key: cord-0837479-a28bktxb
authors: Si-Yi, Chen; Yumiko, Matsuoka; Compans, Richard W.
title: Assembly of G1 and G2 glycoprotein oligomers in Punta Toro virus-infected cells
date: 1992-03-31
journal: Virus Research
DOI: 10.1016/0168-1702(92)90053-c
sha: 5dbb6e4d4e3f5ca97bfb890933ee4e510fd48520
doc_id: 837479
cord_uid: a28bktxb

Abstract We have studied the oligomerization of the membrane glycoproteins of Punta Toro virus (PTV), a member of the Phlebovirus genus of the family Bunyaviridae, and the effect of glycosylation on protein stability and transport. By using sucrose gradient centrifugation, the G1 and G2 glycoproteins in PTV-infected or recombint-transfected cells were found to sediment as dimers after DSP cross-linking, suggesting that the G1 and G2 proteins are associated as dimers by non-covalent interactions. Pulse-chase and two-dimensional gel analysis indicate that dimerization occurs between newly synthesized G1 and G2 proteins, and that a small fraction of the G2 proteins is assembled into G2 homodimers. The amounts of G1 and G2 proteins were substantially decreased, while the amounts of nucleocapsid protein remained nearly unchanged, when PTV-infected cells were treated with the glycosylation inhibitor tunicamycin, indicating that the G1 and G2 proteins are unstable if glycosylation is prevented.

Punta Toro virus (PTV) is a member of the Phlebovirus genus of the family Bunyaviridae, with similar st~ctural and morphologicai features to other members of this family (Smith and Pifat, 1982; Bishop, 1990; Matsuoka et al., 1991) . A unique feature of the bunyaviruses, which are enveloped viruses with 3 singlestranded, negative sense RNA genomic segments, is their intracellular maturation by budding at smooth-surfaced membranes in the Golgi region (Murphy et al., 1973; Smith and Pifat, 1982) . Two virion glycoproteins, Gl and G2, are encoded by the M genomic segment, translated from a single mRNA as a precursor glycoprotein, and possibly cotranslationally cleaved into the final protein products (Ulmanen et al., 1981; Eshita et al., 1985) . The PTV glycoproteins specifically accumulate in the Golgi complex during virus infection or when expressed by recombinant vaccinia viruses (Matsuoka et al., 1988; Chen et al., 1991a, b) , indicating that the bunyavirus glycoproteins possess signaIs for retention in the Golgi complex (Matsuoka et al., 1991) .

It has been determined that the gene product order of the PTV M segment is NH,-NS, (non-structural protein)-Gl-G2-COOH (Ihara et al., 1985) . Distinct hydrophobic regions preceding both the Gl and G2 proteins of PTV can function as signal peptides (Matsuoka et al., 1988; Chen et al., 1991b) . There is a single hydrophobic membrane anchor domain near the C-terminus of each protein, followed by charged amino acids (Ihara et al., 1985; Chen et al., 1991b1 , as seen for the transmembrane domains of other class I viral membrane proteins (Sabatini et al., 1982) . The information for Golgi retention is located within the Gl and G2 glycoproteins, rather than in the non-structural (NS,) sequence (Matsuoka et al., 1988) . In previous studies, we used a recombinant T7 transient expression system and found that Golgi retention of the G2 protein requires interaction with the Gl protein, and that the Gl and G2 glycoproteins form a Gl-G2 heterodimer (Chen et al., 1991b; Chen and Compans, 1991) . In this study, we have further analyzed glycoprotein oligomerization in PTV-infected cells, and compared the process with that found in recombinant-transfected cells. We have also investigated the effect of glycosylation on the stability and transport of PTV glycoproteins.

HeLa T4+ and Vero cells were maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% newborn bovine serum. A recombinant pGEM-G, containing the PTV Gl and G2 coding sequence, and a recombinant pGEM-G(A-1, which expresses the intact PTV Gl protein and external domain of the G2 protein, were constructed as described previously (Matsuoka et al., 1988; Chen et al., 1991b) . Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against PTV Gl and G2 glycoproteins were generously supplied by Drs. J.F. Smith and D. Pifat ~USAMRIID, Frederick, MD) . Tuni~amy~in was purchased from BMB Corp. (Indianapolis, IN) . Lipofectin was purchased from BRL Corp. (Bethesda, MD).

PTV was obtained from USAMRIID (Frederick, MD). Stocks of the virus were prepared and titrated in Vero cells (Chen et al., 1991b) . A recombinant vaccinia virus containing the T7 RNA polymerase gene (W-T7) was obtained from Dr. B. Moss (Fuerst et al., 1986) . The recombinant Gl and G2 proteins were expressed by using a T7 polymerase transient expression (Fuerst et al., 1986; Chen et al., 1991b) .

Radiolabeling of viral proteins was done as described previously (Chen et al., 1991a,b) . Immunoprecipitation of the PTV proteins with monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies was followed by capture with protein A-sepharose CL-4B (Pharmacia Inc. Piscataway, NJ). Samples were analyzed by SDS-PAGE (Laemmli, 1970) .

Samples were analyzed by first dimensional SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions. The gels were fixed, fluorographed, dried, and then exposed on X-ray films at -70°C. The desired lanes of the gels were then cut, soaked with electrophoresis buffer ~ntaining 5% 2-mer~aptoethanol at room temperature for 30 min, and placed on top of the second dimensional gel. Densitometry of autoradiograms was performed by using an Ultrascan laser densitometer (LKB Corp).

Sucrose gradient centrifugation of the PTV proteins was performed as described previously . S20,w values were estimated by comparison to protein standards and use of tables published by McEwen (1967) ; protein standards used (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) were cytochrome C (12,400 daltons (Da)), carbonic anhydrase (29,000 Da), ovalbumin (45,000 Da), bovine serum albumin (66,000 Da), hexokinase (l~,OOO Da), yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (150,000 Da), and catalase (250,000 Da), which were centrifuged in parallel tubes. The distribution of protein standards across the gradients was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Coomassie brilliant blue staining after fractionation.

The homobifunctional cleavable cross-linking reagent dithiobis (succinimidylpropionate) (DSP) (Pierce Corp. Rockford, IL) was used as described previously . The cross-linked samples were analyzed under non-re- ducing or reducing conditions, in which the DSP cross-linked complexes were cleaved.

To investigate the oligomerization of the PTV Gl and G2 glycoproteins, PTV infected Vero cells were pulse-labeled, and chased for the indicated times. The cell lysates were analyzed by ~ntrifugation on 5-20% sucrose gradients. After fractionation and immunoprecipitation, the distribution of the glycoproteins across the gradient was determined by SDS-PAGE. Most of the glycoproteins in the sucrose gradient were detected in one peak, at fractions 15-17. By comparison to the sedimentation of the marker proteins, fractions 15-17 appeared to correspond to monomeric forms of Gl and G2 proteins. We used a thiol-cleavable cross-linking reagent DSP to further investigate the presence of glycoprotein ohgomers. When the cell lysates were cross-linked by DSP before centrifugation, faster-sedimenting forms of the Gl and G2 proteins were recovered from the sucrose gradients in fractions 11-13 (Fig. 1) . By comparison to the sedimentation of the marker proteins, it appeared that the proteins in fractions 11-13 may correspond to dimeric forms of Gl and G2. The nucleocapsid protein, with or without cross-linking, sedimented heterogenously in the sucrose gradient, which may represent its assembly into nucIeocapsid structures.

To compare the glycoproteins in virus-infected cells with recombinant glycoproteins, we used a recombinant pGEM-G to express the Gl and G2 proteins in the T7 RNA polymerase transient expression system (Chen et al., 1991b) . HeLa T4+ cells infected with the VV-T7 virus were transfected with the recombinant plasmid DNA, and pulse-labeled. The cell lysates with or without DSP-cross-linking were centrifuged on 5-20% sucrose gradients. Most of the glycoproteins without crosslinking were detected in one peak in the sucrose gradient, at fractions 15-17, while faster-sedimenting forms of the Gl and G2 proteins were recovered from fractions 11-13 after cross-linking (data not shown). When analyzed by SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions, the proteins from fractions 15-17 appeared as monomeric Gl and G2, whereas the proteins in fractions 11-13 appeared as an additional band with an estimated molecular weight of about 118 kDa and a faint additional band with an estimated molecular weight about 95 kDa, which possibly correspond to dimeric forms of the Gl and G2 proteins (not shown). When the samples were analyzed in the presence of reducing agent, the higher-order structures were resolved into the monomeric Gl and G2 proteins, indicating that the higher-order structures consist of cross-linked forms of the Gl and G2 proteins. Since the chemical cross-linking of the proteins is an inefficient reaction, we have not obtained quantitative estimates of the relative proportions of monomers and oligomers. Nevertheless, these data indicate that the Gl and G2 proteins appear to be assembled into non-covalently linked dimers, which are unstable in sucrose gradients but can be stabilized by DSP cross-linking. We further investigated the sucrose gradient sedimentation of mutant PTV glycoproteins by using a mutant pGEM-G(A-) (Chen et al., 1991b) . In contrast to the native glycoproteins, a fraction of the Gl and truncated G2 proteins without cross-linking sedimented to fractions 12-13 (Fig. 2) . Consistent with the sedimentation profile, the Gl and truncated G2 proteins from fractions 15-16 appeared as monomeric forms, and proteins from fractions 12-13 appeared as dimeric forms (estimated molecular weight about 110 kDa) in non-reducing gels (Fig. 2) . The dimers were dissociated into nearly equal amounts of labeled Gl and truncated G2 proteins after treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol. Thus, the Gl and anchor-minus G2 occur as stable dimers, possibly linked by covalent disulfide bonds.

We further investigated the oli~omerization of Gl and G2 in PTV-infected cells by using chemical cross-linking and two-dimensional SDS-PAGE. It was found that 0 150 500 timI RSP the Gl and G2 glycoproteins appeared as monomeric forms in non-reducing gels. However, after the cell lysates were incubated with different concentrations of DSP (cross-linking space 12 A>, two additional bands with estimated molecular weights of 118 and 95 kDa, respectively, were found in non-reducing gels (Fig. 3A) . When analyzed by using a two-dimensional gel system, with non-reducing conditions in the first dimension and reducing conditions in the second dimension, the 11X-kDa band was resolved into two bands with the same mobilities as monomeric Gl and G2 proteins after treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol (Fig. 3B) . The 95-kDa band was dissociated into a faint band with the same mobility as the monomeric G2 protein. Furthermore, when the 95-kDa band was cut, reduced, and then analyzed by SDS-PAGE, a G2 band was observed (not shown). These results are consistent with previous results obtained using a recombinant expression vector , and indicate that the 118-kDa band is a Gi-G2 heterodimer and the 95 kDa band is a G2 homodimer. Furthermore, the heterodimeric bands were resolved into nearly equal amounts of labeled Gl and G2 proteins in the IO-min pulse-labeling sample, indicating that heterodimerization occurs between the newly synthesized Gl and G2 proteins.

We used tunj~amy~in, which prevents asparagine-linked glycosylation of newly synthesized proteins by inhibiting formation of N-acetylglucosamine-lipid intermediates (Tkacz and Lampen, 1975) , to determine the role of glycosylation on viral protein stability and transport. PTV-infected cells were pulse-labeled in the Gl G2 Fig. 4 stability.

We have used two-dimensional SDS-PAGE, chemical cross-linking, and sucrose gradient centrifugation to analyze the oligomerization of the Gl and G2 glycoproteins in PTV-infected cells. Our results indicate that the majority of Gl and G2 proteins are assembled into non-covalently bonded Gl-G2 heterodimers. The processes of heterodimerization occur between newly synthesized Gl and G2 protein soon after protein synthesis. These results are in agreement with our previous observations using recombinant expression systems , indicating that PTV glycoproteins undergo a similar oligomerization process in different expression systems and in the presence or absence of the other viral components, such as the NSm protein.

Glycosylation of proteins has been shown to be important for protein stability, and maintaining protein conformation. In the case of the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-G protein, the unglycosylated form of the protein in some strains of the virus formed aggregates which were unable to exit from the ER (Rose and Doms, 1988) , while the unglycosylated form in other strains was transported to the plasma membrane (Gibson et al., 1978) . In this study, we observed that the amounts of PTV Gl and G2 protein were dramatically decreased when the infected cells were treated with increasing concentrations of tunicamycin. Since tunicamycin is not a single compound but is composed of several homologues, some of which inhibit glycosylation as well as protein synthesis (Mahoney and Duksin, 19791 , the decreased amounts of the glycoprotein might have been due to inhibition of protein synthesis. However, this is unlikely since the amount of nucleocapsid protein remained nearly unchanged at all the concentrations of tunicamycin tested. It is also unlikely that the unglycosylated proteins exhibited a decreased solubility or conformational change which made them unrecognizable to antibodies, since both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies were used to detect the proteins by immunofluorescence staining and immunoprecipitation. It has been reported that unglycosylated forms of viral glycoproteins have different stabilities within the same host cells due to degradation by endogenous cellular proteases (Schwarz et al., 1976) . Thus, we believe that the unglycosylated forms of the Gl and G2 protein are unstable, and are degraded by cellular proteases. A similar effect of tunicamycin on the glycoproteins of Hantaan virus was also reported (Schmaljohn et al., 1986) .

Proteins traveling in the secretory pathway require correct folding and assembly before exit from the endoplasmic reticulum (Rose and Doms, 1988) . Although the mechanism for retention of resident membrane proteins is still unknown, at least two alternative mechanisms for protein retention in subcellular compartments may be employed. One mechanism is that a retention signal within the protein sequence is responsible for intracellular retention, examples of which include the C-terminal sequence of the E3/19K protein of adenoviruses, or a transmembrane domain of the El protein of coronaviruses (Machamer and Rose, 1987; Jackson et al., 1990) . Alternatively, plasma membrane proteins may be unable to exit from the ER when they fail to correctly fold or assemble as seen in VSV-G and influenza hemagglutinin mutants (Rose and Doms, 1989) . Our studies show that PTV glycoproteins are able to correctly fold and assemble into dimers, which are transported to the Golgi complex. Thus, the Golgi retention of the PTV glycoproteins is mediated by a specific retention mechanism.

Oligomerization, transport, and Golgi retention of Punta Tore virus glycoproteins

Assembly and polarized release of Punta Toro virus and effects of Brefeldin A

Golgi complex localization of the Punta Toro virus G2 protein requires its association with the Gl protein

Eukaryotic transient expression system based on recombinant vaccinia virus that synthesizes T7 RNA polymerase

Synthesis and infectivity of vesicular stomatitis virus containing nonglycosylated G protein

Complete sequences of the glycoproteins and M RNA of Punta Toro Phlebovirus compared to those of Rift Valley fever virus

Identification of a consensus motif for retention of transmembrane proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum

Cleavage of the structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4

A specific transmembrane domain of a coronavirus El glycoprotein is required for its retention in the Golgi region

Biological activities of the two major components of tunicamycin

Bunyavirus protein transport and assembly

Intracellular accumulation of Punta Toro virus glycoproteins expressed from cloned cDNA

Tables for estimating sedimentation through linear concentration gradients of sucrose solution

Bunyaviridae: morphologic and morphogenetic similarities of Bunyamwera serologic supergroup viruses and several other arthropod-borne viruses

Vesicular stomatitis virus gfycoprotein is anchored in viral membrane by a hydrophobic domain near the COOH terminus

Regulation of protein export from the endoplasmic reticulum

Mechanisms for the incorporation of proteins in membranes and organelles

Hantaan virus replication: effects of monensin, tunicamycin and endoglycosideases on the structural glycoproteins

Suppression of glycoprotein formation of Semliki Forest, influenza and avian sarcoma virus by tunicamycin

Morphogenesis of Sandfly fever viruses (Bunyaviridae family)

Tunicamycin inhibition of polyisoprenyl ~-a~etylglucosaminyl pyrophosphate formation in calf-liver microsomes

In vitro translation of Uukuniemi virus-specific RNAs: identification of a nonstructural protein and a precursor to the membrane glycoproteins

We thank Drs. J.F. Smith and D. Pifat (USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, MD) for their generous gifts of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to PTV Gl and G2 proteins. We also thank B. Jeffrey and E.D. Arms for excellent assistance in the preparation of the manuscript and figures. This research was supported by Grant AI 12680 from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.