key: cord-0818609-v1kuphae authors: Rahman, Md. Mosfikur; Saifuzzaman, Mohd.; Ahmed, Akash; Mahin, Mahfuja Ferdousi; Shetu, Syeda Farjana title: Impact of COVID-19 on mental health: A quantitative analysis of anxiety and depression based on regular life and internet use date: 2021-11-30 journal: Current Research in Behavioral Sciences DOI: 10.1016/j.crbeha.2021.100037 sha: cf9353fdb12fa13f236c54016f303bcca1d73e85 doc_id: 818609 cord_uid: v1kuphae This paper describes the psychological state of human from different ages, genders, and professions with the impact of COVID – 19 in their regular life in Bangladesh with simulated and visualized infographic images containing statistical analysis from a collected survey on real regular life which is based on their activities of regular life and internet uses. Literature has been reviewed with various COVID – 19 based psychological work and our work on psychological state, anxiety reasons, and depression scale analysis. Secondly, a process of analysis and statistical format has been described through a specific methodology diagram, which contains the collected dataset's overall data analysis process. Thirdly, a complete analysis report is given by the dataset analysis, including every specific data collected. Fourthly, a discussion based on analysis and statistical analysis with informative tables is described individually for different aspects. Finally, some unavoidable limitations are initialized with reasons though every dataset collected from real regular life and internet use impacts COVID – 19 in Bangladesh. COVID -19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) started spreading from the capital of Hubei Province in the People's Republic of China named Wuhan in December 2019. In the past ten months, worldwide humanfaced many issues, including financial, economic, psychological, education and many more. Several impacts have occurred in this situation and this situation as pandemic declared by WHO (World Health Organization) in the second week of March 2020 at the same time when COVID -19 attacked the whole human civilization with its worst range in both physical and psychological way. People get panic by doubting themselves as COVID Positive, and many more occurrences occurred. In this pandemic, these psychological impacts can be introduced as weak or broken Psychological health due to COVID -19. Weak Psychological health can be initialized as Anxiety, Depression, Insomnia, Mood Swing, Mind Diversion, and many more. Moreover, the lockdown conditions are one of the most responsible reasons for this weak Psychological health condition. Lifestyle, social intimacy, success or failure in life, human contact, social situations are responsible for depression, anxiety in regular times. However, in this pandemic, this rate has been increased. A quantitative report on the anxiety and depression scale based on a collected dataset from various professions on their regular lifestyle, choices, and internet uses phone through simulations and statistical reports. The contributions of this paper for Psychological health analysis in COVID -19 pandemics summarized below: (1) The literature has been reviewed with other works on different psychological impacts in COVID -19 based on its impact. (2) Data Analysis and Data Visualization algorithms have been applied to the collected dataset to simulate the current conditions are Psychological health. (3) Statistical analysis has been considered a significant fact in this work. It has also been done through the collect dataset. Other Author Their Works/System Our Works/System Hasan et al., 2020 This study was conducted only on two medical colleges and only 221 Bangladeshi medical students in 2013. The Survey was only on the university student and the medical college, so the depression and other cases were described for the medical students only. The Survey also contains an old data set of 2013. Our study was on Bangladesh's overall people with 350 people's responses, including different ages and professions during the lockdown of COVID-19. Due to the recent pandemic, our paper helps us understand the Psychological condition and gives us a statistical view of depression and internet uses for lockdown. Here we also have given statistics of the internet use and Psychological breakdown due to the lockdown of COVID-19. Rehman et al., 2020 The paper mainly focuses on the psychological distress of Indians. Although the paper discusses the depression and anxiety ranges, it does not have any graph representing it. Our paper discusses not only depression and anxiety but also the uses of the internet during the lockdown in Bangladesh. In our paper, we did not use tables but also graphs for more convenience and easy view. The whole dataset was converted to percentages to understand the depression scale and the internet uses among males and females. Khalek, 2020 Although the paper contains many data, there is no graphical representation. If it had any, it would be easier to understand. This paper describes only people's psychological condition using the internet and measures the happiness and time spent on the internet. Our paper contains the graphical representation of many conditional statements of daily life with different internet sites. The paper is specified according to the recent pandemic that reflects on the human mind and Psychological changes. Wang et al., 2020 The paper contains an analysis of china and its different provinces. As the paper contains many data, it lacks a visual contest for the statistical representation. We worked in the statistical representation using graphs for daily activities of life during the lockdown. Peng et al., 2020 Though the paper contains the depression in the quarantined population during COVID-19, it lacks visual content. We developed visual content and a percentage of regular life and Psychological change through different plots. Islam et al., 2020 This Survey indicates the levels of panic and generalized anxiety of Bangladesh people during the relatively early stage of the COVID-19. The paper has no graphical representation for better understanding. Our Survey indicates the depression levels and scale after staying at home for six months during the lockdown. We added graphs to understand the Psychological condition of Male and females, described the uses of the internet among them, and changed their Psychological conditions. The Survey was only one week after a lockdown on depression. So, there is a lack of data as the review was too early. The Survey was done only at one university. Our Survey was after six months after lockdown. So, we could scale the depression level and Psychological change correctly. Our Survey was on the overall people of Bangladesh. Chen et al., 2020 The depression symptoms were not apparent in their paper. They blamed the high-intensity mobile phone use for suicidal thoughts. We have used answering questions of different depression symptoms to analyze the depression scale and used images to get a clear view of their psychologically. We tried to find the main reasons for suicidal thoughts. Then we represented the depression symptoms that were blamed for the suicidal thoughts and the internet's uses. Elhai et al., 2020 They just blamed smartphone use for depression in lockdown. They just talked about the smartphone. We represented all the reasons for being depressed, including internet use due to lockdown. We described the internet sites that people often use for leisure in daily life in lockdown. We analyzed the visualized report to find the main points of depressions. The paper was on regular life base internet use. The paper has few similarities with our paper. In our paper, we did not just show the internet usage but also showed the depression scale of the human. The Survey only on students. They only showed the use of social sites for depression. There is a lack of clearance in their methodology. We surveyed people of different professions. We not only showed the usage of social sites but also showed the other sites. We described our methodology step by step for more convenience. Zhai et al., 2020 There is no visualized report in their paper. Depressive symptoms were not apparent. We have the visualized report in which we showed the responses of the participants. Our depressive symptoms were apparent. • Data Collection: During this pandemic situation (COVID-19), we shared a survey form to collect some opinions of some psychological facts and daily life on the internet. We surveyed from 2020 July 20 to 2020 August 1. Questions and some multiple-choices were provided to collect the opinions of the male and female. About 350 responses were collected from the survey form. The report was gender (male and female) and age-based from age 1 to 60. The data was collected using simple words like agree-disagree-normal and many more. Simple regular life-related questions were asked for this Survey. We even used images to find the reaction and the psychological conditions of humans. The survey form was divided into three parts to find the psychological condition of humans. The first part was finding the depression in everyday lifestyle, then secondly daily uses of the internet, and finally the third part of understanding the psychological conditions for staying at home. • Development: As we collected only some questions and multiplechoices answers, we considered them as qualitative data. We needed to give a structural form to collect the qualitative data so that there are no missing values. Organizing the qualitative data, we had given it a structured form. After giving it a structured form, we needed to delete or remove unnecessary data as they will not provide any information for this Survey. So, we implemented algorithms to understand better what we are working on in this study. As the dataset was qualitative, we needed to convert the data into a quantitative dataset for better understanding. • Algorithm: We have used this algorithm to analyze male and female reports in percentages from different perspectives. To check the opinions of males and females in different questions, we need a visual figure to understand the percentage of their opinions. A pie chart is the best option here. Using their answers and converting them to a pie chart, we can easily understand it with more details and the categories of their answers according to their opinions. The proposed approach is shown in Algorithm 1 . After analyzing the number of opinions of male and females, we also need to observe it closely. We need a good view of the perspectives of males and females and in total. Counting the number of opinions makes it more convenient to understand and find the reason behind it. Count plot is an excellent choice for this. We have used this algorithm to analyze the number of opinions for Male and females using a count plot. The steps are shown in Algorithm 2 . Algorithm 1 To Analyze Individual Report. Step 1: Install and import necessary modules and packages. Step 2: Input dataset. Step 3: Configuring data set. Step 4: Set equivalent values for the diagram in percentage from qualitative data. Step 5: Set labels and parameters for analysis. Step 6: Reconfigure visualized diagram for Male and females and in total. Step 7: Output. Algorithm 2 To Analyze Quantitative Data. Step 1: Install and import necessary modules and packages. Step 2: Input Dataset. Step 3: Configuring data set. Step 4: Set equivalent values for the diagram in quantitative form. Step 5: Set labels, parameters, and legends for analysis. Step 6: Reconfigure visualized diagram for Male and female. Step 7: Output. • Data Analysis: From the converted quantitative dataset, the analysis starts. We have to implement the selected algorithms to visualize the data frame and give a statistical report. We converted the data into valuable plots so that we can observe the dataset more conveniently. Converting the dataset into count plots and pie plots became more useful for others to view our Survey's outcome. 350 responses were recorded, including 237(67.7%) males and 113 (32.3%) females. Here most of them are 18 to 23 years old. As most of the answers were promising, but few of the answers were abnormal. We tried to explore the abnormal output and analyzed all the questions answers to find the change in their behavior and mental health. Loneliness, failure in life, irritability has a significant impact on mental conditions. It can be the leading cause of unusual reactions. We can see that most people are spending their time on the internet instead of going out for internet use. About 92.00% of people spend their daily life on the internet. Very few people browse the internet once a day (Fig. 1) . According to the Survey, about 37.2% male, 49.8% female, and in total, 42.78% of people are depressed with their daily life. It can be referred to as the depression scale. According to the internet, we can say most people use all of the social services regularly. As a result, maximum time they stay at home. Mostly 63.7% of Females do not like to go out and then only for an hour (26.5%). On the other hand, 18.6% of male do not like to go out, and 26.5% of males go out for an hour. As a result, compared to the depression scale with the image remarking, we get 16.85% of people's Psychological condition changes due to the lockdown of COVID-19. We surveyed on regular life of people and how much time they spend on the internet. We have a dataset of 350 people who filled up the survey form. We have done some detailed analysis on the questions, and those are represented as visualization reports. We have tried to relate the outcome of the questions with the psychological facts to find the reasons for depression. We also tried to understand how much people use the internet daily. So, we divided our Survey into three parts Depression Scale, Spend time on the internet, and Psychological change. Productivity is the result of daily activities. According to the people's agreement, we can see that most of the people are facing problems working all day long due to the lockdown. Every day's task is taking more and more time than usual. Most people agree with this case that all the tasks are taking more time than usual. The lack of concentration can be blamed for it. Most of the people are agreeing with this topic too. As people lose concentration, they are becoming depressed and thinking that there is no hope for the future. For all of this, they cannot make decisions. They face problems making decisions. Lack of concentration is mainly responsible for this. Due to COVID-19, they are facing many problems (Fig. 2) . From Fig. 3 , we see that there is not much difference between agreeing and disagree, but the number of agreements is a little more than disagree. That is means about 50% of people are sad, and they are feeling depressed. They are losing interest in everything in their life. Most people think that there is no joy in their life. For that, they have lost interest in everything. We can also see that depression is working at a very high level among that people. Since life is giving them a hard time due to COVID-19, most people feel guilty for their daily lives. They feel so depressed that most of the Male and females think everything they do is a failure in life. As people are being depressed with their lives, it harms their daily lives. They are being irritated and having an angry reaction to simple things in life. They are reacting too much to a simple matter. They even feel fatigued too. Their health condition is hampered too. Moreover, that many people also lose or gain weight without any diet program ( Fig. 4 ) . Medical science says that if a person is depressed, he/she loses or gains weight without any diet program. Because it affects his/her health. As life is giving them too much trouble for lockdown and COVID-19 anxiety, most males and females have suicidal thoughts. Once seen, when people cannot control their anger, they become weak and decide to attempt suicide. At present almost, every people have trust issues with others. It is a common issue. That is why many people have trouble with their relationships, whatever the relationship is. Trust is a significant thing in all types of relationships. However, due to this lockdown, people's Psychological condition has changed. They face the trust issue. If there is any trust issue in a relationship, there must have problems (Fig. 5) . Having a loss of appetite means a reluctance to eat. Though a few people agree with this, there is a relation between loss of appetite and depression. Those who become so much depressed face the problem. They have a loss of appetite. Lack of sleep is also related to this. We may see that those who have a loss of appetite also face a lack of sleep. Many people agree that they have a lack sleep (Fig. 6) . We can test the psychological condition of the human through the image. Here we tested the psychological condition of the human through a happy face and a scary image. By exploring the rating of the image, we can judge the psychological condition of humans. Even if people are depressed, if they have something in front of them that makes them laugh or feel better, depression can be alleviated. Here from Fig. 7 , we can see that a few people do not agree with this. Identically, we can see that in Fig. 7 , few people did not mark this as very much scary. From everyone's point of view, the result will be different, and it is true. However, it also describes the level of psychological change which happened for COVID-19. Time spend on the internet. From Fig. 8 , we can see that most people like to spend their time on the internet. If not all day long, then about 5-6 h a day, people spend their leisure time on the internet. Because many people are spending their time without doing anything due to the lockdown, they like to spend time on the internet. Most & average using internet sites. We remain busy on the internet with something that we like as like social networking sites, instant messenger, news, chat room, gaming, web browsing, shopping, file sharing, internet tv, blogs, and so on. If we look at Fig. 9 , we can see that most people are spending their time gradually on social networking sites, instant messenger, chat room, web browsing and news. Moreover, spending average time in blogs, file sharing, online shopping, internet tv. Every day boys play online games where girls do not play at all. Because boys like gaming so much rather than girls. We can say that both girls and boys spend most of the time on social networking sites and the instant messenger because people of any age can use them. These are also the best communication systems in this century. It is also essential to lessen the communication gap in this pandemic situation. However, it is seen that most of us, especially those who are students, are wasting our valuable time without any valid reason. Due to COVID-19, people have been more addicted to the smartphone. Some of us also do some antisocial works on this site. Spending more time on the internet is also a reason for depression. Spending time with the music. Most of us like to listen to music constantly. In Fig. 10 , we see that maximum people agree that they like to listen to music continuously. It is seen that at the same time, we stay on social sites and also listen to music. It has become a bad habit for us. We spend hours listening to music on YouTube or other sites. According to people's psychological condition and the perspective of thinking, we can scale the depression level of humans. Based on a happy picture's remarking rate, we found about 7.4% of people (20 male and six females out of 350) were not happy. It is just because of their psychological breakdown. Then using a pathetic image, we rated the psychological condition of the destructive mind of the human. Here about 6.3% of people (13 male and nine females out of 350) rated 10 out of 10. It was not a standard rating as the picture was not satisfying. It proved that the psychological condition of humans is getting very destructive. They are living unhealthy life. It can lead to a psychological disorder like suicide, and also, there can be happened social colony breakdown. About 15.1% (28 males and 11 females out of 350) have suicidal thoughts. According to this Survey, people mostly spend their day lonely by playing games or browsing the internet. So, their psychology changes day by day. If we dig deeper, we will see that it occurs because of failure in life and spending most of the time on the internet or social sites. About 92% of people use the internet every day (221 males and 101 females out of 350). Here about 47.4% (121 males and 45 females out of 250) use the internet all day long. So, there is a large number of people spending their time on the internet for daily tasks and spending their leisure. There are 58.9% (130 male and 76 females out of 350) who use mobile phones for communication. In this communication, 54.9% (130 male and 60 female) So, by calculating the issues and the abnormal rating, we can say that on average, about 37.2% male and 49.8% female, and 42.78% of people are depressed in their daily life. According to people's different perspectives, the use of the internet is: Here from the table, we can see the percentage of different people spending their time on the internet. Here, most people spend their time on the internet on different social sites like Chat Room, Messenger, Social Networking Sites, Blogs, Gaming, Web Browsing, Music, File Sharing, Shopping, News, Internet TV. According to this Survey, males spend Table 1 .4 , we can understand that since people spend their maximum time on the internet, they cannot find enough time to go out to enjoy themselves. About 63.70% of females stay all day at home. They like to enjoy the outer world on their phone on the internet. For Table 1 .5 , we have two remarking based on survey data collection respectively HFI Remarking belongs to Happy Face Image Remarking and SFI Remarking belongs to Scary Face Remarking. In this table, we can see for males in average 16.65% and females in average 17.25%, and in total average 16.85% people's Psychological health is breaking down according to the image remarking system. COVID-19 has a significant impact on mental health. It is creating a destructive mentality and increasing depression in regular life. As a result, suicidal attempts are increasing. Life of people are becoming more irritable, and people have social anxiety. For COVID-19 social distance has increased. So, physical contact is decreasing. Social colony breakdown is the main reason for this. As people have to stay at home most of the time, they spend their leisure time on the internet. So, the natural lifestyle of humans is being hampered. The collected dataset is from regular life in this pandemic based on human internet uses and regular life schedule. Some limitations we had to face while doing this work. Only 350 people responded to our Survey. Only those people who use the internet could get a response to our Survey. Most of the responses were from the student. So, we had a small number of data from other professions. None. The dataset related to this research paper is available via the GitHub repository https://github.com/mdmosfikurrahman/Datasets . All source codes are available upon request. 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