatic Rats
A mechanistic approach to HPLC analysis, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and postoperative analgesic activities of panch phoron in mice
Effect of guava leaves on the growth performance and cytokine gene expression of Labeo rohita and its susceptibility to Aeromonas hydrophila infection
Oreochromis mossambicus diet supplementation with Psidium guajava leaf extracts enhance growth, immune, antioxidant response and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila
Immunomodulating property of Ocimum sanctum by regulating the IL-2 production and its mRNA expression using rat's splenocytes. Asian Pac
Anti-inflammatory effect of Emblica officinalis in rodent models of acute and chronic inflammation: Involvement of possible mechanisms
Black tea (Camellia sinensis) extract as an immunomodulator against immunocompetent and immunodeficient experimental rodents
Antitumor and immunomodulating potential of Coriandrum sativum
NF-κBdependent anti-inflammatory activity of urolithins, gut microbiota ellagic acid-derived metabolites, in human colonic fibroblasts
Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of a pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) extract rich in ellagitannins
Antioxidant and Immune Effects of Water Soluble Polysaccharides Isolated from Cinnamomum verum Bark
Immunomodulatory activity of Punica granatum in rabbits-a preliminary study
Antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects of Ocimum sanctum (Shyama Tulsi) against infectious bursal disease virus infection in chickens as model
Inhibitory effect of aqueous extract of Cuminum cyminum L. seed on degranulation of RBL-2H3 cells and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction in mice
Effects of Nigella sativa oil extract on inflammatory cytokine response and oxidative stress status in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial
The effects of powdered ginger (Zingiber officinale) on the haematological and immunological parameters of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss
Black Cumin Seed Essential Oil, as a Potent Analgesic and Antiinflammatory Drug
Assessment of immunomodulatory effects of black cumin seed (Nigella sativa) extract on macrophage activity in vitro
Cinnamaldehyde is an effective anti-inflammatory agent for treatment of allergic rhinitis in a rat model
Immunomodulatory effects of dietary Allium cepa in chicken after immunization
Immunomodulatory effect of Nigella sativa proteins fractionated by ion exchange chromatography
Immunostimulatory effect of standardised alcoholic extract of green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) against cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in murine model
Immunomodulatory effects of selected Malaysian plants on the CD18/11a expression and phagocytosis activities of leukocytes
Anti-inflammatory effects of water extract from bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. grossum) leaves in vitro
An aqueous extract of green tea Camellia sinensis increases expression of Th1 cell-specific anti-asthmatic markers
Antioxidant, Antinociceptive, and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Carotenoids Extracted from Dried Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
Investigation of heat treating conditions for enhancing the antiinflammatory activity of citrus fruit (Citrus reticulata) peels
Allium sativum (garlic) suppresses leukocyte inflammatory cytokine production in vitro: potential therapeutic use in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease
Anti-inflammatory effects of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) husk ellagitannins in Caco-2 cells, an in vitro model of human intestine
Enrichment of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings diet with Psidium guajava: The effects on cutaneous mucosal and serum immune parameters and immune related genes expression
Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of Cinnamomum tamala (buch.-ham.) leaves growing in Bangladesh
Anti-inflammatory activity of Punica granatum L. (Pomegranate) rind extracts applied topically to ex vivo skin
Inhibitory effects of black tea theaflavin derivatives on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced inflammation and arachidonic acid metabolism in mouse ears
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate exhibits immunomodulatory effects in human primary T cells
Polymethoxy flavones are responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity of citrus fruit peel
Eugenol enhances the chemotherapeutic potential of gemcitabine and induces anticarcinogenic and anti-inflammatory activity in human cervical cancer cells
Inhibitory effects of l-theanine on airway inflammation in ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma
Biochemical characterization, anti-inflammatory properties and ulcerogenic traits of some cold-pressed oils in experimental animals
Nigella sativa as an antiinflammatory agent in asthma
Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of Azadirachta indica fruit skin extract and its isolated constituent azadiradione
RP-HPLC Estimation of Flavonol Derivatives and Phenolic Acids in Capsicum annuum L. and their Correlation with In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity
Potential Adjuvant Effects of Nigella sativa Seeds to Improve Specific Immunotherapy in Allergic Rhinitis Patients
Safety and antiulcerogenic activity of a novel polyphenol-rich extract of clove buds (Syzygium aromaticum L)
Rationale for immunomodulatory and antiinflammatory effects of Ocimum sanctum: radical scavenging potential and effect on nitric oxide production
Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the water extract from the fruit of Phyllanthus emblica Linn
Gastroprotective effect of cardamom, Elettaria cardamomum Maton. fruits in rats
Capsicum annuum L. methanolic extract inhibits ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation and oxidative stress in a mouse model of asthma
Improvement in the anti-inflammatory activity of guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaf extracts through optimization of extraction conditions
Surveillance of Invitro Antioxidant and Anthelmintic Activity of Methanolic Extract of Syzygium Cumini Bark ( Myrtaceae ) * Correspondence Info
Immunomodulatory activity of aqueous extract of Ocimum sanctum in rat
Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory and Antinociceptive Properties of Black Pepper Essential Oil (Piper nigrum Linn)
Screening of phytochemicals and immuneomodulatory potential of amedicinal plant, Cinnamomum tamala
Optimization of trypsin extraction technology of Allium cepa L. polysaccharide by response surface methodology and the antitumor effects through immunomodulation
Anti-inflammatory Activity of Rhamnetin and a model of its binding to c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase 1 and p38 MAPK
Fresh organically grown ginger (Zingiber officinale): Composition and effects on LPSinduced PGE2 production
Evaluation of antioxidant, antitumor and immunomodulatory properties of polysaccharide isolated from fruit rind of Punica granatum
Suppressive effects of nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression by Citrus reticulata extract in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells
Screening of indigenous Palestinian medicinal plants for potential anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activity
Coriandrum sativum improve neuronal function via inhibition of oxidative/nitrosative stress and TNF-α in diabetic neuropathic rats
Effect of psidium guajava and phyllanthus acidus leaf extract on immunostimulant response of nile tilapia against streptococcus agalactiae infection
Neuroprotective effect of Azadirachta indica standardized extract in partial sciatic nerve injury in rats: Evidence from antiinflammatory, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic studies
Anti-inflammatory effect of onion (Allium cepa) peel hot water extract in vitro and in vivo
Atypical nitrogen-containing flavonoid in the fruits of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) with anti-inflammatory activity
Anti-inflammatory evaluation and characterization of leaf extract of Ananas comosus
Vitex negundo L. leaf extract inhibits IL-6 and TNF-α secretion and phagocytosis in human leukocytes
Skin photoprotection by green tea: antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects
Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory and Antimicrobial Activity of Nigella sativa L. Essential Oil
Cardamom supplementation improves inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in hyperlipidemic, overweight, and obese pre-diabetic women: a randomized double-blind clinical trial
Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Modulates Cytokine Expression in Lipopolysaccharide-Activated Human Blood Thereby Inhibiting NF-κB Activity
Bioactive chromone constituents from Vitex negundo alleviate pain and inflammation
Zingiber officinale ameliorates allergic asthma via suppression of Th2-mediated immune response
Psidium guajava Linn leaf ethanolic extract: In vivo giardicidal potential with ultrastructural damage, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects
Immunomodulatory Effect of Nigella sativa Oil on T Lymphocytes in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Comparison of anti-inflammatory mechanisms of mango (Mangifera Indica L.) and pomegranate (Punica Granatum L.) in a preclinical model of colitis
Citrus Reticulata blanco induces apoptosis in human gastric cancer cells SNU-668
Immunomodulatory effects of Zingiber officinale in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppress mice
Antinociceptive and antineuropathic effects of cuminaldehyde, the major constituent of Cuminum cyminum seeds: Possible mechanisms of action: Antinociceptive and antineuropathic effects of cuminaldehyde
Comparative immunomodulatory activity of Nigella sativa L. preparations on proinflammatory mediators: A focus on asthma
Immunomodulatory Activity of a Traditional Sri Lankan Concoction of Coriandrum sativum L. and Coscinium fenestratum G. Evidence-Based Complement
Effect of supplementing pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel extract on serum biochemical parameters and immune response in broilers during summer
Antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory and adenosine deaminaselowering effects of garlic in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with obesity
Structural analyses and immunomodulatory properties of fructo-oligosaccharides from onion (Allium cepa)
Immunomodulatory effects of EGCG fraction of green tea extract in innate and adaptive immunity via T regulatory cells in murine model
Antihydatic and immunomodulatory effects of Punica granatum peel aqueous extract in a murine model of echinococcosis. Asian Pac
Antioxidant, genoprotective and immunomodulatory potential of Vitex negundo leaves in experimental arthritis
In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of carvacrol: Inhibitory effect on COX-2 catalyzed prostaglandin E2 biosynthesisb
Evaluation of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities of seed extracts from six Nigella species
The effect of extracts from ginger rhizome on inflammatory mediator production
Chemical composition and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of apple phenolic extracts and of their sub-fractions
Anti-inflammatory effects of Punica granatum Linne in vitro and in vivo
Anti-inflammatory activity of sulfur-containing compounds from garlic
Antiinflammatory effect of malus domestica cv. Green ball apple peel extract on raw 264.7 macrophages
Protective effects of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) leaf extract against cigarette smoke-and lipopolysaccharideinduced pulmonary inflammation
Effects of dietary mixture of garlic (Allium sativum), coriander (Coriandrum sativum) and probiotics on immune responses and caecal counts in young laying hens
Effect of Dietary Curcuma, Capsicum, and Lentinus on Enhancing Local Immunity against Eimeria acervulina Infection
Antioxidant and Antiinflammatory Properties of Raw and Processed Fruits and Vegetables
Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of quercetin and its derivatives
Regulatory T cells and anti-inflammatory cytokine profile of mice fed a high-fat diet after single-bulb garlic (Allium sativum L.) oil treatment
Effects of heat treatment on the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of orange by-products
Isolation of quinone reductase (QR) inducing agents from ginger rhizome and their in vitro anti-inflammatory activity
Comparison of immunomodulatory effects of fresh garlic and black garlic polysaccharides on RAW 264.7 macrophages
Anti-inflammatory ursane-and oleanane-type triterpenoids from vitex negundo var. cannabifolia
Formulated extract from multiple citrus peels impairs dendritic cell functions and attenuates allergic contact hypersensitivity
HPLC fingerprint analysis of Phyllanthus emblica ethanol extract and their antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties
Bioactivity-guided isolation of anti-inflammatory components from Phyllanthus emblica
In vitro antiviral, antiinflammatory, and antioxidant activities of the ethanol extract of Mentha piperita L
Syzygium aromaticum
Shegan-Mahuang Decoction ameliorates asthmatic airway hyperresponsiveness by downregulating Th2/Th17 cells but upregulating CD4+FoxP3+ Tregs
Characterization of guava (Psidium guajava Linn) seed polysaccharides with an immunomodulatory activity
Protective effects of standardized pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) polyphenolic extract in ultraviolet-irradiated human skin fibroblasts
Immunomodulatory and anticancer activities of phenolics from emblica fruit (Phyllanthus emblica L.)
Camellia sinensis and litsea coreana ameliorate intestinal inflammation and modulate gut microbiota in dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis mice
Studies on anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antipyretic activities of ethanol extract of Azadirachta indica leaves
Immunomodulatory and antioxidant activity of pomegranate juice incorporated with spirulina and echinacea extracts sweetened by stevioside
In vitro investigation of the potential immunomodulatory and anti-cancer activities of black pepper (Piper nigrum) and cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum)
Nigella sativa modulates splenocyte proliferation, Th1/Th2 cytokine profile, macrophage function and NK anti-tumor activity
The anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory effects of Benjakul extract (a Thai traditional medicine), its constituent plants and its some pure constituents using in vitro experiments
Garlic increases IL-10 and inhibits TNFα and IL-6 production in endotoxin-stimulated human placental explants
Effect of combination of Phyllanthus emblica, Tinospora cordifolia, and Ocimum sanctum on spatial learning and memory in rats
Evaluation of Ocimum tenuiflorum and Syzygium aromaticum phenolic ethereal oils for In-vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial activities
The Effect of Allium cepa Extract on Lung Oxidant, Antioxidant, and Immunological Biomarkers in Ovalbumin-Sensitized Rats
Intestinal anti-inflammatory activity of ellagic acid in the acute and chronic dextrane sulfate sodium models of mice colitis
Partial purification and evaluation of bromelain from pineapple stem (Ananas comosus) in cream based preparation and its in vitro anti-inflammatory activity
Legionella pneumophila Replication in Macrophages Inhibited by Selective Immunomodulatory Effects on Cytokine Formation by Epigallocatechin Gallate, a Major Form of Tea Catechins
Evaluation of immunomodulatory potential of Ocimum sanctum seed oil and its possible mechanism of action
Antischistosomal and anti-inflammatory activity of garlic and allicin compared with that of praziquantel in vivo
Effect of Allium cepa and Allium sativum on some immunological cells in rats
Comparison of in vivo toxicity, antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities of coconut, nipah and pineapple juice vinegars
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract affects growth performance, body composition, haematology, serum and mucosal immune parameters in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)
Experimental studies on the effect of (Lambda-Cyhalothrin) insecticide on lungs and the ameliorating effect of plant extracts (Ginseng (Panax Ginseng) and garlic (Allium sativum L.) on asthma development in albino rats
Double-blinded randomized controlled trial for immunomodulatory effects of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum Linn.) leaf extract on healthy volunteers
Immunostimulating activity of a crude polysaccharide derived from green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract
Optimization and Characterization of Thymoquinone-Loaded Liposomes with Enhanced Topical Anti-inflammatory Activity
Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of green tea (Camellia sinensis) in mice
Anti-inflammatory activity of extracts from fruits, herbs and spices
Immunotherapeutic potential of Ocimum sanctum (L) in bovine subclinical mastitis
Trikatu, an herbal compound as immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory agent in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis -An experimental study
Dietary effects of Coriandrum sativum extract on growth performance, physiological and innate immune responses and resistance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) against Yersinia ruckeri
Presentation of Antibacterial and Therapeutic Antiinflammatory Potentials to Hydroxyapatite via Biomimetic With Azadirachta indica: An in vitro Anti-inflammatory Assessment in Contradiction of LPS-Induced Stress in RAW 264
Anti-granuloma activity of Coriandrum sativum in experimental models
Effect of Nigella sativa Oil in a Rat Model of Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis
The effect of garlic (Allium sativum) on growth and immune responses of hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus x Oreochromis aureus)
Chemical composition, in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of essential oils of four dietary and medicinal plants from Cameroon
Alkaloids from Piper nigrum Exhibit Antiinflammatory Activity via Activating the Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway
Single or Combined Dietary Supply of Psidium guajava and Phyllanthus amarus Extracts Differentially Modulate Immune Responses and Liver Proteome in Striped Catfish
Immunomodulatory potential of extracts, fractions and pure compounds from Phyllanthus amarus and Psidium guajava on striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) head kidney leukocytes
Inhibitory effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) essential oil on leukocyte migration in vivo and in vitro
The leaf extract of Spondias mombin L. displays an anti-inflammatory effect and suppresses inducible formation of tumor necrosis factor-α and nitric oxide (NO)
Pinellia ternata, Citrus reticulata, and Their Combinational Prescription Inhibit Eosinophil Infiltration and Airway Hyperresponsiveness by Suppressing CCR3+ and Th2 Cytokines Production in the Ovalbumin-Induced Asthma Model
Potential therapeutic effect of Allium cepa L. and quercetin in a murine model of Blomia tropicalis induced asthma
Effects of Phenolic-Rich Onion (Allium cepa L.) Extract on the Growth Performance, Behavior, Intestinal Histology, Amino Acid Digestibility, Antioxidant Activity, and the Immune Status of Broiler Chickens
Effect of guava Psidium guajava (L.) aqueous extract diet on growth performance, intestinal morphology, immune response and survival of Oreochromis niloticus challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila
Diallyl polysulfides from Allium sativum as immunomodulators, hepatoprotectors, and antimycobacterial agents
Phoenix dactylifera, mentha piperita and montanide TM ISA-201 as immunological adjuvants in a chicken model
Antifungal Activity of Syzygium aromaticum (Dianthus) against toxigenic Rhizopus stolonifera and its immunomodulatory effects in aflatoxin-fed mice
Comparative study of the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of two varieties of Punica granatum
Anti-inflammatory effects of methyl ursolate obtained from a chemically derived crude extract of apple peels: Potential use in rheumatoid arthritis
Dietary peppermint (Mentha piperita) powder affects growth performance, hematological indices, skin mucosal immune parameters, and expression of growth and stress-related genes in Caspian roach (Rutilus caspicus)
Protective effect of Tinospora cordifolia, Phyllanthus emblica and their combination against antitubercular drugs induced hepatic damage: an experimental study
Antibacterial, antiinflammatory and anti-allergic activities of standardised pomegranate rind extract
Immunomodulatory effects of orally administrated capsicum extract on Peyer's patches
Ethyl linoleate from garlic attenuates lipopolysaccharideinduced pro-inflammatory cytokine production by inducing heme oxygenase-1 in RAW264.7 cells
Bioactive components and preventive effect of green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract on post-laparotomy intraabdominal adhesion in rats
Immunomodulatory role of piperine in cadmium induced thymic atrophy and splenomegaly in mice
Alkaloids from Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Exhibit Anti-Inflammatory Activity in Murine Macrophages by Inhibiting Activation of NF-κB Pathway
Spondias mombin L. attenuates ventricular remodelling after myocardial infarction associated with oxidative stress and inflammatory modulation
Antiinflammatory polysaccharides of Azadirachta indica seed tegument
Punica granatum L. leaf extract attenuates lung inflammation in mice with acute lung injury
Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of nigella sativa: An experimental study
Chemical composition and anti-inflammatory activity of a pectic polysaccharide isolated from sweet pepper using a simulated gastric medium
Characterization of onion lectin (Allium cepa agglutinin) as an immunomodulatory protein inducing Th1-type immune response in vitro
Anti -inflammatory Activities of Ethanolic Extracts of curcuma Longa ( Turmeric ) and cinnamon ( Cinnamomum verum )
Immunomodulatory and therapeutic role of Cinnamomum verum extracts in collageninduced arthritic BALB/c mice
Alliin, a Garlic (Allium sativum) Compound, Prevents LPS-Induced Inflammation
The immunomodulatory effect of green tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves extract on immunocompromised Wistar rats infected by Candida albicans
Elettaria cardamomum distillate increases cellular immunity in doxorubicin treated rats
Anti-inflammatory activity of green versus black tea aqueous extract in a rat model of human rheumatoid arthritis
Effect of supplementing moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf meal and pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel meal on performance, carcass attributes, immune and antioxidant responses in broiler chickens
Synthesis and characterization of Azadirachta indica constructed silver nanoparticles and their immunomodulatory activity in fish
Anti-inflammatory activity of Sri Lankan black tea (Camellia sinensis L.) in rats
Extraction Optimization, Purification and Immunostimulatory Activity in vitro of Polyphenols from Apple (Malus domestica) Peel
The effect and safety of highly standardized Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and Echinacea (Echinacea angustifolia) extract supplementation on inflammation and chronic pain in NSAIDs poor responders. A pilot study in subjects with knee arthrosis
Specific Formulation of Camellia sinensis Prevents Cold and Flu Symptoms and Enhances γδ T Cell Function: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study
Pharmacological studies on Indian black tea (leaf variety) in acute and chronic inflammatory conditions
Inhibition of inflammatory agent production by ethanol extract and eugenol of Syzygium aromaticum (L.) flower bud (Clove) in LPS-stimulated raw 264.7 cells. Res
Indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration in rats: Ameliorative roles of Spondias mombin and Ficus exasperata
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We are deeply grateful to all the respondents who have contributed to the completion of this study by providing valuable information.
Literature references of published reports on the pharmacology of anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities of the studied medicinal plant species
References on anti-inflammatory activity reports Total number of antiinflamma tory reports
Allium cepa ; Byun et al., (2013) ; Cherk ; Dahariya et al., (2020) ; ; ; Kang et al., (2015) ; Krupavaram et al., (2020 ; Simin et al., (2013) ; Takahashi and Shibamoto, (2008) ; Younes et al., (2021) 16 (Elberry et al., 2014; Hanieh et al and Wang, 2021; Kumar et Marefati et al., 2018; Mirabeau an 2012; Omar et al., 2020; Pras Venkatesh, 2015) Allium sativum Chandrashekara and Venkatesh, 2 et al., 2003; Kumar et al., 2015; Ndong and Fall, 2011; Oos al., 2017; Schäfer and Kaschu YOUN et al., 2008) (2020); Tsai et al., (2005); Ananas comosus Kargutkar and Brijesh, (2018) ; Masbagusdanta et al., (2020) 2 (Azizah et al., 2017; Cervo et Engwerda et al., 2001; Moham 2018; Saptarini et al., 2020 ) Azadirachta indica Akihisa et al., (2009) 11 (Beuth et al., 2006; Chouhan et Durrani et al., 2008; Garg et al., 19 et al., 2017; SaiRam et al., 1997; al., 2003; Talpur and Ikhwanud Upadhyay et al., 1992; van der 1987) Camellia sinensis Alshatwi, 2014; Awad et al., 2013 Awad et al., et al., 2017 Boskabady et al., 201 et al., 2009; Elkamel and Mosa Elmowalid et al., 2013; Gholamne 2015b Gholamne , 2014 Gholamne , 2015a Hakim et al., et al., 1999; Işık et al., 2010; Kheir 2016; Koshak et al., 2018; Majd al., Carrasco et al., 2009; Dal al., 2019; El-Boshy et al., 2015; and Rohani, 2013; Koo et Mohammadi et al., 2020; Rondan 2017; Sukumaran et al., 2016; W et al., 2002; Zhou et al., 2006 Zhou et al., , 2006
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.☒ The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.The authors