key: cord-0844190-uiidat6e authors: Ji, Tianxing; Liu, Zhenwei; Wang, GuoQiang; Guo, Xuguang; Akbar khan, Shahzad; Lai, Changchun; Chen, Haoyu; Huang, Shiwen; Xia, Shaomei; Chen, Bo; Jia, Hongyun; Chen, Yangchao; Zhou, Qiang title: Detection of COVID-19: A review of the current literature and future perspectives date: 2020-07-21 journal: Biosens Bioelectron DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112455 sha: 333575e90ded0bae4cf1a48c8cd6b779c329bc5c doc_id: 844190 cord_uid: uiidat6e The rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) worldwide pandemic. This unprecedented situation has garnered worldwide attention. An effective strategy for controlling the COVID-19 pandemic is to develop highly accurate methods for the rapid identification and isolation of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. Many companies and institutes are therefore striving to develop effective methods for the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 ribonucleic acid (RNA), antibodies, antigens, and the virus. In this review, we summarize the structure of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, its genome and gene expression characteristics, and the current progression of SARS-CoV-2 RNA, antibodies, antigens, and virus detection. Further, we discuss the reasons for the observed false-negative and false-positive RNA and antibody detection results in practical clinical applications. Finally, we provide a review of the biosensors which hold promising potential for point-of-care detection of COVID-19 patients. This review thereby provides general guidelines for both scientists in the biosensing research community and for those in the biosensor industry to develop a highly sensitive and accurate point-of-care COVID-19 detection system, which would be of enormous benefit for controlling the current COVID-19 pandemic. (https://voice.baidu.com/act/newpneumonia/newpneumonia/?from=osari_pc_3#tab4). 48 The increasing gravity of the situation could be related to a shortage of effective The virus open reading frames (ORFs) are depicted in teal (nsp1-nsp16 genes), blue (ns2, ns4a, ns4b, and ns5a genes), and green (S, M, E, N, and I structural 143 protein genes). The open red box represents the common 59-leader sequence and the barred circle represents the programmed (-1) frameshifting element. The 144 translation products of the genome-and subgenome-length mRNAs are depicted, and the autoproteolytic processing of the ORF1a and ORF1a/ORF1b 145 polyproteins into proteins nsp1 to nsp16 is shown. A number of confirmed and putative functional domains in the nsp proteins are also indicated. NeU, 146 uridylate-specific endoribonuclease; PL1, papain-like protease 1; PL2, papain-like protease 2. Reproduced with permission from (Sawicki et al. 2007 ). (C) The Research has also been devoted to utilising the collateral cleavage activity of Cas Table 2. 312 Table 2 . Commonly used target genes and related primer and probe sets for Interestingly, the use of saliva for SARS-CoV-2 detection has been found to be more and it is the most commonly used POCT kit due to its ease of use, low cost, and 482 suitability for mass production (Table 3) Table 3 . Antibody-targeting SARS-COV-2 detection kits approved by the FDA. which has been widely used for POCT SARS-CoV-2 detection (Table 3 ). In addition, 708 LAMP is the most common iNAAT adopted in microfluidic NAATs. Previously, Another promising iNAAT, the recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), is performed entirely at a relatively low temperature, ranging from ∼37°C to ∼42°C. Dimethyl Pimelimidate with Microfluidic System for Nucleic Acids Extraction without Electricity Microfluidic devices for sample preparation and rapid detection of foodborne pathogens Reduced graphene oxide 994 field-effect transistor for label-free femtomolar protein detection Rapid and background-free detection of avian influenza virus in opaque sample using 998 NIR-to-NIR upconversion nanoparticle-based lateral flow immunoassay platform Clinically accurate diagnosis of 1001 Alzheimer's disease via multiplexed sensing of core biomarkers in human plasma Fully integrated lab-on-a-disc for nucleic acid analysis of 1004 food-borne pathogens Integrated Microfluidic Preconcentration and Nucleic Amplification System for 1007 Detection of Influenza A Virus H1N1 in Saliva The architecture of SARS-CoV-2 1009 transcriptome Cell Infections in Residents of a Long-Term Care Skilled 1015 Nursing Facility Electrochemical Methods for the Analysis of Clinically 1018 SARS coronavirus detection methods Lessler, 1023 J., 2020. The Incubation Period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) From Publicly Reported 1024 Confirmed Cases: Estimation and Application Emerging ultrafast nucleic acid 1026 amplification technologies for next-generation molecular diagnostics Substantial undocumented 1029 infection facilitates the rapid dissemination of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) Ye, 1032 F., 2020. Development and clinical application of a rapid IgM-IgG combined antibody test for 1033 SARS-CoV-2 infection diagnosis Generation of antibodies against COVID-19 virus for 1036 development of diagnostic tools Clinical characteristics and outcomes 1042 of hospitalised patients with COVID-19 treated in Hubei (epicenter) and outside Hubei (non-epicenter): 1043 A Nationwide Analysis of China. The European respiratory journal Potential preanalytical and analytical vulnerabilities in the 1045 laboratory diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Clinical chemistry and laboratory 1046 medicine An isothermal amplification reactor with an integrated isolation membrane for point-of-care detection 1049 of infectious diseases Nanoparticles for a Low Interference Lateral Flow Immunoassay Test Evaluation of Nucleocapsid and Spike Protein-based ELISAs for detecting antibodies against 1055 SARS-CoV-2 Laboratory Diagnosis of Emerging Human Coronavirus Infections -1057 The State of the Art. Emerging microbes & infections Antibody 1063 responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19 Serology characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection since the exposure and post symptoms onset 1067 medRxiv 2020a. A Novel Reverse Transcription Loop Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2. International journal of 1070 molecular sciences Development of a Novel Reverse 1072 Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for An ultrasensitive, rapid, and portable coronavirus 1075 SARS-CoV-2 sequence detection method based on CRISPR-Cas12 bioRxiv Microfluidic lab-on-a-foil for nucleic acid 1078 analysis based on isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) Transcriptional Difference between 1081 SARS-COV-2 and other Human Coronaviruses Revealed by Sub-genomic RNA Profiling A 1083 sample-to-answer, portable platform for rapid detection of pathogens with a smartphone interface Resonance-Frequency Modulation for Rapid, Point-of-Care Ebola-Glycoprotein Diagnosis with a 1087 Graphene-Based Field-Effect Biotransistor Carbon nanotube thin film biosensors for sensitive and 1089 reproducible whole virus detection Surface Plasmon Resonance Clinical Biosensors for Medical Diagnostics Coronavirus genomic RNA packaging Miniaturized 1094 devices for point of care molecular detection of HIV Comparative Performance of SARS-CoV-2 Detection Assays using 1097 Seven Different Primer/Probe Sets and One Assay Kit Current trends in nanomaterial embedded field effect transistor-based 1099 biosensor Supramolecular architecture of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1102 revealed by electron cryomicroscopy Evaluation of Alere i 1104 Influenza A&B for rapid detection of influenza viruses A and B Rapid 1107 detection of hepatitis B virus in blood plasma by a specific and sensitive loop-mediated isothermal 1108 amplification assay A carbon nanotube 1111 metal semiconductor field effect transistor-based biosensor for detection of amyloid-beta in human 1112 serum Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2-Specific Antibody Responses in Coronavirus Disease 1117 Sensitive and Specific Detection of Low-Level Antibody Responses in Mild Middle East Respiratory 1121 Universal amplification-free molecular diagnostics by billion-fold 1123 hierarchical nanofluidic concentration One-Step Nucleic Acid Purification and Noise-Resistant Polymerase Chain 1126 Reaction by Electrokinetic Concentration for Ultralow-Abundance Nucleic Acid Detection Pressure-Modulated Selective Electrokinetic Trapping for Direct 1129 Enrichment, Purification, and Detection of Nucleic Acids in Human Serum Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19 Patients With Digestive 1133 China: A Descriptive, Cross-Sectional, Multicenter Study. The American journal of 1134 gastroenterology Potential false-negative 1136 nucleic acid testing results for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 from thermal 1137 inactivation of samples with low viral loads Development of Reverse 1139 Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assays Targeting SARS-CoV-2. The Journal of 1140 molecular diagnostics Coronaviruses post-SARS: update on replication and pathogenesis. 1142 Strand Displacement Probes 1144 Combined with Isothermal Nucleic Acid Amplification for Instrument-Free Detection from Complex 1145 Microfluidic rapid and autonomous analytical 1148 device (microRAAD) to detect HIV from whole blood samples Dual-Functional Plasmonic 1150 Photothermal Biosensors for Highly Accurate Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Detection Profile of IgG and IgM antibodies 1153 against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Simultaneous purification and fractionation of nucleic acids 1156 and proteins from complex samples using bidirectional isotachophoresis Electronic detection of microRNA at attomolar 1159 level with high specificity A Scalable, Easy-to-Deploy, Protocol for Cas13-Based Detection 1162 of SARS-CoV-2 Genetic Material Paper-based microfluidics for DNA diagnostics of malaria in low resource underserved rural 1165 communities Diasorin Simplexa, and CDC FDA EUA methods for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 from 1169 nasopharyngeal and nasal swabs from individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 Purification of nucleic acids using isotachophoresis Characterization of a novel coronavirus 1178 associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome A contemporary view of coronavirus transcription Coronavirus envelope protein: current knowledge Rapid Detection of COVID-19 Causative Virus 1185 (SARS-CoV-2) in Human Nasopharyngeal Swab Specimens Using Field-Effect Transistor Genomic diversity of SARS-CoV-2 in 1189 Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious 1190 Diseases Society of America Detection of aquaporin-4 antibody using 1192 aquaporin-4 extracellular loop-based carbon nanotube biosensor for the diagnosis of neuromyelitis 1193 optica A 1196 sensitive label-free impedimetric DNA biosensor based on silsesquioxane-functionalized gold 1197 nanoparticles for Zika Virus detection Electrical Lysis and RNA Extraction from Single Cells Fixed by 1200 Dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate) Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgM and IgG responses in COVID-19 patients Potent 1206 binding of 2019 novel coronavirus spike protein by a SARS coronavirus-specific human monoclonal 1207 antibody Temporal profiles of viral load in 1211 posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-CoV-2: 1212 an observational cohort study An integrated microfluidic 1214 loop-mediated-isothermal-amplification system for rapid sample pre-treatment and detection of 1215 viruses Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Different 1217 Types of Clinical Specimens Presymptomatic Transmission of 1219 SARS-CoV-2 -Singapore Differential sensitivities of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus spike polypeptide 1223 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and SARS coronavirus nucleocapsid protein ELISA for 1224 serodiagnosis of SARS coronavirus pneumonia Rapid detection of MERS coronavirus-like viruses in bats: pote1ntial for tracking MERS coronavirus 1227 transmission and animal origin Saliva is more sensitive for SARS-CoV-2 detection in COVID-19 patients than 1235 nasopharyngeal swabs Comparison of different samples for 2019 novel coronavirus detection 1238 by nucleic acid amplification tests Chest CT for Typical 2019-nCoV 1241 Pneumonia: Relationship to Negative RT-PCR Testing. Radiology Rapid and visual detection of 2019 novel 1244 coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) by a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical 1246 Microbiology and Infectious Diseases A 1248 sample-in-digital-answer-out system for rapid detection and quantitation of infectious pathogens in 1249 bodily fluids High-performance and high-sensitivity applications of 1252 graphene transistors with self-assembled monolayers Development of reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification assay for avian influenza 1255 H5N1 HA gene detection A 1257 "sample-in-multiplex-digital-answer-out" chip for fast detection of pathogens 1261 Development of a Novel Assay and Its Evaluation Using Clinical Specimens Quantitative Detection and Viral Load Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in 1266 Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society 1267 of America A familial cluster of infection associated with the 1269 2019 novel coronavirus indicating potential person-to-person transmission during the incubation 1270 period Immunosensor-based label-free and multiplex detection of influenza 1272 viruses: State of the art Rapid 1276 Molecular Detection of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Virus RNA Using Colorimetric LAMP Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients of novel coronavirus disease 2019 A pneumonia 1284 outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin Recent advances in lab-on-a-chip 1286 technologies for viral diagnosis nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticle-based LFAs, and electrochemical biosensors, 819 deserve further exploration for their role in improving anti-SP, anti-NP antibody, 820 SARS-CoV-2 NP antigen, and virus particle detection assays.